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Yitzhak Rabin was the prime minister of which country between 1974 and 1977? | Biography – Yitzhak Rabin » The Prime Ministers
Biography – Yitzhak Rabin
Following Golda Meir’s resignation in April 1974, Yitzhak Rabin was elected party leader, after he defeated Shimon Peres. The rivalry between these two labour leaders remained fierce and they competed several times in the next two decades for the leadership role. Rabin succeeded Golda Meir as Prime Minister of Israel on 3 June 1974. This was a coalition government, including Ratz, the Independent Liberals, Progress and Development and the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers. This arrangement, with a bare parliamentary majority, held for a few months and was one of the few periods in Israel’s history where the religious parties were not part of the coalition. The National Religious Party joined the coalition on 30 October 1974 and Ratz left on 6 November.
In foreign policy, the major development at the beginning of Rabin’s term was the Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt, signed on 1 September 1975. Both countries declared that the conflict between them and in the Middle East shall not be resolved by military force but by peaceful means. This agreement followed Henry Kissinger’s shuttle diplomacy and a threatened ‘reassessment’ of the United States’ regional policy and its relations with Israel. Rabin notes it was, “an innocent-sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American-Israeli relations”. The agreement was an important step towards the Camp David Accords of 1978 and the peace treaty with Egypt signed in 1979.
Operation Entebbe was perhaps the most dramatic event during Rabin’s first term of office. On his orders, the IDF performed a long-range undercover raid to rescue passengers of an airliner hijacked by militants belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine’s Wadie Haddad faction and the German Revolutionary Cells (RZ), and had been brought to Idi Amin’s Uganda. The operation was generally considered a tremendous success, and its spectacular character has made it the subject of much continued comment and study.
Towards the end of 1976 his coalition government with the religious parties suffered a crisis: A motion of no confidence had been brought by Agudat Yisrael over a breach of the Sabbath on an Israeli Air Force base when four F-15 jets were delivered from the US and the National Religious Party had abstained. Rabin dissolved his government and decided on new elections, which were to be held in May 1977.
Following the March 1977 meeting between Rabin and U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Rabin publicly announced that the U.S. supported the Israeli idea of defensible borders; Carter then issued a clarification. A “fallout” in U.S./Israeli relations ensued. It is thought that the fallout contributed to the Israeli Labour Party’s defeat in the May 1977 elections. On March 15, 1977, Haaretz journalist Dan Margalit revealed that a joint dollar account in the names of Yitzhak and Leah Rabin, opened in a Washington, D.C., bank during Rabin’s term of office as Israel ambassador (1968-73), was still open, in breach of Israeli law. According to Israeli currency regulations at the time, it was illegal for citizens to maintain foreign bank accounts without prior authorisation. Rabin resigned on April 8, 1977, following the revelation by Maariv journalist Shraga Mekel that the Rabins held two accounts in Washington, not one, containing $10,000, and that a Finance Ministry administrative penalty committee fined them IL150,000. Rabin withdrew from the party leadership and candidacy for prime minister, an act that earned him praise as a man of integrity.
On the evening of 4 November 1995 (12th of Heshvan on the Hebrew Calendar), Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a radical right-wing Orthodox Jew who opposed the signing of the Oslo Accords. Rabin had been attending a mass rally at the Kings of Israel Square (now Rabin Square) in Tel Aviv, held in support of the Oslo Accords. When the rally ended, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards the open door of his car, at which point Amir fired three shots at Rabin with a semi-automatic pistol. Two shots hit Rabin, and the third lightly injured Yoram Rubin, one of Rabin’s bodyguards. Rabin was rushed to nearby Ichilov Hospital, where he died on the operating table less than 40 minutes later due to blood loss and a punctured lung. Amir was immediately seized by Rabin’s bodyguards. He was later tried, found guilty, and sentenced to life imprisonment. [Source: Wikipedia ]
| Israel |
Raines Law of 1896 related to the sale of what in New York State? | Yitzhak Rabin Biography (Prime Minister of Israel/Soldier)
Died: 4 November 1995 (assassination)
Birthplace: Palestine(now Israel)
Best known as: Prime Minister of Israel, 1974-1977 and 1992-1995
Yitzhak Rabin became chief of staff for the Israeli military in 1964, and directed the armed forces during the Six-Day War of 1967. He succeeded Golda Meir as Prime Minister in 1974, but resigned in 1977. He became the leader of the Labour Party, served as Defense Minister in the late 1980s and was elected Prime Minister in 1992. A proponent of Middle East peace, Rabin shared the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize with Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. In 1995 he was shot to death by an Israeli law student who claimed Rabin intended to "give our country to the Arabs."
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What was the nickname of the Parliamentary supporters during the mid 17th century English Civil War? | BBC - History - British History in depth: Choosing Sides in the English Civil War
Choosing Sides in the English Civil War
By Dr Mike Stoyle
Last updated 2011-02-17
From royalism and religion to money and women, Dr Mark Stoyle uncovers the complex motivations behind the choosing of sides in the English Civil War.
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Introduction
Between 1642 and 1646 England was torn apart by a bloody civil war. On the one hand stood the supporters of King Charles I: the Royalists. On the other stood the supporters of the rights and privileges of Parliament: the Parliamentarians. Shortly before the war broke out, partisans of both sides began to apply an insulting nickname to their opponents, little dreaming that the two scornful labels which they had chosen for each other would ring down through the succeeding centuries.
...the two scornful labels which they had chosen for each other would ring down through the succeeding centuries.
To the Parliamentarians, the Royalists were 'Cavaliers' - a term derived from the Spanish word 'Caballeros', meaning armed troopers or horsemen. To the Royalists, the Parliamentarians were 'Roundheads' - a reference to the shaved heads of the London apprentices who had been so active in demonstrating their support for Parliament during the months before the fighting began. Both terms reveal a lot about what the two sides thought of each other. In Parliamentarian eyes, the typical Royalist was a dissolute gentleman, possessed of a suspiciously foreign air and prone to acts of sudden violence. As far as the Royalists were concerned, the typical Parliamentarian was a 'base mechanic': a low-born, lumpen townsman, inexperienced in judgment and inelegant in appearance. There was more than a grain of truth in these stereotypes, but it would be wrong to conclude from them that the Civil War was primarily a class war, a punch up between 'toffs' and 'toughs'. The considerations which prompted men and women to choose the sides they did between 1642 and 1646 were infinitely more varied and subtle than the two-party labels suggest.
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The personality of Charles I
At the heart of the conflict lay the policies and personality of the King himself. Charles I was a reserved, slightly diffident figure whose abilities as a monarch left a good deal to be desired. During the 1630s, his apparent determination to rule England without the assistance of Parliament, his introduction of all sorts of controversial financial measures and his support for 'high-church' religious practices aroused considerable alarm among his subjects. Many people, particularly the more zealous protestants, or 'puritans', came to fear that Charles was pursuing a hidden agenda: that he planned to remove his people's rights, or 'liberties', and to restore England to the Catholic fold.
...[Charles'] abilities as a monarch left a good deal to be desired.
When, in 1637, Charles attempted to introduce a new form of prayer book in his northern kingdom of Scotland, a major rebellion erupted. The King did not have enough money to raise an army against the Scots and was therefore forced to summon a Parliament. Yet the men who assembled at Westminster were unwilling to give the King the money he needed until their own grievances had been dealt with. The angry, disaffected members of Parliament seized political control and set about dismantling the hated instruments of the Personal Rule. During 1640-41, Charles I's prerogative courts were abolished, his ministers arrested or forced to flee, and his unpopular financial expedients declared illegal. To many contemporaries, it seemed that the kingdom's political problems were solved. In fact, they were only just beginning.
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The road to war
A contemporary cartoon © In late 1640 Charles I had faced a political élite which was almost wholly united against him. In late 1641 this was no longer the case. By this time a split had emerged in Parliament - and, still more dangerously, in the country at large - between those who wished for further reform, and those who felt that the recent changes had gone quite far enough. Friction was particularly apparent between religious conservatives, men and women who were happy with the Church of England as it had been established at the time of the Reformation, and more 'Godly' protestants', those who considered the Church to be 'but half reformed' and were determined to rid it of the 'rags and patches of Rome'. As time went by, religious traditionalists became increasingly alienated from the more radical spirits and turned to the King for support. Charles thus found himself with a swelling political constituency and, emboldened by this change in his fortunes, he made a bold attempt to seize back the political initiative. In January 1642 Charles strode into the Parliament house with a body of soldiers and demanded the persons of five MPs whom he had declared to be traitors. The King's plan went badly wrong. Not only did the men he sought manage to escape, but public opinion was outraged by his action. London was soon in an uproar, and the King, fearing for his life, was forced to flee. War was now inevitable and over the next few months rival sides began to emerge across the country.
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Class divisions
Among the peerage and the greater gentry, a majority favoured the King: partly, perhaps, because they felt bound to him by ties of personal loyalty, mainly because they saw him as the chief guarantor of the established social order. Similar considerations influenced the lesser gentry. Among this group, too, it seems probable that supporters of the Crown outnumbered supporters of the Parliament, though by a considerably narrower margin. Beneath the level of the gentry it is harder to make definite connections between social status and political allegiance. Many historians believe that the 'middling sort' of people were more inclined to favour Parliament than the King because Parliament's party was less rigidly hierarchical - and this may well have been so. Yet, for the vast majority of ordinary men and women, it was factors other than those of 'class' or 'rank' which determined the eventual choice of sides.
Mercenaries and conscripts
I care not for your Cause, I... fight for your halfe-crowne[s], and your handsome woemen.
Some had no particular preference for either party, but joined up with the first army which happened to come along, in the hope of pay and plunder. Captain Carlo Fantom, one of the hundreds of foreign mercenaries who flocked to England during the Civil War, frankly admitted that 'I care not for your Cause, I... fight for your halfe-crowne[s], and your handsome woemen'. Others found themselves forced to fight when they would much rather have stayed at home: tenants called out by their landlords, for example, and village rogues conscripted by parish constables who were anxious to see them gone. Some were even compelled to fight at gunpoint. In Lancashire, the Royalists press-ganged crowds of local men and marched them away to attack the Parliamentarian garrison at Bolton, 'the reare being brought up with troopers that had commission to shoot such as lagged behind, so as the poor countrymen ... [were] in a dilemma of death, either by the troopers if they went not on, or by the... shot of the towne if they did'.
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Ideological and ethnic divisions
Yet for every man who enlisted under compulsion, or for purely mercenary reasons, there was another who did so because he sincerely believed in what he was doing. One of the best definitions of the ideological division which lay at the heart of the Civil War was given by the Worcestershire clergyman, Richard Baxter. 'The generality of the people... who were then called puritans, precisians, religious persons', Baxter wrote, those 'that used to talk of God, and heaven, and scripture, and holiness... adhered to the Parliament. And on the other side... [those] that were not so precise and strict against an oath, or gaming, or plays, or drinking nor troubled themselves so much about the matters of God and the world to come [adhered to the King]'. Baxter's view was biased, of course. Royalist sympathisers would have countered that it was not that they were irreligious, but that they remained true to a purer, more traditional form of Protestantism: one which was untainted by puritan 'zeal'. Nevertheless, Baxter's words convey an essential truth. Across the country as a whole, it was religion which ultimately divided the two parties. Puritans everywhere supported the Parliament, more conservative protestants - together with the few Catholics - supported the King.
...it was religion which ultimately divided the two parties.
Beneath the all important religious divisions lurked anxieties about nationhood and ethnicity. Parliament set out, from the very first, to portray itself as the party of 'Englishness', and although this image played well throughout most of the kingdom, it provoked a counter-reaction in 'Celtic' Cornwall and Wales. Here, the overwhelming majority of the population came out for the King in 1642, and throughout the rest of the war these two regions remained Charles I's most important 'magazines of men'. Cornish and Welsh troops were vital to the Royalist war effort, but the King's reliance upon them reinforced his opponents' claims that the royalist party was fundamentally 'un-English'. So did Charles' use of soldiers brought over from Ireland, many of whom, the Parliamentarians maintained, were Catholics. During the first half of the war, Parliament's close links with the Scots tended to undermine the claim that Parliament's cause was the cause of England itself - and anti-Scottish feeling undoubtedly helped to bring many English men and women into the King's camp. Once the relationship between Parliament and the Scots started to deteriorate in 1645, however, and the King began to court the Scots in his turn, this situation changed.
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The final choice: subjugation or liberation
As Charles I's attempts to secure 'foreign' soldiers in any way he could became more widely known, the choice facing the English people seemed increasingly to be one between national subjugation under the King and national liberation under the Parliament. It was a choice to which there could only be one response. Those who had initially rallied to the King's banner now deserted him in droves - and the defeat of the Royalist party in arms was the inevitable result.
In June 1646 the King's wartime capital, Oxford, was surrendered to the Parliamentarian New Model Army. Charles fled in disguise and put himself under the protection of the Scots - but they soon handed him back to Parliament. Two years later the King was led out to the executioner's block, his attempts to recover his position by fomenting a new war - this time between the Scots and Parliament - having finally hardened his captors' hearts against him. On 30 January 1649 the King was beheaded in front of a huge crowd at Whitehall. 'The man Charles Stuart' was gone - but, thanks to the subsequent efforts of royalist propagandists, the memory of 'the martyr king' would live on in the English popular imagination for centuries to come.
The British Wars 1637-51 by P. Gaunt (Routledge, 1997)
Revolt in the Provinces by J. Morrill (Longman, 1999)
Understanding Popular Violence in the English Revolution: The Colchester Plunderers by J. Walter (Cambridge, 1999)
Links
The English Civil War Society Group dedicated to re-enacting 17th Century battles.
Places to visit
The Museum of London has a huge collection of Cromwell documents, artefacts and 'memorabilia'. There is a Cromwell museum in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire and an English Civil War centre at the Commandery , Worcester.
Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight was used during the Civil War as a prison for Charles I.
| Roundhead |
On which part of the body would a tarboosh be worn? | Whig and Tory--Historical Outline
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Whig and Tory
[¶1] What follows is a discussion of the use of "Whig" and "Tory" as political labels during the Restoration and 18th century, not a rehearsal of Whig and Tory politics in the period. The two questions are not entirely separable, of course, but my effort here is to trace the emergence and continuing use of a particular political terminology, a political rhetoric, not to delineate the fortunes of Whig and Tory political groupings and policies.
Shorter Elaboration (followed by a more extended discussion here )
[¶2] "Whig" and "Tory" are political party labels that have been in use in England since around 1681--and their specific meaning has varied somewhat with changing historical circumstances. As political labels, the terms derive from the factional conflict of the Exclusion Crisis (1679-81), Whigs being supporters of Exclusion (of the Catholic James, Duke of York, brother of the king and next in line for the English throne) and Tories being their Royalist opponents. By extension, then, the Whigs were seen as asserting the primacy of Parliament over the monarch, while the Tories were seen as asserting the inverse. This factional division of English political elites clearly echoed the divisions between Parliamentarians and Royalists in the era of the Civil Wars, and thus portended more than a simple difference of opinion on a particular (albeit rather important) policy matter. Through the rest of the seventeenth and the early part of the eighteenth centuries, the terms "Whig" and "Tory" would continue to carry the weight of the Civil War conflicts, at least obliquely, even as the two factions came to be defined and redefined, first, in the Exclusion Crisis itself, then, in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1688.
[¶3] During the Exclusion Crisis, the Whigs were seen as political revisionists, activist politicians willing to risk political turmoil in their opposition to the legitimate monarch, while Tories were political loyalists. After the Revolution of 1688-89, however, the Whigs became the defenders of the (new) status quo and the Tories were the political malcontents (and possible supporters of disruption of the new dynastic order). Under the Hanoverians (from 1714), the Whigs monopolized political power, since the Tories (as adherents of the displaced Stuart dynasty) were anathemized by the new monarchs. In these new circumstances, Whigs were defenders of "foreign" and often unpopular monarchs (the Dutch William of Orange and the Hanoverian George I), while the Tories were partisans of the Stuarts (happily so under Anne, the last of the Stuarts, unhappily thereafter). In the early eighteenth century, Whigs were associated with "new" wealth, that is, with the moneyed interest (financiers and merchants), the Dissenting interest, and urban dwellers (in the City of London and elsewhere), while Tories were associated with the "old" landowning gentry class (the country squires) and with defenders of the privileges of the Anglican Church against the "encroachments" of the Dissenters.
[¶4] After a period of political realignments in the middle part of the century, the terms had shifted around somewhat again by the late eighteenth century: a Tory was a "conservative," a supporter of the status quo with its various privileges and exclusions, while a Whig was a "liberal" or "reformer," committed to modernizing the system of church and state. These latest inflections stuck through much of the nineteenth century, during which Tories or Conservatives opposed Catholic Emancipation, electoral reform, and Irish Home Rule, while Whigs or Liberals championed those causes. Subsequently, the term Tory has survived as a label for a conservative or reactionary political outlook; the term Whig has more or less completely died out, having been displaced by "liberal."
[¶5] More generally, the terms refer fundamentally to divisions over conceptions of sovereignty and political power: Whigs conceive of power as ultimately residing in "the people" (or in the people's representatives) and view rulers as serving the will and welfare of the people (as embodied in Parliament); Tories conceive of sovereignty as residing in rulers and view "the people" as subjects whose duty is to obey. Tories are thus identified with a system of hereditary power--exercised especially by monarchs and the established Church--while Whigs are associated with a system of popular power, though generally in the hands of the propertied rather than the populace at large. In the Tory vision, the political organization of society is hierarchical and patriarchal, with governors having a responsibility to look after the welfare of their subjects. In the Whig vision, political rulers are, likewise, responsible for the welfare of "the people," but they are also accountable to them (that is, to Parliament and the political nation it represents). Both Whig and Tory traditions have often had an upper-class bias to them (though they are both capable of making populist appeals, when necessary), and can usefully be distinguished from a properly democratic or "radical" tradition in British politics and society.
[¶6] The terms "Whig" and "Tory" have also often carried strong sectarian (religious) associations, Tories being associated with High Church sentiments (including preservation of the privileges and exclusions of the established Church) and Whigs being associated with latitudinarianism and Protestant Dissent. At different times, both have been associated with strongly anti-Catholic sentiments. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Whigs, as champions of Parliamentary rights over against the Stuart monarchs and as supporters of Protestant Dissent, developed a strongly anti-Catholic, militantly Protestant political rhetoric, while Tories were often seen as "tainted" by their support for the Catholic Stuarts. By contrast, since the early nineteenth century, Whigs have been champions of Catholic Emancipation and Tories have been associated with preservation of Anglican supremacy and privileges. The "high church" leanings of Tories have persisted throughout this era, which, in the nineteenth century, has meant both opposition to the political emancipation of the Catholic community in the UK and an association with the Tractarian Movement, just as, around 1688, it meant both opposition to the displacement of James II and a devotion to the supremacy of the Anglican Church. In the earlier period, Whigs saw themselves as militantly anti-Catholic defenders of the Protestant religion, while more recently Whigs have tended to see themselves as being "above" the sectarian religious politics of the Tories.
[¶7] In relation to both church and state, religion and politics, the terms Whig and Tory have been redefined and transformed in their associations and inflections in the period since they first achieved currency around 1681. Especially in relation to the earlier terrain (through the mid-eighteenth century), the modern associations of Whig and Tory with "liberal" and "conservative" can be misleading or, in any case, can fail to register the actual specificity of political alignments and divisions: neither party can easily be designated as "progressive" and each has to be examined in terms of its particular engagements in specific contexts.
Extended Discussion [back to briefer discussion]
§1. Introduction: "Whig" and "Tory" in English Political Language
[¶8] In the 19th century, Thomas Babington Macaulay opined that the political labels "Whig" and "Tory" are "two nicknames which, though originally given in insult, were soon assumed with pride, which are still in daily use, which have spread as widely as the English race, and which will last as long as the English literature" (The History of England from the Accession of James the Second [1849-61], quoted in Willman 1974 : 247). But already by his time, these 17th-century terms (themselves successors to "cavalier" and "roundhead," "Royalist" and "Parliament-man") were being replaced by more modern political terminology such as "liberal" and "conservative," or "radical" and "reactionary," or, from the French Revolution context, "left-wing" and "right-wing." And, despite Macaulay's suggestion of unchanging continuity in the meaning of these terms up into his own time, they actually underwent several shifts and modifications of meaning over the century and a half from the time of their introduction into English political discourse around 1681. (Moreover, despite Macaulay's emphasis on the "Englishness" of the terms "Whig" and "Tory," associating them as he does with the "English race" and "English literature," they derive, in fact, from the wider linguistic world of the British Isles: Tory from Irish and Whig from Scots.) For us, now, the use of these terms across the long 18th century requires some elucidation.
[¶9] The terms "Whig" and "Tory" did not always function as political labels. They were appropriated and reinflected as "party" labels during the Exclusion Crisis, but they have an older history in English usage as general terms. Thus, in Maurice Atkins's Cataplus (1672), a burlesque of the Aeneid, Anchises avers, "I cou'd tell many pleasant stories / Relating to these drunken Tories" (lines 1709-10), where "Tories" means only ruffians. But since the Exclusion Crisis, these earlier usages have been overshadowed by the function of the terms as a central part of English political rhetoric in the Restoration and eighteenth century.
[¶10] In their English political usage, the terms derive from the factional conflict of the Exclusion Crisis (1679-81), when one faction (the Whigs) sought to exclude Charles II's brother, James, Duke of York, who was a professed Roman Catholic, from eligibility to succeed to the throne and the other faction (the Tories) insisted on the inviolability of the chain of succession and the necessity of acceptance of the legitimate heir. The Whigs asserted, in effect, the right of Parliament to determine the succession to the throne and hence, in a larger sense, the right of Parliament (and hence, on some interpretations, of "the people") to choose their rulers--or, in any case, they argued for an inalienable right of resistance when the fundamental rights and privileges of the people (including their religion) are imperilled. The Tories adhered to the older view that kings and queens are God's regents on earth or, in any case, are placed on the throne by God and so must be obeyed by their subjects under all circumstances (doctrines of passive obedience and non-resistance). "Tory" thus became a label for political conservatives and royalists and "Whig" for political revisionists and "Parliament-men."
[¶11] The factional division of English political elites during the Exclusion Crisis clearly echoed the divisions between Parliamentarians and Royalists in the era of the Civil Wars, and thus portended more than a simple difference of opinion on a particular policy matter. Through the rest of the seventeenth and the early part of the eighteenth centuries, the terms "Whig" and "Tory" would continue to carry the weight of the Civil War legacy, at least obliquely, and the fundamental ideological division between tradition-minded legitimists and reform-minded activists would continue to inform political thought through much of the eighteenth century. Its echoes are quite palpable in John Wesley's assertion in 1785 that, "he, his brother Charles, and their late father were Tories in the sense that they held God, not the people, as the origin of all civil power" ( Sack 1993 : 66), and the ideological distinction would be picked up and revitalized by Edmund Burke in his Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). Tories viewed the existing system of hierarchy and subordination as part of a God-given, time-tested order, while Whigs viewed political arrangements in quasi-utilitarian terms as variable means designed to achieve desired ends (e.g., public welfare).
[¶12] In the aftermath of the Revolution of 1688, the Tories came to be identified with Stuart loyalists and the Whigs with supporters of the new Williamite and, later, Hanoverian political order. In the eighteenth century, in social terms, Tories were often identified with the "old" landowning gentry class (the country squires), with the conservative milieu of Oxford, and with High Church elements of the Anglican establishment, while Whigs were associated with the aristocratic elite and with "new" wealth, that is, the moneyed interest (whether derived from finance or commerce), with the Dissenting interest, and with urban dwellers (in the City of London and elsewhere).
[¶13] A religious sectarian conflict was, no doubt, central to Whig-Tory divisions throughout the Restoration and 18th century--with the Tories seen as committed to the necessity of an established church and its various privileges and the Whigs as increasingly skeptical of the importance or even value of such a religious establishment--but this religious demarcation, like the political distinctions between Whigs and Tories, did not have a fixed, unchanging meaning. The historical malleability of these political labels becomes evident if we keep in mind the vehement anti-Catholicism of Whig rhetoric the late 17th and early 18th centuries (which was central to their opposition to the Stuart line with its Catholic representatives)--and contrast it with the early 19th century association of the Tories with adamantly anti-Catholic politics in the context of the Irish question and the Union of Great Britain and Ireland and Whig support of Catholic Emancipation. Similarly, in the aftermath of the Civil War, the Tories decried their Dissenting opponents as "fanatics" and sectarian "zealots," while in the 19th century, the Tories saw themselves as the beleaguered defenders of religion and piety against the forces of atheism and libertinism and were seen by their opponents as sectarian "fanatics" and religious "obscurantists."
[¶14] Some of these shifts in the religious associations of the two parties are to be explained by the fact that in their earlier phase, the Tories were distinguished by their adherence to a notion of prescriptive and hereditary rights and political principles (which tended to imply adherence to the Stuart dynasty), while in their "post-Jacobite phase," with the demise of the Stuart cause after 1745, the Tories retained their adherence to prescriptive rights but their central application of these principles shifted to the terrain of "churchly matters" (Sack 1993: 50). But there were other shifts in positions that responded to other factors: one might note, for example, that during the period when the Tories were excluded from political power (and from "shire, judicial, Church, and military offices under the crown") in the era of Whig hegemony under the first two Georges, they decried "corruption" and supported "a thorough regeneration of the electoral system," while the Whigs sought to preserve the status quo (Sack 1993: 146). Then followed an era of Pittite and neo-Tory dominance at the end of the 18th century (during which the Tories were by no means uniformly opposed to parliamentary reform), but in the early 19th century the Whigs became the proponents of parliamentary "reform" against the conservative resistance of the ministries of Canning and Wellington (whose resistance to such reform echoed Lord North's contention, in opposition to Pitt's motion for reform in 1785, that the constitution secured in 1688-1714 was "the most beautiful fabric that, perhaps, had ever existed from the beginning of time. He never would consent to any attempt to tamper with such a fabric") (Sack 1993: 149).
[¶15] But whatever the reasons for the shifting valences of the two party labels, the point is that they do not function as unchanging political tags whose meanings can be defined independently of the context of their usage. There were, of course, stereotyped "characters" of Whigs and Tories in circulation from the time of the Exclusion Crisis, and, in the later 18th and early 19th century especially, we see the development of somewhat generalized, more abstract conceptions of these affiliations, so that it was always possible to speak of "Whig" and "Tory" values, dispositions, sentiments as though these existed as fixed entities, independent of and prior to any particular political issue or debate. But such generalized discourse about Whigs and Tories tends to reflect the configuration of Whig and Tory positions prevalent at a given moment of political strife and does not always give one a good window on the concrete meaning of Whig and Tory investments during diverse moments across the Restoration and up into the 19th century.
§2. Application of These Political Labels in the Exclusion Crisis
[¶16] The terms seem to have entered the vocabulary of English politics around 1681, borrowed and adapted from their earlier use in Ireland and Scotland (Willman 1974: 251). In its original Irish (and English) usage, the term Tories refers to Irish brigands who were "popishly affected, outlaws, robbers, such as our law saith have Caput Lupinum, fit and ready to be destroyed and knocked on the head by any one that could meet with them"[ 1 ] (The Character of an Honest Man, whether stiled Whig or Tory [1683]; quoted in Willman 1974: 251-52). This notion of the Tory (or brigand) was popularized in Ireland "in the generation after 1660, following the Cromwellian conquest and the compounded confusion of the Restoration Settlement, which created a large body of footloose men, many of them former gentry, with opportunity and incentive to take to brigandage" (Willman 1974: 252).
[¶17] Most of the Tories preyed on "Irish peasants and petty traders" but the Tory chief Redmond O'Hanlon "began in the late 1670s to disturb the equanimity of the Anglo-Irish gentry by preying directly upon them"; in late 1679, his gang murdered Henry St John of Tanderagee after kidnapping him for ransom. "The event made news in England," as did the betrayal and death of O'Hanlon in April 1681: "O'Hanlon's depredations are important because, thanks to them, the notoriety of Irish Toryism was increased at a moment of extreme tension and anti-Catholic fear in England; and the career of the greatest Irish Tory reached its climax just at the height of the Exclusion Crisis" (Willman 1974: 252). (These "Tories" did not easily disappear: in 1707, the Irish Parliament passed an "Act for the more effectual suppression of tories, robbers, and rapparees" [Irish Act 6 Anne, c. 11].)
[¶18] The term Whig, or its earlier form Whiggamaire, "had been in use in Scotland since the 1640s as a term for Covenanting rebels" (Willman 1974: 252), that is, it was applied to adherents of the Presbyterian cause in Scotland, who achieved victory during the Civil Wars but then were pushed aside at the Restoration when the Episcopalian Church was re-established. "English liberal Protestantism sympathized with the [Scottish Covenanting] rebels of 1679," exemplified, for instance, in "Monmouth's well-known leniency in dealing with them after Bothwell Brig," but "English fellow-feeling did not extend to the small band of sectaries who refused the settlement of 1679 and continued in arms. The Cameronian or 'Cargillite' movement justified itself in terms few English Protestants could accept, excommunicating the King as well as the Dukes of York and Monmouth from the 'true kirk' and declaring it lawful to kill them and all who followed them" (Willman 1974: 253). Thus, by 1681, when the term Whig was applied to English Exclusionists (as in the reference to "these English Whigs . . . as well as their Brethren of Scotland" in Heraclitus Ridens [quoted in Willman 1974: 262]), it carried a negative valence, even for the party so labeled.
[¶19] These terms were appropriated into the linguistic and political maelstrom of the Exclusion Crisis. "The passion for stigmatizing nicknames had begun in 1679 when Exclusionists, styling themselves 'True Protestants,' began to assail their Protestant opponents as 'Protestant Papists' or 'Protestants in Masquerade'" (Willman 1974: 254); the Royalists responded by mockingly calling the Exclusionists "True Blues" or (according to Roger North) "Birmingham Protestants, alluding to false Groats counterfeited at that Place" (Examen [pub. 1740]; quoted in Willman 1974: 249). (The subtitle supplied for John Dryden's Mac Flecknoe when it was published in 1682--A Satyr upon the True-Blew-Protestant Poet, T.S.--alludes to this usage.[ 2 ]) "When Exclusionist petitions for the meeting of Parliament [in 1680] were countered by Royalist addresses 'abhorring' the petitions, the Exclusionists responded with a campaign of abuse which contributed 'Yorkist' and 'Tantivy'" to the language, as well as 'Abhorrer'" (Willman 1974: 254).
[¶20] "It was only after the demise of the last Exclusion Parliament [in March 1681] that the first Royalist nickname for the Exclusionists began to appear in print, when the formula 'True Protestant' was expanded to 'True Bromidgham Protestant,' i.e., true counterfeit one" (Willman 1974: 255). Commenting on this development, Laurence Echard, in his History of England (3rd ed., 1720), remarks that "Great Heats and Animosities were created by these Petitioners and Abhorrers . . . and about the same Time . . . arose the pernicious Terms, and Distinctions of WHIG and TORY, both Exotick Names, which the Parties invidiously bestow'd upon each other" (quoted in Willman 1974: 247); and Roger North, in his Examen: or An Enquiry into the Credit and Veracity of a Pretended Complete History (published 1740), describes the Exclusionists as giving their opponents a whole series of labels: "Yorkist," the first such term, "served for meer Distinction, but did not scandalise or reflect enough. Then they came to Tantivy, which implied Riding Post to Rome . . . Then, observing that the Duke [i.e., James] favoured Irish Men, all his Friends, or those accounted such by appearing against the Exclusion, were straight become Irish, and so wild Irish, thence Bog-trotters, and, in the Copia of the factious Language, the Word Tory was entertained, which signified the most despicable Savages among the Wild Irish, and, being a vocal clever sounding Word, readily pronounced, it kept its Hold, and took Possession of the foul Mouths of the Faction" (quoted in Willman 1974: 249). Through James's "favoring" of Irishmen, the traditional English abusive rhetoric for the Irish gets appropriated here for domestic English politics.
[¶21] The term Tories begins to appear in 1680 with reference to the Irishmen supposedly favored by James, Duke of York; and in 1681, it is being applied also to Englishmen who support the Duke (the Exclusionist Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome [no. 49, 13 May 1681] denounces "all the L'Estranges, Thompsons, Club of Heraclitus-Scriblers, Tories, Papists, Masquerade- Protestants, and other Vermin of that Stamp" [quoted in Willman 1974: 260]). The work that more than any other helped establish the use and the conjoining of the terms Whig and Tory in English political discourse was Roger L'Estrange's The Observator (begun on 13 April 1681). In no. 29 (2 July 1681), L'Estrange changed the name to The Observator in Dialogue and the publication, which had previously alternated between "Question" and "Answer," was now (and for the following two years) presented as a dialogue between "Whig" and "Tory": "This moment, 2 July 1681, appears to be the time when English politics were first envisaged as a dialogue between Whig and Tory; here the two words seem to have been first uttered in one breath, as natural complements to each other. Other journalists took their cue from the Observator and began to use the words more frequently, and together" (Willman 1974: 262).
[¶22] The use of these various party labels and terms of opprobrium deepened the partisan divisions of the age. In October 1681, Oliver Heywood (a Nonconformist) noted how "this is the distinction they make instead of Cavalier and Roundhead, now they are called Torys and Wiggs, the former wearing a red Ribband [in their hats], the other a violet--thus men begin to commence war" (quoted in Willman 1974: 263). In his prologue to Absalom and Achitophel (Nov. 1681), John Dryden writes: "He who draws his pen for one party must expect to make enemies of the other, for wit and fool are consequents of Whig and Tory, and every man is a knave or an ass to the contrary side" (quoted in Willman 1974: 262-63).
[¶23] Robert Willman's modern account of the adoption of Whig and Tory into English political discourse in 1681 and thereafter, summarized above, is less colorful than that offered by Daniel Defoe in his Review (no. 75, 16 Sept. 1710)--where he credits Titus Oates with popularizing the term Tories and the Duke of Lauderdale with the like service for Whig--but it is clearly more persuasive, though eighteenth-century historians often repeated Defoe's account. These early historians' interest in the political terminology of "Whig" and "Tory" speaks not only to a concern with the past, but also to conflicts that were still alive in their own era--for the partisan rancor of the Exclusion Crisis produced animosities that did not easily die down, even though the original issue and occasion were relatively quickly overtaken by the march of events.
§3. Use of Whig and Tory Idiom through the Early 18th Century
[¶24] In his Dissertation on Parties (1735-38), Bolingbroke remarks that with the Revolution of 1688-89 and the effective "exclusion" of James II, "The real essences of Whig and Tory were thus [in 1689] destroyed, but the nominal were preserved" (OED, sv "Tory n. and a.," sense 3a). But, of course, the dynastic issue was not entirely settled in 1689: the existence of non-jurors and Jacobites testified to the complications of the new settlement, and the accession of Anne (last of the Stuart monarchs of England) in 1702 renewed the emotions around the Stuart claim to the throne and the political language of Whig and Tory enjoyed a new lease on life during the partisan conflicts of Anne's reign (1702-14).[ 3 ]
[¶25] But with the settlement of the succession in the Protestant line after the Revolution of 1688, and especially after the eventual accession of the Hanoverians to the throne in 1714, the changed political context meant that the political programs of the Whigs and Tories were radically altered: the Whigs now figured much of the time, and certainly after 1714, as the supporters of the established political order and the Tories were those who stood in opposition (whether or not they actually supported a return of the Stuart line). In 1682, in an epilogue to the Duke of Guise, Dryden equates a "Whig" with a rebel: "When Sighs and Prayers their ladies cannot move, / They rail, write Treason, and turn Whigs to love" (OED, sv. "Whig n. and a.," sense 3b). But after 1688, and especially after 1714, it was the Tories who could be tarred with the charge of "disloyalty"--at least in relation to the political settlement. The flight of the Tory leader, Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, to France in 1715, seemed to cement the notion that the Tories were untrustworthy Jacobites and the unsuccessful Jacobite plots and risings (especially in 1715 and 1745) kept the Whig hegemony firmly in place--despite the fact that "about 100 country gentlemen, regarding themselves as Tories, remained members of the House of Commons throughout the years of the Whig hegemony. . . . [and] at the level of local politics, administration, and influence, such 'Tories' remained of considerable importance" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. "Whig and Tory").
[¶26] The Tory adherence to the established privileges of the Anglican Church allowed them to retain a "loyalist" identity on the terrain of church issues and to cast their opponents as those who would upset the established order in the religious sphere. This dynamic produced a complex situation, in which the Anglican Church was divided between those with Whig and those with Tory leanings (though, given the political control of the upper levels of church patronage the upper hierarchy tended to have a Whig coloring). Moreover, whatever the personal antipathies between the Tories and Whigs fostered by a couple of generations of sectarian strife, as the eighteenth-century progressed many Tories increasingly accepted the Revolutionary Settlement of 1688-89 and the Whig notions of a limited or constitutional monarchy in place of the Tory battlecry of unlimited royal prerogative. As a result, the ideological differences between the two camps became less predictable.
[¶27] So, too, individuals could be of one mind in political matters and of another in church and religious matters. In 1713, Richard Steele introduces the persona of the Guardian in precisely these terms: "I am, with Relation to the Government of the Church, a Tory, with Regard to the State, a Whig" (The Guardian, no. 1 [12 March 1713]). Steele's amphibious Tory-cum-Whig stance is consonant with the outlook of Addison (who avers that "an honest Englishman is a Tory in church matters and a Whig in politics") and Swift (who writes in a letter to Thomas Tickell of 7 July 1726, "I am weary of living among Ministers whom I cannot govern, who are all rank Tories in Government, & worse than Whigs in Church, whereas I was the first Man who taught & practised the direct contrary Principle") (quoted in Stephens, ed. 1982 : 605n.10).
[¶28] David Hume, taking stock of the new situation in the Hanoverian age in his essay "Of the Parties of Great Britain" (1741), ignores the church issue altogether and remarks that, "A Tory, . . . since the revolution [of 1688], may be defined in a few words, to be a lover of monarchy, tho' without abandoning liberty; and a partizan of the family of Stuart," while a "Whig may be defin'd to be a Lover of Liberty, tho' without renouncing Monarchy; a Friend to the Settlement in the Protestant Line" (OED, sv "Tory, n. and a.," sense 3a; "Whig, n. and a.," sense 4). Hume's defintion of "Tory" and "Whig" maintains the centrality of the dynastic issue, but begins to transform the associations of the two political labels, so that Tories come to be seen as the party of "order" and Whigs as the party of "liberty."
[¶29] In such a transformed context, the use of the labels "Whig" and "Tory" continued apace, but they were not so clear-cut in their reference as they had been in the era of Charles II and James II. With the Jacobite baggage adhering to the Tories, their formal proscription from ministerial power under the early Hanoverians, and the changing alliances among opposition groups (especially in the era of Walpole), there were manifest pressures for a "modernization" of political labels, not only through the kind of semantic transformation effected by Hume but also through the adoption of new political labels. The ideological relevance of the old opposition between Whig and Tory was compromised by the 1730s, when the old idiom came to be overlayed and modified by a newer idiom in which the opposition between "court" and "country" or between "court" and "patriot opposition" became a more crucial political distinction--one that cut through the "Whig" camp, separating out court Whigs, on the one hand, and lumping country Whigs and Tories together (in the "patriot" grouping), on the other hand. The traditional Tories had been supporters of James II (and sometimes of the Jacobite succession); they had been Non-Jurors (or sympathetic with them) at the time of the Revolution of 1688; they had been staunch supporters of the Anglican establishment, against both Catholics and Dissenters ( Fabel 1974 : 101)--the first two of these allegiances became increasingly outdated as the 18th century progressed and with them the traditional meaning of "Tory" and, consequently, the traditional meaning of the Whig-and-Tory opposition.
[¶30] The definitions of "Whig" and "Tory" offered in various dictionaries and encyclopedias from 1699 through the 1740s suggests the primary importance of the Restoration era in the definition of these terms--and, by implication, the space for their modification and adaptation in the 18th century:
From Abel Boyer's Royal Dictionary (1699), "which he had prepared for the use of the Duke of Gloucester in studying French":
Whig (in opposition to Tory, a Nick-name given to the Fanaticks that were against the Kings Interest in King Charles the second and James the second's time.) un Fanatique, un ennemy du Roy ou de la Cour, un Republicain.
From Dr. Adam Littleton's Linguae Latinae Liber Dictionarius (4th ed., 1703):
A Whig is translated Homo fanaticus, factiosus; Whiggism, Enthusiasmus, perduellio; A Tory, bogtrotter or Irish robber, Praedo Hibernicus; A Tory opposed to whig, Regiarum partium assertor.
From the Kersey-Phillips New World of Words (1706; [a revision of Edward Phillips's The New World of English Words, 1658?]):
Whig, Whay, or very small Beer; also a Nickname, contradistinguished from Tory, and given to those that were against the Court-Interest in the time of K. Charles II. and James II: A Fanatick, a Factious Fellow.
From Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia (1728; 5th ed., 1741-43):
the tories, says M. Rapin, appear fierce and haughty: they treat the whigs with the last contempt, and even somewhat hardly, when they have the advantage over them. . .
(These examples are all quoted from Kolb & Sledd 1952 : 882-85)
[¶31] Kolb and Sledd note that "Nicholas Tindal, in his annotated translation of the Dissertation sur les Whigs et les Torys by Paul de Rapin-Thoyras, had used Burnet to correct Rapin's etymology of whig [see "A Dissertation on the Whigs and Torys," The History of England, by Paul de Rapin-Thoyras, 3rd ed. (London, 1743-47), II, 798]" (Kolb & Sledd 1952: 883). Rapin was the chief source for the article on Tories in Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia [1728; 5th ed., 1741-43]: both Rapin and Chambers warn that the terms Whig and Tory are "alike equivocal, in that they referred both to moderates and to extremists, to matters political and to matters ecclesiastical" (Kolb & Sledd 1952: 884). Rapin and Chambers warn us that "Whig" and "Tory" are complex terms, open to multiple inflections. And, one might add, the passage of time and changing political contexts only served to make the terms more equivocal. If David Hume resolved some of this complication by ignoring "matters ecclesiastical" in his brief definitions of Whigs and Tories (as noted above), Samuel Johnson, in his entries for the terms in his Dictionary (1755), excises any reference to the respective dynastic principles of the two parties that figure so prominently in Hume's defintion:
From Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755):
Tory, n.s. [A cant term, derived, I suppose, from an Irish word signifying a savage.]
One who adheres to the antient constitution of the state, and the apostolical hierarchy of the church of England, opposed to a whig.
The knight is more a tory in the country than the town, because it advances his interest.
xxxAddison.
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In which year did Morocco gain its independence from France? | Independence Day of Morocco
Independence Day of Morocco
When is the Independence Day of Morocco celebrated?
Every year Morocco celebrates its Independence Day, the Eid Al Istiqulal, on November 18 to honor the return of their King Mohammed to Morocco.
The king had been on exile to Madagascar when Morocco was a French protector. On this day the king proclaimed the freedom of Morocco from France and Spain who colonized the country for 44 years.
How is the Independence Day celebrated in Morocco?
The Independence Day is a national holiday in Morocco. A grand reception is held at the imperial palace; colorful parades, and street vendors selling traditional food mark the Independence Day celebrations.
What is the significance of Independence Day in history of Morocco?
European interest in Morocco grew in the 1800s. This led to a conflict between imperialist powers, particularly France and Spain. The Algeciras Conference (an international conference of European states and the US that discussed French interest in Morocco) of 1906 solemnized the special interest of France in Morocco, and the Treaty of Frez, which was signed between Sultan Abdelhafid and the French, declared Morocco a protectorate of France in 1912. The same year, France and Spain signed an agreement, which establish Spanish control over the Tangiers in north, Rif and Ifni on the Atlantic coast in the southwest, and over Tarfaya to the south of the River Draa.
Although mid-1920s some rebellion against the colonial rule did show up, the demand for independence gained momentum after the World War II. In about 1944, the regent, Sultan Mohammed V, and the nationalist party, Istiqlal (Independence) Party, stressed the need for complete sovereignty.
In 1953, the French exiled the revered Sultan Mohammed V, and replaced him with the Mohammed Ben Aarafa, who was widely opposed by the people. In wake of the public outcry, the French had to allow the sultan to return to Morocco. In 1956, the king proclaimed freedom for Morocco from France. Spain also officially renounced its claim over Morocco in the same year (but Spain retained control over Infi, which became a part of Morocco in 1969, and Spanish Sahara or Western Sahara, on which Spain held its claim until 1975, and where the status still remains disputed).
On November 18, the people of Morocco commemorate the sacrifices of their ancestors and the royal family, and the return of Sultan Mohammed V, from his exile in Madagascar in 1956.
What is the significance of national flag of Morocco?
The flag of Morocco features a red backdrop with a green five-pointed star known as the Seal of Solomon, and bears a 2:3 width-to-length ratio. The seal was added when Morocco was still a French protectorate. Moroccans continued to use the green pentagram on the red background after France granted freedom to Morocco in 1956.
While green is the color of Islam, the dominant religion of the nation, red represents the ruling dynasty. The five-pointed star or the Seal of Solomon denotes the five pillars of Islam, and it signifies the nexus between God and the nation.
Who wrote the national anthem of Morocco?
The national anthem of Morocco - Hymne Cherifien - was adopted during the French rule. Although its tune, which had been written by Leo Morgan, remained the same, the lyrics were changed at the time of its independence. The new lyrics were composed by Ali Squalli Houssaini at the time of the country's independence in 1956.
| one thousand nine hundred and fifty six |
The English town name suffix 'wich' (as in Nantwich and Northwich) derives from the mining of what mineral? | Tunisia gains independence from France | South African History Online
South African History Online
Home » Tunisia gains independence from France
Tunisia gains independence from France
Tunisia FlagTunisia Flag. Source: http://www.mapsofworld.com
Tuesday, 20 March 1956
On 20 March 1956, Tunisia gained its independence from France after two years of negotiations between the French and the Neo-Destour (“New Constitution”) party, which was backed by the trade unions. Tunisia, located below the Mediterranean ocean became a constitutional monarchy with the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad VIII al-Amin Bey, as king.
In 1957, Habib Bourguiba the country’s Prime Minister, abolished the monarchy and declared the Republic of Tunisia.
In 1861, Tunisia became the first country in the Arab world to adopt a constitution. However, less than 10 years later political instability in the country forced Tunisia to declare itself bankrupt. Subsequently, Tunisia’s economy became the liability of a group of British, French and Italian financial commissioners.
References:
• Arcli ‘Tunisia’ , From:Acrli[online], Available at www.acrli.org [Accessed: 21 February 2012]
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What is the title of the fourth Dirty Harry film, starring Clint Eastwood? | Dirty Harry (1971)
Sudden Impact (1983) (directed by Eastwood himself)
The Dead Pool (1988) (d. Buddy Van Horn)
Director Siegel and star Eastwood had made other films together before this one: Coogan's Bluff (1968) with Eastwood as an Arizona deputy displaced to NYC, Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970), and The Beguiled (1971), and Siegel had also aided Eastwood with his directorial feature debut for Play Misty for Me (1971) . Siegel also directed the excellent NY police detective film Madigan (1968) a few years earlier without Eastwood, but with Harry Guardino. This film was the actor's third feature in 1971. The director took advantage of many scenic views and locales in the picturesque city of San Francisco within the film, although the most famous set-piece - the bank robbery on a downtown street in the film's opening - was shot on a Hollywood studio set.
The Story
With bells tolling, the film opens with a zoom-in to a stone memorial "in tribute to the police officers of San Francisco who gave their lives in the line of duty" (presented by a citizen's committee) [located at the Hall of Justice, 850 Bryant Street, between 7th and 8th Streets]. Atop the memorial is a representation of a gold San Francisco police badge. With the badge superimposed over the names of dead cops, the camera scrolls down the lists of officers killed, stretching from 1878 to the current year 1970.
The policeman's badge (symbol of law and order) dissolves into the muzzle-barrel end of a high-powered rifle of a criminal sniper - linking the two combatants. The baby-faced, hippie-looking killer, on a rooftop [atop the Bank of America Building on California Ave], has his weapon with a telescopic lens, aimed at a young woman in a yellow, one-piece swimsuit at a nearby roof-top hotel swimming pool [atop the Chinese Cultural Center - Holiday Inn on Kearny Street, two blocks away]. As she swims laps, he pulls the trigger, and blood spurts from a bullet wound in her left shoulder. [The angle of entry would be an impossibility from the vantage point of the killer.] The water turns red as she sinks below the surface.
During the playing of the credits with jazzy, upbeat music from Lalo Schifrin (of TV's Mission: Impossible fame later in his career) ("DIRTY" in the title of the film is a muddy brown color, "HARRY" is bright yellow), a sunglasses-wearing Inspector Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) of the San Francisco police force (Homicide Division) investigates, by himself, the scene of the crime and the probable location of the shooter [another rooftop with a gorgeous and dramatic skyline view of the Bay Bridge, Treasure Island, Yerba Buena Island and the surrounding city]. High above the entire city, he discovers the spent shell of the rifle (later identified as a "30 ought 6") and carefully places it in a used envelope (addressed to himself at the Homicide Department at 850 Bryant Street from an address in Provo, Utah) and then he finds a ransom note pinned to a TV antenna. A man of few words throughout the entire film, he reacts with a simple expletive, his first line of dialogue: "Jesus." ['Dirty Harry' is called upon to be an avenging angel - an outcast cop to seek and exterminate the evil, Satanic, conscience-less killer destructively let loose in the urban environment. In semi-religious settings, a church near a revolving 'Jesus Saves' sign, and a giant cross atop Mount Davidson Park, Callahan confronts the murderer.]
The handwritten note is projected on a screen and read by the Mayor (John Vernon) [filmed in the actual offices of the SF Mayor at the time]. The deranged sniper, a "madman" calling himself SCORPIO, demands cash or he will resume the killing of random targets among the city's innocent citizens:
To the City of San Francisco, I will enjoy killing one person every day until you pay me one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000). If you agree say so tomorrow morning in Personal Column San Francisco Chronicle and I will set up meeting. (closeup) If I do not hear from you it will be my next pleasure to kill a Catholic priest or a nigger [the last word isn't read outloud].
SCORPIO
[The character of Scorpio was based on the real Zodiac Killer, a menacing serial killer to the city in the late 60s who also wrote handwritten letters. The composite character also has elements of Charles Manson and 60s Texas sniper Charles Whitman.] The Mayor concludes to the Chief of Police (John Larch): "The City of San Francisco does not pay criminals not to commit crimes. Instead, we pay a police department." A spiteful, anti-authoritarian and rude Callahan is summoned into the Mayor's office, where he crudely complains about waiting almost an hour: " Oh well, for the past three-quarters of an hour, I've been sitting on my ass in your outer office, waiting on you." The detective reports on the activities of the department into all possible suspects:
We've got a dozen men checking identification files, checking on all known extortionists, rooftop prowlers, rifle nuts, peepers...
And according to Lt. Bressler (Harry Guardino), additional rooftop and helicopter surveillance teams or patrols have been arranged around the city's Catholic churches and schools and "in the black area." Computers are also being used to run checks on persons who have Scorpio birthdays ("between October 23rd and November the 21st"). The Mayor decides to "agree to pay" the criminal, enhancing the slow-burning, angry gaze of Callahan who disputes the decision:
Callahan: You're gonna play this creep's game?...it might get somebody killed. Why don't you let me meet with the son-of-a-bitch?
Chief: No, none of that. You'd end up with a real blood-bath.
Mayor: I agree with the Chief. We'll do it this way.
As Callahan departs, he is advised by the Mayor to avoid stirring up violence, but Callahan is contemptuous of authority that limits his effectiveness:
Mayor: I don't want any more trouble like you had last year in the Fillmore District. Understand? That's my policy.
Callahan: Yeah, well, when an adult-male is chasing a female with intent to commit rape, I shoot the bastard, that's my policy.
Mayor: Intent? How did you establish that?
Callahan: When a naked man is chasing a woman through an alley with a butcher knife and a hard-on, I figure he isn't out collecting for the Red Cross.
Mayor: (after Callahan has left) I think he's got a point.
On a San Francisco street where a CALIFORNIA & MARKET STREETS trolley car clangs in the background and underground construction is being conducted, Callahan drives by in his navy blue sedan and illegally parks (at a red curb!) near Pine Street in front of an adult Book Shop, and saunters over to a local Burger Den restaurant (their specialty is Jumbo Hot Dogs). [Around the corner, Eastwood's own directorial debut film that he also starred in, Play Misty For Me , is displayed on a theatre marquee.] While ordering his "usual" lunch (a jumbo hot dog), he cooly asks the counter-server Jaffe (Woodrow Parfrey) about the tan Ford parked across the street in front of the bank. He suspects a bank robbery ("a 211 in progress") and has Jaffe phone the police department for backup support. As he muses to himself, "if they'll just wait 'til the cavalry arrives," he hears the sounding of the bank's alarm system and a gunshot, and must put down his lunch after one bite: "Oh, s--t!"
Callahan calmly strides outside with his monstrous, long-barreled, heavyweight Smith and Wesson .44 Magnum ready for action against the three black men. He singlehandedly stops the heist by shooting and wounding one of the fleeing robbers who backs out at the bank door [one shot], and another [second shot] at a second suspect who runs from the bank and jumps into a getaway car with a driver. Another shot [third shot], that misses its target, is heard when the camera looks from behind the driver. Another blast smashes the windshield of the car driving straight at Harry [fourth and fifth shots], causing it to crash into a flower stand and fire hydrant and turn on its side. Still chewing his lunch and amidst water spewing from the plug, he kills [with a sixth bullet] the passenger in the upturned car who attempts to flee (and then Harry looks down to see his own pantleg with blood seeping through from a leg wound). Finally, he walks over to the entrance of the bank and threatens the wounded bank robber (Albert Popwell) who is reaching for his shotgun on the sidewalk. With an oversized view of his non-regulation weapon, he states his most memorable, courageous and forceful line (ritualistically repeated again almost verbatim at the film's conclusion) when he baits the criminal to gamble on luck with his lethal version of Russian Roulette:
I know what you're thinking. Did he fire six shots or only five? Well, to tell you the truth, in all this excitement, I've kinda lost track myself. But being as this is a .44 Magnum, the most powerful handgun in the world, and would blow your head clean off, you've got to ask yourself one question: Do I feel lucky? Well, do ya punk?
When the thief surrenders and then asks: "Hey, I gots to know," Harry's gun clicks empty as he pulls the trigger aimed at the robber's head. The criminal is spared after making his choice. Although Callahan is an effective enforcer of law and order, his methods also, paradoxically, leave an aftermath of destruction and disarray. The scene on the city block is one of complete havoc - an overturned car and several others wrecked, a hydrant spewing water, several robbers bloodied and dead, and a demolished flower stall.
At a hospital, as Harry is administered treatment by a black intern - he divulges that he has been wounded before in his "line of work," and that his life has suffered a personal tragedy - the death of his wife. (Later in the film, he describes how she was hit by a drunk driver "who crossed the center line" late one night.)
| Sudden Impact |
Castor (or castoreum) is an oily substance secreted by which animal, and historically used in medicine and perfume? | Clint Eastwood • Great Director profile • Senses of Cinema
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Over the past three decades Clint Eastwood has been responsible for directing a varied range of films that have garnered both popular and critical acclaim. Moreover, through the formation of his own production company, he has exercised a considerable control over a string of other projects. Probably best known as an actor, he has appeared in 55 films to date and has regularly held the title of number one US box office star. His persona as a laconic anti-establishment icon was cemented early in his career, through his starring roles in A Fistful of Dollars (Sergio Leone, 1964), For a Few Dollars More (Sergio Leone, 1965) and The Good the Bad and the Ugly (Sergio Leone, 1966). By the early 1970s he was already seeking out more challenging parts in films such as The Beguiled (Don Siegel, 1971) that allowed him to extend his star persona, maintaining some of its most popular features whilst shying away from a relegation to stereotype.
Eastwood started directing just a few years after making his name as a movie star, although his presence as an actor in the majority of these early projects tended to eclipse his directorial achievements. Nevertheless, by the mid-1970s he was already starting to be recognised as a talented director with a consistent and idiosyncratic style. This critical recognition was enhanced by his movement away from genre pictures, as he showed instead an increasing predilection for less commercial projects such as Bird (1988) and White Hunter, Black Heart (1990). His position as one of America’s most respected directors was cemented by his receipt of an Oscar for directing Unforgiven (1992), which received widespread critical approbation as well as achieving his highest box office as either a director or a star.
Less acknowledged than Eastwood’s work as an actor and director is his role as a successful producer, overshadowed perhaps by his other roles, since to date he has produced only one film that he did not appear in or direct: The Stars Fell on Henrietta (James Keach, 1995). Nonetheless, an evaluation of Eastwood’s work as a director is hard to separate entirely from his position as a producer of many of those films. Whether Eastwood accepted a producer credit or not, each of them was made under the umbrella of Malpaso, the production company that Eastwood formed in 1968, which has helped him to satisfy his drive to govern every creative aspect of the films with which he has been involved. This control has ranged from selecting and developing scripts to the approval of casting and choice of crew, including the director where he has not assumed this role himself.
Eastwood first entered the film industry in the mid-1950s, appearing as a bit part actor in several undistinguished films. His big break as an actor came in 1957 when he took on the role of Rowdy Yates in the TV series Rawhide, in which he appeared throughout its seven year run that commenced with the first broadcast in January 1958. It was during this period that he developed an interest in directing. Having taken the opportunity to learn the business by observing the extensive team of directors working on the series, he was lined up to direct an episode himself, but the plug was pulled by the CBS network after a directorial botch job by an actor working on another series (1) . The ‘Dollars Westerns’ he starred in for Sergio Leone were filmed during Rawhide‘s summer breaks, and gave Eastwood the opportunity to observe the work of a director who proved influential on both his star image and directorial style. The US release of these films was delayed for reasons of copyright – A Fistful of Dollars was essentially an unauthorised remake of Yojimbo (Akira Kurosawa, 1961) – but their appearance in the USA in 1967–68 established his domestic reputation as a film star of note.
Eastwood’s first starring role in America was in Hang ’em High (Ted Post, 1968), a Western that derived its style explicitly from the Leone films. The director was selected personally by Eastwood, who had worked with Post on episodes of Rawhide. This coproduction between Malpaso and United Artists was just the first of Eastwood’s many filmic collaborations with ex-Rawhide crew. His next film, Coogan’s Bluff (Don Siegel, 1968), represented a significant moment in the movement towards his subsequent career as a director. It was the first of five films directed by Don Siegel in which he was to appear, and these collaborations helped to shape the development of Eastwood’s own directorial style and practice. His debut as a director came with Play Misty for Me (1971), in which he gave Siegel his first acting role, as a way of thanking the director for sponsoring his application for membership of the Directors Guild. After Play Misty, he continued to appear in films directed by others, in addition to pursuing a string of directorial projects himself. As he became more secure in his own capabilities, Eastwood tended to hire only directors who would defer to his wishes. This tendency was compounded by his disagreements with Philip Kaufman, the original director he fired from the set of The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976). Later he was to wrest directorial control of Tightrope (1984) away from Richard Tuggle, although Tuggle’s name remained on the credits as, by then, the Director’s Guild had instated the ‘Eastwood rule’ which prohibited actors from firing directors and taking over themselves (2) . In more recent years his career has been characterised by a growing tendency to direct and it is now a full decade since he has performed for another director in In the Line of Fire (Wolfgang Peterson, 1993). Although he continues to combine the roles of director, producer and star, most recently appearing in Blood Work (2002), he increasingly eschews starring roles in favour of directorial work, and his latest release, Mystic River (2003), is the fourth film for which he has remained entirely behind the camera.
One of the most characteristic features of Eastwood’s films as a director is a stylistic economy borne out of the production process. This is symptomatic of the ethos of the Malpaso Company, which has itself been shaped by the history of Eastwood’s career prior to his emergence as a director. His experiences working in television had schooled him in working to tight budgets and deadlines, and his involvement in the Dollars westerns had shown him that economical modes of production could be translated into successful feature films. He also adopted many of the working practices of his mentor Don Siegel, praising in particular “the organised way in which [Siegel] prepares for production and his economy in shooting” (3) . Robert Daley, a producer for Malpaso, describes a company policy whereby “only accurately and tightly budgeted screenplays would be bought. ‘Pre-sold’ packages would be avoided, as would screenplays which involved too much spectacle and special effects. Location filming would be favoured over studio work” (4) .
In addition to these features, Malpaso films are characterised by the collaborative nature of their production. “That auteur crap is exactly that,” Eastwood has stated. “It’s an ensemble: fifty, forty, twenty – or however big your crew is – guys all working together” (5) . “When I went into directing,” he says, “I brought to it the philosophy that a director needs a lean, creative, hand-picked crew – large enough to do the job but small enough so that everyone has a sense of participation and constant involvement” (6) . Although keeping few on permanent salary, Malpaso productions have often used the same cast and crew in many projects. Some of these, such as director Ted Post, first worked with Eastwood on Rawhide. Others were bequeathed him by Don Siegel, such as the stunt man Buddy Van Horn, who would subsequently direct Eastwood in Any Which Way You Can (1980), The Dead Pool (1988) and Pink Cadillac (1989), and the cinematographer Bruce Surtees, “The Prince of Darkness”, whose own distinctive style has made an enormous contribution to the look of Eastwood’s directorial works. Ferris Webster, Eastwood’s regular editor until the early 1980s, when the role was assumed by his assistant Joel Cox, first worked with him on Joe Kidd (John Sturges, 1972). This was also Eastwood’s first contact with James Fargo, who was one of Eastwood’s regular assistant directors and took the director’s chair himself for The Enforcer (1976) and Every Which Way But Loose (1978). Readings of Malpaso as a family endeavour were later literalised in Eastwood’s casting of his own children in several films, including Kyle in Honkytonk Man (1982), Alison in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997) and Francesca in True Crime (1999). He was also notorious for providing girlfriends with acting roles, seen especially in the series of collaborations with long-time partner Sondra Locke, which resulted in The Outlaw Josey Wales, The Gauntlet (1977), Bronco Billy (1980) and Sudden Impact (1983), as well as two further films in which he starred but did not direct, Every Which Way But Loose and Any Which Way You Can.
If economical production values are a pivotal feature of the films Clint Eastwood has directed, there are also many other shared properties that characterise his work as a director, some of them stylistic, others based upon a proclivity towards certain themes and characters. “Every picture takes on its own style,” claims Eastwood. “I get into the film and then I get the look of it as it comes, rather than having a constant style that goes through each film, putting a mark on it” (7) . His visual style has indeed shown variations, tailored to create the appropriate tenor for each work, and also evincing some signs of a linear development across his career. His first film, Play Misty For Me, established many of the features that critics came to read as characteristic of his style, such as hand-held camerawork, tracking shots, aerial photography, and low camera placement when filming actors. The juddering hand-held camera proved especially effective for moments that combined physical and emotional tension, such as the spontaneously violent outbursts of Evelyn Draper (Jessica Walter), the one-night-stand-from-hell who assumes the persona of a crazed stalker wreaking devastation on the life of Carmel disc jockey Dave Garland (Eastwood). Like Siegel, Eastwood has always been effective in his filming of violent action scenes, preferring to move the camera into the heart of the skirmish, capturing its intensity with a furious montage of fragmented bodies and barely-glimpsed weaponry.
Play Misty also heralded Eastwood’s ongoing predilection for a style of location shooting in which the landscape itself became an important player in the film. Set in his hometown of Carmel, California, the opening sequence shows Dave driving along the coast that features repeatedly through the film. The lengthy romantic scene with his girlfriend Tobie (Donna Mills) also takes place out of doors, traversing beaches, woodlands and meadows to the accompaniment of Roberta Flack’s now classic song, “The First Time I Saw Your Face”. Eastwood has attributed his penchant for working in “realistic, authentic backgrounds” to his experiences of location shooting in Europe, especially, one assumes, on the Leone Westerns (8) .
Eastwood’s next film as a director, High Plains Drifter (1973), showed significant changes in the way that location shooting was used. Although shot out of doors, the set of a Western town was constructed specifically for the picture (and burned down for the end of it). This film does not attempt the naturalism to which Play Misty aspired, opting instead for schematic stylisation and what several critics have seen as “operatic exaggeration”. In this respect, more than any of Eastwood’s other directorial works it manifests the influence of Leone. By the time he directed his next Western, The Outlaw Josey Wales, three years later, he had already shed most of the Leone mannerisms and, bar occasional moments of stylistic flourish, opted for a more self-effacing style.
Josey Wales represents another defining moment in the development of Eastwood’s directorial style. Although it was not the first of his films to use Bruce Surtees as cinematographer, it was the first in which he fully harnessed Surtees’ capability to assemble a tablature out of richly textured shades of darkness, faces shadowed by backlighting even in the height of day. Eastwood conceived of the lighting effects as playing as much a part in the movie as the natural landscape, shifting its tonalities in accord with the development of the narrative and characters. Surtees’ dusky cinematography came to dominate the visual style of Eastwood’s films as a director, persisting years after the role of cinematographer was passed on to Surtees’ former camera operator Jack Green who acted in this capacity on every film from Heartbreak Ridge (1986) through to True Crime. Reviewing Heartbreak Ridge, Richard Combs found fault with the ubiquity of this style, arguing that, “Eastwood’s recent films have closed around him with a stylistic heaviness, a sombreness… [acquiring] a peculiarly penumbral look, even in broad daylight, suggestive of a twilight of the gods” (9) . This appearance is evidenced especially in some of the later character-focused pieces such as Bird, where the faces of an almost entirely black cast are sometimes barely visible in the shadowy enclaves of the night-time sets, and Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, which is composed almost wholly in shades of brown.
The mise en scène is not the only distinctive formal attribute of Eastwood’s directorial work. Perhaps more than anything the tone of his films is characterised by the tempo of the editing. If elements of his shooting style, such as the rapid cutting of action sequences, owe a great deal to Don Siegel, the dominant pace tends towards all the lazy grace of the characters for which Eastwood is best known as an actor. It is rare for Eastwood to bring in a film under two hours long, with Bird stretching to 161 minutes and Midnight in the Garden not far behind. Eastwood characterises his style as “a combination of pace and an eye for composition”, although in recent years many critics have expressed concern that pace is exactly what Eastwood’s films now lack (10) . Certainly his more recent thrillers, such as True Crime and Blood Work, proceed with a more languorous gait than did earlier films such as The Gauntlet, or even the critically panned Firefox (1982). Interpreted by several reviewers as a throwback to a far older style of filmmaking, Blood Work inspired critic Kenneth Turan to muse, “You don’t know whether to admire the film’s stately nature and call it classicism or be exasperated by a noticeable lack of pace” (11) .
Other defining features of Eastwood’s work hinge upon the repetition and variation of themes and characters. Some of these are borne out of the ways in which he has consciously developed and subverted his own already-existing star image, a persona he has used with some considerable irony when directing himself. Others, such as his preoccupation with American cultural identity, have been read by some critics as arising from elements of his own autobiography, as well as from his cinematic upbringing in the intrinsically American genres of the Western and the urban cop film.
Whatever its origin, it is hard to ignore an obsession with characters that fight to achieve, in various ways, the American Dream of material success coupled with self-actualisation, occasionally failing but generally succeeding against all the odds. One of Eastwood’s most important and celebrated starring roles, as the eponymous Dirty Harry (Don Siegel, 1971), crystallised a persona where Harry is represented as crusading for the rights and values of the common man, in the face of a corrupt bureaucratic system on the one hand and on the other a psychotic killer preying on victims emblematic of societal fragility.
In Eastwood’s own directorial work the theme of the triumphant underdog is perhaps most clearly expressed in The Gauntlet. There he plays long-time cop Ben Shockley who is given the task of bringing trial witness Gus Mally (Sondra Locke) from Las Vegas to Phoenix, where she is due to testify in a high profile trial. With both the mob and the police attempting to kill them, and a betting line running odds of 100-1 against their arrival, Shockley struggles to accept that his own police force is corrupt. Mally finally makes him understand that the reason he was chosen for the assignment has nothing to do with his regular boast of “I get the job done”, bellowing at him:
They don’t want the job done! They sent you because you’re a bum. If they waste you, nobody – not a fucking soul – is going to give a rat’s ass! You’re a nobody, Shockley. A nothing. You’re just a faded number on a rusty badge, and you’ve been set up by your own people to take the fall with me. Wake up, for chrissake! At least that way, when the bullets hit you, you’ll know where they came from!
In this film, as elsewhere, the Eastwood character combines a drive to make a useful contribution to society whilst proving to himself, if not others, that he has a personal worth. Through this character the director explores both the personal weaknesses that underlie the facade of control and the inner resources that pull him through the blackest moments. In his next directorial project, Bronco Billy, Eastwood cast himself as an ex-shoe salesman who reinvents himself as “the fastest gun in the West”, a fancily kitted-out cowboy who tours round with his very own Wild West show. One of the messages the film offered was that you can be whoever you want to be. “Eastwood’s work, and his star persona, are intimately involved with his national culture,” writes Edward Gallafent. “He dramatises the fantasies of representative Americans (or considers the conditions in which these fantasies are able to exist)” (12) . It is arguable whether any of Eastwood’s films have epitomised this project so precisely as Bronco Billy.
Honkytonk Man was to provide the dark side of this vision, as the drunkard Red Stovall (Eastwood) journeys across Depression era America in order to perform his country and western music at the Grand Ole Opry, dying of tuberculosis whilst in the very act of cutting the record that will make his name. The film exemplifies Richard Schickel’s argument that, “In many of his best films he has explored the various ways that a man can fail to do what a man’s got to do, showing how through his sexual arrogance, self-absorption, self-destructiveness, pride, perversity and even stupidity, he can fail, or come perilously close to failing, this primary obligation of the screen hero” (13) . Honkytonk Man made little impact on the box office, achieving one of Eastwood’s lowest draws to date and yet it stands, along with Bronco Billy, as one of the director’s personal favourites.
Eastwood’s exploration of such themes has not been limited to a development of his own star image. In later years he was to direct other leading actors, as well as himself, in complex and challenging roles that are haunted by the ghost of Red Stovall. In 1988 he filmed Bird, which was based on the life of jazz musician Charlie Parker. In it he explores the ways in which Parker (played by Forest Whitaker), both a dazzling artist and long-term junkie, was destroyed by his own demons and the very addiction that helped to fuel his unparalleled creativity. This film provided the opportunity for Eastwood to explore both the conditions under which the artist functions and to further his own long-time relationship with another form of indigenously American music.
The theme of the artist as maverick assumed a particular resonance with his next directorial project, White Hunter, Black Heart. Based on Peter Viertel’s roman à clef about the making of The African Queen (John Huston, 1951), it starred Eastwood as director John Wilson (Huston disguised in name only). Set on location in Africa, it showed the way that Wilson’s obsession with hunting and killing an elephant came close to demolishing the whole film project as well as Wilson himself. Paul Smith writes that:
Eastwood’s turn here… is primarily back to old Hollywood, to its tradition and history as they are displayed in the figure of Huston, a grand old master of the sort that Eastwood has been encouraged now to deem himself. That is not to say that the film is autobiographical in any sense, but it does draw on the established image of Huston as auteur to consolidate that of Eastwood as auteur… it addresses directly some of the issues that arise around the question of the auteur’s freedom and his responsibility toward his work and his audience (14) .
Furthermore, Richard Schickel’s description of the film as a “clear-cut and devastating comment on the hollowness of macho posturing” highlights its role as a remarkable inquiry into the ways in which men try to create a personal meaningfulness for themselves in a society in which they fail to fit (15) . A Perfect World (1993) took this theme further. It centred on Butch Haynes (Kevin Costner), an escaped convict who finds personal redemption through his relationship with a young boy he has taken on the run with him. A film of innocence and experience, it shows how Butch guides Phillip (T. J. Lowther) in his first steps to becoming a man, but sacrifices his own life in doing so.
In putting under scrutiny the macho images of his leading characters, Eastwood’s films as a director also evince a movement towards a remarkable moral complexity. If High Plains Drifter, his second directorial work, positioned its lead character in a mythic role that showed little sign of authentic human frailty, his other films have moved away from the archetype first adopted as an actor in the Dollars westerns. The moral complexity of the lead characters frequently stems from a dialogue between their actions and those of others, especially figures of authority. Authority figures, be they politicians, high ranking army officials, police chiefs or other imperators, are often presented as unambiguously corrupt, and yet it is implied that the institutions they represent are the adulterated result of utilitarian efforts. This calls into question whether it is more moral for Eastwood’s protagonists to combat the systems themselves or work within them in order to point the way forward towards their eventual redemption.
If the leading roles are the focal points of issues of masculinity, morality and personal freedoms, it must nonetheless be acknowledged that one of the features of Eastwood’s directorial work, and Malpaso productions more generally, is the strength of the supporting cast. Strong female characters feature regularly, perhaps best epitomised by Sondra Locke’s roles in The Gauntlet and Sudden Impact. The latter is the fourth film of the Dirty Harry franchise, and the first that Eastwood directed himself. In it, Jennifer Spencer (Locke) engages in the systematic assassination of a gang that raped her and her sister. Unlike the earlier Dirty Harry films, the movie is structured with a great sensitivity to the killer’s cause, so that Harry (Eastwood) ultimately condones and assists with her project. The minor characters that populate the films also add a richness to their fabric, and familiar faces often recur. The presence of Geoffrey Lewis, for instance, graced three films directed by Eastwood, and a further three in which Eastwood starred, a relationship spanning from High Plains Drifter in 1972 to Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil in 1997.
The dominant movement in Eastwood’s career as a director has been towards a focus on characters and interpersonal relationships, deepening an investigative project begun many years before. This is partly rooted in his exploration of acting roles suited to his own ageing self, and yet he has not entirely pulled away from roles that centre significantly upon physical action. Nevertheless, if Space Cowboys (2000) was Eastwood’s successful gesture towards attracting a new generation of younger film viewers, the commercial success of The Bridges of Madison County (1995) demonstrated that in today’s youth-oriented market, an audience can still be found for old-fashioned classically constructed dramas focused upon mature themes and characters. His increasing appeal to older cinemagoers can be seen as symptomatic of his growing desire to adopt the persona of respected auteur. Whilst his films of recent years have made few gestures towards contemporary filmmaking fashions, the positioning of his work within an older Hollywood tradition confers what now seems a startling singularity. Any perceptions of anachronism should give scant cause for concern when, as Geoff Andrew has written of the forthcoming Mystic River, “the sheer classical elegance of Eastwood’s direction is a delight to behold” (16) .
Filmography
Play Misty For Me (1971) also actor
High Plains Drifter (1973) also actor
Breezy (1973)
The Eiger Sanction (1975) also actor
The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) also actor
The Gauntlet (1977) also actor
Bronco Billy (1980) also actor
Firefox (1982) also actor and producer
Honkytonk Man (1982) also actor and producer
Sudden Impact (1983) also actor and producer
Tightrope (1984) also actor and producer; n.b. Richard Tuggle is the credited director
Pale Rider (1985); also actor and producer
Vanessa in the Garden (1985) 25 minute episode of TV series Amazing Stories
Heartbreak Ridge (1986) also actor and producer
Bird (1988) also producer
White Hunter, Black Heart (1990) also actor and producer
The Rookie (1990) also actor
Unforgiven (1992) also actor, producer and composer
A Perfect World (1993) also actor, producer and composer
The Bridges of Madison County (1995) also actor, producer and composer
Absolute Power (1997) also actor, producer and composer
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997) also producer
True Crime (1999) also actor and producer
Space Cowboys (2000) also actor, producer and composer
Blood Work (2002) also actor and producer
Mystic River (2003) also producer and composer
Million Dollar Baby (2004)
Revenge of the Creature (Jack Arnold, 1955)
Francis in the Navy (Arthur Lubin, 1955)
Lady Godiva (Arthur Lubin, 1955)
Tarantula! (Jack Arnold, 1955)
Never Say Goodbye (Jerry Hopper, 1956)
Away All Boats (Joseph Pevney, 1956)
The First Travelling Saleslady (Arthur Lubin, 1956)
Star in the Dust (Charles Haas, 1956)
Escapade in Japan (Arthur Lubin, 1957)
Lafayette Escadrille (William A. Wellmann, 1958)
Ambush at Cimarron Pass (Jodie Copeland, 1958)
Per un pugno di dollari (A Fistful of Dollars) (Sergio Leone, 1964)
Per qualche dollaro in più (For a Few Dollars More) (Sergio Leone, 1965)
Il buono, it britto, il cattivo (The Good, the Bad and the Ugly) (Sergio Leone, 1966)
Le streghe (The Witches) (Vittorio de Sica, 1967)
Hang ’em High (Ted Post, 1968)
Coogan’s Bluff (Don Siegel, 1968)
Where Eagles Dare (Brian G. Hutton, 1968)
Paint Your Wagon (Joshua Logan, 1969)
Kelly’s Heroes (Brian G. Hutton, 1970)
Two Mules for Sister Sara (Don Siegel, 1970)
The Beguiled (Don Siegel, 1971)
Dirty Harry (Don Siegel, 1971)
Joe Kidd (John Sturges, 1972)
Magnum Force (Ted Post, 1973)
Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (Michael Cimino, 1974)
The Enforcer (James Fargo, 1976)
Every Which Way But Loose (James Fargo, 1978)
Escape From Alcatraz (Don Siegel, 1979)
Any Which Way You Can (Buddy Van Horn, 1980)
City Heat (Richard Benjamin, 1984)
The Dead Pool (Buddy Van Horn, 1988)
Pink Cadillac (Buddy Van Horn, 1989)
In The Line of Fire (Wolfgang Peterson, 1993)
Other credits:
Thelonius Monk: Straight No Chaser (Charlotte Zwerin, 1988) executive producer
The Stars Fell on Henrietta (James Keach, 1995) producer
Bibliography
Patrick Agan, Clint Eastwood: The Man Behind the Myth, London, Robert Hale, 1975.
Gerald Cole and Peter Williams, Clint Eastwood, London, W H Allen, 1983.
Peter Douglas, Clint Eastwood: Movin’ On, London, W H Allen & Co, 1975.
David Downing and Gary Herman, Clint Eastwood: All-American Anti-Hero, London/New York/Cologne/Sydney, Omnibus Press, 1977.
Christopher Frayling, Clint Eastwood, London, Virgin Publishing, 1992.
Edward Gallafent, Clint Eastwood: Actor and Director, London, Studio Vista, 1994.
François Guérif, Clint Eastwood, London, Roger Houghton, 1986.
Robert E. Kapsis and Kathie Coblentz (eds), Clint Eastwood: Interviews, Jackson, University Press of Mississippi, 1999.
Bob McCabe, Clint Eastwood: Quote Unquote, Bristol, Parragon Book Service, 1996.
Patrick McGilligan, Clint: The Life and Legend, London, Harper Collins, 1999.
Michael Munn, Clint Eastwood: Hollywood’s Loner, London, Robson Books, 1992.
Daniel O’Brien, Clint Eastwood: Film-Maker, London, BT Batsford, 1996.
Richard Schickel, Clint Eastwood: A Biography, London, Jonathan Cape, 1996.
Don Siegel, A Siegel Film, London, Faber & Faber, 1993.
Paul Smith, Clint Eastwood: A Cultural Production, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
Robert Tanitch, Clint Eastwood, London, Studio Vista, 1995.
Mark Whitman, The Films of Clint Eastwood, New York, Beaufort Books, 1982.
A detailed bibliography can be found in Richard Schickel’s official biography of Eastwood.
Articles in Senses of Cinema
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Which US president greeted astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin when they got back from the moon? | Apollo 11 - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com
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Apollo Program: Background
The American effort to send astronauts to the moon had its origins in an appeal President John Kennedy made to a special joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961: “I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth.” At the time, the United States was still trailing the Soviet Union in space developments, and Cold War-era America welcomed Kennedy’s bold proposal.In 1966, after five years of work by an international team of scientists and engineers, the National
Did You Know?
President Richard Nixon spoke with Armstrong and Aldrin via a telephone radio transmissionshortly after they planted the American flag on the lunar surface. Nixon considered it the "most historic phone call ever made from the White House."
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted the first unmanned Apollo mission, testing the structural integrity of the proposed launch vehicle and spacecraft combination. Then, on January 27, 1967, tragedy struck at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida , when a fire broke out during a manned launch-pad test of the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn rocket. Three astronauts were killed in the fire.
Despite the setback, NASA and its thousands of employees forged ahead, and in October 1968 Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, orbited Earth and successfully tested many of the sophisticated systems needed to conduct a moon journey and landing. In December of the same year, Apollo 8 took three astronauts to the dark side of the moon and back, and in March 1969 Apollo 9 tested the lunar module for the first time while in Earth orbit. That May, the three astronauts of Apollo 10 took the first complete Apollo spacecraft around the moon in a dry run for the scheduled July landing mission.
Apollo 11 Mission: July 16-July 24, 1969
At 9:32 a.m. EDT on July 16, with the world watching, Apollo 11 took off from Kennedy Space Center with astronauts Neil Armstrong , Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins (1930-) aboard. Armstrong, a 38-year-old civilian research pilot, was the commander of the mission.
After traveling 240,000 miles in 76 hours, Apollo 11 entered into a lunar orbit on July 19. The next day, at 1:46 p.m., the lunar module Eagle, manned by Armstrong and Aldrin, separated from the command module, where Collins remained. Two hours later, the Eagle began its descent to the lunar surface, and at 4:17 p.m. the craft touched down on the southwestern edge of the Sea of Tranquility. Armstrong immediately radioed to Mission Control in Houston, Texas , a now-famous message: “The Eagle has landed.”
At 10:39 p.m., five hours ahead of the original schedule, Armstrong opened the hatch of the lunar module. As he made his way down the module’s ladder, a television camera attached to the craft recorded his progress and beamed the signal back to Earth, where hundreds of millions watched in great anticipation. At 10:56 p.m., as Armstrong stepped off the ladder and planted his foot on the moon’s powdery surface, he spoke his famous quote, which he later contended was slightly garbled by his microphone and meant to be “that’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”
Aldrin joined him on the moon’s surface 19 minutes later, and together they took photographs of the terrain, planted a U.S. flag, ran a few simple scientific tests and spoke with President Richard Nixon (1913-94) via Houston. By 1:11 a.m. on July 21, both astronauts were back in the lunar module and the hatch was closed. The two men slept that night on the surface of the moon, and at 1:54 p.m. the Eagle began its ascent back to the command module. Among the items left on the surface of the moon was a plaque that read: “Here men from the planet Earth first set foot on the moon–July 1969 A.D–We came in peace for all mankind.”
At 5:35 p.m., Armstrong and Aldrin successfully docked and rejoined Collins, and at 12:56 a.m. on July 22 Apollo 11 began its journey home, safely splashing down in the Pacific Ocean at 12:50 p.m. on July 24.
Apollo Program: Final Missions
There would be five more successful lunar landing missions, and one unplanned lunar swing-by, Apollo 13 (whose lunar landing was aborted due to technical difficulties). The last men to walk on the moon, astronauts Eugene Cernan (1934-) and Harrison Schmitt (1935-) of the Apollo 17 mission, left the lunar surface on December 14, 1972. The Apollo program was a costly and labor intensive endeavor, involving an estimated 400,000 engineers, technicians and scientists, and costing $24 billion (close to $100 billion in today’s dollars). The expense was justified by Kennedy’s 1961 mandate to beat the Soviets to the moon, and after the feat was accomplished ongoing missions lost their viability.
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Lake Balaton is in which European country? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 21 | 1969: Man takes first steps on the Moon
1969: Man takes first steps on the Moon
American Neil Armstrong has become the first man to walk on the Moon.
The astronaut stepped onto the Moon's surface, in the Sea of Tranquility, at 0256 GMT, nearly 20 minutes after first opening the hatch on the Eagle landing craft.
Armstrong had earlier reported the lunar module's safe landing at 2017 GMT with the words: "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed."
As he put his left foot down first Armstrong declared: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
He described the surface as being like powdered charcoal and the landing craft left a crater about a foot deep.
'We came in peace'
The historic moments were captured on television cameras installed on the Eagle and turned on by Armstrong.
Armstrong spent his first few minutes on the Moon taking photographs and soil samples in case the mission had to be aborted suddenly.
He was joined by colleague Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin at 0315 GMT and the two collected data and performed various exercises - including jumping across the landscape - before planting the Stars and Stripes flag at 0341 GMT.
They also unveiled a plaque bearing President Nixon's signature and an inscription reading: "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969 AD. We came in peace for all mankind."
After filming their experience with a portable television camera the astronauts received a message from the US President.
President Nixon, in the White House, spoke of the pride of the American people and said: "This certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made."
Many other nations - including the UK - sent messages of congratulation.
Moscow Radio announced the news solemnly in its 1030 GMT broadcast.
As Aldrin and Armstrong collected samples, Michael Collins told mission control in Houston he had successfully orbited the Moon in the mother ship Columbia, and take-off was on schedule for 1750 GMT this evening.
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Bruxism is the medical term for the involuntary habitual grinding of what? | Bruxism | definition of bruxism by Medical dictionary
Bruxism | definition of bruxism by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bruxism
Related to bruxism: Sleep bruxism
Bruxism
Definition
Bruxism is the habit of clenching and grinding the teeth. It most often occurs at night during sleep, but it may also occur during the day. It is an unconscious behavior, perhaps performed to release anxiety , aggression, or anger.
Description
Bruxism is one of the oldest disorders known, and approximately one in four adults experiences it. Most people are not aware of it before their teeth have been damaged.
Causes and symptoms
While bruxism is typically associated with stress , it may also be triggered by abnormal occlusion (the way the upper and lower teeth fit together), or crooked or missing teeth.
Symptoms of bruxism include: dull headaches; sore and tired facial muscles; earaches; sensitive teeth; and locking, popping, and clicking of the jaw.
During a dental examination, a dentist may recognize damage resulting from bruxism, including: enamel loss from the chewing surfaces of teeth; flattened tooth surfaces; loosened teeth; and fractured teeth and fillings. Left untreated, bruxism may lead to tooth loss and jaw dysfunction.
Diagnosis
Medical and dental histories and examinations are necessary to differentiate bruxism from other conditions that may cause similar pain , such as ear infections, dental infections, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. However, uncommonly worn-down teeth strongly suggest a diagnosis of bruxism.
Treatment
To prevent further damage to the teeth, bruxism is treated by placing a removable, custom-fitted plastic appliance called a night guard between the upper and lower teeth. Although the clenching and grinding behavior may continue, the teeth wear away the plastic instead of each other.
In some cases, abnormal occlusion may be adjusted and high spots removed so that the teeth fit together in a more comfortable position. Missing teeth may be replaced and crooked teeth may be straightened with orthodontic treatment to eliminate possible underlying causes of bruxism. In cases where jaw muscles are very tight, a dentist may prescribe muscle relaxants .
Key terms
Enamel — The hard outermost surface of a tooth.
High spot — An area of a tooth or restoration that feels abnormal or uncomfortable because it hits its opposing tooth before other teeth meet.
Night guard — A removable, custom-fitted plastic appliance that fits between the upper and lower teeth to prevent them from grinding against each other.
Occlusion — The way upper and lower teeth fit together during biting and chewing.
Rolfing — Based on the belief that proper alignment of various parts of the body is necessary for physical and mental health, rolfing uses deep tissue massage and movement exercises in an attempt to bring the body into correct alignment.
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) — The jaw joint formed by the mandible (lower jaw bone) moving against the temporal bone of the skull.
Alternative treatment
Stress management and behavior modification techniques may be useful to break the habit of clenching and teeth grinding. Tight jaw muscles may be relaxed by applying warm compresses to the sides of the face. Herbal muscle relaxants also can be helpful. Massage therapy and deep tissue realignment, including rolfing , can assist in releasing the clenching pattern. This is a more permanent alternative treatment for bruxism.
Prognosis
Bruxism may cause permanent damage to teeth and chronic jaw pain unless properly diagnosed and promptly treated. The behavior may be eliminated if its underlying causes are found and addressed.
Prevention
Increased awareness in patients prone to anxiety, aggression, or anger may prevent the habit of bruxism from developing.
Resources
Academy of General Dentistry. Suite 1200, 211 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611.(312) 440-4300. http://www.agd.org.
American Dental Association. 211 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2500. http://www.ada.org.
bruxism
[bruk´sizm]
gnashing, grinding, or clenching the teeth, usually during sleep. Repeated and continuous grinding of the teeth over a long period of time can wear down and loosen teeth and cause bone loss secondary to periodontal disease. Bruxism can also cause headache, muscle spasm, and chronic pain in the face and jaw.
Possible causes of bruxism include dental problems, such as malocclusion and high fillings, emotional problems associated with tension and anxiety, and intense concentration for a long period of time during which the person unknowingly tightens the jaw and grinds the teeth.
A dentist can prescribe and fit a night guard to protect the teeth during sleep. If stress is the underlying cause, methods to reduce tension and promote relaxation are sometimes helpful.
brux·ism
(brŭk'sizm),
A clenching of the teeth, associated with forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements, resulting in rubbing, gritting, or grinding together of the teeth, usually during sleep; sometimes a pathologic condition.
[G. bruchō, to grind the teeth]
bruxism
/brux·ism/ (bruk´sizm) grinding of the teeth, especially during sleep.
bruxism
[bruk′sizəm]
Etymology: Gk, brychein, to gnash the teeth
the compulsive, unconscious grinding or clenching of the teeth, especially during sleep or as a mechanism for releasing tension during periods of extreme stress in the waking hours. Also called bruxomania . See also attrition .
bruxism
Compulsive grinding or clenching of the teeth, which occurs unconsciously if the person is awake or during stage 2 sleep.
Aetiology
Secondary to anxiety, tension or dental problems.
bruxism
Psychiatry Compulsive grinding or clenching of teeth, which occurs unconsciously while awake or during stage 2 sleep. May be secondary to anxiety, tension, or dental problems
brux·ism
(brŭk'sizm)
A clenching of the teeth,associated with forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements, resulting in rubbing, gritting, or grinding together of the teeth, usually during sleep; sometimes a pathologic condition.
[G. bruchō, to grind the teeth]
bruxism
Habitual grinding or clenching of the teeth, often to the point of wearing away the enamel and eroding the crowns. The habit is often unconscious. Bruxism is also common during sleep.
brux·ism
(brŭk'sizm)
A clenching of the teeth, associated with forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements, resulting in rubbing, gritting, or grinding together of the teeth, usually during sleep.
[G. bruchō, to grind the teeth]
bruxism (bruk´sizəm),
n the involuntary gnashing, grinding, or clenching of teeth. It is usually an unconscious activity, whether the individual is awake or asleep; often associated with fatigue, anxiety, emotional stress, or fear, and frequently triggered by occlusal irregularities, usually resulting in abnormal wear patterns on the teeth, periodontal breakdown, and joint or neuromuscular problems.
Bruxism.
bruxism
gnashing, grinding or clenching the teeth, common only in cattle. Repeated and continuous grinding of the teeth over a long period of time can wear down and loosen teeth and cause bone loss. It is a sign of subacute abdominal pain and encephalopathy, including hepatic encephalopathy.
| Tooth |
When Marilyn Monroe sang 'Happy Birthday' to US president John Kennedy what age was he celebrating? | Bruxism - AAFE - American Academy of Facial Esthetics
Bruxism
American Academy of Facial Esthetics Trained Physicians, Dentists and Nurses
Bruxism is the medical term for unconscious teeth clenching and grinding, either while awake or asleep, which can lead to physical painful and severe dental problems. Chronic teeth grinding can cause headache, earaches, facial pain, and even migraines. Dental problems from bruxism include lose of tooth enamel, increased tooth sensitivity, and flattening and/or chipping of the teeth. Bruxism sufferers who grind and clench their teeth while sleeping frequently wake up with a sore jaw. Hypertrophy of the masseter muscle, which may lead to the appearance of a severe square jaw, is another side effect of bruxism. Treatments with Botulinum Toxin Type A., commonly known as Botox, can provide tremendous relief from jaw soreness, headaches, and other unpleasant problems associated with Bruxism. Botox treatments for Bruxism can also soften the appearance of the jaw line.
Botox vs. Conventional Bruxism Treatments
Recently, Botox has proven to be an ideal treatment option for targeting and treating excessive muscle activity and spasticity. Many other treatments, such as anti-inflammatory medications and dental devices, do not address the source of the problem. Although dental devices can successfully protect teeth from damage at night for bruxism sufferers, they are ineffective in stopping the painful side effects of teeth grinding..
The Procedure
By injecting small doses of Botox directly into the masseter muscle (the large muscle that moves the jaw), the muscle is weakened enough to stop involuntary grinding of the teeth and clenching of the jaw. This significantly relaxes the muscle and reduces the wear and tear on the teeth due to grinding. Damage to the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) and headaches should be reduced or eliminated as well. Voluntary movements, such as chewing and facial expressions, are not effected at all by botox.
Effectiveness of Botox for Bruxism
Although botox injections are not a cure for bruxism, they can effectively control the uncomfortable symptoms better than a nightguard for some patients. Botox used for treating bruxism typically lasts for three to four months.
Disclaimer:botox, dysport, dermal fillers, facial injections, and other skin care information contained on this website is provided for educational purposes and should not be taken as medical advice. To consult with one of our AAFE trained members, please contact one of our trained members today.
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Sapphire is the birthstone relating to which month of the year? | September Birthstone - Sapphire - Birth Stones by Months
You are here: Home Birthstones by Month September Birthstone – Sapphire
September Birthstone – Sapphire
September Birthstone Sapphire
The Sapphire is the birthstone for the month of September. The deep blue color is most associated with this stone and was one of the most popular among Christians in earlier biblical times. This mysterious, abyssal depth of blue symbolizes heavenly grace and ancient Persian civilizations thought of the world set in front of a giant sapphire during the night sky.
The word sapphire is derived from the Greek word, “sapheiros”, “means “precious stone”. It is a reflection of constancy, and blesses its owner with clairvoyance, interpretation and insight. In earlier times it was also used to increase the power from Venus, banishing evil thoughts. Kings and priests favored this gemstone the most and saw in the sapphire a token for wisdom and purity. According to the bible, it is believed that the Ten Commandments were written on tablets of sapphire. There are many healing properties of the sapphire from lowering fevers, and curing hearing problems. It can relieve pain from cancer and also burns.
It can be found in Burma, Australia, Kenya, Tanzania, Kasmir, Cambodia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka(once a part of India), where it was mined for as early as the seventh century BC. There are a variety of colors they can be found in other than blue, but include pink, yellow and white as well. These are referred to as “fancy sapphires”. The blue color is given by very small amounts of oxide, iron and titanium within the stone. India boasts having found the most famous and largest of sapphires, weighing in at 563-carats. Its home resides in the American Museum of Natural History. As it is in the same family of the ruby, like the ruby, it is also second to the diamond in hardness, making it an ideal gemstone for jewelry.
It is a traditional gift for the fifth wedding anniversary, and has been given in place of a diamond for an engagement ring. Princess Diana had an engagement ring given to her by Prince Charles, and is also the engagement ring of Princess Anne. When wearing a sapphire, it is believed that it will give to its owner anything their heart desires; wealth, longevity, happiness and health. It also can restore lost property and wealth, alleviating long-term misfortune.
Each month and its season month throughout the year brings in a new cycle. It does not need to be stated that each of these seasons have a renewed energy, and a new meaning. Specific gemstones throughout many centuries have been designated to symbolize our birth-month. These stones are in accordance with the Gregorian or Western Calendar. Earlier civilizations of India and Babylonia viewed gemstones as magical, mystical symbols. They believed that each one possessed a magical attribute or property that connected their significance aligning with the Zodiac calendar.
Other interesting facts about the September Birthstone Sapphire:
-It is said that it must be set in silver or white metal and worn on the middle finger for any therapeutic purposes.
-Suspicions of ancient India state that the gem should be kept close to one’s skin or under the pillow while sleeping for at least one week before the final purchase is made.
-It is one of the navagraha stones, that represent each of the nine planets. Standing for Saturn it is related to duty and salvation.
Other September symbols:
| September |
UCAS, the organization which manages student applications for virtually all UK degree courses, is fully known as what? | Doc Dingley's - (Just for Fun) - Birthstones and Flowers for Month Born
Birthstones
A birthstone is a gift of a precious material (jewelry, mainly gemstones ; themselves traditionally associated with various qualities) that symbolizes the month of birth in the Gregorian Calendar . It is sometimes also called birthday stone (cf. infra; but that word is, confusingly, sometimes used as a synonym for an anniversary gift, which is related to the recipient's age, that is, year of birth).
Traditional birthstones
Often combined with modern birthstone lists, traditional birthstones are older society-based birthstones. Since many different cultures had their own list, jewelers' lists are often inconsistent over what constitutes a traditional birthstone. The table below contains many stones which are popular choices, often reflecting Polish tradition.
The Gregorian calendar has poems matching each month with its birthstone. These are traditionally the stones in English-speaking societies. It is not known whether these verses below are of the originally Gregorian calendar or not. In fact Tiffany & Co. published these poems "of unknown author" for the first time in a pamphlet in 1870.
Three of the verses are repeats,
By her who in January was born
No gem save garnets shall be worn
They will ensure her constancy
True friendship and fidelity.
Gregorian Birthstone Poems
Modern birthstones
In 1912, in an effort to standardize them, the American national association of jewelers, Jewelers of America , officially adopted a list, shown in the "Modern" column in the table below. It is currently the most widely used list in the United States and many other locations, including Australia and Thailand. Some alternates have been adopted to be a less expensive substitute for a cut stone. Tanzanite was added to December by the American Gem Trade Association in 2002.
Mystical birthstones
Mystical Birthstones are of Tibetan origin and date back over a thousand years.
Ayurvedic birthstones
The Ayurvedic birthstone list is from the ancient Indian medicine and philosophy dating back to ancient India (1500 BC).
Birthstone lists
ruby
History of birthstones
The first century Jewish historian Josephus proclaimed a connection between the twelve stones in the Aaron's breastplate, the twelve months of the year and the twelve signs of the zodiac. The Breastplate of Aaron, referred to in Exodus 39:10-14:
10 Then they mounted four rows of precious stones on it. In the first row there was a ruby , a topaz and a beryl ;
11 in the second row a turquoise , a sapphire and an emerald ;
12 in the third row a jacinth , an agate and an amethyst ;
13 in the fourth row a chrysolite , an onyx and a jasper . They were mounted in gold filigree settings.
14 There were twelve stones, one for each of the names of the sons of Israel, each engraved like a seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes.
The precise list of birthstones however can be found in Revelation 21:19-20 where the foundation stones of the new Jerusalem are listed, in the order of the Roman calendar:
14 And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and in them the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. . .
19 And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper ; the second, sapphire ; the third, a chalcedony ; the fourth, an emerald ;
20 The fifth, sardonyx ; the sixth, sardius ; the seventh, chrysolyte ; the eighth, beryl ; the ninth, a topaz ; the tenth, a chrysoprasus ; the eleventh, a jacinth ; the twelfth, an amethyst .
The custom of actually wearing birthstones first gained popularity in Poland in the fifteenth century. Tradition suggested everyone wear the birthstone for each month, since the powers of the gemstone were heightened during its month. For the fullest effect, indivuduals needed to own an entire set of twelve gemstones and rotate them monthly.
Birthday stones
While this word has also been used as synonym of Birth stone (see above), there is a separate list of assignment according to the day of the week of the recipient's birth:
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During which battle of 1876 did the Sioux Indians massacre George Custer's Seventh Cavalry Regiment? | The Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876
Custer's Last Stand
Battle of the Greasy Grass
June 25 – June 26, 1876
Location
Near the Little Bighorn River, Big Horn County, Montana
Result
Commanded By: Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, with 949 lodges (probably 900 - 1,800 warriors)
U.S. Commanders:
George A. Custer, Marcus Reno, Frederick Benteen, James Calhoun with 31 officers, 566 troopers, 15 armed civilians, 35-40 scouts of the 7th Cavalry
Major Marcus Albert Reno, engaged in Little Bighorn on June 25- 26, 1876, and set up a hospital during the hilltop fight to care for wounded.
Col. Frederick Benteen
Seventh Cavalry, in uniform. Calhoun was killed at Little Big Horn, 1876.
Picture from the Library of Congress
Casualties
Nat. American: Believed to be at least 36 killed, 168 wounded (according to Sitting Bull);
or 136 killed, 160 wounded (according to Red Horse)
U.S.: 268 killed (16 officers, 242 troopers, 10 civilians/scouts), 55 wounded
[between 1880 and 1900?]
Four Native Americans (Crow) who served as scouts for George Custer stand around grave markers that memorialize the battle of the Little Bighorn. One of the markers is a wooden cross, the others are stone arches. Two of the scouts hold rifles.
[Pictures from the Library of Congress]
First Account of The Custer Massacre
Source: "Tribune Extra", Bismark, D. T., July 6, 1876
[Transcribed for Genealogy Trails by : Cathy Ritter]
Massacred...Gen. Custer And 261 Men The Victims.
No Officer or Man of 5 Companies Left To Tell The Tale.
3 Days Desperate Fighting by Maj. Reno and the Remainder of the Seventh.
Full Details of the Battle.
List of Killed And Wounded.
The Bismark Tribune's Special Correspondent Slain.
Squaws Mutilate and Rob the Dead.
Victims Captured Alive Tortured in a Most Fiendish Manner.
What Will Congress Do About It?
Shall This Be the Beginning of The End?
It will be remembered the the Bismark Tribune sent a special correspondent with Gen. Terry, who was the only professional correspondent with the expedition. Kellogg's last words to the writer were: "We leave the Rosebud tomorrow and by the time this reaches you we will have met and Pocahe?? the red devils, with what results remain to be seen. I go with Custer and will be at the death.How true; On the morning of the 22d Gen. Custer took up the line of march for the trail of the Indians, reported by Reno on the Rosebud. Gen. Terry apprehending danger urged Custer to take additional men but Custer having full confidence in his men and in their ability to cope with the Indians in whatever force he might meet them, declined the proffered assistance and marched with his regiment alone. He was instructed to strike the trail of the Indians, to follow it until he discovered their position and report by courier to Gen. Terry who would reach the mouth of Little Horn by the evening of the 26th. Custer scouts reported the location of a village recently deserted, whereupon Custer went in to camp, marching again at 11 p. m. continuing the march until daylight, when he again went into camp for coffee. Custer was then fifteen miles from the village located on the Little Horn, one of the branches of the Big Horn, twenty miles above its mouth, w__ch ___ld lie seen from the top of ___and___ ___ General Custer pushed on. The Indians by this time had discovered his approach and soon were seen mounting in great haste, riding here and there. It was presumed in full retreat. This idea was strengthened by finding a freshly abandoged Indian camp with a deserted tepee, in which one of their dead had been left, about six miles from where the battle took place. Custer with his usual vigor pushed on making seventy-eight miles without sleep and attacked the village near its foot with companies C, E, F, L, and I., of the Seventh Cavalry, Reno having in the mean time attacked it at its head with three companies of cavalry which being surrounded, after a desperate hand to hand conflict, in which many were killed and wounded, cut their way to a bluff about three hundred feet high, where they were reinforced by four companies of the cavalry under Col. Benteen. In gaining this position Col. Reno had to recross the Little Horn, and at the ford the hottest fight occurred. It was here where Lieutenants McIntosh, Hogsson and Dr. Wolf fell; where Charley Reynolds fell in a hand to hand conflict with a dozen or more Siouxx emptying several chambers of his revolver, each time bringing a red skin before he was brought down--shot through the heart. It was here Bloody Knife surrendered his spirit to the one who gave it righting the natural and hereditory foes of his rifle as well as the foes of the whites.
The Sioux dashed up beside the soldiers in some instances knocking them from their horses and killing them at the pleasure of the red devils. This was the case with Lt. McIntosh, who was unarmed swept with a saber. He was pulled from his horse, tortured and finally murdered at the pleasure of the red devils. It was here that ___Girard was separated from the command and lay all night with the wrenching floods dealing death and destruction to his comrades within a few feet of him , and, but time will not permit me to relate the story, through some means succeeded in saving his fine black stallion in which he took so much pride. The ford was crossed and the summit of the bluffs, having, Col. Smith says, the steepest sides that he ever saw ascended by a horse or mule reached though the accent was made under a galling fire.
The companies engaged in this affair were those of Captain Boylan, French and McIntosh. Col Reno had gone ahead with three companies in obedience to the order of Gen. Custer, fighting most gallantly, driving back repeatedly the Indians who charged in their Trent, but the fire from the bluff __fng so _nilling, forced the movement heretofore alluded to __un_ls were given and soon Benteen with the four companies came up in time to save Reno from the fate with which Custer about this time met. The Indians charged the hill time and again but were each time reprised with heavy slaughter of its gallant defenders. Soon, however, they reached bluffs higher than those occupied by Reno and opened a destructive fire from points beyond the reach of cavalry carbines. Nothing being heard from Custer, Col Weir was ordered to push his command along the bank of the river in the direction he was supposed to be, but he was soon driven back, retiring with difficulty. About this time the Indians received strong reinforcements and litterally swarmed the hill sides and on the plains, coming so near at times that stones were thrown into the ranks of Col. Reno's command by those unarmed or out of amunition. Charge after charge in quick succession, the fight being sometimes almost hand to hand. But they drew off finally, taking to the hills and ravines. Col Benteen charged a large party in a ravine, driving them from it in confusion. They evidently trusted in their numbers and did not look for so bold a movement. They were within range of the corral and wounded several packers. J. C. Wagoner, among the number, in the head, while many horses and mules were killed. Near 10 o'clock the fight closed, and the men worked all night strengthening their breastworks, using knives, tin cups and plates, in place of spades and picks, taking up the fight again in the morning. In the afternoon of the second day the desire for water became almost intolerable. The wounded were begging piteously for it; the tongues of the men were swollen and their lips parched and from lack of rest they were almost exhausted. So a bold attempt was made for water. Men volunteered to go with canteens and camp kettles, though to go was almost certain death. The attempt succeeded though in making it one man was killed and several wounded. The men were relieved, and that night the animals were watered. The fight closed at dark, opening again next morning and continuing until the afternoon of the 27th. Meantime the men became more and more exhausted and all wondered what had become of Custer. A panic all at once was created among the Indians and they stampeded from the hills and from the valleys and the village was soon deserted except for the dead. Reno and his brave hand felt that succor was nigh. Gen. Terry came in sight and strong men wept upon each others necks but __word __ t__d___. Hand shaking and ___ im_ations were scarcely over when Lt. Bradley reported he had found Custer dead, with one hundred and ninty cavalry men. Imagine the effect. Words cannot picture the feeling of these, his comrades and soldiers. Gen Terry sought the site and found it to be too true. Of those brave men who followed Custer, all perished; no one lives to tell the story of the battle. Those deployed as skirmishers, lay as they fell, shot down from every side having been entirely surrounded in an open plain. The men in the companies fell in platoons, and like those on the skirmish line, lay as they fell, with their officers behind them in proper positions. General Custer, who was shot through the head and body, seemed to have been among the last to fall and around and near him lay the bodies of Col. Tom and Boston, his brothers, Col. Cathorn; his brother-in-law, and his nephew young Reed who insisted on accompaning the expedition for pleasure. Col Cook ___ the members of the non-commissioned staff all dead - all striped of their clothing and many of them with bodies terribly mutilated. The squaws seem to have passed over the field and crushed the skulls of the wounded and dying with stones and clubs. The hands of some were severed from the body, the privates of some were cut off, while others bore traces of torture, arrows having been shot into their private part while yet living or other means of torture adopted. The officers who fell were as follows; Gen. G. A. Custer; Cols. Geo. Yates, Miles Keegh, James Calhoun, W. W. Cook, Capts. McIntosh, A. E. Smith, Lieutenants Riley Critenden, Sturgis, Harrington, Hod__- and Porter. Asst Surgeon De Rolf. The only____, Mr. Reed, Charles Reynolds, Isiah, the interpreter from Fort Rice and Mark Kellogg, the lafter the Tribune correspondent. The body of Kellogg along remained unstriped of its clothing and was not mutilated. Perhaps as they had learned to respect the Great Chief Custer, and for that reason did not mutilate his remains they had in like manner learned to respect this humble shover of the lead pencil and to that fact may be attributed this result. The wounded were sent to the rear some _ourteen miles on horse litters striking the Far West sixty odd miles up the Big Horn which point they left on Monday at noon reaching Bismark nine hundred miles distant at 10 p. m.
The burial of the dead was sad work but they were all decently interred. Many could not be recognized among the latter class ___some of the officers. This work being done the _______back to the base where Gen. Terry awaits supplies and approval of his plans for the future campaign.
The men are worn out with marching and fighting and are almost wholly destitute of clothing.
The Indians numbered at least eighteen hundred lodges in their permanent camp, while those who fought Crook seems to have joined them, making their effective fighting force nearly four thousand. These were led by chiefs carrying flags of various colors, nine of which were found in a burial tent on the field of battle. Many other dead were found on the field, and near it ten squaws at one point in the ravine-evidently the work of Ree or Crow scouts.
The Indian dead were great in number, as they were constantly assaulting an inferior force. The camp had the appearance being abandoned in haste. The mo__ georgeous ornaments were found on the bodies of the dead chiefs, and hundreds of finely dressed and painted robes and skins were thrown about the camp. The Indians were certainly severely punished.
We said of those who went in battle with Custer none are living--one Crow scout himself in the field, and witnessed and survived the battle. His story is plausable, and is accepted, but we have not room for it now. The names of the wounded are as follows:
LIST OF WOUNDED
Private Davis Comy, Co 1, 7th Cav., right hip; McDonnall, D. left leg, Sergt. John Paul H. Back: Priv. Michael C. Madden K. right leg; Wm. George H. left side died July 31 at 1 a. m.; 1st Sergt. Wm. Heyn, A. left knee; Pri_ John Mc Vay, C. hips; Patrick Co_oran, K. right shoulder; Max Wilke, K. left foot; Alfred Whitaker, C. right elbow; Peter Thompson, C. right hand; Jacob Deal, A. face; J. H. Meyer, M. Back;
Roman Rutler, M. right shoulder; Daniel Newell, M , left thigh; Jas. Muller, H, right thigh; Elijah T. Stroude, A. right leg; Sergt. Patrick Carey, M. right hip; , Privt. James E. Benett, C. body, died July 5th at 3 o'clock; Francis Reeves, A. left side and body; James Wilbur, M. left leg; Jasper Marshall, I. left foot; Sergt. James T. Riley, E. back and left leg; , Privt. John J. Phillips, H. face and both hands; Samuel Severn, H. both thighs; Frank Bruns, M. face and left thigh; Corpl. Alex H. Bishop, H. right arm; , Privt. James Foster, A. right arm; W.E. Harris, M. left breast; Chas. H. Bishop, H. right arm; Fred Housted, A. left wrist; Sergt. Chas. White, M. right arm; Privt Ti__ ___, M. right ___; Chas. Campbell _ _ _ right shoulder; John Cooper, H. right elbow; John McGuire, C. right arm; Henry Black, H. right hand; Daniel McWilliams, H. right leg.
An Indian scout, name unknown, left off at Birthold; Sergt. M. Riley, Co 1, 7th Infantry, left off at Buford, Consumption; , Privt. David Ackison, Co. E. 7th cav. Left off July 4th at Buford, Constipation.
The total number killed was two hundred and sixty one, wounded 52. Thirty-eight of the wounded were brought down on the Far West; three of them died en route. The remainder are cared for at the field hospital.
De Rudio had a narrow escape and his escape is attributed in the noise of beavers, jumping into the river during the engagement. De Rudio followed them, got out of sight, and after biding for twelve hours or more finally reached the command in safety.
The body of Lt. M_ _ lgson did not fall into the hands of the Indians, that of Lt. McIntosh did ___ was brutly mutilated; McIntosh, although a half-breed was a gentleman of culture and esteemed by all who knew him. He leaves a family at Lincoln, as does Gen. Custer, Cols. Calhoun, Yates, Capt. Smith and Lt. Porter. The unhappy Mrs. Calhoun loses a husband, three brothers and a nephew. Lt. Harrington also had a family, but no trace of his remains was found. We are indebted to Col. Smith for the following full list of the dead; to Dr. Porter for the list of wounded which is also ful:
Killed
| Battle of the Little Bighorn |
The Folketing is the parliament of which European country? | Custer's Last Stand | History Today
Custer's Last Stand
Modern USA Military
Like other Indian nations before them, the Sioux in 1876 took up arms to defend their traditional way of life and “sold their land dearly.” During this hopeless conflict, writes G.S. Bawling, a gallant but showy American cavalry officer fought his last battle.
On June 25th, 1876, Lieut. Col. (Brevet Major-General) George Armstrong Custer and the United States Seventh Cavalry attacked a large concentration of hostile Sioux and Cheyenne Indians in the valley of the Little Big Horn River in southern Montana.
The regiment suffered a crushing defeat: Custer and his immediate command of five cavalry troops were killed to a man and the rest of the outfit, after being severely mauled by the enemy, took up a poor defensive position where they, too, would have been annihilated but for the timely arrival of General Gibbon’s relief column. In this fashion, Custer, a man who never shunned the limelight, ensured for himself publicity of a more lasting kind than even he can ever have imagined.
“Custer’s Last Stand” has been the basis of more discussion, more theorizing, more tendentious argument and more downright lying than any other battle in the history of the United States. To Americans the event has an unforgettable emotional impact: like the equally famous siege of the Alamo, it is regarded much as an Englishman might look on the Charge of the Light Brigade had it been combined with the loss of the Titanic.
The character of Custer himself has been responsible for much of the disagreement and he is, depending on your standpoint, either represented as a swashbuckling hero or a blundering and egotistical incompetent.
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The eldest son of Queen Victoria became which king? | PBS : Empires : Queen Victoria : Her Majesty : Her Children
Royal Society
Princess Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise (1840-1901)
She married Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia in 1858. Friedrich became the emperor of Germany, but died after only three months. Their eldest son became Wilhelm II of Germany (also known as Kaiser Bill of World War I). This obviously caused friction within the Royal Family -- it is claimed that Queen Victoria's favorite grandson was Wilhelm. Princess Victoria had eight children in total. Her daughter Sophie went on to marry a Greek Prince and later became Queen of Greece. Princess Victoria died August 5th, 1901, only eight months after the death of Queen Victoria.
Prince Albert Edward Wettin (1841-1910)
Prince Albert became King Edward VII in 1901. He took the family name of his father, Prince Albert, and hence on his coronation the monarchy moved from the House of Hanover to the House of Wettin. In 1917 his son, George V, in an outburst of anti-German feelings engendered by the First World War, changed the name of his house and family from Wettin to Windsor. Victoria and Albert imposed a strict regime upon Edward; this had the opposite effort than the one Victoria and Albert had hoped for, and he rebelled constantly with indulgence in food, drink, women, gambling and sport. He married at the age of 22 to Princess Alexandra of Denmark. She turned a blind eye to his extramarital activities, which continued well into his sixties, despite the fact he was implicated in several divorce cases. He had six children in total -- Albert, George, Louise, Victoria, Maude and John. Maude went onto marry into the Norwegian royal family and became the Queen Consort of Norway.
Princess Alice Maude Mary (1843-1878)
When she was 17, Queen Victoria decided it was time for Princess Alice to marry. She personally chose Prince Ludwig and Hesse as an ideal choice for her third daughter. Ludwig went on to become the Grand Duke Louis XIV. Within six months of arranging the introduction, they were married. Unfortunately, the marriage began in the shadow of Prince Albert's death (he had died shortly after arranging the introduction between Alice and Ludwig). Alice went onto to have seven children -- Victoria, Elizabeth, Ernst-Ludwig, Irene, Friedrich Wilheim (Frittie), Alix and Marie. Again, tragedy was to strike with the accidental death of her son Frittie. Alice saw her toddler run to the window. To her horror, she found out too late that the window was not locked. The toddler fell 20 feet and landed on his head. Frittie was dead within a few hours. This lost weighed deeply on Alice and she went through a great depression. She mourned the loss until her own death, and always talked about being reunited with Frittie in heaven. Her daughter Alix married Nicholas II the last Russian tzar.
Prince Alfred Ernest Albert (1844-1900)
Prince Alfred married the Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tzar Alexander II of Russia. He became the Duke of Saxe-Coburg. His eldest daughter Marie married the crown Prince of Romania, who later became King Ferdinand I. Alfred was probably the most widely travelled of all his brothers and sisters. In fact, he was the first member of the Royal family to visit Australia. Unfortunately, during his in 1868, there was an attempt on his life in Sydney. An Irishman made the attempted assassination, and when it emerged that the would be assassin was a Catholic, it only helped harden bigotry towards the Irish Catholics. Alfred's mother was to outlive him by a year -- his death in 1900 was due to cancer of the throat.
Princess Helena Augusta Victoria (1846-1923)
Princess Helena was also known as "Lenchen." She was born a "blue baby," possibly because her mother was at the height of anxiety over the loss of her first trusted Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel. In 1866, she married Prince Frederick Christain of Schleswig-Holstein. Her name lives on in today's royal family -- one of Princess Eugenia's middle names is Helena.
Princess Louise Caroline Alberta (1848-1939)
Although it's not unusual for British royals to marry outsiders today, this was not the case in 1871, when Princess Louise married John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, a commoner who would later become the Duke of Argyll. Princess Louise was determined when she got to marriageable age not to follow the route her sister had; Princess Victoria had married a German Prince, and her royal duties stopped her from pursuing her artistic aspirations. As it turned out, Princess Louise's engagement to John was supported not only by her mother, but also by Disraeli. Unexpectedly, the match also pleased the British public, which had feared yet another German marriage, which in the general population feelings had already occurred too often. Her husband became prominent in public life as an MP, and later on became governor-general of Canada. It was during this time that Lake Louise near Laffan in the Rocky Mountains was named after her. The couple never had children, but despite this lack in their lives, Louise and John led an active and happy life together. This was undoubtedly one of the great-unsung royal love matches. When her husband died in 1914, Louise went into mourning -- not quite as severe as her mother's had been for Albert, but severe enough. She became something of a recluse until her own death in 1939 at the age of 91.
Prince Arthur William Patrick (1850-1942)
Prince Arthur married Princess Louise Margarete of Prussia. It was said that Arthur was the Queen's favorite son. He felt destined for the army from a very early age, and he spent a great many years in the armed forces. He rose in rank and became promoted in 1902 to the rank of Field Marshal. Due to his family ties, as well as interest, he became very involved in German affairs, and this may have been the reasoning behind his transfer in 1911 to Canada, which distanced him from the military aspects of a deteriorating German situation. In Canada, he became the Governor General. He had two daughters and a son. Their younger daughter, Princess Patricia, is well known to Canadians as Lady Patricia Ramasey, and gave her name to a famous Canadian army regiment, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. The Prince was a freemason. He became Grand Master in 1901 when his brother, who had held that post previously, became King. He served as Grand Master until his death in 1942.
Prince Leopold George Duncan (1853-1884)
Prince Leopold married Princess Helena Frederica of Waldeck. He was a hemophiliac, and died two years after his marriage. His son became Duke of Saxe-Coburg. He is considered by many to have been the most intelligent and probably most interesting of Victoria's sons. He had an immense thirst for life, which despite his illnesses (he also was an epileptic), studied at Oxford and became friends with Lewis Carroll, John Ruskin and Oscar Wilde. He acted as an unofficial secretary of the Queen, so it is interesting to conject what his influence was on her. His brief experience of happiness during his marriage was cut short by his death.
Princess Beatrice Mary Victoria (1857-1944)
Princess Beatrice was only four years old when her father, Prince Albert, died. Almost immediately, Victoria turned to her youngest child as her sole confidant. Victoria's aim was to keep Beatrice at her side at all times, and managed to snuff out an affair that could have happen between Beatrice and Louise Napoleon when Beatrice was 16 years old. She would have to wait a further 11 years before she found her love match in Prince Henry of Battenberg. They meet at a family wedding and quickly fell in love, but Victoria was violently opposed to the engagement, and it took eight months of arguments for Victoria to finally to relent and allow her daughter to marry. The only condition was that they should always live with her in Britain. Henry, who was from a poor German royal family, was only too happy to agree to this. Over the next few years, their only activity was producing children. Unfortunately, Beatrice was to pass on the hemophiliac gene to her sons, and her daughter, Victoria, who became a carrier, too, introduced the gene into the Spanish royal family. Prince Henry persuaded the Queen to let him leave the country with an expedition to Ashanti in Ghana; he was never to return, as he contracted fatal malaria while in Africa. Beatrice continued a quiet life living in Osborne Palace on the Isle of Wight, and maintained her role as the Queen's confidant. This was something her elder brother, Edward, could never forgive her for, for he felt as the future King, it should have been him who his mother turned to. Consequently, on her death Edward made it difficult for Beatrice to stay at Osborne Palace, and she had to live on a cottage on the estate. She ended her days in bad health, a constant sufferer of rheumatism, and died in 1944 aged 87 years old.
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What is a Smythson Daphne? | Facts about Queen Victoria for kids
Back to the top
Who were Victoria's parents?
Victoria was the only child of Prince Edward (Duke of Kent) and Princess Victoria Mary Louisa of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Prince Edward (1767-1820) was the fourth son of King George lll.
Find out more about Victoria's family tree.
Did you know?
Both Queen Elizabeth, the Queen today, and her consort (as her husband is known), the Duke of Edinburgh, are great-great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria.
When was Queen Victoria born?
Queen Victoria was born on the 24 May in 1819.
Her father died eight months after she was born.
Where was Queen Victoria born?
Victoria was born at Kensington Palace, London.
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What name was Victoria christened as?
Victoria was christened 'Alexandrina Victoria'. However, from birth she was formally addressed as Her Royal Highness Princess Victoria of Kent.
Did you know?
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When did Victoria become Queen?
Queen Victoria came to the throne when she was only 18 years of age on June 20, 1837. Her coronation was a year later on 28 June 1838.
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Who did Queen Victoria marry?
At the age of 21, Victoria married her cousin, Albert of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, a German Prince. They married on the 10th February 1840 at the Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace.
Victoria had nine children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe. Most of Queen Victoria's children married into other royal families of Europe.
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How long exactly did Queen Victoria reign?
Queen Victoria reigned for exactly sixty-three years, seven months, and two days (June 20, 1837 - January 22, 1901). Queen Victoria is our longest ever serving monarch.
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How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?
She inherited the throne at the age of eighteen, upon the death of her uncle William IV who had no legitimate children (children born to married parents).
Why did Queen Victoria wear black?
Her husband Albert died in 1861 at the young age of 42. She mourned his death for almost 10 years. For the rest of her reign she wore black.
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Where did Queen Victoria live?
Queen Victoria had many homes. She lived in Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Osborne House (Isle of Wight) and Balmoral Castle.
Queen Victoria was the first monarch to live in Buckingham Palace.
Did you know?
Victoria was known as the "Grandmother of Europe" because many of her children and grandchildren married into the royal families of other European countries.
What hobbies did Queen Victoria have?
Queen Victoria loved singing and she enjoyed painting and drawing. She loved going to the opera.
How did Britain change whilst Victoria was Queen?
Whilst Victoria was Queen there was a tremendous change in the lives of British people:
Britain became the most powerful country in the world, with the largest empire that had ever existed, ruling a quarter of the world's population.
The number of people living in Britain more than doubled, causing a huge demand for food, clothes and housing.
Factories and machines were built to meet this demand and new towns grew up, changing the landscape and the ways people lived and worked.
Railways, originally built to transport goods, meant people could travel easily around the country for the first time.
Queen Victoria survived seven assassination attempts
When did Queen Victoria die?
Queen Victoria died on 22 January, 1901 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. She was 81.
Queen Victoria was survived by 6 children, 40 grandchildren and 37 great-grandchildren, including four future sovereigns of England: Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII and George VI.
Where is Queen Victoria buried?
She is buried in a mausoleum at Frogmore, Windsor.
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Who became the next King or Queen after Victoria?
Queen Victoria was succeeded by her eldest son, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. He became King Edward VII.
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Which common material was invented by Marc Chavannes and Alfred Fielding in 1957 initially as textured wallpaper? | How was bubble wrap invented? the unlikely stories of the brainwaves we all take for granted | Daily Mail Online
How was bubble wrap invented? The unlikely stories of the brainwaves we all take for granted
By Daily Mail Reporter Updated: 21:04 EST, 9 November 2011
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Forget the spaceship, the satnav or the iPad.
The best inventions are so seamlessly absorbed into our lives that we forget how clever they are. Yesterday, the Science Museum launched a new exhibition devoted to the everyday innovations we couldn't live without. Here's a selection ...
BUBBLE WRAP
Engineers Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes came up the idea for bubble wrap while working on a new type of textured wallpaper in 1957.
By sealing two shower curtains together, they trapped a layer of bubbles. It didn't work as wallpaper, but Chavannes had something of a eureka moment during a flight when it seemed to him for a moment as though his plane's descent was being cushioned by clouds.
It planted a seed of an idea that his bubbly wallpaper could actually be used for something very different.
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So it was that his shower curtain prototype was refined and marketed instead as protective packaging.
The appealing popping sound made by bursting the air pockets has led to a worldwide Bubble Wrap Appreciation Day, which falls on the last Monday in January.
The event celebrated its tenth anniversary this year. Pop!
STICKING PLASTER
The plaster was invented in 1920 by Earle Dickson, who worked for the pharmaceutical company Johnson & Johnson in New Jersey.
Dickson was inspired by his wife, Josephine, who often burnt or cut herself in the kitchen.
An invention of love? Earle Dickson invented the plaster as a solution for his wife, Josephine, who often burnt or cut herself in the kitchen
There had been bandages before, but none with the same adhesive, and easy to apply, qualities - meaning they usually had to be put on by someone else.
With the sticking plaster, Mrs Dickson could treat herself. In 1938, a completely sterile plaster was patented and by 1942, Johnson & Johnson were shipping millions of their Band-Aids to the medics treating wounded soldiers.
TIN CAN
We have the war-mongering Napoleon Bonaparte to thank for events which led to the invention of the tin can. In 1809, Napoleon's troops were embroiled in the Peninsular War in Spain.
Anxious about how to feed his army on long campaigns, Napoleon launched a competition to find a solution.
War food: We have Napoleon Bonaparte to thank for the humble tin can, it is now used for soft drinks and food
French chef Nicolas Appert devised a means of preserving food in glass jars sterilised with boiling water (and won himself 12,000 francs).
A year later, Britsh manufacturer Peter Durand dreamt up an improved design.
He replaced the breakable glass with thin sheets of iron coated with tin.
The early cans, however, were soldered airtight with lead, which caused lead poisoning.
The most famous example of this came in an 1845 when members of the Arctic expedition team headed by explorer Sir John Franklin suffered fatal lead poisoning after three years of eating canned food.
ELASTIC BAND
London businessman Stephen Perry patented the elastic band in 1845, to hold letters together.
London businessman Stephen Perry patented the elastic band in 1845, to hold letters together.
His company, Messrs Perry and Co Rubber Manufacturers of London, produced all sorts of goods, but the elastic band was their real moneyspinner, formed by slicing a long rubber tube into thousands of wafer-thin loops.
The Royal Mail is now the biggest consumer of rubber bands in the UK, using up to 342 million of them every year.
In 2004, the colour was changed to red to encourage postmen to pick them up.
TEA BAG
Convenient: Thomas Sullivan, from New York, became the first commercial tea salesman to have the bright idea of putting tea in bags, initially as samples but customers soon caught onto the idea
Until the first teabags were introduced in 1903, tea was always sold loose and had to be strained during pouring.
In 1908, Thomas Sullivan, from New York, became the first commercial tea salesman to have the bright idea of putting tea in bags, initially as samples.
His earliest wares were expensively packed in bags made of silk - cheap paper bags weren't introduced until the 1930s.
Sullivan had intended for the loose tea to be removed from each bag, but his customers made the real breakthrough in convenience themselves.
They took to dunking the unopened packets in hot water to test the quality of each tea shipment - a practice that's held fast ever since.
STICKY TAPE
Engineer Richard Drew, from Minnesota, invented sticky tape in 1930, when he worked out a way of giving adhesive qualities to cellophane (itself a new material, which gave its name to Sellotape).
Taped up: Sticky tape was invented in 1930 and earned its name 'scotch tape after a customer accused the manufacturer of being a 'stingy Scotch'
The brilliance of Drew's adhesive came from its ability to stick other things together, but not get stuck to itself or leave any residue behind as it came off the roll.
It acquired another name, Scotch Tape, when a customer accused the 'stingy Scotch' proprietor of the manufacturer of not putting enough adhesive on the tape.
The company liked the insult, and decorated the tape with a tartan design; they even came up with a kilted boy, as a brand mascot.
Code words: The bar code was inspired by the dots and dashes of Morse code
BAR CODE
A mechanical engineer called Norman Woodland patented the barcode in America in 1952.
Inspired by the dots and dashes of Morse code, Woodland, in an inspired piece of lateral thinking, stretched those symbols to produce a more easily readable code.
He sketched out the designs in the sand on a Florida beach, before he applied it, with worldwide success, to supermarket checkouts.
LIGHTBULB
Thomas Edison is widely credited as the inventor of the lightbulb in 1880, but it is less well known that Englishman Sir Joseph Swan invented his own prototype lightbulb in the same year.
Seeing a commercial advantage in joining forces, the two inventors formed the Ediswan company.
The technology is fairly simple: light is produced by heating a metal filament wire until it glows. While scientists had produced 22 different kinds of light bulbs before the Edison, his was far better. It produced a brighter light, had a more powerful vacuum to protect the filament, and lasted for longer.
The light came on: While scientists had produced 22 different kinds of light bulbs before the Edison, his was far better
By 1881, the Savoy Theatre in London was lit by Swan lightbulbs, making it the first public building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity. ear plugs
The idea of plugging your ears has been around since time immemorial; Odysseus asks his men to plug their ears with beeswax in the ancient Greek epic, the Odyssey, to stop them being seduced by the Sirens who lured sailors to jump overboard with their silken voices.
The more practical modern earplug was created in Germany, in 1907, when Max Negwer set up the company, Ohropax , which mass-produced plugs made of wax and cotton wool.
Vaseline added to the paraffin wax made the plugs soft and flexible, meaning they could be reused, and were ultra-sensitive to the shape of the ear.
ZIP
A Swedish electrical engineer, Gideon Sundback, patented the zip in 1913. He had been working for the Universal Fastener Company in New Jersey for seven years, perfecting earlier types of zips, when he came up with the 'Hookless Fastener No 1' -two rows of teeth clamped together by a sliding piece of metal.
The earliest zippers were used to seal tobacco pouches, but it wasn't until the 1930s that the invention began to appear on clothing after an American campaign lobbied to have zips sewn into children's clothes to make it easier for them to get dressed without a parent.
Men's magazine Esquire, founded in the 1930s, praised the zip's potential to do away with 'the possibility of unintentional and embarassing disarray'.
Hidden Heroes: The Genius Of Everyday Things is at the Science Museum, London, until May 30.
| Bubble wrap |
Welsh singer Michael Barratt is better known by which name? | Brief History Of Cardboard Boxes + The History Of Bubble Wrap
Brief History Of Cardboard Boxes + The History Of Bubble Wrap
By Joshua Green , a moving industry professional, author and writer. Posted on Moving Guides
The extraordinary versatility of modern-day corrugated cardboard boxes and the outstanding protection of bubble wrap are hard to match during a house move. And yet, their respective invention and development stories are full of exciting highs and disappointing lows.
The complicated process of moving house is packed up with so many relocation tasks that home movers’ brains often get overloaded and sometimes even overheated as a result, and consequently refuse to process any further bits of information until they get an adequate downtime to relax and cool off a little bit.
During the chaotic period of moving from one house to another, it shouldn’t come as a surprise that most people take things for granted and pay little attention to some intriguing and yet cleverly disguised details about, let’s say, their packing materials.
Moving boxes and bubble wrap! These are two integral components that are present at every single house move and yet you have probably never felt the urge to obtain more information about them. Seriously, when was the last time you wanted to learn about the fascinating history of the cardboard box and the captivating history of bubble wrap?
Yes, because their histories are nothing short of fascinating and captivating!
Did you know that the modern pre-cut corrugated cardboard box was invented by an “unfortunate” accident?
Did you know that bubble wrap was originally designed as three-dimensional textured wallpaper?
Fasten your seatbelts, for we are about to take a quick trip back in time and trace the highs and lows in the development of corrugated cardboard boxes and bubble wrap. Plus, you will be treated with some hand-picked fun facts about each of the two most versatile packing supplies ever.
Ready?
The History Of Corrugated Cardboard Boxes
Nobody in the 1800s must have suspected the fundamental role corrugated cardboard boxes would play in the future.
105 AD, China. The fascinating history of corrugated cardboard boxes starts in Ancient China where paper – one of the greatest inventions of all time – was invented around 100 BC during the Han dynasty. However, it wasn’t until 105 AD that the likes of a paper-making industry was established by a government official named Ts’ai Lun. The resourceful Chinaman started producing paper with the help of a groundbreaking concoction of chopped mulberry bark, hemp rags and water. Ts’ai Lun’s paper production method of flattening the unusual mixture, removing the excess water and letting it dry in the sun proved to be a great success and quickly spread throughout China.
1817. In 1817, the British industrialist Sir Malcolm Thornhill was the first person to produce commercial boxes from single cardboard sheets. However, the look and feel of Thornhill’s boxes had little in common with the unmistakable and painfully familiar design of the corrugated cardboard boxes of today.
1856. Corrugated paper was patented in England in 1856, and the patent was awarded to the British inventors Edward Allen and Edward Healey. Interestingly, the corrugated paper of that time was only used as a lining material for tall hats, and its practical usage as packing and shipping materials was not recognized until years later (15 to be exact).
1871. In 1871, the entrepreneur Albert Jones of New York was granted the patent for single-sided corrugated board as a shipping material. The New Yorker used the corrugated board to wrap glass bottles for safe shipping.
1874. The history of cardboard boxes continues with the actual invention of corrugated cardboard as we know it today. In 1874, a man by the name of Oliver Long took the next logical step and improved the corrugated board design by adding liner sheets on both sides of the cardboard. His brilliant idea took the crush resistance and stacking strength of the cardboard boxes of that time to another level – the newly-designed packing boxes could hold heavier loads without breaking and allowed to be safely stacked much higher. The very first machine for mass production of double-sided corrugated board was built the same year.
1890. It was left to a printer and a paper bag maker from Brooklyn to put the finishing touches to the modern corrugated cardboard box. In 1890, Robert Gair invented the pre-cut cardboard by sheer accident. One day, a metal ruler that was used to crease the bags in his factory malfunctioned and consequently cut the bags instead of crease them. The “unfortunate” accident that seemingly destroyed 20,000 seed bags made the Brooklynite realize that by cutting and creasing the cardboard material, he could make prefabricated cartons with flat pieces that folded into convenient packing boxes.
Fun Facts About Cardboard Boxes
Here are some fun facts about cardboard boxes without whose convenience, practicality and affordability any residential move would be simply unthinkable.
A corrugated cardboard box can have a very interesting and diversified post-primary life. In other words, the cardboard battle may be lost but the corrugated fiberboard war has just begun.
1895 was the year in which the very first corrugated cardboard box was manufactured in the USA. Today, around 90% of all products in the USA are shipped in cardboard containers.
The Regular Slotted Container (RSC) is, without a doubt, the most common cardboard box whose major flaps meet in the center while its minor ones do not.
Nowadays the design of corrugated boxes is widely varied with the purpose of meeting the particular needs of the products for packing and shipping, the environmental hazards and the requirements of retailers and consumers alike.
Needless to say, corrugated fiberboard has a higher resistance to bending than flat fiberboard of equal mass.
Cardboard boxes are completely safe to be disposed of because the raw material is 100% biodegradable and does not contain any harmful substances.
Around 70% of the world’s cardboard is recycled and as a result, most of the cardboard boxes of today are manufactured from re-used materials.
Silk manufacturers have used cardboard boxes to transport the Bombyx mori moth and its eggs from Japan to Europe since 1840.
Thanks to the affordability of the material, a cardboard box can serve as the foundation of a wide range of exciting projects – from insulation linings through one-of-a-kind costumes to children’s toys.
Speaking of toys, it’s not an uncommon sight to see children toss the brand new toy they have been given and play with the cardboard package instead. In fact, the reputation of corrugated cardboard boxes as playthings is so strong that the cardboard box was included in the National Toy Hall of Fame (now part of The Strong – an interactive educational institution in Rochester, NY) as a rare toy that is not affiliated with any specific brand.
London was the site of the so-called Cardboard City – an area close to Waterloo station where more than 200 homeless people used to sleep in cardboard boxes from 1983 until 1998. Later, all of the Cardboard City residents were offered free housing and now the area is the site of the London IMAX cinema.
In 2004, the Australian architect Peter Ryan designed and built up an entire house only with cardboard boxes.
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Brief History Of Bubble Wrap
And now that you are familiar with the captivating history of corrugated boxes and have learned some interesting facts about the omnipresent moving containers, let’s take a quick look at the development of the second most common packing material when moving house – bubble wrap.
Brilliant visionaries as they were, Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes could hardly foresee the creation of electronic bubble wrap as an effective way to relieve stress.
1957, Hawthorne, N.J. Two engineers named Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes set out to create three-dimensional plastic wallpaper in their garage. They sealed two shower curtains together in a way that would ensure enough air was captured in the middle to create the textured effect they were after. Luckily for future home movers, their wallpaper idea was not successful.
1960, New Jersey. Although their original intention was a failure, the two inventors saw the great protective potential of their new creation as a packing material of fragile items. Sealed Air Corporation was co-founded in 1960 by Alfred Fielding.
Today. Now headquartered in Elmwood Park, New Jersey, Sealed Air Corporation is a worldwide manufacturer of packaging materials. The amount of bubble wrap the packaging company produces annually is sufficient to wrap the equator of our planet approximately ten times.
Fun Facts About Bubble Wrap
Here are a few curios facts about bubble wrap – the well-known cost effective method of ensuring that fragile items and sensitive electronic equipment will remain completely intact during the move from one home to another. Just bubble wrap your breakables and the air-filled bubbly material will absorb any undesirable shocks during transit and thus keep your prized possessions safe until you reach your new residence.
Bubble wrap is made from polyethylene film. Contrary to popular belief, the air bubbles are not inflated by any specialized equipment but are simply formed when air gets trapped between two plastic sheets /the shaped side of the film gets heated and bonded to the other flat side while passing between rollers/.
Originally, bubble wrap was used to protect sensitive electronic parts and components, usually with anti-static plastic that dissipates static charge and keeps the electronic equipment from being damaged. Nowadays, most of the produced bubble wrap is used for packing food and fragile/breakable items.
The most common bubble size is 0.4’’ (10 mm), but the air-filled pockets can be as tiny as 1/4’’ (6 mm) in diameter and as big as 1’’ (26 mm).
Interestingly enough, the air bubbles can be shaped differently from the widely recognized and trusted tiny hemispheres. What about a romantic sheet of pink heart-shaped bubble wrap as a memorable gift for your partner?
Sealed Air Corporation is also known for their unusual yet effective demonstrations of just how good bubble wrap is for protecting fragile items. One time, they dropped a pumpkin from 35 feet onto pre-arranged layers of bubble wrap and, of course, the pumpkin survived the fall unscathed.
5. Bubble wrap painting can be a fun activity for the entire family. Paint the air bubbles in your favorite colors and press them against a blank sheet of paper for unique colorful patterns.
Bubble wrap can be an excellent stress reliever, especially when the moving stress reaches harmful levels. Bursting its air bubbles is not only a lot of fun, but the popping sound is believed to be therapeutic as well, with a proven calming effect on the nerves.
The practical and sometimes not-so-practical applications of air trapped between plastic sheets can be just too many to count. Thus said, only the limits of our own imagination can prevent us from inventing a great bubble wrap contraption or from enjoying some fun moments with the world-famous packing material.
Here are just a handful of the many uses and disguises of bubble wrap:
Place a large sheet of bubble wrap on the floor in front of your house door and you get the most inexpensive burglar alarm ever.
You want an eco-friendly ball gown to catch your friends’ attention? You can’t go wrong with a formal bubble wrap dress.
Do you actually want to hear as one day ends and another begins? Make yourself a bubble wrap calendar!
To prevent heat loss in your new home, you can use bubble wrap to insulate the windows if they happen to lack good glazing units. The air-filled bubbles will create a vacuum-like environment while still offering an adequate level of visibility.
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What is half a sphere called? | What is half of a sphere called? | Reference.com
What is half of a sphere called?
A:
Quick Answer
Half a sphere is defined as a hemisphere. The term hemisphere is derived from the Greek word "hemi," which means "half" and the Latin word "shaera," meaning "globe."
Full Answer
Hemispheres are everywhere. The Earth is the common example of a hemisphere. As a cylindrical body, the Earth is sectioned into four separate hemispheres – North and South and East and West. The human brain is often broken down into the cerebral hemispheres.
The Earth’s hemispheres naturally divide into seasonal opposites. The Northern Hemisphere, due to the tilt toward the sun, experiences summer from June through September and the Southern Hemisphere is in summer from December through March.
| Hemisphere |
Which British comedienne's autobiography is entitled 'Look Back In Hunger'? | Spherical Cap -- from Wolfram MathWorld
so the hollow volume between the cap and box is given by
(15)
The surface area of the spherical cap is given by the same equation as for a general zone :
(16)
(17)
SEE ALSO: Contact Angle , Frustum , Hemisphere , Solid of Revolution , Sphere , Spherical Ring , Spherical Segment , Spherical Wedge , Surface of Revolution , Torispherical Dome , Zone
REFERENCES:
Harris, J. W. and Stocker, H. "Spherical Segment (Spherical Cap)." §4.8.4 in Handbook of Mathematics and Computational Science. New York: Springer-Verlag, p. 107, 1998.
Kern, W. F. and Bland, J. R. "Spherical Segment." §36 in Solid Mensuration with Proofs, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, pp. 97-102, 1948.
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In ancient Greek legend, soldier Pheidippedes collapsed and died after running over twenty-five miles to Athens to give news of which battle? | Phidippides or Pheidippides (or Philippides) and the Marathon
Phidippides or Pheidippides (or Philippides) and the Marathon
Michael Lahanas
Φειδιππίδης
And first, before they left the city, the generals sent off to Sparta a herald, one Pheidippides, who was by birth an Athenian, and by profession and practice a trained runner. . .
Herodotus, The Persian Wars, VI, 106.
Isolated Figure from a Panathenaic Black-figure amphora, Berlin Painter, 480-470 BC, showing a middle-distance race "hippios"
Phidippides or Pheidippides (or Philippides according to a text around 600 years later of Lucian) was send by the Athenians to Sparta as fast as possible he can to ask for help. The Spartans said that they will help after the moon was full (probably in order to let the Athenians alone with the Persians and not only for religious reasons). Phidippides came back running the 147 miles distance with the disappointing news for the Athenians. Phidippides then returned to Marathon in time to fight in the battle. He was ordered to run to Athens to bring the news of victory. In one week he had to run more than 300 miles.
Luc-Olivier Merson, 1869
When he reached the agora, he gasped: nenikikamen, "We have won" and dropped exhausted dead. The modern Marathon race commemorates his feat.
Historians assumed that the Marathon battle date was 12 September 490 BC. New studies suggest that it was probably one month earlier. Interesting
is that the temperature in August is usually higher than in September and this could be also more exhausting for Phidippides.
Phidippides with an important message for the Athenians and for all Hellenes: Nenikikamen
Why did Phidippides not use a horse? Probably because for the large distance for a runner and considering the terrain (mountains, rivers, etc) it was much better not to use a horse.
But did Phidippides really exist and if yes did he really die? Was the story invented by Herodotus? Nobody knows!
Some other “Marathon” men
Ageus, or Argeus (according to Robert in Hermes 1900 p. 154 Aegeus) a day-runner from Argos, was victor in Olympia in 328 B.C. the dolichos, and immediately left Olympia "And in Argos, on the very same day announced his victory (Euseb. Edition Schöne. I. p. 206). It should be noted that Olympia is about 100 kilometres distant direct from Argos.
Another athlete, Euchidas , went from Plataea to Delphi and returned within the same day, before sunset, in order to bring the pure flame of the altar of Apollon, that is to say he covered a distance of 180 kilometres. He did not survive it, however, for after he handed over the flame, he fell down and breathed his last. (Kleanthis Palaiologos)
Astronomers revise likely date of Marathon run
The marathon was scheduled as the last event on the Olympic program in Athens 1896, and no Greek athlete had yet taken a gold. George Averoff, a Greek financier had made an offer of 100000 Drachmas and his daughter’s hand in marriage to any Greek who won the marathon.
A Greek, Spiridon Louis, prepared for the race by praying for two days and fasting for one. When Louis entered the stadium first, the Greek crowd went wild. Louis did not accept the marriage offered but he did accept free meals for one year and free shoe polishing for life. He also accepted a field. Told by the Greek king he could have anything he wanted, he asked for a horse and a cart so he would not have to chase his mule anymore. Some say that he won because he wanted to marry Helena, but her parents were against him but they changed their mind after the victory of Spiridon.
See also:
The Olympic Games. Not for money, but for honor
Yannis Kouros The “Superman of Ultra-Distance Running” and the successor of Phidippides
There is a interesting story of distance running: In 404 BC Lasthenes a Olympian Champion wins a race against a horse over a distance of 30 kilometers (a story that is too amazing to be true, an American athlete, Shawn Crawford, was not so successful in a competition against a Zebra)
Challenge - Runner
Buy this Art Print at AllPosters.com
Herodotus , The Persian Wars, VI
And first, before they left the city, the generals sent off to Sparta a herald, one Pheidippides, who was by birth an Athenian, and by profession and practice a trained runner. This man, according to the account which he gave to the Athenians on his return, when he was near Mount Parthenium, above Tegea, fell in with the god Pan, who called him by his name, and bade him ask the Athenians "wherefore they neglected him so entirely, when he was kindly disposed towards them, and had often helped them in times past, and would do so again in time to come?" The Athenians, entirely believing in the truth of this report, as soon as their affairs were once more in good order, set up a temple to Pan under the Acropolis, and, in return for the message which I have recorded, established in his honour yearly sacrifices and a torch-race.
On the occasion of which we speak when Pheidippides was sent by the Athenian generals, and, according to his own account, saw Pan on his journey, he reached Sparta on the very next day after quitting the city of Athens. Upon his arrival he went before the rulers, and said to them:-
"Men of Lacedaemon, the Athenians beseech you to hasten to their aid, and not allow that state, which is the most ancient in all Greece, to be enslaved by the barbarians. Eretria , look you, is already carried away captive; and Greece weakened by the loss of no mean city."
Thus did Pheidippides deliver the message committed to him. And the Spartans wished to help the Athenians, but were unable to give them any present succour, as they did not like to break their established law. It was then the ninth day of the first decade; and they could not march out of Sparta on the ninth, when the moon had not reached the full. So they waited for the full of the moon.
Pausanias
...when the Persians had landed in Attica Philippides was sent to carry the tidings to Lacedaemon. On his return he said that the Lacedacmonians had postponed their departure, because it was their custom not to go out to fight before the moon was full. Philippides went on to say that near Mount Parthenius he had been met by Pan, who told him that he was friendly to the Athenians and would come to Marathon to fight for them. This deity, then, has been honored for this announcement.
Quotations
We owe him a big "thank you" because men and women like him are the reason we still have our beautiful Hellas today. All the important ancient Greek cities still retain their original names and locations after thousands of years. ... we would say to him: "Pheidippides, here lies Sparta still; Tegea, Nauplion, Mycenae, Argos , Corinth , Eleusis, and the town of the Goddess Athena. Where are Sousa, Persepolis, Carthage, Tyre, Hattousa, Memphis, and Babylon?", Tassos Efstathiou, Elliniki Agogi 2001, from the http://www.grecoreport.com/index.htm site.
So, when Persia was dust, all cried, "To Acropolis!
Run, Pheidippides, one race more! the meed is thy due!
Athens is saved, thank Pan, go shout!" He flung down his shield
Ran like fire once more: and the space 'twixt the fennel-field
And Athens was stubble again, a field which a fire runs through,
Till in he broke: "Rejoice, we conquer!" Like wine through clay,
Joy in his blood bursting his heart, he died - the bliss!
Robert Browning Pheidippides 1879 .
Jean-Pierre CORTOT, The soldier of Marathon announces the victory, 1822-1834
Greeks today in the spirit of Pheidippides
Nick Tsiotos, Andy Dabilis, Johnny Kelley, Running with Pheidippides: Stylianos Kyriakides, the Miracle Marathoner, Syracuse University Press 2001
Stylianos (Stelios) Kyriakides (Στυλιανός (Στέλιος) Κυριακίδης) (4.5.1910 or 15.1.1910 Statos/Pafos in Cyprus - ?.12.1987) winner of the Boston Marathon 20.4.1946 (in 2 hr 29 min 27 sec), ”A true son of Pheidippides, Grecian immortal who ran the first marathon almost 2500 years ago, The New York Times, 21.4.1946”, Journey of a Warrior , " ο ξεχασμένος ήρωας"
Dean Karnazes http://www.ultramarathonman.com/ , http://www.thenorthface.com/na/athletes/athletes-DK.html , Greek American from San Francisco, the best ultramarathon runner in the world: ran for 3 days without stopping a distance of 226 miles! That's ten marathons in a row! He also ran to the south pole and through death valley for many miles, See also http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7444815/site/newsweek/ .
Phidippides, Polygnotos Vagis
| Marathon |
Named by writer Jerry B Harvey after a west Texas city and metropolitan area, a group decision that no individual in the group wants is described as the 'what?' Paradox? | 6291 Literacy and History - The Greeks by Prim-Ed Publishing - issuu
UPPER PRIMArY/LOWER SECONDARY
6291C
LITERACY AND HISTORY The Greeks Published by Prim-Ed Publishing 2008 Reprinted under licence by Prim-Ed Publishing 2008 Copyright© Marian Redmond 2007 ISBN 978-1-84654-072-1 PR–6291
Additional titles available in this series: Literacy and history – The Romans Literacy and history – The Egyptians Literacy and history – The Celts
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Website: www.prim-ed.com
Foreword Literacy and history – The Greeks is one title in a series of four books designed to develop pupils’ literacy skills in the areas of comprehension, vocabulary and spelling and to enhance their academic skills and historical knowledge. The books are designed to strengthen the links between the subjects of language and history. Each book deals with an ancient society and contains 12 units which deal with different aspects of each society and the people who lived in them. Each unit covers a wide variety of topics and includes a range of fictional texts based on historical fact. Each unit has a comprehension section, a cloze procedure section, a word study section and a cross-curricular section, which provides activities from other areas of the curriculum such as history, geography, science and mathematics. Titles in the series:
Literacy and history – The Romans Literacy and history – The Greeks
Literacy and history – The Egyptians Literacy and history – The Celts
This book is also provided in digital format on the accompanying CD.
Teachers notes........................................................................... iv – vii Glossary.................................................................................... viii – xi Time line........................................................................................... xii Curriculum links.................................................................... xiii – xvii
Unit 1: Young women compete in a bull leaping contest on the
Unit 7: A critic reviews a new play in a Greek colony – 470 BC......................................................................................... 50–57 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 50–51 Reading — Ephorus reviews the first night of a new comedy at the theatre........................................................................................... 52 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 53 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 54 Word study exercises........................................................................... 55 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 56–57
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island of Crete – 1900 BC............................................................... 2–9 Teachers notes.................................................................................. 2–3 Reading — A live sports commentary on the contest in Knossos.............. 4 Comprehension questions...................................................................... 5 Cloze exercise....................................................................................... 6 Word study exercises............................................................................. 7 Cross-curricular activities .................................................................. 8–9
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Contents
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Unit 2: A Mycenaean servant tells a bedtime story – 1160 BC....................................................................................... 10–17 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 10–11 Reading — Dialogue about the story of the legend of Troy...................... 12 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 13 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 14 Word study exercises........................................................................... 15 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 16–17
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Unit 3: An athlete describes a visit to the oracle – 796 BC....... 18–25 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 18–19 Reading — Demosthenes describes his visit to his fellow athletes.......... 20 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 21 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 22 Word study exercises........................................................................... 23 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 24–25
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Unit 4: A priestess prays to the goddess Artemis – 600 BC..... 26–33 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 26–27 Reading — A prayer to the goddess in her temple at Ephesus................ 28 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 29 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 30 Word study exercises........................................................................... 31 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 32–33 Unit 5: A Greek doctor writes a post mortem report – 490 BC......................................................................................... 34–41 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 34–35 Reading — Post Mortem report on the runner, Pheidippides................... 36 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 37 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 38 Word study exercises........................................................................... 39 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 40–41 Unit 6: Queen Artemesia writes in her journal – 480 BC........... 42–49 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 42–43 Reading — A journal describing events at the Battle of Salamis............. 44 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 45 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 46 Word study exercises........................................................................... 47 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 48–49
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Unit 8: A sculptor writes about his new commission – 435 BC......................................................................................... 58–65 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 58–59 Reading — Pheidias writes a letter to the Chief Priest at Olympia........... 60 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 61 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 62 Word study exercises........................................................................... 63 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 64–65 Unit 9: A young Spartan girl writes in her diary – 431 BC........ 66–73 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 66–67 Reading — Cynisca describes her fears before a test of her fitness........ 68 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 69 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 70 Word study exercises........................................................................... 71 Cross-curricular activities............................................................... 72–73 Unit 10: A visitor to Athens discusses her plans for her visit – 425 BC......................................................................................... 74–81 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 74–75 Reading — Dialogue between two Athenian sisters, Maia and Aspasia.... 76 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 77 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 78 Word study exercises........................................................................... 79 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 80–81 Unit 11: An eleven year old boy asks his tutor some questions – 416 BC......................................................................................... 82–89 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 82–83 Reading — A dialogue between Plato and his tutor, Alcibiades............... 84 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 85 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 86 Word study exercises........................................................................... 87 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 88–89 Unit 12: Two servants discuss their master – 29 May 323 BC......................................................................................... 90–97 Teachers notes.............................................................................. 90–91 Reading — A dialogue between Nikias and Hippias............................... 92 Comprehension questions.................................................................... 93 Cloze exercise..................................................................................... 94 Word study exercises........................................................................... 95 Cross-curricular activities .............................................................. 96–97
Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Teachers Notes
Literacy and history – The Greeks contains 12 units, each with eight pages: Teachers notes (two pages) Reading Comprehension questions Cloze exercise
Each unit has a teachers notes section, which provides additional information for the teacher. The teachers notes page contains five sections, designed to assist teachers in presenting the worksheets to their pupils. Each teachers notes section contains: Objectives Background information
Word study exercises Cross-curricular activities (two pages)
Worksheet information Answers Cross-curricular information
Objectives: The first objective states the aims, targets and learning outcomes for the reading/comprehension/cloze pages.
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Background information:
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The second objective states the aims, targets and learning outcomes for the word study exercises page. The third objective states the aims, targets and learning outcomes for the cross-curricular activities pages.
Worksheet information:
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Presented in bullet points, this section identifies the type of text used and provides a definition of the type. A wide variety of styles have been included in the book including letters, dialogues, reports and interviews. More bullet points provide detailed historical background information to help teachers and pupils understand the content.
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Answers:
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Presented in bullet points, this section includes background information that may be required by the teacher before pupils complete the questions and activities in the worksheets. There may be some suggestions for websites relevant to the theme of the unit.
This section provides the answers for all questions where applicable. Answers are always given for literal and deductive questions where appropriate. Evaluative and open-ended questions and activities will require the teacher to check the answers during or following class discussion. This is indicated by ‘Teacher check’.
Cross-curricular activities: Presented in bullet points, this section provides suggestions for extra activities linked to the theme of the particular unit. There are also suggestions for relevant websites for further research.
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Literacy and history – The Greeks
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Teachers Notes
Each unit has six pupil pages, which are structured in the following way: Exercise A: Reading Exercise B: Comprehension questions Exercise C: Cloze exercise Exercise D: Word study exercises Exercise E: Cross-curricular activities (two pages) Example:
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Page 4: Exercise A: Reading
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Unit 1: Two young women compete in a bull leaping contest on the island of Crete – 1900 BC
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This text is a live sports commentary by Lysander as he watches the bull leaping contest at Knossos during the Minoan Period in Greek history. Other units include texts such as dialogues, reports, journal and diary entries, letters and reviews.
Page 5: Exercise B: Comprehension questions This page contains a series of questions for pupils to answer. This exercise requires pupils to read the text in Exercise A carefully and answer questions related to the text. These questions require pupils to move between literal answers, deductive answers and evaluative answers. There is an assortment of question types, each designed to help pupils to think and to prepare for tests and examinations. The order in which questions appear do not necessarily follow the order of the information as it appears in the text, providing an additional challenge for pupils. Pupils may find the answers to some of the comprehension questions in the footnotes underneath the text.
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Page 6: Exercise C: Cloze exercise
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A cloze exercise requires pupils to correctly choose words that fit within a given block of text. It allows pupils to develop their vocabulary and spelling skills. There is variety in the presentation to encourage creativity and the development of language skills such as spelling and decoding. There is a word bank provided with the cloze exercise, containing the list of words to be chosen from as answers. These words are not arranged in order.
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Page 7: Exercise D: Word study exercises This page contains a range of word study exercises, each designed to help pupils develop their reading, writing and spelling skills. The exercises include: selecting and/ or circling correct words, matching the beginning and endings of sentences, arranging the correct order of sentences in a paragraph or passage of text, correcting misspellings, completing word searches, completing sentences, identifying true and false items of information and using matching and decoding skills to find correct answers. Pupils are encouraged to engage in dictionary work to assist in the completion of these exercises.
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Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Teachers Notes
Pages 8/9: Exercise E: Crosscurricular activities
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These pages contain activities and suggestions for further cross-curricular activities linked to the subject matter and theme of the unit. Activities include decoding, unscrambling and matching exercises, selecting correct answers and studying the meanings and uses of keywords and phrases found in the units. There are also suggestions for further research activities and discussion points appropriate to the unit’s theme and text. Pupils are encouraged to develop their research skills by using the library and the Internet, if they wish. There are activities related to the subjects of History, Geography, Mathematics, Science and Art.
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
There are discussion points included in some of the crosscurricular sections, designed to encourage pupils to reflect on some of the topics raised in the unit, to expand their knowledge and to develop informed opinions on the topic. Some units contain suggestions for further research in areas referred to within the unit. Pupils can research these topics by using resources such as their school library, public libraries and the Internet.
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Glossary A
D
absolute power—political power that does not allow any criticism or opposition and allows sole rule
Artemisia—Queen of Helicarnassus of Caria, who commanded five ships at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC
deipnon—name given to the main meal eaten in ancient Greece, usually in the evenings
academy—name of a school set up by Plato in 387 BC in Athens, which taught pupils politics, law and mathematics
Asclepios—a son of Apollo, became the Greek god of healing after his death and had many shrines devoted to him all over the Greek world
Delphi—site of the most famous shrine dedicated to Apollo where ancient Greeks consulted the oracle to discover their future
Asia Minor—the broad peninsula that lies between the Black and the Mediterranean seas, and is the Asian part of modern Turkey
demokratia—the Greek word for democracy, which meant ‘rule by the people’
Aeschylus—tragic playwright, born in 525 BC in Eleusis and fought in the Battle of Marathon and the Battle of Salamis
Attica—name given to the territory of the city-state of Athens and the surrounding countryside
B
Alexander the Great—Macedonian crown prince who became king and conquered the Persian Empire, and whose death remains a mystery
Battle of Marathon — battle in 490 BC between the Spartans and the Persians in which 300 Spartans died
andron—name given to the area in a Greek house where the men entertained and held symposia
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Agora—marketplace and main political, legal and commercial centre in a Greek town or city where the business of the polis was conducted
bull leaping contests—a ritual or sport practiced by boys and girls which involved leaping over bulls
C
Aphrodite—Greek goddess of love and beauty, born from the sea at Cyprus
centaur—mythical creature which was half-man and half-horse, usually employed as teachers of heroes
Vi
Apollo—Greek god of the sun, who also ruled over prophesy, poetry and music and was portrayed by the Greeks as a youth apprehensive—state of mind in which a person is worried and concerned about things going wrong in the future
Aristotle—Greek philosopher from Macedonia who founded the Lyceum in Athens and was the tutor of Alexander the Great
chaos—a state of complete disorder and utter confusion chitons—tunics chorus—a group of singers and dancers in Greek drama who commented on the characters and the action of the play commission—word used to describe an order given to an artist to create a work of art; e.g. Pheidias’s statue of Zeus at Olympia
Artemis — twin sister of Apollo, Artemis was the goddess of the moon and also ruled over childbirth and hunting
viii
diadem—a type of crown
Athena—(also know as Athene Parthenos) the daughter of Zeus and the goddess of wisdom and war. Provided the name of the city of Athens.
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Aegean Sea—the sea that lies between the peninsula of Greece and Turkey
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Achilles—a Greek hero of the Trojan War, who could not be injured except in his heel, providing the term ‘Achilles heel’
Crete—a large island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, traditionally the birthplace of the god Zeus Croesus of Lydia—legendary king associated with the building of the first temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Literacy and history – The Greeks
Diana—Roman goddess of the moon and hunting; the counterpart of Artemis, goddess of the moon and hunting in Greek mythology
Dionysia—religious festivals which featured drama competitions and was held for five days in Athens in honour of the god Dionysos Dionysos—Greek god of wine and theatre, usually portrayed carrying the thyrsos, a stick entwined with vine leaves discus—a plate-shaped disc of metal and wood, held in the hand and thrown after a revolution and a half of the throwing circle
E Elgin Marbles—name given to the collection of sculptures brought from the Parthenon in Athens to the British Museum in London by Lord Elgin in 1812 Ephesus — a great ancient city, located at the mouth of the Cayster River on the west coast of Asia Minor, now modern Turkey Epidaurus—Greek city in the Peleponnese where a magnificent theatre was built in the 4th century BC, which still stands today Euripides—playwright of tragedies, born around 480 BC in Athens and took part many times in the dramatic competitions in the Dionysia
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Glossary L exposure—condition of being exposed to something detrimental such as extreme cold
Hestia—Greek goddess of the home and the hearth, who offered protection to the home and the family
labrys—a sacred symbol of a doubleheaded axe, used to decorate objects by the Minoans
F
Hippocrates—a doctor, teacher and writer, born on the island of Cos, and holds the title the ‘Father of Medicine’
labyrinth—an intricate network of passages designed to be confusing, also known as a maze
festival—in ancient Greece, a periodic religious celebration marked by special observances and entertainment such as music and drama
Homer—an 8th century Greek poet traditionally described as the author of the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey Hoplites—heavily armed soldiers, usually wealthy citizens who used their own armour and used slaves to carry their weaponry
G
hubris—an excess of ambition or pride that leads to a person’s downfall
grammatistes—Greek teachers who taught reading, writing and mathematics at the primary or first stage of education
I
insular—the state of being isolated and detached from outside influences iridescent jewels—a selection of jewels displaying a rainbow effect of many colours
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H
inner sanctuary—in the temple at Delphi, the sacred place where the priestess, the Pythia, consulted Apollo
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gymnasium—a training ground with baths where young boys and youths trained and practised wrestling, running and swimming
Iliad—epic poem telling the story of the Trojan wars and the legendary warrior, Achilles, who killed the Trojan hero, Prince Hector
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gynaeceum—part of a Greek house for women where the woman of the house supervised her slaves and tasks were done
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four humours—Greek doctors believed that illnesses in the body were caused by an imbalance in the four humours of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
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Hanging Gardens of Babylon—one of the Seven Wonders of the World, a hanging garden of five tiers, built for Queen Amytis Halicarnassus—the ancient capital of Caria, a land which lay on the coast of what is now south-west Turkey
Helen of Troy—the wife of Menelaus, the king of Sparta, her brother-in-law was Agamemnon, king of Mycenae Hellenistic—term used to describe Greek culture, from the Greek word ‘helleneizen’ meaning ‘to act like a Greek’ Helots—people from different lands, such as Laconia, who had been enslaved by the Spartans in order to carry out menial tasks Heracles—a Greek hero who was given twelve labours or impossible tasks to perform and performed them successfully Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
ivory—the hard creamy-white dentine that composes the tusks of a tusked mammal such as an elephant, much valued in ancient times
J javelin—a spear-shaped implement of metal or wood; released by the thrower at the end of a short run, it must land point first
K kitharistes—teacher of music who taught boys to sing and play instruments such as the lyre, the flute and the pipes Knossos—a great palace covering 98 sq km, also the administrative centre of the Minoan civilisation
Leonidas—king who led the 300 Spartan warriors who died at the Battle of Marathon, defending against the Persians Leto—a lover of the god Zeus and the mother of the divine twins Apollo and Artemis Linear B—the written language of the Mycenaeans, developed from the earlier Linear A of the Minoan civilisation Lyceum—name of the school founded in Athens by the philosopher Aristotle lyre—a stringed musical instrument, much like a harp, played by the Greeks
M Macedonia—ancient Greek kingdom between Illyria, Thrace and the Aegean Sea, regarded as barbaric by the Athenians Magna Graecia—Greek colonies in Italy; a term meaning ‘Great Greece’, the name given to Greek colonies overseas malaria—infectious disease transmitted by a mosquito bite, characterised by periodic attacks of chills and fever manoeuvrable—easily guided through difficult or narrow positions mayhem—needless or wilful destruction or violence carried out on an object or a person
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Glossary medical history—a record of a patient’s health, physical condition and any previous illnesses
Mycenae—a civilisation that developed in the north-eastern area of the Peleponnese around 1600 BC
N
Parthenon—name given to the temple built to honour the goddess Athena in Athens, it means ‘the temple of the virgin’
oath—a solemn promise, usually made to a god or a revered person to bear witness to the truth of one’s word
Peleponnesian League—a group of states in the Peloponnese who joined together to oppose the growth of Athenian power
metopes—the 92 carved panels that ran around the outside of the Parthenon in Athens, portraying mythical battles
Olympia—sacred site in the Peleponnese of Greece, where the Olympic Games were held every four years in honour of Zeus
Pelopion—a building where Pelops, a Greek hero whose funeral games began the Olympic games, may be buried
militaristic society—a society that believes in the glorification of military values, virtues and ideals over all others
opson—the course of a meal where vegetables, meats and fish were served
military campaign—an overall military plan of action, planned carefully before the event by army commanders
metics—usually skilled craftsmen who were non-citizens of a city-state such as Athens but who lived and worked there
oracle—could mean the place, the person or the message itself given by a god at a sacred shrine such as Delphi oratory skills—the art of effective public speaking, an essential skill for boys and youths hoping to enter a public career
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military strategy—a plan or direction of a campaign devised by military commanders before the battle commenced
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megaron—a royal throne room used as a reception room by the king or queen
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O
Peleponnese—a peninsula which forms the southern part of Greece and is joined to the mainland by the narrow isthmus of Corinth; is surrounded by sea on three sides
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Mediterranean Sea—sea of 2 512 00 sq. kilometres that lies between Europe (north and west), Africa (south) and Asia (east)
Nike—the Greek goddess of victory, usually depicted striding, running or flying
Panhellenic—term meaning ‘all of the Greeks’, used to describe events such as the Olympic Games which all Greeks attended
Minos—a powerful ruler of Crete who imprisoned the Minotaur in a large maze close to his palace at Knossos
ostracism—a method of temporary banishment, usually for ten years, by popular vote of the citizens of Athens
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Minoans—the name given to the civilisation of Crete, at its height from 2200 to 1450 BC
Orion—a giant god, killed as a result of Apollo tricking Artemis into mistakenly shooting an arrow at his head in the sea
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Persepolis—city in ancient Persia, destroyed by Alexander in revenge for the damage done during the Persian wars in Greece Persia—ancient name of a country in south-west Asia, now called Iran phalanx—a military formation in which a tightly-packed square of soldiers attacked at a running trot Pharos of Alexandria—one of the Seven Wonders of the World, a lighthouse built in the harbour entrance to Alexandria in Egypt
paidagogos—an especially trusted slave who took boys to school and ensured their attendance and their attentiveness there
Pheidias—famous Greek sculptor who created the statue of Zeus at Olympia and of Athena in the Parthenon; oversaw the team of sculptors responsible for the famous metopes (panels), statues and friezes (ornamented bands) that decorated the Parthenon
palaestra—a special training ground in a gymnasium where boys and youths practised wrestling and other athletic exercises
Philip II of Macedonia—father of Alexander the Great, displayed military genius in his campaign to unite Greece under his rule
Panathenea—name given to the festival celebrated every July in Athens and became the Great Panathenea every fourth year
philosophy—from a Greek word ‘philosophos’ meaning ‘love of wisdom’, it is the study of the principles of existence and the world
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Minotaur—a legendary creature who was half-man and half-bull and was trapped in the labyrinth near Knossos
pentathlon—in the ancient Olympic Games, a competition with five events: running, wrestling, jumping, discus and javelin throwing
Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Glossary Plato—Greek philosopher who was a pupil of Socrates and recorded his last speech to the Athenian authorities
sitos—bread on which food was served
polis—Greek word meaning ‘city-state’ which meant a community of people who were self-governing
Socrates—Greek philosopher who was condemned to death by poison because his work challenged the Athenian authorities
Poseidonia—the name given to the Greek city founded by Greek colonists in southern Italy, near the modern city of Salerno
sophist—special tutor who taught older youths the subject of oratory in their homes
post-mortem—from the Latin meaning ‘after death’, an examination of a body to determine the cause or causes of death
Sophocles—tragic playwright, born around 490 BC in Athens, who won at least 20 times at the Dionysian drama competitions
propylaeum—the great pillared halls in the palace at Knossos
Sparta—militaristic city-state which opposed Athens and succeeded in toppling it and becoming the premier city-state in Greece in 404 BC
superstitious—to believe that fate, omens, magic or chance can influence everyday life and the decisions one makes
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sanctuary—an inner shrine and the most sacred place in a temple where religious worship took place sceptre—a ceremonial staff held as a symbol of authority
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Schliemann, Heinrich—German archaeologist who discovered the site of the ancient city of Troy in modern Turkey in 1870
sculptor—an artist who creates works of art by carving in stone such as marble or wood or by casting metals such as bronze Seven Wonders of the Ancient World—seven great sights of art and architecture that fascinated ancient writers shaft graves—Mycenaean graves over 12 metres deep in which several members of the same family were buried Sicily—the largest island in Italy, it was colonised by the Greeks who built the city of Siracusa, largest city in the Greek world
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Troy—legendary city in Asia Minor, figured in the famous epic poems by Homer called Iliad and Odyssey
tsunami —large and destructive waves, caused by earthquakes, from the Japanese words for ‘tsu’ (harbour) and ‘nami’ (wave)
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straits—a narrow passageway of sea connecting two larger bodies of water; e.g. the Straits of Salamis connected the Saronic Gulf with the Bay of Eleusis
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Q–R–S
triremes—Greek warships; had three tiers of 170 rowers, metal-tipped ramming spikes and were light and manoeuverable
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Pythia—the priestess who was consulted at Delphi and transmitted the god Apollo’s prophecies to the questioners
‘to raze to the ground’—to destroy utterly by tearing down and demolishing a building, town or city
symptoms—a change in a person that can indicate the presence of a disease or a condition
T temple—a special building designed specifically for worshipping gods and goddesses Thebes—city-state of ancient Greece, defeated Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, and, for a short time, was the most powerful polis Thesmophoria—a religious festival held for three days each autumn in Athens and could only be celebrated by priestesses
typhoid fever—an infectious bacterial disease characterised by fever, headache, drowsiness and intestinal inflammation
U UNESCO – The United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation which has a World Heritage Committee, that compiles a list of sites with outstanding cultural and/or natural value. Some of the sites listed by the World Heritage Committee are in danger.
V–W–X Xerxes—the king of the Persians from 486–465 BC and son of King Darius
Y–Z Zeus—the king of the Greek gods, usually portrayed carrying a thunderbolt, and lived on Mount Olympus in northern Greece
tholos tombs—beehive-shaped tombs ‘to ram a ship’—to pierce the prow of an enemy ship with the pointed beak of ones’ oars in order to sink it
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Time line Units as they relate to the time line of Greek history Name of age/period
Bronze Age 2900–1000 BC
Specific events
Relation to units in this book
Creation of Minoan civilisation on Crete, 2000 BC The Mycenaean civilisation develops on mainland Greece, 1800 BC Volcanic Eruption on Thera, 1620 BC app.
Unit 1: Minoans, 1900 BC Unit 2: Mycenaeans, 1160 BC
Beginning of the decline of the Minoans from 1600 BC Trojan Wars, 1250 BC Decline of the Mycaeneans Phoenician civilisation spreads throughout the Mediterranean Period between the decline of Mycenaean society and the colonising movements of the 8th century BC. Iron introduced, 1000 BC
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Dark Ages 1000–800 BC
Archaic Period 800–500 BC
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The first Olympic Games are held, 776 BC Greek colonies founded and established in the Aegean and Mediterranean seas Greek alphabet invented
Unit 3: Olympic Games, 796 BC Unit 4: The temple of Artemis at Ephesus, 600 BC
Coins introduced in Greece Homer composes his poems Odyssey and Iliad (around 750 BC) based on the legends of Troy The Spartans control the Peleponnese peninsula
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Democracy, a new system of government, begins in Athens (508 BC)
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The Persian invasion of Greece begins but fails due to the success of the Greeks at the battles of Marathon (490 BC) and Salamis (480 BC) The age of Pericles begins, known as the greatest cultural period in Greek history The city-state of Athens is at its height
Classical Period 500–323 BC
The building of the Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens is finished (432 BC) The great Greek philosophers, Socrates, Aristotle and Plato establish their schools of philosophy After the Peloponnesian Wars, the Athenian civilisation falls when Athens is defeated by Sparta (404 BC) The Macedonian civilisation begins to dominate Greece King Philip of Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great, takes control of Greece (338 BC) Alexander the Great, the king of Macedonia, leads his military campaigns into Asia (336–323 BC) Alexander the Great dies at the age of 33 in Babylon and his empire is divided
Hellenistic Period 323–30 BC
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Unit 5: Battle of Marathon, 490 BC Unit 6: Battle of Salamis, 480 BC Unit 7: The Greek city of Poseidonia (Paestum) in southern Italy, 412 BC Unit 8: The statue of Zeus at Olympia, 435 BC Unit 9: Spartans, 431 BC Unit 10: The city-state of Athens, 425 BC Unit 11: Plato and philosophy, 416 BC Unit 12: Alexander the Great, 323 BC
Macedonia becomes a province of the Roman Empire (146 BC) The Roman Empire controls Greece
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Curriculum links England English Level
Objective understand texts; e.g. use inference and deduction and look for meaning beyond the literal read for information; e.g. scan texts to find information, skim for gist and overall impression and obtain specific information through detailed reading develop understanding and appreciation of literary texts; e.g. read stories and plays aloud
KS 2
develop understanding and appreciation of non-fiction texts; e.g. identify the use of specialist vocabulary and engage with challenging and demanding subject matter read a range of fiction and non-fiction texts; e.g. texts drawn from a variety of cultures and traditions, myths, legends and traditional stories, playscripts, diaries, letters and newspaper reports check spelling using dictionaries understand texts; e.g. extract meaning beyond the literal read a range of fiction and non-fiction texts
pl e
check spelling for errors and use a dictionary when necessary
History Objective
Sa m
Level
study the way of life, beliefs and achievements of the people living in Ancient Greece and the influence of their civilisation on the world today develop chronological understanding; e.g. use dates and vocabulary relating to the passing of time know about the characteristic features of the periods and societies studied, including the ideas, beliefs, attitudes and experiences of men, women and children in the past
identify and describe reasons for, and results of, historical events, situations, and changes in the periods studied find out about events, people and changes studied from an appropriate range of sources of information, including ICTbased sources
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KS 2
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know about the social, cultural, religious and ethnic diversity of the societies studied, in Britain and the wider world
answer questions and select and record information relevant to the focus of the enquiry
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recall, select and organise historical information use dates and historical vocabulary to describe the periods studied communicate their knowledge and understanding of history in a variety of ways study a significant period or event in the pre-history or history of Europe develop chronological understanding; e.g. recognise dates and vocabulary describe and analyse the relationships between the characteristic features of the periods and societies studied including the experiences and range of ideas, beliefs and attitudes of men, women and children in the past
KS 3
know about the social, cultural, religious and ethnic diversity of the societies studied, in Britain and the wider world analyse and explain the reasons for, and results of, the historical events, situations and changes in the periods studied consider the significance of the main events, people and changes studied identify, select and use a range of appropriate sources of information as a basis for independent historical enquiries select and record information relevant to the enquiry
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Curriculum links Northern Ireland Language and Literacy Level
Objective retrieve and collate information from a range of sources, supporting such a response with reference to text read about people from other cultures, religion, race or social backgrounds search for and find information using a computer engage with a range of texts, including non-fiction materials
KS 2
read for a variety of purposes; e.g. reading to explore aspects of cross-curricular themes, for information, to acquire and develop the skills necessary to locate information efficiently within texts and to learn about others discuss and interpret texts read justify responses logically, by inference, deduction and reference to evidence within the text learn that different reading purposes require a variety of reading skills; e.g. reviewing, recalling, skimming and scanning
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place themselves in someone else’s position and extend their capacity for sympathy and empathy apply strategies which enable them to spell unfamiliar words correctly
Sa m
engage with a range of stimuli, including prose and non-fiction
develop knowledge of how language works and their accuracy in using the conventions of spelling
KS 3
research and manage information effectively, including using ICT where appropriate
The World Around Us Level
Objective
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explore how different cultures and beliefs are reflected in a range of communication methods; e.g. compare and contrast how the culture and lifestyle of different countries are represented
develop chronological awareness by using words or phrases related to the divisions of time
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develop a sense of the past and a range and depth of knowledge and understanding understand some of the characteristic features and main events of past societies explore some of the feelings people may have had at a time in the past
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KS 2
develop an awareness of evidence, historical enquiry and interpretations by using sources of information appropriate to their age and ability to gain information about an aspect of the past extract factual information from a range of appropriate sources to make obvious statements about the past talk about some of the different ways in which the past is represented investigate and evaluate the spiritual beliefs and legacy of civilisations investigate the past and its impact on our world today
KS 3
develop chronological awareness and the ability to make connections between historical periods, events and turning points research and manage information effectively to investigate historical issues, including using ICT where appropriate
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Curriculum links Republic of Ireland English Language
1st/2nd Year
engage with an increasing range of narrative, expository and representational text
read widely as an independent reader from a more challenging range of reading material, including stories, myths, legends and nonfiction texts appropriate to his/her age and reading ability
discuss ideas and concepts encountered in other areas of the curriculum
use comprehension skills such as analysing, confirming, evaluating, synthesising and correlating to aid deduction, problem-solving and prediction
develop study skills such as skimming, scanning, note-taking and summarising
retrieve and interpret information presented in a variety of ways
support arguments and opinions with evidence from the text
read and interpret different kinds of functional text
explore appropriate non-fiction texts for various purposes
use information retrieval strategies in cross-curricular settings
discuss ideas, concepts and images encountered in literature
develop a critical consciousness with respect to all language use
become aware of the concept of style and the effects of different styles
offer experiences to develop awareness and understanding of personal, social and cultural issues
develop awareness of the selectivity of all language use in establishing specific meaning
develop the ability to use the conventions of spelling
develop reading and comprehension skills of different kinds: literal, factual, narrative, selective, structural, inferential, evaluative and appreciative
History
1st/2nd Year
Objective
become familiar with some aspects of the lives of the Greeks, including: origins, homelands and migrations, homes, settlements and urban developments, food and farming, clothes, work and technologies, tools and weapons, cultural or artistic achievements, language, myths and stories, leisure and pastimes, faith, beliefs and religious practices, burial practices, links these people had with Europe, relationship of these people with other civilisations and the long-term contribution of these people
examine critically, and become familiar with, evidence we have which tells us about these people
become familiar with the origins and traditions associated with a range of festivals in other countries (feasts and festivals in ancient times)
explore, discuss and record some of the ceremonies, stories, legends, poetry, music, dances and games associated with these feasts and festivals
examine and begin to make deductions from some simple relevant evidence
discuss the actions and feelings of characters and the attitudes and motivations of characters in their historical context
relate myths and legends to the beliefs, values and traditions of the peoples from which they came
acquire knowledge of and understanding about human activity in the past
understand how the contemporary world has been shaped by the interaction of people and events in the past
develop conceptual understanding and the ability to think independently
develop a range of skills essential for the study of history
develop an acceptance that people and events must be judged in the context of their values and time
develop an interest and enthusiasm for history and a value of their heritage from the past
acquire information and develop understanding of the way in which individuals and institutions influence and are influenced by the sequence of events in time
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Curriculum links Scotland Literacy and English Level
Objective find, select and sort information from a variety of sources
Second Level
respond to literal, inferential and evaluative questions and other types of close reading tasks spell words, using specialist vocabulary and a range of resources find, select and sort information from a variety of sources
Third Level
comment, with evidence, on short texts and respond to literal, inferential and evaluative questions and other types of close reading tasks use a range of strategies and resources to spell words, including specialist vocabulary
Social Studies – People, Past Events and Societies Objective
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describe the contribution individuals from the past have made during their lives and explain the influence of their actions then and since interpret historical sources to examine an instance of the expansion of power and influence in the past, and consider the advantages and disadvantages for those involved
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Level Second Level Third Level
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Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Curriculum links Wales English Level
Objective read in different ways for different purposes, including skimming, scanning and detailed reading and using inference and deduction retrieve and collate information and ideas from a range of sources
KS 2
experience and respond to a wide range of texts, including information and other non-literary texts and prose read texts with challenging subject matter and with a variety of structural and organisational features use appropriate vocabulary and use a variety of strategies to spell correctly read in different ways for different purposes, including skimming, scanning and detailed reading and using inference and deduction to gain meaning and enhance understanding of texts consider what they read, respond to the ideas and select evidence from the text to support their views retrieve, collate and synthesise information and ideas from a range of sources experience and respond to a wide range of texts, including information and other non-literary texts and prose
pl e
KS 3
read texts that extend intellectual understanding and with a variety of structures, forms, purposes, audiences and presentational devices
Sa m
use a wide range of vocabulary with increasing precision and extend range of spelling strategies to enable them to spell correctly
History Level
identify differences between ways of life at different times
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identify significant people and describe events within periods
understand why people did things, what caused specific events and the consequences of those events ask and answer relevant questions about the past
know how to find relevant information and use a range of sources
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select, record and organise historical information
Vi
communicate ideas, opinions and conclusions in a variety of ways within the period studied, know what life was like for rich and poor people and for men, woman and children, whether there were significant changes in people’s lives and how the daily lives of people at this time has been represented recognise the characteristic features of the periods, situations and societies studied
KS 3
ask and answer significant questions select and summarise information accurately from sources select, recall and organise historical information with increasing independence and accuracy
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Teachers Notes
Unit 1: Young women compete in a bull leaping contest on the island of Crete – 1900 BC Objectives: Pupil reads text on bull leaping contests in Crete and completes comprehension and cloze exercises. Pupil completes word study exercises by completing a word search, identifying and circling correct words and ordering sentences on the Minoan civilisation. Pupil learns about the Minoan civilisation and its culture, the palace at Knossos and the effects of tsunamis and other extreme weather systems.
Background information: This text is a live commentary. A commentary is a series of comments or notes on a particular subject such as a political, social or sporting event. Some commentaries are written and some are spoken. This particular commentary is a live commentary on a sporting event and is therefore spoken. In his live commentary, the commentator is describing the competitors in a bull leaping contest on the island of Crete as they actually compete. Crete is a large island in the eastern Mediterranean which was believed by the Greeks to be the birthplace of Zeus, the king of the gods. Lysander, who is providing the live commentary, explains and gives further information on the events as they unfold in the contest. He draws people’s attention to particular aspects of the contest and the contestants. This type of sports commentary is informational, following the events of the sport as they occur and giving information on the events.
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Crete was the home of one of the earliest civilisations of the Greek world, the Minoans, which flourished on the island from 2000 to 1425 BC (see page xii: time line of Greek history). Historians believe that the Minoans first lived on Crete around 2000 BC. They have identified the period from 2000–1600 BC as the ‘Old Palace Period’ and the period from 1600–1425 BC as the ‘New Palace Period’, when the Minoans rebuilt their palaces on a much larger scale.
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A famous archaeologist, called Sir Arthur Evans, began to excavate a palace at Knossos in 1900 and discovered evidence of a forgotten civilisation. The civilisation had a highly organised economy and sophisticated trade system, based around a series of large palaces, the biggest of which was Knossos. He called this civilisation ‘Minoan’ after a famous king of Crete called King Minos. The early Minoans developed hieroglyphic or pictorial writing on clay tablets. Linear A is the name given to the earliest form of Minoan writing, used by the Minoans from around 1900 BC. Linear B is the name given to a later form of writing which recorded information to do with food, crops and animals and was used by the Mycenaeans, who later conquered Crete, from around 1450 BC.
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Historians believe that the worship of goddesses was very important to the Minoans as there are many more statues and paintings of goddesses than gods. There was a goddess of animals known as the Mistress of the Animals, another goddess who looked after the crops and who was often depicted as a sacred tree and a household goddess who was shown with snakes (sacred symbols in Minoan Crete). The Minoans used two sacred symbols in particular in the decoration of their palaces, tombs and pots. The bull was a sacred symbol and images of its horns were discovered throughout Crete. Another sacred symbol, which appeared everywhere, was a double-headed axe, known as a labrys. The bull was also the most frequent victim of animal sacrifice to the gods. The palace at Knossos had massive limestone sculptures in the form of bulls horns along the tops of its walls, reminding all who approached of the importance of the bull in Minoan culture. One of the most famous legends associated with Crete is the legend of the Minotaur, a monster which was half-bull and half-man. According to legend, the Minotaur lived in a maze of corridors and blind alleys near the palace, which was called a labyrinth. The word ‘labyrinth’ may have come from the word ‘labrys’ because many rooms in the palace at Knossos are decorated with the sacred symbol. Geographically, Greece has a deeply indented coastline and the sea penetrates far inland. The Gulf of Corinth almost cuts mainland Greece into two; central Greece and the Peloponnese. The Aegean Basin is a geographical unit closed in by the outer line of islands, such as Crete and Rhodes. Crete is the biggest island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea with an area of 8300 square kilometres. It has a chain of mountains forming its backbone. In the centre of this mountain chain is Mount Idhi where, according to legend, Zeus was born and reared in a cave. Thera was a Greek island 62 kilometres north of Crete. Historians believe that there was a cataclysmic volcanic eruption on the island of Thera, sometime around 1620 BC. The modern islands of Santorini and Therasia are the remains of the island destroyed by this eruption, The town of Akrotiri on Thera, which had close links with the Minoans, was buried and preserved under the volcanic ash of the volcano. Akrotiri, now on Santorini, has been excavated and has revealed two-storey buildings and beautiful frescoes showing ships, towns and landscapes. Archaeologists believe that Crete was probably badly damaged by tsunamis (huge tidal waves), earth tremors and flooding caused by the volcanic eruption and many of the palaces on Crete were destroyed. A legend also tells how King Minos, the king of Crete, left the island around this time and sailed to Sicily where he was killed and his entire fleet destroyed. Whatever the reasons, there is some evidence that the Minoan civilisation began to decline around this time and was eventually overtaken by the Mycenaeans, who were from mainland Greece.
Worksheet information: In Question 3 in Exercise E, the use of bold font is intended to help pupils identify keywords in the sentences so they can establish the correct order. Ancient Greek civilisation is comprised of several periods and the Minoan civilisation occurred in one of the earliest periods. Pupils can refer to the time line of Greek history on page xii. A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided for teacher reference on pages viii – xi. Detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A have also been provided to assist comprehension of Greek terms. 2
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Answers:
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Exercise D..................... page 7 1. Teacher check word search 2. (a) earliest (b) English (c) ancient
Cross-curricular activities:
(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o)
bought prosperous legendary royal pillared corridors frescoes bull-leaping olive oil human being Linear A no-one
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I L O N U G P G L H B V N V Exercise E �������������� pages 8–9 1. Teacher check S I R A R T H U R E V A N S 2. Answers (b), (c) and (e) should L S S O E C E E R G P C L M be ticked. 3. (1) Firstly, the term ‘tsunami’ A H U T S E T N O C G X L A comes from two Japanese words, ‘tsu’ meaning N N S E S S E D D O G E U Z harbour and ‘nami’ D P R O P Y L A I O N U B E meaning wave. (2) Secondly, a tsunami is caused by seismic activity on the ocean floor. (3) Thirdly the word ‘seismic’ means an artificial tremor or shock caused by an earthquake. (4) The seismic activity affects the sea floor, causing huge waves up to 15 metres high. (5) These tall waves cause a lot of destruction when they crash against the coast. (6) Indeed, the destructive force of these killer waves can sweep away people, animals and buildings. (7) Today, modern historians believe that such tsunamis may have contributed to the decline of the Minoan civilisation. (8) One of the worst modern tsunamis occurred on December 26 2004. (9) It occurred near the Indonesian island of Sumatra and killed over 200 000 people. (10) Now, special ocean monitoring stations and tsunami warning centres have now been set up to forewarn people. 4. (a) Crete (b) Thera (c) tsunami (d) seismic (e) powerful (f) Santorini (g) earthquake (h) cyclone (i) tornado (j) flooding
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I C S T C
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Exercise C.......................... page 6 excavate, evidence, storerooms, important, back, passages, horns, plaster, being, easier, decorated, Minoans, reconstruct, colours, buildings
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Exercise B.......................... page 5 1. They are waiting to watch a bull leaping contest. 2. There are three contestants. Their names are Phaedra, Europa and Pasiphai. 3. Lysander says that it is not as magnificent as the palace in Knossos. 4. The bull’s trainer believes that the bull is the finest in Crete. 5. Lysander says that he never realised just how dangerous the sport of bull leaping is. 6. Europa has to withdraw as she is slightly injured and has a limp. She is from the eastern city of Mallia. 7. Teacher check 8. The winner is Pasiphai from Knossos. Teacher check 9. Answers (a), (b), (d), (g) and (h) should be ticked.
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Pupils can look at some of the wall paintings excavated at Knossos and see the bull leaping contests and other paintings as depicted by Minoan artists. A good website with information and images on Knossos is <www.grisel.net/knossos.htm>.
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Pupils can find out more about Sir Arthur Evans, his work at Knossos and the controversy surrounding his methods of excavation and reconstruction at <www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/minoan_01.shtml>. Pupils can learn more about the Minotaur at <www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/religion/myths/minotaur.htm>. Information on the excavations at Akrotiri on the island of Santorini can be found at <www.therafoundation.org>. Pupils can research the effects of tsunamis and earthquakes at <www.ess.washington.edu/tsunami/index.html>. An online archaeology magazine, designed for young people, is at <www.digonsite.com> and may introduce young people to current issues in modern archaeology.
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Reading
Read the following live commentary by Lysander on a bull leaping contest in Crete.
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. My name is Lysander and you are joining me here at the arena, live in Knossos1, just as the bull is being led out into the ring. We are here to witness one of the famous Cretan bull leaping contests2. There’s a tremendous crowd here to witness this contest, one of the most popular of all during the week of contests here. The crowd is loud with anticipation and its roar must surely be heard from one end of this island to the other!
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We have three contestants taking part in this particular contest. They are currently lining up just outside and will shortly enter the arena. What a job they’re going to have! Earlier this morning, the bull trainer took me to see the bull and he looked extremely lively to my eyes. He is the finest bull in Crete, according to their trainer. Here come the competitors. At my right, we have Phaedra, an 18 year old from the nearby city of Arkhanes. Her city also has a palace, although not as magnificent as the palace here in Knossos. This is her third bull leaping contest and she told me earlier that she is confident she will win today as she has won the last two. Secondly, we have Europa from the eastern city of Mallia, another city with a palace. She is 20 years old and is taking part in her fifth contest. She told me earlier that if she doesn’t win today, this will be her last contest. Finally, we have Pasiphai who, at 16 years of age, is the newest and youngest competitor and is taking part in her very first contest. She is a native of Knossos and is keen to win for the honour of this great city. She told me earlier that her mother was a champion bull leaper here in Crete and she is determined to follow in her footsteps. It’s getting very tense here as we all wait for the starting horn to blow. And it’s started! The angry bull has just run out into the ring. He’s bellowing loudly and he looks dangerous. I’m glad I’m not in there! And here are the contestants, striding out in the sunshine, looking very determined. There goes Phaedra, already leaping dramatically over the bull’s back. She is joined very quickly by Europa and Pasiphai, who are somersaulting so fast that I fear I will grow dizzy. Oh, no! Suddenly Europa is thrown up into the air. Has she been injured? Only very slightly, I’m sad to say she must withdraw from the contest. She waves at the crowd as she leaves the ring limping. Now the acrobatics continue. Pasiphai is attempting what looks like a very dangerous leap. She grabs the bull’s horns and jumps. Can she do it? Yes, she can. The crowd roar their approval. The tension is mounting. The leaping is amazing, as the girls compete to show who is the most athletic. The jumps are getting more elaborate and more dangerous as the seconds fly by. Who will be the winner? The crowd is quiet as the acrobats twist, turn and leap over the horns of the enraged animal. I never realised until today just how dangerous this sport is. It’s between Phaedra and Pasiphai— Arkhanes versus Knossos. Suddenly, it’s all over! Phaedra has tripped and fallen. Quickly, she is lifted clear of the rampaging bull who is battling with its trainer to break free as it is dragged out of the ring. There, in the centre of the arena, is Pasiphai, the youngest contestant. At 16 years of age, she has triumphed in her very first contest for her home city of Knossos! The crowd roar ‘Bravo for Knossos and for Pasiphai!’ 4
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Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text.
1. What event are the spectators in the arena at Knossos waiting to watch? 2. How many contestants are taking part in the contest and what are their names? 3. What does Lysander say about the palace in the city of Arkhanes? 4. Who, according to Lysander, believes that the bull is the finest in Crete? 5. What does Lysander say that he never realised as he comments on the contest?
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6. Which contestant has to withdraw early from the contest and why? Where is she from?
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7. Describe, in your own words, what skills the young women must display in order to win the contest.
8. Who is the winner of the contest and where is she from? Would you say that she had an advantage compared to the other contestants in her preparations for the contest? What, in your opinion, is this advantage?
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9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct: (a) The Cretans enjoyed sporting contests such as bull leaping..................................................
(e) Only girls were allowed to take part in bull leaping contests.........................................
(b) The palace at Knossos was the political and administrative centre of the Cretan civilisation....
(f) Bull leaping was not a dangerous sport..............
(g) There is evidence showing the sport of bull leaping in the wall paintings at Knossos.......
(h) A legend exists about a famous creature called the Minotaur who lived at Knossos....................
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(c) The athletes somersaulted over the heads of horses and deer............................................... (d) The athletes were judged on their acrobatic and somersaulting skills....................................
1. Knossos was the Minoan city excavated by the archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. His excavation work began on 23 March 1900 and his team found a huge palace, several storeys high, on an enormous site with a vast number of rooms, courtyards and storerooms. It may have contained as many as 1400 rooms with numerous courtyards and corridors. It contained a propylaeum, a pillared hall, and the royal megarons or throne rooms. As the archaeological dig continued, it became obvious that Knossos was the centre of the Minoan civilisation. Knossos was a city within a city, covering an area over 98 sq km. As well as being the home of the king, it was also a centre for religious observance and the administration centre for the Minoan state. This great palace was a centre of political power in the Aegean Basin for over 600 years. It was also associated with a legendary creature, the Minotaur, who was half-man and half-bull. The Minotaur was condemned to live in a huge labyrinth or maze close to the palace at Knossos. 2. The bull was worshipped by the Minoans and symbols of bulls’ horns are evident in Cretan art. Bull leaping contests were practised as a kind of religious ritual. They involved male and female acrobats leaping over an angry, running bull. This contest needed great skill and bravery on the part of the contestants as they were risking their lives by participating in it. The acrobat faced the moving bull, grabbed its horns, leaped into the air and somersaulted over the top of the horns and onto the bull’s back. From this standing position, the acrobat somersaulted again over the animal’s tail and landed with his or her feet together behind the bull. There are wall paintings from the palace at Knossos, the biggest palace in Minoan Crete, showing three youths somersaulting over a bull in a contest. There are also paintings showing girls involved in bull leaping contests. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
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passages decorated buildings
storerooms plaster excavate
The Minoans on the island of Crete were one of the earliest Greek civilisations, appearing around 2000 BC. An English a site there, on 23 March 1900, and discovered dramatic
archaeologist, Sir Arthur Evans, began to
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of a civilisation that had existed centuries before. Sir Arthur had bought land from the Cretan government in 1899 and his team of 32 workmen and a foreman uncovered a palace with a maze of rooms, courtyards and on the enormous site. Sir Arthur became convinced that the palace had been the centre of an
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ancient civilisation. Work at Knossos continued for 35 years and evidence of a complex civilisation with its own form of writing and a prosperous economic system, emerged. Sir Arthur Evans named this civilisation ‘Minoan’ after the legendary king of Crete, King Minos. According to the legend, the god Zeus fell in love with a princess called Europa and, changing himself into the form of a white bull, swam to Crete with her on his
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Underneath the royal palace there was a series of
. There they had three sons, including
and corridors, which led to a large
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number of workshops containing treasures. Beautiful murals on the walls show sports such as bull leaping, which involved dangerous somersaults and daring acrobatics over the
and backs of bulls. Wall paintings . Other
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such as these are known as frescoes. They were made by applying paint to wet
frescoes, including those found in the queen’s apartment, showed dolphins and a procession of jar bearers. At least 400 jars were found in the palace’s storerooms. Some storage vessels were enormous, standing taller than the height of a human , and they had many handles to make them called pithoi and were
to carry. They were sometimes
with the sacred symbol of the double-headed axe, the labrys.
Evidence was found of an early system of pictorial writing or hieroglyphics, which may have been used around 2000 BC. A later form of writing, called Linear A script, was developed by the
and used from around 1900 BC. No-one
has yet deciphered this early form of Minoan writing. Controversially, Sir Arthur decided to buildings at Knossos and paint some of them in their original
the . Modern archaeologists now prefer to
conserve rather than to reconstruct an ancient site. Today, visitors can see the excavations of the palace carried out by Sir Arthur Evans.
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acropolis Aegean archaeology bull contest Crete excavation goddesses gods Greece hieroglyphics island King Minos Knossos labyrinth leaping Linear A maze megaron Minoans minotaur Peleponnese polis propylaeum sailors Sir Arthur Evans underground Zeus
2. Read the following sentences about the Minoans and circle the correct word. (a) The Minoans were one of the earliest/latest Greek civilisations.
(b) An Italian/English archaeologist called Sir Arthur Evans began to excavate in Crete in March, 1900.
(c) He uncovered evidence of an ancient/medieval civilisation that had existed there centuries before.
(d) Sir Arthur had rented/bought the land from the Greek government in 1899.
(e) Evidence of a civilisation with a poor/prosperous economic system began to emerge.
(f) Sir Arthur called this civilisation Minoan after the legendary/recent king of Crete, King Minos.
(g) The palace at Knossos was the residence of the religious/royal family.
(h) Knossos had a series of great pillared/vaulted halls called propylaeums.
(i) Under the palace, they discovered a series of caves/corridors which led to storerooms.
(j) These contained beautiful mural paintings on the walls known as frescoes/mosaics.
(k) The Minoans enjoyed sports such as bull fighting/bull leaping.
(l) 400 jars were found in the underground storerooms containing sunflower oil/olive oil.
(m) Some of these storage jars, called pithoi, were enormous, standing taller than a human being/temple.
(n) Evidence of an early form of writing called Linear D/Linear A was found.
(o) No-one/Someone has succeeded in deciphering this language so far.
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1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) Aegean Sea: The sea that lies between the peninsula of Greece and Turkey.
(b) Crete: A large island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, traditionally the birthplace of the god Zeus.
(c) bull leaping contests: A ritual or sport practised by boys and girls which involved leaping over bulls.
(d) King Minos: A powerful ruler of Crete who imprisoned the Minotaur in a large maze close to his palace at Knossos.
(e) Knossos: A great palace covering 98 sq. kilometres and also the administrative centre of the Minoan civilisation.
(f) labyrinth: An intricate network of passages designed to be confusing, also known as a maze.
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(g) labrys: A sacred symbol of a double-headed axe, which used to decorate objects made by the Minoans.
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(h) megaron: A royal throne room used as a reception room by the king or queen.
(j) Minotaur: A legendary creature who was half-man and half-bull who was trapped in the labyrinth near Knossos.
(k) Peloponnese: The southern part of Greece, a peninsula surrounded by sea on three sides.
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(i) Minoan civilisation: The name given to the civilisation of Crete, at its height from 2200 to 1450 BC.
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(l) propylaeum: The great pillared halls in the palace at Knossos.
2. Read the following statements about the Minoans and tick those that are correct.
(a) The ancient Minoans lived on the island of Cyprus................................................
(b) The bull was a sacred symbol of the Minoan civilisation........................................
(c) The main palace in Minoan Crete was called Knossos...........................................
(d) The Minotaur was a legendary creature who was half-man and half-wolf...............
(e) Sir Arthur Evans excavated Knossos at the beginning of the twentieth century........
(f) Wall paintings at Knossos show no evidence of bull leaping contests.....................
(g) The palace complex at Knossos may have contained as many as 3000 rooms.......
(h) The king’s megaron was a sports arena within the palace.....................................
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Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. Archaeologists believe that a devastating earthquake in the Aegean Sea, near the island of Thera, may have resulted in Crete being hit by a tsunami. They believe that this may have contributed to the decline of the Minoan civilisation. The order of sentences in the following paragraph, which contains information on tsunamis, has been mixed up. Can you arrange the sentences in their correct order, numbering them from 1–8? Note that words in bold are keywords or phrases that may help you to identify the correct order. Indeed, the destructive force of these killer waves can sweep away people, animals and buildings.
Firstly, the term ‘tsunami’ comes from two Japanese words, ‘tsu’ meaning harbour and ‘nami’ meaning wave.
Secondly, a tsunami is caused by seismic activity on the ocean floor.
These tall waves cause a lot of destruction when they crash against the coast.
One of the worst modern tsunamis occurred on December 26 2004.
Today, modern historians believe that such tsunamis may have contributed to the decline of the Minoan civilisation.
The seismic activity affects the sea floor, causing huge waves up to 15 metres high.
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It occurred near the Indonesian island of Sumatra and killed over 200 000 people.
Now, special ocean monitoring stations and tsunami warning centres have now been set up to forewarn people.
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Thirdly, the word ‘seismic’ means an artificial tremor or shock caused by an earthquake.
4. Choose the correct word from the box to complete the following sentences. tornado
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a with a funnel-shaped cloud.
is a whirling wind
(j) The country of Bangladesh has suffered very
destructive result of cyclones.
as a
Discussion points — Archaeological research Research the work of Sir Arthur Evans, using the library and the Internet, and discuss the issues arising from the reconstruction of some of the palace buildings at Knossos.
Suggest which model of archaeological practice should be followed in order to preserve valuable sites for the future, such as the provision of visitor centres and limiting visitor numbers.
Consider if newly discovered sites should be as fully excavated as they were in the past.
Discuss if modern technology can recreate ancient sites successfully as a method of allowing us to explore the past without destroying valuable evidence; e.g. in computer generated 3-D graphics and images and in the development of virtual tours of archaeological sites.
Discuss whether modern archaeologists should concentrate on preservation rather than excavation. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
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Teachers Notes
Unit 2: Clio, a Mycenaean servant tells a bedtime story to the royal princesses – 1160 BC Objectives: Pupil reads text about the Mycenaean civilisation and completes comprehension and cloze exercises. Pupil completes word study exercises in ordering sentences, correcting spelling and circling correct words or phrases. Pupil learns about the Mycenaean civilisation, their trading links and the legend of Troy.
Background information:
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This text is a dialogue. A dialogue is a conversation between two parties and may be spoken or written. This dialogue is a conversation between a Mycenaean servant girl and two royal princesses whom she is putting to bed at night in their palace bedroom. She refers to a famous legend in this dialogue. Legends are traditional stories about heroic characters which have been passed from one generation to the next. They are told as though the events were actual historical events. Legends may be based on truth but, over time, can become embellished with extra details. Clio tells the two princesses, Persephone and Pandora, about the legend of the wooden horse of Troy to help them fall asleep. Historians believe that the Mycenaeans were probably the first important Greek civilisation on mainland Greece and they lived in the north-eastern area of the Peloponnese, from around 1800 to 1200 BC, expanding their civilisation into Crete as the Minoan civilisation declined. Some evidence suggests that the Trojan Wars may have taken place around 1250 BC, around the time that the Mycenaean civilisation began to decline, and that these events may have inspired the poet Homer to write the famous poem Iliad. The actual wars were probably a struggle over the control of valuable trade routes in the Dardanelles area of Greece.
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Clio is a household slave whose duties revolve around looking after the children of the royal palace. Female slaves were usually involved in the care of children and in household duties such as cleaning, cooking and going to the market for food. Male slaves usually worked as labourers and miners. Many slaves came from the fringes of the Greek world and were prisoners of war. Slaves were the property of their masters and had no rights. A small number of slaves saved up and bought their freedom.
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The Mycenaean civilisation followed the Minoan civilisation in the time line of Greek history (see time line) and was the first important Greek civilisation on mainland Greece. It developed in the north-eastern area of the Peloponnese around 1600 BC. The Mycenaeans dominated mainland Greece from around 1800–1100 BC. The name of their civilisation comes from the city of Mycenae where some of the remains of their culture were discovered. The Mycenaeans spoke an early form of Greek and were united by their common culture. Some of the most important archaeological evidence about them has been found in the royal tombs at Mycenae, which date from 1600 BC. The Mycenaeans built two types of tombs, shaft graves which could be over 12 metres deep and usually contained several bodies from the same family, and tholos tombs, which were beehive-shaped tombs that replaced shaft tombs around 1500 BC. The Mycenaeans buried members of their royal families in the tombs and provided them with precious objects for the afterlife. These treasures have survived because their tombs were difficult to break into.
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The Mycenaeans were great builders who learned how to quarry and build. However, unlike some ancient civilisations, they did not build huge temples but set aside rooms in their houses and palaces for worship to the gods. They were similar to the Minoans because their goddesses, such as Hestia, were worshipped as very powerful figures. They also worshipped gods such as Zeus, Poseidon and Dionysos, who would become important gods in the religious practice of the later Greeks. They were good sailors who developed trade routes to Egypt, the Near East and the Baltic Sea. Around 1250 BC, the Mycenaeans began to build defensive walls around their cities. Historians believe that they may have been under threat of attack. By 1200 BC, the Mycenaean civilisation suffered an economic decline and began to abandon their cities. Historians believe this may also have been due to earthquakes, fires and wars in the region. Around 1000 BC, the period in Greek history known as the Dark Ages began. Linear B is the name given to the written language of the Mycenaeans. Historians believe they learned the art of writing from the Minoans by combining some signs from the Minoan’s written language, called Linear A. They added their own new signs and produced the new script. Clay tablets covered with this script have been discovered. Linear B has been deciphered and has provided valuable information on the Mycenaean way of life. Linear A has still not been deciphered. Archaeologists are still divided about the evidence surrounding the city of Troy. A German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, discovered the site of the ancient city of Troy near the Mediterranean coast in modern Turkey. Excavations revealed that there were at least nine cities there, one built on top of the other between 3000 BC and 500 BC. Schliemann had to search carefully to find the remains of Troy, which most archaeologists believed existed from 1800–1240 BC. He used the clues and descriptions given by Homer in Iliad and believed that he had found Troy when, in 1871, he discovered the remains of buildings and treasure at the site. Schliemann believed the treasure had belonged to King Priam, the king of Troy. However, archaeologists today have no conclusive proof that the events as described by Homer ever took place, but it is agreed that Schliemann’s excavations did reveal the location of the city of Troy. In fact, nine Troys were uncovered at the site, with one city built over another. In 1874, Schliemann carried out more excavations at a new site and believed that he had found the city of Mycenae and the burial place of King Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae at the time of the Trojan Wars. He found a golden hoard of jewellery dating back to 1600 BC, which he believed belonged to King Agamemnon. Subsequent research showed that the treasures, such as gold masks, drinking cups and swords, were from an earlier period.
Worksheet information: Ancient Greek civilisation is comprised of several periods and the Mycenaean civilisation was one of the earliest. Pupils can refer to the time line of ancient Greek history on page xii. 10
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Teachers Notes Teachers have the option to ask pupils to read the text in Exercise A aloud. Question 2 in Exercise D may require pupils to use dictionaries. Pupils may find it useful to use the information given in the exercises B and C, when completing the exercises in the word study section, Exercise D. A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided for teacher reference on pages viii – xi. Many of them appear in Question 1 in Exercise E. Detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A have also been provided to assist comprehension of Greek terms.
Answers: (b) legendary (c) armour (d) civilisation (e) beehive (f) indicating (g) trade (h) decline (i) region (j) deciphered (a) (i) (b) (iii) (c) (ii) (e) (iii) (f) (i)
(d) (i)
Exercise E..................................pages 16–17 1. Teacher check 2. (a) T (b) F (c) T (d) T (e) F (f) F (g) T (h) F (i) T (j) F (k) T (l) F (m) F (n) F (o) T 3. (a) (iv) (b) (vii) (c) (x) (d) (viii) (e) (ix) (f) (v) (g) (iii) (h) (i) (i) (vi) (j) (ii) 4. (1) (b) (i) (2) (a) (iii) (3) (c) (ii)
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Exercise D......................................... page 15 1. (1) Historians believe the city of Troy was situated on the west coast of modern Turkey at Hasarlik. (2) The legends associated with the city of Troy were written down as epic poems by the Greek poet Homer.
(3) Homer told the story of the wooden horse of Troy in his epic poem Iliad. (4) Homer told of how Paris, the son of the king of Troy, was given a golden apple to give to one of three goddesses. (5) Paris chose to give it to Aphrodite, goddess of beauty, as she had made him a promise if he gave her the apple. (6) Aphrodite had promised him that he would marry the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Troy. (7) In 1870, a German archaeologist called Heinrich Schliemann began to excavate the site of the city of Troy. (8) Schliemann was determined to find the site of the city but he actually found nine cities built one of top of each other. (9) Later archaeologists discovered that as each city fell into decay, a new city was built on top of its ruins. (10) Schliemann went on to excavate the site of the city of Mycenae, in the Peleponnese, in 1874. 2. (a) conquered
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Exercise C......................................... page 14 Greece, cities, rooms, Egypt, political, twelve, treasure, break, discovered, described, masks, funeral, foreign, cities, region, legend
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Exercise B......................................... page 13 1. They are being formally presented at court for the first time tomorrow. 2. She thinks she may have told the story to the princesses a hundred times. 3. Teacher check 4. Aphrodite, goddess of love and beauty, and Hestia, goddess of home and family. 5. Teacher check 6. Clio says that there was a war in the area some years ago and that some older people can remember there was a wooden horse. 7. She did not become involved in quarrels and arguments. 8. Teacher check 9. (a), (c), and (h) should be ticked.
Pupils may wish to look at some of the Mycenaean treasures discovered in the royal tombs at Mycenae. A collection of 15 000 Greek and Roman vases can be seen in the State Hermitage Museum of St Petersburg in Russia and some of these can be viewed online at <www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_1_1.html>.
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Pupils can research the Trojan Wars and the legends associated with them at <www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/greece/the_ myth_of_the_trojan_war/the_myth_of_the_trojan_war.aspx>. Information on Greek mythology and on the Greek hero, Odysseus, the king of Ithaca, who fought in the Trojan wars, can be found at <www.mythweb.com/odyssey/index.html>. Pupils can look at photographs of some of the Mycenaean treasures in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, including the mask found by Heinrich Schliemann, known as the Mask of Agamemnon, at <www.greeklandscapes.com/greece/athens_museum_mycenae. html>. The sites at Mycenae in Greece and Troy in Turkey are on the UNESCO World Heritage list. Pupils can find out more about the work of the World Heritage Committee at <http://whc.unesco.org>.
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Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Now, Persephone and Pandora, it’s time for you to sleep. You have a very busy day tomorrow and you will be formally presented at the royal court for the first time. Persephone: But I’m not feeling tired. I don’t want to sleep. I’m too excited to sleep. Clio: You both need to rest or you will not feel well tomorrow. Persephone: Tell us that bedtime story again. The one about the wooden horse1. Please, Clio, please. We love it so much. Clio: You want to hear that story again! But I think I might have told it to you a hundred times already! Pandora: I want to hear it again, too. I love it. I love to hear about the wooden horse. Please tell it to us again. Clio: Do you both promise to lie down and listen to the story and then go to sleep as soon as I have finished it? Persephone: Yes, yes. I promise, I promise. Pandora promises too. Pandora: I do. Look, I’m lying down on my bed. Persephone: Look at me. I’m lying down, too. I’ll even close my eyes as I listen to you. Clio: Well, then I will begin. Some years ago, there were a group of fierce warriors who had gathered from all over Greece to rescue a woman who was believed to be the most beautiful princess in the world. Her name was Helen and she lived in Troy2. Pandora: Why was she called the most beautiful princess in the world? Clio: She had been chosen by the goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite, as the most beautiful princess on earth. The warriors arrived outside Troy and waited there for months and months. Persephone: Why did they have wait for months and months? Clio: They had to wait there because Troy was a powerful city. The Trojan people were strong and the Greek attackers had to lay siege3 to it. Pandora: How long did they wait for? Clio: Eventually, the siege lasted for ten years. Persephone: Ten years! I would never have waited that long. I would have gone in and ... Clio: Persephone, you’re going to have to listen to the story and stop interrupting me or I’ll stop right now. Persephone: Alright. I promise I won’t interrupt you any more, unless there’s something I really don’t ... Clio: Persephone! Persephone: Alright. I’ll listen. Clio: In the end, they decided to trick the Trojans by giving them a gift of a huge wooden horse. The Trojans foolishly accepted the gift, not realising that Greek soldiers were hidden inside it. The Greek soldiers sneaked out of the horse during the night, opened the city gates and let the rest of the Greeks in. The Trojans were caught off guard and the city of Troy was set on fire and destroyed. Pandora: How big was the wooden horse? Clio: It was huge, taller than the city walls. Wheels had to be fixed underneath it and ropes placed around its neck so that it could be dragged into Troy. Persephone: What happened to the wooden horse in the end? Clio: It must have burned, just as the city of Troy burned. Pandora: Is this story true, Clio? Did it really happen? Clio: Everyone says it’s true. There was a war in that area some years ago. Those who are very old and can remember say that there was a wooden horse, just like the one in the story. I believe that it happened. Persephone: So do I. If I sleep now, will you tell it to us again tomorrow night? Clio: Yes. May the gentle goddess, Hestia4, protect both of you and give you a good night’s sleep. It’s late and I must work now to sew and press your costumes. You are royal princesses and you must look your best tomorrow. 1. The legends associated with the ancient city of Troy tell the story that inspired the poet Homer’s great epic poem, called Iliad, which historians believe he may have written in the 8th century BC. It tells the story of the city of Troy, situated on the west coast of modern Turkey and how it was destroyed by the Greeks after a siege lasting ten years. The Greeks, who were trying to bring back a princess named Helen, came up with a plan to hide inside a huge wooden horse. They tricked the Trojans into accepting their gift and the horse was dragged into their walled city. Later, the Greeks emerged from it and destroyed Troy. Homer wrote two epic poems, Iliad and Odyssey, in the 8th century BC. 12
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. Why are the royal princesses, Persephone and Pandora, so excited? 2. How many times does Clio think she might have told them the bedtime story? 3. In your opinion, which of the two princesses, Persephone or Pandora, is the more demanding of Clio? Give reasons for your answer. 4. Clio makes references to Greek goddesses in her conversation with the princesses. Which goddesses does she refer to and what areas of life did they rule over?
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5. In your opinion, why does the story of the wooden horse of Troy fascinate the princesses so much?
6. How does Clio support her view that the story of Troy is true?
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8. Can you find any evidence in this dialogue that supports the conclusion that Clio has to work hard in her job?
9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct: (a) The two princesses are being presented at court tomorrow................................................ (b) The princesses are tired of hearing the story of the wooden horse of Troy.............................. (c) Clio is a slave and a royal servant in the palace..
(d) Pandora interrupts Clio all the time as she tells the story.......................................................... (e) The Trojans were aware that the Greeks were hiding inside the wooden horse......................... (f) The city of Troy was in ancient Persia................. (g) The goddess Hestia was the Greek goddess of the harvest...................................................
2. Helen of Troy was reputed to be the most beautiful mortal woman. A legend tells that Paris, the son of the king of Troy, was given a golden apple and was told to give it to one of three goddesses: Athena, the goddess of war and the patron goddess of the city-state, Athens; Hera, the goddess of marriage; or Aphrodite, the goddess of love. They vied with each other to win the golden apple but Aphrodite won by promising Paris that he would marry the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Troy. However, Helen was already married to King Menelaus and, when she escaped to Troy with Paris, the Greeks went to war to get her back. 3. To lay siege to a city meant to create a military blockade of a fortified location, in this case the city of Troy, and to continually attempt to gain possession of it by military force. 4. Hestia was the Greek goddess of the home and the family. Every Greek home had a shrine dedicated to her. She was gentle and, unlike some of the other Greek gods and goddesses, she did not become involved in quarrels and arguments. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Literacy and history – The Greeks
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The Mycenaean civilisation followed that of the Minoans and was the first great civilisation of mainland
Historians believe that the Mycenaean civilisation developed in the north-eastern area of the Peloponnese around 1800 BC. Some of have been excavated at Mycenae. The Mycenaeans were great builders and sailors
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the remains of their and did not build huge temples but set aside
in their palaces for religious shrines. They developed new
trade routes and sailed to
, the Near East and the Baltic Sea. They invaded Crete around 1450 BC, centre of the Cretan civilisation, and became the rulers of Crete.
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taking the palace at Knossos, the
Evidence of two types of tombs has been uncovered at Mycenae. Shaft graves could be as deep as
metres
graves around 1500 BC. Precious The tombs were difficult to
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and usually contained the bodies of several members of the same family. Tholos tombs were beehive shaped tombs and replaced shaft was buried in the tombs along with the bodies of the royal family. into so many of these valuable items have survived. Heinrich Schliemann,
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a German archaeologist, excavated the Mycenaean royal burial ground in 1874. He had already excavated what he believed was the original site of Troy, in 1870, at Hisarlik (now in modern Turkey). At Mycenae, Schliemann
gold jewellery,
dating from around 1600 BC. Schliemann believed that this was what Homer had referred to when he Mycenae as being rich in gold. Five golden funeral one of these was the
were found and Schliemann wrongly believed that mask of King Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae at the time of the Trojan Wars.
Around 1250 BC, the Mycenaeans built defensive walls around their towns as they were under threat from invaders. Their trading empire declined and their towns may have been destroyed or fallen into ruin. Historians believe that there may have been earthquakes and fires in the
which contributed to the decline. The Dark Ages began in
Greece and only the stories associated with the Mycenaean civilisation survived. In the 8th century BC, the poet Homer wrote his epic poems, Iliad and Odyssey, which retold famous Mycenaean legends such as the
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of Troy.
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Exercise D:
Word study exercises
1. Arrange these sentences about the city of Troy in order. Note that words in bold font are keywords or phrases that may help you to identify the correct order.
The legends associated with the city of Troy were written down as epic poems by the Greek poet Homer. Schliemann was determined to find the site of the city but he actually found nine cities built one of top of each other. Homer told of how Paris, the son of the king of Troy, was given a golden apple to give to one of three goddesses. Schliemann went on to excavate the site of the city of Mycenae, in the Peleponnese, in 1874.
Historians believe the city of Troy was situated on the west coast of modern Turkey at Hasarlik. In 1870, a German archaeologist called Heinrich Schliemann began to excavate the site of the city of Troy. Homer told the story of the wooden horse of Troy in his epic poem Iliad. Later archaeologists discovered that as each city fell into decay, a new city was built on top of its ruins. Paris chose to give it to Aphrodite, goddess of beauty, as she had made him a promise if he gave her the apple.
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Aphrodite had promised him that he would marry the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Troy.
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2. Find ten misspellings in the following paragraph on the Mycenaeans. Write them with correct spelling in the spaces below. You may use a dictionary. The Mycenaeans reached the height of their powers in 1600 BC, when they conkered Crete. Their main city was Mycenae, in the Peleponnese, which was the city of King Agamemnon, the legandary king of the Trojan Wars. They were warriors and bronze weapons and armmour have been found in their graves. The royal tombs at Mycenae have revealed important information about their civillisation. They built two types of tombs, shaft graves and tholos tombs. Tholos tombs had a distinctive beahive shape. Valuable items were usually buried with members of the royal family in their tombs, indacating that the Mycenaeans believed in life after death. The Mycenaeans were good sailors who developed new traid routes to Egypt, the Near East and the Baltic Sea. They began to declyne around 1200 BC, possibly as a result of earthquakes, fires and wars in the rejion. Their written language, a type of hieroglyphics or picture writing, was given the name Linear B and has been decifhered, unlike the Minoan script, which has not.
1.
9.
3. Circle the correct answers.
(a) The Mycenaean civilisation in Greece developed (i) after the Minoan civilisation. (ii) before the Minoan civilisation. (iii) during the Dark Ages.
(b) Evidence of the Mycenaeans has been found in (i) the Acropolis in Athens. (ii) ruins on the island of Santorini. (iii) the north-eastern area of the Peleponnese.
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(c) The Mycenaeans were great sailors who traded with (i) the Minoans. (ii) Egypt, the Near East and the Baltic Sea. (iii) the Romans.
(d) The Mycenaeans invaded the island of Crete around (i) 1450 BC. (ii) 1350 BC. (iii) 1200 BC.
Literacy and history – The Greeks
(e) Heinrich Schliemann was an archaeologist from (i) France. (ii) Austria. (iii) Germany. (f) He was convinced that he could uncover the site of (i) the city of Troy. (ii) the tomb of Prince Paris. (iii) the wooden horse of Troy.
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Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) Helen of Troy: The wife of Menelaus, the king of Sparta, whose brother was Agamemnon, King of Mycenae.
(b) Hestia: Greek goddess of the home and the hearth, she offered protection to the home and the family. (c) Homer: 8th century Greek poet traditionally described as the author of the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey. (d) Iliad: Poem telling the story of the Trojan Wars and the legendary hero, Achilles, who killed the Trojan hero, Prince Hector. (e) Linear B: The written language of the Mycenaeans, developed from the earlier Linear A of the Minoan civilisation. (f) Mycenae: A civilisation that developed in the north-eastern area of the Peleponnese around 1600 BC.
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(g) Schliemann: German archaeologist who discovered the site of the ancient city of Troy in modern Turkey in 1870.
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(h) shaft graves: Mycenaean graves over 12 metres deep in which several members of the same family were buried. (i) tholos tombs: Beehive-shaped Mycenaean tombs which replaced the earlier style of tombs around 1500 BC.
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(j) Aphrodite: Greek goddess of love and beauty.
(k) Troy: City in Asia Minor which figured in the famous epic poems by Homer called Iliad and Odyssey.
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(l) Zeus: King of the Greek gods, portrayed carrying a thunderbolt, who lived on Mount Olympus in northern Greece.
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2. Mark the statements in the following list that are true with a T and those that are false with an F. (a) The Mycenaean civilisation followed the Minoan civilisation in the time line of ancient Greece.
(h) The site of the city of Mycenae was located in the 19th century by Sir Arthur Evans.
(b) The Mycenaeans tried to invade Crete but they did not succeed.
(i)
Linear B is a type of hieroglyphic or picture writing.
(j)
The poet Homer wrote short love poems.
(c) Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaean civilisation began to suffer a decline. (d) Linear B is the name given to the written language of the Mycenaeans.
(l)
Linear B has not yet been deciphered.
(e) According to legend, Helen of Troy was chosen as the most beautiful woman on Earth by the goddess Hera.
(m) The man who excavated Troy also searched for Mycenae but never found it.
(f) The siege of the city of Troy lasted for twenty years.
(o) A hoard of golden treasure was found at Mycenae by Heinrich Schliemann.
(g) The Mycenaeans believed in goddesses such as Aphrodite and Hestia. 16
(k) The legends of Troy were handed down in oral form until the 8th century BC.
Literacy and history – The Greeks
(n) The Mycenaeans were farmers rather than sailors.
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Exercise E:
3. Match the following names/terms referred to in this unit with their descriptions. Name
Description
(ii) King of the Greek gods who carried a thunderbolt
(c) The city of Troy
(iii) Wife of King Menelaus, who ran away with Paris to Troy
(d) Homer
(iv) Greek goddess of love and beauty
(e) Mount Olympus
(v) King of Sparta, brother of King Agamemnon
(f)
Greek goddess of the home and the hearth
(vi) Huge wooden device in which soldiers hid to enter Troy
(g) Helen of Troy
(vii) Son of Agamemnon, the king of Troy
(h) The goddess Hestia
(viii) 8th century Greek poet who wrote epic poems
The wooden horse of Troy
(ix) Home of the Greek gods in northern Greece
(j)
(x) City in Asia Minor which appears in Iliad
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(b) From the Near East
3. Silver
(c) From the Baltic Sea
(ii) Ritual jugs called ‘rhytons’, in the shape of stags’
heads or bulls’ heads were made of silver
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2. Gold, amethyst, carnelian, hippopotamus ivory
Uses
(i) Amber necklaces were popular with Mycenaean
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1. Amber
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4. The Mycenaeans were good sailors and traded with many areas of the Mediterranean Sea, including Egypt, the Near East and the Baltic Sea. The following descriptions of these three trading partners and the products they traded with the Mycenaeans have been mixed up. Match the goods traded with their descriptions and what the Mycenaeans used them for.
(iii) gold = jewellery/masks, amethyst = jewellery,
carnelian = jewellery, hippopotamus ivory = inlaid daggers
Discussion points — The Minoans and the Mycenaeans. These civilisations influenced other civilisations in the Mediterranean area; e.g. Mycenaean frescoes and pottery have been found in Egyptian tombs. Mycenaean pottery has also been found on the Aeolian island of Lipari, off the coast of Sicily. Discuss the value of cross-cultural links in modern societies today and consider the following issues. Use the Internet to research these issues. In the past, societies such as the Mycenaeans and the Egyptians traded with each other and their cross-cultural links developed very slowly. Each culture had a strong and identifiable identity. Today, we have a ‘melting pot’ of cultures worldwide. Discuss whether we are losing our individual cultural identities in the modern world. What are the positive effects of cross-cultural influences, links and associations? Does advertising affect our culture? In the future, should we protect our individual cultural identities? In the future, how can we best promote appreciation and understanding of different cultural identities?
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Teachers Notes
Unit 3: An athlete, in Olympia to compete in the Olympic Games, describes his visit to the oracle at Delphi – 796 BC Objectives: Pupil reads text and completes comprehension and cloze exercises based on text. Pupil completes word study exercises in word search skills and sentence completion. Pupil learns about the oracle at Delphi, athletics in ancient Greece and the ancient Olympic Games at Olympia.
Background information: This text describes a visit to Delphi, one of the most sacred sites in ancient Greece. This type of description is a form of travel writing in which an athlete, Demosthenes, describes Delphi, its temples and its town. He also describes his consultation with the famous oracle, so famous that even Alexander the Great visited Delphi to consult it. Demosthenes is an athlete who is competing in the Olympic Games. On his way to Olympia, from his home city of Thebes, he has stopped to consult the oracle at Delphi in order to find out if he will be successful in his event at the games.
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The Greeks strongly believed in the power and influence of their gods and goddesses. They believed that 12 of their most important gods and goddesses lived on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. There were many oracles in the Greek world but the most famous of all was the oracle at Delphi in central Greece. People came from all over Greece and beyond to consult the oracle at Delphi and it played an important role in the ancient world. The oracle at Delphi continued until Christian times. Apollo was worshipped as the god of the sun, prophecy, poetry and music.
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The enquirer at the temple had to pay a tax called a pelanos, which was a consultation fee, and a small sacrifice was made to Apollo. The enquirer then waited outside a special room where the Pythia, a priestess who served at the temple for life and acted as the god’s spokeswoman, went through a ritual when the god Apollo gave his answer to the question to her. The oracle’s prophecies were often obscure and could be interpreted in different ways.
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The Olympic Games were first held in 776 BC. In ancient Greece, athletic festivals or games were held in order to worship the gods. Only the biggest and richest cities could afford their own stadium and other facilities needed for the games. There were four main festivals held to honour the Greek gods, including the Olympic Games at Olympia, which were held every four years in honour of the god Zeus. The Pythian Games were held every four years at Delphi to honour the god Apollo. The Isthmian Games were held at Corinth every two years in honour of the god Poseidon and the Nemean Games, also in honour of the god Zeus, were held every two years at Nemea. People from all over the Greek world could participate in the games and they were collectively known as the Panhellenic Games. Messengers were sent out before the Olympic Games to announce the date and to invite people to attend. Fighting, feuds and wars stopped until the games were over so that travellers could reach Olympia in safety. Historians believe that the games at Olympia first developed from funeral games held in memory of a Greek hero called Pelops. Among the many buildings at Olympia there was one called the Pelopion, which was reputed to contain the burial mound of Pelops.
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The main events at the Olympic Games were running, wrestling, boxing, chariot racing, horse racing and the pentathlon. The pentathlon was an extremely demanding competition and required physical strength and mental determination. The athletes had to take part in five events, running, wrestling, jumping, discus and javelin throwing. Musical and poetic events were also held. Winners were presented with palm branches, a wreath of olive leaves and wool ribbons on the fifth day of the games. The first Olympic champion was Coroebus of Elis, a cook who won the sprint race at the first Olympic Games in 776 BC. Many athletes sought only to experience the competition and to enjoy the glory of winning but some athletes became professionals and made their living by representing their city-states at various games. Young, unmarried girls could attend the games at Olympia as spectators but they could not compete. Married women were not allowed to compete and were not allowed to join the spectators in the arena, even if they were the owners of horses running in the chariot races. However, a separate festival called the Heraia, in honour of the goddess Hera, who was the wife of Zeus, was held every four years for women and girls. There were running events for girls of different ages. The city-state of Sparta was the only Greek city-state where girls were expected to exercise and keep fit and were encouraged to take part in athletics, with the aim of becoming healthy bearers of children. By the 5th century BC, the Spartans had become the strongest military power in Greece. They became very powerful during the Classical Age (500–323 BC) and controlled the Peloponnese, the area south of the Greek mainland. The Spartans were the great rivals of the Athenians and, at times, their enemy. Two destructive earthquakes destroyed Olympia in 395 AD and the games stopped. However, in 1896, a French athlete, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, organised the first Modern Olympic Games. Baron de Coubertin was inspired by the ancient Greek games and many aspects of the original games have been preserved in the modern Olympic Games. The lighting of the Olympic flame is based on an ancient relay race in which torches were passed from one runner to the next until the final runner lit a fire on the altar to honour the god Zeus.
Worksheet information: Ancient Greek civilisation can be divided into several periods. Historians believe that the Olympic Games were first held in 776 BC, during the period of Greek history known as the Archaic Period. The Archaic Period occurred between 800 and 500 BC. Pupils can refer to the time line of ancient Greek history on page xii. A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided for teacher reference on pages viii – xi. Many of them appear in Question 1 in Exercise E. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the glossary detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A to assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
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Literacy and history – The Greeks
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3. 4.
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Exercise D........................ page 23 1. Teacher check word search 2. (a) Olympia, (b) hotel, (c) pentathlon, (d) Temple of Zeus, (e) discus, (f) palm branches, (g) gymnasium, (h) Prytaneion, (i) champions, (j) Athletes
(a) jockey (b) the Pankration (d) jumping weights (e) the Pentathlon (g) chariot racing (h) discus (j) relay race (a) (viii) (b) (vii) (c) (v) (e) (iv) (f) (i) (g) (vi)
(c) boxers (f) the winners (i) javelin
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Exercise B........................ page 21 1. Demosthenes says that he travelled west towards Delphi. 2. He arrived late and had a dream that he won the pentathlon and returned home with honour. 3. The word oracle could mean the priestess who spoke for the god, the place where the priestess spoke and the message she delivered to the questioner. 4. He brought a precious silver cup, given to him by his mother, wine, honey and a sacred cake. 5. Teacher check 6. The Pythia bathed in a holy fountain, drank from a sacred spring and inhaled smoke from burning laurel leaves. 7. Demosthenes couldn’t see her because she was closed off from sight by a white curtain.
N
(d) (iii) (h) (ii)
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The website of the British Museum has information on the ancient Olympic Games in its section on Ancient Greece at <www.britishmuseum. org/explore/families_and_children/online_tours/sport_in_ancient_greece.aspx>, which contains photographs of Greek artefacts in the museum’s collection. Pupils may find it beneficial to view the official website of the Olympic Games at <www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/missions/truce/truce_ uk.asp>, which contains a section on the ancient Olympics at <www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp>.
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Information for pupils on the ancient Olympic Truce or ‘Ekecheiria’ can be found at <www.olympic.org> the official website of the Olympic Games. A website with a section on the ancient Olympic games is <www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ancientgreece/olympia/olympia1.shtml>.
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Information on Delphi and other sacred oracle sites is at <www.crystalinks.com/delphi.html>. The archaeological sites at Delphi and Olympia are on the UNESCO World Heritage list of sites considered as having outstanding universal value. Pupils can find out more about the work of te World Heritage Committee at <http://whc.unesco.org>. The Paralympic Games are sports events for athletes with physical disabilities. Pupils can find out more about the Paralympic Games by using the library and the Internet. The official website of the Paralympic Games at <www.paralympic.org> and at the Olympic Games at <www.olympic.org/uk/games/paralympic/index_uk.asp> contain information on the games. Pupils can research the origins and history of the Special Olympic Games, for people with intellectual disabilities, at <www.specialolympics. org>. The official website of the Commonwealth Games is at <www.commonwealthgames.com>. The first Commonwealth Games were held in 1930, in Ontario, Canada. Pupils can carry out further research on the history and development of the Commonwealth Games by using the Internet, if they wish.
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19
Exercise A:
Reading
Read the following description of a visit by Demosthenes, an Olympian athlete, to the oracle at Delphi.
My fellow athletes, you asked me to describe my journey here. Well, I left my home in the city of Thebes several weeks ago and travelled west towards Delphi1. I wanted to visit Delphi before I arrived at Olympia. It was late spring and I was full of hope and ambition for my success in the games. I arrived in Delphi late at night, full of anticipation. That night I had the strangest dream that I had won the pentathlon and that I was home again in Thebes, receiving adulation from the crowds and free food for the rest of my days. The next morning I rose early and went to the temple of Apollo2 just as the god himself was beginning to ride his chariot across the sky. He must have blessed me because I found that there was an oracle3 being held that morning. I asked one of the temple priests to put my question to the Pythia. I paid my pelanos and waited as I was told. I had brought some offerings for Apollo, including a precious silver cup, given to me by my mother, and some wine, honey and sacred cake.
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I said, ‘Holy priest of Apollo, I am from Thebes. I am travelling to Olympia and I have come to Delphi to find out about my chances in the games. Please accept these gifts for Apollo’. ‘What is your question for our god of the sun?’ he asked me as he took the gifts.
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‘I wish to ask our great god if I will be successful in the Games. This is my first time to take part in these games and I am planning to take part in the pentathlon. I want to know if I will be successful in this event and return home to Thebes as a man of honour.’
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The priest walked toward to the inner sanctuary of the priestess, the Pythia, who was closed off from my sight by a white curtain. He seemed to be whispering some words to the Pythia inside. I was told that, after she is asked a question, she bathes in a holy fountain, drinks some water from a sacred spring and then sits on a three-legged tripod while she inhales the scent of burning laurel leaves. Laurel is sacred to Apollo. I couldn’t see her but I was told that the Pythia is always dressed in white and holds a branch of laurel in her hand. I waited patiently for the priest to return.
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He soon did and said, ‘These are Apollo’s words: Four will be the number you will always dread but five will be the number you will honour until you are dead’. I am puzzled4 by this oracle. Does it mean that I will fail in the fourth event, the wrestling contest, but still succeed in all five? How can I succeed if I fail in the fourth event? I have to succeed in all five. Can anyone here in the gymnasium5 help me? What do you think the words of Apollo mean? Can anyone help me to understand what Apollo may have in store for me? 1. Delphi lies on the steep mountain slopes of Mount Parnassus in mainland Greece. Today, a road lined with buildings to house the gifts offered to Apollo at his temple still leads to the ruins of the temple. A stadium was built above the temple to host games and chariot races in honour of the god. Winning the chariot race was the greatest honour an athlete could receive and the owner of the winning team of horses paid for a statue to celebrate his great success. 2. Delphi was associated with the god Apollo and it was the site of his most famous temple. Apollo was the god of the sun, music and prophecy. He was associated with the bow and arrow, the python snake, the laurel tree, the sunflower and the musical instruments of the lyre and the flute. He and his twin sister, Artemis, were born on the Greek island of Delos. 20
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. When Demosthenes left his home city of Thebes, what direction did he travel in order to reach Delphi? 2. What happened to him on his first night in Delphi? 3. The word ‘oracle’ could mean several things. What were they? 4. List the four offerings brought by Demosthenes to the god Apollo.
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5. What is your interpretation of the oracle’s words?
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6. Describe the ritual undertaken by the Pythia as she considered the question posed by Demosthenes.
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7. Why was Demosthenes not able to see the Pythia?
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8. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct: (a) The shrine of Delphi could only be reached by
(e) Only personal questions were asked of the
oracle.............................................................. (f) The temple of Zeus at Olympia contained one
of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World........ (g) The statue of the god Zeus at Olympia was
23 metres high................................................. (h) A hotel was built at Olympia to accommodate
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boat as it was on an island................................
(b) The god Apollo was the Greek god of the sun..... (c) The Pythia was a priestess who communicated
with the god and received his answers............... (d) The oracle’s answers to the questions posed were always clear and direct.............................
officials visiting the festival................................ 3. The Greeks often sought guidance from the gods about specific problems in their lives and the most popular way of getting this help was by consulting the oracle. The word ‘oracle’ could mean several things: the actual priestess who spoke for the god, the sacred place where she was consulted or the message she gave. The priestess was the mouthpiece of the gods and they spoke through her. At Delphi, the priestess was called the Pythia and this site became so popular with the ancient Greeks that consultations were held weekly. Officials of the city-states came to consult the oracle about political matters as well as private citizens about their own private concerns. 4. The words of the oracle were often puzzling and enigmatic. They could be interpreted in different ways and caused many people to wonder about their meaning. The oracle’s words were never simple and always subject to individual interpretation. 5. The gymnasium was used for training by the athletes taking part in the running and throwing events. A large number of buildings were constructed at Olympia. Temples were built for religious ceremonies such as the Temple of Zeus, which contained an ivory and gold statue of the god, which was over 13 metres high and was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. A stadium was built for the running events which could hold 40 000 spectators. There was even a hotel built for visiting officials called the Leonidaion. The Prytaneion was a building which contained a sacred fire that was used to light the fires on all the altars at Olympia. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Literacy and history – The Greeks
21
Use the words from the word bank to complete the sentences.
Word Bank height ceremonies bathed illness
gifts most hotel
gods branches
arrows fire
The ancient Greeks often visited oracles to enquire about both private and public matters. They believed that their gods and goddesses , looked after their crops and granted them favours such as success in the festival
protected them from games. They offered their gods gold,
and animal sacrifices to please them. They held festivals to honour festivals. Important gods had their own sanctuaries
where they were worshipped. Zeus, the father of the
, had his shrine at Olympia and the Olympic Games
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them and games were an essential element of these
were held there in his honour every four years. The god Apollo’s shrine was at Delphi, where the
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oracle of the Greek world existed.
famous
Apollo was associated with the sun, light, healing, poetry and music and was always shown as a young athlete carrying a bow and arrows. His plant was the laurel and if he became angry his that at Delphi he answered
could shoot poison. The Greeks believed
about the future through his priestess, the Pythia. The Pythia was his
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mouthpiece but her replies could be very obscure. The word ‘oracle’ had three meanings. It could mean the priestess who spoke for the god, the message she gave or the sacred place itself. On hearing the question, the Pythia
in a holy
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fountain, drank water from a sacred spring and inhaled the smoke from burning leaves of the sacred laurel plant.
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The Olympic Games were the most important games in ancient Greece, so important that sometimes even wars were delayed in order to allow athletes to travel to them. On the fifth day of the games, successful athletes were awarded palm a wreath of olive leaves and woollen ribbons. They could also benefit from
, of money and food and they
were considered heroes for the rest of their lives. The site of the Olympic Games was excavated by German archaeologists and evidence of the buildings specially built for this purpose were uncovered. There were sports grounds and facilities for the events and temples for the religious
.
The temple of Zeus contained a gold and ivory covered statue of the god which was over 13 metres in
.
It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. There was a gymnasium where the athletes taking part in the running and throwing events could train. The Prytaneion contained a sacred the altars at Olympia. The site even had its own
, that was used to light the fires on all , called the Leonidaion, which accommodated visiting
officials. The games ended in 395 AD, when Olympia was destroyed by earthquakes. However, they were revived in 1896 by Baron Pierre de Coubertain, who was inspired by the ancient Greek ideals of athleticism and competition in sport. 22
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Word study exercises the olympic games
Word Bank
U
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2. Complete these sentences about the early Olympic Games by using the words/phrases supplied underneath. The number of dashes correspond to the number of letters in the missing words.
(a) The Olympic Games were held in the sacred shrine of the god Zeus at
(b) There was a
(d) The statue of Zeus in the World.
(e) One of the athletic events involved throwing the
(f) The athletes who became champions at the games were awarded
(g) Athletes taking part in the running and throwing events could train in a building called the
(h) A sacred fire burned in the
(i) Olympian admirers.
(j)
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, called the Leonidaion, which provided accommodation for visiting officials to the games. was an athletic event in which there were five separate events. at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient , a plate-shaped disc of metal and wood. . .
that was used to light the fires on all the Olympian altars. were considered heroes for the rest of their lives, receiving free meals and gifts from
travelled from all over the Greek world to take part in the Olympic Games at Olympia.
gymnasium Athletes pentathlon
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every four years.
Olympia palm branches Literacy and history – The Greeks
hotel discus
Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) Apollo: The Greek god of the sun, he also ruled over prophecy, poetry and music and was portrayed by the Greeks as a youth.
(b) Artemis: The twin sister of Apollo, Artemis was the goddess of the moon and also ruled over childbirth and hunting. (c) Delphi: Site of the most famous shrine dedicated to Apollo, where ancient Greeks consulted the oracle to discover their future. (d) discus: A plate-shaped disc of metal and wood; held in the hand and thrown after a revolution and a half of the throwing circle. (e) javelin: A spear-shaped implement of metal or wood, released by the thrower after a short run, when it must land point first. (f)
Olympia: Sacred site in the Peleponnese of Greece, where the Olympic Games were held every four years in honour of Zeus.
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(g) oracle: The place, the person or the message itself given by the god at a sacred shrine such as Delphi. (h) Pelopian: A building where the burial mound of Pelops, a Greek hero whose funeral games began the Olympic games, may lie. pentathlon: An athletic competition with five events: running, wrestling, jumping, discus and javelin throwing.
(j)
Pythia: The priestess who was consulted at Delphi and transmitted the god Apollo’s prophecies to the questioners.
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(i)
Thebes: City-state of ancient Greece which defeated Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC and, for a short time, was the most powerful polis.
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(l)
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(k) sanctuary: In the temple at Delphi, the sacred place where the priestess, the Pythia, consulted the god, Apollo.
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2. Choose the correct linking words/phrases and rewrite the following sentences correctly. (a) The Olympic Games were part of the Panhellenic Games
but
(b) These were games that brought the Greek world together
because
as
(c) The four Panhellenic Games were never held during the same year (d) The games at Olympia were considered the most important games of all
24
that
(i) a climate of peace was considered important during the games, which were also sacred religious festivals. (ii) also included the games at Delphi (the Pythian Games), Corinth (the Isthmian Games) and at Nemea (the Nemean Games). (iii) they were held in honour of Zeus, the king of all the Greek gods and goddesses. (iv) athletic contests for athletes to participate in, in which it was considered an honour to take part.
(e) These games were religious festivals held in honour of the gods
as well as
(v) were always held in successive years.
(f) A sacred truce, the Ekecheiria, was proclaimed for the duration of the four Panhellenic Games
so that
(vi) the Greeks participating or attending these games could feel that they belonged to a shared culture.
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Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. Read the following descriptions, which describe some of the athletic contests, the prizes, and the equipment in the ancient Olympic Games, and see if you can match the title with the description. Choose your answers from the list.
(b) This event was one of the most dangerous, with very few rules. Competitors were allowed to trip their opponents and only biting or gouging out of eyes was forbidden.
(e) This was a very demanding fiveevent contest in which athletes ran, wrestled, jumped and threw the discus and the javelin in order to find the best all-round athlete.
This object was a spear-shaped implement of metal or wood which the athlete released at the end of a short run and had to land point first in the ground to be a valid throw.
(f)
The competitors were presented on the fifth day of the contest with (j) palm branches, a wreath of olive leaves and woollen ribbons.
A race in which a torch was passed from one runner to another, with the last runner lighting a fire on an altar in the Prytaneion.
(g) This event was very dangerous and involved competitors racing two or four horse teams for twelve laps around two posts.
(h) This object was a plate-shaped disc made of metal and wood, and was thrown by the athlete.
relay race
the Pankration (all-in wrestling) the Pentathlon
jockey
jumping weights (lead or stone) the winners
boxers
(i)
(c) These competitors wore leather strips wrapped around their fists as they fought each other.
(d) This object was used by athletes who were taking part in the long jump. Gripping it tightly, the athletes threw their arms backwards to give themselves more propulsion.
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(a) This competitor rode bare back, without stirrups and was usually a paid servant of the owner of the animal.
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4. Today, we recognise the importance of exercise in the maintenance of good health. Sport and games were very important to
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the ancient Greeks. They believed that the health of the body reflected the health of the mind and showed a healthy balance between body and mind. The following table shows some of the different events undertaken at the Olympic Games today. Match the event with the health benefit it may produce for the athlete undertaking it. There are clues if you read carefully.
(a) running
Health benefit
(i) Athletes taking part in this event can improve their throwing skills, dexterity and balance as they spin to throw the object.
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Sport
(b) swimming
(ii) Athletes taking part in this event can improve their dexterity, flexibility and balance as they run and throw this thin object.
(c) cycling
(iii) Athletes taking part in this event can improve their upper arm strength and improve muscle tone in their shoulders, back and neck by participating in this outdoor water sport.
(d) canoeing
(iv) Athletes taking part in this event can improve their cardiovascular health and ensure an efficient flow of blood and oxygen throughout their body as they run for almost 40 km.
(e) marathon running
(v) Athletes taking part in this event can improve their cardiovascular fitness and improve the muscle tone in their lower body, thighs and legs.
(f) discus throwing
(vi) Athletes taking part in this event can improve their balance, flexibility and muscle tone as they run and jump.
(g) high jump
(vii) Athletes taking part in this indoor water event can improve their muscle tone, flexibility and cardiovascular health.
(h) javelin
(viii) Athletes taking part in this event can improve their cardiovascular fitness as they participate in sprint and relay races.
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Discussion points The Olympic Games Research the Olympic Truce, called the ‘Ekecheiria’, which was held during the ancient Olympic Games. Discuss if such a concept could work today. You may wish to research the topic in the library or use the Internet. The Special Olympics were started in Chicago, in the USA in 1968 for people with intellectual disabilities. Research the history and development of the Special Olympics, using the library and the Internet if necessary. Discuss the part that sport can play in the recognition and development of human rights. 25
Teachers Notes
Unit 4: A priestess prays to the goddess Artemis in her temple at Ephesus – 600 BC Objectives: Pupils read text about the temples of Artemis and complete comprehension and cloze exercises based on text. Pupils complete word study exercises in correcting spellings, completing sentences and choosing correct words. Pupils learn about one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Greek architectural styles and Greek trading links in the Mediterranean and the goods traded.
Background information: This text is of a prayer offered to the goddess Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of the moon and hunting. She was the twin sister of the god of the sun, Apollo. She was often shown wearing buckskins, carrying a bow and a quiver of arrows and accompanied by wild animals such as stags or she-bears. In Ephesus, Artemis was worshipped as a goddess of fertility. The priestess, Aethra, is offering prayers to the goddess to ask her to protect Kreousa, who is about to give birth to twins.
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The goddess Artemis was worshipped at her great temple in the city of Ephesus. Ephesus was a thriving city on the coast of Asia Minor, in what is now modern Turkey. Ephesus, known as the ‘Star of Asia’, was one of the great Greek trading port cities, with a large population that included Greeks and many other nationalities. The symbol of Ephesus was the honeybee. This diversity of population enriched the city’s architectural, religious and cultural life. Around 150 AD, the city began to decline, possibly as a result of the silting of its port. The city’s great prosperity during the Greek period was based on its pivotal position in the trade networks of the Mediterranean Sea and on the thousands of visitors who came to worship the goddess Artemis. She was a goddess of fertility and there were several temples built in her honour at Ephesus. The original temple, called ‘D’ by archaeologists, was built by King Croesus of Lydia and was designed by the father and son architectural team of Chersiphron and Metagenes from the island of Crete. This first temple was destroyed during a battle in 550 BC. A second temple, probably built around 650–625 BC and designed by the architect Theodorus, was destroyed in a fire caused by an arsonist called Herostratus. His motivation for the crime was to ensure that he would always be remembered. He set fire to the temple on 21 July 356 BC, reputedly on the night that Alexander the Great was born. A new temple was begun around 350 BC, designed by the architect Scopas of Paros. This temple survived until it was finally destroyed during the 3rd century AD by raiding Goths, who were a race of people from northern Europe instrumental in the downfall of the Roman Empire. The temple fell into disrepair and was eventually used as a quarry. A British archaeologist, called John Turtle Wood, searched for seven years to find the site of the temple and found it in 1869, but the site was waterlogged and difficult to dig. What was left was disappointing, with only the base of the temple and one column still there.
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This third temple became known as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Some of the greatest artists and sculptors of ancient Greece, such as Pheidias, who had made the statue of Zeus at Olympia, were involved in the building and decoration of the temple. The temple had marble steps surrounding it with 117 gleaming marble columns, each over 18 metres high and supposedly donated by a different king, with a statue of Artemis in the inner sanctuary, the holiest room of the temple. The Temple of Artemis was huge, about four times the size of the Parthenon in Athens and surrounded by a double row of Ionic columns. The term ‘Ionic’ refers to a column design with a base and with two scrolls decorating the top. A Roman historian, Pliny, suggested that it took 120 years for the temple to be constructed. The Romans have also left visual images of the temple on some of their coinage. The temple is mentioned in the Christian Holy Bible, in the ‘Book of Acts’ which describes a visit by St Paul to Ephesus. Life for women and girls in ancient Greece was very restrictive and curtailed. They were not allowed to take part in public life or even to be seen in public except for some very specific exceptions. One of these exceptions was to be a priestess. Male priests usually carried out sacrifices while female priestesses carried out duties inside the temple such as praying and singing songs of thanksgiving. Some religious festivals, such as the Thesmophoria, held for three days in Athens each autumn, could only be celebrated by female priestesses. In ancient Athens, more than forty priestesses were employed at major shrines in the city. The other circumstances in which a woman could be seen in public were if she was a servant shopping for her mistress or a poor woman going to the market for food for her family. For most Greek women, however, life centred around the home and the business of the home. The health of women in ancient Greece was not always very good. Most women gave birth at least ten or twelve times because many babies died during or shortly after birth. A large number of children did not live beyond their first birthday due to infectious diseases. Many women did not live beyond the age of 35. Women were responsible for the care of babies and children. Wealthier women directed slaves to do this work for them. Many female slaves were employed as nurses, looking after babies and attending to all of their needs. Poorer women looked after their own children and used their skills as nurses outside the home if they could. There were many female slaves in ancient Greece. Some were captured in war, but most were bought by slave traders from pirates and kidnappers. Some were also abandoned at birth or sold into slavery by their parents, usually because of extreme poverty. The ancient Greeks had strong religious beliefs and they believed that Artemis was one of six female goddesses who lived on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. The six female goddesses had special significance for Greek women. Artemis protected young girls and women in childbirth. Hera, the wife of Zeus, was the protector of wives. Athene was the patron of the city of Athens and was the goddess of war and wisdom. Aphrodite was the goddess of love and beauty. Demeter was the goddess of fertility and protected crops. Hestia watched over the home and protected the family.
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Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Teachers Notes Worksheet information: Pupils may need to use their dictionaries in order to complete Question 1 in Exercise D. Ancient Greek civilisation consisted of several periods. Historians believe that the first temple at Ephesus was probably built during the period of Greek history known as the Archaic Period. The temple was rebuilt at least three times. There were several buildings at Ephesus including public baths, gymnasia, a theatre, a number of temples and shrines, fountains and monumental gates. The Celsus Library, built in 110 AD by the Roman writer Aulus Cornelius Celsus, held 12 000 books and became the intellectual centre of Ephesus. Pupils can check where the Archaic Period fits into ancient Greek history by referring to the time line of ancient Greek history included on page xii. A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit which is provided on pages viii – xi for teacher reference. Many of them appear on Question 1 in Exercise E. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A to assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
Answers:
Cross-curricular activities:
Exercise C......................................... page 30 Athens, city, nationalities, trading, goddess, honey, countries, main, Egypt, lived, borders, hunting, bow, larger, base, world, destroyed, Black, English
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Exercise D......................................... page 31 1. (a) western (b) legendary (c) coffers (d) destroyed (e) oracle (f) Persians (g) believed (h) victorious (i) defeated (j) among 2. Teacher check 3. (a) (ii) (b) (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (e) (i) (f) (ii)
Exercise E..................................pages 32–33 1. Teacher check 2. (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (i) 3. (a) (iv) papyrus (b) (viii) nuts (c) (i) linen (d) (vii) timber (e) (xii) grain (f) (x) rugs (g) (xiii) gold (h) (v) silphium (i) (xiv) copper (j) (vi) dates (k) (iii) iron (l) (ix) ivory (m) (ii) dyes (n) (xi) beef
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Exercise B......................................... page 29 1. Kreousa is expecting twin babies in a month’s time. 2. Kreousa has travelled from the city of Pergamum. 3. It is the statue of the goddess Artemis in the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. 4. gold, silver, honey and red wine 5. Teacher check 6. Medical knowledge about possible complications in childbirth was very limited in ancient Greece and many women died. 7. Teacher check 8. Artemis was born before her twin brother Apollo and she helped her mother, Leto, deliver him. 9. Answers (b), (c), (g) and (h) should be ticked.
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Pupils can see an artist’s impression of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, six of which no longer exist today, and test their knowledge of them at <www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sunken/wonders/>. A website with information on the ancient Greeks and the lives of women in ancient Greece is <www.museum.upenn.edu/Greek_World/Index. html>.
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More information on the goddess Artemis and how she was worshipped in ancient Greece is at <www.greek-gods.info/greek-gods/artemis>. A website with information on the archaeological site at Ephesus is <www.kusadasi.biz/ephesus/>.
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Literacy and history – The Greeks
27
Reading
Read the following prayer to the goddess Artemis, spoken by the priestess, Aethra.
Blessed are you, Artemis, great goddess of life, and blessed are those who live under your protection. My prayers are for all of us here today but most of all for Kreousa of Pergamum, who is expecting twin babies in one month’s time. May her children be born in safety and in health. She seeks your protection for her babies and for her own life so that she can live to care for her new babies and to continue to care for her four other children1. She has travelled over one hundred kilometres to visit you here in your great temple and brings you offerings of gold and silver, sweet honey and dark red wine.
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Blessed goddess, you helped your mother, Leto, to deliver your twin brother, Apollo2. We ask you now to help deliver these twin babies safely by granting them your special protection. Blessed Artemis, we are here to ask for your protection and your blessing on this woman. I offer you, our sacred goddess, the gold of the sun and the silver of the moon, the sweetness of golden honey and the bitterness of blood-red wine to give you the taste of the brightness of yellow-orange blossoms and the darkness of black grapes. It is right to praise you and to offer this gift of gold to you, as you are the one who brought us the golden light of the sun god, Apollo, when you helped to deliver him at his birth. It is right to praise you and to offer this gift of silver to you, as you are the one who hunts in the forests under the silver light of the moon and brings protection to young girls. It is right to praise you and to offer this gift of sweet honey to you, as your great city, Ephesus, the Star of Asia, is symbolised by the honeybee. It is right to praise you and to offer this gift of dark red wine to you, as you are the hunter who spills the blood of the hunted in the darkness of the forests.
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Your temple is the most magnificent of all the great temples. We stood in the outer courtyard before entering and admired the wonderful sculptures that adorn the entrance to your sacred temple. We climbed the marble steps and wondered at the gleaming forest of the marble columns of your temple. We know that each column was the gift of a different king, paying tribute to your power. We marvelled at your statue in the centre of the temple, attended by your priests and showing you in all of your great glory. We wonder at your powers and we ask you to hear our prayers, especially the prayers of Kreousa. Every generation sings3 your praises. I sing your praises here today in your temple, in front of your great statue4. Let my voice ring out with your praises. Let our voices ring out in your temple. Look upon me and bless me. Look upon Kreousa and protect her. Look upon all who are here in your presence and speak well of them in Mount Olympus5. Kreousa prays that you will hear her prayers, blessed goddess. We trust in you, blessed goddess. 1. Childbirth was very dangerous in the ancient world. In ancient societies, knowledge about the causes of complications which can occur in childbirth was limited and many women died in childbirth. Giving birth to twins was known to be especially dangerous for a woman as complications could arise more easily in such a birth. The ancient Greeks often asked their gods and goddesses to protect them in times of danger. In this case, the goddess Artemis is the appropriate goddess as she is the protector of young girls and of women in childbirth. Aethra is praying for her protection for Kreousa, who had travelled from the city of Pergamum in northern Turkey to seek the blessing of the goddess before the birth of her twins. She already has young children and is anxious that the goddess will protect her when she gives birth to her twins so that she can continue to care for her family. 2. There are several legends associated with Artemis. She and her twin brother, Apollo, were the children of Zeus and Leto. According to legend, Artemis was born first and she helped her mother deliver Apollo, hence her association with childbirth. Another legend tells of how Artemis was spending a lot of time with the giant Orion, much to the annoyance of her brother. Apollo challenged her to an archery contest. He asked her to prove her skill by shooting at an object far out at sea. Her shot was perfect but her target, chosen for her by her brother, turned out to be the head of Orion. 28
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. Why is the priestess, Aethra, asking the goddess to protect Kreousa? 2. Where has Kreousa travelled from to visit the Temple of Artemis? 3. What is the great statue that Aethra refers to? 4. What are the four offerings Kreousa has brought with her to offer to the goddess? 5. The Temple of Artemis was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Give two reasons why ancient people regarded it with such wonder.
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6. Why was childbirth so dangerous for women in ancient Greece?
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7. In your opinion, does Aethra reveal in her prayer that she is aware of the dangers Kreousa may be facing?
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8. What legend is Aethra referring to when she says that Artemis helped to deliver her brother, Apollo?
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9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct: (a) The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was burned
down in 356 BC and never rebuilt..................... (b) The goddess Artemis was the twin sister of the
god of the sun, Apollo....................................... (c) The Temple of Artemis was one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World........................... (d) The ancient Greeks believed that the gods lived
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on top of Mount Parnassus...............................
(e) Most ancient Greek women and children lived
long and healthy lives....................................... (f) The Temple of Artemis was six times the size of
the Parthenon in Athens.................................... (g) Childbirth carried great risks for women in
ancient Greece................................................. (h) Roman writers suggested that the Temple of Artemis took 120 years to build.........................
3. Singing was a very important part of Greek religious practice. Greek music was very important and songs were sung at births, weddings and funerals. Songs of thanksgiving were sung to the gods in their temples by priests and priestesses. 4. The statue of Artemis, in her temple at Ephesus, was believed to be sacred as it contained the god’s spirit and great care was taken when the artist created it. The statue was said to represent fertility. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was about four times the size of the Parthenon in Athens and was surrounded by a double row of columns. A historian, Pliny the Elder, suggested that it took 120 years to build. It was a powerful symbol of Greek power and influence in the eastern Mediterranean and was mentioned in the Bible. It was rebuilt three times, the second time after an arsonist, Herostratus, burned it down. 5. The ancient Greeks believed that 12 of the major Greek gods and goddesses, including Artemis, lived on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. They believed that the gods had a direct influence on their lives and controlled everything on Earth, even the seasons of the year. They believed that thunderstorms occurred because Zeus was angry and threw bolts of lightning to show his displeasure. During the Classical Period, from 500–336 BC (see time line of ancient Greek History), scientific explanations for such events began to be put forward by Greek scientists and philosophers. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Literacy and history – The Greeks
29
honey
goddess
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Four times the size of the Parthenon in
, it may have taken 120 years to build. Ephesus was a thriving
modern Turkey and had a large population made up of Greeks and many other
cities and held a pivotal position in the Mediterranean. It
was a centre of religious worship and its temple was built to honour the
Artemis. The city’s symbol
bee. There was a large volume of trade between the Greek city-states and the many Greek
colonies, as well as with other Mediterranean
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of Asia’, it was one of the great Greek
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. Olive oil, wine, pottery and metal work were the
exports and goods such as copper from Cyprus, papyrus from
and
spices, dyes, ivory, raisins and apples were also traded, along with slaves.
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The other reason for the prosperity and fame of Ephesus was its great temple. Artemis was one of the 12 Greek gods on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece (in northern Greece, on the
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of Thessaly and Macedonia). She was the goddess of the moon and of and she was the protector of young girls and women in childbirth. She was often shown carrying a
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and arrows. She was the twin sister of Apollo, the god of the sun. Apollo was also the god of medicine but he could also attack people with his arrows if they displeased him. The temple at Ephesus was a sanctuary, a place designed for worship. It was four times
than the Parthenon in Athens. One hundred and twenty seven columns rose from the of the temple, which had multiple rows of columns designed in the Ionic architectural style. Visitors
came from all over the ancient
and bought silver idol statues of the goddess to take home with them.
The goddess was often depicted as laden with eggs, symbols of fertility. during a battle in 550 BC. A second temple
The temple was rebuilt three times. The first temple was
was destroyed in an arson attack by a man called Herostratus, who claimed to have committed the crime so that he would always be remembered. The temple was rebuilt a third time and survived until the 3rd century AD, when it was destroyed by raiding Goths from northern Europe who had travelled as far as the that John Turtle Wood, an
Sea. It was not until the late nineteenth century archaeologist, succeeded in finding its location. Disappointingly, very little
remained. 30
Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Exercise D:
Word study exercises
1. Read the following paragraph describing the wealthy king of Lydia, King Croesus, and identify ten misspellings. Use a dictionary if you need to and write the correct spelling underneath. King Croesus was the ruler of Lydia in westren Asia Minor from 560–546 BC. His wealth was legendery and inspired the saying ‘as rich as Croesus’. His wealth came from the gold of the Lydian mines and the sands of the Pactolus River. His palace coffirs were said to be overflowing with gold. He contributed to the building of the first Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, which was distroyed during a battle. He consulted the orecle, at Delphi before going to war with the Perzians and received this reply ‘If Croesus goes to war, he will destroy a great empire. Croesus beleived this meant that he would be victorioius. He went to war but it was his own empire that was destroyed as he was defeeted by the Persians. During his reign, the Lydians were amung the first people to produce money.
1.
.
3. Circle the correct answers.
(a) The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was (i) three times the size of the Parthenon. (ii) four times the size of the Parthenon. (iii) five times the size of the Parthenon.
(b) The city of Ephesus was known as (i) the Star of Asia. (ii) the Sun of Asia. (iii) the capital of Asia.
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(c)
The symbol of Ephesus was (i) the wild rose. (ii) the honey bee. (iii) the eagle.
(d)
The Temple of Artemis had (i) 127 stone columns. (ii) 186 gold columns. (iii) 127 marble columns.
(e)
The columns were in the (i) Ionic architectural style. (ii) Doric architectural style. (iii) Corinthian architectural style.
(f) The goddess Artemis was (i) the goddess of love and beauty. (ii) the goddess of the moon and hunting. (iii) the goddess of marriage.
Literacy and history – The Greeks
31
Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these frequently-used keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) Asia Minor: The broad peninsula that lies between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, it is the Asian part of modern Turkey.
(b) Diana: The Roman goddess of the moon and of hunting, she was the counterpart of Artemis in Roman mythology. (c) Elgin Marbles: The collection of marble sculptures brought from the Parthenon in Athens to the British Museum in London. (d) Ephesus: A great ancient city, located at the mouth of the Cayster River on the west coast of Asia Minor, now modern Turkey. (e) King Croesus of Lydia: A legendary king associated with the building of the first Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. (f)
Leto: A goddess who was a lover of the god Zeus and the mother of the divine twins Apollo and Artemis.
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(g) Mediterranean Sea: Sea of 2 512 00 sq. kilometres between Europe (north and west), Africa (south) and Asia (to the east).
(j)
Pheidias: Famous Greek sculptor who created the statue of Zeus at Olympia and of Athena in the Parthenon, and oversaw the team of sculptors responsible for the famous metopes (panels), statues and friezes (ornamented bands) that decorated the Parthenon. sanctuary: An inner shrine and the most sacred place in a temple where religious worship took place.
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(h) Orion: God who was a giant, killed as a result of Apollo tricking Artemis into mistakenly shooting an arrow at his head.
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(k) temple: A special building designed specifically for worshipping gods and goddesses. Thesmophoria: A religious festival held for three days each autumn in Athens which could only be celebrated by priestesses.
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2. Greek architecture had several distinctive styles. Match the descriptions to the names of the different styles of columns in the following table. There are clues if you read carefully. Column
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Style
(a) Corinthian columns
(i) In the 6th century BC, this style developed on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor and spread through the Greek islands of the Aegean. These columns were delicate and had scrolls on the top.
(b) Doric columns
(ii) This style developed at the beginning of the Classical Age and was very elaborate, with much decoration such as acanthus leaves. This style was adopted by the Romans.
(c) Ionic columns
(iii) Very plain, this style began in the 7th century BC and spread throughout the Greek mainland and into Sicily and southern Italy. A plain capital (top) capped a sturdy column and gave Doric temples simplicity.
Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. Greek merchants traded in goods from all over the Mediterranean Sea. Match the name of the goods with these descriptions of their use in ancient times and where they came from. The descriptions have been mixed up and so have how they were used. A list of the goods is provided underneath to choose from. There are some clues if you read carefully. You may have to research some of the answers. grain timber dyes
silphium
gold
Use
This material came from Egypt and was made from the pulp of a plant that grew along the muddy banks of a river.
(i)
This material was woven into a light cloth suitable for wearing in a hot climate.
(b)
These savoury foodstuffs were grown in Sinope, a coastal town on the Black Sea (in modern Turkey).
(ii)
These natural products were used to produce cloth of different colours.
(c)
The flax plant from which this material was woven was grown in Italy.
(iii)
This metal was strong and hard, and used to make surgical instruments and weapons.
(d)
This natural material was grown in Cyprus, usually in large quantities.
(iv)
This was used to make scrolls and was the most widely used writing material in the Greek world.
(e)
This was grown in Sicily to provide a staple, everyday food for the ancient Greeks.
(v)
This was a herb, considered to be a valuable medicine by the Greeks and useful as a cure for many illnesses.
(f)
These household products were woven in Carthage.
(vi)
These fruits were eaten as part of a sweet dessert dish by the ancient Greeks.
(g)
This precious element came from Macedonia where it was mined.
(vii)
This was used to make furniture such as tables, chairs, stools and chests to store bed linen and clothes.
(h)
This health-giving plant was grown in Kyrene (in modern Libya), a Greek colony on the coast of North Africa.
(i)
This soft and pliable metal came from Cyprus.
(j)
These sweet fruits were grown in Syria.
(k)
rugs
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(viii) These crunchy foodstuffs were served in food dishes and were usually salted. This valuable material was carved into figurines, combs and knives and used as an inlay in furniture.
(x)
These household products were used to cover couches, floors and beds.
This strong metal came from Thrace.
(xi)
This meat was used in Greek food dishes and was only served to the wealthiest Greeks as it was very expensive.
(l)
This material from the tusks of elephants came from North Africa.
(xii)
This was used to make breads, pastries and pancakes, which were sold as ‘fast food’.
(m)
These products were produced in Syria from shellfish, insects and plants.
(xiii) This element was one of the most valuable commodities in the ancient world, used to make jewellery, masks, crowns, cups and even thrones for kings.
(n)
The animal who provided this meat was raised in Italy.
(xiv) This metal was soft and pliable and, when mixed with tin, was used to make sculptures and surgical instruments.
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(ix)
Discussion points — Greek architecture The ancient Greeks influenced architectural design for centuries. The Romans adapted many of their designs, as did many other cultures. Research the architecture of the Greeks and compare it to modern Design your own Greek temple, using architecture, using the library and the Internet if necessary. features of the Greeks and features of your own, and discuss the features, Research and discuss the optical tricks and devices used by the Greeks purpose and value of your designs. in the building of their temples. How did the ancient Greeks succeed in creating such complex designs without modern technology? Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Literacy and history – The Greeks
33
Teachers Notes
Unit 5: A doctor writes a post-mortem report on the death of a soldier, Pheidippedes – 490 BC Objectives: Pupil practises skills in reading, comprehension and cloze exercises. Pupil completes word study exercises in matching sentences and choosing correct words. Pupil learns about the Battle of Marathon, the first marathon race and the development of ancient Greek medicine.
Background information:
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This text is a post-mortem report. A report is a written document describing the findings of an individual or group. Reports include newspaper reports, sports or police reports, or reports about an animal, person or object. This text is a medical report, presenting the findings of the doctor in relation to the examination he and his team have just carried out on the dead body of Pheidippides, in order to determine the cause of death. The word ‘post-mortem’ comes from Latin and means ‘after death’. A post-mortem can also be called an autopsy. A modern post-mortem is the dissection (cutting apart and examination) of a dead body in order to determine the cause of death or the effects of disease on a human body. However, the ancient Greeks cremated their dead and did not usually examine them. They did not dissect human bodies due to a taboo (a prohibition against doing something due to fear of harm from a supernatural source) and the first dissections performed to observe the effects of disease were not carried out until around 300 BC, by two doctors called Herophilus and Erisistratos, in the Greek city of Alexandria in Egypt. Dr Demokedes and his assistants are examining Pheidippides’s body very carefully in an attempt to determine the cause of his death. They are not carrying out any dissection of his body as Greek doctors did not carry out dissections on dead bodies at this time. They did, however, operate on live patients. The news of the Greek victory in the Battle of Marathon was brought to Athens by Pheidippides, an Athenian messenger and long-distance runner. He was sent by General Miltiades to seek help from the Spartans. He ran for two days, there and back, a distance of 480 kilometres. The Spartans arrived too late to help. According to legend, when the Greeks won, Pheidippides ran for 42 kilometres from the plain of Marathon, where the battle took place, to Athens in order to bring the good news to the people of Athens. According to legend, he arrived in Athens hot, dusty and covered in blood and said, ‘Rejoice. We conquer’, before he collapsed and died. Asclepios was the Greek god of medicine. He was the son of Apollo and, according to legend, had been brought up by a centaur, a legendary creature which was half-man and half-horse, who had taught him the art of medicine. He is usually portrayed holding a long stick which has a snake curled around it. The snake was a symbol of renewal because it grew a new skin and shed its old skin. This symbol is still used today as a symbol of medicine. Every temple of Asclepios contained a real snake. Sanctuaries to Asclepios existed all over the Greek world. His most famous temple was at Epidaurus in the Peloponnese. Sick people came to visit the god’s temple at Epidaurus, hoping that he would cure them. They spent the night in his sanctuary and many believed that Asclepios appeared to them in their dreams, prescribing herbal treatments, diets, exercises and baths for their illnesses. The next day, the priests carried out the treatments and many people went home believing that the god had cured them. The ancient Greeks sometimes brought terracotta or bronze models of the parts of their bodies that were causing them distress or pain. They left these models as offerings at the sanctuary of Asclepios. Hippocrates (around 469–399 BC) was a Greek doctor who is known as the father of medicine. He was born on the Greek island of Cos and ran a school of medicine there. He wrote 53 scientific books on medical subjects, now known as the Corpus. Hippocrates disliked the superstitious approach to illness that believed it was caused by gods or evil spirits or as punishment for doing wrong. He believed that the human body should be treated as a single organism and each part should be understood in the context of the entire body. Hippocrates believed that diseases had natural causes and taught that a doctor should base his treatments on careful observation of their patients symptoms in detail. He wrote a doctor’s oath, a solemn promise that has become known as the Hippocratic Oath, which was used for centuries in the Western world. A doctor taking this oath made a solemn promise to help the sick and never to cause harm. They swore never to give poison to their patients, even if they asked them to, and to always maintain confidentiality in dealings with patients. Today, medical pupils still swear a modern version of the Hippocratic Oath when graduating as doctors from medical school. The Battle of Marathon, in 490 BC, was one of the decisive battles of ancient history. The Greek general, Miltiades, led 10 000 hoplites (soldiers) down to the plain of Marathon on the north-eastern coast of Greece. They faced the Persian army led by King Darius, which was probably twice as big. The Persians, although vastly outnumbering the Greeks, were not as well armed or as disciplined as the Greeks. They relied on their cavalry and their archers rather than on their infantry. The armies faced each other for five days and, on 11 August, Miltiades devised an unusual strategy to strengthen the flanks of his phalanx (a tightly packed square of soldiers that attacked at a running trot) as it faced the Persians. The Persians, thinking that the Greeks would follow their usual battle strategy of strengthening the centre of the phalanx, left the flanks of their own army vulnerable with only archers left to defend as they strengthened their own centre. Miltiades led his army forward, experiencing difficulty in the centre as he met the strength of the Persians, but breaking through the Persians flanks easily as the Persian archers proved no match for the Greek hoplites. Hoplites were extremely well-armed soldiers with bronze helmets to protect their heads, bronze breastplates to protect their bodies, a round shield held by their left arm and bronze leg guards. The Persians were overwhelmed and defeated by the Greeks and lost 6400 men that day. The Greeks only lost 192 men.
Worksheet information: Ancient Greek civilisation consisted of several periods. The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC, during the Classical Period which occurred between 500 and 323 BC. Historians believe that this period of Greek history was one of the most important as it was during this period that the Greeks first began to establish the system of government known as democracy and also began to spread their civilisation and their ideas through colonisation in the Aegean Sea. It was the period when Pericles became the leader of Athens and launched a massive rebuilding programme. Pupils can check where the Classical Period fits into ancient Greek history by referring to the time line on page xii. 34
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Teachers Notes A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided on pages viii – xi for teacher reference. Many of them appear on Question 1 in Exercise E. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
Answers Exercise C......................................... page 38 punishment, medicine, world, them, god, baths, books, single, detailed, promise, poison, keen, military, army, victory Exercise D......................................... page 39 1. (a) (xii), (b) (x), (c) (ix), (d) (xi), (e) (ii), (f) (viii), (g) (vii), (h) (iii), (i) (iv), (j) (vi), (k) (i), (l) (v) 2. plain, Persians, kilometres, died, first, raced, world, routes, generous, challenge
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Exercise E..................................pages 40–41 1. Teacher check 2. (a) King Darius (b) hoplites (c) phalanx (d) General Militiades (e) Pheidippedes (f) a hoplite’s weapons (g) a hoplon (a hoplite’s shield) (h) panoplia (i) a psiloi (j) horsehair
3. doctor, facts, correct, always, physical, conduct, may, images, information, considered 4. (a) biology (b) chemistry (c) glassmaking (d) earthen (e) combining (f) astronomer (g) natural (h) referring (i) height (j) believed (k) speculated (l) elements (m) common (n) primitive (o) mysterious (p) transform (q) sought (r) Elixir (s) diseases (t) indefinitely
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Exercise B:........................................ page 37 1. Pheidippedes, the athlete, was young and healthy but he died suddenly after running from Marathon to Athens. 2. Having expanded into Asia Minor and taken control of Greek cities, the Persians wanted more territory and more trade so they tried to invade Greece itself. 3. He was the Greek god of healing and medicine. 4. The slaves had washed and dried the body and laid it out on a marble slab for examination. 5. Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. They believed that an imbalance of them could result in sickness, disease and even death. 6. Teacher check 7. The marathon race celebrates his run. 8. Teacher check 9. Answers (a), (c), (e), (g) and (h) should be ticked.
Cross-curricular activities:
Pupils can find out about Hippocrates of Cos, known as the ‘Father of Medicine’, and read a version of the Hippocratic Oath at <www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/library/historical/artifacts/antiqua/hippocrates.cfm>. Information on his life and work is at <www.crystalinks.com/hippocrates.html>.
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Information on Greek medicine and the development of new medical techniques at Alexandria in Egypt during the Hellenistic age can be found at <www.healthsystem.virginia.edu.internet/library/historical/artifacts/antiqua/alexandrian.cfm>. Pupils can find out more about the Battle of Marathon at <www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/history/classical.htm>.
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Information about Pericles and the rebuilding of Athens can be found at <www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b2pericles.htm>. The International Federation of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent works to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilising the power of humanity. More information on this work is available at <www.ifrc.org>. The website of the World Health Organisation, the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations, is <www.who.int/en/>.
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The site of the sanctuary to the god Asclepios at Epidaurus in the Peloponnese is on the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites. Pupils can find out more about this list and the work of the World Heritage Committee at <http://whc.unesco.org>.
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Reading
Read the following post-mortem report by a Greek doctor, Demokedes.
Post-Mortem Report of Dr Demokedes on the body of the athlete1 of Athens. The post-mortem was attended by my two assistants and my six slaves. Information: We said a short prayer to the god Asclepios2 and asked for his guidance in this procedure. Before beginning, we observed that the body in question was that of an apparently healthy male aged around 25 years of age. Our initial observations were that there were no outward signs of ill-health in his body. We had questioned his relatives about his previous medical history and were assured that he had indeed been a healthy man. His wife, Helen, maintained that he had never complained of any illness during their five years of marriage.
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Preparation: I had already instructed my slaves to prepare the body and, when it had been washed, dried and laid out on a marble slab, we gathered around it.
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Examination: I led the examination of the body. I looked for signs of illness and examined the eyes, the tongue and the teeth for signs of disease. I looked for evidence of redness in the face and for other signs of high blood pressure but there were none. Nor was his skin colour yellow which could have indicated a sickness of the liver and an imbalance of the four humours3. I examined the chest, stomach and abdomen for signs of any abnormal swellings that might have indicated hidden disease in the body. There were none. As we continued to examine him, it became obvious that this man had indeed been a healthy man and our initial observations had been correct. As we worked, one of my assistants wrote notes on a papyrus scroll4 in order to keep a detailed record of our findings.
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Conclusion: After my slaves had removed the body, we conferred together and my colleagues agreed with my findings. He had died suddenly from a heart attack brought on by the enormous strain caused by running non-stop from the plain of Marathon to the city of Athens. His heart had literally burst as he delivered the good news. Perhaps his heart had burst with happiness. Mercifully, he did not suffer any pain5. His name should be remembered with pride and we should rejoice in our great victory over the Persians6. Cause of death: Sudden collapse and heart attack brought on by intense physical strain. Signed: Dr Demokedes.
1. Pheidippides was an Athenian athlete who, according to the legend, ran all the way to Athens to announce the victory of the Athenians at Marathon, which was about 40 kilometres north-east of Athens. The Battle of Marathon, in 490 BC, was fought against the Persians, who suffered heavy casualties and lost at least 6400 Persian soldiers in comparison to the Athenians, who only lost 192 soldiers. To honour the legend of the athlete, the modern Olympic Games, which began in 1896, instigated the marathon as an event for runners and many cities in the world also hold marathon races every year. 2. Asclepios was the Greek god of healing and medicine. He was the son of Apollo and was brought up by a centaur, a mythical creature which was half-man, half-horse. 3. The ancient Greeks believed that many illnesses were caused by an imbalance of the four humours of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile within the body. Ancient doctors also related these humours to the four elements of earth, water, fire and air, and to the two pairs of opposites: hot and cold, wet and dry. Any imbalance could result in sickness, disease and even death. The ancient Greeks also believed that illnesses and diseases could be sent as punishment by the gods.
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. Why has Dr Demokedes been asked to carry out this post mortem? 2. Why were the Persians at war with the Greeks? 3. Why does the doctor pray to the god Asclepios before he begins his work? 4. What preparations were made by Dr Demokedes’s slaves for his examination of the body?
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6. Why do you think Pheidippides ran so far and so quickly?
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5. What were the four humours referred to by the doctor and what effect did the Greeks believe an imbalance of them could have?
7. How is the legend of Pheidippides remembered today?
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8. In your opinion, why does Dr Demokedes say that Pheidippedes ‘mercifully’ did not suffer any pain?
(a) The ancient Greeks believed that illnesses and diseases were sent by the gods as punishments.......
(e) The marathon is a race that is still run today in the Olympic Games and around the world.................
(b) Asclepios was the son of Zeus and was brought up by a satyr, a creature that was half-man and half-goat.................................................................
(f) Ancient Greek doctors performed full surgical dissections on the dead to determine the cause of death..................................................................
(c) Greek doctors used surgical instruments made of bronze................................................................
(g) Greek doctors did not have very effective anaesthetics against pain.........................................
(d) Pheidippedes ran for over eighty kilometres from Marathon to Athens.................................................
(h) In the battle of Marathon the Persians lost 6400 men but the Greeks only lost 192 men............
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9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct:
4. Around 800 BC, the ancient Greeks rediscovered writing after losing it during the Dark Ages. They traded with the Phoenicians, who used an alphabet using only consonants. The Greeks adapted this and introduced signs for vowels. This alphabet forms the basis of the alphabet used today in the Western world. Originally, the Greeks wrote from right to left but after adapting the Phoenician alphabet they wrote from left to right. Papyrus was paper made from the pulp of the papyrus plant, sometimes also called the paper plant, grown on the banks of the Nile in Egypt. 5. Illness and death in ancient Greece was often difficult and painful. Doctor’s surgical instruments were made of bronze and included knives and probes. They operated on their patients using opium and the root of a powerful herb called mandrake to anaesthetise against pain, but these were not very effective. Consequently, surgical operations were both dangerous and extremely painful and often resulted in the death of the patient from post-operative infections, which could not be prevented or cured at that time. For this reason, ancient Greek doctors were reluctant to operate and only carried out operations as a last resort. 6. The Persian Empire began to grow to the east of the Greeks from the 7th century BC and Greek cities along the coast of Asia Minor had come under Persian rule by 550 BC. The Persians wanted more territory and trade so they invaded Greece in 491 BC and advanced towards Athens. However, the Athenians defeated them soundly at the Battle of Marathon. They would attack Greece again at the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) and at the naval battle of Salamis (480 BC).
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god
army
The ancient Greeks were very superstitious about diseases and believed that they could be sent as a by the gods for doing wrong. Asclepios, the son of Apollo, was the Greek god of medicine. He was brought up by a centaur, a legendary creature, half-man and half-horse, who taught him about to honour Asclepios all over the Greek
. Many sanctuaries were built but his most famous temple was built at Epidaurus in the
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Peloponnese. Sick people travelled for long distances to spend the night in his temple, hoping that Asclepios would appear to in their dreams. In the morning, his priests would carry out the treatments suggested by the
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. These included herbal treatments, diets, exercises and
. People brought
terracotta or bronze models of the painful parts of their body and left them as offerings to Asclepios. One of the most famous Greek doctors, Hippocrates, was born on the island of Cos, where he established a medical school. He wrote 53 medical
, collectively known as Corpus, and he disliked superstitions about the causes of
disease. He believed that the human body should be studied as one
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organism and that each part
base their treatments on
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should be understood in the context of the entire body. He believed that diseases had natural causes and that doctors should observation of their patient’s symptoms. He wrote an oath, a solemn
, that doctors still abide by today. Doctors taking the Hippocratic Oath promised to help their patients to their patients, even when asked, and to
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and to never cause harm. They promised never to give
ensure that dealings with their patients were confidential. The Battle of Marathon, between the Persians and the Athenians, was one of the decisive battles of ancient history. The Persians, led by their king, Darius, were
to gain new territory and new trade routes in the Aegean Basin. They
had conquered the Ionian Greeks who lived along the coast of Turkey. These Greeks rebelled against Persian rule, assisted by the Athenians. The Persians, led by Darius, crushed the rebellion and began a
campaign to conquer Greece
and punish the Athenians. The Athenians, led by their general, Miltiades, faced the Persians at Marathon. Miltiades had 10 000 hoplites, Greek soldiers, at his command. However, the Persian
, led by Darius, was twice as big. They
faced each other for five days. Miltiades decided to change his battle strategy by strengthening the flanks (sides) rather than the middle of his army. He sought help from the Spartans but it came too late. There is a legend that after the Greeks won at Marathon, Pheidippedes ran to Athens to announce the
but died as soon as he got there. On that day, 11 August
490 BC, 6400 Persians died but only 192 Greeks died. Miltiades’s unusual strategy had succeeded.
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Exercise D:
Word study exercises
1. Read the following sentences about Greek doctors and medicine and match the first half of the sentences with the second half correctly. (i) powerful herb called mandrake as anaesthetics or pain relief.
(b) He was born on the island of Cos and he
(ii) there were many shrines dedicated to him in ancient Greece.
(c) This code was called the Hippocratic Code and
(iii) dream that Asclepios visited then and cured them or prescribed treatment for their illnesses.
(d) Hippocrates believed that diseases had natural causes and
(iv) small gift, called a votive, showing the part of the body that had been healed by Asclepios.
(e) The Greek god of healing was called Asclepios and
(v) school of medicine on his native island, Cos.
(f) He was the son of Apollo and was so good at healing that
(vi) including bronze knives and bronze probes.
(g) The most famous shrine to Asclepios was at Epidaurus in the
(vii) Peleponnese and contained a temple, a hospital and houses for priests who were also doctors.
(h) At Epidaurus, patients slept in a hall where they hoped to
(viii) it was said that he could bring the dead back to life.
(i) Patients who believed that the god had cured them often left a
(ix) doctors still recite a version of this oath today when they graduate.
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(a) Hippocrates, a doctor, teacher and writer has been
(x) created a code for the way doctors should behave.
(k) They operated on their patients using opium and the root of a
(xi) he disagreed with the belief that they were caused by angry gods or evil spirits.
(l) In the 5th century BC, Hippocrates set up a
(xii) called the ‘Father of Medicine’.
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(j) Greek doctors used medical instruments made of bronze
2. Read the following paragraph about the origins of the marathon race and circle the most appropriate bold word to complete the sentences.
The modern marathon commemorates the feat of the Greek athlete Pheidippedes, who ran to Athens from the plane/plain/ plan of Marathon to announce the news of the Greek’s victory against the Egyptians/Phoenicians/Persians. The legend says that, after Pheidippedes ran for about 42 metres/miles/kilometres, he said the words ‘Rejoice, we conquer’, and suddenly died/dyed/dead.
His achievement is celebrated by the Marathon race in the Modern Olympic Games and was included in the second/fourth/ first modern games in 1896 in Athens. Marathon races, open to all, are now also run/ran/raced through the streets of the world’s great cities, including London, Sydney and New York.
The Boston Marathon has been run since 1897 and many athletes from all over the Earth/world/Mars now participate in marathons. Host cities have special roads/races/routes marked off in their streets for the race. The winners in some marathons receive small/generous/tiny prizes from corporate sponsors. However, most runners participate because they enjoy the activity/challenge/demands of running long distances.
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Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences. (a) Asclepios: A son of Apollo, he became the Greek god of healing after death and had many shrines devoted to him. (b) centaur: A mythical creature which was half-man and half-horse, usually employed as teachers of heroes. (c) four humours: Greek doctors believed that illnesses in the body were caused by an imbalance in the four humours of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. (d) Hippocrates: A doctor, teacher and writer born on the island of Cos, and holds the title the ‘Father of Medicine’. (e) hoplites: Heavily armed soldiers, usually wealthy citizens who used their own armour. (f)
medical history: A record of a patient’s health, physical condition and any previous illnesses.
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(g) military strategy: A plan of campaign devised by military commanders before the battle commenced. (h) oath: A solemn promise, usually made to a god or a revered person to bear witness to the truth of one’s word. phalanx: A military formation in which a tightly packed square of soldiers attacked at a running trot.
(j)
post-mortem: From the Latin meaning ‘after death’, an examination of a body to determine the cause or causes of death.
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(i)
symptoms: A change in a person that can indicate the presence of a disease or a condition.
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(l)
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(k) superstitious: To believe that fate, omens, magic or chance can influence everyday life and the decisions one makes.
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2. The following descriptions describe activities, people, objects and events involved in the Battle of Marathon. Match their titles with the descriptions.
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(a) He was the king of Persia when the Persians launched their military campaign in 490 BC.
(i)
(b) These soldiers wore helmets, breastplates and shin guards of bronze and carried shields.
(ii) Pheidippedes
(c) A tightly packed square of soldiers that attacked at a running trot. Each soldier used his shield to protect the right side of the soldier to his left.
(iii) a hoplon (a hoplite’s shield)
(d) He was the leader of the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon and led a much smaller army than the Persians.
(iv) panoplia (collection of weapons)
(e) He ran from Marathon to the city of Athens to announce the victory of the Greeks against the Persians, and collapsed and died when he gave the news.
(v) King Darius
A long sword and a short double-bladed iron sword.
horsehair
(g) This object could weigh as much as eight kilograms and was a wooden bowl covered with bronze plates on the outside and leather on the inside.
(vii) psiloi
(h) This was the name given to a hoplite’s armour.
(viii) hoplites
This soldier supported the hoplites and was armed with stones and clubs.
(ix) a hoplite’s weapons
(j)
This was used to decorate the soldier’s helmets.
(x) General Miltiades
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Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. Read the following paragraph about the diagnosis of disease and circle the correct bold words to complete each sentence. The process of identifying a disease and its causes is called a diagnosis. The doctor/nurse/patient collects the facts about a patient’s condition and reviews them in a logical manner. Further ideas/theories/facts may be needed to distinguish between possible diagnoses but sometimes the incorrect/correct/false diagnosis can be made very quickly. Diagnosis always/sometimes/never begins with the patient’s health history and a physical examination. During the mental/ spiritual/physical examination, the doctor gathers data about the patient’s weight, blood pressure and body temperature. The doctor will also listen to the patient’s heart and lungs and may calculate/conduct/cancel some tests, such as an examination and analysis of the patient’s blood and urine. The use of X-rays may/must/might be required for further information and the doctor may wish to use computed tomography or scanning, which can produce detailed crosssectional drawings/cartoons/images of the patient’s body. The doctor may also decide to use the electrocardiogram, called the ECG, or the electroencephalogram, called the EEG, to provide further supposition/suggestion/information. An MRI scan may also be construed/considered/constrained by the doctor, which uses magnetic resonance imaging to produce images of the patient’s body structure using magnetism, radio waves and a computer.
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4. Read the following paragraph, about the earliest scientists, and find 20 misspellings. Write the corrected words underneath. You may need to use a dictionary. Science was traditionally divided into three main areas: physics, chemistry and biolagy. The earliest chemists lived in ancient Sumeria, Babylon, Egypt and Greece. Early pupils of chemistrey recognised elements such as iron, glass and copper and made progress in glassmakeing, metalworking and alloying. They knew that iron was made from a dirty brown earthan rock and that bronze was made by combineing copper and tin. Thales of Miletus, a Greek philosopher, astronomar, statesman and mathematician, is sometimes regarded as the first Greek philosopher as he sought to give a purely naturel explanation for things without refering to any mythological factors. He is credited with the discovery of five theorems in geometry. He is reputed to have applied his theorems to calculate the heighte of the Egyptian pyramids and to calculate the distance from shore of a ship at sea. He beleived that water was the fundamental building block of all matter on Earth. Another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, specalated on the nature of matter. He believed that earth, fire, air and water were the basic elemants that comprised all matter. Ancient writers in this area speculated on removing hardness, heat and cold from comman materials to make them rare or more valuable. During the Middle Ages, a primative science called alchemy developed in which alchemists tried to discover what they called the Philosopher’s Stone, a misterious material which they believed would transforme common metals, such as lead, into silver or gold. The alchemists also soughte to find the Elixer of Life, a potion they believed would cure all dizeases and prolong life indefinately.
1.
19.
20.
Discussion points — Greek medicine and modern medicine Today, modern medicine can achieve results that the ancient Greeks could only dream of. However, the influence of the ancient Greeks on the science of medicine still endures centuries after their civilisation ended. Discuss the progress made by modern medicine in the alleviation of pain and suffering. Discuss what the attitude of the ancient Greeks may have been to the use of plastic surgery for cosmetic purposes. Map the areas of the world today that are still suffering from food shortages, poor medical facilities and disease epidemics and research the work of organisations such as the International Federation of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent and the World Health Organisation. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Teachers Notes
Unit 6: Queen Artemisia writes in her journal about the Battle of Salamis – 480 BC Objectives: Pupil reads text and completes comprehension and cloze exercise based on text. Pupil completes word study exercises in correcting spelling and identifying and circling correct answers. Pupil learns about the military forces of the Greeks, straits and what they are and circles key geographical terms to do with the sea.
Background information: This text is a journal. A journal is a continued series of texts written by a person about his or her life experiences and events. Journals may include descriptions of daily events as well as thoughts and emotions. In this text, Queen Artemisia writes in her journal before, during and after the Battle of Salamis, describing her feelings and emotions as she faces the battle and as she deals with its aftermath. Queen Artemisia fought in full armour, wearing a breastplate and helmet and carrying a dagger and sickle. She commanded five ships and was the only woman fighting in the Persian navy.
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The power of Athens depended on its navy. Athens had 200 boats, called triremes. These ships carried 170 rowers in three tiers, had ramming heads and were quick and manoeuverable. A flautist played music to help the oarsmen keep time. By the mid-6th century BC, the Greeks had developed a new ramming head, a metal-tipped wooden ramming spike, which jutted forward from the ship just under the water line. Oarsmen could fight if they had to but the triremes also carried around 60 professional soldiers called hoplites. The triremes could split an enemy ship in two if they were rowed into it. Eventually, the Greeks gave up boarding ships and simply rammed them in half. During the Battle of Salamis, in 480 BC, Greek triremes, led by the Athenians, completely destroyed 200 Persian ships.
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The Greeks were great sailors and used their ships to sail around the coast or to move from island to island for their trade, travel or warfare. In a land of mountains and rough tracks, it was easier to sail along the coast than to attempt to cross the mountains. This mountainous landscape meant that sea travel was far safer and simpler. Many of the islands of the eastern Mediterranean Sea were so close to each other that it was possible to sail from one port to the other without even losing sight of land.
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Greek ships were built from oak, fir or poplar, with a softer mast of fir. Greek ships were crescent-shaped and had a tall stem. Their warships, such as the triremes, were narrow for speed and had rowers as well as a mast. Their merchant ships, used for trading, were wider with sails and a steering oar. The Greeks used large stones as anchors. Ships usually only sailed when the weather was good, between late spring and early autumn. If storms blew up, the Greeks could only use the sun and stars as landmarks. At that stage, they lacked the compass or the sextant for navigation. By day, Greek sailors relied on coastal landmarks for navigation and at night, they navigated by the stars in the sky. Greek ships, which were small and slow, stayed close to land and carried goods locally from one harbour to the next. Most journeys west from Athens avoided sailing around the southern tip of the Peleponnese and merchants simply pulled their boats overland along a stone track across the thin land-bridge which joined the Peloponnese to the rest of the country.
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Around 550 BC, many of the Greek cities along the coast of Asia had come under Persian rule. The Persians, under their king, Darius, invaded Greece in 491 BC with a large army and many ships. Darius conquered the areas of Thrace and Macedonia and then turned his attention to Athens. The Battle of Marathon was the first great battle of this war, with the Greeks defeating the Persians. At Marathon, the Persians lost 6400 men whereas the Athenians lost only 192. The next great battle of this war was the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. Three hundred Spartans fought to the death to stop the Persians, under the leadership of their king, Xerxes (the son of Darius), getting through a narrow mountain pass. At the Battle of Salamis, shortly afterwards, the Persians were lured towards a narrow strait where the Greek ships rammed them, splintering their sides and sheering off ranks of Persian oars. They then ploughed into the next wave of Persian oars. In the battle, the Persians lost 200 ships and the Greeks only lost 40 ships. Eventually, the Persians gave up their dream of invading and colonising Greece. Ancient Greece was never a single country. It was a collection of small political units, with different units having dominance from time to time. These units were called ‘poleis’ (plural) in Greek. The word ‘polis’ (singular) can be translated as ‘city-state’. These units were not really cities or states but communities of people who were self-governing and usually consisted of a number of elements such as an acropolis, a city centre which was the centre of public life, a town or city built around the acropolis, villages and countryside surrounding the town or city, the people who lived in these areas and the political, cultural and economic way of life. Many Greek colonies, with their own poleis or city-states, were founded between 750 and 400 BC in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. They included cities as far as Marseilles in France, Cyrene in North Africa and Emporium in Spain. It was easier to travel by boat than to travel overland to reach many Greek city-states. In ancient times, this meant that the chief form of travel for most Greeks was by sea and, as a result, they were excellent sailors, brilliant navigators and successful traders. The inner islands acted as stepping-stones for sailors between Greece and Asia Minor. Ancient Greek sailors were never out of sight of land or without a safe harbour for the night as they sailed in the Aegean Basin, which became the focus for the development of trade and culture between Europe, Asia and Egypt. It was no accident that city-states like Athens reached their political, cultural and economic height at the time of their naval supremacy. The colonies established by the Greeks were a result of their great seafaring skills. There was unity among Greeks in three main areas and this unity gave them their identity in the ancient world. These three areas were a common language, a common literature and a common religion.
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Literacy and history – The Greeks
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Teachers Notes Worksheet information: Pupils may wish to use their atlases, their geography resources and the Internet in order to complete Questions 3 and 4 in Exercise E. Ancient Greek civilisation consisted of several periods. The Battle of Salamis occurred at the start of the Classical Period. Pupils can check where the Classical Period fits into ancient Greek history by referring to the time line included on page xii. A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided on pages viii – xi for teacher reference. Many of them appear on Question 1 in Exercise E. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A to assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
Answers: 2. 3.
Exercise C......................................... page 46 divided, living, Greece, crime, sea, attack, oarsmen, their, painted, warships, Salamis, dared, completely, watched, golden, life, defeated.
Exercise E..................................pages 48–49 1. Teacher check 2. (a) (v), (b) (iii), (c) (vi), (d) (i), (e) (ii), (f) (iv) 3. (a) (v), (b) (vi), (c) (vii), (d) (iv), (e) (viii), (f) (ii), (g) (iii), (h) (i) 4. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (i), (d) (i), (e) (ii), (f) (i), (g) (iii), (h) (iii)
Exercise D......................................... page 47 1. (a) ruined (b) associated (c) strait (d) continued (e) naval (f) pieces (g) vitality (h) easily (i) defeated (j) dead
Cross-curricular activities:
(a) Iran (b) middle (c) expand (d) kingdom (e) along (f) largest (g) divided (h) communication (i) efficient (j) warriors (a) (i), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (i), (e) (iii), (f) (ii)
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8. The Greeks thought that she had defected to their side and the Persians thought that she had rammed a Greek ship. 9. Answers (a), (c), (e) and (g) should be ticked.
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Exercise B......................................... page 45 1. The enemy have almost as many ships as the Persians. 2. I60 Athenian ships have arrived, making it a total of 480 Greek ships. 3. The Persian king believed they could trap the Greek ships in the narrow waters between Salamis and the mainland because they outnumbered them. 4. She had a dream, which seemed to forecast disaster and tried to warn King Xerxes about it. 5. They were better designed and more manoeuverable. 6. She did it to escape capture and torture by the Greeks who were offering a reward of 1000 drachmas for her capture. 7. Teacher check
Pupils can design their own hoplite armour. A good website with information on hoplites and their armour is <www.ncl.ac.uk/shefton-museum/ arms/greekarmour.html>.
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Pupils can design their own trireme, using features of the ancient Greeks and features of their own design. A good website with information on triremes is <http://home-3.tiscali.nl/~meester7/engtrireme.html>.
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Pupils can carry out research on other women leaders in history such as Queen Boadicea who fought against Roman rule in Britain or Queen Elizabeth I of England who successfully ruled for 45 years during England’s Golden Age. Pupils can find information on Queen Boadicea and her fight against the Romans at <www.royalty.nu/Europe/England/Boadicea.html> and the Golden Age of Elizabeth I at <www.elizabethi.org/ us/biography.html>.
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There were two Queen Artemisias. The first queen fought in the Battle of Salamis. The second queen is credited with building the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus for her husband in the 4th century BC, which became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Halicarnassus was one of the Ionian Greek states on the west coast of what is now Turkey. Pupils can research both queens and compare them. A good website with information on both of them is <www.bodrum-info.org/English/history/>.
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Literacy and history – The Greeks
43
Read the following journal entries written by Queen Artemisia1 – Queen of Halicarnassus.
The Straits of Salamis, September 480 BC
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The night before the battle I am feeling very apprehensive and worried. We have 500 ships, but there are now 480 enemy ships here, too, of which 160 are Athenian. The rest are from the other Greek poleis2. They have all responded to the call from Themistocles to come here. Even though the Spartans, led by their king, Leonidas, prevented our forces from passing through Thermopylae3, Athens was still razed to the ground4 by King Xerxes and his forces. I have had a bad feeling about this battle since I had a dream two nights ago that the sea had turned red and there were many voices crying out in pain for me to rescue them. I have tried to warn Xerxes that the Greeks are dangerous and will bring only defeat but he has ignored me. He is stubborn and will not take my advice. He is a fool and I fear that he will regret this bitterly in the future.
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The morning of the battle I woke this morning while it was still dark and said my prayers to the gods. The sea was lashing my ships and the Greek triremes5 and the clouds raced ominously across the sky. I fear that I will lose my life here today. Our ships are ready and I will be commanding my five ships in the battle. I must go now but I pray that the gods will protect me this day. I pray that Xerxes is right and that, because we outnumber them, we can trap the Greeks in the narrow waters between Salamis and the mainland. If we can do that, they will have no room for action and their oars will crack. They will hit each other with the bronze beaks of their oars and we will smash their ships to pieces. They should expect death this morning.
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The aftermath of the battle There is blood and darkness everywhere. It is hard to believe that the Greeks are the victors in the middle of this chaos of death and destruction. I hear the cries of drowning Persians all around me. The cost of the battle must be very great. There are hundreds of our ships wrecked and sinking even as I write. Broken oars float in the water. I was trapped among the mayhem and had to ram an ally’s ship6 in order to escape from the straits with my life. It was that or suffer horribly at the hands of the Greeks who, I have heard, are willing to pay 1000 drachmas for my capture. I heard that Xerxes watched the battle from a golden throne on a hill on the mainland. His servants served him drinks in golden cups as he watched us fight. He clearly expected to win. How could he have underestimated the determination of the Greeks to protect their way of life? Why did he not listen to me? I was right about Salamis. But if the Greeks think we are finished, they should think again7. Our navy may be damaged but our army is still strong. 1. Artemisia was a fighting queen who was a naval commander and an ally of Xerxes. She ruled the city of Halicarnassus and the nearby islands of Cos, Calymnos and Nisyros. She commanded five ships in the Persian navy. She advised Xerxes not to fight at Salamis, suspecting that it was a Greek trap and fearing that it would result in the defeat of the Persian navy. She was right. The Greeks sent a man called Sicinnus to lie to Xerxes, telling him that Themistocles (a Greek general) was going to defect to the Persian side. 2. Poleis is the plural of the word ‘polis’, a Greek word meaning ‘city-state’, a community of people who are self-governing. 3. In the Battle of Thermopylae, a small number of Spartans, believed to be about 300 in number, and led by King Leonidas held back the Persians from getting through a narrow mountain pass. A Greek traitor showed the Persians another way to get through the pass but Leonidas, and his men fought on and they were all killed. The Persians had marched on to Athens, killing Athenians and plundering the city. 4. To destroy utterly by tearing down and demolishing a building, town or city. 5. Triremes were special warships that had crews of 200 men. A team of 170 oarsmen rowed them and they could travel at great speed. They had a huge battering ram at the front, which crashed into enemy ships and caused a great deal of damage. They sometimes had eyes and faces painted on their fronts to make them appear even more frightening. Although greatly outnumbered by the Persians, the Greek triremes were better designed and much more manoeuvrable in the narrow straits of Salamis. This gave them an advantage over the Persians that they exploited successfully in this famous naval victory. 44
Literacy and history – The Greeks
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. Why is Queen Artemisia feeling so apprehensive and worried? 2. How many Athenian ships have arrived? How many Greek ships are there to take part in the battle? 3. What strategy did the Persians hope to adopt in the battle? 4. What has Queen Artemisia tried to warn King Xerxes about? 5. What advantage did the Greek triremes have against the Persians?
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6. How does the queen justify the fact that she rammed a ship belonging to her own side?
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7. What do you think the queen’s dream may have meant?
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8. How did Queen Artemisia manage to escape from the straits of Salamis without being recognised by the Greeks or condemned by the Persians for ramming the ship of a Persian ally?
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9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct: (a) Queen Artemisia was a fighter queen who commanded five ships in the battle of Salamis....................................
(b) Queen Artemisia was the ally of the Greeks...................... (c) Greek triremes were well designed and manoeuverable in narrow waters.....................................
(d) Queen Artemisia was queen of the city of Calynda............ (e) The Greeks tricked the Persians into thinking that Themistocles was going to defect....................................
(f) King Xerxes fought in the Battle of Salamis....................... (g) The Spartans were the heroes of the Battle of
Thermopylae.................................................................. (h) The Persians were finally defeated by the Greeks in 471 BC..........................................................................
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6. Artemisia feared for her life as it became clear that the Greeks were winning the battle. In order to escape, she rammed a trireme belonging to the king of Calynda, a city close to Halicarnassus, and sank it. She was lucky to escape as the Greeks thought that her ship had defected to their side because she sat beneath an awning and they did not see her. If they had realised who she was, they would have captured her, as there was a reward of 1000 drachmas offered by them for her capture. The Persians thought that she had rammed a Greek ship and praised her to Xerxes, glad to have something good to report to him amidst all the bad news. 7. The Persians continued to threaten the Greeks but, in 479 BC, a huge Greek army led by a Spartan general called Pausonias defeated the Persians at Plataea. The Greek navy also attacked and burned the Persian fleet at Mykale in Asia Minor.
Literacy and history – The Greeks
45
divided attack Greece living dared completely oarsmen
life
their crime warships
In 480 BC, the Persians attacked the Greeks, led by Xerxes, the son of King Darius. The Persians had created an empire stretching from Egypt to India which was
into 20 provinces. Each province had to pay taxes to the king and rebellions
were crushed ruthlessly. Each area kept its culture, language and religion, but the Ionian Greeks
along
the Turkish coast hated Persian rule and rebelled. This angered the Persians, who became determined to expand their territories by conquering
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.
After the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC, Greece was unsettled and open to attack. The Athenians had abandoned their city to the Greeks
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and the sacred temples on the Acropolis had been burned. This was an unforgivable
who respected and feared their gods. The Athenian general and naval commander, Themistocles, persuaded them to fight a battle against the Persian king, Xerxes. In September 480 BC, the Athenians and their allies waited for the Persians to
them in the narrow straits of Salamis.
and their allies in the straits. Triremes had 170
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Themistocles believed that the more manoeuverable Greek triremes would be faster and the Greeks would be able to sink the Persians , rowing on three levels on either side of the ship. Hoplites
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fought with spears and bows on the deck above the rowers. Triremes had pointed wooden rams strengthened with metal. They rammed their enemies with force, smashing
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symbols in Greek art, were believed that eyes painted on engage the Greeks at
oars and splintering their ships in two. Eyes, important on the sides of the ships to make them appear frightening. The Greeks also magically guided them. King Xerxes was absolutely determined to
, even though some of his allies had misgivings about engaging them in a naval
battle with the Greeks. Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus is said to have been the only one who
to voice
her doubts to Xerxes, believing that they risked defeat at sea and on land. In the event, Artemisia was right. The Greeks trapped the Persians in the narrow straits and destroyed 200 Persian ships by ramming them and smashing their oars, sinking them and killing many Persians. King Xerxes had
the battle from a golden throne on the mainland, being served drinks by his servants in cups, and was devastated by the defeat. Queen Artemisia had to fight for her
,
being trapped between the Greeks and the sinking and damaged Persian ships. She had to ram one of her ally’s ships to get to safety and hide out of sight of the Greeks. The Greeks had a 1000 drachma reward for her capture. Xerxes abandoned the invasion of Greece and returned to Persia. The Persians later attacked the Greeks at Plataea, in 479 BC, but they were
and
at Mykale in Asia Minor, the Greeks destroyed their navy. 46
Literacy and history – The Greeks
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Exercise D:
Word study exercises
1. Read the following account by King Xerxes of the Battle of Salamis. Identify ten misspellings in his account. Write them correctly below.
1.
10.
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The journal of King Xerxes, September 480 BC. I am writing this in the evening of the day that has runed my life. From now on, my name will always be asociated with failure, not glory. I have let my father, King Darius, down badly. As I sat in my golden throne on the hill overlooking the straight of Salamis earlier today, I felt so confident of victory. Last night, Queen Artemisia continueid to voice her doubts about my strategy of fighting a navale battle against the Greeks. Why didn’t I listen to her? She was right. As I saw my ships trapped and rammed to peaces by the Greeks, my heart sank and I could feel my vitalaty fade away. I was so sure, after what happened at Thermopylae in August, that we would be able to beat them easilly. But I was wrong. So wrong. We have suffered not only the loss of over 200 of our ships but the loss of our pride as Persians. Now I must leave quickly as a defeeted king, and flee like a criminal, not like the king of a great empire. I vow that we will return to fight the Greeks again, on the body of my deade father, King Darius, and next time the victory will be ours.
9.
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2. Read the following description of the Persian Empire and circle the correct bold word in each sentence.
The Persians were a people who came from the area we now call Iran/Egypt/Syria. From the end/middle/beginning of the 6th century BC, the Persian Empire began to include/expand/invade its territories. It conquered the kingdom/
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Republic/state of Media and began to take control of Greek territories and Greek city-states above/under/along the Aegean Sea’s eastern coastline. Under King Darius, the empire reached its smallest/largest/biggest extent. Their empire was cut/ arranged/divided into 20 provinces. A system of roads made communication/conversation/calls between the Persian
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king and the provinces easy. The Persians had an extremely small/efficient/easygoing army. There was an elite force of 10 000 Persian painters/warriors/bakers who were known as the Immortals.
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3. Circle the correct answers.
(a) The Persians came from the area we now call (i) Iran. (ii) Ireland. (iii) Italy.
(b) In the 6th century BC, the Persians began to threaten (i) the Egyptians. (ii) the Greeks. (iii) the Celts.
(c) The Battle of Salamis occurred in (i) 470 BC. (ii) 390 BC. (iii) 480 BC. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
(d) Queen Artemisia was the queen of (i) the city of Halicarnassus. (ii) the city of Pergamum. (iii) the city of Babylon. (e) Queen Artemisia was a naval commander who (i) commanded 7 ships in the battle of Salamis. (ii) commanded 11 ships in the battle of Salamis. (iii) commanded 5 ships in the battle of Salamis.
(f) In the Battle of Salamis, she was forced to (i) scuttle her own ship in order to escape. (ii) ram the ship of one of her own ally’s. (iii) surrender to the Greeks.
Literacy and history – The Greeks
47
Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) apprehensive: State of mind in which a person is worried and concerned about things going wrong in the future.
(b) Artemisia: Queen of Halicarnassus, she commanded five ships at the Battle of Salamis.
(c) chaos: A state of complete disorder and utter confusion.
(d) Halicarnassus: The ancient capital of Caria, a land which lay in what is now south-west Turkey.
(e) manoeuverable: Easily guided through difficult or narrow positions.
(f)
mayhem: Needless or wilful destruction or violence carried out on an object or a person.
(g) Persia: Ancient name of a country in south-west Asia, now called Iran.
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(h) to ram a ship: To pierce the prow of an enemy ship with the pointed beak of ones’ oars in order to sink it.
(i)
to raze to the ground: To destroy utterly by tearing down and demolishing a building, town or city.
(k) triremes: Greek warships; had three tiers of 170 rowers, metal-tipped ramming spikes and were light and manoeuverable.
(l)
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straits: A narrow passageway of sea connecting two larger bodies of water; e.g. the Straits of Salamis connected the Saronic Gulf with the Bay of Eleusis.
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Xerxes: The king of the Persians from 486–465 BC and son of King Darius.
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2. Read the following descriptions of some of the Greek forces and identify their titles. Look for the clues in the descriptions. Description
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Greek force
(a) I come from Athens. I trained as a soldier when I was 18 and I was called up for military service during the latest crisis with the Persian enemy. I purchased my own armour and weapons.
(i) An archer on a trireme
(b) I come from the land of Scythia on the shores of the Black Sea. I was paid a handsome fee to come and join in the fighting, using my bow and arrow.
(ii) Athenian cavalry officer
(c) I come from Piraeus, the port of Athens. I wanted to row on the triremes since I was a young boy. My family were poor but I was accepted into the navy as a professional sailor.
(iii) A Scythian archer
(d) I belong to the Athenian navy and I am trained to use a bow and arrow against the enemy, as I sail on the trireme rowed by my fellow sailors, the oarsmen.
(iv) A Spartan warrior
(e) I come from a noble Athenian family. I ride in a fast horse-drawn chariot so I can give orders to my soldiers in battle and get a better view of the fighting.
(v) An Athenian hoplite
(f) I was born in Sparta. My life has been dedicated to fighting since I was seven years of age, when I left my family to train as a warrior. I would prefer to die than to be defeated by my enemy.
(vi) An oarsman on a trireme
Literacy and history – The Greeks
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. Straits are narrow channels or passageways of sea linking two larger areas of sea. The straits at Salamis connected the Saronic Bay in the south with the bay of Eleusis in the north and separated the island of Salamis from the Greek mainland. Can you link these other straits with their descriptions? There are clues in the descriptions. You may wish to use your atlas, the Internet and other resources. Description
Strait
Strait between Spain and north Africa connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Gibraltar on the north and Ceuta on the southern side of the strait were known as the Pillars of Heracles in ancient times, as the Greeks believed that they marked the spot beyond which they should not sail.
(i)
The Dardanelles and the Bosporus Straits
(b)
Strait between south-east England and northern France in the English Channel, which separates England from France by 35 kilometres. It played a vital role in the two world wars in the 20th century, World War I and World War 2.
(ii)
The Strait of Malacca
(c)
Strait at the southern end of South America between the mainland and Tierra del Fuego Archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is named after Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese explorer who first sailed through it into the Pacific Ocean in 1520.
(iii) The Strait of Otranto
(d)
Strait between Canada and the United States between Vancouver Island and the mainland, north-west of Puget Sound in the Pacific Ocean. It separates Vancouver Island from the Canadian mainland.
(iv) The Straits of Georgia and Queen Charlotte
(e)
Strait between north-east Sicily and the south-west tip of the peninsula of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea. The strait separates Sicily from the Italian mainland.
(v)
(f)
Strait between South Malay Peninsula and the island of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean, which the Portuguese seized in 1510 as they searched for spices to bring back to Europe during the Age of Exploration.
(vi) The Strait of Dover
(g)
Strait between south-east Italy and Albania in the Adriatic Sea. It is 800 kilometres long and stretches from the Gulf of Venice. It separates Italy from eastern Europe.
(vii) The Strait of Magellan
(h)
Strait between the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara that leads into the Bosporus Strait and into the Black Sea. In ancient times it was called the Hellespont and it was crossed by King Xerxes in 480 BC and by Alexander the Great in 334 BC.
(viii) The Strait of Messina
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(a)
4. Circle the correct explanations for the following terms. You may wish to consult your atlas, the Internet or other resources. (e) A sound is (i) an inland lake. (ii) a long passage of water that is wider than a strait. (iii) a river basin prone to strong winds. (f) A gulf is (i) a part of ocean or sea extending into the land. (ii) a wide expanse of beach. (iii) another name for a river delta. (g) An archipelago is (i) an arctic stream. (ii) a lake in the mountains. (iii) an expanse of water with many scattered islands. (h) An ocean is (i) a number of inland canals. (ii) another name for an estuary. (iii) a major subdivision of the body of water covering the Earth’s surface.
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(a) A peninsula is (i) a bridge across a river. (ii) a body of land surrounded on three sides by water. (iii) an artificial island in a lake. (b) A strait is (i) a straight river. (ii) a narrow stretch of river. (iii) a narrow passageway of sea between two larger bodies of sea. (c) A channel is (i) a narrow sea between two close landmasses. (ii) the route of a ferry. (iii) a freshwater lake. (d) An island is (i) any land area surrounded entirely by water. (ii) a piece of land connected to the mainland by a bridge. (iii) a large piece of land encircled by a river. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Literacy and history – The Greeks
The Strait of Gibraltar
Discussion points Research Greek warfare, using the library and the Internet, and discuss the contribution of the ancient Greeks to the techniques and tactics of warfare. Organise a debate in which a Greek side and a Persian side argue about the Battle of Salamis, the tactics used and the fairness of the outcome. Research the topic using the library and the Internet.
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Teachers Notes
Unit 7: A critic reviews the first night of a new play in the Greek colony of Poseidonia – 470 BC Objectives:
Pupils read text and complete comprehension and cloze exercises on text. Pupils complete word study exercises in word search skills, correcting misspellings and finding correct answers. Pupils learn about Greek colonisation and the spread and influence of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean Sea.
Background information:
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This text is a review, in this case, a review of a play. Reviews are journalistic writing. Journalistic writing aims to present information accurately, clearly and efficiently rather than to present and develop an individual writer’s style. Journalistic writing is usually written in the third person but a drama review such as this presents an individual’s views on a play and is therefore written in the first person. A play is a specific piece of drama, usually enacted on a stage by a number of actors dressed in make-up and appropriate costumes. In the case of Greek drama, all of the actors were male and wore masks made of fabric and stiffened with plaster. Women were not allowed to take part but could attend plays. Greek drama first developed when plays were performed during religious festivals. In Athens, plays were first performed to honour the god of theatre and wine, Dionysos, and by the middle of the 6th century BC drama competitions were regularly held during the festival of Dionysos. The festivals usually lasted for five days and were primarily religious in nature but, on the fifth day, comedies were performed to entertain the crowds. The play in the text is being performed in the wealthy Greek city of Poseidonia (renamed Paestum by the Romans) in southern Italy. The site of the ancient city of Poseidonia is close to the modern Italian city of Salerno, where the three temples referred to by the critic can still be seen. Poseidonia had a number of Greek temples and other Greek buildings, some of which have been very well preserved. They are the best preserved archaic temples in the Greek world. They are the Temple of Ceres (now known to have been dedicated by the Greeks to the goddess Athena), the Basilica (dedicated to the goddess Hera) and the Temple of Neptune (now known to have been dedicated to the god Apollo). The Temple of Neptune is the best preserved and the largest of the three temples. They are among the best preserved Greek temples outside Greece because the city was abandoned due to an outbreak of malaria and allowed to become swamped by the natural growth of plants. Paestum was called Poseidonia by the Greeks, which means ‘the city of Poseidon’, who was the Greek god of the sea. It was part of what was known as Magna Graecia, or ‘Great Greece’. This was the name given to the many Greek colonies, including those founded in Sicily and southern Italy. Apollo was the god of new cities and one of the first things many Greek settlers did was to build an altar to Apollo and seek his blessing on their new home. Apollo was one of the most important Greek gods. He was also the god of the sun and of medicine. Founding a new polis involved great effort and expense. The settlers had to have people, ships, food and weapons provided. This included skilled builders, land surveyors, priests and craft workers. Greek settlers looked for specific features when they were searching for a suitable site for their new city, such as sites which had easy access to water. One of the first buildings they usually built was a temple honouring the gods, with a sacred flame burning all the time brought there from Greece. Ancient Greek playwrights had a profound influence on drama to the present day and their plays are still studied and performed all over the world today. The greatest tragedies were written by playwrights such as Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. They deal with themes of moral and ethical dilemmas such as the use and abuse of power, the rights of the individual and the rights of the state. Aristophanes wrote famous comedies. Greek dramas originally began as ceremonies to honour the gods at sacred sites such as Delphi. By the 5th century BC, tragedies and comedies were being performed regularly. The Greeks held religious festivals several times a year in Athens to honour the god Dionysos. These were called the Dionysia and lasted for five days. Competitions were held and three tragedy and five comedy playwrights were shortlisted. Greek dramas usually had a chorus, which was a group of singers and dancers who wore masks. When Greek drama started, there could be as many as 45 to 50 members in the chorus, reciting in unison. Gradually, the solo actors became more important and their dialogue took precedence but the chorus continued making comments on the action and linking events for the audience. As arenas grew bigger, the masks and costumes were designed to help the audience identify the characters in the drama. Happy characters wore bright clothes and tragic ones wore dark clothes. Tragedies dealt with serious themes such as war and conflict and actors wore masks in dark colours. Comedies dealt with lighter themes and the actors wore masks in bright colours. Their costumes were heavily padded and the actors wore boots and wigs to accentuate their appearance. Their masks were made of stiffened fabric or cork and the large mouths amplified the actors’ voices. The actors could only be men and all female parts were played by them. Music often accompanied the plays, which were performed on a flat circular area called the orchestra. The design of a Greek theatre was a combination of function and beauty. Theatres were large and semi-circular in shape with rows of tiered seating. The seats at the front were reserved for the most important visitors. The centre was circular and included an altar to the god, Dionysos. The stage was raised within the circle. This shape ensured that all present could see and hear clearly as its design amplified sound. The Greek theatre built in the ancient city of Epidaurus, in the north-eastern area of the Peloponnese at the end of the 4th century BC, is well preserved. It gives us a very good idea of what it must have been like to attend a play in ancient Greece. It was designed by an architect called Polyclitus the Younger. This theatre could seat up to 14 000 people and had a curved auditorium designed as a huge semi-circular bowl cut into the hillside. Its shape was designed for excellent viewing and the acoustics are superb as actors speaking in the orchestra today can be heard clearly in the back row. The theatre at Syracuse was one of the largest in the Greek world, with seating for an audience of 15 000 people.
Worksheet information:
Pupils completing Question 2 in Exercise D may need to use a dictionary. Pupils completing Question 2 in Exercise E may wish to consult an atlas. Ancient Greek civilisation contained several periods. Pupils can see where the Hellenistic Period (323–30 BC) fits into ancient Greek history by referring to the time line included in on page xii.
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Teachers Notes A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided on pages viii – xi for teacher reference. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A to assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
Exercise C........................ page 54 along, present, still, largest, wool, craft workers, water, temple, watching, evidence, dedicated, city, Roman, wool, comedies, always, performing, excellent
Exercise E................ pages 56–57 1. Teacher check 2. (a) Ephesus (b) Syracuse (c) Athens (d) Epidaurus
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Exercise B........................ page 53 1. He says that the colonial drama scene does not usually appeal to him. 2. The temples built to honour Poseidon, Hera and Athena. 3. Teacher check 4. The play is called Heracles and the three-headed dog. It is a comedy, written by Epicharmus of Siracusa. 5. ‘Magna Graecia’ is a term that means ‘Great Greece’ and refers to Greek colonies overseas. 6. The festival of Dionysos. 7.–8. Teacher check 9. Answers (b), (e), and (f) should be ticked.
Exercise D........................ page 55 1. Teacher check 2. (a) dramatist (b) entirety (c) amusement (d) tool (e) aspects (f) imaginative (g) performed (h) prizes (i) competitions (j) Dionysos 3. (a) dramatic (b) Dionysos (c) male (d) masks (e) orchestra (f) chorus (g) acoustics (h) tragedies (i) theatres (j) 15 000
3. (a) (v) (b) (ix) (c) (iv) (d) (xii) (e) (xi) (f) (vi) (g) (iii) (h) (ii) (i) (vii) (j) (i) (k) (viii) (l) (x) 4. sea, kilometres, Black, Red, widest, African, islands, clay, rocky
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Answers:
Cross-curricular activities:
The theatre at Epidaurus and images of other Greek theatres can be viewed at <http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=734> and contains a photographic archive showing Greek theatres.
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Pupils should write a short one act play based on a Greek legend of their choice and perform it. A website with information on Greek legends is <www.mythweb.com>. Pupils can find out about Greek dramatists, their plays and their themes at <www.ancientgreece.com/s/Mythology/>.
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Information on the Greek colony of Poseidonia, renamed Paestum by the Romans, which is a World Heritage Listed site, is available at <www.sitiunesco.it/index.phtml?id=676>. UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation and lists 830 sites, including Paestum, which are considered to have outstanding universal value.
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Pupils should make and design their own Greek masks. Information on the influence of the Greeks on Roman art and culture in southern Italy can be found at <www.library.csi.cuny.edu/siias/roman. html>.
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Read the following review of a new play performed at Poseidonia.
The Athenian Guardian 23 August 470 BC
Our new critic, Ephorus, sends us this review from the theatre in the city of Poseidonia in Magna Graecia (Great Greece, the name given to Greek colonies overseas). His review is of the new comedy by the acclaimed playwright Epicharmus1 of the city of Siracusa2 in Sicily3.
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straight back down to Hades and leave it there forever. The characterisation is witty and comical. The chorus5 always entertains us with appropriate comment on the action on stage. The high point comes as Heracles proudly presents the dog to the king and it all goes horribly wrong for the hero. The main characters act their hearts out and I found them all most entertaining. One particular actor, Theophrastus, was brilliant as King Eurystheus. The audience were as stunned as I was by the quality of his performance. I can confidently predict that he has a bright future ahead of him in our theatres in Athens. I have attended plays where the actors were showered with objects hurled by the crowd6. This was not the case on this occasion as the audience, like myself, was enthralled and highly amused by the comedy. I have one small criticism to make, however, and that is about the timing of the chorus who were not always as well rehearsed as they might have been and sometimes missed their cue. As it was the festival of Dionysos, there was much feasting and wine tasting at the reception after the performance7 and, I must say, the citizens of Poseidonia proved themselves to be generous hosts! I will definitely be saying ‘Yes’ the next time my editor asks me to review a play in the colonies if my experience in Poseidonia is anything to go by!
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I had some misgivings when I was asked by the editor to travel here to Poseidonia in Magna Graecia. The colonial drama scene does not usually appeal to me, but I have to admit I was wrong in several ways. First of all, I have to say that Poseidonia is a magnificent city. I arrived here some days ago and was brought to see the wonderful series of temples built here to honour our gods, Poseidon, Hera and Athena. They are extremely well built and impressive. This was my first visit to the theatre in Poseidonia and, I must say, I was most impressed by the location. I made my visit on the fifth day of the festival, when the comedies are performed. The open-air theatre is located close to the centre of the city and I was very impressed by both the quality of the acting and the imagination of the playwright. In my view, Heracles and the three-headed dog4, by the Siracusan playwright, Epicharmus, is going to be popular here, just as it will surely become popular when it is performed in the theatres of Athens. This comedy is set in the underworld and on Earth. It tells the witty and hilarious story of how Heracles, the great warrior of the Greeks, was set the task of bringing the three-headed dog, Cerberus, out of the underworld and into the court of King Eurystheus. The plot revolves around the terror of the king when he sees the monster and orders Heracles to take it
1. The playwright Epicharmus was born around 530 BC and was a Sicilian writer of comedies who probably came from the Greek city of Syracuse. We do not know a lot about his work today as only fragments of his plays survive, of which there are 37 titles. These fragments show that his plays were comedies based on mythological themes in which Odysseus and Heracles figured. There is some evidence that his plays had a chorus and were written in the Sicilian Doric dialect spoken in Syracuse. 2. The city of Syracuse in south-eastern Sicily was founded in 734 BC by Greek settlers from Corinth. Over the next five hundred years, the city became the largest city in Europe and a supreme Mediterranean power. It developed a successful economy, with trading contacts all over the eastern and western Mediterranean, exporting grain, timber, wine and wool. Under the leadership of Dionysius, it controlled Sicily and much of southern Italy. Its power and prosperity lasted until the Romans invaded in 211 BC and it fell under Roman control. 52
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. Why does Ephorus write that he had misgivings when he was asked by his editor to travel to Poseidonia to review this play? 2. Which buildings in Poseidonia particularly impressed Ephorus? 3. Would you say that his review is positive? Does he have any criticisms to make about the performance? 4. What is the name of the play being reviewed, what type of play is it, who wrote it and where does he come from?
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5. What is Ephorus referring to when he uses the term ‘Magna Graecia’?
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6. What festival was being celebrated when Ephorus made his visit to Poseidonia?
7. The playwright Epicharmus came from Siracusa (modern Syracuse), which was the largest city in Europe for five hundred years. Can you suggest reasons why this city achieved such prominent status in the Greek world?
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8. List four differences you can identify between a drama performance today and one in ancient Greece.
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9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct:
(a) Ancient Greek drama was always performed indoors..............................................................
(e) At one point, Syracuse was the largest city in the ancient world.....................................................
(b) In ancient Greek drama, women could not act on stage but were allowed to attend in the audience............................................................
(f) Sometimes Greek audiences threw stones and food at the actors...............................................
(g) It was unusual for a Greek play to have a chorus..
(h) Greek drama was always serious and about tragedies...........................................................
(c) ‘Magna Graecia’ meant ‘the Magnificent Greeks’..
(d) Poseidon was the Greek god of thunder...............
3. The island of Sicily is the biggest island in the western Mediterranean Sea and was known as the ‘granary of the ancient world’. Today, its great Greek temples at Agrigento, Segesta and Selinunte are living evidence of its importance in the Greek world of ‘Magna Graecia’, or ‘Great Greece’, which was the name given by the Greeks to their cities, colonies and areas of influence outside the great city-states and geographical area of Greece itself. 4. The Greek hero, Heracles, was famous for his strength and the twelve labours or tasks that he had to perform, one of which was to bring the three-headed dog, Cerberus, up from the underworld to King Eurystheus, who promptly told him to take Cerberus back as he was absolutely terrified of him. 5. The chorus were a group of performers in Greek drama who commented on the characters and their actions in a play. 6. At some drama performances, food and even stones were thrown when the audiences were not impressed by the performances. 7. Greek dramas were often well attended. Women were not allowed to take part in Greek dramas, but were allowed to attend. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
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excellent
performing
Ancient Greek culture spread all over the Mediterranean as the Greeks traded goods extensively with others and established the coast of Asia Minor. One area where Greek influence
Greek colonies. The first emigrants settled was
was the area of southern Italy and Sicily. From 750 BC on, Greek cities and towns were
founded here and some of their buildings and temples can
be seen today. The island of Sicily, the
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island in the Mediterranean Sea, was known at one stage as the ‘granary of the ancient world’. As well as grain, it also exported cheese, hides and
to the other cities and towns of Magna Graecia, or
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‘Great Greece’, as Greek colonies were called. Every new colony brought ships, food and weapons with it and always included a contingent of skilled
, land surveyors and priests. Greek settlers always looked for suitable sites with
easy access to
such as sites close to river mouths. One of the first buildings settlers would build was a to the god Apollo, who was the god of new cities. An altar to the god was built and his blessing on the
air as part of their religious festivals.
dramas performed in the open
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new polis was sought. They also built theatres in the cities and enjoyed
Sicily had several important ‘poleis’ or city-states such as Siracusa, Agrigento, Segesta and Selinunte, where today
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of the Greek settlers can be seen in the remains of their magnificent temples. However, the best preserved temples are at Paestum, or as the Greeks called it, Poseidonia, near the city of Salerno in Southern Italy. Here, three
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magnificent Greek temples
to the gods Poseidon (the god of the sea), Hera (the wife of Zeus and the
protector of marriage) and Athena (the goddess of wisdom and war) can still be seen. The colony of Poseidonia was very wealthy and was a large and thriving
in Magna Graecia. It had rich agricultural land and could produce cheese and
pork. Poseidonia’s prosperity continued into the
period, but it suffered from decline after the fall of the
Roman Empire and its inhabitants fell victim to malaria and the city was abandoned and forgotten. The city of Siracusa (modern Syracuse) became the most important city in the Mediterranean Sea as it traded with both the eastern and western Mediterranean and exported grain, timber, wine and
in great quantities. Siracusa had
one of the largest Greek theatres, and could seat up to 15 000. People flocked to see tragedies and performed to honour their gods. From the 6th century BC, plays were performed as part of dramatic competitions in honour of the god Dionysos. Men and women could attend the performances but the actors were
male. Actors wore
masks and costumes appropriate to the drama and a chorus commented on the action on stage. The actors performed on a flat area called the orchestra. The acoustics in the ancient theatres were
as,
even today, performers can be heard clearly by people sitting at the back. 54
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Word study exercises The Greek Colony of Poseidonia
1. Complete the word search.
Word Bank Euripedes festival Magna Graecia masks Mediterranean olives orchestra paestum playwrights
Poseidon settlers Sicily Sophocles temples theatre tragedy
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acoustics actors Aeschylus Apollo Black Sea chorus colony democracy Dionysos
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Exercise D:
2. Find ten misspellings in the following paragraph about the Greek dramatist Aristophanes. You may need to use a dictionary to check before writing them correctly below. Aristophanes was born around 460 BC. Aristophanes was a comic dramitist. He wrote many comedies but only 11 of them have been preserved in their entirity today. Aristophanes wrote plays that caused amusment and laughter. He used the dramatic toole of absurdity in order to criticise some aspecs of Greek society. He used colourful language and imaginitive characters. One of his most famous plays was called The wasps and it is still purformed today. He won many prises at the Greek drama competetions held during the festival of Dionisos. He died in 386 BC.
1.
3. Read the following sentences about Greek drama and circle the correct bold words.
(a) Greek drama first began as dramatic/sports/musical competitions to honour the Greek gods.
(b) From the 6th century BC, plays were performed to honour the Greek god Apollo/Zeus/ Dionysos. (c) Men and women could attend the performances but the actors on stage were always female/male/mixed.
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(d) To create the appropriate mood and atmosphere, actors wore masks/make up/hats. (e) The actors performed on a flat circular area called the palaestra/orchestra/opera. (f) A actor/director/chorus commented on the action on stage.
(h) Greek audiences flocked to see tragedies/soap operas/ political speeches performed in the theatres.
(i) The city of Siracusa, in Sicily, had one of the largest cinemas/theatres/baths in the Greek world.
(j) Up to 25 000/10 000/15 000 people could be seated at the theatre in Siracusa.
(g) Members of the audience could hear perfectly from the back as the vibrations/ visuals/acoustics were excellent. Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) Aeschylus: Tragic playwright, born in 524 BC in Eleusis, Athens, and fought in the Battle of Marathon and the Battle of Salamis.
(b) Athene: The daughter of Zeus and the goddess of wisdom and war who gave her name to the city of Athens. (c) chorus: A group of singers and dancers in Greek drama who commented on the characters and the action of the play. (d) Dionysia: Religious festivals held for five days in Athens in honour of the god Dionysos, which featured drama competitions. (e) Dionysos: The Greek god of wine and the theatre, usually portrayed carrying the thyrsos, a stick entwined with vine leaves. (f)
Epidauros: A Greek city in the Peleponnese where a magnificent theatre was built in the 4th century BC, which still stands today.
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(g) Euripides: Tragic playwright, born around 480 BC in Athens who took part many times in the dramatic competitions in the Dionysia.
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(h) Magna Graecia: A term meaning ‘Great Greece’, the name given to Greek colonies overseas. (i)
polis: A Greek word meaning ‘city-state’ which meant a community of people who were self-governing.
(j)
Poseidonia: The name given to the Greek city founded by Greek colonists in southern Italy, near the modern city of Salerno.
Sophocles: Tragic playwright, born around 490 BC in Athens, and who won at least 20 times at the Dionysian drama competitions.
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(k) Sicily: The largest island in Italy, colonised by the Greeks who built the city of Siracusa, the largest city in the Greek world.
2. Read the descriptions of four Greek theatres. Identify their locations from the list of names and countries below. Consult an
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atlas if you wish and look for clues in the descriptions.
(a) This theatre was built by a Greek colony which thrived on its position as a port city in Asia Minor with numerous trade links. This city is most famous for its great temple, the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The theatre had excellent acoustics and could hold up to 10 000 people. It can still be visited today.
(c) This theatre is situated in the acropolis (the upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city) of one of the greatest Greek cities. It is dedicated to the god Dionysos, the Greek god of fertility, the vine and wine, in whose honour theatrical works were performed during the many festivals of Dionysos celebrated in the city each year.
(b) In the third century BC, this colony became the leading city (d) of the Greek world and was an important intellectual and artistic centre. It had trading links with both the eastern and western Mediterranean because of its pivotal position as a port city. It had one of the largest theatres in the Greek world and could seat 15 000 people. The theatre is one of the most important examples of ancient theatre architecture anywhere in the world, and still hosts a summer programme of classical theatre. 56
Syracuse, Italy (Sicily)
Athens, Greece
Literacy and history – The Greeks
This theatre, built at a sacred sanctuary to the Greek god Asclepios, the god of medicine, was one of the larger theatres, seating 15 000 people. It had two types of seats, those for ordinary people and those for city officials. People travelled hundreds of kilometres from all over Greece to the sacred shrine of Asclepios, sleeping overnight there in the hope that the god would appear in a healing vision to them. The theatre can still be visited today.
Epidaurus, Greece
Ephesus, Turkey Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. Match the first half of these sentences about the port of Piraeus, near Athens, with their endings. (i) were found by accident by workmen digging in the harbour in 1959.
(b) The port at Piraeus provided facilities for ships and boats bringing goods
(ii) was their ability to build good ports.
(c) The port at Piraeus, nine kilometres south-west of Athens, was
(iii) the largest harbour in the complex.
(d) The leader of Athens, Pericles, built the Makra Teiche (the Long Walls) in 460 BC order to
(iv) a port with three natural harbours, and contained the headquarters of the Athenian navy.
(e) The first leader to realise the full potential of Piraeus was
(v) the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
(f) The three natural harbours at Piraeus were called Karanthos,
(vi) Munychia and Zea.
(g) The harbour called Karanthos was
(vii) an estimated 6000 foreign residents from as far away as Phoenicia, Egypt, Persia and Babylon.
(h) One of the reasons for the success of the Greeks as colonists and traders
(viii) over 196 slipsheds to house the ships. (ix) to Greece and exporting goods from Greece to other parts of the Mediterranean Sea.
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(i) The population at Piraeus was very cosmopolitan with
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(a) The port at Piraeus, near Athens, was once the greatest port in
(x) rigging, sails and ropes of triremes wintering in Zea harbour, has been excavated at Piraeus.
(k) The harbour at Zea was the main harbour for the Athenian fleet and it was lined with
(xi) Themistocles, who built a wall around Piraeus and turned it into the naval headquarters.
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(j) The Piraeus Bronzes are a group of bronze sculptures of Athena and Apollo and
(l) The foundations of the Arsenal of Philon, a naval warehouse for storing the
(xii) allow the city access to the port even in winter time.
The Mediterranean Sea has been called the ‘cradle of civilisation’. The Romans called it ‘Mare Nostrum’ or ‘our winter/sea/ river’. The area of the Mediterranean Sea is 2 512 000 square kilometres/miles/metres. It connects with the Atlantic Ocean to the west by the Strait of Gibraltar; to the Red/Black/Green Sea to the north-east via the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara and the Strait of Bosporus; and with the Purple/Orange/Red Sea to the south-east via the Suez Canal. It’s length is 3900 kilometres and it is 1600 kilometres across at its narrowest/deepest/widest point. An underwater ridge between Sicily and the African/Australian/Arctic continent divides it into two unequal parts. The Mediterranean Sea contains a number of legendary and much visited mountains/islands/cliffs such as the Balearic islands and Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta, Crete and Cyprus, as well as the groups of roads/cities/islands known as the Dodecanese, Ionian and Aegean islands. The floor of the Mediterranean Sea is made up of sediment made up of lime, clay/gold/ice and sand that have formed on top of a blue mud base. Its coasts are rocky/slippery/sunny, steep and indented.
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4. Read the following paragraph about the Mediterranean Sea and circle the correct word to complete each sentence. Your possible choices are indicated by the words in bold.
Discussion points — Greek drama Research other Greek dramatists besides Sophocles, Euripides and Aeschylus and discuss the subject matter of one of their works, stating why it would be worthwhile to perform it today. Greek drama is still regularly performed today all over the world. Research the major themes in ancient Greek drama and discuss why they hold such relevance today, thousands of years later. View Greek theatres, using the Internet and research Greek theatre design. Hold a planning session to design your own Greek theatre, using elements of classical Greek design and elements of your own design. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
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Teachers Notes
Unit 8: The sculptor, Pheidias, commissioned to create the statue of Zeus at Olympia, writes to his patron – 435 BC Objectives: Pupils complete exercises in reading, comprehension and cloze activities. Pupils complete word study exercises in correcting spellings and linking titles to descriptions correctly. Pupils learn about Greek art and sculpture, the Greek sculptor Pheidias and the statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the Acropolis in Athens.
Background information: This text is a letter. Letters are written conversations sent from one person to another. Letters usually begin with a greeting, contain information to be related and conclude with a farewell signed by the sender. Letters can be either formal or personal. Formal letters are usually brief and to the point while personal letters can be longer and more expansive. This text is a formal letter as it is dealing with a business matter. The sculptor, Pheidias, is writing to his patron, Solon, regarding the progress of his commission to create the statue of Zeus at the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. He is anxious to secure his patron’s continuing support and to let his patron know that the work, which he has just begun, is going well. Pheidias is careful to use a respectful tone to Solon, as he had been banished from Athens, having been accused of stealing gold. He was subsequently cleared of this false accusation.
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The Temple of Zeus was designed by Libon of Elis and was completed in 456 BC. It was built in Olympia, the site of the Olympic Games held every four years in honour of Zeus. The temple was similar to the Parthenon in Athens and to the temple of Artemis in Ephesus. It was built in the Doric style on a raised rectangular platform, with 13 large columns supporting the roof along the sides and six supporting it at each end. A peaked roof completed the design. The pediments (triangles created by the sloped roof at the ends of the building) were filled with sculpture and under the pediments there were more sculptures depicting the 12 labours of Heracles. The temple was considered to be too plain to be worthy of the king of the gods, Zeus, and so a statue of the god was commissioned for the inside of the temple by the Olympian authorities. They gave the commission to Pheidias who was given the resources to create a magnificent work of art.
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The statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and it attracted visitors and worshippers from all over the Greek world and beyond. It was 13 metres high, and the top of its head almost touched the ceiling of the temple. Pheidias used very expensive materials in its creation and he worked on it from around 438 to 430 BC. The outer surface of the statue was made of gold and ivory and the inner structure was made of wood. Zeus was seated on a throne and had a crown sculpted to look as if it was made from an olive branch. In his right hand he held a statue of Nike, also made of ivory and gold. Zeus held a sceptre (a baton carried as a symbol of authority) in his left hand. Zeus’s sandals and robe were also made of gold. Precious jewels were set into the statue. Pheidias had to use large quantities of these precious materials in the creation of his statue as it was on such a large scale. A legend tells of how, when the statue was completed, its sculptor, Pheidias, asked the god for a sign that he approved of it and immediately a bolt of lightning struck the black marble floor. Zeus, the king of the Greek gods, was often portrayed carrying a thunderbolt. Pheidias had already created the statue of the goddess Athena for the Parthenon and had also created most of the sculpture for the exterior of the temple.
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Pheidias travelled to Olympia on receiving this commission and set up a workshop to the west of the temple. His team of skilled craftsmen would have included workers who were Greek citizens and workers who were metics. Metics were non-citizens who came from outside Athens and were usually skilled craftsmen who contributed to the economy but were not granted any rights. German archaeologists were responsible for excavating the workshop during the 1950s, when it was discovered beneath an early Christian church. They discovered sculptors tools, a pit for casting bronze, modelling plaster and a portion of elephant’s tusks, used for the ivory in the making and decoration of the statue. They discovered that the clay moulds, used to shape the gold plates for the statue, have serial numbers, which may have been used to show the location of the plates in the statue’s design. They also discovered that glass sheeting, a very precious material at that time, may have been used in the creation of the figure of Nike, held in the right hand of Zeus. They also unearthed a cup bearing the words ‘I belong to Pheidias’. The statue of Zeus at Olympia stood for more than eight centuries. There is no visual evidence of the statue today except on coins. The temple at Olympia was abandoned and fell into ruin, suffering from neglect and damage by fire, flood, landslides and earthquakes. Although the ruins of Olympia are still there today, there is no evidence left of the great statue. In 393 AD, Christian clergy persuaded the Roman emperor, Theodosius, to close the temple and ban the pagan games. The statue was moved and brought to a palace in Constantinople where it was completely destroyed in a fire in 462 AD. The remains of many statues have been excavated from the Acropolis in Athens, where they were buried after the Persians sacked the city after the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. Statues, lost in shipwrecks, have been recovered from the sea. Other discoveries have come from different sources. Two bronze statues, found in the sea off Riace Marina in southern Italy in 1972, are thought to have come from a group of military figures on their way to an Italian villa. Marine archaeologists who studied the seabed could find no evidence of a shipwreck and concluded that the sculptures were jettisoned off the ship to lighten it as they encountered difficulties at sea. Some experts believe that Pheidias may have been the sculptor of these bronze statues.
Worksheet information: Pupils completing Question 3 in Exercise E can refer to Exercise A for help in identifying the stages. Ancient Greek civilisation contained several periods. Pheidias worked during the Classical Period in ancient Greece. Pupils can check to see where the Classical Period fits into ancient Greek history by referring to the time line on page xii. 58
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Teachers Notes A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided on pages viii – xi for teacher reference. Many of them appear in Question 1 in Exercise E. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A to assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
Answers:
Exercise E..................................pages 64–65 1. Teacher check 2. 1st site– Temple of Nike 2nd site–Temple of Poseidon and Athene 3rd site– Temple of Athena Parthenon 4th site– Shrine of Zeus 5th site– Temple of Artemis 3. Stage 1– Draw up my plans for the commission. Stage 2– Present my plans to my patron for his approval. Stage 3– Travel to the site. Stage 4– Organise the building of a workshop.
Stage 5– Design the workshop to have the same dimensions and orientation as the temple. Stage 6– Assemble a team of skilled artists and craftsmen. Stage 7– Ensure that there is a generous supply of tools and materials needed for the commission. Stage 8– Order the painters to begin painting the screens that will go behind the statue. Stage 9– Order the workmen to construct a timber scaffold for the statue to be set on. Stage 10– Check that all supplies of gold, ivory, silver, enamel, copper and glass are present. 4. existence, first, beauty, practical, subsequent, Renaissance, strong, major, disappeared, excavated, Greek, walls
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Exercise C......................................... page 62 commissioned, Olympic, style, temple, largest, sheets, different, goddess, holding, snake, sandals, Athens, large, thought, archaeologists, ship
Exercise D......................................... page 63 1. (a) sculptor (b) memorable (c) goddess (d) second (e) wooden (f) enamel (g) programme (h) massive (i) decorated (j) southern 2. (a) (iii), (b) (i), (c) (iv), (d) (v), (e) (ii)
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Exercise B......................................... page 61 1. Pheidias is writing to the man who commissioned him to create the statue of Zeus to tell of his progress. He has been at Olympia for about a month. 2. The Colossus of Rhodes and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. 3. Coins showing the statue still exist, giving some idea of how it looked. 4. He says that he had to use 100 kg of gold for the statue of Athena in Athens. 5. He has employed his brother, Panaenus. 6. Zeus was the king of all the gods and goddesses. 7.–8. Teacher check. 9. Answers (a), (e), (f) and (h) should be ticked.
Cross-curricular activities:
Five of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were named in Question 2 in Exercise D of this unit. Pupils should carry out research to find out the names of the other two wonders and write a short paragraph about each one of them. Pupils may find it beneficial to use the Internet for this activity. A good website is <www.cleveleys.co.uk/wonders/sevenwondersoftheworld.htm>. The Greeks strongly influenced the Roman world. A good website with information on the Romans is <www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans>.
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Pupils can research the influence of the ancient Greeks on the Renaissance. A good website, with information on how the philosophy and culture of ancient Greece contributed to the rebirth of art, is at <www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/classical_connections>. Information on the life and work of Pheidias, who is considered by many to be the greatest artist of ancient Greece, can be found at <www.crystalinks.com/greekart.html>.
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The World Heritage list of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee lists the archaeological site at Olympia on its list of sites of outstanding universal value. Pupils can find out more about this list at <http://whc.unesco.org>.
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Literacy and history – The Greeks
59
Reading
Read this letter written by Pheidias, a Greek sculptor, to his patron.
My lord, Solon, Chief Priest of the temple of Olympia, 13 October 435 BC I am writing to you to let you know of the progress I have made on my commission1 in the last few weeks, since your last visit here. When you asked me to take on this commission, you asked me to create a sacred statue that would be worthy to honour our great god, Zeus. One that would symbolise the unity of our great Greek world. I am endeavouring to do this and I have already taken the following steps.
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Since I arrived in the middle of last month, the workshop2 has been completed close to the temple and I have assembled a team of workers that contains the most skilled sculptors, artists and craftsmen in all of Magna Graecia. I have ensured that they will have a generous supply of all of the tools needed for their work on this statue. We have ivory-working chisels, ceramic moulds to mould the glass, small hammers and small iron drills. I have insisted that the workshop be built with the same dimensions and aspect as that of the temple, with the morning sun coming in at the same angle, so that when we are constructing the statue, we can see at all times how the finished work will look in its place in the temple. I have completed my detailed preliminary drawings and I have designed the statue so that the god is seated on his throne, holding a statue of Nike3 (made of ivory and gold) in his right hand and a sceptre, with an eagle perched on it and inlaid with many metals, in his left hand. His head will bear a sculpted wreath of olive leaves. The sandals on his feet will be made of gold. His throne will be decorated with Graces4, Seasons5 and sphinxes. There will be paintings on the screens behind the statue. I have instructed my brother, Panaenus, who is an excellent painter, to paint scenes of our great victory at the Battle of Salamis, and of the great Greek heroes, Heracles and Achilles. At the base of the statue, I want Panaenus to create a painting of the birth of Aphrodite6. The statue of Zeus will be large, with the head of the god almost touching the beams of the temple’s ceiling. The floor in front of the statue will be black and I have requested that only olive oil is used to clean the statue in order to protect the ivory from being damaged and discoloured.
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I have purchased hundreds of wooden planks for the body of the statue and have ordered my workmen to begin this week to construct a timber scaffold, which we will set the statue on. I have taken deliveries of ivory and gold to make the overlay (chryselephantine) of the statue; the ivory for the flesh and the gold for the drapery. I had to use 100 kilograms of gold for the statue of Athena on the Acropolis and I imagine that I will need as much, if not more, for the statue of Zeus. If you wish, we can make the sheets of gold for the god’s drapery detachable, as we did with the gold sheets for the statue of Athena, so that if there is ever a threat, they can be removed. The entire statue will be adorned with precious stones and decorated with silver, copper, enamel and glass and I have also taken delivery of some of the stones and glass. The god’s robes will be decorated with carvings of animals and iridescent glass lilies that will flash in the changing light of the sun. I calculate that I will need to order more of these materials as work continues, but we have enough of these supplies for the moment. You will know from my work on the statue of Athena7 in the Parthenon that I take great pride in my work. I can assure you that I will be taking even more pride in this sacred statue of Zeus, as will every member of my team. Your servant, Pheidias 1. The Olympian authorities commissioned Pheidias to create a statue of Zeus because they considered that the temple was too simple when it was finished in 456 BC. They wanted Pheidias to create a sacred statue that would honour Zeus appropriately as the king of all the Greek gods. Pheidias had already created the statue of Athena in the Parthenon in Athens, which had impressed the Athenians greatly. The statue of Zeus was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which also included the Colossus of Rhodes and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus in Asia Minor. Coins showing the statue of Zeus still exist, giving us some idea of how it looked. 2. The workshop of Pheidias was excavated in the 1950s and very valuable evidence was uncovered, including tools, fragments of materials and even a cup bearing the words ‘I belong to Pheidias’, which may have belonged to the sculptor. The finding of the workshop was especially valuable as the statue of Zeus no longer exists and only the ruins of the temple exist today at Olympia. 3. Nike was the goddess of victory, portrayed with wings and holding a crown of victory above the heads of conquerors. 60
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. Why is Pheidias writing to Solon, the chief priest of the temple of Olympia? How long has he been in Olympia? 2. The statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Name two others. 3. How do we know so much about how the statue looked if it no longer exists?
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4. How many kilograms of gold did Pheidias say he had to use for the statue of Athena in Athens? 5. Who has he employed to paint the scenes behind and at the base of the statue of Zeus?
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6. Who was Zeus?
7. Describe, in your own words, the impact this statue may have had on those who visited the temple.
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8. How many kinds of skilled craftsmen do you think Pheidias may have had on his team of workers? How do we have such detailed knowledge about their tools and materials today?
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9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct:
(a) The statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.................. (b) Pheidias was an unknown sculptor when he was
commissioned to create the statue of Zeus........ (c) The workshop of Pheidias has never been found
(e) The statue was decorated with silver, copper, gold,
enamel and glass............................................. (f) Pheidias’s brother, Panaenus, painted scenes from
Greek history and mythology behind the statue.. (g) There are paintings of the statue of Zeus, which
clearly show how it looked................................ (h) The statue was constructed of wood and covered
by archaeologists.............................................
(d) Zeus was the god of war...................................
with gold and ivory........................................... 4. The Graces were three goddesses who represented charm, grace and beauty. 5. The Seasons were the goddesses of the four seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter. 6. Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love who was born in the sea at Paphos in Cyprus and emerged fully-grown from the waves. 7. The statue of Athena in the Parthenon in Athens, and the marble carvings there, were also created by Pheidias. He was the favourite artist of Pericles, an Athenian general who led the Athenians in the reconstruction of their city after the destruction caused by the Persians when they sacked and destroyed the city after the Battle of Thermopylae. In 449 BC, Pericles signed a peace treaty between the Greeks and the Persians. He persuaded the Athenians to build a magnificent temple to Athena, the patron goddess of their city. Called the Parthenon, it became the most important temple in Athens. The statue of Athene was begun in 447 BC and installed in the Parthenon in 448 BC. This statue no longer exists and we have to depend on marble copies of the statue and some contemporary accounts in order to have an idea of how it must have looked. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
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Athens
thought
Pheidias, one of the best known sculptors in ancient Greece, worked on two famous statues, the statue of Athena in the Parthenon and the statue of Zeus at Olympia. He arrived at Olympia around 438 BC, having been
to create a large
statue of the god. The Temple of Zeus was completed in 456 BC at Olympia, the site of the held every four years to honour Zeus. The temple was similar in
Games, to the Parthenon and to the Temple of
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Artemis at Ephesus in Asia Minor. The Olympian authorities were disappointed with the
and wanted to
make it more spectacular. They were willing to give Pheidias all the resources he needed.
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Pheidias’s statue became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which also included the Colossus of Rhodes and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Six of the ancient wonders have now disappeared forever and only one still exists, the Great Pyramid of the pharaoh Khufu, which is the
pyramid ever built. Pheidias developed a technique of building large gold
and ivory statues. His technique involved building a wooden frame and placing
of gold and ivory on the
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statue as outer covering. In his workshop, Pheidias worked with his skilled craftsmen to create all the sections of the statue before they assembled it.
metres high, showing the
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Pheidias came from Athens, where he had created the statue of the goddess Athena. This was an enormous statue, over 12 wearing a helmet and holding a shield. Pheidias had sculpted Athena as
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Nike, the winged goddess of victory, in her right hand and with a
,a
Greek symbol of wisdom, coiled beside her shield. He used 100 kilograms of gold for her statue and created ivory plates for her skin. Pheidias carved mythological scenes on her golden shield and her golden had been pleased with the statue but had banished Pheidias from
. The authorities in Athens in disgrace, having accused him of
stealing some of the gold needed for the statue. The ancient Greeks were the first civilisation to believe in art for its own sake and that things of beauty could exist without the need to have a practical function. The Greeks loved sculpture and made
numbers of statues, which were used
to decorate temples, homes and graves. Many of the statues created by Greek sculptors no longer exist. The remains of many statues have been excavated in Athens where they were buried after the Persians sacked the city in 480 BC. Statues, lost in shipwrecks, have been recovered from the sea. Other discoveries have come from different sources. Two bronze statues, found in the sea off southern Italy, are
to have come from a group of military people travelling to an Italian villa. Marine who studied the seabed could find no evidence of a shipwreck and concluded that the sculptures had
been jettisoned off the
to lighten its load. Some archaeologists believe that these statues may be the
work of Pheidias himself. 62
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Exercise D:
Word study exercises
1. The following paragraph describes the life of Pheidias, one of the greatest sculptors in ancient Greece. Find ten misspellings and rewrite them correctly below. The man who has been called the greatest Greek sculpter was Pheidias of Athens. He worked between 465–425 BC, creating some of the most memerable sculptures of the ancient world. He designed two great statues. The first was the statue of the godess Athena, for the Parthenon in Athens. The secund was the statue of the god Zeus at Olympia, the site of the ancient Olympic Games. Both statues were made of gold and ivory over a woodden core and were decorated with jewels, copper, enamal, glass and paint. He was appointed by Pericles, the leader of Athens, to oversee his building programe. Pericles was the leader of Athens after the Persian wars and he launched a masive rebuilding programme to rebuild the city’s Acropolis after the devastation caused by the wars. Pheidias is also believed to be responsible for the famous marble metopes (panels), statues and friezes (ornamented bands) that decarated the Parthenon. Pheidias may also have been the sculptor of the Riace Bronzes, which were recovered off the coast of southren Italy in 1972.
1.
Description
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2. The world of the ancient Greeks had many wonders. Read the following descriptions and match them to their titles. Look for the clues in the descriptions.
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(a) This wonder survived for only 56 years. It stood at the entrance to the harbour of a Greek island. It represented Helios, the sun god who was the patron god of Rhodes. It was made from bronze melted down from enemy siege engines.
Title (i) Mausoleum of King Mausolus at Halicarnassus
(ii) Pharos at Alexandria
(c) This temple was dedicated to a Greek goddess who was the goddess of fertility. It was four times the size of the Parthenon in Athens and was the central building of the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean.
(iii) Colossus of Rhodes
(d) This statue was the icon of Greek athletic competitions, located at the most important of the four Panhellenic Games sites in Greece. It was designed by one of the greatest Greek sculptors, Pheidias.
(iv) Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
(e) This lighthouse stood at the entrance to a Mediterranean city founded by Alexander the Great. It was designed by a Greek architect called Sostratus and served as a working lighthouse for hundreds of years.
(v) Statue of Zeus at Olympia
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(b) This tomb was built for a king by his grieving wife, Artemisia, who asked the architect, Scopas, to ensure that it would be the grandest tomb in the world. It stood for almost 17 centuries.
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Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) Achilles: Hero of the Trojan wars who could not be injured except in his heel, providing the term ‘Achilles heel’.
(b) Aphrodite: The Greek goddess of love and beauty, born from the sea at Cyprus. (c) commission: An order given to an artist to create a work of art; e.g. Pheidias’s statue of Zeus at Olympia. (d) Elgin Marbles: Name given to the Parthenon sculptures in the British Museum in London, brought to England by Lord Elgin in 1812. (e) Heracles: A Greek hero who was given 12 labours or impossible tasks to perform and performed them successfully. (f)
iridescent jewels: A selection of jewels displaying a rainbow effect of many colours.
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(g) ivory: Hard creamy-white dentine that composes the tusks of a tusked mammal such as an elephant, much valued in ancient times. (h) metopes: The 92 carved panels that ran around the outside of the Parthenon in Athens, portraying mythical battles. metics: Usually skilled craftsmen who were non-citizens of a city-state, such as Athens, but who lived and worked there.
(j)
Nike: The Greek goddess of victory, was usually depicted striding, running or flying.
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(i)
sculptor: An artist who creates works of art by carving in stone such as marble or wood or by casting metals such as bronze.
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(k) sceptre: A ceremonial staff held as a symbol of authority.
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2. The Acropolis in Athens, where the Parthenon still stands, was the sacred hill that overlooked the city. Read this account of a visit to the Acropolis by Aspasia, an ancient Greek traveller, and identify which of the temples and shrines she visited. Look for clues in her account. I travelled to Athens during the Festival of Athena. I had heard that Pericles had ordered the rebuilding of the Acropolis so I went there on my very first day. The first temple I visited was beautiful, with stone sculptures outside and priestesses reciting sacred songs inside to our great goddess of victory, Nike. The next temple that I visited was magnificent. It is decorated with brightly painted friezes showing mythological scenes. Inside priests and priestesses prayed to the god of the sea and the goddess of hunting. Next, I visited the third temple, which houses the huge statue, created by the greatest sculptor in Athens. It guides sailors out at sea into the harbour at Piraeus and is the statue of the patron goddess of this great city. I also walked around the temple admiring Pheidias’s work on the marble sculptures outside. I next went to pray at the shrine of the god of thunder, the father of all our gods and goddesses. I prayed for my family back in the countryside in Attica. I was tired now, so the last temple I wanted to visit was the temple dedicated to the goddess of fertility as I am getting married later this year. I said a prayer to the goddess.
The 1st site Aspasia visited was
The 2nd site Aspasia visited was
The 3rd site Aspasia visited was
The 4th site Aspasia visited was
The 5th site Aspasia visited was
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List of temples/shrines Temple of Athena (Parthenon), patron goddess of Athens The Shrine of Zeus, the father of the gods and goddesses Temple of Nike, goddess of victory Temple of Artemis, goddess of fertility Temple of Poseidon, god of the sea, and of Athene, goddess of hunting,
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Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. Pheidias had to plan things carefully when he was designing and sculpting his enormous statues. The following preliminary stages in his work are in the wrong order. Number them correctly. Description
Stage number
Order the workmen to construct a timber scaffold for the statue to be set on. Assemble a team of skilled artists and craftsmen. Ensure that there is a generous supply of tools and materials needed for the commission. Organise the building of a workshop. Present my plans to my patron for his approval. Check that all supplies of gold, ivory, silver, enamel, copper and glass are present. Order the painters to begin painting the screens that will go behind the statue.
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Draw up my plans for the commission.
Design the workshop to have the same dimensions and orientation as the temple.
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Travel to the site.
4. Read the following sentences about Greek art and sculpture and circle the correct bold word to complete each sentence. The ancient Greeks were the first civilisation to believe that art for its own sake was worthwhile. The ancient Greeks believed that the beauty of an object justified its existence/subsistence/consistence alone. They were the last/first/only civilisation in history to believe that a work of art existed in its own right as a thing of duty/utility/beauty and did not need to have a practical/impractical/unnecessary function. This belief has influenced all consequent/subsequent/previous civilisations. The influence of the ancient Greeks on the Reformation/Renaissance/Romans over 1500 years later cannot be underestimated and on Renaissance artists such as Donatello and Michaelangelo. They continued to have a strong/weak/ mild influence on later European culture.The ancient Greeks still have a minor/major/mediocre influence on world culture today in areas such as medicine, architecture, philosophy and drama. Almost all ancient Greek paintings have reappeared/ appeared/disappeared but Roman copies in the Greek style, such as those excavated/innovated/insulated at Pompeii in southern Italy, give us an idea of what ancient Greek/French/Spanish mural painting may have looked like. Some paintings have survived on the floors/walls/exteriors of tombs.
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Discussion points — Greek art Research the influence of Greek art and sculpture on the Romans and discuss how deeply they were influenced by the Greeks. Research Roman art and sculpture by using the library and the Internet. Research the work of Renaissance artists and sculptors and, choosing one piece that you feel best illustrates the influence of the Greeks on the Renaissance, discuss it, giving reasons for your choice. Many original stone sculptures made by ancient Greek artists have been lost but the discovery of the bronze sculptures at Riace Marina in 1972 proved that the ancient Greek sculptors were extremely skilled at presenting the human body in artistic form. Other bronze statues have recently been discovered in the seas off Croatia. Discuss the possibility of more finds such as this and how archaeologists might best go about formulating a marine archaeological project in the Aegean Sea and off Southern Italy to recover more statues. Research marine archaeology using the library and the Internet.
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Teachers Notes
Unit 9: As Sparta prepares to declare war on Athens, Cynisca, a young Spartan girl, writes in her diary – 431 BC Objectives: Pupils complete exercises in reading, comprehension and cloze activities. Pupils complete word study exercises in correcting spellings, sentence completion and choosing correct words. Pupils learn about the Greek city-state of Sparta, the life of young people in Sparta and the benefits of exercise.
Background information: This text is a diary, written by a young Spartan girl. It is a personal diary, designed to be read in private and expressing some of Cynisca’s hopes and fears about her situation. Diaries are written texts containing descriptions of daily events in a person’s life and they usually express their personal observations and thoughts on these events.
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Sparta was different from all the other city-states of Greece. It was situated to the south-west of Athens, in the Peleponnese in southern Greece. It was the only Greek state to retain its monarchy, having two kings from two royal families who ruled alongside a 28-man council. The Kings did not have absolute power and could be removed. Sparta was the greatest rival of Athens. Spartan society was organised by strict military code and had a fearsome reputation among all Greeks. Spartan men even looked different, as male citizens dressed alike in red cloaks and wore their hair very long.
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All male citizens had to become soldiers after leaving school and were expected to devote their lives to serving Sparta. Farming was carried out by conquered people who were called helots. Helots were people from Laconia and Messenia who had been enslaved by the Spartans. Helots did not belong to any particular master and were the collective property of the state. Helots outnumbered Spartan citizens and the Spartans were always afraid the helots would rise up and rebel against them as they had in 464 BC, when they had rebelled for 17 years. The Spartans responded by developing a very militaristic and insular state. Spartan men spent their days training for war and were expected to exercise, practise with weapons and march constantly. Music was part of their military education and music was often played as the Spartans marched into battle. Spartan women benefited from the presence of helots who carried out all of the housekeeping and childminding duties in the household. The women were also expected to exercise and be in good physical condition so they would give birth to healthy children who would grow up to serve and benefit the state.
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Spartan children became the property of the state as soon as they were born. At birth, Spartan children were inspected for signs of weakness and those who were judged to be at risk were condemned to die by exposure. Children judged to be physically fit were put through a programme of rigorous physical training. Spartan attitudes to women and girls differed completely from those of the Athenians. Spartan girls differed from other Greek girls because they actively and publicly participated in most sports including running, wrestling, throwing the javelin and discus and playing ball games. They also participated in the choral and dancing competitions. They danced to the flute or the lyre (a stringed instrument similar to a small harp) and these dances represented battles, military drill or wild animal hunts. Religious dancing was also common. Unlike Athenian girls, who were educated at home and taught to spin and weave at an early age, spinning and weaving in Sparta was carried out by helots so Spartan girls could devote themselves to their education and physical training. The Spartan education system was designed to produce people who were obedient to authority, had the ability to withstand pain and hardship and could show great courage and strength in battle. The disadvantage of the system followed by the Spartans was that it did not equip them to cope well with change. They became increasingly insular and militaristic during the Classical Age (500–323 BC) with art and culture being ignored in order for more time to be devoted to training and war. Philosophers and artists were not tolerated in Sparta. Under conditions of change, the Spartans lacked resilience and during the 4th century BC their lack of flexibility led to them being eclipsed by the Thebans. Rivalry had always existed between the great city-states of Athens and Sparta, resulting in tensions between them. After the Persians were defeated, over 200 of the city-states joined together to form the Delian League, which not only wanted to resist any future Persian threats but wanted to raid Persian lands. The headquarters of the Delian League was on the island of Delos. Gradually, the league turned into a political empire with Athens at its head. The Athenians protected the other city-states and made them pay a tax called a tribune in return. In 454 BC, the league’s treasury was moved from Delos to Athens. As the city-state of Athens became the most important city-state of the Greeks, some of the other city-states began to resent its power. In the southern region of Greece, known as the Peleponnese, Sparta joined with other citystates and formed the Peleponnesian League, which declared war on Athens in 431 BC. The Peleponnesian War lasted from 431 to 404 BC. Athens was a great sea power and Sparta had the most disciplined army in Greece. Athens could not be defeated at sea and Sparta could not be defeated on land, so at first there was a stalemate. The war was uneven at times with both sides suffering heavy losses. They behaved with great brutality towards each other, enslaving their prisoners and carrying out mass slaughter. In 415 BC and 405 BC, the Athenians suffered two disastrous naval defeats. The Spartans captured Athens in 404 BC and took their position as the most important city-state. But this position did not last long. The city-state of Thebes now jostled for power and defeated the Spartans at Leuctra in 371 BC, bringing the once undefeated Spartan army to its knees. Eventually the city of Thebes became the most powerful city in ancient Greece. Again, this did not last for long because, while the city-states had been quarrelling among themselves, a new power had developed in the north as the Macedonians, under King Philip II and then his son, Alexander the Great, sought to build a new empire.
Worksheet information: Ancient Greek civilisation consisted of several periods. Pupils can check where the Classical Period fits into ancient Greek history by referring to the time line on page xii. 66
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Teachers Notes A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided on pages viii – xi for teacher reference. Many of them appear in Question 1 in Exercise E. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A to assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
Answers: 9. Answers (a), (b), (e) and (f) should be ticked. Exercise C......................................... page 70 council, rivals, soldiers, master, enslaved, rebellion, property, die, fit, raced, lyre, participated, Athens, resent, war, disciplined, sea, Thebes, power Exercise D......................................... page 71 1. (a) allegiance (b) cried (c) memory (d) deliberately (e) disobeyed (f) accompany (g) pipes (h) instead (i) warrior 2. (Refer to teachers Notes)
3. (a) (i), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (iii), (e) (ii), (f) (i) Exercise E..................................pages 72–73 1. Teacher check 2. (a) keen (b) equestrian (c) actually (d) chariots (e) enough (f) differently (g) circumstances (h) entered (i) probably (j) victory 3. Laconia, warrior, assistant, raisins, house, cook, helot, talks, difficult, home 4. (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iii) (d) (i) (e) (ii) (f) (iii) (g) (i) (h) (ii)
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Exercise B......................................... page 69 1. She is anxious because she must demonstrate her fitness in public. 2. She is anxious not to let her parents down and she is afraid that she will make a fool of herself in front of the crowd. 3. Cynisca says the boys will be performing with her and the other girls. She says that the boys are very competitive and will laugh at her if she makes a mistake. 4. Cynisca says that throwing the javelin and the discus are her best skills. 5. Teacher check 6. The prospect of war between Sparta and Athens. 7. Her trainer is insisting that she play the flute instead of the lyre, which she is better at. 8. Teacher check
Cross-curricular activities:
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A website on the Spartans and their rivalry with the Athenians is <www.athensinfoguide.com/history/t2-4peloponnesian.htm>. More information on the Spartans can be found at <www.crystalinks.com/sparta.html>.
Pupils can study the lives of Greek slaves at <www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/people/slaves.htm> and assess the kind of lives they may have led in ancient Greece. Pupils could write a report on Greek attitudes to slavery.
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The Spartans insisted on physical activity, exercise and sport for all their citizens, including women and girls. Pupils can find out about the benefits of these activities at <www.kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/take_care/exercise_wise.html>. Pupils could compare the life of a helot with that of a Spartan citizen in terms of rights, work and health.
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The issue of slavery also raises issues to do with human rights. Pupils can write a report on the work of the United Nations and other organisations dedicated to the elimination of the major problems in the world today. Information on the work of the United Nations is available at <www.un.org>.
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Exercise A:
Reading
Read this diary written by Cynisca, a young Spartan girl. On the 23rd day of January, 431BC, this is the private diary of Cynisca in the city-state of Sparta
I am so terrified! Tomorrow, I must demonstrate my fitness in public1. It’s what I have been training for all my life but I am afraid I am still not fully trained and will make a fool of myself. Because of this war everything is being rushed and now they are rushing me. My father is visiting us to say goodbye before he leaves for the war and tomorrow I have to perform in front of my father and my mother and I am afraid that I will fail and let them down. Most of all, I am afraid that I will make a fool of myself in front of the crowd. Everyone in Sparta knows how much we value physical fitness but the crowd expects so much of us and are so unforgiving if we fall short of their standards. I often wonder if any of them even remember what it was like to be 13 years old and uncertain about your skills. Did they never make a mistake or take a fall during a display?
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I know that I am good at running and wrestling, but throwing the javelin and the discus are my best skills. Especially the discus. I can throw it further than any of the other girls, or boys for that matter. Tomorrow, I also have to race in a two-horse chariot race. I have not practised this enough and I am afraid I will lose control of the horses. During practise today, that is exactly what happened. The trainer told me to be confident but its different when everyone is staring at you and noticing every little mistake that you make. I know that all my life I have trained in public, but tomorrow I am being judged. It’s a little different from an ordinary day on the training ground. The boys2 will be performing with us, too, and they are so competitive. If I make a mistake, they will laugh at me and be glad that it’s not them lying on the ground in shame.
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And it’s not only the physical sports. We have to play our lyres and sing in front of everyone, too. I am better at the lyre than the flute but my trainer is insisting that I play the flute tomorrow. This is the worst thing of all. Why is everything going wrong for me?
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I am proud to be a Spartan and have always believed in being fit, but I fear the war3 is making everyone jittery and anxious. Even my mother, who has always supported me in everything I do, is very cross these days. I fear that she is thinking about my father and whether he will return from this latest battle. Spartan wives are told to send their husbands to war with the words: ‘Return to me carrying your shield or lying dead upon it’. Nothing less than victory is expected and if that is not achieved, death is preferable to defeat. I remember my mother telling me the story of King Leonidas when I was a little girl, sitting on her knee. He knew he would die at Thermopylae but he still fought to the death with his 300 warriors. But last night, as I went to bed, I caught my mother sitting in her quarters looking tense and frightened. I know she is afraid for my father. He has hardly been home since the preparations for this war began, having to spend all his time training at the barracks. My older brothers have gone, too. I am sure my mother is thinking about them, especially Lycurgus, who only left for the barracks to be trained last year4. Since I was a little girl, I have trained and practised and I know that I am fit, so, tomorrow, I will hold my head up high and do my best to excel. I am going to make my mother and father proud of me. I will pray tonight to Artemis to give me the strength and the confidence that I seek so I can succeed at this. I am Spartan. We do not know what failure means. 1. Unlike other Greek city-states, Spartan girls had to go through hard physical training so they would be fit and healthy. They had much more freedom than other Greek girls and were encouraged to actively participate and compete in athletic events. 2. Boys and girls sometimes trained together in Sparta. This was considered scandalous by Athenian commentators, who believed they should be segregated. Many Spartan girls could read and write and had a similar education to that of the boys, something unheard of in Athens. Spartan women could own property, including land, unlike the women of the other Greek city-states. 68
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. Why is Cynisca so anxious about what she must face tomorrow? 2. What does Cynisca wonder about the crowd watching? 3. Who will be performing with Cynisca tomorrow and what does she say about them? 4. What, according to Cynisca, are her best skills? 5. Why do you think Spartan women were told to send their husbands to war with the words, ‘Return to me carrying your shield or lying dead upon it’?
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7. What is the last straw for Cynisca?
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6. What is making everyone jittery and anxious in Cynisca’s opinion?
8. Why do you think the Spartans told stories, such as the one Cynisca remembers, to their children?
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9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct:
(a) The city-state of Sparta was different from the other Greek states..............................................
(e) Spartans preferred to die rather than to be defeated............................................................
(b) The Spartans led the Peleponnisian League, a league formed for mutual defence.......................
(f) The Spartans were the greatest rivals of the city-state of Athens.............................................
(c) Spartan boys were sent away to train as soldiers when they were eleven years of age....................
(g) 600 Spartans died with King Leonidas at the Battle of Thermopylae.........................................
(d) In Sparta, girls were not encouraged to be physically active..................................................
(h) The Spartans believed in living a life of luxury and pleasure......................................................
3. The Spartans led the Peleponnesian League, created as an alliance of southern Greek states for mutual defence in the late 6th century BC. In 431 BC, a major war had broken out between Sparta and Athens, due to Sparta’s fears about the growth of Athenian power and influence. The Athenians were primarily a naval power and the military power of the Spartans lay in their army so it was a difficult war, with dramatic changes of fortune for both sides. In the end, in 404 BC, the Spartans had forced the defeat of the Athenians through a combination of luck and managing to deprive them of valuable silver revenue and supplies of grain. 4. At seven years of age, Spartan boys were sent away from home to train as soldiers. Here, they were deliberately underfed and thinly clothed so they would get used to cold and hunger. Spartan soldiers were the most disciplined and well trained of all Greek soldiers. They sang songs and combed their hair before battle as a preparation ritual. They wore distinctive red cloaks and plumed helmets and carried brightly polished shields. They marched into battle in step together with pipes playing. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
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Use the words from the word bank to complete the sentences.
Word Bank participated die war resent
rivals fit master Thebes
enslaved lyre property Athens
rebellion council sea
The city-state of Sparta was different from the other city-states because the Spartans were a militaristic and insular state, ruled by two kings from two royal families who ruled alongside a 28-man
. Spartan kings were not absolute
rulers and could be removed. The Spartans were the Athenians greatest
. The Spartans had fearsome
reputations among all Greeks. They even looked different because Spartan men dressed alike, growing their hair very long and wearing red cloaks. All male citizens became
after leaving school and spent their lives serving the
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state. Farming was carried out by enslaved people from the lands of Laconia and Messenia who were known as Helots. Helots were the collective property of the state and did not belong to any particular
as they had been captured and
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by the Spartans to do their work for them. The helots outnumbered the Spartans and the Spartans feared that the Helots would rise up in
against them, as they had done in 464 BC—a rebellion that had
lasted for 17 years. The Spartans responded to this threat by becoming even more militaristic. Spartan women were expected to exercise so they could produce healthy babies. When Spartan babies were born, they became of the state and not of their parents. The state examined them to see if they were fit and healthy.
Those judged unhealthy were condemned to
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the
from exposure. Spartan girls were trained to be physically
and to take part in trials of strength. They ran, wrestled, threw the discus and the javelin and learned
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how to manage horses and drive carriages in religious processions. They chariots. They learned to sing and to play the
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the other city-states, and sometimes
in two-horse and four-horse and the flute. They were not segregated from boys, as in
in public athletic displays with them.
When the Persians were defeated, in 479 BC, the northern city-states joined together to form the Delian League in order to resist any future Persian threats. Its headquarters was on the island of Delos and, with
at its head, it protected the
other city-states and made them pay a tax called a tribune. In 454 BC, the league’s treasury was moved from Delos to Athens and Athens became the most important city-state. Some of the other city-states began to
its power.
In southern Greece, known as the Peleponnese, Sparta joined with other city-states and formed the Peleponnesian League, which declared
on Athens. Athens was a great sea power and Sparta had the most
army in Greece. Athens could not be defeated at
and Sparta could not be defeated on land, so there
was a stalemate. The war was uneven, with both sides suffering heavy losses and behaving with great brutality. In 415 BC and 405 BC, the Athenians suffered two disastrous naval defeats and the Spartans became the most important city-state. However, this did not last long. The city-state of Thebans did not enjoy
now jostled for power and defeated the Spartans in 371 BC. But the for long. While the Greeks were fighting amongst themselves, a new power had
emerged in Macedonia, home of Alexander the Great. 70
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Exercise D:
Word study exercises
1. Read this young Spartan boy’s account of his education and training. Find nine misspellings and write them correctly below. I, Hippias of Sparta, pledge my allegience to the state and to our king. At the age of seven, I was sent to a training camp. I cryed the night before I left but I dared not let my parents see my tears. My strongest memorie of the training camp was that I felt hungry all the time. It seemed as if they deliberetely gave us small portions that never filled our stomachs. I can also remember clearly how cold I felt, especially in winter. We were not allowed to put our red cloaks on even on the bitterest winter days, and any boy who dissobeyed this rule was beaten. We slept on reed beds and didn’t wear shoes. We had to learn to use all of our weapons expertly and if we made a mistake, we could expect another beating. The only part of it I really liked was when we were taught to play the pipes to accompanie the warriors into battle. I was good at music and I was lucky because the music teacher sometimes allowed me to practise the pips instede of going to training. Despite all of the discomfort, I survived and I am now a warrier of Sparta, ready to do my duty for my land.
1.
9.
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2. Complete the following sentences, using your own words and information from your teacher. (a) In Sparta, children became the property of the state as soon as
.
(b) Newborn babies who were not considered to be healthy were
.
(c) Sparta differed from the other Greek city-states because
.
(d) The Spartan education system concentrated on
.
(e) The Spartans looked different from other Greeks because
.
(f) Spartan girls were encouraged to be physically fit so they could
.
(g) Spartan boys began their education at seven, when they
.
(h) Sparta and Athens were rivals and this rivalry
.
(i) In battle, Spartan warriors wore
.
(j) The Spartans eventually defeated the Athenians, only to be
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.
3. Circle the correct answer.
(a) In ancient Sparta, girls were (i) encouraged to be physically fit. (ii) encouraged to marry early. (iii) forbidden to take part in sports. (b) The Spartans were (i) the only Greek city-state to have a prime minister. (ii) the only Greek city-state to have a president. (iii) the only Greek city-state to have kings. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
(c) Spartan warriors had (i) their heads shaved and wore black cloaks (ii) their hair long and wore red cloaks. (iii) their hair bleached and wore purple cloaks.
(e) At home, the Spartans (i) carried out all their own menial tasks. (ii) forced the helots to do all their menial tasks. (iii) paid their servants to do the menial tasks.
(d) Spartan boys and girls were (i) never allowed to train together. (ii) always trained together. (iii) sometimes allowed to train together.
(f) In Sparta, it was considered shameful (i) to be defeated in battle. (ii) to win in battle. (iii) to engage in battle.
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Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) absolute power: Political power that rules alone and does not allow any criticism or opposition.
(b) Battle of Marathon: Battle in 490 BC between the Spartans and the Persians in which 300 Spartans died. (c) exposure: Condition of being exposed to something damaging or detrimental such as extreme cold. (d) helots: People from different lands, such as Laconia, who had been enslaved by the Spartans in order to carry out menial tasks. (e) insular: The state of being isolated and detached from outside influences. (f)
King Leonidas: King who led the 300 Spartan warriors who died at the Battle of Marathon defending the pass against the Persians.
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(g) lyre: A stringed musical instrument, much like a harp, played by the Greeks.
(i)
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(h) militaristic society: A society that believes in the glorification of military values, virtues and ideals over all others. Peleponnese: Peninsula which forms the southern part of Greece and is joined to the mainland by the narrow isthmus of Corinth.
(j)
Peleponnesian League: A group of states in the Peloponnese who joined together to oppose the growth of Athenian power.
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Thebes: City-state which toppled the Spartans from their premier position amongst Greek city-states in the 4th century BC.
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(k) Sparta: Militaristic city-state which opposed Athens, succeeded toppling it and becoming the premier city-state in Greece in 404 BC.
2. Generally, many of the ancient Greeks, except the Spartans, did not encourage girls and women to take part in sporting activities. A woman called Cynisca, a Spartan princess, took part in the Olympic Games in Olympia at the end of the 4th century BC. Read the following paragraph about her and correct the ten misspellings, writing your corrections below.
Cynisca was born in Sparta around 440 BC. She was a royal princess, the daughter of Archidamus II and Eupolia. She was a kean horsewoman and was determined to win the chariot races at the Olympic Games. Women could not take part in the Olympics except for the equestrien events, which were held in a separate hippodrome (a course for horses). Even then, they could not actualy drive or ride the horses but could only compete as the owners of the chariotts and the teams. In the society of ancient Greece, and even in Spartan society, it was very unusual for a woman to enter the games. Cynisca was a royal princess and would therefore have had enouf status and wealth to be able to act differantly from other women in less fortunate circamstances. Cynisca enterred her four-horse chariot team in the games of 396 BC and won. In 392 BC, she entered her team again and won. She was probabley the only woman to ever win a double viktory at the ancient Olympic Games.
1.
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Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. The Spartans did not take part in much menial work themselves, leaving it to the people they called the helots. Helots were people from different lands, such as Laconia and Messenia, who the Spartans had captured and enslaved. Read the following account of the life of a slave in Sparta and circle the correct bold word to complete the sentences. I am Penthesilia. I was taken from my home in the land of Laconia/Ionia/Attica and brought to Sparta when I was only 11 years of age. I was sent to the house of a Spartan lawyer/warrior/philosopher who always seemed to be away training or fighting. His wife, the woman of the house, was put in charge of me. I was trained to do the cooking by the cook, who was old and cranky. I was her assistant/manager/secretary for nine years. She taught me how to bake 12 different kinds of breads and I learned how to dry fruits such as beetroot/raisins/tomatoes and apricots. I had to accompany her to the agora (market place) and carry the food home for her. I liked the days we went to the agora as it was the only time I ever got out of the house/temple/shrine. I think I was lucky because I sometimes met other slaves in the market who told me their mistress beat them regularly. My mistress didn’t beat me and she always made sure that I had some of the leftover food in the kitchen to eat. When I was 20, the cook died and I was told that I was now the priestess/cook/athlete for the household. I have been the cook now for the last four years and I am content. Now I even have my own assistant, a warrior/ politician/helot from Messenia. My mistress is not cruel and sometimes now she even shouts/talks/whispers to me when I am in the gynaeceum (women’s room). I heard today that the master is coming back soon to live here permanently and I am worried as he is supposed to be very difficult/easygoing/vain. I pray to the gods that he will not be difficult with me or my cooking. I have no other hope/home/help now except here in Sparta.
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4. The Spartans believed that it was vitally important to exercise and be healthy. Today, there is increasing evidence that regular exercise brings physical, mental and emotional benefits. Research this topic, using the library and Internet, and circle the correct words below. (a) Exercise makes us breathe more deeply so (i) it decreases heart rate and blood circulation. (ii) it increases heart rate and blood circulation. (iii) it improves our verbal and vocal abilities.
(e) Anaerobic exercise works on our (i) blood pressure and circulation. (ii) muscle strength and flexibility. (iii) memory skills and mental arithmetic.
(b)
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Exercise can burn off (i) vitamins in our system. (ii) older, damaged skin. (iii) stress hormones such as adrenaline in our system.
(c) Exercise releases endorphins into our bodies that (i) depress our mood and make us feel worse. (ii) improve our memory. (iii) improve our mood and make us feel better.
(d) Aerobic exercise increases the efficiency of (i) our heart and lungs. (ii) our legs and arms. (iii) our feet and toes.
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(f) Regular exercise can help to burn calories so that we (i) are more likely to put on weight. (ii) are likely to maintain the same weight. (iii) are less likely to put on weight. (g)
Discussion points Exercise and slavery Discuss the value of physical exercise in relation to good health. Research and formulate a basic exercise plan for yourself, using the library and the Internet. Slavery still exists today. Use the Internet to research the work of the United Nations to eradicate slavery in the world today.
Exercise improves our (i) muscle tone and posture. (ii) rate of reading. (iii) rate of talking.
(h) Ongoing research indicates that exercise can be (i) ineffective in the treatment of depression. (ii) effective in the treatment of depression. (iii) only effective in summer. Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Teachers Notes
Unit 10: A farmer’s wife, Aspasia, visits her sister, Maia, a craft worker’s wife, in Athens – 425 BC Objectives: Pupil completes exercises in reading, comprehension and cloze activities. Pupil completes word study exercises in correcting misspellings, identifying correct words and matching ancient and modern Greek words. Pupil learns about life for women in Athens, the Panathenea, and ancient Greek clothing, food and housing.
Background information: This text is a dialogue. A dialogue is a conversation between two parties which may be spoken or written. In this case, Aspasia and Maia are sisters and are catching up on all the news while they have breakfast on the first morning of Aspasia’s visit to Athens. Maia is wealthier than her sister, being the wife of a prosperous Athenian craftsman, Polyclitus. Her sister is the wife of Aegistus, a small farmer in Attica.
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Aspasia is from a farm in Attica, the countryside outside Athens. Life for Greek farmers was hard. The mountainous areas had severe winters and extremely hot summers. The soil was stony, the weather was severe and only certain crops grew on the land, such as olives, grapes and some grains. Wealthy farmers used servants and slaves to help run their farms. Poorer farmers relied on everyone in the family to get involved in farming and looking after the mountain goats and sheep raised to give wool, hides, milk and meat. Farmers lived in the countryside, in houses with stone walls and clay-tiled roofs. These houses usually had three rooms, a bedroom, a living room and a storeroom where food and farm tools were kept. For most of the year, the ancient Greeks spent their lives outdoors. In the countryside, they worked on the land.
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Maia is living in Athens. The city-state of Athens was one of the most important city-states in ancient Greece. Athenian society was structured on democratic principles and historians believe that democracy created the conditions for a flowering of artistic, cultural and philosophical achievement. In Athens, power was allocated through three main institutions. The assembly was a body that met several times a month to discuss current issues and all male citizens of Athens were entitled to attend and take part in these discussions. The council was the second institution and dealt with all matters of the city and oversaw the third branch of Athenian administration, the magistrates. The growth of the city-states occurred after they had to unify against a common threat from the Persians under the Persian king, Darius. The Persians controlled most of the area known as Ionia and demanded that the Greek city-states gave them allegiance, but Athens and Sparta refused. Three decisive battles at Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis took place. The defeat of the Persians changed the course of history forever as the Greeks triumphed and the Greek way of life survived. The civilisation of the ancient Greeks was able to develop without threat.
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Pericles, the leader of Athens in the 5th century, decided to rebuild the acropolis which had been destroyed during the Persian war. An acropolis existed in every Greek town and city and was the upper fortified part of the city. Athena was the goddess of Athens and the protector of wild animals. She was usually shown wearing a helmet and a shield. The winged goddess, Nike, was in her right palm and coiled around her shield was a snake, a symbol of wisdom. In the city, Greek men from different backgrounds mixed together, congregating in open spaces such as the agora, the Greek word for marketplace. There they met friends and discussed politics. Ancient Greek men conducted life in a very public way. Political assemblies were held in the open air. Their theatres were open to the skies.
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In the city, houses led from the street into an open courtyard and the main rooms opened onto this courtyard. There was a room set aside for storing and selling craft goods. Maia’s husband is a skilled craftsman so his studio is at the front of the house while Maia’s living area is at the back, off the courtyard. Ancient Greek cities had thriving workshops and factories producing many goods such as ships, bricks, pots, coins, jewellery and ornaments. Athens was full of skilled craftsmen from all over the Greek world. There were entire streets filled with craft shops and even a specific area dedicated to pottery called the ‘Kerameikos’ or ‘Potters’ Quarter’. There were factories in Athens producing goods such as shields and couches. Small workshops with four or five skilled craftsmen were more common than large factories. Successful craftsmen in the city would have a studio at the front of their house where customers could walk in to admire the work in progress. Life for most Greek women was very different from men. Their life centred around the home. They could not be independent and were protected by male guardians, usually their fathers or their husbands. A Greek wife’s separate living area was called the gynaeceum. Her husband’s area was called the andron, and he would entertain his male guests, giving symposia where the men discussed issues, drank wine, recited poetry and sang. A wealthy craftman’s wife, like Maia, could stay at home, supervising her household and her slaves. They did not have to work on the land like poorer farmer’s wives. Maia is also fortunate because her husband, Polyclitus, is a very successful craftsman and she can spend her time supervising her household. Greek women did not usually appear in public. Aspasia and Maia are eating dinner in a separate dining area in the house, which was for women. The Greeks ate only one main meal a day, the deipnon, which was eaten in the late afternoon. They had a first course consisting of chicken or fish, cheese and some vegetables such as celery and radishes. A second course followed which included figs, olives and grapes, sweetened with honey. Cattle were not common in ancient Greece and meat was usually only eaten during festivals after sacrifices had been made to the gods. Aspasia and Maia are also drinking wine mixed with water. Fish was plentiful in ancient Greece, harvested from the rich seas surrounding it. The Greeks ate sea bass, red mullet, eels and tuna.
Worksheet information: Teachers have the option to ask pupils to read aloud the text in Exercise A, which is a dialogue. Pupils may need to use their dictionaries to complete Question 1 in Exercise D.
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Teachers Notes Ancient Greek civilisation consisted of several periods. Aspasia is visiting Athens during the Classical Period. Pupils can check where the Classical Period fits into ancient Greek history by referring to the time line on page xii. A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided on pages viii – xi for teacher reference. Many of them appear in Question 1 in Exercise E. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A to assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
Answers:
Exercise C......................................... page 78 discussed, ten, patron, Athens, streets, potters, citizens, foreign, family, back, seen, recited, hard, stony, olives, goats, labour, help, ripe, barns
Cross-curricular activities:
Exercise D......................................... page 79 1. (a) patron (b) decreed (c) offered (d) useful (e) keenly (f) bare (g) symbolism (h) plenty (i) named (j) portrayed 2. Pericles, wealthiest, assembly, commissioned, recommended, covered, white, usually, roof, marble 3. (a) (iii), (b) (i), (c) (ii), (d) (i), (e) (iii), (f) (ii) Exercise E..................................pages 80–81 1. Teacher check 2. celebrate, slaves, bread, sauce, couches, purple, wedding 3. (a) (x), (b) (ix), (c) (vii), (d) (viii), (e) (ii), (f) (xi), (g) (iii), (h) (v), (i) (xii), (j) (i), (k) (vi), (l) (iv)
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celebrated a festival every year to honour her called the Great Panathenea and every four years, an even bigger festival called the Panathenea. 7. The andron was the men’s area in an ancient Greek house where they entertained their male friends and held symposia, occasions when men gathered to discuss political issues and drink wine. 8. (a) Mithaecus was a 5th century Greek from Syracuse who may have written the world’s first cookbook. (b) Teacher check 9. Answers (a), (g) and (h) should be ticked.
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Exercise B......................................... page 77 1. They are having breakfast in the women’s room in an ancient Greek house which was called the gynaeceum. It was where the spinning, weaving and childminding was carried out either by slaves, in the house of a wealthy woman, or by the woman herself. 2. Polyclitus is a potter. His workshop is in the front of the house and opens onto the street for customers to visit. 3. The festival of the Great Panathenea, in honour of the goddess Athena, the patron goddess of Athens. 4. To consult the oracle to ask if they are going to have children. 5. It was the political and legal centre of a town or city and the main marketplace where fish, meat, fruit and vegetables and cheese was sold. Athens was the leading city of ancient Greece. 6. The goddess Athena was the patron goddess of Athens. The Athenians
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A detailed overview of all the archaeological sites in Greece, including the Acropolis in Athens, can be accessed at <http://odysseus.culture. gr/h/3/eh30.jsp>. The Acropolis in Athens is on the list of World Heritage sites compiled by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Pupils can find out more about the Acropolis at <http://whc.unesco.org>. The Elgin Marbles in the British Museum in London are from the Parthenon. Pupils may wish to view the marbles and read about their history at <www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/w/what_are_the_elgin_marbles.aspx>.
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A website with information on the debate surrounding the Elgin Marbles is at <www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/parthenon_ debate_01.shtml>. Information on the political system of democracy in the city-state of Athens is at <www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekcritics_01. shtml>.
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Information on the city-state of Athens is at <www.crystalinks.com/athens.html>.
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Literacy and history – The Greeks
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Exercise A:
Reading
Read the following dialogue between two Greek sisters, Aspasia and Maia. Aspasia: I really like your house. It’s so bright and colourful and there are beautiful things everywhere. Maia:
Thank you. I like to think that my house is a place where we can get away from the heat, noise and dust of Athens.
Aspasia: Yes, that is true. I know we’re in the middle of this great city and yet it feels very peaceful and quiet here. That’s probably because although we are in the Kerameikos, the centre of pottery making in Athens, Polyclitus’s pottery workshop is at the front and the gynaeceum1 is here at the back of the house. It means that it is much quieter here.
Aspasia: This food is delicious, Maia. I didn’t realise that I was so hungry. The honey is so sweet and the cheese is so creamy. It’s even better than the cheese I make at home on the farm. Where did you get it?
My slaves bought it at the agora2. There’s a stall there that produces recipes by Mithaecus and the whole city flocks to buy food there. The markets here have the most fabulous range of foods and goods from all over Greece and beyond.
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Maia:
Aspasia: I feel so excited! I could hardly sleep last night thinking about this visit. What have you planned for us today? Maia:
Well, you’ve come just at the right time to the city. It’s the festival of the Great Panathenea3 and there will be celebrations all week. I hope you have brought your best chiton4 with you. If not, you can borrow one of my good ones.
Maia:
I didn’t bring many clothes with me. Why will I need to wear my best chiton?
I can hardly wait! I am tired of life on the farm. All I do every day is work, work and work. I have to constantly fetch and carry. I envy you your life here in Athens. You married well when you married Polyclitus. His business is doing so well.
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Aspasia: Because everyone here dresses up in honour of the goddess Athena and there will be dancing and singing late into the night. There are athletic competitions also and we can join in the procession to the acropolis. You must come to see the new golden dress that will be put on the statue of Athena in the Parthenon. It will sparkle and dazzle you with its golden light. The whole city will be cramming the streets and climbing up to the acropolis to worship our patron goddess.
Aspasia: Yes, I know my life is good here and I am lucky that Polyclitus is a good and kind husband who is doing well with his business. But, sister, I envy you too. You have been blessed with children and we haven’t yet. It’s the one thing that saddens me about our life here. I could give my children a great home. They would have material security and a good education. Maia:
I will pray to our blessed goddess of women and childbirth, Artemis, that you will have a child soon.
Aspasia: I often pray to Hestia, our goddess of the home. Polyclitus is talking about going to Delphi to consult the oracle. Maia:
Will you go with him?
Aspasia: Yes. It will be a holiday for us, too, as his work is very demanding and he spends most days in his workshop. I miss him when I am here alone in the gynaeceum. He is expanding his business and he has to personally supervise the metics5. Maia:
In Attica, I spend most of my days working on the land with Aegistus. Recently we have been harvesting the grapes from our vines. I get hot and sticky working in the sun and the children are running around, under my feet. They’re supposed to be helping me but they just play with each other. They are very young. But I love them and am grateful to Artemis for them.
Aspasia: Maia, my sister, let us forget about the things that worry us. Let’s get dressed up in our best chitons, have the slaves do our hair and get ready to enjoy the first of the ceremonies today! Come and try on some of my silk chitons! 76
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. Which room in the house are Aspasia and Maia having breakfast in? What activities were carried on in this room in a Greek house? 2. What kind of a craftsman is Maia’s husband, Polyclitus? Where is his workshop? 3. What feast is being celebrated in Athens this week, according to Maia? 4. Why is Maia going to visit the oracle at Delphi with her husband?
5. What is the agora and what is sold there? Why did Athens have such a busy agora?
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6. Who is the patron goddess of Athens? Did the Athenians hold any special festivals to honour her?
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7. What was the andron in a Greek house? What kind of activities occurred in there?
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8. (a) Who was Mithaecus?
(b) Why do you think Aspasia said that all of Athens is flocking to a stall in the agora?
9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct:
(a) Men and women had separate areas in an ancient Greek house...............................
(b) The Panathenea was an election held every four years in Athens..............................
(c) The goddess Hestia was the patron goddess of the city-state of Athens....................
(d) The andron was the area designated for the slaves in a Greek house........................
(e) The Kerameikos was the city quarter where silversmiths worked..............................
(f) A symposium was a gathering of doctors to discuss medical matters........................ (g) The gynaeceum was the area where the women and female slaves carried out their activities.................................................................................................. (h) Greek women wore long linen tunics called chitons, which originally came from Turkey...........................................................................................................
2. The agora was the political and legal centre and the main market place in a Greek town or city. In Athens, with a population of 250 000, the markets were extremely busy, selling meat, fish, vegetables, fruit and cheese. The agora was also full of craftsmen from all over the Greek world selling pots, coins and jewellery. Athens had streets of craft shops and a city quarter devoted entirely to Greek pottery called the Kerameikos. Mithaecus was a 5th century Greek from the Greek colony of Syracuse in Sicily who was supposed to have written the Western world’s first cookbook, called The art of cooking. Unfortunately, the manuscript has been lost.
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1. Women had a separate area in Greek houses called the gynaeceum and it accommodated the women, their children and their female slaves. The wealthier women supervised their slaves as they did the weaving, spinning and childminding. The andron was the men’s area and it was smaller than the gynaeceum. It was where they entertained their male friends, gave banquets and discussed politics. During the Classical Period (from around 500 to 300 BC) symposia were held, which were parties in which the male guests discussed the current issues of the day, lay on couches and were served wine. Guests were invited to give their views, to give poetry recitals and sing.
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3. The Panathenea was one of the most important festivals in Athens because it honoured the goddess Athena, the patron goddess of the city-state. It was held for six days during the month of July and every four years became the Great Panathenea. 4. Greek women from 500 BC on wore chitons, which were a new style of long linen tunic, originally from Turkey. Before 500 BC, a fuller woollen tunic, called a peplos, was popular. In cool weather they wore a himation, a cloak. They usually went barefoot around their houses but if they were going out, they wore light leather sandals that simply consisted of soles and thongs. They grew their hair long and coiled it in a knot. Wealthier women had their slaves put gold and silver pins, decorated with jewels, in their hair. They also showed off their wealth by wearing golden earrings, necklaces and bracelets to show off their pale skin, as only slaves tanned in ancient Greece because they had to go outside in the sun to perform tasks. 5. There were a large number of metics, or non-citizens, in ancient Athens. They were usually skilled craftsmen. 77
Exercise C:
Use the words from the word bank to complete the sentences.
Word Bank
recited
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‘Demokratia’ is Greek for ‘rule by the people’. In Athens, democracy could be practised by any adult male entitled to attend at meetings where policies and plans were
and decided. They could make speeches and vote at assemblies, which
were held every nine days. Athenian citizens chose political leaders and army generals by public vote and voted in criminal trials. If a politician was unpopular, he could be banished from the city for Athena was the
years. This was called ostracism.
goddess of the city and her temple, the Parthenon, stood on the acropolis. Inside it was
Athena and every four years, Athenians celebrated the Great Panathenea.
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a huge statue of the goddess, created by one of Greece’s greatest sculptors, Pheidias. The festival of Panathenea was held to honour
was over 250 000 and the agora was busy.
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The agora was the market of a Greek city. The population of Stalls sold meat, vegetables, fruit and cheese and there were many A city quarter, called the Kerameikos, was where all the be
with craft shops located on them.
lived and worked. Women were not allowed to
of Athens and could not vote in any democratic elections. Slaves and metics could not be citizens workers, usually highly skilled craftsmen, who had come to Athens to find work in
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either. Metics were their particular area.
. Hestia
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Athenian women lived according to strict rules. Women’s lives centred around the home and
was the goddess of the home and Greek homes often had a shrine to her. Women did not go out in public and spent time in their own private area, called the gynaeceum, usually at the
of the house. Here they carried out spinning,
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weaving and childminding. Wealthier women had female slaves to do this for them. Only priestesses and poorer women were in public. Men also had their own area, which was called the andron. This was in the front or public part
of the house and was used for entertaining male guests in a symposium, which was a party where male guests discussed politics, drank wine, sang songs and
poetry.
Farmers outside Athens usually had a
life as the weather was harsh, the land
and government taxes were high. They grew crops such as
, grapes and grain on their land to sell in
the markets. Only tough mountain sheep and
could survive on such poor land and provide wool, hides
or milk. Wealthy farmers had many slaves to do the heavy
on the farm, but poorer farmers depended
on their wives and families. Farmers lived in houses with thick walls and clay-tiled roofs. These houses usually had three rooms—a bedroom, a living room and a storeroom where food and farm tools were kept. The farming year was very busy with much work to do. In the summer, the whole family had to
with the harvest. In May,
had to be cut down. In June, sheaves of wheat had to be stored safely in the
barley for the winter and, in July,
the vines and olives were harvested. 78
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Exercise D:
Word study exercises
1. The goddess Athena became the patron goddess of Athens after a contest with the god Poseidon. Find ten spelling errors in this account of their contest and write the correct spelling below. You may use a dictionary. There is a legend about how the goddess Athena became the patrone goddess of the city-state of Athens. The father of the gods, Zeus, decread from Mount Olympus that the city of Athens would be given to the god who ofered the most usefull gift to its people. Both Athena and Poseidon wanted Athens, so they watched each other keanly to see what kind of gift the other would give. Poseidon gave the city the gift of a horse. Athena struck the bear soil of Athens with her spear and an olive tree sprang up. The Athenians loved the olive tree for its cymbolism of peace and plentey. They were so delighted with Athena’s gift that Zeus gave the city to her and nammed it after her. In Greek art and sculpture, Athena was often portraied holding an olive branch.
1.
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2. The Parthenon was built as a great temple to honour Athena, the patron goddess of Athens. Read the following information about the Parthenon and choose the correct bold word to complete each sentence. The Athenians, led by Plato/Pericles/Pluto, wanted to show the world that they were the wealthiest/poorest/meanest city-state in ancient Greece and the building of the Parthenon was their way of doing this. The Athenian king/assembly/ president approved the plans for the structure in 448 BC and chose the sculptor Pheidias to be in charge of the overall project. He was also ordered/commissioned/forced to create a statue of the goddess Athena. Pericles recommended/
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insisted/suggested that the statue should be the most magnificent ever created in the city and be plastered/inlaid/covered in gold and ivory. The Parthenon was built of white/grey/black marble from Mount Pentelicon, a mountain close to the city
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of Athens. In ancient Greece, marble was a highly prized building material and was usually/always/seldom only used for sculptures. Even the floor/roof/basement tiles of the Parthenon were made of wood/slate/marble. The total amount of
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marble used in the building of the Parthenon was enormous. 3. Circle the correct answers.
(a) The acropolis of Athens was built on the (i) lowest point in Athens. (ii) highest mountain near the city. (iii) upper, fortified part of Athens.
(b) The Greeks used slaves to (i) carry out all of their household tasks. (ii) act as security guards in the cities. (iii) to offer sacrifices to the gods.
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(c) In ancient Athens, women were (i) given equal rights with men. (ii) not given any rights. (iii) given equal rights if they were married. (d) The gynaeceum was the (i) female area of a Greek house. (ii) male area of a Greek house. (iii) slave quarter of a Greek house.
(e) Greek men entertained their friends in (i) local bars near their homes. (ii) the garden of their house. (iii) the andron, the male area of a Greek house.
(f) The Panathenea was a festival dedicated to (i) Pan, the Greek god of forests. (ii) the patron of Athens, the goddess Athena. (iii) the Greek leader, Pericles.
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Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences. (a) agora: The main political, legal and commercial centre in a Greek town or city where the business of the polis was conducted. (b) Athena: The patron goddess of the city of Athens, who won her position by planting an olive tree. (c) Attica: Name given to the territory of the city-state of Athens and the surrounding countryside. (d) andron: Name given to the male area in a Greek house where the men entertained and held symposia. (e) deipnon: Name given to the main meal eaten in ancient Greece, usually eaten in the evenings. (f)
demokratia: The Greek word for democracy, it meant ‘rule by the people’.
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(g) festival: In ancient Greece, a periodic religious celebration marked by special observances and entertainment such as music and drama. (h) gynaeceum: The part of a Greek house where the woman of the house supervised her slaves and household tasks were done. hubris: An excess of ambition or pride that leads to the person’s downfall.
(j)
ostracism: A method of temporary banishment of a person, usually for ten years, by popular vote of the citizens of a city-state.
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(k) Panathenea: Name given to the festival celebrated in every July in Athens.
Parthenon: Name given to the temple built to honour the goddess Athena in Athens, it means ‘the temple of the virgin’.
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2. The following is an account of preparations for a dinner in the gynaeceum by Helen, a wealthy Athenian woman. The account is missing some words. Fill the gaps correctly, using words from the list below.
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‘I want to tell you about my preparations for deipnon in the gynaeceum tonight. I hope it goes well as I have spent the last week making all my plans and preparations for it. I have invited three of my friends to come to
the festival of Dionysos and I really want it to go
well. I decided on the menu some days ago and discussed it with my kitchen
. I wanted a menu that offered the best of
our Athenian food to my guests. I ordered my slaves to go to the agora this morning to buy all that we had decided on. I want my guests to enjoy the best Greek wine, made from grapes grown outside Poseidonia in Magna Graecia, which we will mix with water and enjoy after the food. For the sitos, I have ordered my cook to bake the finest
from fresh Sicilian grain bought fresh at the agora this morning. For the first
course, the opson, the choices have to be varied and delicious so that my guests can be offered a really tasty selection of fresh olives, onions, garlic, cheese and fish to put on their bread. I also ordered my slaves to prepare a hare for roasting which will accompany the opson. I asked my favourite slave to prepare a special
for my guests to dip their meat and fish in. The second course will be a selection of figs and
grapes, sweetened with honey. The gynaeceum has been thoroughly cleaned and fresh woollen cloth, spun and woven by my slaves, has been draped over the
. My slaves are dressed in freshly spun linen chitons. I am wearing a chiton of silk dyed a violet colour.
My slaves have dressed my hair by piling it up at the back of my head and holding it in place with golden diadem, given to me by my husband on our
ribbons and a
anniversary. Finally, I have just prayed to Hestia, the goddess of the
home, and asked for her blessing on my party.
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Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. Many words and terms are derived from the ancient Greeks. In some cases, they have retained their original meaning and in others the meaning has changed. Match the ancient word with the modern meaning. ostracism The name given to the process by which a citizen of Athens could be banished from the city for ten years.
(i)
A formal meeting at which several speakers deliver short addresses on a topic or related topics.
(b)
hubris An excess of ambition or pride that could lead to the person’s eventual fall from power.
(ii)
A person who, by birth or naturalisation, owes allegiance to a government and is entitled to protection from it.
(c)
democracy From the Greek words ‘demos’ and ‘cratia’ meaning ‘rule by the people’, Greek male citizens had the right to vote, serve on a jury and hold public office.
(iii)
A group of instrumentalists, including string players, organised to perform ensemble music.
(d)
philosophy The philosophical teachings of a person such as Sophokles, Plato or Aristotle.
(iv)
A long, wandering journey usually marked by many changes of fortune.
(e)
citizen A male person born in one of the Greek city-states such as Athens. Women, metics and slaves could not be citizens.
(v)
A building used to guide sea navigators by means of a powerful light.
(f)
Olympic Games A Panhellenic festival held in honour of the god Zeus every 4th year which included contests in sports, music and literature with the winners crowned with wild olive.
(vi)
A cinema.
(g)
orchestra A flat circular area in the centre of a Greek theatre on which the actors performed.
(h)
pharos One of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the pharos was the three-tier lighthouse at Alexandria.
(viii) The study of the nature of knowledge and existence and the principles of what is good and bad in the world.
(i)
gymnasium An exercise ground for men.
(ix)
Unreasonable self-confidence, displayed with pride and arrogance.
(j)
symposium A drinking party in the andron (male area) of a Greek house where the men discussed politics and drank wine.
(x)
The exclusion of a person by general consent from social acceptance and common privileges.
(k)
odeon A building used for musical performances.
(xi)
A revival of the ancient games at Olympia, held every 4th year and made up of many sporting events.
(l)
Odyssey An epic poem written by Homer about the hero Odysseus and his long journey home from the Trojan War.
(xii) A room or building where people of both sexes can participate in indoor sports activities.
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(a)
(vii) Government by the people or their elected representatives.
Discussion points — The provenance of ancient artefacts The word ‘provenance’ means ‘the origin of a work of art or archaeological specimen’. The Elgin Marbles, brought to England by Lord Elgin between 1802 and 1812, and now held by the British Museum in London, have generated a lot of debate about their provenance and ownership. The Greek government has been requesting the return of the Elgin Marbles for some years. Many countries are now demanding that similar artefacts taken out of their countries by archaeologists in the 19th and 20th centuries be returned to them. The archaeologists may have been determined to preserve the artefacts but in many cases, artefacts were moved far from their original locations and the actions of the archaeologists have been criticised. Research this topic, using the library and the Internet, and hold a class debate on the issues raised, with the two teams presenting each side of the argument. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
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Teachers Notes
Unit 11: Plato, an eleven-year-old boy, asks his tutor, Alcibiades, some questions – 416 BC Objectives: Pupils complete reading, comprehension and cloze exercises. Pupils complete word study exercises in correcting spellings, choosing correct words and choosing correct answers. Pupils learn about Plato and philosophy, the influence of Greek philosophy, the city of Alexandria and some of the mathematicians and doctors who worked there.
Background information: This text is a dialogue. A dialogue is a conversation between two people and may be spoken or written. This dialogue is between the young boy, Plato, who would grow up to become one of Greece’s greatest philosophers, and his tutor, Alcibiades. Plato is already displaying a questioning mind at the age of 11 as he questions his tutor incessantly and argues with him during a lesson.
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Plato (427–347 BC) was a Greek philosopher. The Greek word ‘philosophos’ means ‘the love of wisdom’. Philosophy is the study of knowledge. The Greeks identified different branches of philosophy. Three of these were politics, in which they discussed how best to govern, ethics, in which they studied how to behave correctly, and cosmology, in which they argued about the origins of the universe. Plato was interested in the behaviour of human beings, as was his teacher, the Greek philosopher Socrates. Pluto was also interested in how people acted within society.
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Socrates believed that argument was the method to understand truth. His style of teaching was by question and answer. When he was 70 years of age, he was condemned to die by the Athenian authorities because he was accused of being insubordinate and disobeying religious laws. His speech to the Athenian authorities before his death was recorded by his pupil, Plato. Plato founded a famous school called the Academy in 387 BC and lectured pupils about politics, law and mathematics. One of Plato’s pupils was called Aristotle, another famous Greek philosopher who invented the study of logic. Aristotle was born in Macedonia and, when he was 17, he travelled to Athens and joined Plato’s Academy. Aristotle also set up his own school in Athens, which he called the Lyceum. At 41 years of age, he returned to Macedonia to take up a position as tutor to the young son of King Philip of Macedonia, the future Alexander the Great. Aristotle wrote extensively about philosophy, nature and politics. His scientific writings were unprecedented in their accuracy and detail. He died in 322 BC.
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Formal education in ancient Greece was for boys only. Wealthier girls were taught at home about the running of a household, spinning and weaving and the supervision of slaves and household servants. The Greeks did not consider that girls needed any further education. Wealthier boys had a tutor at home to teach them reading, writing, mathematics and literature. The children of the poor were not educated at all and were involved in working hard from a very early age. Most foreign residents, slaves and women in ancient Greece were illiterate. The study of literature involved memorising passages of Greek poetry by the poet Homer. Other boys attended school with a trusted slave called a paidogogos, who reported to their parents each day. Classes were small with only 12 pupils in a class. Another branch of education was provided by a sports coach, called a paidotribes, who taught subjects such as athletics, gymnastics and wrestling to young boys. Education in sports occurred whether or not the child attended a school or was taught at home by a private tutor. Thirdly, most pupils attended a music master called a kitharistes who taught them to play musical instruments such as the lyre and to sing.
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In the third century BC, the city of Alexandria, in Egypt, became the most important city of learning, science and culture in the Greek world. After Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BC, his successors fought one another for a share of his empire. One of them, Ptolemy of Macedonia, founded the last dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs, who ruled Egypt from 305 BC to 30 BC. In 30 BC, the Romans conquered Egypt and made it a province of Rome. Ptolemy founded the library at Alexandria and encouraged scholars to visit the city. Alexandria became the host to doctors, scientists and mathematicians. The mathematician and scientist Euclid is believed to have lived in Alexandria around 300 BC and was the writer of Elements, a book that has been in use for over 2000 years. He also wrote about optics, the science of light and vision. The Alexandrian doctors, Herophilus and Erasistratus, were the only ancient doctors to perform systematic scientific dissections of human corpses. They meticulously identified and documented previously unknown parts of the human body. The Pharos at Alexandria, built in 279 BC, was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and guided ships into its two harbours. Greek became an international language, spoken across the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia. In the first century AD, Jewish scholars, writing about the life of Jesus Christ, wrote in Greek so more people could read their work.
Worksheet information: Teachers have the option to ask pupils to read aloud the text in Exercise A, which is a dialogue. Ancient Greek civilisation consisted of several periods. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle lived and worked in Athens during the Classical Period. Pupils can check where the Classical Period fits into ancient Greek history by referring to the time line on page xii. A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided on pages viii – xi for teacher reference. Many of them appear in Question 1 in Exercise E. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A to assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
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Teachers Notes
Answers: 9. Answers (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (g) should be ticked. Exercise C......................................... page 86 writing, slave, ceremonies, issues, rowers, rhetoric, training, traders, system, skills, weaving, beings, Athens, drinking, school, books, luxury, Greek, tutor, Lyceum Exercise D......................................... page 87 1. progress, months, cooperative, history, port, geography, gentle, aloud, confused, intensely 2. school, boys, mathematics, flute, athletics, speak, hate, oratory, public, disapproves, lawyer 3. (a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (i), (d) (ii), (e) (ii), (f) (i)
Exercise E..................................pages 88–89 1. Teacher check 2. (a) in the (ii) (b) during the (iii) (c) because of (v) (d) and it (i) (e) in order to (iv) (f) including (vi) (g) due (viii) (h) and they (vii) 3. (a) many gods (b) ethics (c) was born (d) teacher (e) the tutor of
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Exercise B......................................... page 85 1. He was enjoying their discussion and does not want to move onto a new subject. 2. Plato argues that Alcibiades, his tutor, cannot know exactly how his father feels or may react. 3. A paidagogos brought the children to school and ensured they studied. 4. Reading, writing and mathematics. 5. Teacher check 6. Plato means that the gods sometimes came down from Mount Olympus and visited humans in disguise. 7. music, poetry, dancing, athletics 8. Plato advocated a modest and simple way of life and believed that seeking too much luxury could destroy a society.
Cross-curricular activities:
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Information about the lives of Greek philosophers is available at <www.crystalinks.com/greekphilosophy.html>.
Pupils could organise a class debate with representatives speaking for Plato, Aristotle and Socrates and present their respective views on life, ethics, politics and human society. Pupils who wish to learn more about Plato and other Greek philosophers can find information at <www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/ philosophy/plato.htm>. A website on philosophical issues for pupils and teachers interested in debate is <www.philosophyslam.org>.
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Pupils can design their own codes, based on the design of the Checkerboard of Polybius, and demonstrate them in class to see if they have been successful in their designs.
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Information on the life of the mathematician Euclid is available at <www.cystalinks.com/euclid.html> and information on Greek scientists, mathematicians and the Library at Alexandria is available at <www.crystalinks.com/greece.html>.
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Exercise A:
Reading
Read this dialogue between the young boy, Plato, and his tutor, Alcibiades. Alcibiades: Now, Plato, I want to move onto some mathematical problems. Plato:
Why? Why do we have to move onto another subject? I was enjoying our discussion on the nature of good and evil.
Alcibiades: Yes, I know but we must move on to your mathematical studies now. Plato:
Why? I am good at mathematics and have worked hard at it all week. The true nature of good and evil interests me much more.
Alcibiades: Plato, I know that your father will be annoyed with you if I have to tell him that you refused to do mathematics. How can you know what my father will feel about this? He might seem annoyed but he could be secretly pleased that I was pursuing our discussion on good and evil. How things appear are not always how they really are. My father often appears annoyed with me and then hugs me five minutes later with a smile on his face1.
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Plato:
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Alcibiades: Plato, please stop arguing with me. Your father is paying me to educate you properly. Mathematics is one of the three main subjects that form a proper Greek education2. We must move on!
Who decided on these particular subjects? How do they know that they are the right ones for a proper education? How can anyone know what are the right subjects for me? They don’t really know me. They don’t know what I am like, what kind of a person I am, what my interests are. How can they decide that I must do mathematics?
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Alcibiades: All Greek boys your age study mathematics. It is one of the subjects that we Greeks have developed for the good of the whole of humanity. It is an essential subject and, one day, I know you will be glad you studied it here with me3. How do you know that? How can you know what I will be glad about one day?
Plato:
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Alcibiades: Plato, I am losing my patience with you. Sometimes things are the way they are. But why, Alcibiades? Why are things the way they are? Why does it have to be like that?
Plato:
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Alcibiades: It is how it has always been, Plato. I know that the gods have planned it so. But why have they? Have you ever seen a god? How do you know they’ve planned it like this?
Alcibiades: Plato, you will have to understand the ways of the gods and accept them. Plato:
But I don’t understand their ways. How can I accept something that I don’t understand? Surely that is irrational and illogical? How can you possibly know the ways of the gods? I refuse to accept this. Why is it like this?
Alcibiades: It is how it is and always has been. The gods know what is right for us. Plato:
How can they possibly know what is right for us? Do they know us? How can they know us? They live on Mount Olympus and only pay fleeting visits to our world4. I doubt I will ever see a god in all my life.
Alcibiades: Plato! You will do as I ask right now or I will have to send your paidagogos5 to fetch your father here immediately! Plato:
Oh, all right, Alcibiades. I know that you are getting cross with me. I’m not sure how I know, but I know. I must discuss this ability to know your mind with you some other time. Let us begin our mathematics class.
1. Philosophy means ‘the study of wisdom’. Plato was very interested in the differences between appearance and reality. He was also very interested in questions about knowledge, belief and explanation. He liked to discuss what it meant to ‘know’ something. He also wrote about politics in his book Republic. He wrote about an ideal state where justice prevailed and the community was ruled by responsible leaders who lived modestly. Plato visited Sicily three times to lecture and was highly critical of the luxurious life lived there. He advocated a modest and simple way of life, believing that seeking too much luxury could destroy a society. 84
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. Why does Plato argue with his tutor, Alcibiades, about changing to mathematics in his class? 2. How does Plato respond to Alcibiades when he tells him that his father will be annoyed with him? 3. What was a paidagogos and why does Alcibiades threaten to send him to fetch Plato’s father?
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4. What, according to the tutor, are the three basic subjects in Greek education?
2. Poorer Greek boys probably only attended school for three or four years to learn basic skills in literacy and arithmetic. An apprenticeship system ensured that poorer boys were trained in trades such as that of a builder, merchant, potter, carpenter or shipwright. Wealthier Greek boys began their education as early as seven years of age, attending classes being taught by a grammatistes who concentrated on three basic subjects: reading, writing and mathematics. They also attended a school of music and poetry where they were taught by a kitharistes and learned to play the lyre, the flute and the pipes. They also developed their skills of dancing and athletics at the gymnasium (training ground with baths) with a teacher called a paidotribes. Older boys of 12 or 13 continued their education with a sophist, a teacher who came to their home and instructed them in oratory, the art of public speaking. They also studied astronomy, history and geography. At 18 years of age, their education was complete and they were eligible for military service or for political duties. In Athens, some boys continued their education at Plato’s Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum. Girls were not educated at school but were taught skills such as spinning and weaving informally at home.
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5. How would you describe Plato’s behaviour? In your opinion, is he a reasonable boy or is he too argumentative?
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6. Why does Plato mean when he says that the gods pay fleeting visits to his world?
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7. Can you name any of the other subjects that were studied by Greek boys in school?
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8. What way of life did Plato advocate for society? Why did he dislike too much luxury? 9. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct:
(a) Plato was born into a noble family in the city-state of Athens....................................
(b) Poorer boys attended school for only three or four years...........................................
(c) Boys studied music and learned how to play the lyre, the flute and the pipes.............
(d) There was a system of apprenticeships for poorer boys to train in various crafts........
(e) When boys were older, a sophist came to teach them oratory at home......................
(f)
(g) Grammatistes taught boys at the first stage of Greek education................................ (h) Boys were taught athletics and dancing at the gymnasium by a teacher called a kitharistes.............................................................................................................
There were four basic subjects in Greek education...................................................
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3. Plato (427–347 BC) was an Athenian who was born into a noble family. He was a pupil of the Greek philosopher Socrates (469–399 BC). He founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BC, where he taught politics, law and the subject of mathematics. He was the most important Greek philosopher and his ideas shaped the political thought and culture of Athens in the Classical Period (500–323 BC). Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in northern Greece. He is usually recognised as the founder of science. He was the tutor of Alexander the Great for three years. He came to Athens at 17 years of age to attend Plato’s Academy. He founded his Lyceum in Athens in 335 BC and he was interested in philosophy, politics and scientific subjects such as biology, physics and psychology. 4. The Greeks believed that their gods and goddesses sometimes came down from their home on Mount Olympus and visited them in disguise. 5. Wealthy families employed a special slave known as a paidagogos to take their sons to school and to ensure that they studied hard.
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weaving Lyceum tutor
beings issues
There were three stages of education offered to sons of the wealthy in Ancient Greece. The first stage was at seven years of age, when boys were taken to classes held by a grammatistes, a teacher who taught them three basic subjects: reading, and mathematics. These small classes, with less than 12 pupils, were held in the teachers’ houses. The boys were accompanied by a special
called a paidagogos, who made sure that they attended and
paid attention. They also studied music, learning how to play three instruments in particular, the lyre, the flute and the pipes. The lyre was similar to a small harp. A special music teacher called a kitharistes taught them music, which was important as it played a large role in religious
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and in symposia, when men gathered to discuss political
and drink wine. Music even played a large part in war; for example: in sea battles, trireme
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time to the playing of pipes.
Older boys were taught at home by sophists who introduced them to
rowed in
, or public speaking, something
they needed if they planned to work in politics. They attended the gymnasium, which contained baths and a palaestra, a ground where they practised sports with a teacher called a paidotribes. Poorer boys were given a in the
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more basic education, only lasting three or four years. If they were to work as merchants or
agora, they still needed the three basic skills of reading, writing and mathematics. Many poorer boys enrolled in the apprenticeship such as building,
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in Athens, which allowed them to train in essential
carpentry or shipbuilding. In ancient Greece, girls did not attend school and were educated at home in homemaking skills such as spinning and
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.
Philosophy is the study of subjects such as psychology, cosmology and ethics. Psychology is the study of the human mind and human behaviour. Cosmology is the study of the origins of the universe. Ethics is the study of how human should behave in order to be good. Socrates was a Greek philosopher who taught in
. He had as his
pupil, Plato, who became one of the most revered philosophers in history. Socrates liked to teach his pupils through question and argument but he was accused of being insubordinate by the Athenian authorities and was sentenced to death. He took his own life by
poison. Plato, who was present at his death, was also an Athenian and came from a noble family. He
founded a
of philosophy in Athens called the Academy and was interested in how things appeared and
how people acted. He was interested in what it meant to ‘know’ something. He wrote many
, including
The republic; in which he created a vision of a perfect state in which justice prevailed and all people, including the rulers, lived modest and simple lives. He visited Sicily and criticised the life of
lived by the Greek colonists there. He believed
that a life filled with too much luxury could destroy society. Another great from northern Greece and was the
of Alexander the Great. He came to Athens to study philosophy and
was a fellow pupil of Plato’s. He also founded his own school in Athens called the 86
philosopher, Aristotle, came
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Exercise D:
Word study exercises
1. Read this school report written by Solon, a Greek sophist, and identify ten misspellings. Write the corrections below. To my lord, Timon. I, Solon of Athens, wish to inform you of your son’s progres in oratory, astronomy, history and geography. You will be aware that I have taught him for the last seven monthes in your home, starting at eight in the morning and finishing at three in the afternoon. Your son, Semonides, is a most cooperatif pupil and has worked very hard in my class. His best subject is history and he is an expert on the historie of our great city, knowing everything about our great acropolis and our great porte of Piraeus. His second best subject is geografy and he has worked very hard at this with me, trying to improve his knowledge of the Greek islands, colonies and cities on the western coast of Asia Minor. His third best subject is oratory. He is a gentel boy and his voice does not carry well when he is speaking alowd but he is practising hard and I am satisfied that he is making good progress in this area. However, the same cannot be said of his progress in the subject of astronomy. No matter how hard I try, I cannot seem to make him understand about the stars and the planets. He becomes very confuzed and seems to dislike the subject intensly. I will keep trying and will let you know of his progress in astronomy next term.
1.
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2. In the following paragraph, a young Greek boy, Kallinos, describes his education. Circle the correct bold word in the sentences. I am Kallinos of Corinth and I am in my fifth year of service/school/work. I attend classes with a grammatistes and there are
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five other girls/boys/soldiers in my class. We study three main subjects, reading, writing and philosophy/mathematics/ science. I also attend the school of music in the city, where the kitharistes teaches me how to play the lyre, flute/guitar/
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violin and the pipes. I attend the gymnasium regularly with the paidotribes, who makes us practise our dancing and athletics/ mountaineering/orienteering skills. Next year, I will have to continue my education at home with a sophist who will teach me how to recite/sing/speak in public. I will also have to learn astronomy, history and geography. I hate/love/like the thought of
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studying philosophy/oratory/geometry. I would much prefer to play my lyre in public/private/person than make a public speech. I want to be a musician when I grow up but my father approves/disapproves/dislikes of this and is insisting that I follow him in his legal career. I don’t want to, but I wonder if I will be forced to become a lawyer/philosopher/priest. My father says that he knows what is best for me but I am not so sure. 3. Circle the correct answers. (a)
Philosophy is the study of (i) geography. (ii) wisdom. (iii) languages.
(b) Socrates, Plato and Aristotle lived in the city of (i) Corinth. (ii) Sparta. (iii) Athens. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
(c)
Aristotle was the tutor of (i) Alexander the Great. (ii) Pheidias. (iii) Pericles of Athens.
(d)
Plato wrote a book called (i) Government. (ii) Republic. (iii) Senate.
(e) Greek boys began their education at (i) twelve years of age. (ii) seven years of age. (iii) three years of age. (f)
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Oratory is the study of (i) public speaking. (ii) playing music in public. (iii) reciting poetry in public. 87
Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) Aristotle: Greek philosopher from Macedonia who founded the Lyceum in Athens and was the tutor of Alexander the Great.
(b) Academy: The name of the school set up by Plato in 387 BC in Athens, which taught pupils politics, law and mathematics. (c) grammatistes: Greek teachers who taught reading, writing and mathematics at the primary or first stage of Greek education. (d) gymnasium: A training ground with baths where young boys and youths trained and practised wrestling, running and swimming. (e) kitharistes: A teacher of music who taught boys to sing and play instruments such as the lyre, the flute and the pipes. (f)
Lyceum: The name of the school founded in Athens by the philosopher Aristotle.
(g) oratory: The art of effective public speaking, an essential skill for boys and youths hoping to enter a public career.
(j)
paidagogos: An especially trusted slave who took boys to school and ensured their attendance and their attentiveness there.
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(h) palaestra: A special training ground in a gymnasium where boys and youths practised their wrestling and other athletic exercises.
philosophy: From a Greek word ‘philosophos’, meaning ‘love of wisdom’, it was the study of the principles of existence and the world.
(l)
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(k) Plato: Greek philosopher who was a pupil of Socrates and recorded his last speech to the Athenian authorities before his death. sophist: A special tutor who taught older youths the subject of oratory in their homes.
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(m) Socrates: Greek philosopher who was condemned to death by suicide because he challenged the Athenian authorities.
2. Choose the correct linking words/phrases and rewrite the following sentences correctly.
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Alexandria was a city that was named after Alexander the Great, who founded the city
in order to
Alexandra became an outstanding centre of Greek learning, science and culture
and they
Alexandria was also famous throughout the ancient world
and it
The Greek pharaoh, Ptolemy I, founded the library at Alexandria
due
(e)
The library became renowned all over the Mediterranean, attracting scholars from all over the Greek world who studied there
during the
Greek mathematicians flourished in Alexandria and many great books were written there,
(g)
Greek doctors also came to carry out important medical research in Alexandria
(h)
Two Greek doctors in Alexandria were Herophilus and Erasistratus
because of in the including
Literacy and history – The Greeks
(i)
became the greatest library in the ancient world, containing more than half a million scrolls, mostly in Greek.
(ii)
year 331 BC.
(iii) 3rd century BC. (iv) further their knowledge of philosophy, mathematics and medicine. (v)
the Pharos lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which was located there.
(vi) the book Elements, written by the mathematician Euclid, whose books are still used today. (vii) carried out the first dissections of the human body in Alexandria in 300 BC. (viii) to its outstanding reputation as a centre of medical education and practice. Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. The Checkerboard of Polybius.
Polybius, born 200 BC, was a Greek historian. He wrote a series of history books, which reputedly numbered 40 volumes, of which only five still survive today. He also invented a code which is now called the Checkerboard of Polybius. Each letter has a pair of numbers, which is the horizontal number followed by the vertical number.
1
U
Z
(a) The ancient Greeks believed in 3–2, 1–1, 3–3, 5–4 2–2, 3–4, 1–4, 4–3.
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(b) Philosophers liked to discuss issues in politics, 1–5, 4–4, 2–3, 2–4, 1–3, 4–3 and law.
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(c) Plato 5–2, 1–1, 4–3 1–2, 3–4, 4–2, 3–3 in the city of Athens.
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(d) His 4–4, 1–5, 1–1, 1–3, 2–3, 1–5, 4–2 was the philosopher Socrates.
(e) Aristotle was 4–4, 2–3, 1–5 4–4, 4–5, 4–4, 3–4, 4–2 3–4, 2–1 Alexander the Great.
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Discussion points Philosophers in the ancient and modern worlds Research the subject of philosophy in the library and by using the Internet. Discuss how relevant the subject is in our modern world today. Is philosophy still an important and worthwhile subject? Plato wrote about Atlantis, a lost continent beneath the sea. There have been many legends about Atlantis. Some historians believe that the origins of this legend lie in the volcanic eruption on Santorini, which resulted in the loss of most of the landmass of the ancient island of Thera. Pupils should research the topic of Atlantis and hold a discussion on the most likely explanations for the ancient Greek’s belief in Atlantis.
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Teachers Notes
Unit 12: Two servants of Alexander the Great speculate on his health – 29 May 323 BC Objectives:
Pupils read text and complete comprehension and cloze exercises. Pupils complete word study exercises in word search skills and in matching and naming skills. Pupils learn about ancient Greek attitudes to death, infectious diseases such as malaria and typhoid fever, and the fight to immunise against disease in the Third World.
Background information:
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This text is a dialogue. A dialogue is a written conversation between two people and may be spoken or written. Alexander the Great was the son of Philip II of Macedonia, who had already begun to unite Greece under his rule. The Macedonians were Greeks but were regarded as barbarians by the sophisticated Athenians. Unlike most of the Greek city-states, the Macedonians were ruled by kings. King Philip II (382–336 BC) had inherited a weak kingdom surrounded by enemies. He created a powerful Macedonian army and conquered the Greek areas of Thessaly and Thrace. He persuaded all of the leading Greek poleis, the city-states, to join his military alliance. He planned to invade the Persian Empire but was murdered in 336 BC. In 356 BC, King Philip’s wife, Olympias, gave birth to a son called Alexander. When Alexander was 13, Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, became his tutor. Aristotle was renowned for his interest in the natural world as well as ethics and psychology. Alexander developed an interest in science as well as learning about his ancestry. He was told that his father, Philip, claimed to be descended from Heracles, the son of Zeus, and his mother, Olympias, believed she was descended from the legendary warrior Achilles. As a young boy, Alexander was taught the legends associated with his famous ancestors. He also continually celebrated his father’s military victories. Alexander swore that when he grew up he would be a greater conqueror than his father. Alexander grew up to be a great military commander. In this text, two of his servants are discussing his empire, his future plans and his sudden illness which has just occurred that evening at dinner. Alexander built up a huge army of almost 40 000 men and crossed into Asia to invade the empire of the Persians, the traditional enemies of the Greeks. Alexander wanted to punish the Persians for invading Greece in the past. He also wanted to free eastern Greek cities from their rule. He gathered a huge army to fight them. After his final victory over them, he declared himself to be the ruler of the Persian Empire and burned down the palace of the Persian king, Darius, at Persepolis. After invading Egypt, he was crowned pharaoh and, in 326 BC, he invaded India. Between 336 and 323 BC, he founded 17 cities, all of which were named Alexandria, after himself. One of the most famous of these cities was the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander was crowned pharaoh (ruler) of Egypt on 14 November 332 BC. He spent six months in Egypt, making plans to build a great new port on the Mediterranean Sea. He chose the site himself and named his city Alexandria. It was to be the first of 17 cities that Alexander named after himself. The city was built on a grid pattern with straight streets at right angles to each other, like modern cities today. The city became a flourishing port and is still the chief port of Egypt today. After Alexander’s death, his friend, Ptolemy, founded the greatest library in the ancient world in Alexandria, which attracted scholars from all over the Mediterranean area and was said to contain a copy of every book ever written. In 279 BC, the Pharos, or lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was built in the harbour. It was 122 metres in height and stood for over 1 000 years. It was linked to the city by a causeway. There were two harbours at Alexandria, the eastern harbour, which was called the Great Harbour and the western harbour, which was called the Harbour of the Happy Return. Alexander returned to Babylon after the invasion of India but, on the evening of 29 May 323 BC, he fell ill with fever. He died on 10 June. There have been many theories about the death of Alexander the Great. Some believe he was poisoned. According to this theory, on the night he fell ill, 29 May 323 BC, Alexander had dinner with a group of men, including a man called Medius. This group had hatched a plot against him and deliberately poisoned his wine. Other theories include death by alcohol poisoning. This theory depends on reports that Alexander drank very heavily that night. The Greeks drank their wine diluted with water. In Macedonian tradition, wine was not diluted. This was another reason why the Greeks regarded the Macedonians as barbarians. Alexander was known to be a heavy drinker at times. Modern theories revolve around the possibility that Alexander, already weakened by wounds from battle, succumbed to an infectious disease. Malaria and typhoid fever are thought to be the two most likely infectious diseases that may have caused Alexander’s death. Malaria is a disease caused by the bite of infectious mosquitoes. Symptoms of malaria include headache, high fever and sweating. The Greek doctor, Hippocrates, had identified three types of malaria in the 5th century BC. Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. The bacteria may be present in contaminated food and water. The symptoms are weakness, fever and a tender abdomen. In a world without antibiotics, many ancient people died of malaria and typhoid fever. Unfortunately, infectious diseases still ravage parts of the world we live in.
Worksheet information:
Teachers have the option of asking two pupils to read the dialogue in Section A aloud as a spoken text. Pupils may need to use a dictionary to complete Question 3 in Exercise E. Ancient Greek civilisation contained several periods. The period during which Alexander the Great lived and conducted his military campaigns was during the last phase of the Classical Period, 500–323 BC. Alexander’s early death brought this period to an end and the next period of Greek history began with the Hellenistic Age. Pupils can check where the Classical Period fits into ancient Greek history by referring to the time line on page xii. A glossary of keywords and terms relating to this particular unit is provided on pages viii – xi for teacher reference. Many of them appear in Question 1 in Exercise E. Pupils will find it beneficial to check the detailed footnotes for the text in Exercise A to assist in comprehension of Greek terms.
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Teachers Notes
A
Exercise C..........page 94 goddess, tasks, immerse, poisoned, Great, state, campaigns, temples, Egypt, Alexandria, modern, Seven, island, height, ruin, wife, drank, infectious, influence Exercise D..........page 95 1. Word search 2. Task 1: (g) Task 2: (l) Task 3: (k) Task 4: (i) Task 5: (h) Task 6: (d) Task 7: (f) Task 8: (b) Task 9: (a) Task 10(c) Task 11(e) Task 12(j)
O
Z
A
(c) (i), (d) (iii) 3. streets, followers, sorrowful, frail, friends, begged, investigate, establish, possibility, fever, monkey, credible, theory, properly, poison, organs, complained, suggested, infectious, submitting 4. (a) (i), (b) (iii), (c) (iii), (d) (i), (e) (ii), (f) (ii)
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Exercise B..........page 93 1. Persia, Asia Minor, Afghanistan, India and Egypt. 2. Babylon was a centre of learning and culture. It was built in a square shape with massive temples and palaces. It contained one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 3. A bolt of lightning struck the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus because Zeus was so pleased by Alexander’s birth. 4. Alexander burned down the city of Persepolis in revenge for the Persian’s destruction of Athens during the Persian wars. 5. Teacher check 6. He has been with Alexander since he was born and was with him when Alexander trained his
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Information about the life of Alexander the Great can be found at <www.interesting.com/stories/alexander/>. The archaeological site of Persepolis, the city where Alexander the Great burned down the palace of the Persian king, is on the list of the UNESCO World Heritage sites, which pupils can access at <http://whc.unesco.org>. Pupils can find out more about the career of Alexander the Great at <http://faq.macedonia.org/history/alexander.the.great.html> and at <www.alexanderofmacedon.org>. Malaria and typhoid fever can still cause illness and death today. Pupils can research the fight to combat and eradicate these diseases at <www.msf.org> which is the website of Medecins Sans Frontieres, an independent humanitarian medical aid agency committed to providing medical aid wherever needed and to raising awareness of the suffering of those they assist. The official website of the United Nations has information on vaccination programs around the world at <www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus> with a section on United Nations programmes to halt the spread of diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis, an infectious disease which damages the lungs. A website with information on Greek heroes including Heracles, is at <www.mythweb.com/hercules/index.html>.
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Exercise A:
Reading
Read the following dialogue between Alexander’s two servants, Nikias and Hippias in Babylon, 29 May 323 BC. Nikias: I was told this morning that soon we’ll have to start packing everything up again. Hippias: What! It feels as if we have just arrived in Babylon1. Is there anywhere left in the world for Alexander to conquer? Nikias: I don’t think so. So far he has conquered Persia, Asia Minor, Afghanistan and India. Hippias: Don’t forget he has also been crowned pharaoh of Egypt2. Nikias: How could I forget that? That’s when I first joined his service. How long have you served him? Hippias: For 32 years. I remember the night he was born. It was said that Zeus himself was so pleased at his birth that he sent a bolt of lightning to strike the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus and set it on fire. Artemis herself was attending Alexander’s birth and thus wasn’t there to save her temple from destruction. I was with Alexander when he first tamed his favourite horse, Bucephalus. I was there when he assembled his army against King Darius, king of the Persians. Nikias: You are obviously very fond of him.
Nikias: So, when do we move on to the next city? Hippias: Not just yet. Hippias: Did you not hear what happened earlier tonight? Nikias: What happened?
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Nikias: Why not? Alexander is usually impatient to reach his next conquest.
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Hippias: He’s been like a son to me. He could say things to me that he never could to King Philip. His relationship with his father was always very tense. They were always more like rivals than father and son.
Hippias: Alexander fell ill this evening at dinner. He seemed to have a fever. I heard that he had to lie down.
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Nikias: He’s just drunk too much red wine again. Do you remember what he did in Persepolis after that wild party3?
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Hippias: Yes, I do. I know he had a lot of red wine to drink that night, too, but that wasn’t the reason he burned down Persepolis. He had threatened to do it in revenge for the Persian’s destruction of Athens and that night, he carried out his threat. Don’t you remember what the Persians did to our temples and our gods? Nikias: Yes, I remember. Every Greek remembers the destruction of Athens and how the gods were insulted. Hippias: I said that we would attend to him during the night. I want to make sure that he recovers. Nikias: Why? We will be up all night long now. Hippias: I insisted. We must look after him—there are rumours that he was poisoned. Nikias: Poisoned! Surely not? Who would want to kill him? He was among his friends at dinner tonight. Hippias: Friends who will also be his successors, if they have their way. I sense something evil has happened here tonight. Nikias: Don’t be so worried, Hippias. Nothing evil has happened to Alexander. I am sure it’s the wine again. Hippias: I will try to share your youthful confidence. Nikias: If anything did happen to Alexander, what would happen to you and me4? Hippias: We won’t even think about that possibility. Now, let us attend to Alexander. Nikias: Yes, our master’s only 32 years of age and he wants to be the conqueror of the whole world. He’s invincible. Hippias: Yes, and he will wake up tomorrow, strong and more than ready to begin the next stage of his conquest. Nikias: I will pray to Asclepios, the god of medicine, to protect us and our master from harm. 92
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Exercise B:
Comprehension questions
Note that answers may be found in the footnotes as well as the text. 1. List the areas already conquered by Alexander, according to his two servants. 2. The servants are talking in the city of Babylon. Write three facts about this ancient city. 3. What does Hippias remember about the night of Alexander’s birth?
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4. According to Hippias, why did Alexander burn down the city of Persepolis in January 330 BC?
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5. In your opinion, what do you think probably caused the death of Alexander the Great?
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6. Why does Hippias say that Alexander feels like a son to him?
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7. How long has Hippias served Alexander? When did Nikias join his service? 8. Read the following statements and tick those that are correct:
(a) Alexander the Great was 42 years of age when he died in Babylon................................
(b) Alexander’s empire extended north into modern Norway and Sweden.............................
(c) Alexander the Great became king of Macedonia when he was 20 years of age...............
(d) Alexander invaded Persia in revenge for the destruction caused during the Persian wars.
(e) Alexander had named his successor when he died........................................................
(f)
(g) Alexander’s favourite horse was named Bucephalus......................................................
(h) Alexander’s army had 27 000 soldiers.........................................................................
On the night of Alexander’s birth, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus burned down...........
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1. Babylon was the world’s first great city. Today only ruins remain but the ancient city was a great centre of learning and culture. It came to prominence in the 6th century BC when King Nebuchadnezzar II (the Second), extended the city across the Euphrates River and built a huge stone wall with towers around the city. The city was built in a square shape with massive temples and palaces. It contained one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The gardens were built by the king for his wife, Amytis. She was from ancient Media (modern Iran) and she missed the fertile green landscape of her home. The gardens, described by ancient writers as being built in five 15-metre irrigated tiers, were filled with shrubs, trees and plants. 2. Alexander became king of Macedonia at 20 years of age when his father, King Philip II, died. He built up an army of over 37 000 men and crossed into Asia to defeat the Persians. After a series of great military victories, he was called Alexander the Great. 3. In January 330 BC, Alexander arrived in the Persian city of Persepolis and entered the palace of the Persian kings. He sat on the throne of the Persian kings and declared himself ruler of the Persians. After four months, he burned down the palace, reputedly after a drunken party. He claimed it was revenge for the destruction caused by the Persians and their king in 480 BC. 4. After Alexander’s sudden death, the Greek political world was thrown into upheaval. His generals fought with each other for power. Even though his political empire fell apart, Greek culture continued to influence all of the civilisations it had come into contact with for hundreds of years after Alexander’s death. This period of history is known as the Hellenistic Age. The word ‘helleneizen’ means ‘to act like a Greek’. The Romans were very strongly influenced by Greek culture, religion and civilisation. ‘Panhellenic’ meant ‘all Greece’ and was used to describe games such as the Olympic Games, which attracted contestants from all over the Greek world. 93
Exercise C:
Use the words from the word bank to complete the sentences.
Word Bank
immerse tasks
Great campaigns
Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC, in the Greek kingdom of Macedonia. He was the son of King Philip and Queen Olympias. King Philip claimed to be descended from Heracles, who, according to legend, strangled snakes sent by the Hera to kill him when he was only a baby. He was the only human being to become a Greek god. Heracles was most famous for given to him by King Eurystheus. The king asked him to complete 12 tasks, which he
the labours or
hoped Heracles would find impossible. However, Heracles completed them and became immortal. Alexander’s mother, Olympias, believed that she was descended from the legendary Greek warrior Achilles. Achilles had only one vulnerable point in his body,
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his heel. This was because his mother, Thetis, had bathed him in the Styx River in order to make him immortal but had failed to his heel in the water. He died when Prince Paris of Troy shot a
always carried a copy of the Iliad, the great poem written about
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heel during the Trojan War. Alexander the
arrow into his
the Trojan War.
Macedonia was located in the north of Greece and King Philip, Alexander’s father, had turned Macedonia into a powerful and had united Greece. In 337 BC, he was assassinated and his 20-year-old son, Alexander, became
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king. Alexander led an army of over 37 000 Greek soldiers through several successful military He conquered the Persians, the enemy who had destroyed Athens and the Persian wars. He conquered lands in Asia Minor, Afghanistan and
. of the Greek gods in the
. He established new cities such as
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in Egypt and he spread Greek culture, known as Hellenistic culture, throughout his empire. Alexandria was a port city on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. It was the first of 17 cities named after him. It had two harbours and was built on a
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grid system with intersecting streets, as
Alexandria and it was also the site of one of the huge lighthouse, built on an
cities are. The greatest library of the ancient world was built in Wonders of the Ancient World, the Pharos of Alexandria, a
, in the harbour at Alexandria. It was 122 metres in
and stood for over 1000 years. Alexander the Great died suddenly in the ancient city of Babylon, in modern Iraq, at the age of 32. The city, which lies today, was once a great centre of culture and learning and was the site of another of the Seven
in
Wonders of the Ancient World, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The gardens were built by King Nebuchadnezzar for his , Amytis, who was homesick for her native land. There have been many theories suggested about the sudden death of Alexander the Great. Some say that he may have been poisoned by his enemies. Other theories include the too much red wine and died of alcohol poisoning. Modern theories suggest
suggestion that he may have that he may have had an
disease such as malaria or typhoid fever. His death threw his empire into
complete disarray and it fell apart. However, the
of Greek culture, known as Hellenistic culture, remained
and the Hellenistic Age continued until 30 BC, when the Roman Empire reached its height. The word ‘Hellenistic’ comes from the Greek word ‘helleneizen’, which means ‘to act like a Greek’. 94
Literacy and history – The Greeks
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Word study exercises
1. Complete the word search on Ancient Greek civilisations. Ancient Greek Civilisations
Mycenaen Olympia Olympic Games oracle ostracism philosophy Plato Salamis Socrates Sophocles Sparta state temple Thermoplylae tragedy Troy Zeus
N
N S B
pl e
Aegean Apollo Archimedes Aristotle Artemis Athens athlete citizen city-state comedy democracy Helen Hera hoplites hubris Marathon Minoan
A
Word Bank
in g
2. A famous Greek legend tells the story of Heracles, a Greek hero who completed 12 tasks. Match the 12 labours with the descriptions of how he succeeded. Look for clues. The tasks
Heracles’ actions (a) Queen Hippolyta gave Heracles her belt but Hera interfered and Heracles killed Hippolyta and took it with him.
Task 2: To destroy the Hydra, a monstrous creature with nine heads.
(b) Heracles fed King Diomedes to his own vicious horses and led them away to Mount Olympus.
Task 3: To capture the Ceryneian Hind, a deer with golden horns and bronze hooves, and bring it back alive.
(c) Heracles killed the three-bodied monster and led the oxen away to King Eurystheus who sacrificed them to Hera.
Task 4: To trap the Erymanthian boar, a huge creature.
(d) Heracles clashed loud cymbals, frightened them from their lair, shot many of them with arrows and the rest flew away.
Task 5: To clean the filthy Augean stables, which had not been cleaned for 30 years.
(e) Heracles took the burden of the heavens while he sent Atlas to fetch the golden apples for him.
Task 6: To get rid of the Stamphalian birds of prey.
(f)
Task 7: To capture the white Cretan bull.
(g) He used his clubs and his arrows in vain against this strong creature and eventually had to strangle him.
Task 8: To capture the flesh-eating wild mares of King Diomedes of Thrace.
(h) Heracles moved the rivers of Alpheus and Peneus through the filthy buildings and washed them.
Task 9: To get the belt of Queen Hippolyta, the queen of the Amazons.
(i)
Heracles threw a net over the huge boar, tied it in chains and carried it away on his shoulders.
Task 10: To capture the oxen of the three-bodied monster Geryon who lived on the island of Eryrheia.
(j)
Heracles seized the three-headed dog and brought him to King Eurystheus who was terrified of him.
Task 11: To steal the golden apples of the Hesperides, who lived at Mount Atlas in Africa.
(k) Heracles tracked the hind for a whole year, eventually injuring it slightly and carrying it back on his shoulders.
Task 12: To capture Cerberus, the three-headed dog who guarded the entrance to the underworld.
(l)
Task 1: To kill the Nemean lion, an extremely strong animal.
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Heracles held the bull by its horns and tamed it.
He burned off the nine heads and buried the ninth one under a huge rock.
Literacy and history – The Greeks
95
Cross-curricular activities
1. Read these keywords/terms and their explanations and use them in sentences.
(a) Alexander the Great: Macedonian crown prince who became king and conquered the Persian Empire. His death remains a mystery.
(b) Hellenistic: Term used to describe Greek culture, from the Greek word ‘helleneizen’, meaning ‘to act like a Greek’. (c) Hanging Gardens of Babylon: One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a hanging garden of five tiers, built for Queen Amytis. (d) Macedonia: Ancient Greek kingdom between Illyria, Thrace and the Aegean Sea, regarded as barbaric by the Athenians. (e) malaria: Infectious disease transmitted by mosquito bites, characterised by periodic attacks of chills and fever. military campaign: A military plan of action, planned carefully before the event by army commanders.
pl e
(f)
Sa m
(g) Panhellenic: Term meaning ‘all of the Greeks’, used to describe events such as the Olympic Games which all Greeks attended. (h) Persepolis: City in ancient Persia, destroyed by Alexander in revenge for the damage done during the Persian wars in Greece.
Philip II of Macedonia: Father of Alexander the Great who displayed military genius in his campaign to unite Greece under his rule.
ew
(j)
Pharos of Alexandria: One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a lighthouse built in the harbour entrance to Alexandria in Egypt.
in g
(l)
Vi
(k) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: Seven great sights of art and architecture that fascinated ancient writers. typhoid fever: An infectious bacterial disease characterised by fever, headache, drowsiness and intestinal inflammation.
2. Alexander the Great founded a great empire. Since his sudden death and the decline of his empire, there have been other great empires in history. Match the following descriptions to their titles.
96
(a) The British Empire
(i) This great empire controlled all of Italy by 270 BC. The empire stretched, at its height, from Britain to Asia. Its greatest weapon was its army, an efficient, well-disciplined fighting machine. The heart of this empire was the Mediterranean, known as ‘our sea’ by these people.
(b) The Mongol Empire
(ii) This great empire was at its economic height in the 19th century, when it dominated the world with its trade and industry. Its colonies included Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
(c) The Roman Empire
(iii) This great empire, inspired by a new religion, had conquered territories from Spain to the edge of India by the mid ninth century. Its capital was Baghdad, then the world’s largest city and a great centre of trade.
(d) The Islamic Empire
(iv) Originating from a land near modern China, this great empire ruled the largest land empire in history. Its ruler took the title ‘prince of all that lies between the oceans’. This empire once stretched from eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean. Literacy and history – The Greeks
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
Exercise E:
Cross-curricular activities
3. Read this report by a Babylonian police officer who was requested to investigate Alexander’s mysterious death on 10 June 323 BC. Find the 20 misspellings in his report and write the corrections below. You may need to use a dictionary.
1.
Sa m
pl e
To the Head of Police, Babylon Division, 10 June 323 BC I was called to attend to the palace because there was complete mayhem on the streats outside due to the news that Alexander the Great had finally died. He had lain ill in his bed for ten days, and three days before his death his closest folowers had filed past his bed, shocked and sorrowfull at what they saw. The conqueror of the world was weakened, frale and grey. Some said they saw Death hovering over him as he lay there. Once I got there, I was spotted by one of Alexander’s freinds who beged me to come inside. The reason he called me in was to ask me to investagate how his friend had died as he was very suspicious. I dared not repeat to him some of the rumours that were spreading all over the city of Babylon about the cause of Alexander’s death. I could only say that I would establishe the possible causes and report back to him. The first theory is that he died of malaria. This is a posibility, but I am not sure about it. The second theory suggests that he died of typhoid fevar. This is very likely, as there have been many cases of it here in Babylon. The next theory is that his pet monkee bit him and the bite became infected, thus causing his death. I don’t find this credable, as there is no monkey to be found in the palace. Did the creature flee when his master fell ill? I don’t know. The next theorey is dangerous to even refer to, but I must do my job proparly so I will tell you that it suggests that Alexander was poisoned by one of his most trusted generals, Ptolemy. Another theory regarding poisson revolves around his wife, Roxane. I doubt that he was poisoned by either of them but we will have to consider it, I suppose. The next theory suggests that he died of a disease of the internal orgens. This is possible as he is said to have complaned about his stomach on the night he fell ill. Lastly, someone has sugested that he caught an infexious fever from an insect bite. Again, this is possible but I just don’t know. I am submiting this report to you for your prior approval before I go back to Alexander’s friend, Sergeant Philon
3.
ew
Vi
4. Circle the correct answers. Pupils may find it helpful to research infectious diseases in their library or by using the Internet in order to answer correctly. (a) Typhoid fever is an infectious disease that (i) is transmitted by microbes found in the excreta of lice. (ii) is transmitted by the bite of water insects. (iii) is caused by overcrowded conditions. (b) Smallpox is a disease that (i) has continued to cause millions of deaths worldwide. (ii) has been spreading in some areas of the world. (iii) has been eradicated since 1980. (c) Malaria is a disease transmitted by (i) dirty water. (ii) overcrowded conditions. (iii) the bite of mosquitoes.
Prim-Ed Publishing – www.prim-ed.com
(d) The Red Cross is an international organisation that … (i) helps the suffering in war or disaster areas in the world. (ii) provides back-up for military operations. (iii) only provides information on transmittable diseases. (e) Hay fever is (i) a dangerous and highly infectious disease. (ii) an acute allergic reaction. (iii) a fever caused by the bite of the hay fly. (f) Fever may be indicated by a (i) lowering of body temperature from the normal. (ii) rise of body temperature from the normal. (iii) loss of blood.
Discussion points The eradication of suffering and disease
Literacy and history – The Greeks
Discuss the work of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent in different parts of the world. Both are organisations that assist people affected by war and internal violence. Find out more about the vaccination programmes set up by the World Health Organisation by researching this organisation in the library or by using the Internet to help you.
97
| i don't know |
Holes in a standard round of golf? | Why Golf Courses Have 18 Holes : snopes.com
Claim: Golf courses have eighteen holes because a bottle of Scotch contains eighteen shots.
FALSE
Example: [Collected via e-mail, 2002]
Why do full-length golf courses have 18 holes, and not 20, or 10 or an even dozen?
How many of you golfers know the answer to this one?
During a discussion among the club's membership board at
St. Andrews
in 1858, one of the members pointed out that it takes exactly
18 shots
to polish off a fifth of Scotch. By limiting himself to only one shot of Scotch per hole, the Scot figured a round of golf was finished when the Scotch ran out.
Now you know. I'll drink to that.
Origins: Although this bit of lore about soused Scots limiting themselves to one slurp at the flask per hole has its charm, it does not have history on its side. The number of holes comprising a standard golf course was not determined by the amount of Scotch in a
bottle.
Games similar to golf have been around since Roman times, and golf was being played at Scotland's famed Old Course at
St. Andrews,
the oldest extant golf course in the world, at least as far back at 1552. (Early Scottish versions of the game were called "golf" even though the game itself was not at that time all it would finally become.) However, golf wasn't always as regulated as it is now: Prior to standardization, early courses typically had any number of holes from five to twenty-four, and only over a long period of time did the game evolve to the point that eighteen became the standard number of holes for courses all over the world.
But couldn't that number still be tied to a hip flask, you say? Not unless the bottle shrank. Originally, the Old Course at
St. Andrews
12 holes,
10 of
which were played over the same set of fairways both out and back, for a grand total of
22 holes
per round. (That is, two of the holes were played once per round, while the other ten holes were each played twice per round, for a total of
22 holes
per round.) In 1764, the Old Course's first four holes were combined into two holes, and from then on a round of golf at
St. Andrews
consisted of playing the now-standard total of
18 holes.
So there you have it — no drunken Scots at all.
Barbara "holey unimaginable" Mikkelson
Last updated: 28 July 2015
Sources:
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The MS Windows computer operating system version that succeeded Vista? | How Long Does it Take to Play Golf? | GolfLink.com
How Long Does it Take to Play Golf?
How Long Does it Take to Play Golf?
SHARES
By Daniel DiPrinzio
There is really no standard set time for a round of golf, but several factors go into giving players an idea about how long it should take.
Time Frame
The accepted standard time is four hours. That's a foursome of players with 10 to 20 handicaps on a standard 18-hole course with groups on every hole but not too many to cause a backup. Players who shoot par or close can finish a round in under three hours, even with a twosome. Players with a handicap of above 20 can take more than five hours to play, especially if the course is busy.
Considerations
Players who shoot closer to par can finish in under three hours depending on the course traffic; their shots will probably be more accurate and carry a little farther, decreasing the amount of time spent traveling and looking for balls.
Types
Courses differ. A round of 18 holes obviously takes longer than nine holes. Par-3 courses (total par 54) generally take less time to complete than a regulation course (par 70 to 72). Course yardage matters as well: Courses with long par-5s (550-600 yards) and 4s (400-465 yards) generally take a little longer than courses with shorter holes.
Driving or Walking
Players who ride in cart should take a little less time to play than those who are walking, though par and better players can finish in 2 1/2 hours walking without a backup on the course. When riding, sometimes it is best to drop a player off with few clubs at his ball, then drive to another ball to hit. This could save more than a half-hour each round.
Size of Group
Group size makes a difference as well. Foursomes take longer than twosomes or a single, although sometimes smaller groups will pair up on the course, extending he length of the round.
Etiquette
Golfers should always follow proper etiquette to not hold up others. Unless the course is empty, do not play more than one ball. Do not record your score while on the green; go to your cart or the next tee box. Play ready golf: Line up your shot while waiting for others to hit; decide on club selection, weather and wind conditions and your shot line before addressing the ball. After addres, you should hit within 30 seconds. Always be mindful of players behind you; chances are they don't want to be on the course all day either.
About The Author
Daniel DiPrinzio has been writing professionally in the Philadelphia since 2001. His articles have appeared on eHow and GolfLink, among other sites. His fiction, non-fiction and satirical commentary has appeared in several print publications including "Outsider Ink," the "Externalist," "Stick Your Neck Out," "The Philadelphia Inquirer" and the "Philadelphia Daily News." He earned a Master of Liberal Arts from Widener University.
Video of the Day
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Total dots on a die? | Probabilities for Rolling Two Dice
By Courtney Taylor
Updated April 20, 2016.
One popular probability problem is to roll a die . A standard die has six sides with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. If the die is fair (and we will assume that all of them are), then each of these outcomes are equally likely. Since there are six possible outcomes, the probability of obtaining any side of the die is 1/6. Thus the probability of rolling a 1 is 1/6, the probability of rolling a 2 is 1/6 and so on for 3, 4, 5 and 6. But what happens if we add another die? What are the probabilities for rolling two dice?
What Not to Do
To correctly determine the probability of an event we need to know two things. First, how often the event occurs. Then second divide the number of outcomes in the event by the total number of outcomes in the sample space . Where most go wrong is to miscalculate the sample space. Their reasoning runs something like this: “We know that each die has six sides. We have rolled two dice , and so the total number of possible outcomes must be 6 + 6 = 12.”
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Although this explanation was straightforward, it is unfortunately incorrect. It’s plausible that going from one die to two should cause us to add six to itself and get 12, but this comes from not thinking carefully about the problem.
A Second Attempt
Rolling two fair dice more than doubles the difficulty of calculating probabilities. This is because rolling one die is independent of rolling a second one. One roll has no effect on the other one. When dealing with independent events we use the multiplication rule . The use of a tree diagram demonstrates that there are really 6 x 6 =36 outcomes from rolling two dice.
To think about this, suppose that the first die we roll comes up as a 1. The other die could be either a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. Now suppose that the first die is a 2. The other die again could be either a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. We have already found 12 potential outcomes, and have yet to exhaust all of the possibilities of the first die. A table of all 36 of the outcomes are in the table below.
Sample Problems
With this knowledge we can calculate all sorts of two dice probability problems. A few follow:
Two fair six-sided dice are rolled. What is the probability that the sum of the two dice is seven?
Two fair six-sided dice are rolled. What is the probability that the sum of the two dice is three?
Two fair six-sided dice are rolled. What is the probability that the numbers on the dice are different?
Three (Or More) Dice
The same principle applies if we are working on problems involving three dice . We multiply and see that there are 6 x 6 x 6 = 216 outcomes. As it gets cumbersome to write the repeated multiplication, we can use exponents to simplify our work. For two dice there are 62 outcomes. For three dice there are 63 outcomes. In general, if we roll n dice, then there are a total of 6n outcomes.
Outcomes for Two Dice
| twenty one |
Total of the sides on a pentagon and a heptagon? | Probability - Dice - Wizard of Odds
Home › Ask The Wizard › Probability - Dice
Probability - Dice
If you are rolling 6 six-sided standard dice what are the odds of rolling six of a kind?
Jeff B. from Miami, Florida
The answer is 6*(1/6)6 = 6/46,656 = 1/7,776 =~ 0.0001286 .
What is the average number of rolls until a shooter "sevens out"? I know that a 7 will appear every 6 rolls, but with come-out 7-11s and craps, plus the possibility of shooters making multiple points, I think the average number of rolls may be higher than expected. Is there any mathematical reference material on this?
Grshooter from Kansas City, Missouri
The average number of rolls per shooter is 8.525510. For the probability of exactly 2 to 200 rolls, please see my craps probability of survival page .
What are the odds (and frequency) in 100,000 rolls of the dice (craps/dont pass line) of losing a DP bet 2x’s.3x’s 4x’s 5x’s 6x’s 7x’s 8x’s or 9x’s in a row.
Derick from Minneapolis, USA
My craps appendix shows how to work out the odds for any one bet. There you will see the probability of losing the don’t pass bet is 2928/5940. The probability of losing n bets in a row is (2928/5940)n. The frequency in 100,000 of losing exactly n can be closely approximated as 100,000 * (2928/5940)n+2.
What are the odds of rolling the same number with six dice in one roll?
Kyle Hill from Colstrip, Montana
The odds of getting six of the same number with six dice is 6*(1/6)6=1/7776 =~ 0.01286%.
How often can you roll a pair of dice 28 times without getting a 7? How do you figure this? Congratulation on your site, it’s great.
Arturo G. from Mexico City, Mexico
Thanks for the compliment. I take it you mean what is the probability of rolling a pair of dice 28 times without getting a 7. The probability of not rolling a 7 on any one roll is 5/6. The probability of not rolling a 7 in 28 rolls is (5/6)28 = 0.006066, or about 1 in 165.
Just a question about an Oriental dice game, where the players are supposed to guess which side of the die shows up. The players will first place their bets on 1,2,3,4,5,6 (like roulette) and then the "dealer" will roll 3 dice simultaneously. Payouts are 1:1 if the chosen numbers shows up once (on any of the 3 dice), 2:1 if the chosen no shows up twice, and 3:1 if the chosen number appears on all 3 dice. As the player can place any number of bets of the board, what will be the optimum number of bets to place? (assuming all my bets are equal in size)
Jansen from Toronto, Canada
The probability of three matching is 1/216. The probability of two matching is 3*5/216. The probability of one matching is 25*5/216. The probability of 0 matching is 5*5*5/216. So the expected return is 3*(1/216)+2*(15/216)+1*(75/216)-1*(125/216)=-17/216=-7.87%. There is no optimal number of bets, you will give up an expected 7.87% of total money bet no matter what you do.
These bets can be made in both sic bo and chuck a luck .
Mr. Wizard, what is the probability of rolling two pair when rolling four dice?
Brian from St. Catherines, Canada
There are combin(6,2)=15 different sets of pairs possible. There are combin (4,2)=6 ways the dice can roll any specific two pair. There are 6^4=1296 ways to roll four dice. So the probability is 90/1296=6.9444%.
If I roll a die, my probability of rolling a six is 1/6. If I roll two dice, does my probability of rolling a six on one of them increase, or does it stay at 1/6?
Mike R. from Rosemount
If you rolled x dice the probability of getting at least one 6 is 1-(5/6)2. In the case of two dice this is 30.56%.
How many different ways are there of rolling 3 ones using 6 dice?
Jamie from Croydon, England
First there are combin (6,3)=20 ways you can choose three dice out of 6 for the three ones. Then each of the other three can be any of five numbers. So, the total ways are 20×53=2500. The total number of ways to throw all the dice are 66=46,656, so the probability of rolling exactly three ones is 2500/46656=0.0536. For help with the combin function see my probabilities in poker section.
What is the probability of any one die showing ONE when 3 dice are throw together. My understanding is it should be 50% chance (1/6+1/6+1/6=1/2 -->50%) But in your odds table it shown 34.72%. Please help.
John C. from Singapore
The probability of rolling exactly one one with three dice is 3*(5/6)2*(1/6) = 75/216 = 34.72%.
What is the probability of rolling a "pair" when tossing 4 dice?
Anthony from Toronto, Canada
The pair can be any one of 6 numbers. The other two singletons can be among the other five. So there are 6*combin(5,2)=60 combinations already. There are combin(4,2)=6 combinations of dice on which the pair can appear. The two singletons can be arrange in two ways. So there are 60*12=720 ways to throw a pair. The total number of all ways to throw the dice is 64=1296. So the probability is 720/1296 =~ 55.56%.
My friend owns a bar and has a "shake of the day" where there are ten dice in a Tupperware container, what are the odds of matching 8 out of the 10 in one shake. Thank you for your time.
August from Oshkosh, USA
The probability that if you roll 10 dice and exactly 8 numbers are the same is 6*combin(10,8)*(1/6)8*(5/6)2 = 1/8957.952. The probability of matching at least 8 is 6*[combin(10,8)*(1/6)8*(5/6)2 + combin(10,9)*(1/6)9*(5/6) + (1/6)10] = 1/8569.469.
I recently rolled, during a game of backgammon, double sixes four consecutive times. What are the odds of this happening again?
David from Sunland, USA
With every new roll the probability the next four rolls will be all double sixes is (1/36)4 = 1 in 1679616.
What is the probability of getting a straight by a single throw of 5 dice?
Teodoro C. Deocares from Dagupan, Philippines
There are two possible spans: 1 to 5 and 2 to 6. Each of these spans can be ordered in 5!=120 ways. There are 65 = 7776 ways to roll five dice. So the probability is 2*120/7776 = 3.09%. The probability of this seems to be much higher right after I put mark 0 for large straight during a game of Yahtzee.
A fair sided die is rolled 30 times. What is the expected number of times that number 1 will come up? What is the probability that number 1 will come up it’s expected number of times?
Anonymous
The expected number of ones is 30*(1/6) = 5. The probability of exactly 5 ones is combin(30,5)*(1/6)5*(5/6)25 = 19.21%.
If I have any give number of dice what is the probability that if I roll them all of them at least one will land on a one?
Anonymous
The probability that all the dice will not be a one is (5/6)n. So the probability of at least one 1 is 1-(5/6)n. Let’s take an example of five dice. The answer would be 1-(5/6)5 = 59.81%.
If I throw 36 dice what is the probability of getting at least one six?
Anonymous
1-(5/6)36 = 99.86%
If I kept throwing and removed all the sixes each time, how would I predict the theoretical number of dice remaining after a particular number of throws?
Anonymous
Each roll the expectation is that 5/6 of the dice will remain. So the expected number of dice remaining after n throws would be 36*(5/6)n. For example after 10 throws you would have 5.81 dice left, on average.
If I roll three dice, what is the probability of getting at least two numbers the same?
Anonymous
The probability all numbers will be different is (5/6)*(4/6)=20/36. So the probability at least two numbers will be the same is 1-(20/36) = 16/36 = 44.44%.
If two people throw a pair of dice, What is the probability that it is the same number? Is there a formula to figure this out?
Anonymous
Yes. You simply run through all total from 2 to 12 and determine the probability of rolling each twice. So the answer would be (1/36)2+(2/36)2+(3/36)2+(4/36)2+(5/36)2+(6/36)2+(5/36)2+(4/36)2+(3/36)2+(2/36)2+(1/36)2 = 11.27%.
I recently attended a hospital fete. There was a new car as a prize if 7 dice produced 7 sixes in one throw. £1.00 a go. Odds on this must be high but how high?
Anonymous
The probability of throwing seven sixes with seven dice is (1/6)7 = 1 in 279,936. So the car would have to have a value of £279,936 or more for this to be a good bet. Even your average Rolls Royce is not worth this much, so I would say that was a terrible bet.
[Bluejay adds: Uh, yeah, but I think the point was that it was for charity. What’s more fun: Donating £1.00 to charity and getting nothing back but the good feeling of helping out, or donating £1.00 and getting the good feeling plus the longshot chance of winning a car?]
What are the probabilities for a 5 of a kind, 4 of a kind, 3 of a kind, full house, 2 pair, pair, straight, and nothing with the roll of five dice?
Anonymous
Five of a kind: 6/65 = 0.08% (obvious)
Four of a kind: 5*6*5 = 1.93% (five possible positions for the singleton * 6 ranks for the four of a kind * 5 ranks for the singleton).
Full house: combin(5,3)*6*5/65 = 3.86% (combin(5,3) positions for the three of a kind * 6 ranks for the three of a kind * 2 ranks for the pair).
Three of a kind: COMBIN(5,3)*COMBIN(2,1)*6*COMBIN(5,2) / 65 = 15.43%. (combin(5,3) positions for the three of a kind * combin(2,1) positions for the larger of the singletons * 6 ranks of the three of a kind * combin(5,2) ranks for the two singletons.
Two pair: COMBIN(5,2)*COMBIN(3,2)*COMBIN(6,2)*4 / 65 = 23.15% (combin(5,2) positions for the higher pair * combin(3,2) positions for the lower pair * combin(6,4) ranks for the two pair * 4 ranks for the singleton.
Pair: COMBIN(5,2)*fact(3)*6*combin(5,3) / 65 = 46.30% (combin(5,2) positions for the pair * fact(3) positions for the three singletons * 6 ranks for the pair * combin(5,3) ranks for the singletons.
Straight: 2*fact(5) / 65 = 3.09% (2 spans for the straight {1-5 or 2-6} * fact(5) ways to arrange the order).
Nothing: ((COMBIN(6,5)-2)*FACT(5)) / 65 = 6.17% (combin(6,5) ways to choose 5 ranks out of six, less 2 for the straights, * fact(5) ways to arrange the order.
Hi Wizard, I wanted to know if you can answer this. In a popular gambling game in 17th century France, a player would roll a pair of dice 24 times. He would win his bet if at least one of these rolls was a double six. There was a debate at the time over whether the probability of winning was above or below an even 50%. Can you help me?
Anonymous
Sure, this is easy. The probability of rolling at least one 12 in 24 rolls is 1-(35/36)24 = 49.14%. So the odds favor betting against a 12. This is a clever bet because the expected number of twelves in 24 rolls is 2/3. However that does not mean the probability of a 12 is 2/3, because sometimes there will be more than one 12, and the player betting on 12 doesn’t win any more for extra twelves after the first one. If the probability of winning any given trial is p, the number of trials is n, and the probability of at least one win is w then solving for n in terms of p and w gives us...
w=1-(1-p)n
log(1-w) = n*log(1-p)
n= log(1-w)/log(1-p)
So in your example n = log(1-.5) / log(1-(1/36)) = log(0.5) / log(35/36) = 24.6051. So if the probability of success is 50% in 24.6 rolls it must be slightly less in 24 rolls.
What is the probability of rolling 1,2,3,4,5,6 with six dice, six times in a row?
Anonymous
The probability of rolling 123456 with six dice in a single roll can be expressed as prob(second die does not match first die) * prob(third die does not match first or second die) * ... = 1*(5/6)*(4/6)*(3/6)*(2/6)*(1/6) = 0.015432. So the probability of doing this six times in a row is 0.0154326 = 1 in 74,037,208,411.
If I roll a single die 6 times, what is the probability of getting a "2" exactly 4 times?
Anonymous
Combin(6,2)*(1/6)4*(5/6)2 = 0.008037551.
What is the probability of rolling 13 or more with 3, 4, and 5 dice, if you are allowed to keep the highest three dice in your roll?
Anonymous
4 dice: 48.77%
5 dice: 66.13%.
Suppose we roll three fair six-sided dice. What’s the conditional probability that the first dice shows 4, given that the sum of the three numbers showing is 12?
Shikha from North Ryde
The probability of A given B is the probability of A and B divided by the probability of B. In this case the probability of rolling a 4 on the first die and then a total of 8 on the other two is (1/6)*(5/36) = 5/216. The probability of rolling any total of 12 with 3 dice is 25/216, as shown in my sic bo section. So the answer is (5/216)/(25/216) = 5/25 = 20%.
In a recent programming exercise myself and other students were asked to describe a six-sided die in code, and then use our dice to determine play simple game. The object of the game was to roll the dice until the sum of the tosses reached exactly 100. Any toss that put the total over 100 would not be added and merely added to statistics. Quickly it was determined that 17 throws would be the least amount of throws needed to reach 100. However calculating the odds of that occurring has proved elusive. Calculating the odds of a specific sequence of throws is rather straight forward, but how might one factor in both non-specific ordering of throws, and the different ways of reaching 100 in 17 throws (16*6 + 1*4 and 15*6 + 2*5)?
from
The two ways you mention are the only ways to throw a total of 100 in 17 throws. The probability of throwing 16 sixes and one four is 17*(1/6)17. There are 17 possible positions of the 4 and each sequence has a probability of (1/6)*(1/6)*...*(1/6) with 17 terms. The number of ways to get 15 sixes and 2 fives is combin (17,2) = 136. So the probability of 15 sixes and 2 fives is 136*(1/6)17. So the total probability is (17+136)*(1/6)17. = 1 in 110,631,761,077.
There are 3 dice, 2 are proper six sided dice, while one is a die with all sides containing a six. All the dice are in my pocket. I randomly take out a die and throw it. The result is a 6. What is the probability that the die was one of the proper dice with 6 different values?
Annojh from Toronto
Let A = Choosing the normal die
Let B = Rolling a 6 with randomly chosen die
Answer = Pr(A given B) = Pr(A and B)/pr(B) = ((2/3)*(1/6))/((2/3)*(1/6)+(1/3)*1) = (2/18)/((2/18)+(6/18)) = 1/4.
If you can roll six dice only once, what is the probability of rolling 6,6,6,6,1, and 4 in any order?
Aubrey from Kokomo
There are 6!/(4!*1!*1!) = 30 ways to arrange these numbers in any order. Another way to look at it is there are 6 positions to put the 1, and 5 left to put the 4, so 6*5=30. The probability of getting 666614 in exactly that order is 1 in 66 = 1 in 46656. Multiply that by 30 for the 30 possible orders and the answer is 30/46656 = 0.0643%, or 1 in 1552.2.
My understanding of "wait time" for an event is the reciprocal of the probability of that event. I’m interested in calculating the wait time to roll consecutive 2s using one die. In a simulation I get 42 rolls on average. How do I make the connection with the probability of rolling consecutive 2s?
Lee from Andover
It is true that for single events if the probability is p then the average wait time is 1/p. However it gets more complicated with consecutive events. Let x be the state that the last roll was not a two. This is also the state at the beginning. Let y be the state that the last roll was a two. After the first roll there is a 5/6 chance we will still be in state x, and 1/6 chance we will be in state y. Let Ex(x) be the expected number of rolls from state x, and Ex(y) the expected number from state y. Then...
Ex(x) = 1 + (5/6)*ex(x) + (1/6)*ex(y), and
Ex(y) = 1 + (5/6)*ex(x)
Ex(x) = 36*(7/6) = 42
So the average wait time for two consecutive twos is 42 rolls.
I have the same type of problem, only the expected flips to get two heads, in my site of math problems , see problem 128.
Can you tell me the odds of rolling two of the same number with two dice, three dice, and four dice? I am wondering how many dice would one have to roll at one time so that the odds are on the side of the person rolling the dice. (It does not make any difference which number is doubled.)
Mary from Minneapolis, MN
Here is the probability of getting at least one number more than once according to the number of rolls:
Probability of a Pair or More
Rolls
6 rolls
98.46%
So if you were to book this you should offer the yes with 3 rolls or the no at 4 rolls.
What is the chance of getting a sum over 100, when rolling 20 dice? Kind regards
Terje from Stockholm
I started to use the Normal approximation to solve this, but the probability of over 100 points is too low for that method to be accurate. So I did a random simulation of 8.25 million trials and the number of trails that were 101 points or more was 127. So the probability is about 1 in 65,000.
Wizard, could you please describe the equivalent odds of the California SuperLotto Plus (1 in 41.4 Million), in terms of number of consecutive times of rolling 7 or 11? I heard it somewhere before. Most people cannot comprehend the lottery odds. But, the rolling of dice -- they can relate.
Tim from Belmont, CA
Let n be your answer. The probability of rolling a 7 or 11 is 8/36. To solve for n:
(8/36)n = 1/41,400,000
n = -7.617 / -0.65321
n = 11.6608
So there you go, the probability of hitting the SuperLotto is the same as rolling a seven or eleven 11.66 times in a row. For those who can’t comprehend a partial throw I would rephrase as the probability falls between 11 and 12 consecutive rolls.
We are in a disagreement between workers. there is a bar down the street that has a shake a day. which is you must throw five dice at once and all five must end up being the same "like yahtzee" but he gives you three chance at it. but you must pick up all the dice all three times. so the questions is what’s the odds to do it in one shake and what’s the odds to do it in the three shakes allowed. Thanks , if you already answered this before i am sorry but i couldt find it.
Dan and co workers at maple island from Forest Lake
The probability of a five-of-a-kind on one throw is 6*(1/6)5 = 1/1,296. This is because there are six different five-of-a-kinds (one to six) and the probability each die will be that number is (1/6). The probability of not getting a five-of-a-kind is 1-(1/1,296)=1,295/1,296. The probability of going three attempts without a three of a kind is (1,295/1,296)3=99.77%. So the probability of getting at least one five-of-a-kind in three tries is 100%-99.77% = 0.23%.
What is the expected number of tosses required in order to obtain at least one of each of the possible outcomes on an unbiased 6 sided dice?
Michael from Melbourne
If the probability of something is p then on average it will take 1/p trials for it to happen the first time. Obviously, on the first roll you’ll cross off one number. The probability of rolling one of the other five numbers next is 5/6. So it will take on average 1/(5/6)=6/5=1.2 rolls for that to happen. Following that reasoning to the end, the expected number of rolls is (6/6)+(6/5)+(6/4)+(6/3)+(6/2)+(6/1) = 14.7.
What is the classical probability of getting a total of 12 when 5 balanced dice are rolled?
Kennith H. from Winters
I hope you’re happy, I just added a new section answering questions such as this for 1 to 25 dice. As the five-dice table shows, the probability of rolling a total of 12 is 0.039223251028807.
Somebody bet he that he could roll a total of 6 and 8, with two dice, before I could roll a total of seven twice. This seemed like a good bet because seven is the most common total. However I lost $2500 doing this over and over. What are the odds?
Anthony from Indiana
I’m afraid you had the square side of this bet. The probability of rolling two sevens before a six and eight is 45.44%. Here are all the possible outcomes. The first column is the order of petintent rolls to the outcome of the bet, ignoring all others.
Two Sevens before Six and Eight Bet
Relavant Rolls
(6/16)*(5/16)*(6/11)
Win
Basically, the reason the 6 and 8 is the better side is you can hit those numbers in either order: 6 then 8, or 8 then 6. With two sevens there is only one order, a 7 and then another 7.
Two questions, please: 1) What is the probability of rolling 6,6,6,6,6,6 @ one time, with (6)6-sided die? 2)What is the probability of rolling 1,2,3,4,5,6 @ one time with (6) 6-sided die? Thanks! It’s killing me!
Heather from Petaluma
The probability of six sixes is (1/6)6 = 1 in 46656. The probability of rolling 1,2,3,4,5,6 with six dice is 6 ! /66 = 1 in 64.8
What is the probability of getting any given number more than once if you roll a die ten times?
Ryan from Silay
1-(5/6)10-10 × (1/6) × (5/6)9 = 51.55%.
In a game called Taxation and Evasion, a player rolls a pair of dice. On any roll if the sum is 7,11, or 12, the player gets audited; any other sum they avoid taxes. If a player rolls the pair 5 times, what is the probability that he avoids taxes?
George P. from Stevens Point, WI
The probability of a 7, 11, or 12 is (6+2+1)/36 = 9/36 = 1/4. See my section on dice probability basics for how I arrived at that figure. The probability of rolling anything else is 3/4. The probability of going five rolls without rolling a 7, 11, or 12 is (3/4)5 = 23.73%.
How many throws of a die does it take before it is likely that you have thrown a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 at least once each? Any ideas on generalizing this for an n-sided die?
Asif from Columbia, SC
Not that you asked, but let me address the mean first. For a six-sided die, the expected number of throws to get each face at least once is (6/6)+(6/5)+(6/4)+(6/3)+(6/2)+(6/1) = 14.7. For an n-sided die the expected throws is (n/n) + (n/(n-1)) + (n/(n-2)) + ... + n. The median number of throws required is 13. The probability of taking 13 rolls or less is 51.4%, and 13 rolls or more is 56.21%.
I know you’re skeptical of dice control. I have been practicing dice setting and controlled shooting for 3 months. What is the probability of throwing 78 sevens over 655 throws randomly? Thanks for the help :)
Eric B. from Boston, MA
For large numbers of throws we can use the Gaussian Curve approximation. The expected number of sevens in 655 throws is 655 × (1/6) = 109.1667. The variance is 655 × (1/6) × (5/6) = 90.9722. The standard deviation is sqr(90.9722) = 9.5379. Your 78 sevens is 109.1667 − 78 = 31.1667 less than expectation. This is (31.1667 - 0.5)/9.5379 = 3.22 standard deviations below expectation. The probability of falling 3.22 or more standard deviations south of expectations is 0.000641, or 1 in 1,560. I got this figure in Excel, using the formula, normsdist(-3.22).
This is about controlling the dice at Craps. You previously discussed the Stanford Wong Experiment , stating, "The terms of the bet were whether precision shooters could roll fewer than 79.5 sevens in 500 rolls of the dice. The expected number in a random game would be 83.33. The probability of rolling 79 or fewer sevens in 500 random rolls is 32.66%.... The probability of rolling 74 or fewer sevens in 500 random rolls is 14.41%."
The question I have about this bet is that 14.41% still isn’t "statistically significant" [ i.e. p < 0.05 ] , which is usually taken to mean greater than two Standard Deviations from the Mean -- or a probability of less than a *combined* 5% of the event happening randomly on EITHER end of the series.
How many Sevens would have to be rolled in 500 rolls before you could say that there is a less than 2.5% chance that the outcome was entirely random (i.e. that the outcome was statistically significant) ?
Many Thanks & BTW , yours is ABSOLUTELY the BEST web site on the subject of gambling odds & probabilities that I’ve found .... keep up the good work !!!
Plexus from Warwick, Rhode Island
Thank you for the kind words. You should not state the probability that the throws were non-random is p. The way it should be phrased is the probability that a random game would produce such a result is p. Nobody expected 500 rolls to prove or disprove anything. It wasn’t I who set the line at 79.5 sevens, but I doubt it was chosen to be statistically significant; but rather, I suspect the it was a point at which both parties would agree to the bet.
The 2.5% level of significance is 1.96 standard deviations from expectations. This can be found with the formula =normsinv(0.025) in Excel. The standard deviation of 500 rolls is sqr(500*(1/6)*(5/6)) = 8.333. So 1.96 standard deviations is 1.96 * 8.333 = 16.333 rolls south of expectations. The expected number of sevens in 500 throws is 500*(1/6) = 83.333. So 1.96 standard deviations south of that is 83.333 − 16.333 = 67. Checking this using the binomial distribution, the exact probability of 67 or fewer sevens is 2.627%.
What is the expected number of rolls needed to get a Yahtzee?
Ian F. from Provo
Assuming the player always holds the most represented number, the average is 11.09. Here is a table showing the distribution of the number of rolls over a random simulation of 82.6 million trials.
Yahtzee Experiment
82600000
1
Consider a hypothetical game based on the roll of a die. If die lands on 1, the player loses $1 and the game ends. If the die lands on anything else, the player’s wins $1. At this point the player may let it ride, or quit. The player may keep playing, doubling each bet, until he loses or quits. What is the best strategy?
Byron P. from Newington, CT
Speaking only in terms of maximizing expected value, the player should play forever. While the probability is 1 that the player will eventually lose, at any given decision point the expected value always favors going again. It seems like a paradox. The answer lies in the fact that some events have a probability of 1, but still may not happen. For example, if you threw a dart at a number line from 0 to 10, the probability of not hitting pi exactly is 1, but it still could happen.
However, for practical purposes, there is some stopping point. This is because the happiness money brings is not proportional to the amount. While it is commonly accepted that more money brings more happiness, the richer you get, the less happiness each additional dollar brings you.
I believe a good way to answer this question is to apply the Kelly Criterion to the problem. According to Kelly, the player should make every decision with the goal of maximizing the expected log of his bankroll after the wager. To cut to the end of this (I cut out a lot of math), the player should keep doubling until the wager amount exceeds 96.5948% of his total wealth. Wealth should be defined as the sum of the amount won plus whatever money the player had before he made the first wager. For example, if the player had $100,000 to start with, he should keep doubling up to 23 times, to a win of $4,194,304. At that point the player’s total wealth will be $4,294,304. He will be asked to wager 4,194,304/4,294,304 = 96.67% of his total wealth, which is greater than the 96.5948% stopping point, so he should quit.
Players A and B throw a pair of dice. Player A wins if he throws a total of 6 before B throws a toal of 7, and B wins if he throws 7 before A throws 6. If A begins, show that A’s chances of winning are 30/61.
Sangeeta from Mumbai, India
Let the answer to this question be called p. The probability of rolling a total of six is 5/36, and the probability of rolling a total of seven is 6/36. If you don’t understand why, please see my section on dice probability basics . We can define p as:
p = Prob(6 on first roll) + Prob(no 6 on first roll)*Prob(no 7 on second roll)*p.
This is because, if neither player wins after the first two rolls, the game is back to the original state, and the probability of player A winning remains the same.
So, we have:
98280
Credit to Alan Tucker, author of Applied Combinatorics .
Can you calculate what the probability is of two numbers coming up behind each other in a roll of the dice? Meaning what is the probability of two 4’s or two 6’s or two 7’s back to back? I realize that the past cannot predict the future but is there a way to calculate 7/36 X 7/36 happening back to back? I hope that makes sence.
James from Birmingham
Sure. That would be Pr(2)2 + Pr(3)2 + ... + Pr(12)2 = (1/36)2 + (2/36)2 + (3/36)2 + (4/36)2 + (5/36)2 + (6/36)2 + (5/36)2 + (4/36)2 + (3/36)2 + (2/36)2 + (1/36)2 = 11.27%.
In 180 consecutive rolls of the dice, how many times can I expect to see the following:
Two sevens in a row?
Three sevens in a row?
Four sevens in a row?
Thanks for your time :-).
Melanie D. from Elizabeth City, NC
I can’t think of any useful reason to know this information, but I get asked this kind of thing a lot, so I’ll humor you.
It is a little easier getting a specified sequence of sevens starting with the first roll, or ending with the last, because the sequence is bounded on one side. Specifically, the probability of getting a sequence of s sevens, starting with the first roll, or ending with the last, is (1/6)s × (5/6). The 5/6 term is because you have to get a non-7 at the open end of the sequence.
The probability of starting a sequence of s sevens at any point in the middle of the sequence is (1/6)s × (5/6)2. We square the 5/6 term, because the player must get a non-7 on both ends of the sequence.
If there are r rolls, there will be 2 places for an inside sequence, and r-n-1 places for a run of n sevens. Putting these equations in a table, here is the expected number of runs of sevens, from 1 to 10. The "inside" column is 2*(5/6)*(1/6)r, and the "outside" column is (179-r)*(5/6)2*(1/6)r, where r is the number of sevens in the run. So, we can expect 3.46 runs of two sevens, 0.57 runs of three sevens, and 0.10 runs of four sevens.
Expected Runs of Sevens in 180 Rolls
Run
0.000002
0.000002
Two dice are rolled until either a total of 12 or two consecutive totals of 7. What is the probability the 12 is rolled first?
Anonymous
The answer and solution can be found on my companion site, mathproblems.info , problem 201.
I’m a tabletop gamer, and was having some discussion with my friends about non-cubical platonic solid dice (If you’re a big enough nerd, that means d4, d8, d12, and d20). They argued that those would be the only ones that would be demonstratively fair. I argued that manufacturing them to be fair would be entirely too difficult. Also, the only games would be craps variants rendered overly cumbersome due to the number of extra outcomes. Has any casino ever had a game that used non-traditional six sided dice?
Bayani from Carnagie, PA
This is Lisa Furman, the model from my M casino review . When I tried to impress her by saying that the balloon figure on the left is a truncated icosahedron , she just smiled and rolled her eyes. Don’t you dare challenge my math nerd credentials! When I was a high school sophomore, I constructed not only all the platonic solids with poster board and electricians tape, but all the Archimedean solids as well.
If you limit yourself to the regular polygons, and want every face to have the same probability, then you are limited to the platonic solids. However, if you can lift the regular polygon requirement, then you can add the 13 Catalan solids as well.
To answer your other question, no, I have never seen a game actually in a casino that used any dice other than cubes. About ten years ago I saw a game demonstrated at a gaming show in Atlantic City that I think used a Rhombic triacontahedron , one of the Catalan solids, but I don’t think it ever made it to a casino floor. There is a game I see year after year at the Global Gaming Expo that uses a spinning top (like a dreidel), but alas, I’ve never seen that in a casino either.
If I roll three six-sided dice, what are the odds of rolling a straight and, also, what are the odds of rolling a three of a kind?
Mark from Fargo, ND
There are 63=216 ways to roll three dice. Six of those combinations will result in a three of a kind (1-1-1 to 6-6-6). So the probability of a three of a kind is 6/216 = 1/36. There are four possible spans for a straight (1-2-3 to 4-5-6). There are also 3!=6 ways to arrange the three dice in a straight. So, there are 4*6=24 straight combinations. Thus the probability of a straight is 24/216 = 1/9.
What is the average sum when rolling four six-sided dice after subtracting the lowest result (known as 4d6-L)? What is the standard deviation for this roll?
Aaron from New York
1296
The mean result is 12.2446, and the standard deviation is 2.8468.
My question is based on dice odds. I know that there are six ways to get 7 and one way to get 12, but what are the chances of getting six 7’s before one 12? Are they even, and if not, how many twelves should be added to the equation to make it an even proposition?
nick
The probability of rolling a 7 is 1/6, and the probability of rolling a 12 is 1/36. The probability of rolling a 7, given that a roll is a 7 or 12 is (1/6)/((1/6)+(1/36)) = 6/7. So the probability that the first six times a 6 or 12 is rolled it is a 6 every time is (6/7)6 = 39.66%.
If you rephrase the question to be what is the probability of rolling five 6’s before a 12, then the answer is (6/7)5 = 46.27%. With four rolls it is (6/7)4 = 53.98%. So there is no number of 7’s before a 12 that is exactly 50/50. If you’re looking for a good sucker bet, suggest you can either roll four 7’s before a 12, or a 12 before five 7’s.
This question was raised and discussed in the forum of my companion site Wizard of Vegas .
Is there an easy way to calculate the probability of throwing a total of t with d 6-sided dice?
Anon E. Mouse
Here is a handy trick, courtesy of Robert Goodhand of Somerset, UK. First put on a row six ones surrounded by five zeros on either side, as follows:
One-Die Probabilities
0
0
To get the probability of any given total, divide the number of combinations of that total by the total number of combinations. In the case of three dice, the sum is 216, which also easily found as 63. For example, the probability of rolling a total of 13 with three dice is 21/216 = 9.72%.
So for d dice, you’ll need to work your way up through 1 to d-1 dice. This is very easily accomplished in any spreadsheet.
How many rolls of two dice would it take to have a 50/50 chance of rolling at least one 12?
Maff
That is a classic problem in the history of the field of probability. Many people incorrectly think the answer is 18, because the probability of a 12 is 1 in 36, and 18×(1/36)=50%. However, by that logic, the probability of getting a 12 in 36 rolls would be 100%, which clearly it isn’t. Here is the correct solution. Let r be the number of rolls. The probability a roll isn’t a 12 is 35/36. The probability there are 0 12s in r rolls is (35/36)r. So we need to solve for r in the following equation:
(35/36)r = 0.5
r = log(0.5)/log(35/36)
r = 24.6051
So there isn’t a round answer. The probability of rolling a 12 in 24 rolls is 1-(35/36)24 = 49.14%. The probability of rolling a 12 in 25 rolls is 1-(35/36)25 = 50.55%.
If you want to make a bet on this, say you can roll a 12 in 25 rolls, or somebody else can’t in 24 rolls. Either way you’ll have an advantage at even money.
In Dice Wars , what is the probability of success for any given number of attacking and defending dice? As an attacker, what ratio has the greatest expected gain?
Anonymous
For those unfamiliar with the game, both the attacker and defender will roll 1 to 8 dice, according to how many armies they each have at that point in a battle. The higher total shall win. A tie goes to the defender. If the attacker loses, he will still retain one army in the territory where he initiated the attack. For this reason, he must have at least two armies to attack, so if he wins one can inhabit the conquered territory and one can stay behind.
The following table shows the probability of an attacker victory according to all 64 combinations of total dice.
Probability of Attacker Win
What is the probability of forming a Yahtzee with up to n rolls of the dice?
Anonymous
For the benefit of other readers, a Yahtzee is a five of a kind with five dice. In the game of Yahtzee the player may hold any dice he wishes and re-roll the rest. He can do this up to three rolls.
The player may re-roll previously held dice, if he wishes. For example, if the player's first roll is 3-3-4-5-6 and he holds the threes and then has 3-3-5-5-5 after the second roll he may keep the fives and re-roll the threes on his third roll.
The following table shows the maximum number of dice of the same face for 1 to 20 rolls. The table shows the probability of getting a Yahtzee within three rolls is about 4.6%.
Yahtzee Probabilities
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Days of the average human menstrual cycle? | Menstruation and the menstrual cycle | womenshealth.gov
Menstruation and the menstrual cycle
Menstruation and the menstrual cycle
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Menstruation and the menstrual cycle
Menstruation is a woman's monthly bleeding. When you menstruate, your body sheds the lining of the uterus (womb). Learn how the menstrual cycle works and what to do if you have painful or irregular periods.
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What is menstruation?
Menstruation (men-STRAY-shuhn) is a woman's monthly bleeding. When you menstruate, your body sheds the lining of the uterus (womb). Menstrual blood flows from the uterus through the small opening in the cervix and passes out of the body through the vagina ( see how the menstrual cycle works below ). Most menstrual periods last from 3 to 5 days.
What is the menstrual cycle?
When periods (menstruations) come regularly, this is called the menstrual cycle. Having regular menstrual cycles is a sign that important parts of your body are working normally. The menstrual cycle provides important body chemicals, called hormones, to keep you healthy. It also prepares your body for pregnancy each month. A cycle is counted from the first day of 1 period to the first day of the next period. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long. Cycles can range anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults and from 21 to 45 days in young teens.
The rise and fall of levels of hormones during the month control the menstrual cycle.
What happens during the menstrual cycle?
In the first half of the cycle, levels of estrogen (the "female hormone") start to rise. Estrogen plays an important role in keeping you healthy, especially by helping you to build strong bones and to help keep them strong as you get older. Estrogen also makes the lining of the uterus (womb) grow and thicken. This lining of the womb is a place that will nourish the embryo if a pregnancy occurs. At the same time the lining of the womb is growing, an egg, or ovum, in one of the ovaries starts to mature. At about day 14 of an average 28-day cycle, the egg leaves the ovary. This is called ovulation.
After the egg has left the ovary, it travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus. Hormone levels rise and help prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy. A woman is most likely to get pregnant during the 3 days before or on the day of ovulation. Keep in mind, women with cycles that are shorter or longer than average may ovulate before or after day 14.
A woman becomes pregnant if the egg is fertilized by a man's sperm cell and attaches to the uterine wall. If the egg is not fertilized, it will break apart. Then, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period.
See how the menstrual cycle works.
What is a typical menstrual period like?
During your period, you shed the thickened uterine lining and extra blood through the vagina. Your period may not be the same every month. It may also be different than other women's periods. Periods can be light, moderate, or heavy in terms of how much blood comes out of the vagina. This is called menstrual flow. The length of the period also varies. Most periods last from 3 to 5 days. But, anywhere from 2 to 7 days is normal.
For the first few years after menstruation begins, longer cycles are common. A woman's cycle tends to shorten and become more regular with age. Most of the time, periods will be in the range of 21 to 35 days apart.
What kinds of problems do women have with their periods?
Women can have a range of problems with their periods, including pain, heavy bleeding, and skipped periods.
Amenorrhea (ay-men-uh-REE-uh) — the lack of a menstrual period. This term is used to describe the absence of a period in:
Young women who haven't started menstruating by age 15
Women and girls who haven't had a period for 90 days, even if they haven't been menstruating for long
Causes can include:
Stress
Serious medical conditions in need of treatment
As above, when your menstrual cycles come regularly, this means that important parts of your body are working normally. In some cases, not having menstrual periods can mean that your ovaries have stopped producing normal amounts of estrogen. Missing these hormones can have important effects on your overall health. Hormonal problems, such as those caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or serious problems with the reproductive organs, may be involved. It's important to talk to a doctor if you have this problem.
Dysmenorrhea (dis-men-uh-REE-uh) — painful periods, including severe cramps. Menstrual cramps in teens are caused by too much of a chemical called prostaglandin. (pros-tuh-GLAN-duhn) Most teens with dysmenorrhea do not have a serious disease, even though the cramps can be severe. In older women, the pain is sometimes caused by a disease or condition such as uterine fibroids or endometriosis .
For some women, using a heating pad or taking a warm bath helps ease their cramps. Some over-the-counter pain medicines can also help with these symptoms. They include:
Ibuprofen (eye-byu-PROH-fuhn) (for instance, Advil, Motrin, Midol Cramp)
Ketoprofen (key-toh-PROH-fuhn) (for instance, Orudis KT)
Naproxen (nuh-PROK-suhn) (for instance, Aleve)
If these medicines don't relieve your pain or the pain interferes with work or school, you should see a doctor. Treatment depends on what's causing the problem and how severe it is.
Abnormal uterine bleeding — vaginal bleeding that's different from normal menstrual periods. It includes:
Bleeding between periods
Spotting anytime in the menstrual cycle
Bleeding heavier or for more days than normal
Bleeding after menopause
Abnormal bleeding can have many causes. Your doctor may start by checking for problems that are most common in your age group. Some of them are not serious and are easy to treat. Others can be more serious. Treatment for abnormal bleeding depends on the cause.
In both teens and women nearing menopause, hormonal changes can cause long periods along with irregular cycles. Even if the cause is hormonal changes, you may be able to get treatment. You should keep in mind that these changes can occur with other serious health problems, such as uterine fibroids, polyps, or even cancer. See your doctor if you have any abnormal bleeding.
When does a girl usually get her first period?
In the United States, the average age for a girl to get her first period is 12. This does not mean that all girls start at the same age. A girl can start her period anytime between the ages of 8 and 15. Most of the time, the first period starts about 2 years after breasts first start to develop. If a girl has not had her first period by age 15, or if it has been more than 2 to 3 years since breast growth started, she should see a doctor.
How long does a woman have periods?
Women usually have periods until menopause . Menopause occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, usually around age 50. Menopause means that a woman is no longer ovulating (producing eggs) or having periods and can no longer get pregnant. Like menstruation, menopause can vary from woman to woman and these changes may occur over several years.
The time when your body begins its move into menopause is called the menopausal transition. This can last anywhere from 2 to 8 years. Some women have early menopause because of surgery or other treatment, illness, or other reasons. If you don't have a period for 90 days, you should see your doctor. He or she will check for pregnancy, early menopause, or other health problems that can cause periods to stop or become irregular.
When should I see a doctor about my period?
See your doctor about your period if:
You have not started menstruating by the age of 15.
You have not started menstruating within 3 years after breast growth began, or if breasts haven't started to grow by age 13.
Your period suddenly stops for more than 90 days.
Your periods become very irregular after having had regular, monthly cycles.
Your period occurs more often than every 21 days or less often than every 35 days.
You are bleeding for more than 7 days.
You are bleeding more heavily than usual or using more than 1 pad or tampon every 1 to 2 hours.
You bleed between periods.
You have severe pain during your period.
You suddenly get a fever and feel sick after using tampons.
How often should I change my pad and/or tampon?
You should change a pad before it becomes soaked with blood. Each woman decides for herself what works best. You should change a tampon at least every 4 to 8 hours. Make sure to use the lowest absorbency tampon needed for your flow. For example, use junior or regular tampons on the lightest day of your period. Using a super absorbency tampon on your lightest days increases your risk for toxic shock syndrome (TSS). TSS is a rare but sometimes deadly disease. TSS is caused by bacteria that can produce toxins. If your body can't fight the toxins, your immune (body defense) system reacts and causes the symptoms of TSS (see below).
Young women may be more likely to get TSS. Using any kind of tampon puts you at greater risk for TSS than using pads. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends the following tips to help avoid tampon problems:
Follow package directions for insertion.
Choose the lowest absorbency for your flow.
Change your tampon at least every 4 to 8 hours.
Consider switching between pads and tampons.
Know the warning signs of TSS (see below).
Don't use tampons between periods.
If you have any of these symptoms of TSS while using tampons, take the tampon out, and contact your doctor right away:
Sudden high fever (over 102 degrees)
Muscle aches
| twenty eight |
Lines traditionally in a sonnet? | How to Chart Your Cycle to Know When You Can Get Pregnant
Listen to Your Body
Getting pregnant is all about timing. You want to make sure the conditions are right for egg and sperm to meet. Your menstrual cycle can give you clues about when your body is ready to start the process.
The first step is to learn the days when you’re most fertile. Most women have a 28-day menstrual cycle. That means you have about 6 days each month when you can get pregnant. That includes the day one of your ovaries releases an egg, called ovulation, and the 5 days before. Having sex within that window is key.
To figure it out, you’ll need to chart your menstrual cycle and record how long it lasts. Day 1 is the first day of your period. Since the length of your cycle can vary slightly from month to month, it’s best to keep track for a few months.
Once you have an average, subtract 18 days from the length of your shortest cycle. This is the first day you’re likely to be fertile. Next, subtract 11 days from the length of your longest cycle. This is the last day you’re likely to be fertile. Having sex between those two dates will give you the best shot at getting pregnant.
Listen to Your Body
It’s also a good idea to pay attention to the signs that your body is ready to ovulate.
Basal body temperature (BBT): This is your temperature first thing in the morning. Just after you ovulate, it rises slightly -- sometimes by less than a degree -- and stays higher until your period starts. If you record your temperature every day, you can spot the subtle changes that mean one of your ovaries has released an egg.
How to take your BBT:
Use a basal body thermometer. They’re more sensitive than standard ones and will show temperature changes down to a fraction of a degree. You can get them at many pharmacies for less than $20.
Take your temperature at the same time each morning, always before you get out of bed. (To make it easier, keep the thermometer on your nightstand.) Even getting up to go to the bathroom can affect your body temperature. So can smoking, drinking, or getting a bad night’s sleep.
Continued
Remember, your BBT won’t tell you exactly when you’ve ovulated, and it may take a couple of months before you start to see a pattern. You’re most likely to get pregnant 2 or 3 days before your ovary releases an egg, and then another 12 to 24 hours after that. When your temperature has spiked for 3 days, your chances of conceiving drop.
Cervical mucus: The same hormones that control your menstrual cycle also affect the mucus that your cervix makes. Just before and during ovulation, the amount, color, and texture of it changes to make it easier for you to get pregnant.
As your ovaries prepare to release an egg, your cervix makes more mucus. A few days before ovulation, it may be sticky and cloudy or whitish. Then, right before you ovulate, the mucus gets slippery, like egg whites. It may stretch across your fingers if you spread them apart. This stage usually lasts 3 or 4 days, which is when you’re most likely to get pregnant.
How to check your cervical mucus:
Use your fingers or a tissue to check the opening of your vagina for mucus a few times a day. (Make sure your hands are clean before you start.) Write down whether it’s cloudy and sticky or clear and slippery.
Chart your cervical mucus changes and your basal body temperature to get a clear picture of where you are in your cycle.
Keep in mind that other things, like breastfeeding or using douches or other hygiene products, can change your mucus. Gynecologists usually don’t recommend these products.
WebMD Medical Reference Reviewed by Traci C. Johnson, MD on February 23, 2016
Sources
| i don't know |
Whole miles in a marathon running event? | Walt Disney World Marathon Weekend | Official Site | runDisney
Registration is now open for the 2017 Walt Disney World® Marathon Weekend presented by Cigna. Register Today!
THE EVENT
Celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the Walt Disney World® Half Marathon!
It's the 20th Anniversary of the Walt Disney World® Half Marathon presented by Cigna and we're celebrating with a spectacular weekend of amazing runs and endless fun in the most magical place on Earth. Perfect for the whole family, this memory-making weekend is chock full of fantastic runs including the Walt Disney World® Marathon, 20th Anniversary Half Marathon, Dopey Challenge, Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge, 10K, 5K and runDisney Kids Races. Plus, there'll be plenty of Disney entertainment, your favorite Disney characters, 20th Anniversary Half Marathon tee-shirts and finisher medals, and much, much more! It's all part of the 20th Anniversary celebration of the Walt Disney World® Half Marathon! Don't miss out! Register today!
Weekend events will include:
Start/Finish: Epcot®
The most magical race on earth!
You're a runner who loves adventure! Your priority in a race is the course. And now you're about to head out on the most magical course on earth during the final race of the weekend -- a 26.2 mile run that'll take you through four Walt Disney World® theme parks and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex. From the Magic Kingdom® Park, home of Mickey, Minnie and the whole Disney gang and the wild adventure of Disney's Animal Kingdom® Park, to the show biz excitement of Disney's Hollywood Studios, and incredible Epcot®, your Marathon adventure is unlike any other anywhere on earth.
You must register for Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge or Dopey Challenge to receive the challenge medals upon completion of all races within the pacing requirements.
Walt Disney World® Marathon Highlights
26.2-mile course through all four Walt Disney World® Theme Parks and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
Disney Characters and Entertainment on-course
Event Weekend Transportation for Walt Disney World® Resort guests
Family Reunion Area with live entertainment and characters
Walt Disney World® Marathon Participants Receive
Champion® Long-Sleeved Tech Shirt in Women's or Men's Cut* - View Size Chart
Commemorative Mickey Mouse Finisher Medal*
Official Event Guide*
ChronoTrack B-tag timed race with live runner tracking sign up for friends and family
Personalized results website
Dates, times, prices and inclusions subject to change. All races are subject to capacity limits and may close at any time before the percentage can be updated. Registration fees are non-refundable.
*Participants must attend Packet Pick-up at the runDisney Health & Fitness Expo to receive their race packet, bib, and t-shirt. Finisher medallions will be distributed to finishers after the race. None of these items will be mailed to registrants that did not participate.
Disney reserves the right to refuse the entry into, and/or revoke any registration for, any race for any reason in its sole discretion with refund of any applicable registration fees being the sole remedy of any such refusal and/or revocation.
Start/Finish:Epcot®
Join the celebration with a thrilling 13.1 run through Magic Kingdom® Park and Epcot®
It's the 20th Anniversary of the Walt Disney World® Half Marathon presented by Cigna and you're invited to join the celebration with a spectacular run on a 13.1-mile course through the magic, wonder, and charm of Magic Kingdom® Park and Epcot®, home of international World Showcase and Future World. Along the way, there'll be lots of 20th Anniversary surprises, Disney entertainment, and your favorite Disney characters to cheer you on. Runners receive special 20th Anniversary tee-shirts and commemorative finisher medals as part of the celebration. The race concludes with a spectacular finish in the shadow of Spaceship Earth.
You must register for Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge or Dopey Challenge to receive the challenge medals upon completion of all races within the pacing requirements.
20th Anniversary Walt Disney World® Half Marathon Highlights
13.1-mile course through Walt Disney World® Theme Parks
Disney Characters and Entertainment on-course
Event Weekend Transportation for Walt Disney World® Resort guests
Family Reunion Area with live entertainment and characters
20th Anniversary Walt Disney World® Half Marathon Participants Receive
New! 20th Anniversary Champion® Long-Sleeved Tech Shirt in Women's or Men's Cut* - View Size Chart
New! Commemorative 20th Anniversary Finisher medal*
Official Event Guide*
ChronoTrack B-tag timed race with live runner tracking sign up for friends and family
Personalized results website
Dates, times, prices and inclusions subject to change. All races are subject to capacity limits and may close at any time before the percentage can be updated. Registration fees are non-refundable.
Disney reserves the right to refuse the entry into, and/or revoke any registration for, any race for any reason in its sole discretion with refund of any applicable registration fees being the sole remedy of any such refusal and/or revocation.
*Participants must attend Packet Pick-up at the runDisney Health & Fitness Expo to receive their race packet, bib, and t-shirt. Finisher medallions will be distributed to finishers after the race. None of these items will be mailed to registrants that did not participate.
Saturday, January 7 - Sunday, January 8, 2017
Start/Finish: Epcot®
Celebrate the Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge – two days, four parks, 39.3 miles of fun!
There's nothing Goofy about Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge! Its 39.3 miles and two-days of pure fun and Disney magic. Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge combines Saturday's Half Marathon – over 13.1 miles through Disney's Magic Kingdom® Park and Epcot® - with Sunday's full Marathon which covers 26.2 miles through all four Walt Disney World® Theme Parks including Epcot®, Magic Kingdom® Park, Disney's Animal Kingdom® Park and Disney's Hollywood Studios. Complete both races within the pacing requirements and you'll earn the coveted Goofy Medal in addition to your Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse finisher medals. Registration for Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge is required to receive the Goofy medal.
Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge Highlights
Half and Full Marathon courses through Walt Disney World® Theme Parks totaling 39.3 miles
Disney Characters and Entertainment on-course
Event Weekend Transportation for Walt Disney World® Resort guests
Family Reunion Area with live entertainment and characters
Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge Participants Receive
Champion® Long-Sleeved Tech Shirt in Women's or Men's cut for the Marathon, Half Marathon and Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge* - View Size Chart
Special Goofy finisher medal, along with the Commemorative Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck finisher medals for completing the Marathon and Half-Marathon*
Official Event Guide*
ChronoTrack B-tag timed race with live runner tracking sign up for friends and family
Personalized results website
Dates, times, prices and inclusions subject to change. All races are subject to capacity limits and may close at any time before the percentage can be updated. Registration fees are non-refundable.
*Participants must attend Packet Pick-up at the runDisney Health & Fitness Expo to receive their race packet, bib, and t-shirt. Finisher medallions will be distributed to finishers after the race. None of these items will be mailed to registrants that did not participate.
Disney reserves the right to refuse the entry into, and/or revoke any registration for, any race for any reason in its sole discretion with refund of any applicable registration fees being the sole remedy of any such refusal and/or revocation.
You must register for Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge to receive the Goofy medal upon completion of both races within the pacing requirements.
Personalized bib (Must register by October 4, 2016 for name to appear on bib)*
On-course and post-race refreshments
ChronoTrack B-tag timed race with live runner tracking sign up for friends and family
Dates, times, prices and inclusions subject to change. All races are subject to capacity limits and may close at any time before the percentage can be updated. Registration fees are non-refundable.
*Participants must attend Packet Pick-up at the runDisney Health & Fitness Expo to receive their race packet, bib, and t-shirt. Finisher medallions will be distributed to finishers after the race. None of these items will be mailed to registrants that did not participate.
Disney reserves the right to refuse the entry into, and/or revoke any registration for, any race for any reason in its sole discretion with refund of any applicable registration fees being the sole remedy of any such refusal and/or revocation.
Start/Finish: Epcot®
Take time to run together during Walt Disney World® 5K !
Invite the whole family and enjoy a great run the in the shadow of Disney's spectacular Epcot® Theme Park during Walt Disney World® 5K You'll make your way through Epcot's® amazing Future World and then on to international World Showcase and a thrilling finish. It's all part of the excitement during Walt Disney World® 5K that's a perfect event for beginners, intermediates, or even racing veterans. Adults, teens, tweens – and everyone in between –is invited to join the family fun!
The Walt Disney World® 5K Highlights
5K course through Epcot®
Disney Characters and Entertainment on-course
Family Reunion Area with entertainment and characters
Event Weekend Transportation for Walt Disney World® Resort guests
Walt Disney World® 5K Participants Receive:
5K Unisex T-shirt*
Personalized bib (Must register by October 4, 2016 for name to appear on bib)*
On-course and post-race refreshments
Dates, times, prices and inclusions subject to change. All races are subject to capacity limits and may close at any time before the percentage can be updated. Registration fees are non-refundable.
*Participants must attend Packet Pick-up at the runDisney Health & Fitness Expo to receive their race packet, bib, and t-shirt. Finisher medallions will be distributed to finishers after the race. None of these items will be mailed to registrants that did not participate.
Disney reserves the right to refuse the entry into, and/or revoke any registration for, any race for any reason in its sole discretion with refund of any applicable registration fees being the sole remedy of any such refusal and/or revocation.
Thursday, January 5 - Sunday, January 8, 2017
Start/Finish: Epcot®
Run 48.6 miles of fun in the Dopey Challenge!
Are you ready for the ultimate endurance challenge? Then take part in four days of fun for a total of 48.6 miles in the all-new Dopey Challenge! Participants will run the 5K, 10K, Half Marathon and Marathon, and if you complete all four races within the pacing requirements you will be awarded the Goofy Race and a Half Challenge medal and the brand new Dopey Challenge finisher medal for a total of six pieces of "bling."
You must register for the Dopey Challenge to receive the Goofy Challenge and Dopey Challenge medals upon completion of all four races within the pacing requirements. Registering for these four events individually will not enable you to receive the challenge medals.
The Dopey Challenge will feature:
Four courses through Walt Disney World® Theme Parks totaling 48.6 miles
Disney Characters and Entertainment on-course
Event Weekend Transportation for Walt Disney World® Resort Guests
Family Reunion Area with entertainment and characters
Race participants in the Dopey Challenge will receive:
Champion® Women's or Men's cut*Long-Sleeved Tech Shirts for the Marathon, Half Marathon, 10K, Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge & Dopey Challenge, and 5K cotton Unisex T-Shirt* - View Size Chart
Special Dopey finisher medal, along with the commemorative medals for the Marathon, Half Marathon & Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge, 10K finisher medal and the 5K finisher medallion*
Official Event Guide*
ChronoTrack B-tag timed race
Personalized results website
Dates, times, prices and inclusions subject to change. All races are subject to capacity limits and may close at any time before the percentage can be updated. Registration fees are non-refundable.
*Participants must attend Packet Pick-up at the runDisney Health & Fitness Expo to receive their race packet, bib, and t-shirt. Finisher medallions will be distributed to finishers after the race. None of these items will be mailed to registrants that did not participate.
Disney reserves the right to refuse the entry into, and/or revoke any registration for, any race for any reason in its sole discretion with refund of any applicable registration fees being the sole remedy of any such refusal and/or revocation.
Disney Cruise Line 4-night Bahamian Cruise January 9-13, 2017 following Walt Disney World® Marathon January 4-8, 2017
Disney Castaway Cay 5K January 11, 2017
From Parks to Paradise, join the Disney Castaway Cay Challenge!
The Disney Castaway Cay Challenge is an ultimate running adventure, combining one magical 5K event or longer during the 2017 Walt Disney World® Marathon Weekend (January 4-8, 2017) with a Castaway Cay 5K on Disney Cruise Line's private tropical island in the Bahamas the following week. On Monday, when Marathon Weekend is over, set sail on board the Disney Dream for a 4-night Bahamian Cruise from Port Canaveral. You'll sail to Disney Castaway Cay for your 5K run along sandy white beaches, past swaying palms and sparkling turquoise lagoons, with magical Disney moments to surprise you along the way. It's a runner's paradise in a spectacular island oasis. From parks to paradise…and a dream getaway on board a magical cruise!
Go to Disneycruise.com to book your January 9th, 2017 cruise aboard the Disney Dream today, then register for the Castaway Cay Challenge on Active.com starting April 26 at Noon EST. Availability for the 1/9/17 Disney Dream sailing is limited, please book your cruise before registering for the Castaway Cay Challenge. Be sure to enter your Cruise reservation number when registering for the race.
Castaway Cay 5K Highlights
3.1 mile course through Disney Castaway Cay, Disney Cruise Line's private island in the Bahamas
Course runs past sparkling lagoons, the harbor, and white sandy beaches
Surprise Disney magical moments and entertainment on-course
Castaway Cay Challenge Participants Receive:
Exciting Activities and access to Special Merchandise on board Disney Cruise Line
Featured Healthy Menu Options on board Disney Cruise Line
*The number of registrations for the 2017 Walt Disney World® Marathon Weekend races and the Castaway Cay 5K is limited and subject to availability. To be eligible for the Castaway Cay Challenge runners must enter their cruise reservation number at the time of registration for the Disney Castaway Cay Challenge race event. All races are subject to age eligibility requirements and capacity limits. All race registration fees are non-refundable. Runners deferring any 2017 Walt Disney World® Marathon Weekend 10K or longer races will not be eligible for a Castaway Cay Challenge Finisher Medal. Events/races may be subject to delay, change, or cancellation for inclement weather or other safety concerns.
** A reservation on the January 9, 2017 Disney Dream 4-Night Bahamian Cruise is required in order to participate. Disney Cruise Line availability for the January 9, 2017 is limited. It is recommended that you register for your Disney cruise PRIOR to registering for the Castaway Cay Challenge. If your Disney Castaway Cay Challenge spot is forfeited for any reason, the race fee is non-refundable. Please refer to Disney Cruise Line for cruise refund policies.
Runner's World VIP
The Runner's World VIP program returns to the 2017 Walt Disney World® Marathon Weekend presented by Cigna. This offers runners the best of both worlds, producing a race experience unlike any other. The program is an exclusive opportunity to be coached by Runner's World's director of training and four-time Olympic Trials qualifier Budd Coates. Plus you'll also receive advice from the magazine's experts, such as The Mayor of Running, Bart Yasso, on training, nutrition, and injury prevention. Then on race weekend you'll be treated like a VIP with exclusive race weekend amenities at the place where running dreams truly do come true.
Runner's World VIP participants will receive:*
A membership in a 16 week training plan designed by Coach Budd, who has coached literally thousands of elites, celebs, and everyday runners (celebrity/VIP appearances subject to change or cancellation without notice)**
Weekly email from Coach Budd leading up to the event with training, nutrition, and health tips for the upcoming week's workouts
Direct online access to Runner's World experts on training, nutrition, and injuries during the 16 to 20 week event training plan
Access to private RW VIP online training forum to connect with other runners training for the 2017 Walt Disney World Marathon Weekend
Runner's World VIP Champion tech shirt
Access to your Runner's World VIP training plan on TrainingPeaks, an interactive training log, where you can log your totals, watch your progress, and receive nightly email reminders about the next day's training.
Exclusive early access to the runDisney Health & Fitness Expo on Wednesday, January 4, 2017 from 10 a.m. – 12 p.m., including private packet pickup—there's no need to walk all over the expo since we've pulled all your race swag together for you (some restrictions may apply)
Pre-race course strategy session at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with the Runner's World experts and editors
Welcome Party with Runner's World editors to celebrate their program's 5th Anniversary at Walt Disney World® Marathon Weekend (included with Dopey Challenge only. Goofy or Marathon runners who would like to join us for dinner may by click here to purchase a guest pass.)
Exclusive pre-race walkout to corrals for the half marathon and full marathon
Corral placement will be determined based on proof of time that all runners must submit by October 4, 2016.
Entry to the Race Retreat on Saturday and Sunday (Marathon package includes access on Sunday only)
Pre-race amenities include hot and cold beverages with fruit and bagels, dedicated stretching area, and private port-a-lets, bag check and Disney character meet & greets
Post-race amenities include catered brunch, massage, private port-a-lets, bag pickup and live results
Runner's World VIP Registration Package Fees
Dopey Challenge - $1,150
Goofy's Race and a Half Challenge - $775
Walt Disney World® Marathon - $475
*Registration subject to availability. Dates, times, and prices subject to change. All races and corral placement are subject to eligibility requirements and capacity limits. Registration fees are nonrefundable. Runners who have already purchased entry to the marathon, half marathon, or Goofy's Race and Half Challenge will have their registration fee refunded if they purchase a Runner's World VIP package. Advance reservations required. All events and event elements, including but not limited to location, menus, attractions, and entertainment, are subject to availability, and may change or be cancelled without notice.
**Runner's World VIP membership is subject to Runner's World VIP terms and conditions at http://www.runnersworld.com/rw-vip-news/runners-world-vip-terms-conditions and is nonrefundable. Runner's World reserves the right to substitute a product of equal or greater value. Expect tech shirt delivery on or around the start of training.
One Mile Run: 12:30 p.m.
Location: ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
Every child's a Winner during the runDisney Kids Races!
Every child 13 and under who participates in the runDisney Kids Races goes home a Winner with their very own Finisher Medallion! Children 13 and under are invited to participate in the runDisney Kids Races taking place at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday during the Walt Disney World® Marathon Weekend. Encourage your youngsters to participate and sign up for any of the Kids' Dashes or the One Mile Run during this fun-filled weekend. There's even a Diaper Dash for crawlers! Space is limited.
Parents are allowed to run with their child. Any parents that participate with their child must sign a separate event waiver.
The event will follow a rolling start beginning with the 100m dash followed by the 200m, 400m and Diaper Dash. The One Mile Run will have a separate start location and time. All distances will utilize the same finish location.
runDisney Kids Races Age Groups
12 months and under - Diaper Dash for crawlers
1-3 years old - 100m dash
4-6 years old - 200m dash
7-8 years old - 400m dash
One Mile Run - Open to all children 13 years old & under
runDisney Kids Dashes Race Participants Receive
runDisney Kids Races T-shirt*
One Mile Run Finisher Certificate
ChronoTrack B-tag timed race
Dates, times and prices subject to change. Some Kids' Races' event categories may fill up before others. Races are subject to capacity limits and can close at any time before the percentage can be updated. Due to safety and capacity limits, the date registered for must be the date attended; race days are not interchangeable.
Participants must attend Packet Pick-up at the runDisney Health & Fitness Expo to receive their race packet, bib, and t-shirt. Finisher medallions will be distributed to finishers after the race. None of these items will be mailed to registrants that did not participate.
Disney reserves the right to refuse the entry into, and/or revoke any registration for, any race for any reason in its sole discretion with refund of any applicable registration fees being the sole remedy of any such refusal and/or revocation.
Purchase Race Retreat today!
Enjoy your race weekend even more with a VIP Race Retreat Package!
The VIP Race Retreat Package is the ultimate way for runners to prepare for their race, get pampered, and reunite with friends and family once the race is over.
NEW! Exclusive Early Access to the runDisney Health & Fitness Expo
Private Hospitality tent near the Finish Line including live video feed from the race and access to live runner results
Pre-race bagels and fruit, plus coffee, water and PowerAde
Private restrooms, changing tents and bag check
Disney character appearances
Recovery Zone including padded stretching area, self-treatment and first aid station and massages available for purchase (first-come, first-serve)
Disney catered post-race brunch
| twenty six |
The number followed by .14159, fully known as pi, used to calculate the circumference and area of a circle? | When It Comes to Marathons, Half May Be Better Than Whole - The New York Times
The New York Times
Fashion & Style |Sometimes Half Is Better Than Whole
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Sometimes Half Is Better Than Whole
By JOHN HANC
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WHAT comes after a marathon boom? Perhaps a half-marathon boom.
Half-marathons — races of 13.1 miles — have been growing in the last five years, partly due to an influx of newer runners who consider the half a friendlier challenge than the marathon, which became a “must do” for thousands (many who hadn’t laced up a running shoe in years, or ever) after Oprah completed one in 1994. Half-marathon training is neither as hard nor as all-consuming as marathon training can be. There is less chance of injury. Recovery is faster.
But those in the running community say there is another reason the distance is catching on: veteran runners who completed multiple quests for marathon glory no longer see 13.1 miles as just a point along the journey.
“A lot of people have checked the marathon off their ‘life list,’ ” said Ryan Lamppa, a spokesman for Running USA, a nonprofit organization in Santa Barbara, Calif., that tracks trends in running. “But they don’t want running out of their lives.”
According to Running USA, the 13.1 mile half-marathon is the fastest-growing distance in the sport. In 2007, there were over 500 half-marathon events and an estimated 650,000 finishers; a 10 percent increase from 2006. It was the second year in a row that the number of finishers and events increased by 10 percent and the fifth consecutive year that the distance has registered significant growth.
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Participation in full marathons grew last year, too, but at a lower rate, 2.4 percent.
Mary Wittenberg, the president of the New York Road Runners, which organizes the New York City Marathon and Half-Marathon, said that in the next few years, the half could reach the stature and even the size of the marathon, which counted 38,607 finishers last year.
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“We believe the half-marathon is the new hot distance,” she said. “With the right course, the New York City Half could be as big or bigger than the marathon.”
The 2008 edition of the 13.1-mile race takes place on Sunday. Nineteen thousand people (1,700 more than last year) applied for 14,000 slots in the three-year-old event, which begins in Central Park before heading south to Times Square, then down the West Side Highway to finish on Wall Street.
Achieving marathon-level success with the New York City Half-Marathon will require changes, Ms. Wittenberg said. The six-mile loop in the park causes congestion as faster runners overtake the back-of-the-packers, while making it impossible to have an elite wheelchair competition, a popular feature of the full. Also, a new date needs to be found, away from the heat of midsummer. “We’re working with the city on that,” she said. “Maybe late March, early April.”
Clearly, what makes the half-marathon attractive is that it takes a lot less time and energy than a full. Even with the minimal less-is-more marathon programs now in vogue, participants still need to build up to long conditioning runs of at least 20 miles before tackling the 26.2-mile marathon distance on race day. A half-marathon, by contrast, can be completed by most people with a weekly long run of no more than 10 or 11 miles.
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Credit Courtesy of Asiphoto.com/ING Miami Marathon and Half Marathon
“The half-marathon gives you almost all of the satisfaction and achievement of the marathon and far less than half of the aches and pains and fatigue,” said Jeff Galloway, a 1972 Olympian who is now a popular marathon coach and the author of a best-selling book on running.
Mr. Galloway says he receives about 100 e-mail messages a day from runners asking for training advice; he also holds 250 clinics a year. The half-marathon is the biggest topic these days, he said.
He has identified three segments making up his clientele and advice-seekers. About 20 percent, he estimates, do the half-marathon as a steppingstone to the full, something half-marathons have traditionally been known for. Twice that number, about 40 percent, want to focus only on the half, with no interest in the full marathon. Another 40 percent are “people who used to run just full marathons, but are now primarily doing halves.”
Linda Ottaviano of Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., falls into the last category. She started running in the early 1990s to help her get in shape; along the way, she became taken with the mystique of the marathon. Over a decade, she finished 12 marathons, the last when she was 50, and completed the 2005 Steamtown Marathon in Scranton, Pa., in just under 3 hours, 30 minutes.
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When she crossed the finish line, she decided she was finished with marathons. “I felt I had accomplished what I had set out to,” she said. And, “I was starting to wonder just how good it was for my body.” Half-marathon training, she said, keeps her plenty fit and allows her to be competitive. “I just feel I’m a little more balanced now without the marathon training.”
The migration of runners like Ms. Ottaviano to the half is what gives Amby Burfoot, a Runner’s World editor-at-large and 1968 Boston Marathon winner, reason to believe that the distance has carved out a “niche of serious respectability.”
Among competitive marathoners, the half “might previously have been seen as a race for wimps,” he said. “Now it’s viewed as a real challenge on its own, so runners are more likely to feel content tackling it instead of the full marathon.”
This despite the fact that unlike the marathon, the half is not an Olympic distance; nor can it claim a heritage steeped in Greek lore. Its name has been an issue too — running “half” of something doesn’t sound too impressive around the water cooler.
When the US Road Sports & Entertainment Group, a Dallas company that produces endurance events, last month announced a series of 13.1-mile races, the words “half marathon” were conspicuously absent. Instead, the four-race series — which starts in Ft. Lauderdale on Nov. 16 — is called “13.1 Marathon.”
Robert Pozo, the executive director for the series, said he was inspired by the World Triathlon Corporation, which organizes the Ironman Triathlon and in 2006 began half Ironman-distance events called the Ironman 70.3 Series (referring to the total miles that competitors swim, bike and run).
Mr. Pozo and his colleagues have even come up with an informal slogan: “13.1 Miles: It isn’t half of anything.”
A version of this article appears in print on , on Page G6 of the New York edition with the headline: Sometimes Half Is Better Than Whole. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
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"""The Lord is My Shepherd..."" psalm number?" | Psalm 23: The Lord is My Shepherd | PurposeCity
Psalm 23: The Lord is My Shepherd
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There is a famous psalm written by David that, if written in today, would be Christian music’s number one hit – a multi-platinum recording. It is Psalm 23 and perhaps you have heard of it’s lyrics? There can be no question that this song beautifully expresses the goodness of trusting in a personal shepherd. But, I understand that a shepherd probably holds very little weight for those of us in a busy city or even a quiet suburban town. So, let’s modernize this reference that David, and later Jesus, used. Instead of calling the main character a good shepherd, lets exchange it for the word ‘bodyguard.’ The idea of a constant protector is what David was communicating and David, a once shepherd-boy turned mighty king, understood the importance in taking care of helpless animals. David also knew that the Lord was faithful in providing and watching over him.
Can we echo this response when we find ourselves running or hiding in metaphorical caves? Can we echo this when we feel forgotten or lost? Hopefully, we aren’t only proclaiming the following words found in Psalm 23 when life is working in our favor. For the truth is, these words can produce the most power in our lives when we feel the very weakest. Let’s take a look at each well chosen lyric to further understand David’s words to God:
The Lord is my shepherd, I lack nothing.
He makes me lie down in green pastures,
he leads me beside quiet waters,
he refreshes my soul.
Surely your goodness and love will follow me
all the days of my life,
and I will dwell in the house of the Lord
There is truly so much wisdom to be gained from these verses, especially when we attempt to discover God in our lowest of moments, calling Him our forever Lord. Below, let’s look at just the first half of verse one, dissecting what David felt:
THE
Notice that David begins by saying that the Lord is His shepherd. He is emphasizing the word “THE” because He is well aware that there is no one else but God who can protect him from life’s snares and pitfalls. Do we truly live this way? Do we camouflage this protection with other things that bring about a false sense of security? Truly, God is THE only thing that can bring about comfort and peace. Can we call Him the one and only thing that we need?
LORD
Next, David chooses the title for God Almighty as “LORD,” which means master or owner. While David could have chosen many adjectives to describe the God he knew intimately, he chose to call Him Master. I immediately think of a subject serving a King when I hear this title and I truly believe that this was the reverence and honor that David was broadcasting in this opening line. How can we make God our Lord? While we often call Him Savior and Lord, Savior implies that we can do nothing but admit He saved us undeservingly from our sins, but Lord requires action on our behalf. We must place God in the highest position of our lives at all times, surrendering to Him as Lord like David did. How can we begin to make God our Lord each and every day?
IS
David didn’t stop there. David continues by clearly communicating that THE one and only LORD, master and owner of his soul, IS. This word IS implies a present tense. David is not saying he remembers God was his provider when he felt God’s direction more clearly. Instead, the Lord IS, which means currently. God is always present and personally with us just like a bodyguard protecting a celebrity from crazy fans. Sometimes we may feel like we need a constant hand to hold when life is pulling us in a thousand directions, while other times we may feel invisible, looking for His hand to grasp us tightly. David was vocal in the moments when he felt forsaken by God, yet He never ceased to praise an ever present Lord… even when He couldn’t feel God’s presence. David believed God was always there. How can we acknowledge God’s presence in our lives regardless of our circumstances or emotions?
MY
The next word is MY, which is very personal. MY house, or MY children, implies it is yours to claim. The Lord was David’s personal claim. This cannot come without a solid relationship. Yes, relationships go through highs and lows, but knowing that a relationship is yours, much like a marriage, can bring a sense of forever commitment which brings about true joy. Do you call Jesus yours?
SHEPHERD
David uses a word we often lack connection with, which is the word SHEPHERD. A shepherd has a responsibility and obligation to care for animals who would otherwise roam without guidance. We are the sheep. We can easily be led astray and we need someone to direct us. David saw himself in this manner; wouldn’t you also admit this to be true in your own life?
I’d like to close by putting some thought into the nature of a sheep, so that the real attention can be placed solely on the importance of a shepherd. I am assuming you haven’t spent much time with sheep recently, so I went to this website called Sheep101 (yes, there is such a thing) and this is what I learned,
“Sheep have a strong instinct to follow the sheep in front of them. When one sheep decides to go somewhere, the rest of the flock usually follows, even if it is not a good decision. For example, sheep will follow each other to slaughter. If one sheep jumps over a cliff, the others are likely to follow. Even from birth, lambs are conditioned to follow the older members of the flock. This instinct is ‘hard-wired’ into sheep. It’s not something they think about.”
I can now further identity with my sheep-like nature, can’t you? I can find myself listening to others instead of listening to what God has to say about me. I then end up following mere men instead of following God’s perfect plan. If you are any thing like me, you have once or twice blindly wandered somewhere you’d never thought you’d be because you forgot to seek true wisdom. If not for the grace of God, I could follow my flesh and others around me, right until the end of my time. I am very akin to a sheep. Thus, I am forever thankful for a loving shepherd who leads me in the right direction. I believe that David hand selected these wonderful words, “the Lord is my shepherd” to remind himself of God’s goodness. Will you also proclaim this promising song over your life today?
jrzgrl
At worship yesterday we were asked what can God do to make us happy. As I pondered the question this morning Psalm 23 came to mind. David gives us/me the answer: I shall not want for anything for the LORD IS MY SHEPARD.After reading the psalm, I found your site, beautifully written. Please continue with the remainder of the psalm.
tkhk3746
Everyone’s interpretation of this Psalm is probably a bit different. However, since my dad went home to be with the Lord eight months ago, I awoke one morning realizing I had been dreaming about this Psalm that someone was reading it to me in my dream.
I then realized it was my dad’s voice. This Psalm has taken on a new meaning to me. I read it daily realizing that this verse really is your reward in heaven. Once you are with the Lord, He really IS your daily shepherd. You have No want in heaven. I can imagine the beautiful heavenly green pastures you can lie down in…and the beautiful crystal clear water still waters in Heaven….and I know once we are in the presence of the Lord our souls are restored. When you are in heaven, every path is righteous for his name sake. WHEN you walk through the shadow of death, I know my dad did not fear any evil b/c his angel and the lord was with him. His cup now runneth over for eternity and God’s mercy and goodness will be with him for all the days of his heavenly life….and he REALLY IS dwelling in the House of the Lord forever!
Jonathan Cates
My dad will have went home to be with our Lord and Savior for 2 years in July. While he was laying at home he mentioned seeing his sister, who had passed on a few years before him, in the room that my step mom put him in and one day he said to them that he saw her come in and start cleaning his room. Some people thought he was joking, he use to be a sort of a funny man and joke all the time, but he had this look of confusion (I really can not explain the look but please excuse me if I give a poor description of it), joy, and peacefulness while he told my wife and I the story. Some said it was the medicine making him see things that it was the lady who was watching him or the nurse. It upset him if I remember right, its been a while since it happen, so please bare with me . He said I am not imagining things, I know what I seen! I believed him, something came over me – I guess you could say a feeling and then with the way he looked made me a believer, then he said she would sit down and talk with him about things. He really never told us what they talked about, but I told him to please tell her that I love and miss her, I was trying in my own way to tell him I believe him whole heartedly.
Well on the way home that night, I had this weird feeling I should have not said that and then again a dream that I do not remember but I do remember waking up thinking that she was not there for me, she was there to comfort my dad. So when my wife and I went to see him again I waited until he and I was alone and I asked if he remembered what I said about telling his sister hey and that I miss and love her – to please do not because she was not here for me but here for him and I was sorry for asking him to do that.
After that his Home Hospice Nurse was with him one day when he asked her a question. When we came over she started telling us about it – She was reading a book while watching him and he had this look again come over his face and she asked him what was wrong, he said can you see it, and she asked him can I see what? Then he pointed up towards the ceiling and the corner of the walls where all three met and said that beautiful light! She said I do not see anything, but describe it to me. So he started telling her it was such a beautiful bright white light, so beautiful he had never seen anything like it before and asked her what was it, she said to him, it is heaven and this part I can not remember for sure if it was said but my memory says it did – but he asked her how do I get there and she said that you will be there soon enough. That’s all I can remember about that and the other things I rather keep to my self. But while he was being treated from Hospice, the medicine started not to work because of the other medicine he was taking was making it not work, so they had to transfer him to the Hospice house, which hurt us because he wanted to be at home when he passed but we all understood, so they could give him stronger medicine. to control his pain, while there he kept hanging on. I would go and see him and prasilently over him and talk softly to him and then just lay my hand over andhold his hand. Then one day, I felt something tell me to bring my bible so I did. While my wife and my step- mom where talking, I sat beside him and started reading Psalm 23:1-6 as if he were reading it himself. Trying to comfort him and afterwards I told him softly that we will be ok, that we did not want to see hhim continue hurting, that Jesus is there and will take all his pain away. After that his breathing changed and went more up into his chest and my wife and steo-mom stood up behind me and behind my dad . And then he slowly took his last breath and went home to be with Jesus. I was upset and crying, but I felt so much at peace for I knew he was with Christ without pain and no longer suffering. Later on, I was thinking about Psalms 23 – that was written by King David to help show us God is always with us and never leaving our side. Please do not think in any way I told this story to make it about me in any way, because its not and never will be. It is about how Gods Word can soothe and relax a person who is scared of letting go because he loves his family- his entire family!, that he was having such a hard time letting go and was willing to suffer for all his kids and his wife. And with him hearing that we would be okay and the comforting words of God, was all he needed to put him at ease. I love Psalm 23 and when you break it down it clearly states never be afraid for I Am (Christ Jesus) here with you and I will never let you go. I Am Always Here With You!! and as you stated my friend above He is dwelling in the House of the Lord Forever!!!
So thank you tkhk 3746 for reminding me of that and the importance of Psalm 23 and how we should share it to comfort all who are both Suffering and Grieving to remind them Gods Glory is forever, seek your peace in that.
Quell Davis
| twenty three |
American Presidents assassinated in office? | The Shepherd Psalm | Psalm 23 | RayStedman.org
The Shepherd Psalm
Read the Scripture: Psalm 23
Psalm 23
1 The LORD is my shepherd, I shall not be in want.
2 He makes me lie down in green pastures,
he leads me beside quiet waters,
3 he restores my soul.
He guides me in paths of righteousness
for his name's sake.
4 Even though I walk
through the valley of the shadow of death,
I will fear no evil,
for you are with me;
your rod and your staff,
they comfort me.
5 You prepare a table before me
in the presence of my enemies.
You anoint my head with oil;
my cup overflows.
6 Surely goodness and love will follow me
all the days of my life,
and I will dwell in the house of the LORD
forever.
New International Version
I memorized the twenty-third psalm when I was a small child, but I have never had an opportunity to study it in detail. It has been a wonderful experience for me this past week to look through this familiar psalm and to have the Lord speak to me again out of this passage. It is a great psalm, one I am sure you have turned to many times in periods of trial. It ministers to our deepest spiritual needs.
This, of course, is a psalm of David. We know something of the circumstances of its composition. In the fifteenth chapter of Second Samuel there is recorded the instance in David's life when his own son rebelled against him and toppled him from the throne. David was forced to flee into the Judean wilderness with his family and servants, and for a period of time he was unable to reclaim his throne. His life was in jeopardy and he was hunted and hounded for a number of months. Perhaps, because so much of his early life had been spent as a shepherd in that same wilderness, the circumstances recalled his shepherd life. The images in this psalm are drawn right out of his experience as a young shepherd.
This is a psalm for people who, like David, are experiencing a major upheaval in their life. Perhaps you too have children who are rebelling, or your home is in turmoil, or some long-standing relationship in your life is breaking up. This psalm is written for you. It is a psalm for people who are shaken and in turmoil.
David begins with a statement of the theme of the entire passage:
The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want; (Psalms 23:1 RSV)
Because the Lord is my shepherd, I do not lack anything. He satisfies my needs. That is the place to which God wants to bring us. He wants us to be independently dependent upon him, to need him alone. It struck me as I was studying this psalm that there are really only two options in life. If the Lord is my shepherd, then I shall not want; but if I am in want, then it is obvious that the Lord is not my shepherd. It is that simple. If there is emptiness and loneliness and despair and frustration in our lives, then the Lord is not our shepherd. Or, if anyone or anything else is shepherding us, we are never satisfied. If our vocation shepherds us, then there is restlessness and feverish activity and frustration. If education is our shepherd, then we are constantly being disillusioned. If another person is our shepherd, we are always disappointed and ultimately we are left empty. If dope is our shepherd, as one rock artist said recently, then "we are wasted". But if the Lord is our shepherd, David says, we shall not want.
It occurs to me that if Jehovah is to be our shepherd, then we have to begin by recognizing that we are sheep. I don't like that analogy, frankly, because I don't like sheep. I come by my dislike honestly. I used to raise sheep. In high school I was in the 4-H club, and I had a herd of sheep and goats. Now goats I can abide, because they may be obnoxious, but at least they're smart. Sheep are, beyond question, the most stupid animals on the face of the earth. They are dumb and they are dirty and they are timid and defenseless and helpless. Mine were always getting lost and hurt and snake-bitten. They literally do not know enough to come in out of the rain. I look back on my shepherding days with a great deal of disgust. Sheep are miserable creatures.
And then to have God tell me that I am one! That hurts my feelings. But if I am really honest with myself I know it is true. I know that I lack wisdom and strength. I'm inclined to be self-destructive. As the song says, "I'm prone to wander." Isaiah said it best: "We are all like sheep who have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way," Isaiah 53:6). I know my tendency toward self-indulgent individualism, going my own way and doing my own thing. That's me. I'm a sheep. And if Jesus Christ is to be my shepherd, I have to admit that I need one. It is difficult, but that is where we must start. Once we admit that need we discover the truth of what David is saying. We shall not want.
In this psalm David enumerates the ways in which the Good Shepherd meets our needs. The first is found in Verse 2 and part of Verse 3:
he makes me lie down in green pastures.
He leads me beside still waters;
he restores my soul. (Psalms 23:2-3a RSV)
The first thing he does is to meet the needs of the inner man, the basic needs that we have for nourishment within. The basic needs of a flock of sheep are grass and water. Here is the very picturesque scene of sheep bedded down in grassy meadows, having eaten their fill and now totally satisfied, and then being led by still waters. Sheep are afraid of running water; they will drink only from a quiet pool. A good shepherd, particularly in a semi-arid region such as Palestine, knows where the watering holes are. He knows where the grassy meadows are. And so he leads the sheep into places where they can rest and feed, and where they can drink. The picture is one of calm and tranquility, because the basic needs of the sheep are met.
The counterpart in our lives is obvious. It is God who restores the inner man through his word. As we feed upon the word of God we see the Lord Jesus there. We draw upon him and our inner man is satisfied. Jesus uses the same figure in John 6:
"Do not labor for the food which perishes, but for the food which endures to eternal life, which the Son of man will give to you; for on him has God the Father set his seal." Then they said to him, "What must we do to be doing the works of God?" Jesus answered them, "This is the work of God, that you believe in him whom he has sent." So they said to him, "Then what sign do you do, that we may see, and believe you? What work do you perform? Our fathers ate the manna in the wilderness; as it is written, 'He gave them bread from heaven to eat.'" Jesus then said to them, "Truly, truly, I say to you, it was not Moses who gave you the bread from heaven; my Father gives you the true bread from heaven. For the bread of God is that which comes down from heaven, and gives life to the world." They said to him, "Lord, give us this bread always."
Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me shall not hunger, and he who believes in me shall never thirst." (John 6:27-35 RSV)
The Word of God does this for us. It brings us, first, to the person of Christ. "Beyond the sacred page," the hymn says, "we see thee, Lord." We see him, and we eat and drink of him, and we discover him to be the resource that we need. As Paul says, "Though the outward man perishes, the inward man is renewed day by day," (2 Corinthians 4:15 KJV). Our souls are restored. How? As we feed upon him. As we come to know him, believe what he says, and act on his word, we discover that the inner man is fed.
I have a Bible study Wednesday nights in a fraternity house at Stanford. Our basic assumption there is that the Bible is the authority. No one really teaches the class; we simply open up the Word and the men in the group make observations. Last Wednesday night a student from Austria sat in with us, a fine young law student who is traveling in this country and is visiting Stanford for a few weeks. He shared some of his thinking with us and made a real contribution to the group. Afterward, as we were leaving, he made this comment: "I'm so thankful I could be here tonight, because I discovered that you men have found direct access to God through this book."
Have you discovered that access? In times of deep, dire need, when we cast about for help, it is no farther away than God's word. Everything we need to nourish the inner man is right there. As Peter says, "In Christ all things are given unto us that pertain to life and godliness," (2 Peter 1:3). Everything we need which relates to life and to living godly lives in the world is available in him. I wonder if we are employing that resource.
The second thing the Good Shepherd does is to give direction in life:
He leads me in paths of righteousness
for his name's sake. (Psalms 23:3b RSV)
Or, as the margin indicates, "he leads me in right paths." The Hebrew word translated "paths" means "a well-defined, well-worn trail." That indicates again how stupid sheep are, because even when the trail is well laid out, they still need a shepherd. They are still inclined to wander away, no matter how obvious the path may be. The shepherd knows the trails. He has been there before, and the sheep trust him.
I think the most anxiety-producing factor in the world today is uncertainty about the future. What is going to happen tomorrow, and the next day? There are decisions we must make which bear, not only upon our own lives, but upon the lives of everyone with whom we are associated. My life touches my family and my neighbors and my business associates; so does yours. We are constantly making decisions. How do we know that we are making the right ones? Decisions can be crucial, and frustrating!
There is the classic story about a man undergoing basic training in the army. He was pulling KP and was given the assignment of sorting potatoes. There was a huge mound of them and the mess sergeant told him to put all the bad ones in one bin, and all the good ones in the other bin. He came back about two hours later to find the man just looking at one potato. There was nothing in the bins. The sergeant said, "What's the matter, don't you like the work?" The soldier said, "It's not the work; it's the decisions that are killing me."
I often feel that way and I know you do too. We have to make countless decisions, day after day, which touch the lives of our children and our wives and husbands. We need wisdom. We need a shepherd. We need someone who knows the trails, someone whom we can trust. There is a young man who left Stanford this quarter, and who is on his way to Tibet to live in a monastery for a year, because of a small decision that he made last quarter. It has affected his whole life. None of us know if he will ever come back to Christ. He made a wrong decision and it affected his life dramatically.
We all need a decisive word from someone who knows the way. Now, the Lord knows the way. But the question arises -- "How can I discover his will for my life?" May I suggest these steps:
First, submit wholeheartedly to the leadership of the shepherd. That is the basic attitude we must maintain. Unless we are willing to admit that we don't know the way through the wilderness, and to submit to his leadership, we will never find the way.
Jesus said, "If the eye is single, then the whole body will be full of light. If the eye is dual (or evil), how great is that darkness," Luke 11:34). He is saying, in a very picturesque way, that if our eye is fastened on Jesus Christ, if our eye is single, then our whole body will be full of light. We will know what to do. We will know the truth, and we'll act on it. We'll have understanding and wisdom. But if we have one eye on Christ, and the other on the world or on our circumstances or our boyfriend or girlfriend or whatever, if the eye is dual, how great is that darkness! We never know where we are to go. We will have no sense of direction, and will wander in darkness.
We have to be willing to submit wholeheartedly to the leadership of the shepherd. We must be willing to say, "I'll go anywhere. I'll do anything. I'll be anything. I'll carry any load, live anyplace you want me to live, do anything you want me to do." Once we're willing to say that, then God can reveal his will. Paul said it another way: "...present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship...and you will know what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God," (Romans 12:1b-2 RSV).
The second thing we must do is to obey what we know now to be God's will for us. Probably 95% of God's will is already revealed in his Word. We have to begin by obeying the truth that we have. If we are disobedient to our parents, we cannot expect God to give us wisdom concerning our next step. If we are not raising our children in the nurture and admonition of Christ, we cannot expect God to direct us. If we as men are not loving our wives as Christ loved the church, the Lord will not reveal more of his will. If you wives are not in submission to your husbands, God's leadership will not come to you. But when we obey the 95% of the truth that we have, then the 5% that is indefinite simply follows along as a matter of course.
Now, that does not mean that we have to be sinless, because who of us is? But it does mean we have to be willing to face and put away sin as God points it out to us. If we are willing to be brought into conformity to Jesus Christ in every area of our life, and we are allowing him freedom to work, then he will reveal more truth to us. But he won't if we are consciously holding out, and defending sin. He reveals additional truth only to men and women with open, obedient hearts.
But what about other areas of life where the Scriptures do not give specific information? There we are led through the peace of God. As we spend time in prayer and waiting upon God there comes the sense of peace, an inner conviction, about the correctness of a certain direction. The peace of God will umpire in our life and will let us know what to do. I have discovered that we can trust that peace. When we move out on the basis of it we discover that God supports and undergirds our actions and, through confirming circumstances, further strengthens our sense of peace.
Now, having stepped out in faith, we sometimes discover that things don't work out as we had anticipated. But even at that point we can't second-guess God. We cannot say that he did not give us wisdom. James says, "If anyone lacks wisdom let him ask of God, who gives to all men liberally." We can believe that his wisdom will be given. There is often a tendency to second-guess ourselves and to think that perhaps we missed God's will if things don't go as we had planned. But God wants us to know his will even more than we do. He is not trying to play games with us. He is not trying to be obscure and to hide the truth from us. He wants us to know! And as we step out on the basis of his peace, we can believe that this is the direction God wants us to go.
In a small way I have been tempted to second-guess myself in a decision I had to make a few weeks back. My Volkswagen was totally wrecked in an accident and I had to replace it. The insurance company gave me a generous settlement and I went out to purchase another car. I didn't want to spend much time because I didn't have any. In the newspapers about 40 Volkswagens were advertised for sale. I knew that I couldn't look at every one, and so my wife, Carolyn, and I prayed together, "Lord, we've got to find a car. It's your car, and so we're not going to worry about it; please lead us to the right situation."
After looking at half-a-dozen or so, we finally settled on one. It seemed good. I'm not much of a mechanic but I kicked the tires and slammed the doors and it seemed all right to me. I talked to the owner. He seemed ethical and claimed he'd just rebuilt the engine. So I bought the car and brought it home. Now we've discovered that it has a lot of problems. It's using oil, and a number of other things are wrong. It's going to cost money to fix it up. My first thought was, "Oops, the Lord led me astray." But then I had to remember that we prayed for wisdom, and James says if we pray for wisdom we'll receive it. We acted on that promise when we bought the car. I don't know what God has in store for me in this matter, but I know that car is God's will for my life, right now.
That is what I mean by confidence in God's ability to lead us. David says that he will lead us in the right path. That is a promise! And he does this for his name's sake. It isn't our name which is at stake, it is his name. It's his character, his reputation that is at stake. He has promised to give us wisdom. I believe that; I act. You believe it; you act. And it has to be true. God must fulfill his promise, otherwise his own reputation is impugned. His name is Faithful, and he has promised that he will lead us in the right paths. To me that is a tremendous source of encouragement. I know that the decisions I make today and tomorrow, as I walk under his shepherding, will be correct. Even though the events which follow may not necessarily be all that I expect, the decisions will be right. That is his promise, and we can count on it.
The third thing David says that a good shepherd does is to provide protection:
Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death,
I fear no evil;
for thou art with me;
thy rod and thy staff,
they comfort me. (Psalms 23:4 RSV)
This again is a very picturesque scene. The shepherd is leading the sheep back home at evening. As they go down through a narrow gorge the long shadows lie across the trail. In the Hebrew this is a "valley of deep shadows". The sheep, because they are so timid and defenseless, are frightened by their experience. But they trust the shepherd, and therefore they are comforted. They will fear no evil, because the shepherd is with them. We are reminded of the Lord's words quoted in the book of Hebrews "I will never leave you nor forsake you," Hebrews13:5). Hence we can confidently say, "The Lord is my helper; I will not fear what man can do to me," Hebrews13:6). I do not know what your experience has been, but whenever I'm in a situation like this, when there is a great deal of pressure, I begin to wonder if the Lord hasn't abandoned me. But he says he never leaves us, never forsakes us. He is always there. Therefore we have no reason to fear. That is a great comfort.
And then David writes, "Your rod and staff comfort me." The rod was a club which was used to drive off wild animals. It was never used on the sheep but was a heavy instrument used to protect the sheep from marauding predators. The staff was a slender pole with a little crook on the end. It was used to aid the sheep. The crook could be hooked around the leg of a sheep to pull him from harm. Or it could be used as an instrument to direct, and occasionally to discipline the sheep, with taps on the side of the body.
Understanding how the shepherd tends his sheep has helped me so much in understanding the character of God. When I go wandering away he doesn't say, "There goes that stupid sheep, Dave Roper!" and -- WHAP! down comes that big club! No. His attitude is, "Well, there's Dave, wandering away again. How can I help him? How can I move in to bring him back into line? How can I comfort him, and supply what he needs?" He may have to discipline, but he always does it in love. He reproves, corrects, encourages, and instructs in righteousness, dealing with us firmly and gently.
The rod and staff are also used against the two greatest enemies we have to face. The rod is for the enemy without, Satan, who is working through the world system to destroy us. Jesus said, "He is a liar and a murderer." He's out to devour us, and so the Lord uses the club on him. But the other enemy is me, the enemy within. In the immortal words of Pogo, "We have met the enemy, and he is us." I know that. The shepherd's staff is used to chasten, and to subdue the enemy within. But the confidence he gives is that I have nothing to fear, either from the enemy without, or from the enemy within.
In Verses 5 and 6 David changes the metaphor a bit -- from the good shepherd to the gracious host:
Thou preparest a table before me
in the presence of my enemies;
thou anointest my head with oil,
my cup overflows.
Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me
all the days of my life;
and I shall dwell in the house of the Lord
for ever. (Psalms 23:5-6 RSV)
Jehovah spreads a sumptuous meal before him, a great banquet, in the presence of his enemies. This figure encompasses all the figures David has used before. That God feeds and provides, leads and protects, is all bound up in this symbol of a gracious host.
Interestingly enough, this figure grows right out of the historical situation in which David wrote. When David was driven into the wilderness by his son's rebellion he found himself out in the desert, hungry and weary, his army in disarray. As recorded in Second Samuel 17, three men who were not even Israelites, Shobi, Machir, and Barzillai,
...brought beds, basins[so they could wash and refresh themselves], and earthen vessels, wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans and lentils, honey and curds and sheep and cheese from the herd, for David and the people with him to eat; for they said, "The people are hungry and thirsty in the wilderness." (2 Sam 17:28-29)
David saw in this that God, as a gracious host, was preparing a table before him in the presence of his enemies. Paul said it this way: "My God will supply all of your needs according to his riches in glory by Christ Jesus," (Philippians 4:19 RSV).
A final note is that the word "follow," in Verse 6, literally means "pursue". David says that God's goodness and mercy shall pursue him, in contrast to the pursuit of his enemies who are out to dethrone and destroy him. David's desire was to go back to the tabernacle and to worship there. God's mercy and kindness ought to evoke the same response from us. We worship, not in a tabernacle, but, as Jesus said, "in spirit and in truth," (John 4:24). We worship in the inner man, where God dwells. When we see that the Good Shepherd does feed us and does lead us and does protect us, our response ought to be worship -- a recognition of all that Jehovah is, a word of thanks for what he has done, and the statement, "Here is more of myself for you to put to your intended purpose." That is true worship.
Prayer:
Our Father, we realize that the only reasonable act of worship is for us to present our bodies as a living sacrifice. It is the only response we can make to your goodness. You are the Good Shepherd. You are utterly trustworthy. We discover that you do feed us continually, you do lead us, you do guard us and protect us, and we want to say thank you this morning for that. We want to say again that our bodies are yours to fill and use. This is the only reasonable thing that we can do. We thank you for all that you are to us, in Jesus' name, Amen.
Title:
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Old Chinese method of counting on one hand, up to this number, using the thumb to touch the tip and three joints of each finger? | List of gestures - The Full Wiki
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Further information: Gesture
People often use gestures during heated or tense arguments , such as at this political demonstration .
Gestures are a form on nonverbal communication in which visible bodily actions are used to communicate particular messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel with spoken words. [1] Gestures include movement of the hands , face , or other parts of the body . Physical non-verbal communication such as purely expressive displays, proxemics , or displays of joint attention differ from gestures, which communicate specific messages. [1] Gestures are culture-specific and can convey very different meanings in different social or cultural settings. [2] Although some gestures, such as the ubiquitous act of pointing, differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings but connote specific meanings in particular cultures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive. [3]
This list includes links to Wikipedia pages that discuss particular gestures, as well as short descriptions of some gestures that do not have their own page.
Contents
5 See also
Single hand gestures
A-ok or Okay , made by connecting the thumb and forefinger in to a circle and holding the other fingers straight, may signal the word okay . The same gesture is offensive in parts of middle and southern Europe .
Abhayamudra is a Hindu Mudra or gesture of reassurance and safety.
Beckoning sign. In North America or Northern Europe a beckoning sign is made with the index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here." [4] In Northern Africa (Maghreb), calling someone is done using the full hand. [5] In several Asian and European countries, a beckoning sign is made with a scratching motion with all four fingers and with the palm down. [6] In Japan the palm faces the recipient with the hand at head's height. [7]
Pollice Verso by Jean-Léon Gérôme .
Pollice verso was a gesture used in Ancient Rome to pass judgment on gladiators by raising or lowering one's thumb.
Raised fist is a salute and logo most often used by leftist activists.
Roman salute is a salute made by a small group of people holding their arms outward with finger tips touching. It was adopted by the Italian Facist part and likely inspired the Hitler salute.
Salute refers to a number of gestures used to display respect, especially among armed forces .
Scout handshake is a left-handed handshake used as a greeting among members of various Scouting organizations.
Shaka sign consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger upward. It is used as a gesture of friendship in Hawaii .
Shocker is a hand gesture with a sexual connotation. The ring finger and thumb are curled or bent down while the other fingers are extended.
Sic 'em Bears is the yell and hand gesture used to support Baylor University athletics. The gesture is made by raising both hands and curling the fingers to resemble a bear 's claws.
Sign of the horns is a hand gesture with a vulgar meaning in some Mediterranean countries, made by extending the index and pinky finger straight upward.
Talk to the hand is an English language slang expression of contempt popular during the 1990s. The associated hand gesture consists of extending a palm toward the person insulted.
Telephone . Thumb and pinky outstretched, other fingers tight against palm. Thumb to ear and pinky to mouth as though they were a telephone receiver. Used to say, "I'll call you," or may be used to request a future telephone conversation or to tell someone of a call. [13]
Three-finger salute (Serbian) is a salute used by ethnic Serbs , made by extending the thumb, index, and middle fingers.
Thumbs Up or Thumbs Down are common gestures of approval or disapproval made by extending the thumb upward or downward.
Two-finger salute is a salute made using the middle and index fingers. It is used by Polish Armed Forces and by Cub Scouts .
United Macedonia salute is a salute used by some nationalist Ethnic Macedonians . It resembles the A-Ok gesture.
V sign is made by raising the index and middle fingers and separating them to form a V. With the back of the hand facing outwards this is an offensive gesture in the United Kingdom . With the palm facing outwards this sign began to be used during World War II to indicate "V for Victory". In the United States it is used to mean "peace".[citation needed]
Varadamudra is a mudra for dispensing boons. It is made with all fingers of the left hand pointing downward.
Vulcan salute was used in the television program Star Trek . It consists of all fingers raised and parted between the ring and middle fingers.
Wanker gesture is made by curling the fingers into a loose fist and moving the hand up and down as though masturbating . The gesture has the same meaning as the English slang insult, "wanker".
War Chant , also known as Tomahawk Chop, is used in cheering for various athletic teams, including All Blacks rugby, Atlanta Braves baseball, and the Florida State Seminoles . It is made by extending all fingers and moving the forearm in a chopping motion.
Waving
Wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a greeting or sign of departure. The gesture can be used to attract attention at a distance. Most commonly, though, the gesture means quite simply "hello" or "goodbye". [9] [14]
Two-hand gestures
Air quotes are made by raising both hands to eye level and flexing the index and middle fingers of both hands while speaking. Their meaning is similar to that of scare quotes in writing.
Añjali Mudrā is a sign of respect among yoga practitioners. It is made by pressing the palms together.
Applause is an expression of approval made by clapping the hands together to create noise.
Batsu. In Japanese culture , the batsu (literally: ×-mark) is a gesture made by crossing one's arms in the shape of an "X" in front of them in order to indicate that something is "wrong" or "no good". [15]
Bras d'honneur is an obscene gesture made by flexing one elbow while gripping the inside of the bent arm with the opposite hand.
Chironomia refers to the use of gestures to support oratory .
Gator Chomp displays support for University of Florida athletic teams. The gesture is made by extending both arms in front of the chest and clapping the hands horizontally.
Guns up is the slogan and accompanying gesture of Texas Tech University . The gesture is made by extending the index fingers and thumbs of both hands.
Hand-rubbing , rubbing both hands together, indicates that one feels cold.
Jazz hands are used in dance or other performances by displaying the palms of both hands with fingers splayed.
Time-out — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It is used by players to signal for a time out , or brief pause in play. In basketball , the gesture is additionally used by referees to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a technical foul .[citation needed]
Victory clasp is used to exclaim victory by clasping the hands together and shaking them to one's side.
Whatever - made with the thumb and forefinger of both hands, to form the letter “W”. Used to signal that something is not worth the time and energy. Popularized by the movie Clueless (film) . [16]
Gestures made with other body parts
Air kiss conveys meanings similar to kissing , but is performed without making bodily contact.
Anasyrma is performed by lifting the skirt or kilt. It is used in some religious rituals.
Biting one's thumb was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to " the finger " in modern terms. In William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet , Capulet's servant Sampson precipitates a brawl by biting his thumb at the Montague's servant Abraham (Act 1, Scene 1). [17] In the scene it appears that biting one's thumb in Verona is a non-verbal equivalent of fighting words . Sampson explains the meaning of the gesture to his companion Gregory, suggesting that the gesture could have been unfamiliar even to the original audience of the play. The play does not describe the gesture in detail, but in performances of the play it is often enacted by placing the thumb upright (as in a "thumbs up" sign) just behind the upper incisors, then flicking the thumb outward in the direction of person the gesture is meant to insult. The gesture implies cowardice, someone who would "take the fig". The gesture is also a traditional Sicilian insult meaning 'to hell with you'. [18]
Blowing a raspberry or Bronx cheer signifies derision by sticking out the tongue and blowing to create a sound similar to flatulence .
Bowing , lowering the torso or head, is a show of respect in many cultures.
Cheek kissing , pressing ones lips to another person's cheek, may show friendship or greeting.
Scout sign and salute refers to the use of the Three Finger Salute by Scout and Guide organizations.
Shush gesture is used to demand or request silence from those to whom it is directed. The index finger of one hand is extended, with the remaining fingers curled toward the palm with the thumb forming a fist. The index finger is placed vertically in front of the lips. [21]
Sign of the Cross , used in many Christian rituals, consists of drawing the shape of a cross over one's body or in the air.
Thai greeting , or wai, shows respect or reverence by pressing the palms together.
The "Cut-throat" or throat slash sign
Throat slash is made by moving one's finger across one's throat; the gesture imitates cutting a person's throat with a blade. The gesture indicates strong disapproval, extreme anger, or displeasure with others or with oneself. [9]
Thumbing the nose is a sign of derision in Britain made by putting your thumb on your nose and wiggling your fingers. [4] This gesture is also known as Anne's Fan or Queen Anne's Fan, [22] and is sometimes referred to as cocking a snook. [23]
Twisting the cheek. Thumb and forefinger are placed against the cheek, and a screwing motion, as if making a dimple, is made by twisting the wrist. In Italian culture this can mean "I see a pretty girl" or that something is delicious. In Germany the gesture can be used to suggest that someone is crazy. [4]
Zemnoy poklon or "Great bow" is used in some Eastern Orthodox Christian rituals. It consists of bowing deeply and lowering one's head to the ground.
References
^ a b Kendon, Adam. (2004) Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83525-9
^ Morris, Desmond, Collett, Peter, Marsh, Peter, O'Shaughnessy, Marie. (1979) Gestures, their origins and distribution. London: Cape. ISBN 0224015702
^ Kendon, Adam. (1994) "Human Gestures" In K.R. Gibson and T. Ingold (eds) Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ a b c McNeill, David (1992). Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
^ Strubbe, Kevin and Liesbeth Hobert (2009) Etiquette in Het Buitenland. Leuven : Van Halewijck.
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'The curse of Scotland' diamonds playing card? | ANTHROPOMETRY AND BIOMECHANICS
Figure 3.1.2-4 Anthropometric Landmarks of the Head and Face
Reference: 16 , p. III-81; NASA-STD-3000 263
Figure 3.1.2-5 Illustrative view of Body Segments and Planes of Segmentation
Plane Definitions
Head plane: A simple plane that passes through the right and left gonion points and nuchal.
Neck plane: A compound plane in which a horizontal plane originates at cervical and passes anteriorly to intersect with the second plane. The second plane originates at the lower of the two clavicle landmarks and passes superiorly at a45 degree angle to intersect the horizontal plane.
Thorax plane: A simple transverse plane that originates at the 10th rib midspine landmark and passes horizontally through the torso.
Abdominal plane: A simple transverse plane originating at the higher of the two illica crest landmarks and continuing horizontally through the torso.
Hip plane: A simple plane originating midsagittaly on the perineal surface and passing superiorly and laterally midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and trochanterion landmarks, paralleling the right and left inguinal ligaments.
Thigh flap plane: A simple plane originating at the gluteal furrow landmark and passing horizontally through the thigh.
Knee plane: A simple plane originating at the lateral femoral epicondyle and passing horizontally through the knee.
Ankle plane: A simple plane originating at the sphyrion landmark and passing horizontally through the ankle.
Shoulder plane: A simple plane originating at the acromion landmark and passing inferiorly and medially through the anterior and posterior scye point marks at the axillary level.
Elbow plane: A simple plane originating at the olecranon landmark and passing through the medial and lateral humeral epicondyle landmarks.
Wrist plane: A simple plane originating at the ulnar and radial styloid landmarks and passing through the wrist perpendicular to the long axis of the forearm.
Reference: 273 , p. 9-15; NASA-STD-3000 264
3.2 GENERAL ANTHROPOMETRICS & BIOMECHANICS RELATED DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
{A}
3.2.1 Anthropometric Database Design Considerations
{A}
The following are considerations that must be made when using and applying anthropometric data.
a. Percentile Range - Design and sizing of space modules should ensure accommodation, compatibility, operability, and maintainability by the user population. Generally, design limits are based on a range of the user population from the 5th percentile values for critical body dimensions, as appropriate. The use of this range will theoretically provide coverage for 90% of the user population for that dimension.
b. User Population Definition - Anthropometric data should be established form a survey of the actual user population. In the case of space programs, it is difficult to define the user population. Past space programs have involved a small, select, and easily defined group. As the space program expands, the user population will expand and change. With improved environmental controls, physical fitness will be a less important criterion. Skills and knowledge will be more of a factor in selection. International participation will also influence the character of the user population. In this document, the user population has not been defined. Data are provided for the 5th percentile Asian Japanese and the 95th percentile White or Black American male projected to the year 2000. This does not necessarily define the 5th and 95th percentile of the user population. The data in this document are meant only to provide information on the size ranges of people of the world. The Japanese female represents some of smaller people of the world and the American male some of the larger. Development of a predicted user population size range requires a statistical combination of an estimated mix of these data.
c. Misuse of the 50th Percentile - There is an erroneous tendency to consider the 50th percentile dimensional data as sufficient to accommodate the majority of users. This must not be done. The 50th percentile dimensions will accommodate only a narrow portion of the population, not a majority of the users. The full size range of users must be considered.
d. Summation of Segment Dimensions - Caution must be taken when combining body segment dimensions. The 95th percentile arm length, for instance, is not the addition of the 95th percentile shoulder-to-elbow length plus the 95th percentile elbow-to-hand length. The actual 95th percentile arm length will be somewhat less. The 95th percentile individual is not composed of 95th percentile segments. The same is true for any percentile individual.
(Refer to Reference 16 , p. VIII-5, for a more complete discussion of segment combinations).
e. Percentiles within a category of data are exclusive. For example, a person who is 5th percentile body size does not necessarily have 5th percentile reach or joint movement.
3.2.2 Application of Anthropometric Data Design Considerations
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Equipment, whether it be a workstation or clothing, must fit the user population. The user population will vary in size, and the equipment design must account for this range of sizes. There are three ways in which a design will fit the user:
a. Single Size For All - A single size may accommodate all members of the population. A workstation which has a switch located within the reach limit of the smallest person, for instance, will allow everyone to reach the switch.
b. Adjustment - The design can incorporate an adjustment capability. The most common example of this is the automobile seat.
c. Several Sizes - Several sizes of equipment may be required to accommodate the full population size-range. This is usually necessary for equipment or personal gear that must closely conform to the body such as clothing and space suits
All three situations require the designer to use anthropometric data.
3.2.3 Variability In Human Body Size Design Considerations
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3.2.3.1 Microgravity Effects Design Considerations
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The effects of weightlessness on human body size are summarized below and are discussed in greater detail in Figures 3.2.3.1-1 and 3.2.3.1-2 . The primary anthropometry effects of microgravity are as follows:
Figure 3.2.3.1-1 Anthropometric Changes in Weightlessness
Parameter
Immediate assumption of neutral body posture (see paragraph 3.3.4 )
Immediate assumption of neutral body posture (see paragraph 3.3.4 )
Rapid return to pre-mission posture.
Note: *Recovery day plus post mission days
Reference: 16 , Chapter 1; 208 , pp. 132-133; NASA-STD-3000 265
a. Height Increase - Stature increases approximately 3%. This is the result of spinal decompression and lengthening.
b. Neutral Body Posture - The relaxed body immediately assumes a characteristic neutral body posture.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.3.4 , Neutral Body Posture, for detailed information).
c. Body Circumference Changes - Body circumference changes occur in microgravity such as shown in Figure 3.2.3.1-2 . These changes are due to fluid shifts toward the head.
d. Mass Loss - The total mass of the body decreases by 3% to 4%. This is due primarily to loss of body fluids and, somewhat, to atrophy and loss of the mass of muscles that were used in 1-G (muscle mass loss is dependent on exercise regimes).
Figure 3.2.3.1-2 Micro-gravity Changes in Height, Waist, and Chest Measured on Skylab Crewmen: One-G Measurements as Baseline
Reference: 16 , Figure 19 and 20, pp. 1-28 and 29; NASA-STD-3000 266
3.2.3.2 Inter-Individual Variation Design Considerations
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The two major factors of inter-individual variations are sex and race. The following general rules apply to the anthropometric variations due to sex and race:
a. Sex Variations - Female measurements average about 92% of comparable male measurements (within race). Average female weight is about 75% of male weight.
b. Racial Variations - Blacks and Whites are very similar in terms of height and weight measurements. The average torso measurement of Whites is longer than Blacks and limbs are shorter. Asians are generally shorter and lighter than Whites and Blacks. Most of this stature difference is in leg length. Asian facial dimensions may be larger in proportion to height.
Because of these variations, the extremes of the world population size range is represented in this document by the large (95th percentile) White or Black American male and the small (5th percentile) Asian Japanese female.
3.2.3.3 Secular Changes Design Considerations
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For typical long-term space module design studies, it is appropriate to estimate the body dimensions of a future population of crew, passengers, and even the ground crew. Past experience has demonstrated that there is a historical change in average height, arm length, weight, and many other dimensions. This type of human variation, occurring from generation to generation over time, is usually referred to as secular change. Whether the effect results from better nutrition, improved health care, or some biological selection process has not been determined.
The validity of the design requirements for the actual operational years of the space module depends on the accuracy of the secular trend estimation, the basic assumptions concerning the baseline crew population, and the operational life of the system.
For this standard, an operational year of 2000 and a crewmember age of 40 years has been selected. The secular growth rates of stature used to predict the year 2000 population are shown in Figure 3.2.3.3-1 . These secular growth trends must be validated periodically.
Figure 3.2.3.3-1 Assumed Secular Growth Rate of Stature
STATURE SECULAR GROWTH RATE (per decade)
American male
3.3.1.1 Introduction
{A}
This section provides specific body distances, dimensions, contours, and techniques for use in developing design requirements. There is no attempt to include all potentially useful anthropometric data in this document because much of these data are already available in convenient published form such as Reference 16 . Rather, one description set of the size range for the projected crewmember population is presented
The dimensions apply to nude or lightly clothed persons.
(Refer to Paragraph 14.3, EVA Anthropometry , for dimensions for crewmembers wearing space suits).
3.3.1.2 Body Size Design Considerations
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The following are considerations that should be made in applying the body size data:
a. Effects of Clothing - In a controlled IVA environment there is little need for heavy, thick clothing. For most practical purposes, therefore, there is no need to consider the effect of IVA clothing on body size. When an individual must wear an EVA pressure garment or a space suit, body dimensions will be affected drastically. In this case, dimensional studies must be made for the user population wearing the garment. These data must then be substituted for unclothed or lightly clothed dimensions.
b. Microgravity - the dimensions in Paragraph 3.3.1.3 apply to 1-G conditions only. Notations are made on appropriate dimensions that provide guidelines for estimating microgravity dimensions.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.2.3.1 , Microgravity Effects Design Considerations, for more detailed discussion of microgravity effects).
3.3.1.3 Body Size Data Design Requirements
{A}
Dimensions of the year 2000, 40 year-old White or Black American male and the 40 year-old Asian Japanese female are given in Figure 3.3.1.3-1. The data in this figure shall be used as appropriate to achieve effective integrations of the crew and space systems. The dimensions apply to 1-G conditions only.
Dimensional data estimates for the year 2000 White or Black American female crewmember cannot be specified at this time due to insufficient data.
(Refer to Reference 16 , Chapter III, Appendix B, for dimensional data for the 1985 American female).
Figure 3.3.1.3-1 (1 of 12) Anthropometric Dimensional Data for American Female
Body Size of the 40-Year-Old Japanese Female for Year 2000 in One Gravity Conditions
Microgravity notes
Reference: 274 , pp. 121-128; 308 ; 351 ; NASA-STD-3000 268L
3.3.2 Joint Motion
{A}
This section provides information for developing design requirements related to biomechanics, particularly skeletal joint angular motion capabilities and limitations. Joint motion data can be used to determine possible positions for the various parts of body.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.3.3, Reach , for functional reach data).
3.3.2.1 Introduction
3.3.2.2 Joint Motion Design Considerations
{A}
3.3.2.2.1 Application of Data Design Considerations
{A}
Joint motion capability varies throughout the population. The values given are for the 5th and 95th percentile of the range. The data should be applied in the following manner:
a. 5th Percentile - Use the 5th percentile limit when personnel must position their body to operate or maintain equipment.
b. 95th Percentile - Use the 95th percentile limit when designing to accommodate a full range of unrestricted movement.
Unless the equipment in the workspace is sex-specific (i.e., used by only males or by only females), then the designer should consider the upper and lower limits for the combined male and female population. In general, the female population has a slightly broader range of joint movement.
3.3.2.2.2 Multi-Joint Versus Single Joint Data Design Consideration
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More often than not, human motion involves interaction of two or more joints and muscles. The movement range of a single joint is often drastically reduced by the movement of an adjacent joint. In other words, joint movement ranges are not always additive. For example, an engineering layout may show (using a scaled manikin) that a foot control is reachable with a hip flexion of 50 degrees and the knee extended (0 degrees flexion). Both of these ranges are within the individual joint ranges as shown in Figure 3.3.2.3.1-1 . However, Figure 3.3.2.3.2-1 shows the hip flexion is reduced by over 30 degrees when the knee is extended. The control would, therefore, not be reachable.
3.3.2.2.3 Gravity Environment Design Considerations
{A}
The joint motion studies were performed in a 1-G environment. There are no data for the microgravity environment. Indications are that joint motion capability will not be drastically affected in microgravity. Given this, the data in this section can be applied to a microgravity environment.
3.3.2.3 Joint Motion Data Design Requirements
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3.3.2.3.1 Joint Motion Data For Single Joint Design Requirements
{A}
Figure 3.3.2.3.1-1 shows single joint movement ranges for both males and females. These data apply to both 1-G and microgravity environments. These data shall be used as appropriate to ensure the design accommodates the required body movements for the crewmembers.
Figure 3.3.2.3.1-1 Joint Movement Ranges for Males and Females
Figure
17.4
Notes:
a. Data was taken 1979 and 1980 at NASA-JSC by Dr. William Thornton and John Jackson. The study was made using 192 males (mean age 33) 22 females (mean age 30) astronaut candidates (see Reference 365 ).
b. Limb range is average of right and left limb movement.
Reference: 365 , Figure 3, pp. 711-713; NASA-STD-3000 340A
3.3.2.3.2 Joint Motion Data For Two Joint Design Requirements
{A}
Data to determine the range of movement for two joints are given in Figure 3.3.2.3.2-1 . Figure 3.3.2.3.2-1 defines the changes in range of motion of a given joint when supplemented by the movement of an adjacent joint. These data apply to both 1-G and microgravity environments. These data shall be used as appropriate to ensure the design accommodates the required body movements of the crewmembers.
Figure 3.3.2.3.2-1 Change in Range of Movement With Movement in Adjacent Joint
Two-joint movement
(73.5%)
Notes:
* The knee joint is locked and the unsupported leg extends out in front of the subject.
The following is an example of how the Figure is to be used. The first entry is as follows: the shoulder can be extended as far as 59.3 degrees ( the mean of the subjects tested) with the elbow in a neutral position (locked in hyperextension). When shoulder extension was measured with the elbow flexed to 1/3 of its full joint range, the mean value of shoulder extension was found to increase by 1.6 degrees, or 102.7% of the base value. The results for other movements and adjacent joint positions are presented in a similar manner.
Reference: 16 , pp. VI-12 to VI-15; NASA-STD-3000 289
3.3.3 Reach
3.3.3.1 Introduction
{A}
The following section discusses human body reach limits in terms of functional reach and in terms of body strike envelope. Body strike envelope defines the volume that the extremities (legs, head, arms) of a seated and restrained crewmember will strike when subjected to high accelerations such as during launch and entry
The information in this section is limited to IVA conditions where the crewmember is wearing nonrestrictive clothing
(Refer to Paragraph 14.3 , EVA Anthropometry, for EVA functional reach envelopes).
3.3.3.2 Reach Design Considerations
3.3.3.2.1 Gravity Condition Design Considerations
{A}
All definitive studies of both static anthropometry and functional reach have been made on the Earth's surface under conditions of standard gravity. However, microgravity and multigravity environments will affect both static anthropometry and functional reach measurements in the following manner:
a. Microgravity Effects - The spine will lengthen under microgravity conditions. This will increase the overhead reach limits. Downward reaches are more difficult; there is no gravity assist. Similarly, upward reaches will seem easier.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.2.3.1 , Microgravity Effects Design Considerations, for details of spinal changes in microgravity).
b. Multi-G Effects - While microgravity may be the constant environment for some space modules, another module, such as the Space Shuttle, may experience accelerations up to 3-G during launch and up to 1.5-G during a typical entry. Any controls or workspace items that must be reached and operated during these times cannot be positioned on the basis of the greater reach capabilities in microgravity or 1-G. The reach movement restrictions in a multi-G environment are shown in Figure 3.3.3.2.1-1 . The designer must keep in mind that any system basically being designed for micro-g use, if it is to be utilized in one-g or multi-g environments, must take into account the reduced reach capability which the user will experience under these conditions.
c. Short Duration, Multi-G Effects - Abrupt high accelerations can cause the extremities of even a securely restrained crewmember flail. In this case, the designer must consider the nonfunctional and potentially injurious aspects of the reach envelope.
Figure 3.3.3.2.1-1 Reach Movements Possible in a Multi-G Environment
Acceleration
Reference: 19 , Section 2D6, p. 1; NASA-STD-3000 290
3.3.3.2.2 Body Posture Design Considerations
{A}
In multi-, 1-, or partial gravity environments, standing or seated postures are commonly used for workspace operation. In the seated posture, the reach envelope can be severely restricted if the crewmember is wearing a fixed shoulder harness that does not reel out. Body postures which must be maintained for extended periods of time in 1- or multi-g environments may result in accelerated fatigue problems; e.g., bending over for long periods.
The normal working posture of the body in a microgravity environment differs substantially from that in a 1-G environment. The seated posture is, for all practical purposes, eliminated because the sitting posture is not a natural one under these conditions. The neutral body posture is the basic posture that should be used in establishing a microgravity workspace layout.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.3.4 , Neutral Body Posture, for a definition of neutral body posture).
(Refer to Paragraph 9.2.4 , Human/Workstation Configuration, for information on accommodating the neutral body posture in the workstation).
3.3.3.2.3 Restraint Design Considerations
{O}
While the absence of gravitational forces will usually facilitate rather than restrict body movement, this lack of gravity will leave crewmembers without any stabilization when they exert a thrust or push. Thus, some sort of body restraint system is necessary. Three basic types of body restraint or stabilizing devices have been tested either under neutral buoyancy conditions on Earth and/or actual microgravity conditions in space. These are handhold, waist, and foot restraints. The following is a description of each type of restraint and its effect on reach:
(Refer to Paragraph 11.7.2 , Personnel Restraints, for neutral body posture restraints design information).
a. Handhold Restraint - With the handhold restraint, the individual is stabilized by holding onto a handgrip with one hand and performing the reach or task with the other. This restraint affords a fairly wide range of functional reaches, but body control is difficult and body stability is poor.
b. Waist Restraint - A waist restraint (for example, a clamp or belt around the waist) affords good body control and stabilization, but seriously limits the range of motion and reach distances attainable.
c. Foot Restraint - The third basic system restrains the individual by the feet. In Skylab observations and neutral buoyancy test, the foot restraints were judged to be excellent in reach performance, stability, and control. The foot restraint provides a large reach envelope to the front, back, and to the sides of the crewmember. Appreciable forces can often not be exerted due to weak muscles of the ankle rotators. Foot restraints should be augmented with waist or other types of restraints where appropriate.
3.3.3.2.4 Task Type Design Considerations
{A}
The length of a functional arm reach is clearly dependent on the kind of task or operation to be performed by that reach. For example, tasks requiring only fingertip pressure on a pushbutton could be located at or near the outer limits of arm reach as defined by the fingertip. This would be, essentially, absolute maximum functional reach attainable. However, another task may require rotation of a control knob between thumb and forefinger; this would result in a reduction of the above maximum attainable functional reach. Full hand grasp of a control lever would reduce maximum reach even more. Where two-handed operation, greater precision, or continuous operation are required, the task must be located still closer to the operator.
(Refer to Paragraph 9.3, Controls , for further information on types of hand controls).
3.3.3.2.5 Clothing Design Considerations
{A}
Clothing and personal equipment worn on the body can influence functional reach measurements. The effect is most commonly a decrease in reach. This decrease can sometimes be considered if clothing or equipment are especially bulky or cumbersome. Most data on functional reaches have been gathered under so-called light indoor clothing), which do not appreciably affect the measurements.
If space suits are required during any phase of the space module operations, this will necessitate a substantial reduction in any design reach dimensions established for shirtsleeve operations. The extent of these differences would have to be determined from using the specific space suits and gear to be employed in that mission. The information in this section applies only to light, nonrestrictive clothing.
(Refer to Paragraph 14.3, EVA Anthropometry for information on EVA functional reach dimensions).
3.3.3.2.6 Crewmember Size Design Considerations
{A}
Crew stations should accommodate the reach limits of the smallest crewmember. Reach limits are not always defined by overall size, however. For instance, the worst case condition for a constrained (e.g., seated with shoulder harness tight) is a combination of a long shoulder height and a short arm. These statistical variations in proportions are natural and should be accounted for in reach limit definitions. The reach limits in Figure 3.3.3.3.1-1 account for these variations.
3.3.3.3 Reach Data Design Requirements
{A}
0.25 cm (0.10 in)
Reference: 16 , Volume 1, p. V-61; NASA-STD-3000 287
b. Microgravity Handhold Restraint - Equipment and controls operated in microgravity by crewmembers using a handhold restraint, shall be within the functional reach boundaries given in Figure 3.3.3.3.1-3 . The functional reach boundaries apply to tasks requiring fingertip operation only. Adjustment for other grasp operations shall be made in accordance with Figure 3.3.3.3.1-5 .
c. Microgravity Foot Restraint - Equipment and controls operated in microgravity by crewmembers using a foot restraint, shall be within the functional reach boundaries given in Figures 3.3.3.3.1-4 and 3.3.3.3.1-5 . The functional reach boundaries apply to tasks requiring fingertip operation only. Adjustment for grasp operations shall be made in accordance with Figure 3.3.3.3.1-5 .
Figure 3.3.3.3.1-3 Microgravity Handhold Restraint Reach Boundaries
150 cm (63 inches)
Notes:
a. Subjects - These data were generated using a computer-based anthropometric model. The computer model was developed using a sample of 192 male astronaut candidates and 22 female astronaut candidates measured in 1979 and 1980 (Reference 365 ). The 5th percentile stature of the male population is 167.9 cm (66.1 inches) and the 95th percentile male stature is 189.0 cm (74.4 inches). The 5th percentile stature of the female population is 157.6 cm (62.0 inches) and the 95th percentile female is 175.7 cm (69.2 inches).
b. Gravity conditions - Although the motions apply to a microgravity condition, the effects of spinal lengthening have not been considered.
Reference: 351; NASA-STD-3000 337b
172 cm (68 in)
Notes:
a. Subjects - These data were generated using a computer-based anthropometric model. The computer model was developed using a sample of 192 male astronaut candidates measured in 1979 and 1980 (Reference 365 ). The 5th percentile stature of the male population is 167.9 cm (68.1 inches) and the 95th percentile male stature is 189.0 cm (74.4 inches). The 5th percentile stature of the female population is 157.6 cm (62.0 in.) and the 95th percentile female is 175.7 cm (69.2 in).
b. Gravity conditions - Although the motions apply to a microgravity condition, the effects of spinal lengthening have not been considered.
c. Restraint configuration - two sets of dimensions are given for the fore/aft reach boundary. One set, the larger dimensions, apply to a fairly snug, but flexible, arch support that allows the toes and heels to raise slightly from the floor. The other set of dimensions apply to a foot restraint that secures the feet flat to the floor.
Reference: 320; NASA-STD-3000 337b
Reference: 310 , p. 84; 320 ; NASA-STD-3000 274
3.3.3.3.2 Strike Reach Envelope Data Design Requirements
{L}
If abrupt high accelerations are expected, items within the strike envelope shall be designed to minimize injury to the crewmember. Body strike envelopes as defined in Figures 3.3.3.3.2-1 and 3.3.3.3.2-2 shall be used as appropriate
Figure 3.3.3.3.2-1 4-G Strike reach envelope of a Seated 95th Percentile Male Wearing Full Restraint (Seat Belt and Dual Shoulder Harness)
Notes: These figures show the envelope that the body extremities (arms, legs, head, and torso) could strike when the seated person is subjected to 4-G acceleration either fore and aft or to the side (± Gx or ± Gy). Refer to Paragraph 5.3.1 , Introduction, for acceleration vector reference conventions).
Reference: 21 , DN3Q4, p. 3; NASA-STD-3000 334
Figure 3.3.3.3.2-2 4-G Strike reach envelope of a Seated 95th Percentile Male - Lap Belt Only
Notes: These figures show the envelope that the body extremities (arms, legs, head, and torso) could strike when the seated person is subjected to 4-G acceleration either fore and aft or to the side (± Gx or ± Gy). Refer to Paragraph 5.3.1 , Introduction, for acceleration vector reference conventions).
Reference: 21 , DN3Q4, p. 3; NASA-STD-3000 335
(Refer to Paragraph 6.3.3, Mechanical Hazards Design Requirements, for requirements for protection from mechanical hazards).
3.3.4.1 Introduction
{O}
This section describes the posture that the body assumes in microgravity. Implications for habitat and crew station design are given.
3.3.4.2 Neutral Body Posture Design Considerations
{O}
The crewmembers should not be expected to maintain a 1-G posture in a microgravity environment. Having to maintain some 1-G postures in microgravity may produce stress when muscles are called on to supply forces that were normally supplied by gravity. Stooping and bending are examples of positions that cause fatigue in microgravity. In microgravity, the body assumes a neutral body posture. The natural heights and angles of the neutral body posture must be accommodated. Some of the areas to be considered are as follows:
a. Foot Angle - Since the feet are tilted at approximately 111 degrees to a line through the torso, sloping rather than flat shoes or restraint surfaces should be considered.
b. Feet and Leg Placement - foot restraints must be placed under the work surface. The neutral body posture is not vertical because hip/knee flexion displaces the torso backward, away from the footprint. The feet and legs are positioned somewhere between a location directly under the torso (as in standing) and a point well out in front of the torso (as in sitting).
c. Height - The height of the crewmember in microgravity is between sitting and standing height. A microgravity work surface must be higher than one designed for 1-G or partial-gravity sitting tasks.
d. Arm and Shoulder Elevation - Elevation of the shoulder girdle and arm flexion in the neutral body posture also make elevation of the work surface desirable.
e. Head Tilt - In microgravity the head is angled forward and down, a position that depresses the line of sight and requires that displays be lowered.
(Refer to Paragraph 9.2.4 , Human/Workstation Configuration for additional information on the design of microgravity workstations.
3.3.4.3 Neutral Body Posture Data Design Requirements
{A}
Space module crew stations shall be configured to accommodate the neutral body posture shown in Figure 3.3.4.3-1.
Figure 3.3.4.3-1 Neutral Body Posture
Note: The segment angles shown are means. Values in parentheses are standard deviations about the mean. The data was developed in Skylab studies and is based on the measurement of 12 subjects.
Reference: 7 , p. 24 to 26; 129 , Fig. 11; NASA-STD-3000 285
3.3.5 Body Surface Area
3.3.5.1 Introduction
{A}
This section provides a means of estimating the body skin surface based on body mass and body stature.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.3.7.3.1.1 , Whole Body Mass Design Requirements for whole-body mass data.)
(Refer to Paragraph 3.3.1 , Body Size Data Design Requirements, for stature data.)
3.3.5.2 Body Surface Area Design Considerations
{A}
The following are considerations for using the body surface area estimations:
a. Gravity Environment - Body surface area estimation equations apply to 1-G conditions only. They do not account for the fluid shifts and spinal lengthening in microgravity.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.2.3.1 , Microgravity Effects Design Considerations, for a discussion of corrections for microgravity conditions.)
b. Population - The equations given are most accurate for the White or Black male and female body form. The equations should not be used to estimate the body surface area of the Asian Japanese female. Estimates for the body surface area of the Japanese female will be provided in the next revision of this document.
c. Application of Data - Body surface area data have several space module design applications. These include:
1. Thermal control - Estimation of body heat production for thermal environmental control.
2. Estimation of radiation dosage.
3.3.5.3 Body Surface Area Data Design Requirements
{A}
The body surface area data in Figure 3.3.5.3-1 shall be used as appropriate to achieve effective integration of the crew and space systems. These data apply to 1-G conditions only.
Figure 3.3.5.3-1 Estimated Body Surface Area of the American Male Crewmember
American male crewmember body surface area
5th Percentile
3.3.6.1 Introduction
{A}
The following section presents information on the volume displaced by the body as a whole and the body segments.
3.3.6.2 Body Volume Data Design Considerations
{A}
The following are considerations for using body volume data:
a. Gravity Environment - The data are based on 1-G conditions and does not account for fluid shifts or spinal lengthening due to weightlessness.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.2.3.1 , Microgravity Effects Design Considerations, for a discussion of corrections for microgravity conditions.)
b. Population - The data provided in this paragraph apply only to the White or Black male body form. The data should not be used to estimate the body volume of the Asian Japanese female. Estimates for the body volume of the Japanese female will be provided in the next revision of this document.
3.3.6.3 Body Volume Data Design Requirements
{A}
The data in this section shall be used as appropriate to achieve effective integration of the crew and space module.
Body volume data for the Japanese female crewmember cannot be specified at this time due to insufficient data.
3.3.6.3.1 Whole-Body Volume Data Design Requirements
{A}
The whole-body volume data for the American male crewmember in 1-G are given in Figure 3.3.6.3.1-1.
Figure 3.3.6.3.1-1 Whole Body Volume of American Male Crewmember
American male crewmember body volume
5th Percentile
*Average of right and left sides
a. These data apply to 1-G conditions only.
b. The American male crewmember population is defined in paragraph 3.2.1 , Anthropometric Database Design Considerations.
Reference: 276 , pp. 32-79; NASA-STD-3000 282T
3.3.7 Body Mass Properties
3.3.7.1 Introduction
{A}
This section discusses the mass of the human body and engineering properties of the body mass. The following data are provided:
a. Body Mass - Both whole-body and body-segment mass data are provided.
b. Center of Mass - Center of mass locations are defined for both the whole body in defined positions and for body segments.
c. Body Moment of Inertia - Moment of inertia data are provided for the whole body in defined positions and for body segments.
All data are based 1-G measurements.
3.3.7.2 Body Mass Properties Design Considerations
{A}
The following are considerations for using the body mass properties data:
a. Effects of Microgravity on the Body - Microgravity causes fluids to shift upward in the body and leave the legs. This results in an upward shift of the center of mass for the whole body and a loss of mass in the leg segments.
(Refer to Paragraph 3.2.3.1, Microgravity Effects Design Considerations for information to estimate the impact of microgravity on the body mass data.)
b. Population - The only body mass data provided for the Japanese female is whole body mass. Japanese female crewmember center of mass and moment of inertia data cannot be specified at this time due to insufficient data.
c. Body Weight Versus Body Mass - Although body mass remains constant, body weight will depend on gravity conditions. In 1-G body weight is calculated as indicated below:
1. Weight in lbs/32.2 = Mass in slugs
2. Weight in Newtons = mass in Kg X 9.8.
d. Application of Data - In microgravity, the body mass properties define body reaction to outside forces. These forces can be:
1. Reactive to forces exerted by the crewmember or a hand tool.
2. Active forces from devices such as the Manned Maneuvering Unit.
Both whole-body and body segment mass properties are given. The reaction of the body to a force depends on both the mass and the relative positions of the body segments. The whole-body center of mass and moment of inertia data are provided for 8 predefined positions. whole-body mass properties for other positions would have to be determined by mathematically combining the mass properties of the individual segments.
3.3.7.3 Body Mass Properties Data Design Requirements
{A}
The data in this section shall be used as appropriate to achieve effective integration of the crew and space systems.
3.3.7.3.1 Body Mass Data Design Requirements
{A}
3.3.7.3.1.1 Whole-Body Mass Data Design Requirements
{A}
Whole-body mass data for the crewmember population in 1-G are in Figure 3.3.7.3.1.1-1.
Figure 3.3.7.3.1.1-1 Whole body mass of year 2000 crewmember population (age 40)
Male (American)
Notes:
a. These data apply to 1-G conditions.
b. The American male crewmember population is defined in paragraph 3.2.1 , Anthropometric Database Design Considerations Average of Right and Left Sides
Reference: 276 , pp. 32-79 With Updates; NASA-STD-3000 280
3.3.7.3.2 Center of Mass Data Design Requirements
{A}
3.3.7.3.2.1 Whole-Body Center of Mass Data Design Requirements
{A}
The whole body center of mass location data for the American male crewmember in 1-G are in Figure 3.3.7.3.2.1-1 . Equations for locating the whole body center of mass in males of different sizes, are given in Figure 3.3.7.3.2.1-2 .
Figure 3.3.7.3.2.1-1 Whole Body Center of Mass Location of the American Male Crewmember
L(Y) - 1/2 distance between anterior superior iliac spine landmarks (1/2 bispinous breadth).
Posture
| i don't know |
The age that Brian Jones, Janis Joplin, Jimmy Hendrix, Jim Morrison and Kurt Kobain all died? | 27: A History of the 27 Club through the Lives of Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse: Howard Sounes: 9780306823688: Amazon.com: Books
From Booklist
Rolling Stones cofounder Brian Jones drowned in his swimming pool; Jimi Hendrix overdosed and choked on his own vomit in a London hotel; Janis Joplin overdosed on heroin; Jim Morrison died of heart failure while in the bathtub of a Paris hotel room; Kurt Cobain committed suicide by shooting himself; Amy Winehouse drank herself to death. All are members of the notorious 27 Club: they all died prematurely young at the age of 27. Their stories are fascinating pieces of music trivia, but Sounes (Fab, 2010) is interested in why they behaved the way they did. What specifically made them so self-destructive? (Sounes includes an appendix of an additional 44 members of the 27 Club, including the bluesman Robert Johnson.) Although only Cobain deliberately committed suicide, Sounes argues that all six killed themselves. All were intelligent and talented, he maintains, but most had personality problems of some sort, such as depression or bipolar disorder; in addition, many were the children of divorced parents and had low self-esteem. Fans of these musicians will be intrigued and saddened by this fascinating and tragic account. --June Sawyers --This text refers to the Audio CD edition.
Review
Praise for 27
This fine study looks at the tragic history of the 27 Club
. Much of the book's power lies in its refusal to pander to the romantic-melancholy notion of the tortured young artist who lives fast and dies young. Instead the squalor and chaos of their everyday existence is exposed in uncompromising detail
. This book is not about more rock star mythologizing. It's about skewering the mystery of the 27-connection, by exposing its all-too-tragic reality.”Sunday Times (UK)
In a multi-stranded biography, Howard Sounes has set himself the task of finding a link between the lives and deaths of these six rock stars
. Sounes's masterstroke is to unearth forensic levels of detail on his subjects
. He has pulled off what could have been a tasteless project with sensitivity.”The Times (UK)
This book is the first time that these committee members, as it were, of the 27 Club have been buried together under the same cover
a gruesomely enjoyable read.”The Spectator (UK)
The 27 Club is the exclusive members-only society that music stars don't want to join. Amy Winehouse, Kurt Cobain, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, and Brian Jones all died aged 27 and the biographer Howard Sounes uses this unhappy coincidence [to look] at the rock-star trajectory that brought them all to a premature end
. Recommend[ed].”New Statesman (UK)
Sounes mixes biography with investigative journalism, social science, and rock history into a work that is as engrossing as it is depressing
Though he doesn't pull any punches when it comes to sensitive information about his subjects, he does write with a care that is refreshing for a topic that could easily devolve into ambulance chasing. Sounes, a true crime writer, is especially incisive when it comes to dispatching conspiracy theories built around many of these deaths. He captures the sad truth behind a club for which a youthful death is the only entrée.”Publishers Weekly, 9/23/13
If you like reading about brilliant young people destroying themselves, this is your book
Hard living started early will take its toll, and it's not a complete coincidence they all died when they did, but it's not a mystic number either, and Sounes disposes easily with the conspiracy theories that have collected around the dead stars.”The Age (Australia), 9/21/13
[Sounes] is a tenacious researcher
[He] painstakingly demolishes conspiracy theories and other forms of magical thinking.”The Observer (UK), 8/17/13
Sounes offers a stern corrective to the adage that it's better to burn out than to fade away. The author takes a refreshingly skeptical view of the belief that a conspiracy accounts for the deaths of Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain and Amy Winehouse, dismissing urban legends and murder theories to reveal the similarities among them
A compelling examination of the effects of sudden fame on mentally fragile artists.”Kirkus Reviews, 11/1/13
As much as one may have hoped, Sounes dissects the conspiracy theories and puts to bed the lunacy that surrounds these idols deaths. He also succeeds in producing a highly detailed, expertly researched book, with both personal family and close friend interviews, making it a tour de force private biography that belongs on both the shelves of bio fans and anyone that may have been touched by any of the included artists music.”Huffington Post UK, 10/13/13
Sounes delves into the lives of the Big Six'
sewing the common threads they share in life and death.”USA Today, 11/13/13
BookNews.com, December 2013
While the book begins and ends with the story of Amy Winehouse to appeal to the younger demographic, older readers will also enjoy the depth of research and insights from the author's original interviews with friends and family of those profiled.”
Word Bookstores (Tumblr), 1/2/2014
[A] comprehensive (but not overwhelming) history of the members of The 27 Club. Sounes writes of their lives realistically, pointing out numerous similarities in their upbringings, relationships, and behaviors that link them in their tragically early deaths. Also, there's no glorifying of the rock star life or the ones who lived it, which makes this an especially intriguing study
A great read for any music fan or curious mind.”
WomanAroundTown.com, 12/16/2013
While some have credited a supernatural reason for the performers' untimely demise, Sounes presents a clear-headed evaluation, and neither judges nor idolizes the lives and deaths of the performers about whom he has written.”
Houston Press Rocks Off blog, 1/7/14
Sounes completed an impressive list of original interviews for this book, which shed further light on area like Jim Morrison's last days in Paris, Cobain's fragile mental state, and Winehouse's seemingly insane drinking bouts.”
| 27 |
A Nebuchadnezzar wine/champagne bottle equates to how many normal bottles? | Amy Winehouse's death to Jimi Hendrix: Why the '27 club' is a myth | Daily Mail Online
comments
Singer Amy Winehouse's tragic death at age 27 led to renewed talk of the '27 club' of rock stars such as Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix and Jim Morrison, who all died at the same age. Analysis of the age at which chart-topping musicians died found it was just a coincidence
When Amy Winehouse died earlier this year at the age of 27, she joined a group of high-profile rockers who shared her taste for hard living, all of whom died at the same age.
Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison of The Doors and Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones all died aged 27.
It's led some to speculate that there is some reason that the rock 'n' roll lifestyle tends to take its toll on musicians when they hit 27.
Kurt Cobain also commited suicide at the same age.
But researchers from Queensland University of Technology found that while fame - and unhealthy lifestyles - did increase the risk of premature death for musicians, there is no 'spike' aged 27.
Musicians in their twenties and thirties are two to three times more likely to die than the general population - but the deaths of so many famous musicians at that exact age is just a coincidence.
Lead researcher on the project, Associate Professor Adrian Barnett from the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) at Queensland University of Technology (QUT) said 'In order to test the '27 club' hypothesis, we compared the deaths of famous musicians to the general UK population,' he said.
'We included 1,046 musicians (solo artists and band members) who had a number one album in the UK charts between 1956 and 2007.
'During this period 71 (7%) of the musicians died.'
'Our sample included crooners, heavy metal stars, rock 'n' rollers and even Muppets (the actors, not the puppets) and this all added up to 21,750 musician years.'
Professor Barnett said the research team used mathematical analysis to determine the significance of age 27.
'We found no peak in the risk of death at this age, however, musicians in their 20s and 30s were two to three times more likely to die prematurely than the general UK population,' he said.
Jim Morrison, lead singer of The Doors, who also died at age 27. Researchers found that while the age had no statistical significance, musicians in their twenties and thirties were two to three times more likely to die than ordinary people of similar age
'Our research also found some evidence of a cluster of deaths in those aged 20 to 40 in the 1970s and early 1980s.'
'Interestingly, there were no deaths in this age group in the late 1980s and we speculate that this could be due to better treatments for heroin overdose, or the change in the music scene from the hard rock 1970s to the pop dominated 1980s.'
'The '27 club' is based on myth, but warn that musicians have a generally increased risk of dying throughout their 20s and 30s.'
| i don't know |
The average age of a US combat soldier in the Vietnam war (also a 1985 Paul Hardcastle No1 hit song)? | Paul Hardcastle
Paul Hardcastle
A little something about Paul Hardcastle
Paul Hardcastle has put together an impressive career as a producer with his own Fast Forward record label, and as a composer scoring video and film works. He also enjoyed a brief period of pop fame, when in 1985 he had a surprise number 1 hit (UK) with "19." "19" was an interesting combination of preachy spoken word, testimonials, looping news reports, synths and heavy beats, concerning a subject that dominated music two decades earlier: the Vietnam War. The number nineteen was significant in the song as the reported "average age" of the combat soldier during the conflict. While those of us who were of high school age (or there-abouts) at the time were not terribly concerned with the political fallout that surrounded the Vietnam war, there was so little popular music with socio-political messages in 1985 that we really latched on to it. Plus for some reason it felt really cool to repeat the line "I wasn't really sure what was going on."
19
In 1965 Vietnam seemed like just another foreign war,
but it wasn't.
It was different in many ways, as so were those that did the fighting.
In World War II the average age of the combat soldier was 26...
In Vietnam he was 19.
In inininininin Vietnam he was 19.
(TV announcer's voice)
The shooting and fighting of the past two weeks continued today
25 miles west of Saigon
I really wasn't sure what was going on (Vet's Voice)
Nininini Nineteen, 19, Ni-nineteen 19
19,19,19,19
In Vietnam the combat soldier typically served a twelve month tour of duty but
was exposed to hostile fire almost everyday
Ninininininininininin 19 nininininninin 19
Hundreds of Thousands of men who saw heavy combat in Vietnam were arrestedsince dischargeTheir arrest rate is almost twice that of non-veterans of the same age.
There are no accurate figures of how many of these men have been incarcerated.
But, a Veterans Administration study concludes that the greater of Vets
exposure to combat could more likely affect his chances of being arrested orconvicted.
This is one legacy of the Vietnam War
(Singing Girls)
All those who remember the war
They won't forget what they've seen..
Destruction of men in their prime
whose average was 19
After World War II the Men came home together on troop ships, but the Vietnam
Vet often arrived home within 48 hours of jungle combat
Perhaps the most dramatic difference between World War II and Vietnam was
coming home.. .none of them received a hero's welcome
None of them received a heroes welcome, none of them, none of them
Nenene Nenene None of them, none of them, none of them (etc...)
None of them received a hero's welcome
None of them received a hero's welcome
According to a Veteran's Administration study
Half of the Vietnam combat veterans suffered from what Psychiatrists call
Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder
Many vets complain of alienation, rage, or guilt
Some succumb to suicidal thoughts
Eight to Ten years after coming home almost eight-hundred-thousand men are
still fighting the Vietnam War
(Singing Girls)
Nininininininininin Nineteen, 19, Ni-nineteen 19
19,19,19,19
Nininininininininin Nineteen, 19, Ni-nineteen 19
19,19,19,19
When we came back it was different.. Everybody wants to know "How'd it
happened to those guys over there
There's gotta be something wrong somewhere
We did what we had to do
There's gotta be something wrong somewhere
People wanted us to be ashamed of what it made us
Dad had no idea what he went to fight and he is now
All we want to do is come home
All we want to do is come home
What did we do it for
All we want to do is come home
Was it worth it?
| 19 |
Red balls on a snooker table at the start of a frame (traditional full game version)? | Antiwar Songs (AWS) - 19
19
>>> Questa Canzone è una Bomba! Paul Hardcastle ha avuto una Grande...
>>> E' a dir poco straordinaria!!! L'unica cosa brutta è che ricorda ...
>>> non funzionano i link agli mp3...
>>> sono un fan di Hardcastle sin dal 1985 e ho praticamente tutti...
>>> Versione francese interpretata da Yves Mourousi.
[1980]
Da / From "The Best of Paul Hardcastle"
The title refers to the average age of US soldiers who fought in the Vietnam war.
The song is made up of American commentators and soldiers along with a female chorus talking about the Vietnam war. The vocals play over an electronic rhythm.
Worldwide, this was a huge hit. It was #1 in 13 countries and won an Ivor Novello award for the best selling single of 1985.
Mike Oldfield sued Hardcastle over the similarities between this and his song "Tubular Bells."
This is the only single named entirely after a number to top the UK charts.
Hardcastle is a British producer. In 1984 he formed the Total Control Record Company through which he released some early singles. This was his first hit - he had 3 more British Top 40s, including the 1986 song "The Wizard," which was the theme for the show Top Of The Pops from 1986 to 1991. In America this was his only hit. (thanks, Edward Pearce - Ashford, Kent, England, for all above)
*
Rory Bremner parodied this song later on in 1985, based on the England Cricket team's poor performance in the 1984 Test series against the West Indies, with Bremner mimicking the classic Cricket commentary team Richie Benaud, John Arlotte and 'Johnners'. Released under the name "The Commentators", Bremner's version, entitled "N-N-Nineteen Not Out!" made No.13 in the UK in July 1985, three months after Harcastle's version went to No. 1 for 5 weeks. The parody was based on the fact that the English batsmens' average runs per head in each innings was a paltry 19, compared to the 35 they averaged in 1968. Against the record company's wishes, Paul Hardcastle actually contributed to this remake
- Dave, Cardiff, Wales
In 1965 Vietnam seemed like just another foreign war,
but it wasn't.
It was different in many ways, as so were tose that did the fighting.
In World War II the average age of the combat soldier was 26...
In Vietnam he was 19.
In inininininin Vietnam he was 19.
(TV announcer's voice)
The shooting and fighting of the past two weeks continued today
25 miles west of Saigon
I really wasn't sure what was going on (Vet's Voice)
Nininini Nineteen, 19, Ni-nineteen 19
19,19,19,19
In Vietnam the combat soldier typicaly served a twelve month tour of duty but
was exposed to hostile fire almost everyday
Ninininininininininin 19 nininininninin 19
Hundreds of Thousands of men who saw heavy combat in Vietnam were arrested
since discharge
Their arrest rate is almost twice that of non-veterans of the same age.
There are no accurate figures of how many of these men have been incarcerated.
But, a Veterans Administration study concludes that the greater of Vets
exposure to combat could more likely affect his chances of being arrested or
convicted.
This is one legacy of the Vietnam War
(Singing Girls)
All those who remember the war
They won't forget what they've seen..
Destruction of men in their prime
whose average was 19
After World War II the Men came home together on troop ships, but the Vietnam
Vet often arrived home within 48 hours of jungle combat
Perhaps the most dramatic difference between World War II and VietNam was
coming home.. .none of them received a hero's welcome
None of them received a heroes welcome, none of them, none of them
Nenene Nenene None of them, none of them, none of them (etc...)
None of them received a hero's welcome
None of them received a hero's welcome
According to a Veteran's Administration study
Half of the Vietnam combat veterans suffered from what Psychiatrists call
Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder
Many vets complain of alienation, rage, or guilt
Some succumb to suicidal thoughts
Eight to Ten years after coming home almost eight-hundred-thousand men are
still fighting the VietNam War
(Singing Girls)
Nininininininininin Nineteen, 19, Ni-nineteen 19
19,19,19,19
Nininininininininin Nineteen, 19, Ni-nineteen 19
19,19,19,19
When we came back it was different.. Everybody wants to know "How'd it
happenned to those guys over there
There's gotta be something wrong somewhere
We did what we had to do
There's gotta be something wrong somewhere
People wanted us to be ashamed of what it made us
Dad had no idea what he went to fight and he is now
All we want to do is come home
All we want to do is come home
What did we do it for
All we want to do is come home
Was it worth it
Versione italiana di Kiocciolina
Il titolo si riferisce all'età media dei soldati americani che combatterono nella guerra del Vietnam.
La canzone è composta da commentatori americani e soldati insieme ad un coro femminile, che parlano della guerra del Vietnam.
19
Nel 1965 il Vietnam sembrava solo un'altra guerra straniera,
ma non lo era.
Fu diversa in molti modi, così come lo erano quelli che combattevano.
Nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale l'età media dei soldati era di 26 anni...
Nel Vietnam era di 19 anni.
In Vietnam era di 19 anni.
(annunciatore televisivo)
Le sparatorie e i combattimenti delle scorse 2 settimane continuano ad oggi
25 miglia a ovest di Saigon
Non ero molto sicuro di ciò che stava accadendo (Voce di un veterano)
19, 19, 19
In Vietnam i soldati erano in servizio di leva per 12 mesi ma
erano esposti al fuoco ostile quasi ogni giorno
19 19 19 19
Centinaia di migliaia di uomini che hanno visto i pesanti combattimenti in Vietnam furono arrestati
sin dal congedo
La durata del loro arresto è quasi il doppio di quella dei non veterani della loro stessa età.
Non ci sono cifre precise riguardo a quanti di questi uomini siano stati incarcerati.
Ma, uno studio della Veterans Administration conclude che più un Veterano
è stato esposti ai combattimenti più aumenterebbe la sua possibilità di essere arrestato
o condannato.
Questa è un'eredità della Guerra in Vietnam
(Ragazze che cantano)
Tutti quelli che ricordano la guerra
Non dimenticheranno ciò che hanno visto.
La strage di uomini nel fiore degli anni
la cui età media era di 19 anni
Strage
Strage, strage
Guerra guerra
Dopo la Seconda Guerra Mondiale gli uomini tornarono a casa su navi per il trasporto delle truppe, ma
i Veterani del Vietnam tornavano a casa entro 48 di combattimento nella giungla
Forse la più drammatica differenza tra la Seconda Guerra Mondiale e il Vietnam
fu il ritorno a casa....nessuno di loro ricevette un benvenuto da eroe
Nessuno di loro ricevette un benevenuto da eroe, nessuno di loro, nessuno di loro
Nessuno di loro, nessuno di loro, nessuno di loro
Nessuno di loro ricevette un benevenuto da eroe
Nessuno di loro ricevette un benevenuto da eroe
Secondo uno studio della Veteran Administration
La metà dei veterani che hanno combattuto in Vietnam hanno sofferto di quello che gli Psichiatri chiamano
Disturbo da Stress Post Traumatico
Molti veterani lamentano alienazione, rabbia o colpa
Alcuni soccombono ai pensieri suicidi
Dagli 8 ai 10 anni dopo il ritorno a casa quasi 800.000 uomini stanno ancora combattendo la guera del Vietnam.
(ragazze)
Quando ritornammo tutto era diverso. Tutti volevano sapere
"Cosa è successo a quei ragazzi laggiù?
Deve esserci qualcosa di sbagliato da qualche parte
Abbiamo fatto quello che dovevamo fare
Deve esserci qualcosa di sbagliato da qualche parte
La gente voleva che ci vergognassimo di ciò che ci aveva fatto diventare
Papà non aveva idea di ciò per cuì era andato a combattere e di ciò per cui combatte tuttora
Tutto ciò che vogliamo è tornare a casa
Tutto ciò che vogliamo è tornare a casa
Per cosa lo abbiamo fatto?
Tutto ciò che vogliamo è tornare a casa
Ne valeva la pena?
Show in the timeline
Versione francese interpretata da Yves Mourousi.
Yves Mourousi (1942-1998) non era un cantante o un musicista ma è stato un importante giornalista radiotelevisivo francese il quale – chissà perché – nel 1985 volle interpretare questa canzone…
Testo trovato su Bide & Musique
DIX-NEUF
En 1965, la guerre du VietNam ressemblait a nimporte quelle autre guerre, mais navait rien à voir.
Elle était différente pour bien des raisons.
Et les combattants aussi étaient differents.
En 39-45, lâge moyen des soldats était de 26 ans.
Au VietNam, ils en avaient 19.
Au au au au au VietNam, ils en avaient 19.
Au au au au au VietNam, ils en avaient 19.
Au au au au au VietNam, ils en avaient 19.
19, 19, 19, 19, 19
Les plus durs combats des deux dernières semaines se poursuivent en ce moment à 40 km de Saigon.
I wasnt really sure what was going on
19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19
Au VietNam, les combattants, en principe, étaient relevés tous les ans.
Mais devaient subir presque chaque jour lépreuve du feu
Dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix neuf, dix-neuf, nineteen
Dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix neuf, dix-neuf, nineteen
Dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix neuf, dix-neuf, nineteen
Dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix dix neuf, dix-neuf, nineteen
À Saigon, un porte-parole américain a déclaré aujourdhui que plus de 700 ennemis ont été tués la semaine dernière le long de la zone frontière.
Dans lensemble du Sud VietNam, lennemi a perdu au total 2689 soldats.
All those who remember the war
They wont forget what theyve seen
Destruction of men and rights
Whose average age was 19
Destruction, destruction
Daprès une étude de ladministration américaine, plus de la moitié des anciens combattants souffrent de ce que les psychiatres appellent des troubles consécutifs à un choc dramatique.
Beaucoup se plaignent de cauchemars, de traumatismes, et certains succombent à des idées suicidaires.
Huit à dix ans après leur retour, près de 800 000 hommes ont encore le VietNam dans la tête.
Aucun deux ne fut reçu comme un héros. Aucun deux. Aucun deux
Nineteen. Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon
Nineteen. 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19
Nineteen. 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19
VietNam. Saigon. VietNam. Saigon. VietNam. Saigon. VietNam. Saigon.
Médaille du courage. Saigon. Médaille du courage. Saigon.
I wasn’t really sure what was going on
I wasn’t really sure what was going on
Contributed by Dead End - 2013/1/10 - 13:18
Add...
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The dog Timmy made how many in Enid Blyton's 'Famous...' series of children's adventure books? | Enid Blyton - The Famous Five
Meet the characters
Article by Keith Robinson (March 15, 2006)
The Famous Five are four decidedly upper-class children with a mongrel dog who solve mysteries and get tangled up with smugglers and other criminals. They want nothing more than to have a great time strolling about the countryside and having picnics, but these adventures just keep coming along and getting in the way. Unlike the Secret Seven and the Five Find-Outers, the Famous Five get about a bit—usually to the moors, the countryside, Cornish villages and the like. The most remarkable thing about them is possibly that they're allowed to go all the country on their own despite being aged between eleven and thirteen!
The eldest of the gang is Julian, with George and Dick next, and then Anne. Julian's twelve in Five on a Treasure Island, the first in the series, and when talking about George he says, "So she's eleven—a year younger than I am—same age as you, Dick—and a year older than you, Anne." Nice of him to point that out so clearly. In the third book, Five Run Away Together, it's noted that they're all a year older since their last adventure on Kirrin Island, a year before. Beyond that, as far as I am aware their ages are inexplicably frozen in time—otherwise they'd be well into their twenties before the end of the series.
Julian is a strange character, someone that young readers seem to aspire to, and one that older readers think is a pompous ass. There are is a strong element of a 1940s-style chivalry in his character, which today is seen simply as condescending. For example, in Five on a Hike Together they're all arguing about where to sleep for the night. George insists she'll be fine in a barn with the boys, but Julian won't have it. "You know quite well," he says, "that if you ever go against the orders of the chief—that's me, my girl, in case you didn't know it—you won't come out with us again. You may look like a boy and behave like a boy, but you're a girl all the same. And like it or not, girls have got to be taken care of." He frequently tells the girls they can't do something simply on the basis that they're girls. Of course, Anne accepts his orders readily, being the sort of girl that Julian believes all girls should be like! And that's Julian all over—demanding, domineering, always in charge... True, he is the eldest of the group, but only by a year. Yet he acts as though he's at least three or four years older than the rest, and certainly older than the young age of thirteen as he's supposed to be throughout the series. Indeed, he acts so stern and grown-up that nasty adult characters are frequently struck speechless. The Stick Family in Five Run Away Together are a prime example of this; Julian's clever tongue leaves Ma and Pa Stick bewildered and a little afraid of the tall boy with the determined face...
Dick was actually my favorite character when I was younger, perhaps because he seemed more my age at the time. (Julian seemed years older, despite being only a year older than Dick.) In the first book, Dick pretty much takes a back seat for the most part, letting the more interesting characters of Julian and George develop, and Anne—the weedy one—to be teased. But in later books Dick takes a more active role, constantly jumping in and backing up Julian like any good younger brother should! He shows himself to be unafraid of anything that comes along, no matter how scary the situation. I particularly remember Five on a Hike Together when he sleeps in a barn overnight, alone, with a storm lashing the windows. Then a hard-looking face appears at the window and whispers an urgent message. I remember being creeped out by the whole situation and admired Dick for holding it together so well. He's also the character most likely to joke around and tease the others—particuarly George over her being a boy.
George, or Georgina, is arguably the most interesting character of the four, and certainly the most popular as far as fans are concerned. She's feisty, obstinate, brave, strong-willed as well as strong physically, an excellent swimmer and impressive in a small rowing boat, loyal as can be, and quite foolish at times. She's also head-over-heels in love with her dog, Timmy, and this sometimes causes her to make the most ridiculous decisions in the face of danger, such as jumping between her beloved pet and a pack of other dogs when they threaten to tear Timmy apart. Brave—but oh so foolish! Also, most of George's tempers are sparked off by situations concerning Timmy; she often refuses to like people simply because they don't care for dogs in general. Yes, her loyalty to Timmy is endearing, but sometimes she loses sight of reality. What with people being rude to Timmy, and others waltzing about her island without permission, it's a wonder she doesn't blow a gasket. But the really annoying thing about George is her constant battle to prove she's "as good as any boy," to the point that she dresses as one, cuts her hair short, and calls herself George rather than Georgina. To all intents and purposes she is a boy, at least at first glance, and it pleases her no end when strangers mistake her for one. And the flipside of that, of course, is that she takes an instant dislike to anyone who calls her Georgina and tells her she's just like a girl. All these character traits, good and bad, make her one of the most consistently interesting personalities in Enid Blyton's career—so it's not surprising to learn that Blyton supposedly based George's character on herself!
Anne is a wimp. She's domesticated, loves setting up home (while camping out in caves and on the moors), likes to do all the cooking and washing up, and generally lives to serve others. She's a regular Susie Homemaker, everything a man in the forties and fifties wanted in a woman, and everything that women sneer at today! But more than that, Anne hates adventures. She quakes with fear whenever there's a sniff of anything ominous, and absolutely can't understand how George can be so brave, so like a boy when in fact she's just a girl. There are many characters, in many other series, that are like Anne, but Anne is perhaps the cr�me de la cr�me of Helpless Pathetic Girls, the one who other like-minded girls look to as a model of wimpiness. But Anne thankfully does have a few redeeming features. She's sweet and loyal, can be quite brave sometimes, and even has moments where she rears up like a tiger and puts little boys in their place (Five Have a Mystery to Solve). When all said and done, and despite earlier comments about her being a wimp, she's really a very nice girl and the sort of person you'd hope your own daughter to turn out like one day (unlike George, who would get on my last nerve).
Timmy is just a dog, and a mongrel at that—but what a dog! Lassie eat your heart out. Whereas Lassie would go and fetch help to rescue the imprisoned children, Timmy would go several steps farther and make the villains tie each other up and lock themselves in a room, and then recover the stolen plans, find a lost cave full of treasure, and finally go off to the police station to ask for CID rather than bother with the useless bobby on the front desk. Timmy is described as a brown mongrel with an unusually long tail and loving brown eyes, although in the 1970s TV series he mysteriously transmogrified into a Welsh collie, or border collie as they're called in the USA. He stuck in this guise for a long time afterwards, his distinctive black and white fur instantly recognizable from afar. I grew up with this image of Timmy, and assumed the original Eileen Soper artwork was wrong, but now I've come to terms with the fact that Timmy really is quite a funny looking thing. Loyal and strong, big and powerful, but still funny looking.
Copyright © 2004-2017 EnidBlyton.net
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The Boeing Superfortress B-'what'-type of American aircraft that dropped atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945? | Enid Blyton biography | birthday, trivia | British Writer | Who2
Enid Blyton Biography
Writer
Enid Blyton was one of the 20th century’s most popular British authors and a prolific producer of books and stories for young readers, including the series of adventure books featuring the Famous Five. Trained as a teacher, Enid Blyton began writing poems and childrens stories on the side. After five years of teaching she left to write full-time, and between 1942 and 1968 Blyton published hundreds of books (some sources say as many as 800). Her Famous Five series included 21 novels published between 1942 and 1963; the adventure stories feature four kids and a clue-sniffing dog. Blyton also authored other series, featuring the Secret Seven (fifteen books between 1949 and 1963), the Five Find-Outers (fifteen books between 1943 and 1961) and Toyland’s wooden boy, Noddy (24 books between 1949 and 1963). Critics have sneered at Blyton’s formulaic stories and her lack of literary sophistication — and she’s been called racist, sexist and classist because of certain passages — but her books continue to be popular all over the world.
Extra credit
The Famous Five include siblings Julian, Dick and Anne, their cousin George (Georgina, a tomboy) and George’s dog, Timmy… In the 1990s several of Enid Blyton’s books were edited to remove racist passages and reissued… A 2008 poll of English readers voted Enid Blyton just above J.K. Rowling as “Britain’s Best-Loved Author”… A 2009 BBC television movie, Enid, starred Helena Bonham Carter as Enid Blyton.
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Basic parts of the Chinese Taijitu symbol (related to Taoism philosphy and popular interpretations of yin and yang)? | What is Yin Yang? - Personal Tao
What is Yin Yang?
Home Personal Tao Teachings Ask Questions What is Yin Yang?
Yin Yang is perhaps the most known and documented concept used within Taoism.
A starting definition: Yin / Yang : Two halves that together complete wholeness. Yin and yang are also the starting point for change. When something is whole, by definition it is unchanging and complete. So when you split something into two halves – yin / yang, it upsets the equilibrium of wholeness. This starts both halves chasing after each other as they seek a new balance with each other.
The word Yin comes out to mean “shady side” and Yang “sunny side”.
Yin Yang is the concept of duality forming a whole. We encounter examples of Yin and Yang every day. As examples: night (Yin) and day (Yang), female (Yin) and male (Yang). Over thousands of years quite a bit has been sorted and grouped under various Yin Yang classification systems.
The symbol for Yin Yang is called the Taijitu. Most people just call it the yin yang symbol in the west. The taijitu symbol has been found in more than one culture and over the years has come to represent Taoism.
Taijitu
Diving Deeper into Yin Yang
Yin Yang illustrated from the Tao Te Ching [2]
When people see things as beautiful,
ugliness is created.
When people see things as good,
evil is created.
Being and non-being produce each other.
Difficult and easy complement each other.
Long and short define each other.
High and low oppose each other.
Fore and aft follow each other.
Basic Concepts Defining the Nature of Yin Yang
Neither Yin nor Yang are absolute. Nothing is completely Yin or completely Yang. Each aspect contains the beginning point for the other aspect. For example: day becomes night and then night becomes day…Yin and Yang are interdependent upon each other so that the definition of one requires the definition for the other to be complete.
Yin Yang is not static. The nature of Yin and Yang flows and changes with time. A simple example is thinking about how the day gradually flows into night. However, the length of day and night are changing. As the earth ages, its spin is slowing causing the length of day and night to get longer. Day and night are not static entities.Sometimes changes in the relationship between Yin and Yang can be dramatic where one aspect can literally just transform into the other. As an example: some species of fish have females that transform quickly into males when the population of males aren’t enough.
The summation of Yin and Yang form a whole. One effect of this is: as one aspect increases the other decreases to maintain overall balance of the whole.
The balance of Yin Yang can be skewed due to outside influences. Four possible imbalances exist:
Deficiency Yang
Excess Yang
Excess Yin
These imbalances can be paired: so an excess of Yin can also simulate a Yang deficiency and vice versa.
As an example this concept is especially important for Chinese healing practices. So an excess of Yang results in a fever. An excess of Yin could mean the accumulation of fluids in the body. Chinese healing examines a person’s health is in terms of the eight principles: Internal and External stimuli, Deficiency and Excesses, Cold and Heat and Yin and Yang.
Yin Yang can be subdivided into additional Yin and Yang aspects.For example a Yang aspect of Heat: can be further subdivided into a Yin warm or Yang burning.
Additional principles defining Yin and Yang qualities exist. The concepts listed here are merely a starting point to illustrate the nature of Yin and Yang. Usually as a practice Taoism does a good job of not codifying life. Which is ironic since many Taoist’s can happily list out what is Yin and what is Yang. Typically Taoist texts will list a few examples of Yin and Yang and then meander off to the next topic. Which makes sense as from a Taoist perspective it’s for the reader to reveal life from their own perspective. As an example go back to the Taoist passage quoted above from the Tao Te Ching. You will discover a few additional aspects to Yin and Yang, but the passage isn’t a complete definition either. The author of this passage fully expects you as the reader to go out and to explore the ideas on your own.
This is only the start. You can dig into Yin Yang in an infinite manner due to its relative nature.
Additional material for Yin Yang can be read here:
How Yin Yang Flows
Now forget everything you have learned about Yin and Yang for a moment. Step back from all the descriptions and classifications of Yin and Yang to consider the following passage from the Tao Te Ching:
The Way begot one,
Then the two begot three
And three, all else.
A clearer understanding of Yin Yang requires looking back into the Tao. The Tao can be considered as the fundamental absolute. Upon examination: the nature of the Tao expands out. This process of expansion defines a pattern, splitting apart into finer and finer patterns. Yin and Yang is the point where perception demarks the Tao’s expansion into one and then one into two.
Taoism as a practice enjoys examining patterns. Over the years countless sects of Taoism have formed and quite a bit of literature written over the delineation and description of these patterns. Often times Taoists use the concept of Yin Yang as a familiar starting template to work with patterns.
For example Qigong is based upon the patterns of breath and physical movement. Knowledge of bodily patterns forms the basis of this Taoist practice to keep a body healthy. The human body and its movements are divided according to Yin and Yang categories. So the upper body corresponds to the Yang, while the lower body roots into the Yin. The body’s center is where the Yin and Yang meet. Qi Gong exercises are grouped and explained in terms of Yin and Yang to help classify the body’s harmonies into a working practice. Knowledge of Yin or Yang isn’t required to perform Qi Gong, instead it’s an additional filter which helps people connect to the practice.
Another example is Taoist divination within the Book of Changes / I Ching . Divination in Taoism is a practice of examining human interactions based on well known psychological patterns. To generate a result either coins or yarrow stalks are tossed down to form a pattern. The patterns generated correspond to Yin and Yang defined qualities. The nature of the Yin and Yang pattern are applied against the psychology of the moment to return advice for the person asking the question.
Yin Yang is a fundamental aspect of Taoist thought. We always naturally apply human based values over naturally occurring patterns. However, remember it’s also important not to chase finer and finer descriptions of these patterns, to do so would be to chase down infinity.
Yin Yang is a system of recognizing how to separate out patterns in our life while also relaxing to accept the overall whole and complete nature of the Tao.
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British orbital motorway featuring the Dartford Crossing is the M-what? | Taoism | Psychology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
See also: Tao Te Ching
The Tao Te Ching, or Daodejing, is widely considered to be the most influential Taoist text. [47] It is a foundational scripture of central importance in Taoism. It has been used as a ritual text throughout the history of religious Taosim. [48] However, the precise date that it was written is the subject of debate, there are those who put it anywhere from the 6th century BCE to the 3rd century BCE. [49]
Taoist commentators have deeply considered the opening lines of the Tao Te Ching. They are widely discussed in both academic and mainstream literature. A common interpretation is similar to Korzybski 's observation that " the map is not the territory ". [50] The opening lines, with literal and common translation, are:
道可道，非常道。 (dao (ways) can be way-ed, not usual ways)
"The Way that can be followed is not the constant Way."
名可名，非常名。 (names can be named, not usual names)
"The Name that can be named is not the constant Name."
Tao literally means "road" or "way", and can figuratively mean "principle" or "true way". The philosophical and religious "Tao" is infinite, without limitation. One view states that the paradoxical opening is intended to prepare the reader for teachings about the unteachable Tao. [51] Tao is believed to be transcendent, indistinct and without form. Hence, it cannot be named or categorized. Even the word "Tao" can be considered a dangerous temptation to make Tao a limiting "name". [52]
The Tao Te Ching is not thematically ordered. However, the main themes of the text are repeatedly expressed using variant formulations, often with only a slight difference. [53] The leading themes revolve around the nature of Tao and how to attain it. Tao is said to be unnameable and accomplishing great things through small means. [54] There is significant debate regarding which English translation of the Tao Te Ching is preferred, and which particular translation methodology is best. Discussions and disputes about various translations of the Tao Tao Ching can become acrimonious, involving deeply entrenched views. [55]
Ancient commentaries on the Tao Te Ching are important texts in their own right. The Heshang Gong commentary was most likely written in the second century CE, and as perhaps the oldest commentary, contains the edition of the Tao Te Ching that was transmitted to the present day. [56] Other important commentaries include the Xiang'er , one of the most important texts from the Celestial Master movement, and Wang Bi's commentary. [57]
History
Main article: History of Taoism
White Cloud Monastery, Beijing
Taoism's origins may be traced to prehistoric Chinese religions in China. They are found in the composition of the Tao Te Ching ( 3rd or 4th century BCE ), or amidst the activity of Zhang Daoling ( 2nd century CE ). Laozi received imperial recognition as a divinity in the mid second century CE. [58] Taoism gained official status in China during the Tang Dynasty, whose emperors claimed Laozi as their relative. [59] Several Song emperors, most notably Huizong , were active in promoting Taoism, collecting Taoist texts and publishing editions of the Daozang. [60] Aspects of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism were consciously synthesised in the Neo-Confucian school, which eventually became Imperial orthodoxy for state bureaucratic purposes. [61] The Qing Dynasty, however, much favored Confucian classics and rejected Taoist works. During the eighteenth century, the imperial library was constituted, but excluded virtually all Taoist books. [62] By the beginning of the twentieth century, Taoism had fallen so much from favor, that only one complete copy of the Daozang still remained, at the White Cloud Monastery in Beijing. [63] Taoism is one of five religions recognised by the PRC, which insists on controlling its activities through a state bureaucracy (the China Taoist Association). [64]
Adherents
Edit
The number of Taoists is difficult to estimate, partly for definitional reasons (who counts as a Taoist?), and partly for practical ones (it is illegal for private parties to conduct surveys in China). The number of people practicing some aspect of the Chinese folk religion might number in the hundreds of millions. ( Adherents.com estimates "Traditional Chinese religion" at nearly four hundred million). The number of people patronising Daoshi (Taoist priests or masters) would be smaller by several orders of magnitude, while the number of literary Daojia would be smaller yet. At the same time, most Chinese people and many others have been influenced in some way by Taoist tradition.
Geographically, Taoism flourishes best in regions populated by Chinese people: mainland China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and various Chinese diaspora communities. Taoist literature and art has influenced the cultures of Korea , Japan, and Vietnam, and these countries' folk religions have many common elements. Organized Taoism seems not to have attracted a non-Chinese following until modern times.
Practices
Edit
Detail of circa 1700 painting of a Taoist ritual for the dead, illustrating a scene from The Plum in the Golden Vase . Note the plaques at the back of the altar of the Three Purities , and the various ritual implements including incense burner and ritual sword on the right. (According to the novel the sword is engraved with the seven stars of the big dipper.) Bowls hold food offerings for the deceased woman, Li Ping'er.
Nearly all forms of Chinese traditional religion involve baibai (拜拜)--bowing towards an altar, with a stick of incense in one's hand. [65] (Some schools prescribe the use of three sticks of incense in the hand at one time. [66] ) This may be done at home, or in a temple, or outdoors; by an ordinary person, or a professional (such as a Daoshi 道士); and the altar may feature any number of deities or ancestral tablets. Baibai is usually done in accordance with certain dates of the lunar/solar calendar (see Chinese calendar ).
At certain dates, food may be set out as a sacrifice to the gods and/or spirits of the departed. (See, for example, Qingming Festival .) This may include slaughtered pigs and ducks, or fruit. Another form of sacrifice involves the burning of Hell Bank Notes , on the assumption that images thus consumed by the fire will reappear--not as a mere image, but as the actual item--in the spirit world, and be available for the departed spirit to use.
Also at certain dates, street parades take place. These are lively affairs which invariably involve firecrackers and flower-covered floats broadcasting traditional music. Street parades may also include lion dances and dragon dances ; human-occupied puppets (often of the "Seventh Lord" and "Eighth Lord"); jitong (乩童 male "Mediums") who mutilate their skin with knives; Bajiajiang, which are gongfu -practicing honor guards in demonic makeup; and palanquins carrying god-images. The various participants are not considered performers, but rather possessed by the god in question. [67]
Fortune-telling --including astrology , I Ching , and other forms of divination --has long been considered a traditional Taoist pursuit. [68] Mediumship is also widely encountered. We may distinguish between martial forms of mediumship (like the aforementioned jitong) and more literary forms in which the possessed medium communicates messages from the spirit world by writing them with a special utensil (such as use of the "planchette"). [69]
Isabelle Robinet's book Taoist Meditation describes various practices given in the Maoshan texts. These include controlling bodily fluids such as urine, saliva, and the breath; visualisation practices in which various internal organs are imaginarily linked with corresponding gods and/or celestial bodies (e.g. the stars of the bei tou, the "Big Dipper"); and heavenly journeys via the Great Pole, which is reached by a limping shamanic dance called the "Step of Wu".
Taoist charm from Tien Hau Temple in San Francisco.
Many Taoists also participated in the reading and writing of books. Taoists of this type tend to be civil servants, elderly retirees, or in modern times, university faculty. While there is considerable overlap with religious Taoism, there are often important divergences in interpretation. Wang Bi , one of the most influential philosophical commentators on the Laozi (and Yijing ) was in fact a Confucian. [70]
For many educated Chinese people (the Literati), life was divided into a social aspect, where Confucian doctrine prevailed, and a private aspect, with Taoist aspirations. Night-time, exile, or retirement provided the opportunity to cultivate Taoism and reread Laozi and Zhuangzi. The Literati often dedicated this period of life to arts such as calligraphy, painting, and poetry, or personal researches into antiquities, medicine, folklore, and so on.
A number of martial arts traditions, particularly T'ai Chi Ch'uan , Bagua Zhang , and Xing Yi Quan , embody Taoist principles to a greater or lesser extent, and some practitioners consider their art to be a means of practicing Taoism. [71] The accuracy of these claims varies greatly depending on the particular art and/or practitioner.
It should be noted that while many Japanese martial and cultural traditions (i.e. judo, kendo, cha-do, kyu-do) have developed a distinctly zen character over the years, the "do" is in fact one of the Japanese pronunciations of the Chinese "tao" (alternatedly rendered as "dao" by some translators), and it is written with the same character. Again, the extent to which these practices reflect taoist principles varies depending on the specific school and practitioner.
Taoist symbols and images
Edit
Taijitu
There are many Symbols and Images that are associated with Taoism. Like in Christianity the " cross ", and in Buddhism the " wheel ", Taoism has Laozi, actual Chinese characters, and many other symbols that are often represented or associated with it.
The Taijitu ("yin and yang") symbol 太極圖 as well as the Bagua 八卦 ("Eight Trigrams") are associated with Taoist symbolism. [72] While almost all Taoist organisations make use of the yin and yang symbol, one could also call it Confucian, Neo-Confucian or pan-Chinese. The yin and yang make a backwards "S" shape, with yang (black or red) on bottom. One is likely to see this symbol as decorations on Taoist organisation flags and logos, temple floors, or stitched into clerical robes. According to Song Dynasty sources, it originated around the 10th century. [73] Previously, yin and yang were symbolized by a tiger and dragon. [74]
The five directions as conceived by the ancient Chinese (east, south, west, north, center) each have their own attributes, as follows in the chart below. [75]
Direction
none
Neutral
Taoist temples may fly square or triangular flags. They typically feature mystical writing or diagrams and are intended to fulfill various functions including providing guidance for the spirits of the dead, to bring good fortune, increase life span, etc. [76] Other flags and banners may be those of the gods or immortals themselves. [77]
File:Taoistlanterns.jpg
One sometimes sees a zigzag with seven stars, representing the Big Dipper (or the "Bushel", the Chinese equivalent). In the Shang dynasty the Big Dipper was considered a deity, while during the Han dynasty , it was considered a qi path of the circumpolar god, Taiyi. [78]
Taoist temples in southern China and Taiwan may often be identified by their roofs, which feature Chinese dragons and phoenixes made from multi-colored ceramic tiles. They also stand for the harmony of yin and yang (with the phoenix being yin). A related symbol is the flaming pearl which may be seen on such roofs between two dragons, as well as on the hairpin of a Celestial Master. [79] But in general, Chinese Taoist architecture has no universal features that distinguish it particularly from other structures. [80]
Relations with other religions and philosophies
Edit
The origins of Taoism and other philosophical schools are intimately related. The authorship of the Daodejing is assigned to Laozi, traditionally thought to be a teacher of Confucius, yet appears to be reacting against Confucian doctrine (suggesting the text comes after Confucianism ). Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu), the other defining philosopher of Daoism, reacted both to the Confucian-Mohist ethical disputes and to related developments in theory of names (language). There is little evidence of a link between Laozi and Zhuangzi--whose most frequent interactions are with Hui Shi (of the school of names). However, the chapters of the Zhuangzi written after his death include dialogues between Laozi and Confucius that mimic (or inspire?) the style of the Daodejing, suggesting the first association of the two texts dates from around that time. The "history of thought" contained in the Zhuangzi cites Laozi as a prior step (and demotes Hui Shi to a postscript). It includes the Mohists by name and the Confucians by implication and a cluster of other less well known thinkers.
The terms Dao and De (virtue/excellence) are shared terms of debate in this period. Most of the texts of ancient Chinese philosophy argued for some dao or other and advocated cultivating de in that favored dao. While dao was initially ethical-social norms, it quickly broadened to include the norms of language use and of claiming or attributing knowledge. This broadening dialectic about dao is what warrants describing the views of Laozi and Zhuangzi as Daoism. Daoism represents the view that the norms for language, knowledge, ethics and society are grounded in and continuous with natural norms. So any discussion of dao and de involves us in reflections on the nature of human society and its place in the universe as a whole.
These early Taoist texts reject numerous basic assumptions of Confucianism, embracing instead values based on nature, perspectivalism, and spontaneity. They express skepticism of conventional moralities and Mozi's Utilitarian or Mencius' benevolence based revisions. Since politics was conceived by these traditional schools as a scheme for unifying all "under the sky" in their favored dao, Taoists tend toward anarchism , mistrustful of hierarchical social structures and particularly, governments. (Zhuangzi argues that the proponents of benevolence and morality are usually found at the gates of feudal lords who have stolen their kingdoms.) Although philosophical Taoist appear to be anarchist, it is clearly an over statement. Mitigated Anarchism would better categorise the philosophical Taoists, they tend to believe in the idea that the government should act in a 'non acting' or 'wu wei' manner. This means that they should only act when necessary and their actions should not be felt directly by the people, nor should they be visible to the people. Chapters 57-81 of the Dao De Ching all deal with government, ruling, and appeasing the people.
Taoist thought partly inspired Legalist philosophers, whose theories were used by Qin Shi Huang , founder of the Chinese Empire. The junction point can be found in the work of Hanfeizi , a prominent Legalist thinker who commented on the Tao Te Ching. Hanfeizi used some chapters of the book to justify a structured society based on law and punishment and on the undiscussed power of the Emperor.
The entry of Buddhism into China was via its dialectic with later Taoism which transformed them both. Over the centuries of Chinese interactions, Buddhism gradually found itself transformed from a competitor of Taoism, to a fellow inhabitant of the Chinese cultural ecosystem. [81] Originally seen as a kind of foreign Taoism, its scriptures were translated into Chinese with Taoist vocabulary. Chan Buddhism in particular is inspired by crucial elements of philosophical Taoism, ranging from distrust of scripture, text and language to its more positive view of "this life", practice, skill and the absorption in "every-moment". In the Tang period Taoism incorporated such Buddhist elements as monasteries, vegetarianism, prohibition of alcohol, the celibacy of the clergy, the doctrine of emptiness, and the amassing of a vast collection of scripture into tripartite organisation. [82]
Ideological and political rivals in ancient times, Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism have inevitably deeply influenced one another, and eventually achieved a kind of modus vivendi in which each has its own particular ecological niche within Chinese society. With time, most Chinese people likewise came to identify to some extent with all three traditions simultaneously. This became institutionalised by the time of the Song Dynasty , when aspects of the three schools were consciously synthesised in the Neo-Confucian school, which eventually became Imperial orthodoxy for state bureaucratic purposes.
The Vinegar Tasters (sometimes called Three Vinegar Tasters) is a popular painting (usually in scroll format) that explained Taoist ideals in relation to the Neo-Confucian school which began in the 10th century and gained prominence in the 12th century . It is not available nowadays except in specialty stores like Taoist Art . The image depicts Laozi together with The Buddha , and Confucius . In these paintings the three are gathered around a vat of vinegar and the motto associated with the grouping is "the three teachings are one." (However, see The Vinegar Tasters for an alternate interpretation.)
In spreading Catholic Christianity to China, Jesuit Matteo Ricci sought to ally the Church with Confucianism. In so doing the Jesuits encouraged the view that China lacked a high religion of its own (since Confucianism was not regarded as such). Until well into the twentieth century, Christians have tended to view religious Taoism as a hodgepodge of primitive superstitions, or even as a form of demonolatry due to insufficient understanding.
In the last century or so, Taoism (along with Confucianism and Buddhism) has become incorporated into the theology of the Way of Former Heaven sects, notably Yiguandao . The same could be said with respect to Vietnam's religion of Caodaism .
Taoism has also been a resource for those in environmental philosophy, who see the non-anthropocentric nature of Taoism as a guide for new ways of thinking about nature and environmental ethics. Some consider Taoism to fit naturally with the radical environmental philosophy of deep ecology . Daoism and Ecology: Ways Within A Cosmic Landscape edited by N. J. Girardot, James Miller, and Liu Xiaogan is currently the most thorough introduction to studies done on concepts of nature and ecology within Taoism.
See also
Anatole, Alex. The Truth of Tao (Center of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2005). ISBN 0-9742529-0-5
Barrett, Rick. Taijiquan: Through the Western Gate (Blue Snake Books, 2006). ISBN 1583941398 .
Cane, Eulalio Paul. Harmony: Radical Taoism Gently Applied (Trafford Publishing, 2002). ISBN 1412247780 .
Carr, David T. & Zhang, Canhui. Space, Time, and Culture (Springer, 2004). ISBN 1402028237 .
Chang, Stephen T. The Great Tao (Tao Longevity LLC, 1985). ISBN 0-942196-01-5 .
Dean, Kenneth. Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China (Princeton: Princeton University, 1993).
Eliade, Mircea. A History of Religious Ideas, Volume 2. Translated by Willard R. Trask. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Fasching, Darrell J. & deChant, Dell. Comparative Religious Ethics: a narrative approach (Blackwell Publishing, 2001). ISBN 0631201254 .
Graham, A.C. Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China (Open Court, 1993). ISBN 0-8126-9087-7
Graham, A.C. (translator). Chuang-tzu: The Inner Chapters (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2001). ISBN 0-87220-581-9
Jones, Richard H. Mysticism and Morality: a new look at old questions (Lexington Books, 2004). ISBN 0739107844 .
Jordan, David K. Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors: The Folk Religion of a Taiwanese Village (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972).
Kaltenmark, Max. Lao Tzu and Taoism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969 [original French 1965]).
Keller, Catherine. The Face of the Deep: A Theology of Becoming (Routledge, 2003). ISBN 0415256488 .
Kim, Ha Poong. Reading Lao Tzu: A Companion to the Tao Te Ching With a New Translation (Xlibris Corporation, 2003). ISBN 1401083161 .
Kirkland, Russel. Taoism: The Enduring Tradition (Routledge, 2004). ISBN 0415263220 .
Knauer, Elfried R. "The Queen Mother of the West: A Study of the Influence of Western Prototypes on the Iconography of the Taoist Deity." In Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press. 2006 Pp. 62-115. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4 ; ISBN 0-8248-2884-4
Kohn, Livia. The Taoist Experience: An Anthology (Albany: SUNY Press, 1993).
Kohn, Livia, ed. Daoism Handbook (Leiden: Brill, 2000).
Kohn, Livia. The Daoist Monastic Manual: A Translation of the Fengdao Kejie (New York: Oxford University Press 2004)
Kohn, Livia & LaFargue, Michael, ed. Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching (SUNY Press, 1998). ISBN 0791435997 .
Kraemer, Kenneth. World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions (Paulist Press, 1986). ISBN 0809127814 .
LaFargue, Michael. Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching (SUNY Press. 1994) ISBN 0791416011 .
Lau, D. C. Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching (London: Penguin Classics, 1963). ISBN 0-14-044131-X
Little, Stephen and Shawn Eichman, et al. Taoism and the Arts of China (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 2000). ISBN 0-520-22784-0
Liu Zhongyu, (Lü Pengzhi, trans.). "Daoist Folk Customs: Burning Incense and Worshiping Spirits." (Taoist Culture and Information Centre http://www.eng.taoism.org.hk/religious-activities&rituals/daoist-folk-customs/pg4-8-1.asp ) (visited 3/23/2007).
Mair, Victor H. The Columbia History of Chinese Literature (Columbia University Press, 2001). ISBN 0231109849
Martin, William. A Path And A Practice: Using Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching as a Guide to an Awakened Spiritual Life (Marlowe & Company, 2005). ISBN 1569243905 .
Martinson, Paul Varo. A theology of world religions: Interpreting God, self, and world in Semitic, Indian, and Chinese thought (Augsburg Publishing House, 1987). ISBN 0806622539 .
Maspero, Henri.Taoism and Chinese Religion (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1981). ISBN 0-87023-308-4
Miller, James. Daoism: A Short Introduction (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2003). ISBN 1-85168-315-1
Ni, Hua-Ching. Tao: The Subtle Universal Law and the Integral Way of Life (SevenStar Communications, 1998). ISBN 0-937064-65-3
Robinet. Isabelle. Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity (Albany: SUNY Press, 1993 [original French 1989]).
Robinet, Isabelle. Taoism: Growth of a Religion (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997 [original French 1992]). ISBN 0-8047-2839-9
Saso, Michael R. Taoism and the Rite of Cosmic Renewal (2nd ed., Washington State University Press, 1990). ISBN 978-0-87422-054-4
Segal, Robert Alan. The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion (Blackwell Publishing, 2006). ISBN 0631232168 .
Schipper, Kristopher. The Taoist Body (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993 [original French version 1982]).
Schipper, Kristopher and Franciscus Verellen. The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Daozang (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2004).
Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion (New York: NYU Press, 2001). ISBN 0814798055 .
Silvers, Brock. The Taoist Manual (Honolulu: Sacred Mountain Press, 2005).
Sivin, Nathan. Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1968).
Slingerland, Edward Gilman. Effortless Action: Wu-Wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China (Oxford University Press, 2003). ISBN 0195138996 .
Sommer, Deborah. Chinese Religion: An Anthology of Sources (Oxford University Press, 1995). ISBN 0-19-508895-6
Van Voorst, Robert E. Anthology of World Scriptures (Thomson Wadsworth, 2005). ISBN 0534520995 .
Waley, Arthur. The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought (Grove Press, 1958). ISBN 0802150853 .
Notes
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Diez, Tio, Zehn, and Zece (in Spanish, Swedish, German and Romanian)? | Spanish Translation of “ten” | Collins English-Spanish Dictionary
five
Example Sentences Including 'ten'
One dissenting voice will turn into two, which will turn into ten which will turn into an avalanche.
Jennifer Fallon TREASON KEEP (2001)
It took her ten minutes to walk across, longer than she would have thought.
Garth Nix LIRAEL: DAUGHTER OF THE CLAYR (2001)
That nonsense about ten rivets a turn was obviously his misguided idea of a joke.
Jennifer Fallon TREASON KEEP (2001)
| ten |
Held in turn by the ancient Phonecians, Greeks and Romans, Cyrenaica is a region of which African country? | ten - Wiktionary
ten
Etymology[ edit ]
Ten circles
Numeral[ edit ]
ten
the cardinal number occurring after 9 and before 11
Abaza: жваба (ž°ābā)
Arabic: عَشَرَة (ʿašara) (numeral: ١٠ (10))
Egyptian Arabic: عَشْرَة (ʿašra)
Hebrew: עסרא (ʕisrā’) m , עסר (ʕsar) f
Syriac: ܥܣܪܐ (ʕisrā’) m , ܥܣܪ (ʕsar) f
Dzongkha: please add this translation if you can
Eastern Mari: лу (lu)
Mongolian: арав (mn) (arav), ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ (arban) (numeral: ᠑᠐ )
Montagnais: (Sheshatshiu Innu) kutunnu , (Mushuau Innu) peikunnu
Scottish Gaelic: deich , (persons) deichnear
Serbo-Croatian:
Tamil: பத்து (ta) (pattu) (numeral: ௰ (௰))
Tashelhit: mraw m , f
(a set of 10 items): decimate , decimal ; decaplet , decuplet (of babies, musical notes, or baryons)
(containing 10 items): decenary
(related to base-10 numeration): See decimal
(period of 10 months): decimestrial
(period of 10 years): See decade and decennium
(related to a 10-year period): See decadal and decennial
(10-year anniversary): See decennial
(rule by 10 people): See decemvirate
(commander of 10 soldiers): See decener
(chief of 10 men in early English law): See tithingman
(payment or collection of a 10% tax): See tithe
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Which London Underground line serves Heathrow Airport? | Underground | London Tube to Heathrow | Heathrow
Due to escalator work, Holborn station will be exit-only, with no interchange from the Central Line, between 07:30 and 10:00 on weekdays. [More details]
London Underground's Piccadilly Line provides the most cost-effective rail route between Heathrow and the capital.
Journey time by Tube is under an hour and you shouldn't have to wait longer than ten minutes for a train, even off-peak.
Where to catch trains
Heathrow has three London Underground stations – one for Terminals 2 and 3 and one each at Terminal 4 and Terminal 5 .
Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 station is between the terminals, which are a few minutes' walk away via pedestrian subway. Heathrow Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminal 5 underground stations are in the basements of the terminal buildings.
All stations are in Travelcard Zone 6.
Fares and tickets
Underground tickets are available at all stations. The single cash fare to central London (Zone 1) is £6.00. A one-day Travelcard, giving unlimited travel in Zones 1-6, costs £17.20 (Anytime) or £12.10 (off-peak). For more information visit tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments or visit the Travel Information Centre at Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 underground station.
Oyster pay-as-you-go fares are £5.10 (Mon - Fri, 06:30 - 09:30) and £3.10 (all other times). You'll need an Oyster card – for details see oyster.tfl.gov.uk – or a contactless payment card .
Train times
The first and last trains to and from Heathrow are shown below. Train times and fares are subject to change – please confirm using the Transport for London website or call +44 (0)343 22 1234 before travelling.
Night Tube
On Fridays and Saturdays the Piccadilly Line now operates a 24-hour service, with night trains to and from Terminals 2, 3 and 5 on average every 10 minutes. There is no service on the Terminal 4 loop.
First and last trains to central London
Station
| Piccadilly |
Gametophobia is an informal term for the irrational fear of? | The Cheapest Gatwick - Luton Airport Transfers Identified
Indirect
- The cheapest way to travel between Luton and Heathrow Airports is not direct, cheapest options involve going into Central London then interchanging to another transport to the other airport.
- Expect a travel time of a minimum of 2.5 hours or more, comparing to just over an hour direct.
- There are left luggage offices at Paddington, Liverpool Street, St Pancras and Victoria Railway Stations as well as Victoria Coach Station (normally the cheapest) in London.
- If using train or underground, do check for temporary track closures, especially at weekends when heavy maintenance is performed. Industrial action is not unknown but will be publicised on the providers web-site.
- The absolute cheapest way of getting between Central London and Luton by bus that is prone to traffic congestion delays, unlike the alternative train.
Inter Airport Transfers
Heathrow - Luton Indirect Option 1
Heathrow - London Victoria (London Underground)
Luton - London Victoria (National Express Bus)
The Heathrow London Underground service is the cheapest option between Heathrow Airport and Central London. Victoria Underground trains run around every 5 minutes and take about an hour to Victoria from Heathrow with a change of train at Barons Court.
This option is particularly suited to if you have a long layover and want to do sightseeing in London, (there is a left luggage office at Victoria Coach Station opposite where the Terravision bus departs).
National Express Luton Airport Buses run frequently non-stop between Victoria and Luton Airport 24x7 from Victoria Coach Station that is about 600 yards from the Underground and train station at Victoria
Heathrow - Luton Indirect Option 2
Heathrow - London St Pancras(London Underground)
Luton - London St Pancras (Thameslink Trains)
The Luton bus permutation (option 1) is the cheapest option but using the alternative train service is faster, although slightly more expensive. The train also doesn't suffer from possible road congestion delays that the cheaper bus is open to.
As option 1, the Heathrow London Underground service is the cheapest option between Heathrow Airport and Central London. The Piccadilly Line of the London Underground runs direct between Heathrow and London St Pancras Station. Underground trains run around every 5 minutes and take about an hour to St Pancras from Heathrow.
Like Victoria, there is a left luggage facility at St Pancras Station.
Thameslink Luton Airport Trains run several times an hour between St Pancras and Luton Parkway Station. A connecting shuttle bus takes you up the hill to Luton Airport passenger terminals, a short 5 minute journey. The bus connector is included in the rail ticket to Luton Airport.
Luton - Heathrow Airport Private Transfers
A private car or bus with a clear run takes around 50 minutes to make the journey between Heathrow and Luton.
As well as being the most convenient and stress free option, private vehicles can make real sense, especially if there is a group of you or you have lots of luggage.
Longer Stopover In London
If you are staying overnight then it doesn't matter too much where you stay in Central London, there are so many different transfer options between both airports and the centre. If you want to just have stopover during the daytime then there are left luggage offices at Victoria Train and Coach Stations and St Pancras Station that are also good hubs for public transport to both airports.
Luton - Central London by Public Transport - Your Options
Time To Kill At The Airport? - Why Not Visit Windsor Instead, Its Convenient & Good Value Too
If you have a late flight out of Heathrow or a long stopover killing time at the airport is something most people dread the thought off.
A much more attractive proposition is to spend your time in the attractive town of Windsor, just a few miles from Heathrow Airport. Windsor Castle pictured right is what it is famous for but there is much much more to Windsor and Eton than the castle.
We have flexible packages for all group sizes.
A luggage storage service is available whilst you are in Windsor and there is a flat fee rate, no matter how much or little time you spend in Windsor - no waiting time charges apply.
The stopover solution is a private solution customised to every customer. This is not a public tour with set operating times.
Windsor Stopover / Late Flight Solution - More Details
Semi Independent or Guided Tour Transfers
We can customise a day or half day to remember reflecting your personal interests whether there are two or two hundred of you.
We love working with our customers to understand their interests and timescale's and provide a customised itinerary that fits your schedule and pocket. So fill in the enquiry form below with as much detail as you can.
If you just want transport we can do that too. We'll transport you into London, perhaps do a one hour orientation tour and drop you off at a place of your choosing. At an agreed time and place we'll then come and pick you up again. If you have luggage we'll take care of that too.
If you know exactly what you want, all the better.
Quotation / Enquiry Form
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With species called common, Danube and Italian, what creature is a bleak; Bird; Fish; Crab; or Whale? | Search all creatures A-Z - Whats That Fish!
Acapulco Major
- Damselfishes
Also known as Farmer Damsels, Acapulco Damselfish and Acapulco Gregory. Found in flat reef areas, close to the bottom amongst dead coral and rocky rubble with rich algae.. more
Achilles Tang
- Surgeonfishes
Also known as Doctorfishes, Lancetfishes, Thorntails, Thorntail Fish, Achilles Surgeonfish, Red-spot Surgeonfish, Orange-spot Surgeonfish and Red-tailed Surgeon. Found singly or in groups over sand bottoms close to surge.. more
Acorn Worms
- Marine Worms
Also known as Sand Worms, Burrowing Worms and Worm Casts. Found buried under the sand with their castings on top. They live in shallow waters in a U shaped.. more
Acute-jawed Mullet
- Mullets
Also known as Shovel-headed Mullet, Sharpnose Mullet, Brown Mullet and False Mullet. Found in schools in sheltered bays and lagoons on sandy shorelines and reef flats. They feed on.. more
Aesop Shrimp
- Shrimps
Also known as Crustaceans, Carid Shrimps, Commensal Shrimps, Cleaner Shrimp, Anemone Shrimp, Partner Shrimp and Aesop Cleaner Shrimp. Found on bubble coral, mushroom coral and certain types of.. more
African Butterfly Cichlid
- Cichlids
Also known as Thomas's Cichlid and Dwarf Jewelfish. Found in schools in rivers. They can vary in colour and pattern. Length - 5cm Depth - ? Widespread African coastal rivers. A freshwater.. more
African Pompano
- Jacks
Also known as Gamefish, Pennantfish, Threadfin Pompano, Threadfin Trevally, Diamond Trevally, Thread-Fin Jackfish, Silver Mirrorfish, Threadfish and Hairfish. Found singly often on clear outer reefs and along deep.. more
African Pompano (juvenile)
- Jacks
Also known as Gamefish, Pennantfish, Threadfin Pompano, Threadfin Trevally, Diamond Trevally, Thread-Fin Jackfish, Silver Mirrorfish, Threadfish and Hairfish. Found singly often on clear outer reefs and along deep.. more
African Wrasse
- Wrasses
Also known as Sand Wrasses, African Coris and African Clown Wrasse. Found in lagoons inner and outer reefs over sand and rubble areas, often in small loose.. more
African Wrasse (Juvenile)
- Wrasses
Also known as Sand Wrasses, African Coris and African Clown Wrasse. Found in lagoons inner and outer reefs over sand and rubble areas, often in small.. more
Alaskan King Crab
- Crabs
Also known as Crustaceans, King Crab, Alaska Red King Crab and Red King Crab. Found on rocky bottoms and coral reefs. They feed on anything they can find! Length -.. more
Almaco Jack
- Jacks
Also known as Trevallies, Amberfishes, Amberjack, Highfin Amberjack, Longfin Yellowtail, Pacific Yellowtail, Longfin Kingfish and Yellow Kingfish. Found in small schools when it visits reefs or deep lagoons,.. more
Alyta Nudibranch
- Sea Slugs
Also known as Nudibranchs, Warty Sea Slugs and Alyta Sea Slug. Found singly or in pairs on coral and rocky reefs amongst sand and rubble areas. They feed on.. more
Ambanoro Shrimpgoby
- Gobies
Also known as Shrimp Gobies, Ambanoro Prawn Goby, Twinspot Shrimpgoby, Twin-spotted Shrimpgoby and Spotted Shrimpgoby. Found singly or pairs on sand and mud bottoms of lagoons and seaward.. more
Amber Penshell
- Bivalves
Also known as Molluscs, Oysters, Pen Shell and Caribbean Amber Penshell. Found on coral and rocky reefs buried in sand, mud or recesses in the reef with just.. more
Ambon Chromis
- Damselfishes
Also known as Pullers and Ambon Puller. Found singly or in loose groups in lagoons and outer reef slopes. They feed on zooplankton. Length - 7.5cm Depth - 5-65m Widespread West Pacific Damselfish.. more
Ambon Cleaner Shrimp
- Shrimps
Also known as Crustaceans, Carid Shrimps, Cleaner Shrimps, Ambon Shrimp, White-banded Cleaner Shrimp, Indo-Pacific White Banded Cleaner Shrimp, Hump-back Cleaner Shrimp, Humped-back Cleaner Shrimp, Red Skunk Cleaner.. more
Ambon Damsel
- Damselfishes
Also known as Ambon Damselfish. Found singly or in small groups, usually in sandy areas of lagoons and protected reefs. They feed on zooplankton. Length - 10cm Depth - 2-40m Widespread East.. more
Ambon Damsel
- Damselfishes
Also known as Ambon Damselfish, Ambon Demoiselle and Pallid Damselfish. Found singly or in small groups, usually in sandy areas of lagoons and protected reefs. They feed on zooplankton. Length.. more
Ambon Damsel (juvenile)
- Damselfishes
Also known as Ambon Damselfish. Found singly or in small groups, usually in sandy areas of lagoons and protected reefs. They feed on zooplankton. Length - 10cm Depth - 2-40m Widespread East.. more
Ambon Scorpionfish
- Scorpionfishes
Also known as Ambon Stingfish, Ambon Firefish, Ambon Goblinfish, Ambon Rockfish and Hairy Scorpionfish. These shaggy scorpionfish with large growths above eyes, are often found in pairs on.. more
Anchor Coral
- Stony Corals
Also known as Hammer Euphyllia, Anchor Bubble Coral, Torch Coral, Ridge Coral, Hammerhead Coral and Hammer Coral. Found on coral and rocky reefs from shallow to deep, forming.. more
Andover Lionfish
- Lionfishes
Also known as Scorpionfishes. Found singly or in small groups on inshore reefs in murky waters. They feed on small fish and crustaceans. Spines with a frilly top, .. more
Anemone Hermit Crab
- Hermit Crabs
Also known as Crustaceans, Anomura Crabs, Hermit Crabs, Sea Anemone Hermit Crab, Anemone-Carrying Hermit Crab and Anemone Carrier. Found nocturnally on coral and rocky reefs with sand and.. more
Angler Flatfish
- Flounders
Also known as Flatfish, Lefteye Flounders and Bothid Flounder. Found singly in lagoons and coastal reefs on sand and mud bottoms. They feed on fish, invertebrates and worms. Length -.. more
Anna's Magnificent Slug
- Sea Slugs
Also known as Nudibranchs and Anna Sea Slug. Found singly or in pairs on coral and rocky reefs amongst sand and rubble areas. They feed on hydroids, coral, sponges.. more
Annae Nudibranch
- Sea Slugs
Also known as Nudibranchs, Warty Sea Slugs, Anne's phyllidiopsis and Annae Sea Slug. Found singly or in pairs on coral and rocky reefs amongst sand and rubble areas. They.. more
Annular Seabream
- Porgies
Also known as Seabreams and Ringed Seabream. Found singly or in small shoals over sandy areas of reefs and seagrass beds. Juveniles found in seagrass beds. They feed on worms,.. more
Antler Coral
- Stony Corals
Also known as Branching Corals, Cauliflower Coral, Brush Coral and Elkhorn Coral. Found on coral and rocky reefs. Can be solid and dome-shaped or branching, flattened and blade like,.. more
Antler Coral
- Stony Corals
Also known as Hexacorals, Pectinia Coral, Antler Lettuce Coral and Carnation Coral. Found in areas of surge zones of coral and rocky reefs in most environments. They feed on.. more
Anton Bruuni Cleaner Shrimp
- Shrimps
Also known as Crustaceans, Carid Shrimps, Cleaner & Rock Shrimps, Bruun's Cleaner Shrimp, Bruun's Cleaning Partner Shrimp, Cleaning Partner Shrimp, Cleaner Shrimp, Clear Cleaner Shrimp, Floating Shrimp,.. more
Apolegma Nudibranch
- Sea Slugs
Also known as Nudibranchs, Apolegma Sea Slug and Purple Nudibranch. Found on coral and rocky reefs over sand and rubble areas. Length - 4cm Depth - 2-30m Widespread Indo-Pacific Opisthobranchia - Nudibranchs.. more
Apple Snail
- Sea Snails
Also known as Tun Shells, Apple Tun, Pacific Grinning Tun and Grinning Tun. Found nocturnally in silty shallow water on sandy bottoms. They feed on sea cucumbers. Length - 10cm Depth.. more
Arabian Crust-sponge
- Sponges
Also known as Siliceous Sponges, Marine Sponge and Arabian Sponge Coral. Found in well lit areas of coral and rocky reefs on dead or living corals. They feed on.. more
Arabian Monocle Bream
- Coral Breams
Also known as Spinecheeks, Whiptails, Monocle Bream,Arabian Spinecheek, Paleband Monocle Bream, Paleband Spinecheek and Arabian Threadfin Bream. Found singly, pairs or in small groups on shallow clear.. more
Arc-eye Hawkfish
- Hawkfishes
Also known as Arc-eyed Hawkfish, Arch Eye Hawkfish, Arch-eyed Hawkfish, Ring-eye Hawkfish, Ring-eyed Hawkfish, Red-eye Hawkfish, Red-eyed Hawkfish, Spectacle Hawkfish, Monocle Hawkfish, Horseshoe Hawkfish and Whitelined Hawkfish. Found.. more
Arcfin Shrimpgoby
- Gobies
Also known as Archfin Goby and Horse-shoe Shrimpgoby. Found in lagoons and sheltered reefs amongst sand and rubble. Living in burrows with alpheid shrimp. They feed on small invertebrates and.. more
Arched Box Crab
- Crabs
Also known as Crustaceans, Box Crabs, Shame-faced Crabs, Arrow Box Crab, Giant Box Crab and Armed Box Crab. Found on coral and rocky reefs over sandy areas moving.. more
Argus Wrasse
- Wrasses
Also known as Sand-reef Wrasses and Peacock Wrasse. Found singly or in groups in shallow areas of shorelines over weed covered reefs and seagrass beds. They feed on Invertebrates. Length.. more
Argus Wrasse (Juvenile)
- Wrasses
Also known as Sand-reef Wrasses and Peacock Wrasse. Found singly or in groups in shallow areas of shorelines over weed covered reefs and seagrass beds. They feed on Invertebrates. Length.. more
Aron's Blenny
- Blennies
Also known as Reef Blennies and Rock Blennies. Found singly on clear coral rich lagoons and seaward reefs on rocks and rubble. They feed on algae from dead coral.. more
Arrowhead Crab ???
- Crabs
Also known as Crustaceans, Brachyura Crabs, True Crabs, Spider Crabs, Halimeda Crab and Green Arrowhead Crab. Found on coral and rocky reefs. They feed on plankton. Length - 2cm Depth -.. more
Arthritic Spider Shell
- Sea Snails
Also known as Arthritic Spider Conch and Spider Shell. Found in rubble areas and hard bottoms of dead coral reefs. Juveniles do not have the appendages of the adult.. more
Asian Paddle Crab
- Crabs
Also known as Charybdis japonicus, Crustaceans, Brachyura Crabs, True Crabs, Swimmer Crab, Portunid Crab, Asian crab, Blue Crab, Paddle Crab, Swimming Crab, Lady Crab, Japanese Stone Crab,.. more
Asparagus Algae
- Algae
Also known as Red Algae, Seaweed, Asparagus Seaweed, Marine Seaweed, Iodine Weed and Macro Algae. Found on coral and rocky reefs in small bunches or in large.. more
Assasi Triggerfish
- Triggerfishes
Also known as Assasi Trigger, Arabian Picasso Triggerfish, Red Sea Picasso Triggerfish, Picasso Triggerfish, Picassofish, Arabian Picassofish, Lagoon Triggerfish and Reef Triggerfish. Found singly or in small groups.. more
Atlantic Batfish
- Batfishes
Also known as Anglerfishes and Walking Batfish. Found singly on mud and sandy bottoms sometimes near to reefs but usually found resting on the sand partially covered in.. more
Atlantic Sea raven
- Sea Ravens
Also known as Sailfin Sculphins, Bullhead, Puff-belly, Whip Sculphin and Scratch-belly. Found on rubble areas of coral and rocky reefs. They feed on fish, crustaceans, mollusks and sea urchins. They.. more
Atlantic Wing-oyster
- Bivalves
Also known as Molluscs, Wing Oysters, Winged Oyster, Giant wing Oyster, Black Winged Oyster, Winged Pearl Oyster, Pearl Oyster, Black Pearl Oyster and Atlantic Winged Oyster. Found on.. more
Atriolum Robustum
- Ascidians
Also known as Tunicates, Sea Squirts, Colonial ascidians, Compound ascidians, Robust Tunicate, Golden Sea Squirt, Soft Sea Squirt, Urn Sea Squirt and Urn Ascidian. Found in groups in.. more
Aureopurpurea Nudibranch
- Sea Slugs
Also known as Nudibranchs and Gold-spotted Chromodoris. Found singly or in pairs on coral and rocky reefs amongst sand and rubble areas. They feed on hydroids, coral, sponges and.. more
Aurora Shrimpgoby
- Gobies
Also known as Shrimp Gobies, Aurora Prawn-goby, Pink-bar Shrimp-goby, Pink-bar Goby, Pink-bar Partner Goby and Beautiful Prawn-goby. Found along shallow, clear water outer reef slopes and lagoon channels.. more
Australian Blenny
- Blennies
Also known as Reef Blennies, Rock Blennies, Combtooth Blenny and Australian Combtooth Blenny. Found singly pairs or in small groups on coral areas of lagoons and outer reef.. more
Australian Brain Coral
- Stony Corals
Also known as Brain Corals, Aussie Brain Coral, Aussie Worm Brain Coral, Australian Maze Brain Coral, Honeycomb Coral and Maze Coral. Found on coral and rocky reefs.. more
Australian Damsel
- Damselfishes
Also known as Australian Damselfish. Found singly or in small schools over open sand and rubble areas of lagoons and outer reefs. They feed on zooplankton and algae. Length -.. more
Australian Giant Cuttlefish
- Cuttlefishes
Also known as Giant Australian Cuttlefish, Aussie Cuttlefish and Giant Cuttlefish. Found singly on rocky coral reefs and seagrass beds. Colour changes to match surroundings. They feed on fish and.. more
Australian Land Hermit Crab
- Hermit Crabs
Also known as Land Hermit Crab, Terrestrial Hermit Crab, Australian Terrestrial Hermit Crab, Aussie Land Hermit Crab and Crazy Crab. Found on land on sand, grassy areas in.. more
Australian Sandperch
- Sandperches
Also known as Grubfish, Sandsmelts, Weevers, Australian Grubfish and Southern Grubfish. Found singly or in small groups on sand and rubble areas in lagoons and coastal reefs. They feed.. more
Axilspot Hogfish
- Wrasses
Also known as Hogfishes, Axilspot Pigfish, Axil Hogfish, Axil Pigfish, Coral Hogfish, Coral Pigfish, Axil Pigfish, White-spotted Hogfish, Turncoat Hogfish and Polkadot Wrasse. Found singly, very occasionally on.. more
Axilspot Hogfish (Juvenile)
- Wrasses
Also known as Hogfishes, Axilspot Pigfish, Axil Hogfish, Axil Pigfish, Coral Hogfish, Coral Pigfish, Axil Pigfish, White-spotted Hogfish, Turncoat Hogfish and Polkadot Wrasse. Found singly, very occasionally on.. more
| Fish |
For which English county cricket team did Australian Shane Warne play between 2000 and 2007? | Fish Synonyms, Fish Antonyms | Thesaurus.com
You cannot deceive me regarding the varieties of fish that come in cans.
This was certainly a fact; the fish had come by the coach the next morning.
They emblazoned the crocodile on their monuments, but never a fish.
A fish doesn't know anything about death; so he has no fear of it.
Why, there is that Irish boy; I wonder if he wouldn't sell us some fish?
When the captain had tasted the fish, he stopped short, and looked at Pitts.
They have been able to fish, to climb trees, and to take long walks.
They dived into the water, and brought up a fish every time.
Also a way to the sea, and a net, for them to fish together.
We must learn to hunt, track animals, fish, and find our way in the wilderness.
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Which composer died on 5th December 1791, aged 35? | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Dies at the Age of 35 | World History Project
Dec 5 1791
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Dies at the Age of 35
The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died at 1:00 am on 5 December 1791 at the age of 35, following a short illness.
Mozart fell ill while in Prague for the premiere on 6 September of his opera La clemenza di Tito, written in 1791 on commission for the Emperor's coronation festivities. He was able to continue his professional functions for some time, and conducted the premiere of The Magic Flute on 30 September. The illness intensified on 20 November, at which point Mozart became bedridden, suffering from swelling, pain, and vomiting.
Mozart was nursed in his final illness by Constanze and her youngest sister Sophie, and attended by the family doctor, Thomas Franz Closset. It is clear that he was mentally occupied with the task of finishing his Requiem. However, the evidence that he actually dictated passages to his student Süssmayr is very slim.
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |
A mooli is which type of vegetable? | Mozart | Epic Rap Battles of History Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Mozart battled Skrillex in Mozart vs Skrillex . He was portrayed by Nice Peter .
Contents
[ show ]
Information on the rapper
Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, better known as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, or simply Mozart, was born on January 27th, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria. He was a renowned and significantly influential composer of the Classical period.
Mozart's career started at an extremely young age. He already was very competent on the violin and the keyboard at the age of five and performed before European royalty. At the age of 25, Mozart moved to Vienna, after several years of frustration by his father; who sabotaged any change of romance for Mozart so that he could support the whole family. Mozart then started working in Vienna as a freelance composer and musician. In 1782, he married Constanze Weber, angering his father even more. Mozart worked in Vienna for nine years; composing, playing, and teaching the subject. Although he had a growing reputation as a famous composer, Mozart had many financial problems and never seemed to have enough money. The death of his father troubled him even more, because the two men never really made up after Mozart moved to Vienna.
On December 5th, 1791, Mozart died, from what was most likely Rheumatic fever, in Vienna, Austria, at the age of 35.
Lyrics
Was that a verse, or did you just get the hiccups?
I'm a prodigy, Sonny, and I'm about to smack a bitch up!
My music is two hundred years old, and it's still excellent!
In two more months, the world will forget about your Skrill-excrement!
I can't believe the way you dress when you dubstep out of the house!
You're like an emo Steve Urkel, and you (ooh!) reek of dead mouse!
I am the world's greatest composer! No one knows what you are,
Except a lonely little troll who knows how to press a space bar!
Verse 2:
Oh yes, I've heard that EP, and see, I transcribed it here.
Tell me, what comes after the sixty-eighth measure of diarrhea?
And what kind of drugs does it take to enjoy this? I've no idea!
I've seen more complexity in a couch from IKEA!
You go piano to fortississimo!
That means soft to very, very loud, 'cause I'm guessing that you didn't know!
Why don't you put down your Cubase and pick up a real bow?
I rocked harder than you when I was five years old!
Scrapped lyrics
Was that a verse, or just a series of hiccups?
Why don't you step aside and let a prodigy smack a bitch up?!
You better run as fast as you can, 'cause you're a flash in the pan,
And pretty soon all your fans will drag your tracks to the trash cans!
I am a great composer, no one knows what you are!
Something about hitting a dead mouse on a space bar!
Your obnoxious, preposterous songs sound like dog shit,
I was supporting my parents with music before you even knew you were adopted!
Trivia
Mozart was previously referenced in Moses vs Santa Claus on Santa Claus ' Naughty List, the reason being that he was "too loud".
He is the fourth person to appear after being mentioned in a battle.
Nice Peter dressed up as Mozart to film a commercial, as seen in a Monday Show . [1]
In the YouTube Spot commercial for Mozart vs Skrillex , an alternate background and costume for Mozart was used.
Gallery
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A 2010 UK survey by the Campaign for Better Transport identified which city as the most car-dependent? | Nottingham named England's least car-dependent city | Environment | The Guardian
Ethical and green living
Nottingham named England's least car-dependent city
Nottingham's investment in cycle tracks, a tram network and buses made it the top ranking city for green transport
Nottingham's tram system is now used by 10 million passengers a year. Photograph: Rui Vieira/PA
Tuesday 14 September 2010 01.00 EDT
First published on Tuesday 14 September 2010 01.00 EDT
Close
This article is 6 years old
Nottingham has been named as England's least car-dependent city in a survey that exposes inconsistent planning across the country with one of the nation's newest conurbations, Milton Keynes, labelled the worst for cyclists and bus users.
Award-winning bus services, a European-style embrace of the tram and a bias against out-of-town shopping centres were cited as powerful incentives for residents of Nottingham to leave their cars at home, according to a report by the Campaign for Better Transport . By contrast, Milton Keynes, trumpeted as the epitome of modern urban dwelling in the 1980s, is criticised for a reliance on the motor vehicle to get people from A to B.
Nottingham's investment in 30 miles of cycle tracks, a nine-mile tram network and 230,000 miles of bus journeys per week made it the top ranking city overall. "It ranked highly for factors such as bus patronage, satisfaction with bus services and low car use for the school run. As well as having an efficient bus service, the new expanding tram system is now used by 10 million passengers a year," said CBT.
The green lobbying group judged 19 English cities by three criteria: accessibility and planning; quality and uptake of public transport; walking and cycling.
Nottingham's Labour-dominated city council has thrown resources at transport over the past decade, with its bus services winning national bus operator of the year twice since 1999.
Its innovative ethos has drawn criticism from local businesses who have complained about plans to introduce a workplace parking levy that will charge companies £300 per year to park a car outside a company office – with the proceeds reinvested in public transport. Another award-winner in Nottingham is the city councillor in charge of transport, Jane Urquhart, who was rewarded for her contribution to local transport in the National Transport Awards this year. Urquhart said the key to Nottingham's success was offering motorists an alternative rather than haranguing them out of their cars.
Four out of 10 journeys in and out of central Nottingham were made by car at the beginning of the decade but the opening of a tram service and increased investment in buses has tipped the balance in favour of public transport, according to Urquhart.
"People in Nottingham have a real choice about whether or not they need a car for their journey, because they have an excellent alternative," she said.
Nottingham topped the survey ahead of London despite a multi-billion pound taxpayer investment in the capital's tube and bus services that is the envy of sister cities across the UK. Brighton came third, reflecting its much-admired bus network, its umbilical rail links with London and a size perfectly pitched for commuting cyclists and walkers. Manchester won fourth place despite tarnishing its progressive transport credentials two years ago by rejecting a congestion charge scheme.
The attributes that make Nottingham one of the greenest transport cities in the UK were found lacking in Luton, Peterborough and Milton Keynes. In an indictment of the planners tasked with turning Milton Keynes into a new town in the 1960s, CBT said the area was built with one mode of transport in mind.
"Milton Keynes was designed for the car. Those with cars can get to work in under 10 minutes, but those without a car struggle to get around." CBT added: "Travelling by public transport is a poor alternative." Peterborough is commended for improving its public transport in recent years, but CBT adds that the Cambridgeshire city is building on a "very low starting point." The presence of the M1 has contributed to traffic problems in densely-built Luton, according to the report.
Milton Keynes council said transport links were improving, including 270km of cycling and walking routes as well as 8.2m bus journeys per year.
CBT said the survey was a warning to the government that cutting regional transport spending – £309m has already been slashed from local budgets by the Department for Transport this year – would be a further blow to the unemployed, who may not own a car or be able to afford the cost of driving to work or job interviews.
A further £1.6bn of local transport schemes are on hold as the DfT awaits the outcome of next month's comprehensive spending review. Stephen Joseph, CBT's executive director, said the survey was a warning to Eric Pickles, the secretary of state for communities and local government, whose department is responsible for planning. "If you make it impossible for people to get to places without using cars, it will make it more difficult for people to get out of welfare and into work. This report is as much a message for Eric Pickles as it is for Philip Hammond [secretary of state for transport]," said Joseph."
The lonely life of a cyclist in Milton Keynes
There are many reasons I have a bike instead of a car, but a blistering hatred of getting stuck in traffic is one of them. Pedalling through drizzly Milton Keynes yesterday afternoon, I quickly realised why people might like to drive here – there was no traffic. I decided to head up to the shopping centre via Midsummer Boulevard and it was like being in a particularly lonely recasting of 28 Days Later. I didn't have to hit my brakes once: where was everyone?
I pulled up outside Midsummer Place, an adjunct to the main shopping mall, and parked my bike directly outside the police station. This must surely be the safest parking spot in all of Milton Keynes, and yet my steed had just one other for company.
Do you drive, ladies?, I asked an attractive trio of teenagers heading into Burger King. "No, and it's REALLY annoying," they said in unison. Not having a driving licence is a frustration of teenagers the world over, but being deprived of one in Milton Keynes is a particular injustice, said Rachel Ivory, 17.
"I hate getting the bus and today my mum wouldn't give me a lift so I got a taxi instead," she said. Rachel and her friends are all taking lessons, but one particular aspect of the local topography made learning that bit harder, she said: "The roundabouts. They're everywhere."
Like many cyclists, I am ever so slightly scared of roundabouts, so I was bracing myself for a nightmare of lane-changing and nerve-holding on my pootle around Milton Keynes. I needn't have worried: the town's planners have kindly laid an astonishing 160 miles of almost exclusively off-road cycle paths, known as the redways, which largely avoid the roundabouts in favour of underpasses. But, like most cycle lanes around the country, they stop and start in highly inconvenient and unexpected places. "I always find myself cycling through car parks," said Keith Bolton, the only cyclist I encountered during my sojourn, who had popped into town to do some shopping.
Much is made of Milton Keynes' lack of romance – the grid system, the numbered streets, the ridiculous quantity of roundabouts. But another Keith, Keith Miller, said it made for extremely easy navigation. "If someone says, I live on the junction of H4 and V4 and you're at a roundabout on V4/H1, you know you just have to go three roundabouts north and you're there," he said, with no small pleasure.
The second Keith drove, he said, because there were only three buses a day where he lived, eight miles away in Husborne Crawley. The rubbish local bus service is, it seems, a common source of discontent. Victoria Clifford, who works in a coffee shop, said the number four bus she used to get from Stony Stratford into town would take up to two hours "and it's only ten minutes in the car!" After three years of this interminable journey, she got fed up. Now, like everyone else, she drives.
Helen Pidd
| Milton Keynes |
What is the musical term for 'To be repeated from the beginning'? | Transport Report ranks Nottingham, Brighton and London ahead on sustainability | Campaign For Better Transport
Home / Media / Transport Report ranks Nottingham, Brighton and London ahead on sustainability
Transport Report ranks Nottingham, Brighton and London ahead on sustainability
28 August 2012
New research shows wide variation in how much people in different cities are dependent on using their car to get around, with many cities providing few opportunities to get around by public transport, walking or cycling. The Car Dependency Scorecard 2012 [1], published by Campaign for Better Transport, showed that London topped the ranking as the least car-dependent city in England, closely followed by Nottingham and Brighton and Hove.
The Car Dependency Scorecard 2012 examined how dependent we are on cars in the UK's major cities, and shows how sensible investment in sustainable transport can give people more choice about how they travel. Reducing car use can decrease congestion in our cities and have the additional positive effect of reducing pollution and carbon emissions. It used data from 19 different sources to rank 26 cities across all regions in England.
The Scorecard reveals that the top three cities are:
1. London
2. Brighton and Hove
3. Nottingham
The first Car Dependency Scorecard was published in 2010. Nottingham came top in 2010, followed by London and Brighton. The same three cities make up the top three in 2012 due to investment in transport and, in general, forward-looking travel plans. Transport investment in the run up to London 2012 is one of the factors that will see London’s infrastructure encourage more people to use public transport instead of driving.
Sian Berry, Sustainable Transport Campaigner for Campaign for Better Transport, said:
“The cities that have topped our ranking show how good planning and investing in transport infrastructure can provide decent transport alternatives and reduce the number of people having to make every-day journeys by car. Heavy investment in transport for London 2012 is already starting to show its impact with the capital moving up to top the ranking. But, local authorities need to realise the most cost-effective way to reduce dependence is to invest in cheaper, more-efficient public transport and build new developments that can be accessed by cycling and public transport and which reduce the need to travel, rather than throw money at expensive road plans that in reality fail to cut congestion.”
The worst city for dependency on the car was Wigan, with Peterborough and Colchester close behind.
The cities that ranked bottom of the table showed poor accessibility to key services and high numbers using cars to commute to work. Milton Keynes, which came last in 2010, has also not improved its position as the cities lower in the table were not measured in the last scorecard. The report also shows that the cities lagging at the bottom of the table do not look likely to improve in the future. Their travel plans place too much emphasis on road infrastructure, cheap parking, and/or placing new business parks and homes where they would generate additional car journeys and lack the foresight to suggest more cost-effective ways to improve public transport to aid every-day journeys for their residents.
The most improved city since 2010 was Southampton. It climbed five places overall to fifth, and this is likely to be thanks to new partnerships between local councils and public transport operators.
In our 2011 European Car Dependency Scorecard [2] it was seen that all the UK cities measured compared badly to our European neighbours on transport provision. UK cities performed badly due to poor air quality, high levels of congestion and, with the exception of Cardiff, the high cost of public transport.
ENDS
1) The full report can be found at: http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/files/car_dependency_scorecard_2.pdf
2) European Car Dependency Scorecard 2010: http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/media/sept-29-euro-car-dependency-scorecard
3) Three cities in each UK region were selected, primarily on population data. For more detail on our selection procedure, please see appendix 3 of the report.
4) The Scorecard identifies 19 indicators which reflect car dependency. These were mainly publicly available data produced by the Department for Transport, (DfT), Department for Communities and local Government (DCLG) and Passenger Focus. In all instances we used the most recent data available. Additional analysis was done by Campaign for Better Transport to produce information on price of bus services and mode share of peak time journeys.
5) Each city’s was ranked for each indicator was ranked from 1 to 26. These ranks were then summed across each category to reach a category ranking, which were then summed to give each city a final ranking. The analysis covered four categories:
• Accessibility and planning
• Quality and uptake of public transport
• Walking and cycling as alternatives
• Driving and car use
6) The full ranking (from least car dependent to most):
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Burley is which type of crop? | Malawi Manufacturer Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information
128 shipments match burley crop
327 shipments total
NMANUFACTURED LIGHT AIR-CURED TOBACCO STRIPS BURLEY TYPE, CROP 2011, GRADE; MWBXULBC4T NO UNMANUFACTURED TOBACCO - 297 CARTONS "MALAW U S:298-594 , 2011 GTN BURLEY...
Brazil Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information
86 shipments match burley crop
2,054 shipments total
...40FT HC CONTAINER(S) CONTAINING 2178 CARDBOARD CASESWITH UNMANUFACTURED BRAZILIAN BURLEY TOBACCO STRIP, 2014 CROP, HTS 2401.20.8520 CLEAN ON BOARD FCL/FCL FREIGHT...
Bulgaria Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information
72 shipments match burley crop
186 shipments total
...IN BASEL / SWITZE CCO SCRAPS, 2011 CROP NET: 36,900.00 KGS CON 246 CARTONS UNMANUFACTURED MALAWI BURLEY TOBA OURCE OF HEAT MSC (11-010WW...…MARKS AND NOS. LOT NO. LA4058 2011 CROP CTN S NOS. 1-99 100-189,192-200 201-246,556-557 MARKS AND NOS. LOT...
Brazil Manufacturer Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information
58 shipments match burley crop
1,083 shipments total
TOBACCO TOBACCO TOBACCO TOBACCO TOBACCO 1287 CARTONS WITH UNMANUFACTURED, BRAZILIAN, BURLEY STRIPS, CROP YEAR 2013. SHIPPED ON BOARD FREIGHT COLLECT: FORACCOUNT OF G.F. VAUGHAN...
Brazil Has verified third-party data
43 shipments match burley crop
5,955 shipments total
...CONTAINER(S) CONTAINING 198 CASES WI TH: UNMANUFACTURED BRAZIL BURLEY TOBACCO STRI PS, 2012 CROP: GRADE: 1009399 B-0HF5RMS BR 20 12 ''CLEAN ON BOARD...
Brazil Manufacturer Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information
47 shipments match burley crop
783 shipments total
PAPER AND PAPERBOARD WITH UNMANUFACTURED BRAZIL BURLEY MIXED STEMS 2014 CROP PO 09693 HTS 2401.30.3320 GRADE BLYSTM INTERMODAL CERTIFICATE THE CONTAINERS LISTED UNDER...
Mozambique Has verified third-party data
43 shipments match burley crop
127 shipments total
99 CARTONS MOZAMBIQUE UNMANUFACTUIRED BURLEY STRIPS TOBACCO 2012 CROP CONTRACT NO. 11-010 WW SEAFREIGHT AND DESTINATION THC AND ISPS TO BE COLLECTED AT DESTINATION...
Guatemala Trading Company Has verified third-party data
36 shipments match burley crop
292 shipments total
TOBACCO UNMANUFACTURED GUATEMALAN BURLEY TOBACCO STEMS, 2015 CROP HTS NO. 2401.30.3320 TOBACCO UNMANUFACTURED GUATEMALAN BURLEY TOBACCO STEMS, 2015 CROP HTS NO. 2401.30...
Malawi Has verified third-party data
33 shipments match burley crop
67 shipments total
MALAWI BURLEY STRIPS PO NUMBER 4900000278 REF ERENCE NUMBER 13-302 MATERIAL 35000103 BATCH 1N13112 CONTAINER MARK 1N1MW HTS 2401.20.8520 NET 18,528...…...7 13.7 NET 193 K GS GRADE 1N1MW CROP YEAR 2013 TYPE OF TOBACCO BURLEY STRIPS COUNTRY OF ORIGIN MALAWI PTUS JOB MW-13...
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| Tobacco |
The Rockall Trough is in which ocean? | Burley Tobacco
Burley Tobacco
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For over 100 years burley tobacco has been an important cash crop in western North Carolina as well as in other areas of Appalachia. The large, weather-beaten, rough-timbered tobacco barns that dot the landscape are a familiar sight. In many mountain families, several generations worked side by side on small farms – planting, harvesting, and curing burley tobacco. However, like many other agriculture commodities, tobacco production is changing. In fact, the combination of market evolution and new legislation is threatening the survival of the burley tobacco industry in our region.
Statistically, North Carolina is the largest grower of tobacco in the country, accounting for about two-thirds of domestic tobacco production. In 2002, the value of the state tobacco crop was about $800 million, roughly 12 percent of the total value of the state’s agricultural production. One of every eleven workers in the state is directly or indirectly involved in tobacco production. Its manufacture adds $11 billion to the state’s economy – more than any other industry.
Production
Three kinds of tobacco are used in cigarette production: bright, burley, and oriental (also called Turkish) – with bright and burley being the two varieties grown in the United States. By far, bright is the most common. North Carolina growers produce about 348 million pounds of flue-cured bright tobacco and about 10 million pounds of naturally-cured burley.
The process of growing and selling burley is similar to that of bright, but there are significant differences in the way it is harvested and cured. With burley, the entire stalk is cut and left stacked teepee-style in the fields. The stacks are then collected and allowed to air-cure in large open barns with natural air-flow. In fact, the technical term for burley is “air cured.” After one to two months of curing, burley leaves will turn color, anywhere from a light brown to a mahogany shade.
While bright tobacco was king in the piedmont and eastern regions of North Carolina, burley ruled in the western part of the state. At its peak, over 10,000 small farms, many less than an acre in size, produced burley tobacco in approximately twenty counties in the mountains and foothills. Half of that production occurred in Madison, Buncombe, Yancey, and Haywood counties. Burley provided an important economic supplement, its income often meaning the difference between solvency and bankruptcy for rural Appalachian families.
Tobacco Quotas
In 1938 the United States government, responding to the Great Depression, implemented a price control mechanism on tobacco called “quotas.” This system was intended to ensure that the industry remained viable and profitable to farmers by limiting production and providing price supports. Over the years, the larger, richer landowners purchased quotas from smaller farmers. Frequently, these large growers would “sharecrop” the production rights back to smaller farmers, in effect recreating the 19th century yeoman economic system. In 2004, the U.S. Congress passed a tobacco reform bill that eliminated the quota system and its price supports. Farm owners received a cash buyout proportionate to the quotas they owned. Four of the ten billion dollars designated for the buyout program are destined for North Carolina, effectively changing the way 76,000 tobacco farmers conduct business. A large percentage of smaller burley producers, almost all in the mountains, chose the cash buyout in lieu of continued free-market production. They feared it would be impossible to compete with large growers without government assistance.
Future of Tobacco Farming
Many experts believe the big farms will survive in a market environment. Since supply restrictions have been eliminated, some may even grow in size. However, smaller farms are already beginning to disappear. The largest producer of burley in North Carolina, Madison County, had over 1,200 tobacco farmers in 1993. Since the quota system was eliminated, that number has dwindled to less than 700. Coupled with a declining demand for cigarettes and pressure from Turkish and Brazilian imports, the future of the industry is uncertain.
Agricultural economists are recommending that tobacco farmers, especially those growing burley, have a back-up plan as commodity prices and demand weakens. One farming family in Buncombe County recently planted raspberries on land that had been used to grow burley tobacco a few short years ago. However, reluctant to completely abandon an important part of their traditional Appalachian heritage, they still planted seven acres of burley tobacco where once they had grown and harvested more than sixty.
This essay was based on information provided by Phillip Morris USA, the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the Asheville Citizen-Times, and Duke and N.C. State Universities.
For more information please see:
“Tobacco Farming in the Age of the Surgeon General’s Warning: The Cultural Ecology and Structuration of Burley Tobacco Production in Madison County, North Carolina,” by Catherine Algeo, 1998.
Characteristics of Burley Tobacco Farms, by Tom Capehart, 1991.
Seeds of Wealth: Four Plants That Made Men Rich, by Henry Hobhouse, 2003.
Mister Golden Leaf Himself, by the North Carolina Farm Bureau Federation, 1994.- This video describes the similarities and differences between the two types of tobacco grown in North Carolina and how the tobacco industry benefits North Carolina’s economy
Tobacco Culture: Farming Kentucky’s Burley Belt, by John van Willigen and Susan C. Eastwood,1998.
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In the 2004 film biopic Beyond the Sea, Kevin Spacey plays which 1960s singer? | Beyond the Sea (2004) - IMDb
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A swooning study of "Mack the Knife" singer Bobby Darin (Spacey) specifically, and his relationship with his wife Sandra Dee (Bosworth).
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Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 5 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
Consummate entertainer Bobby Darin (1936-1973) is making a movie about his life. He's volatile, driven by the love of performing, ambition, perfectionism, and belief that he's living on borrowed time. He begins in the Bronx: a fatherless lad learning music and dance from his mom. His career starts slowly, then "Splish Splash" puts him at the top of the charts and on "Bandstand." He wants to be an entertainer, not a pop star, so he aims for the Copacabana; then it's on to the movies, where he meets and marries Sandra Dee. After, it's balancing career, health, marriage and family life, balances he doesn't always keep. Throughout, conversations with his boyhood self give him perspective. Written by <[email protected]>
BOBBY DARIN . . . in the era of cool he was the soundtrack. See more »
Genres:
Rated PG-13 for some strong language and a scene of sensuality | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
29 December 2004 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Bobby Darin Biopic See more »
Filming Locations:
£179,558 (UK) (26 November 2004)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
As research for his role of pop crooner Bobby Darin , Kevin Spacey attended several of Michael Bublé 's performances. See more »
Goofs
In the first scene when Bobby sings 'Mack the Knife' he tosses in an ad-lib by throwing a karate kick and shouting 'ah-so, Madame Myook.' This is based on an actual ad-lib which can be heard on a 10 November 1963 recording of 'Mack the Knife' at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas. However, the real Bobby Darin says 'Madame NHU' and not 'Madame Myook.' Madame Nhu was considered the first lady of South Vietnam from 1955-1963. And, she was well known to the American public in the early 1960s because of her notorious political comments, staunch conservatism, and high sense of fashion. See more »
Quotes
Steve Blauner : Listen you prick, there are four guys around here who can't be fired. And you're not one of them.
David Gershenson : He may be an asshole...
See more »
Crazy Credits
During the end credits we see Kevin Spacey performing another song. In the background there are lines moving to the music. See more »
Connections
(United States) – See all my reviews
For those who cannot "suspend disbelief" in order to enjoy a musical, this movie, and my review, are not for you. For the rest of us, "Beyond the Sea" is a delight.
I read critics who said Kevin Spacey is too old to pull off a 20-something Bobby Darin. Wrong! Kevin Spacey's acting captures the essence of BD; after the first ten minutes of the movie it seemed that Kevin Spacey WAS Bobby Darin irrespective of age. I also read critics who said Spacey's dancing was stiff and awkward. Wrong! The production numbers were fabulous. His singing, acting, dancing were awesome, and it's a performance that should not be short-changed in this year's awards' season (although I fear it might be overlooked).
Kate Blodgett, too, did a great job of portraying Sandra Dee (but I wish they had kept her hairstyles more true to Sandra Dee of the 1960's).
My only disappointment is that so many important details about Bobby Darin's life were quickly glossed over or totally omitted. For example, there was no mention of his early years in the Pocono's; his unfulfilled romance with Connie Francis; his friendship with Dick Clark; his songwriting collaboration with Don Kirshner; and his subsequent marriage after divorcing Sandra Dee.
Nevertheless, I loved "Beyond the Sea" and plan to see it again this week. I'm afraid it won't still be in the theaters next week. It almost appears as though some of Hollywood and the newsprint critics have dissed it with almost a jealousy toward Kevin Spacey's Herculean efforts to bring this to the screen, not to mention his compelling performance.
I don't know if it will attract a younger viewing audience; but, if you're a Baby Boomer, this is a must-see.
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| Bobby Darin |
In June 1937, which US state became the first, and only, to celebrate Flag Day as a state holiday? | Beyond the Sea (3/10) Movie CLIP - Beyond the Sea (2004) HD - YouTube
Beyond the Sea (3/10) Movie CLIP - Beyond the Sea (2004) HD
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Published on Mar 23, 2015
Beyond the Sea movie clips: http://j.mp/19fvTgp
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CLIP DESCRIPTION:
Bobby Darin (Kevin Spacey) courts the hand of Sandra Dee (Kate Bosworth) to a montage of his classic hit song "Beyond the Sea".
FILM DESCRIPTION:
Kevin Spacey serves as both director and star for this biopic based on the life and career of legendary entertainer Bobby Darin, which moves back and forth between his childhood and adult selves to tell the tale of his remarkable life. Born Bobby Cassotto and raised in the Bronx, young Bobby (played as a child by William Ullrich) was raised by his mother, Polly (Brenda Blethyn), his brother-in-law, Charlie (Bob Hoskins), and his sister, Nina (Caroline Aaron). At the age of 15, Bobby contracted a severe case of rheumatic fever, which was expected to take his life; while it left him with a weak heart, Bobby beat the odds and survived. Buoyed by a love of music passed along by his mother, Bobby learned to play several instruments and began singing as he recovered. Displaying a confidence and drive which stopped just short of arrogance, he adopted the stage name Bobby Darin and set his sights on becoming a star. After a string of hits as a rock & roll singer, Darin (played as an adult by Kevin Spacey) takes another gamble, and with the help of manager Steve Blauner (John Goodman) he reinvents himself as a supper-club vocalist in the manner of Frank Sinatra. All the more remarkably, he succeeds, and his swinging version of "Mack the Knife" tops the charts. Now a major singing star, Darin decides to take up acting; on the set of his first movie, he woos his female co-star Sandra Dee (Kate Bosworth), and despite the stern objections of her mother (Greta Scacchi), Bobby and Sandra wed. But after a string of successful movies for Dee and hit records and an Oscar nomination for Darin, the shifting tastes of the 1960s throw their careers off-track. Bobby cautiously embraces the new sounds of the day, but his old fans don't want to hear him cover Bob Dylan or the Rolling Stones, while the younger audience isn't interested in his new sound, leaving Darin in a difficult place to make his way back to stardom. Kevin Spacey did his own singing for Beyond the Sea, recreating Bobby Darin's vocal style with uncanny accuracy.
CREDITS:
Cast: Harvey Friedman, Kate Bosworth, Kevin Spacey
Director: Kevin Spacey
Producers: Dana Brunetti, Anna Campeau, Mark Damon, Jan Fantl, Jason Constantine, Joanne Horowitz, Christian Frohn, Douglas Hansen, Andy Paterson, Henning Molfenter, Thierry Potok, Kevin Spacey, Jim Reeve, Guy Tannahill, Jeremy Whelehan, Michael Burns, Steve Robbins, Peter Block, Arthur Friedman
Screenwriters: Lewis Colick, Kevin Spacey
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Which European leader publicly welcomed a new female MP to parliament by reminding her of a 'rule' called 'jus primae noctis' ('law of the first night' - a medieval right of the Lord of the manor to deflower new brides) ? Silvio Berlusconi; Winston Churchill; Nicolas Sarkozy; or Helmut Kohl? | The News Newspaper - Issue 125 by The News Newspaper - issuu
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Ash cloud no immediate danger Weather forecasters say Icelandic cloud is heading east and not south - Barca players leave early for football final just in case p3
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While jubilant voters gathered outside the Partido Popular's headquarters in Genova Street in Madrid on Sunday night, the scene outside the Socialist Party's headquarters in Ferraz Street was one of pure desolation.
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WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
WORLD Voting scam?
By Kym Wickham [email protected]
Voting here in Coin turned somewhat farcical when it was discovered that an awful lot of Coin's foreigners had not been registered. My husband was one of them, even though we filled out the same forms, followed up with all the photocopies asked for and generally did what we were supposed to do both at the same time. I know of quite a few others this has happened to. This means that a lot of the foreigners who perhaps would not have voted for the PP or PSOE were denied their chance of having their say. So now there is another four years for the parties that are interested in the foreign vote, and there are a lot of us up here, to get their finger out, talk to us and make sure that everyone is properly registered for next time. Interestingly enough, the one party that was saying they were doing something for us “guiris”, didn't get their copy of the electoral list until after the date for registering had been passed. There's an awfully fishy smell going on around here - but we wait to see if the new lot will pay our outstanding bill! I was in leslie's Bistro – now called “The Bistro at Sierra Gorda” and under new management – the other evening for fish and chips and noticed they have an exhibition of painting by local artist Juliette Robb. I have a couple of her paintings myself so why not have a trip up here, enjoy the countryside and dinner at The Bistro and see if you would like to own one of her original works.
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Paint it blue As the results came in, they revealed a historic victory for the Partido Popular, which won 2,200,000 votes more than the Socialist Party, compared to a PP victory margin of 156,000 in 2007. It won 11 of the 13 regional governments up for grabs, including Castilla-La Mancha where the Socialists have always held power. The PP won all the town halls in Andalucia's eight provincial capitals, including Seville, where the Socialist Junta de Andalucia has its headquarters. Prime Minister Jose Luis
Rodriguez Zapatero conceded defeat but ruled out early general elections. He said three years of economic crisis had taken their toll. "It destroyed thousands of jobs. It is a crisis that had profound effects on citizens' morale. I know that many Spaniards suffer great hardship and fear for their futures," he said. "Today, without doubt, they expressed their discontent," he added. The country's overall jobless rate hit a new record of 21per cent in the first quarter of this year, the highest in the industrialised world. Youth unemployment stands at
45 per cent. On Monday morning, newspaper headlines were unanimous - "PP crushes PSOE" and "The 22 May tsunami drowns the Socialists". The Socialists' defeat had been widely predicted, but the scale of it indicates a possible landslide win for the PP in the general election, which is due next March. Madrid Community premier Esperanza Aguirre, who easily won reelection, called for the general election to be brought forward, as did Maria Dolores de Cospedal, the victorious PP candidate in Castilla-La
Mancha, who said it would be very hard for Spain to go on like this for another 10 months. She said the financial markets, as much as local Spaniards, are looking for stability and the government should bear that in mind. Meanwhile, the Socialists now have to elect Sr Zapatero's successor. Until Monday, the party had decided to choose him or her through primaries but many of the party's old guard feel its current situation is too fragile to stand the tension that an election would involve. They are calling on the two favourites – Deputy PM
Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba and defence minister Carme Chacon to settle the matter behind closed doors. Other voices have been raised in favour of the same “old guard” hand picking the successor. In the Basque country the new party Bildu became the second largest political force in the region. Its 25 per cent share of the vote was 5 per cent behind the Basque National Party. It had overturned a ban by the Supreme Court, which had said it was the successor to Batasuna, the outlawed political wing of ETA, and gained control of San Sebastian from the Socialists.
False cops arrested Police in Barcelona have arrested 24 Rumanians belonging to a gang that preyed on tourists by pretending to be policemen. Another 14 are being sought. A spokesman said their “beat” included most of the tourist attractions in the city – including the Camp Nou football ground and the Olympic Stadium. When they were arrested
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they were carrying more than €80,000 in cash between them, as well as credit cards.
to be plain clothes police. These would ask the tourists for their wallets, taking out money and credit cards while pretending to search the wallet for identity documents. The police spokesman the gang had been difficult to capture because they kept on the move between hotels and pensions and rarely stayed in one place for long.
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Jesse Owens equals or breaks 6 world records in one hour
No immediate danger from ash cloud The secretary of state for transport, Isaías Táboas, said on Tuesday that weather forecasts indicate that the volcanic ash cloud from Iceland seems to be heading east rather than south. After meeting with the Spanish Airport Authority (Aena) and the Airport Security Agency (AESA) Sr Taboas said the ash cloud is losing density and becoming more disperse. It is also lower – between three and six kilometres – well under the 12km cruising altitude for planes. However, the Barcelona football team decided to leave two days early for its date with Manchester United at Wembley this Saturday – just in case. However, if the cloud
spreads from England into< France and Spain as some forecasts expect, more than 20,000 Barcelona fans will either have to change their travel plans or stay at home. Coach Pep Guardiola said he hoped they could make it: “A final with a half empty stadium wouldn't make sense.” By midday Tuesday only 12 flights between the UK and Spain had been cancelled. Meanwhile, BA, KLM, Easyjet, Flybe, Aer Lingus, Loganair and Eastern Airways cancelled flights in
and out of Scotland as the volcanic ash cloud from headed towards the UK. The threat of further disruption led US President Barack Obama to fly out of the Republic of Ireland a
day early to get to London for a state visit. Mr and Mrs Obama had been due to fly to the UK on Tuesday morning, but White House deputy press secretary Josh Earnest said the decision to
bring their arrival forward had been taken "due to a recent change in the trajectory in the plume of volcanic ash". [...] TURN TO PAGE 4
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WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
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Royal Society scoops Prince of Asturias Award The Royal Society, one of the oldest scientific societies in the world, has been chosen for the Prince of Asturias Award for the Humanities for its “multidisciplinary character and its dedication to scientific research and its diffusion of knowledge for the benefit of humanity”. It started out when a group of natural philosophers began meeting in the mid1640s to discuss the new philosophy of promoting knowledge of the natural world through observation and experiment. Its motto “Nullius in verba” roughly translates as “take nobody's
word for it”. It was officially founded on November 28th, 1660, when a group of 12 met at Gresham College after a lecture by Christopher Wren, then the Gresham Professor of Astronomy, and decided to found “a Colledge for the Promoting of PhysicoMathematicall
experimentall Learning". King Charles II encouraged the nameless venture which was finally called The Royal Society for the first time in 1661. The Society met in a series of locations in London until it acquired its own home, two houses in
Crane Court, off the Strand, in 1710. Isaac Newton was its president at the time. Its members were a mixture of working scientists and wealthy amateurs until 1847, when the Society decided that in future Fellows would be elected solely on the merit of their scientific work. The
government recognised this new professional approach in 1850 by giving a grant to the Society of £1,000 to assist scientists in their research and to buy equipment. Meanwhile, the Society continued to outgrow several buildings until 1967, when it moved again to its
present location on Carlton House Terrace with a staff of over 140, all working to further the Royal Society's roles as independent scientific academy, learned society and funding body. Its representatives will receive the award from the Prince of Asturias in October.
Continued from PAGE 3
No immediate danger from ash cloud [...] Ash from another Icelandic volcano led to huge disruption in Europe last year. During last April's sixday shutdown only a handful of flights took off or landed in the UK. Thousands of
Britons found themselves stranded overseas forcing many to make long and expensive journeys home by land. Airlines estimated the shutdown cost them £1.1bn. The Grimsvotn volcano in
Vatnajokull National Park began erupting on Saturday with ash rising to 20 km but, although still active, is now not as powerful with a plume of 13km. Iceland's airspace has been closed for a period
as a result. Ash from the volcano, which is 97km from the nearest human settlements, has settled over farmland and livestock, causing difficulties for some farmers and tourists have
been evacuated from the country's main national parks. The Grimsvotn volcano lies beneath the ice of the uninhabited Vatnajokull glacier in southeast Iceland. The latest
eruption is its most powerful eruption in 100 years.Experts say this eruption is on a different scale to the one last year and ash particles are larger and, as a result, fall to the ground more quickly.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
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Getting a driving licence N without really trying
EWS IN BRIEF
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MADRID
Spanish reporter freed
In the past year and a half, the Traffic Guardia Civil have arrested 40 people in Madrid alone for helping other people to get a driving licence fraudulently by standing in for them during the examinations - it carries a jail sentence of up to three years. A spokesman said the problem in the Chinese community was language so people of that nationality who worked in shops or restaurants and who generally speak passable Spanish were often used as substitutes for those who
spoke none. The subSaharans have a similar problem but they get round it by using other people's ID cards. Rich Spaniards who don't want to spend time studying for the exam look for someone who looks like them and has just passed
the test, so the questions are still fresh in their minds. The spokesman said the fee – in cash – was between €1,000 and €2,000, but the substitutes have been known to accept drugs instead, or a job if they're on the dole.
New record for void votes Just over 584,000 empty envelopes – blank votes – found their way into the ballot boxes last Sunday, a rise of more than 2.5 per cent last time and setting a record for this kind of vote. Void votes were also up by 1.7 per cent, but more
imagination was used here. Many of the 389,500 envelopes contained amusing – and sometimes vulgar – drawings downloaded from the internet like the ones here, instead of a destroyed voting paper.
Spanish photojournalist Manu Brabo arrived back in Spain last Friday after being freed by Libyan authorities earlier in the week. He and three colleagues, two Americans and a South African, were arrested on April 5th for allegedly having entered the war-stricken country illegally. They were sentenced to a year in prison. The two Americans were also released but the South African was found dead near the place of arrest. Brabo arrived back via Tunisia, escorted by the Spanish consul there. MADRID
Low cost fliers spend less Tourists who arrived in Spain on low-cost airlines last year spent €821 on average during a two-week visit, 21 per cent less than the €1,041 spent by those who arrived on traditional flights, according to figures released by the Institute of Tourism Studies last week. People aged 25 to 44 tended to opt for low-cost flights and more than half of the total number were Britons or Germans. Most were “sun and beach” tourists arriving in July and August. MADRID
Housing touches bottom
Sample of one of the pictures found inside envelopes
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The G-14 group of Spain's principal real estate agents has said that the housing market will touch rock bottom this year with a drop of 8.3 per cent over last year, representing the lowest number of sales since 2005. However, the group predicted that the market would begin a slow recovery in 2012 but warned that sales figures of the “boom” years are definitely a thing of the past. It predicted 513,000 sales by 2015, compared to 900,000 in 2005-2006.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
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1961
John F Kennedy pledged his mission to put a man on the Moon before the end of the decade
Strauss-Kahn DNA 'linked to maid'
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Climate report slams media
Police have declined to confirm reports, carried by the Associated Press and ABC News, among others, that DNA found on the clothes of a New York hotel maid who accused Dominique Strauss-Kahn of sexually assaulting her matches that of the former IMF chief. Mr Strauss-Kahn has denied the charges, and resigned as head of the International Monetary Fund last week to defend himself. He is under house arrest in a New York apartment, after a judge granted him $1m bail last week. Reports about the DNA samples came after authorities analysed the work clothes of the 32-yearold hotel maid who said she
was assaulted in the New York Sofitel near Times Square on May 14th. Investigators are reported to be carrying out further tests on samples taken from the carpet and other surfaces in the hotel room. Mr Strauss-Kahn is charged with seven counts including four felony
charges - two of criminal sexual acts, one of attempted rape and one of sexual abuse - plus three misdemeanour offences, including unlawful imprisonment. His accuser, an immigrant from the West African state of Guinea, told authorities that Mr Strauss-Kahn had accosted her after she entered his hotel room to clean it. Mr Strauss-Kahn's
defence team is expected to argue that a sexual encounter occurred, but that it was consensual. Mr Strauss-Kahn, 62, is due to enter a formal plea on June 6th. Until news of the accusations broke, he was seen as the centre-left French presidential candidate most likely to beat Nicolas Sarkozy in the next general election.
the australian Climate Commission has warned that the world's sea levels could rise by one metre by the end of the century, much more than thought. it said climate science was ''being attacked in the media by many with no credentials in the field" and also that attempts to
"intimidate climate scientists have added to the public's confusion". one commission member criticised the "fruitless phoney debate", and said that australia "no longer had the luxury of climate denialism", as he called it.
uruguay
Military rule amnesty law upheld
Apocalypse postponed Evangelical broadcaster Harold Camping said on Monday that he miscalculated that date of Judgement Day, which was supposed to happen last Saturday. Mr Camping had not been seen since then until he appeared on a show on his Open Forum radio show, broadcast from Oakland, California, on Monday. In a question-andanswer session with reporters, he said that when his prediction had failed to materialise he felt so terrible that he took refuge in a motel with his wife. He said he was sorry
for not having the dates "worked out as accurately as I could have". Over the weekend, he said, he had returned to the scripture and it had "dawned" on him that a "merciful and compassionate God" would spare humanity by compressing the apocalyptic destruction into a shorter time frame and that the apocalypse
would happen on October 21st. Mr Camping had previously predicted that the apocalypse would strike in 1994. Last week, some followers donated their life savings or simply gave away their worldly possessions as the day approached. Many have expressed bewilderment and shock since the day came and went with no
sign of the global cataclysm. Asked if he had any advice to offer those who had given away their material wealth in the belief the world was about to end, Mr Camping said they would cope: "We just had a great recession. “There's lots of people who lost their jobs, lots of people who lost their houses and somehow they all survived."
Lawmakers have rejected a bill to scrap an amnesty protecting officers during military rule from prosecution. President Jose Mujica, who had originally supported the bill, changed course after uruguyans voted to keep the amnesty in a 2009 referendum. Last week he warned people not to "transfer the frustrations of our generation to the new generations". Sr Mujica was a member of the rebel tupamaros movement in the 1960s and 1970s, and spent several years in jail under military rule between 1973 and 1985. South Korea
US to help in Agent Orange inquiry the uS has agreed to hold a joint inquiry into allegations that american soldiers dumped large amounts of agent orange on Korean land. three uS army veterans said they buried about 250 barrels of the hazardous chemical at a uS military base in Chilgok, south-east of Seoul, in 1978. uS forces used agent orange to strip foliage from Vietnam's jungles to expose Viet Cong soldiers but its use was halted in 1971 amid fears that uS soldiers were being badly affected by inhaling the chemical.
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WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
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Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks David Headley, who scouted sites for the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, testified at the opening of his trial in Chicago on Monday that the Pakistani intelligence service had links to the group that carried out the attacks. He was testifying against Tahawwur Rana, a Chicago businessman accused of helping plan the attacks. Mr Rana's lawyer, Charles Swift, said in his opening statement that Rana was tricked by Headley, a longtime friend from their days at a Pakistani military school. Headley told the court that Pakistan's InterServices Intelligence agency (ISI) provided military and moral support to the militant group
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). He said a Pakistani agent paid him $25,000 for the operation. Pakistan believes Headley is an unreliable witness and is expected to flatly deny alleged links between militant groups and the Pakistani secret intelligence service. Mr Rana, who is accused of providing Headley with a cover to scout attack locations, faces a life sentence if convicted. More
than 160 people were killed in November 2008 when a group of 10 men stormed a train station, hotels and cafes and a Jewish centre, shooting and throwing bombs. In March 2010, Headley, a US citizen who spent much of his childhood in Pakistan, pleaded guilty to taking photographs and a video of the targets. He could face up to life in prison and a $3m fine.
Allende's remains exhumed The death of Argentinian president Salvador Allende is to be investigated nearly 40 years later. It was said he shot himself in the presidential palace to avoid being taken prisoner by General Augusto Pinochet's forces during
the 1973 coup but supporters believe the military killed him and covered up the crime. A judge has set up a panel of forensic experts to examine the circumstances surrounding the death. The coup led to 17 years of
military rule under Gen Pinochet. More than 3,000 political opponents were killed or "disappeared" by the military. The Allende case is one of 726 alleged rights abuses that investigators are looking into.
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Obama flies in to beat cloud US President Barack Obama and his wife Michelle arrived in Britain late on Monday after leaving Ireland earlier than expected to avoid the Icelandic ash cloud.
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His two day state visit started officially yesterday (Tuesday) when he was welcomed by the Queen and Prince Philip on arriving at Buckingham Palace. The Obamas also met the tanned Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, who have just returned from their Seychelles honeymoon. The president and Mrs Obama spent last night and tonight (Wednesday) in the Belgian Suite at the Palace, last used by Prince William and his new wife on the night of
their wedding. The visit is a mix of top level talks with ceremony and last night the president and Michelle Obama attended a State Banquet in their honour. The president will be holding talks with prime minister David Cameron today covering a range of topics, including continued support for those fighting for democracy in Arab countries. President Obama yesterday declared that the UK-US partnership was “an
essential relationship for us and the world”. The two men issued a statement of intent in a joint article identifying their responsibility to act to help those “crushed in a hail of bombs, bullets and mortar fire”. The two men will both fly to France on Thursday for the G8 summit, being held on Thursday and Friday. It is only the third state visit by a US president to the UK in 100 years. Friday. It is only the thir.
Nothing to regret on desert island French songstress Edith Piaf’s classic “Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien” is the most popular non-classical track chosen by castaways on BBC Radio 4’s Desert Island Discs. The “Little Sparrow” also took the No 4 spot in the list compiled by the BBC with “La Vie En Rose”. The BBC has compiled for the first time a list of the eight most frequently picked songs, dating back to when the programme began in 1942. Icons like The Beatles have not made it, but John Lennon slips in at No 8 with “Imagine”. The Piaf song was released in
1960, three years before her death, and has been chosen 42 times, while Piaf’s songs in total have featured 106 times in the past 59 years. The No 2 spot has been secured by Frank Sinatra’s “My Way” and Noel Coward’s “Mad Dogs and Englishmen” is at No 3. The list has been compiled to coincide with the launch by the BBC of a search for the nation’s favourite Desert Island Disc. Flanagan and Allen’s “Underneath The Arches” is at No 5, Judy Garland is at No 6 with “Over The Rainbow” and
Louis Armstrong takes No 7 with “What A Wonderful World”. Listeners can record their vote on the BBC website in time for a 90 minute special edition on June 11th.
weDneSDaY, May 25th 2011
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Privacy storm after player is named Manchester United footballer Ryan Giggs was finally outed as the premier league player hiding behind a super injunction after he was named by an MP in the House of Commons on Monday. Liberal Democrat John Hemming was protected by parliamentary privilege as he named the player but yesterday faced a storm of criticism by parliamentary colleagues, including deputy prime minister Nick Clegg. Prime Minister David Cameron stepped into the growing row on Monday when he said the gagging order was “unfair” and “unsustainable” and admitted that he, along with thousands of others, knew the name of the footballer in question. The prime minister said that social networking sites had made the identity of the player known around the world - it had been reported in newspapers like the English language Times of India, and on Spanish news blogs. He said it was unfair that English based media were the only ones in the world bound by the
injunction from printing the allegations. But he added that there was no simple resolution to the impasse and the law was the law. He has now announced a parliamentary review on privacy which will report in the autumn. Giggs, a family man who appeared on the Old Trafford pitch with his wife and children after the last game of the season on Sunday, is alleged to have had an affair with Big Brother contestant Imogen Thomas and sought the ban to prevent publication of the allegations, but the information is widely available on the internet and tens of thousands of Twitter aficionados have circulated it – including some UK celebrities like Piers Morgan who have subsequently withdrawn their references because they are identifiable and
could face prosecution. The footballer had instructed his lawyers to demand information from Twitter about the identities of those circulating the information in a bid to take action. Yesterday (Tuesday) Giggs arrived at the Manchester United training ground looking tense and drawn. He was expected to play in team mate Gary Neville’s testimonial, and will be expected to feature in the Champions League final on Saturday when his team play Barcelona. Wife Stacey appeared yesterday without her wedding ring and police were called to the street where Giggs lives after masked men had damaged vehicles belonging to paparazzi. Attorney General David Gieve warned that judges could still punish those who named Giggs for breaking the law.
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“mf” moDELs aRE maiNTENaNCE fREE WE DO NOT EMPLOY SALESMEN BUT BIG JOHN WILL CALL TO MEASURE UP AND SHOW YOU THE AIRCONS. HE WILL ONLY TAKE UP 15 MINS OF YOUR TIME. OUR FITTERS ARE ENGLISH AND WILL MAKE A NEAT AND TIDY JOB IN ABOUT 2½ HOURS. PHONE JOHN NOW
D.i.Y moDEL mf 7000 - € 335 9000 - € 365 12000 - € 4 0 5
INCLUDES BRACKETS, TUBES & ENGLISH INSTRUCTIONS. READY GASSED NO VACUUM PUMP NEEDED - EASY PEASY!
UK s ChEqUE ED aCCEPT
7000 B.T.U.* €695 €595 9000 B.T.U. €745 €645 12200 B.T.U. €795 €695 *British Thermal Unit
CUT YoUR ELECTRiCiTY BiLL! All our airconditioners provide heating at very low cost. Because they operate via a heat pump, they use less than half the electricity of oil-filled radiators or other electric heaters. John will explain!
THE NEW 2010 MODEL FUJIMA FEATURES 1. Integral ioniser cleans,freshens and removes odours. 2. Built-in de-humidifier sucks moisture from all rooms in your home. 3. Galvanised outside unit to prevent rust in coastal areas. 4. Large airflow temperature range 12º to 38º. 5. Time clock, remote control and thermostat all included. 6. Last but not least - these top machines do not need servicing every year.
FACT: No other air conditioner has all these features!
Low price guarantee: if you find any other company selling a similar product cheaper (it must be the same B.t.u. output and no maintenance) we will match the price on the spot and give you €50
Going strong since 1973
Jordan gained independence from Britain
Fashion show with a theme
Roca's 'exuberant' lifestyle A tax inspector called to lifestyle of yachts, palaces, Tomás Olivo paid €1.6 give evidence against Juan rustic and urban fincas, million in bribes to the Antonio Roca, the alleged thoroughbred horses and Town Hall when the mayor brain behind the Malaya fighting bulls only took off was José Gil to get the land corruption case, told the after he entered the town on which La Cañada court on Monday that hall in 1994. “Before that, he shopping mall was built at a before he became urban had no money in the bank better price. He said Roca planning adviser to and no way of financing was in charge of the Marbella town hall, Roca such a lifestyle,” the tax negotiations. The case, had no ofmoney and Briton inspector said. threatening to be The body the 18-year-old who has not been seen since which he wentisfor a swim off Bota beach in Huelva on Sunday at aone beach four in produced tax returns and afternoon was discovered on Tuesday themorning longest ever miles away by two Civil Protection working also with theMalaga's search parties whichhistory, had bank statements to prove it. The volunteers tax inspector legal for the youth since he disappeared. There will becontinues. an autopsy, but a Guardia Hebeen saidsearching Roca's “exuberant” alleged that businessman Civil spokesman said it was believed to be death by drowning. The sea off Bota beach is known for its treacherous currents and several people have drowned there in recent years.
Kamikaze gets sentence reduced
Volunteers at the Animals in Distress shop in Alhaurin el Grande are organising a “Here comes Summer” fashion show, to be held at the Lauro Golf Restaurant on June 1st, starting at 8 pm. Shop manageress Sue Taylor and volunteer Sue Hart searched through the clothes donations to come up with “Daytime chic”, “Summer Brights, “Beach Party” and “Night Glamour”, as well as outfits suitable for weddings, cruises, barbecues, garden parties, proms and race nights. There will be stalls offering jewellery, perfume and beauty products and accessories. Entry is €3 at the door. Food and drinks, which will be available at the bar and restaurant. For more information about AID, go to www.animals-indistress.eu.
Briton's body recovered The body of a British climber who was swept away by an avalanche in the Sierra Nevada on February 20th was found last week by one of the two other British climbers who were with him that day. The body of John Hogbin, aged 42, who lived in Zafarraya, Granada province, was found in a river bed near the Barranco de San Juan where the avalanche
happened. After the body was located, the Civil Guard's mountain rescue service (Sereim) went in with specialised snow ploughs to recover it and transfer it to Granada for an autopsy. Sereim had been on the look-out for the body during its regular patrols of the area since the accident happened but had not expected to find it until the winter snows started melting.
The mental state of a retired Guardia Civil officer should have been more fully considered when the man was sentenced for attempted premeditated murder. Andalucia's Supreme Court had knocked 20 years off the 37-year jail sentence that Malaga's Provincial Court handed down to the “kamikaze” who drove his car into the pedestrianised Calle Larios in the city centre in August 2008, running over
nine people and injuring five of them seriously. The Supreme Court considered that the Provincial Court had not given sufficient importance to the retired Guardia Civil's mental state at the time. The
Court had originally condemned the man to six years and six months for each of five counts of attempted premeditated murder, and compensation to three victims of €1,031, €39,963 and €15,420 respectively.
Town can't use Luna Mora name A Granada court has ordered Carratraca town hall to stop using the name “Luna Mora” for a fiesta which an association organised in the town from 1997 to 1999 before transferring it to Guaro when the mayor who was voted in that year refused to let them continue. The Carratraca town hall continued to celebrate the “Embrujo de Luna Mora, encuentro de dos culturas” (Spell of the Moorish Moon, Meeting of Two Cultures) but the Granada judge
ruled that the name belonged to the association, who had registered the “Festival de la Luna Mora de Malaga” in 2002. The Festival de la
Luna Mora in Guaro, when the streets are lit by more than 20,000 candles as a reminder of its Moorish past, is a hugely popular annual event.
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+6%*'0 '5+)05 Angel Nozal, Mijas’ Partido Popular leader and new Mijas major
Partido Popular sweeps Andalucia The Partido Popular's sweeping success in Sunday's local and regional elections was duplicated across Andalucia. The PP will govern in all the provincial capitals, including Cordoba, where it ousted the Izquierda Unida from the only provincial capital it has ever governed. It swept the board in Seville, where the Socialist Junta de Andalucia has its headquarters, underlining predictions that the PP will win the national election due to be held next year. In Malaga province the PP won Mijas, Estepona,
PP leader and wife 'dead' Javier Arenas, the PP's leader in Andalucia, was appalled to discover when he applied for tax declaration forms for himself and his wife on the internet that the Tax Office had them down on its lists as dead. Last week, Sr Arenas presented a denuncia against the Tax Office and called for an internal investigation. A Tax Office spokesman said it was an error that affected a very small number of contributors, pointing out that it sends tax forms and data to more than 20 million people, five million via the internet, and mistakes were sometimes made. He said the error had already been corrected and apologised for any inconvenience caused. Some political observers have hinted at a plot to “remove” the man who looks set to break the Socialist Party's grip on Andalucia in next year's regional election.
Antequera, Velez-Malaga and Coin, all former Socialist strongholds. The PP also has a chance to govern in Ronda and Benalmadena if it can reach alliances with smaller parties to oust the IU and the Socialists respectively. In that case, the PP would govern in 85 per cent of Malaga province's 101 municipalities. Malaga has traditionally been a Socialist stronghold, like the rest of Andalucia, but as
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tourism brought a growing affluence to towns along the Costa del Sol and memories of poverty began to fade, the younger generation began to opt for the PP. The area was also badly hit by the collapse of the construction industry. The unemployment rate across Andalucia is almost 10 per cent higher than the national average and Malaga is one of the provinces where it is highest.
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SEVILLE
Copper theft delays 100 trains The theft of a length of fibre optic cable which transmitted data from the rail network to the train cabins caused delays of up to 30 minutes for about 100 trains along the MadridAndalucia high speed network last Thursday. Trains to Valencia and Toledo were also delayed. A Renfe spokesman said that until the cable was replaced the train drivers had to rely on the signals along the railway tracks which slowed them down considerably. MANILVA
Floating hotel to open
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In its effort to offer new services and activities to attract more tourists, the town council is awaiting the delivery of a floating hotel from the US. The ship was built in 1986 and remodeled in 2007 to provide 18 cabins for 40 people. Its 14-man crew will have their own cabins and separate living and dining area. Mayor Antonia Muñoz said the floating hotel would be available for full-length holidays in the summer and for shorter stays in the winter, weather permitting.
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Car hire to go hybrid A growing awareness of climate change, new technologies and the high price of petrol is encouraging car rental firms to consider incorporating hybrid vehicles into their fleets. Ana Maria Garcia, president of the Andalucian Association of Renta-Car Companies (Aesva) said: “Hybrid cars are the future and we have to be there.” She said it was important to be innovative and competitive and to be different from other companies and “this is one way of making ourselves stand out”.
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Step into the garden for Rocking It must the night be the fun and fundraising away at Britsoc Blues Why not attend one of the many garden parties or summer fairs held to raise money for a good cause as well as provide a fun social occasion? Three events are coming up soon. The annual Triple S garden party will be held in Alhaurin de la Torre on the evening of Friday June 3rd. The club’s enthusiastic members enjoy social events, sports and quiz nights and are always ready to welcome new members. If you would like to meet new folk and help raise funds for CUDECA and for SOS Animal Refuge then telephone 952 960 202 or 665 682 919 for more information. Local singer Barry Mac will be on hand to make sure that the evening goes with a swing,
at this popular annual event. Entry is €10.
The FAMA summer fair will be held on Sunday June 5th at Sol y Sombra on the Camino de Coin, outside Fuengirola. There will be a great selection of stalls selling everything from bags, jewellery, home made cakes and other items. Drinks and food will be available at the restaurant and all proceeds will help FAMA (Foundation for abandoned and mistreated animals) with its work. For anyone wanting to bag a stall slot the cost is €15. Please contact Max on 659 102 279 for more information. The ARCH annual garden party will be held on Sunday June 26th
between 2pm and 5pm. There will be music, food and drink and tickets will cost €10 for adults and €5 for children. It will be an opportunity too to say goodbye to CHAIN’s Steve and Wendy who will be returning to the UK, with the 13 rescue animals they have acquired since living in Spain. The party will be held at Sue and Alan’s home not too far from ARCH in Alhaurin El Grande and all money raised will go towards the care of the horses and donkeys who are at the ARCH stables. Contact Sue and Alan on 660 220 700 or Steve and Wendy on 634 624 234 for information and tickets or pop into the CHAIN shop in La Trocha where tickets are on sale.
Members of the British Society and the Benalmadena Branch of RAFA enjoyed an evening of dining and dancing at the Rose Ball held in the headquarters of the British Society. The entertainer ensured that everyone rocked the night away with his own special brand of music learned in his days playing bass and singing lead vocals with the chart topping band The Tornados. Expats are always welcome to join Britsoc which is located just below Benalmadena Pueblo and there is plenty to do as well as a chance to make new friends.
The 5th Mijas Blues Festival will be held in the main plaza in the pretty white pueblo of Mijas over three days from June 3rd to 5th.
Happy Anniversary
Robert & Lourdes from everybody at
The News The festival is free and there will be a host of acts to entertain visitors to this popular event. Well known local star Mama Paula will take centre stage on the Sunday.
It’s a Girl!
Congratulations to
Hipodromo Racecourse Boot Sale every Sunday 9.30am - 3pm (Sellers 8am - first come, first served)
Pete and Debbie Geldard of Precious Moments on the birth of Poppy Jane Sofia on May 7th weighing 7lbs 7oz
654 144 414 or 651 585 862
Popular local artist New concept in food exhibits her paintings grand opening today!
advertising feature
The multi-talented artist Juliette Robb is exhibiting some of her work at the ever popular Sierra Gorda Bistro on the Coin to Cartama
Road (formerly Leslie’s) just outside Coin, under new management with Mike and Andrea Monk. Juliette, who lives and
Investments, Pensions, Tax & Inheritance Seminar QNUPS – The Sequel to QROPS How to maximise benefits and minimise taxes by transferring non pension assets into an offshore pension arrangement?
Tax Wrappers The flexible investment for UK & Spanish tax residents
Q & A with the experts How to protect your investments from UK Inheritance Tax? How to reduce tax payable on your investment & pension income? How to sleep peacefully at night knowing that your tax affairs are all in order?
Interested? Then find out more by attending our seminar
Time & Date: Wednesday 8th June 2011 – 11.00am Including refreshments & light buffet
Venue: Leslie’s Bistro on the A355 between Cartama and Coin - km 9, Cartama, at the entrance to Urb. Sierra Gorda.
Tel: 952 112 123 Reser ve your FREE place now by contacting either: Fiduciar y Wealth eal Management, in Gibraltar Tel: + 350 200 50982 Email: wealth@fiduciar ygroup.com or register on-line by clicking the “events”” tab at:
www www.fiduciarywealth.eu .fiduciar ywealth.eu or De Cotta, McKenna & Santafé, in Coín on Tel: 951 315 161 Email: [email protected] Fiduciary Wealth Management, Centro Comercial Mar y Sol, Local 643-644, Sotogrande, 11310, Cadiz, Spain. Tel: +34 956 796 911 De Cotta, McKenna & Santafé Centro Comercial La Trocha, 29100 Coín, Málaga, Spain, Tel:+34 951 315 161
works in Coin, shows a wide range of paintings to suit everyone’s tastes from stunning Flamenco dresses flying while the dancer moves, African safari depictions in deep ochre colours of the veldt, right through to modern depictions of shoes and hats and Betty Boop! Juliette has just started painting a series of very tasteful nudes in monochrome shades which are also displayed in Sierra Gorda Bistro. The News editor Kym Wickham has three of her paintings in the style of Scottish painter Jack Vetriano, one of which is on the wall of her office in Coin!
Sierra Gorda Bistro is open daily from 8am so why not have a day out in the country, pop to enjoy breakfast, lunch or dinner from the new menu, or just a tea, coffee or cool drink and browse around the exhibition to see if any of Juliette’s work catches your imagination.
You don’t know what TFC is?? This is a whole new concept in Spain! However it is already a thrilling success in many countries all over the world, but not introduced here until now that is. Now you have got a chance to experience a whole new dimension of choosing and experiencing high quality food for very competitive prices. Apart from the great experience of “taking it all from the wall”, TFC ensures the highest quality, the best service and a broad choice of tasty fried and grilled food and the best fresh sandwiches in the area. How does TFC present its products? In the new futuristic way - that is why it is so special and exclusive to order our food. How does TFC differ from the others? It has a better quality of food, faster service and a much bigger
assortment. Are you in a hurry? Don’t stand in line waiting for your food! Choose your food directly from one of the machines in the restaurant. The only thing you need is a coin that opens a little door that separates you from a tasty burger or other fresh snack! Imagine no queues or waiting to catch the eye of a waiter at any time of the day when you visit TFC during your break for a meal or fresh sandwich with the filling of your choice.
Are you interested in how it works? Then come and experience it for yourself from today! You can find us here on the Urbanización Jardín Botánico, Local 1, La Cala de Mijas, Malaga We are open from 8am till late so you could come along after the theatre or cinema even. For more information please check out our website at www.thefoodcompany.es See The Food Company’s main advert on page 12.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
Gibraltar
News
www.thenewsonline.es
Next Monday, May 30th is Spring Bank Holiday in Gibraltar & the majority of shops will be closed although Morrison’s will be open from 9am until 8pm
e Rock honours some of her best Classic cars get a
Left to right: Mark Rodrigues, Laura Warwick, Sir Adrian Johns, Moira Gomez and Police Superintendant Joseph Gomez
An Investiture took place at The Convent in Gibraltar last Thursday to recognise the outstanding efforts by some of Gibraltar's citizens. The annual awards are not for business people and their achievements but for people who have dedicated themselves to Gibraltar and her citizens in many different ways, making lives of people in need easier, guiding the youth of the Rock with enthusiasm and generally giving of their time for the benefit of others. Three Gibraltar Awards were presented and the Colonial Police Medal.
Investors in People award, and he made a major contribution to the work that led to Queen Elizabeth's granting of a Royal Warrant to the Gibraltar Police. He is a member of the Honorable Society of the Middle Temple and the FBI Graduates Association and the Academy's European Charter. Superintendant Gomez attended the International AntiCorruption Conference held in Korea where his excellent communications skills were brought to the fore.
no cost and works selflessly in many special ways that gives comfort to those that need it most.
The last of the Colonial Police Medals – it is being called the British Overseas Territories Police Award from next year – was presented to Superintendant Joseph Gomez . Mr Gomez has been a police officer for 27 years and has been a key player in many of the Royal Gibraltar Police's important achievements. He was instrumental in the formation of the Gibraltar Co-ordinating Centre for Criminal Intelligence (GCID), in the
The first of the Gibraltar Awards was presented to Mrs Laura Warwick in recognition of her meritorious services to Cancer Support. Mrs Warwick is a founder member of the Gibraltar Society for Cancer Relief. Since the 1980s she has geneously offered her time and services as a carer, cook, driver and councillor to anybody who needed it at the Lady Williams Cancer Support Centre.
The Gibraltar Netball Association is now part of the International Federation of Netball and the Federation of European Netball Association. Moira's squads achieved the silver medal in 2009 and gold in 2010 in the Under 17 Netball Europe Tournament. And also in 2009 the GNA was awarded the Netball Europe Award for services to Netball. Due to Moira's hard work and determination, the Association continues to achieve great things and grow.
She does all her work with the sick in Gibraltar at
The second recipient of the Gibraltar Award was Mrs Moira Gomez who received the award for Meritorious Services to Netball and to youth. Moira has been president of the Gibraltar Netball Association since 1993 and, due to her hard work and dedication to the sport she has seen the association grow from just 8 teams to an astounding 30 senior and 16 junior teams.
The last Gibraltar Award of the day was presented by the Governor to Mr Mark Rodrigues for meritorious service to Scouting. Mark has been scouting for over 20 years and has been instrumental in initiating the Scout Group's ability to offer a wide range of fulfilling adventure activities and has trained many youngsters resulting in their becoming adult leaders. Mark has successfully organised a number of large events including the annual group camp for over 120 members that is held in Chiclana, Spain. Dealing with everything from catering to insurance, Mark ensures the success and value of all these events. In his professional life Mark is a Quantity Surveyor and for well over five years he has been involved in the refurbishment of the association's own campsite on the Upper Rock resulting in a place that is enjoyed by all local and visiting Scouts and Guides. In addition to all of the above, Mark continues to provide an excellent service in his normal rôle of assistant group leader. His continuing efforts, support and enthusiasm allow the Gibraltar Scout Group to offer the best Scouting experience possible. His Excellency The Governor of Gibraltar, Vice Admiral Sir Adrian Johns KCB CBE, presented all the awards to the recipients on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen.. The awards ceremony was followed by photo opportunities for the recipients and their families then celebration drinks and a sumptuous lunch in the historic banqueting hall.
piping hot welcome
A collection of lovingly polished classic cars gathered in Gibraltar last Saturday to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Gibraltar Rally. The rally is organised by the Gibraltar Classic Vehicles Association and attracted 60 cars from The Rock and all over southern Spain – including representatives of the Sol Classic Car Club. The cars, ranging from an early Bull Nosed Morris Cowley to a 21st century Bentley GT, gleamed in the morning sun on what must have been the hottest day of the year so far. One or two of the old girls from Spain struggled with the heat as they patiently waited in the
queue from La Linea. Crowds lined Main Street as the cars made their way, to an accompaniment from the Gibraltar Sea Scouts Pipe Band, up towards Europa Point at the tip of Gibraltar, and then back down to the modern Marina complex of Ocean Village. The cars were parked on the quayside while drivers and passengers went on a tour of the 34 miles of tunnels dug into The Rock by British army personnel between 1782 and the 1960s. The rally was part of the Gibralatar festival - see next week for a list of future events up to the end of the festival.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Martin Delfín Writes for the English language version of
To the losers
To the victors
hank goodness it's all over – perhaps we'll get back to having some real news in the newspapers instead of endless pre- and post-election speculation. Last week it was all about the effect the thousands of mainly young people making an allegedly non-political statement by camping out in Madrid’s Puerta del Sol could have on Sunday’s voting. (Very little from the looks of it turnout was slightly higher this time around.)
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out. This uncertainty is compounded by rumours of undisclosed debts, of deficits much greater than acknowledged at a regional and local level. We’ll soon find out just how bad the situation is when the new PP administrations open the accounts books in town halls and regional governments across the country. The financial markets may hate uncertainty but they hate “hidden debts” even more. So I fear the situation on that front will continue to be bleak.
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nd since the election results started trickling in on Sunday evening it’s been nothing but – oh my gosh, what happened – in what El Mundo called a political tsunami. espite having suspected that what happened would happen, I’m still feeling a bit shell shocked. The scale of the Partido Popular’s triumph – 2,220, 000 more votes than the Socialists nationwide – was even vaster than I had dared predict. Zapatero will now go down in history as the man responsible for the worst results the Socialist Party has had in any election since the transition to democracy after Franco’s death.
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e's blamed the defeat on “three years of economic crisis” and says he understands that people feel frustrated. In fact, three years ago he was still denying the existence of a crisis that started the previous year. It wasn’t until June 2008 that some reporters cornered him into mentioning the dreaded “C” word during a television interview, after which he couldn’t go on denying it. What Zapatero doesn’t seem to remember is that in the months leading up to the March 2008 general election, he consistently denied the existence of any economic crisis here in Spain and even went as far as accusing people who said there was one of being “traitors” and “unpatriotic”. Zapatero knew that if he had told the people the truth about the country’s economic situation they would probably turn to that “arch-traitor”, opposition leader Mariano Rajoy, for salvation. And he didn't start doing anything about it until the EU leaned on him last May. The reforms he trotted out then were too little too late.
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apatero has already said he won’t be calling an early election because he still has a lot of reforms to implement. So it looks as if he intends to do the decent thing and clean up some of the mess he’s made before the PP thrashes his party in the general election. However, as someone pointed out to me on Monday, the stock market fell today despite the big win by a pro-business political party. I pointed out that Zapatero is still the man in charge but is now a lame duck who probably lacks the authority to bring in the tougher reforms that the EU is demanding to stop the country from needing a financial bail-
o complicate the situation further, even as Zapatero tries to go on governing his own party might be up to its neck in primaries to choose his successor. Apparently cooler heads within the party are calling on the two favourites – Deputy PM Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba and defence minister Carme Chacon – to settle the succession behind the scenes to present a united front to the nation. However, power struggles have a nasty tendency to spill over into the public domain.
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ut the party itself is its own worst enemy. Unfortunately for today’s Socialists, the country’s first postFranco Socialist PM – Felipe Gonzalez – brought in most of the reforms needed in all areas to drag Spain into the 20th century. So the current lot have had very little to get their teeth into, and they settled for what I call ideological reforms. A good example of this is the Historical Memory Law intended to right the wrongs of the Franco regime. It was foisted on Zapatero by his 2004-2008 ally, the Communist-dominated Izquierda Unida (IU) whose often stated aim is to keep the “Right” out of power. What better way to do that than by keeping alive the worst memories of the Franco regime. The IU has never made a secret of its hatred for the PP. Former IU leader Gaspar Llamazares said in 2004 that “we must do everything possible to keep the PP from returning to power ever again”. Current IU leader Cayo Lara said last week that “IU votes would be used to keep the PP from governing anywhere in Spain”. Fortunately the majority of voters – being non-ideological - don’t feel the same way.
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he winners in Sunday’s elections have nothing to celebrate. The Partido Popular and Bildu now have big weights on their shoulders while the Socialists will need to spend a lot of time on very much-needed reflection and soul-searching. Race results were not surprising; the polls had been predicting heavy losses for prime minister Zapatero’s party for weeks. What is perplexing is that many Spaniards believe that the PP is their salvation when the party hasn’t even unveiled any of its supposed formulas to get Spain out of this economic crisis.
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he weekend’s vote was nothing more than a referendum on the Zapatero government: punishment for what many say are inadequate policies and mismanaging of the economy. By voting for the PP, electors believe that the bountiful years under Aznar’s previous government will be rolling just around the corner. It is a common reaction by voters who are in the midst of personal financial crises with no job and no future. Electors tend to throw the current government out when things go from bad to worse. But while these regional and local elections reflect voters’ current tendencies, they do nothing to change government policy. And we are already beginning to see the cracks among the victors.
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n Monday, buoyed by his party’s sweeping wins, PP leader Mariano Rajoy announced that he would not actively seek any partnerships with other coalitions in regions and municipalities where the PP didn’t win an absolute majority yet he was open to speaking with the other political forces – all except Bildu.
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he Basque radical left coalition which is now the second largest political force in the region captured more than 950 spots on the town councils and 74 mayoral offices. Voters in the Basque Country and Navarre showed that they want to give Bildu a chance to work on a viable political solution to the independence issue and help bring an end to ETA.
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ut by his refusal to trust Bildu, Rajoy is disenfranchising hundreds of thousands of voters who support the coalition. He is telling Basque electors that their votes are not any good because one of the nation’s major parties has no plans on dealing with an organisation they don’t support. It is enough to fuel tensions and dismantle any prospects for peace in the region. That is problem number one.
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ith hundreds of thousands of demonstrators turning up for what is now being called the Spanish Revolution, Rajoy was content over the people’s anger and frustration with the Socialist government. But now
that he is at the forefront, fresh with electoral power, he hasn’t made any appeasements to the May 15th Movement or its organizers, Real Democracy Now. Demonstrators are still camped out in Madrid ’s Puerta del Sol and they continue to rally their cause on Facebook and Twitter. It is only a matter of time before this swelling movement, which has captured the eyes of the world, will explode into a serious problem for the nation.
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s for Bildu, its responsibility now lies in showing Rajoy and the rest of Spain that it is a serious political group that doesn’t want to be connected in any way to ETA. But that is going to take time. There are too many sides to this past election drama, but the only clear message we’re getting is that Spaniards want change – change that none of the traditional parties have been able to offer them.
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eneral elections are still 10 months away, but the Partido Popular wants to call them early. Rajoy knows that he isn’t ready to take over the reins of the Spanish economy so soon even though he says that Zapatero’s government is not under any condition to oversee the country.
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he situation is a hot potato and it would be easier for the Socialists to wash their hands now and sit back and watch Rajoy and his people perform. But they won’t. The Socialist Party is a responsible organisation that is committed to finishing its term, doing as much as it can to shore-up a faltering nation, and to prevent any domestic political upheaval from unraveling the already loose knots that are holding the European Union together.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2010
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
e ins and outs of laptop repairs It is a fact that computers have become a standard household item, much like the television, the fridge and the washing machine. Many homes now have one or more PCs as well as laptops, notebooks and netbooks which, although often cheaper than a desktop computer and now just as powerful, do have a downside - they are easy to steal and prone to accidents. Over the past ten years Electronbox and PC Doctor have developed one of the most advanced state-ofthe-art laptop repair
workshops on the Coast and consequently have successfully fixed thousands of laptops. Managing Director Philippe Michel said: “The damage is varied... dropped laptops, spilt coffee, people have even driven over them. They come in with burnt out components from overheated batteries or clogged up fans. One of the most common problems is
spilt liquids. When this happens, immediately unplug your computer and remove the battery, turn it upside down and if possible, clean the affected area with warm water. Then apply a hair dryer (with care) to dry out that water and leave the laptop open, in a warm place for several days to dry out. You will be amazed at how effective this method is. Unfortunately many people panic and then to see if their laptop still works, switch it on and off whilst it is still wet, resulting in a costly short circuit and damage to the internal components in addition to possible data loss.” Electronbox and PC Doctor's highly qualified technicians and dedicated electronics engineers have helped many people recover lost data then successfully repaired their laptop, even though the client had been informed by others that this was not possible. Cliff Dale, senior
technician and shareholder, advises people not to try and fix laptops themselves. He adds: “Most times if we receive a laptop untouched and in good time, we can probably repair it at a fraction of the cost. The problems get worse when people try to open the laptop case and in doing so accidentally break joints, lose bits and disconnect components incorrectly. Laptops are delicate and spare parts can be more expensive than buying a new one.” Cliff also suggests cleaning your laptop two or three times a year using an ordinary
vacuum cleaner to remove dust and debris from the keyboard and fan areas, a common cause of many laptop failures. Electronbox and PC Doctor have successfully operated since 2000 and with now over 15,000 clients, they are one the biggest IT companies on the Costa del Sol, providing solutions to both home and business users alike. The company’s main offices are located in Fuengirola on Avenida Clemente Díaz Ruiz 8, half way between the train station and Barclays
Bank. Call them on 952 591 071 or use the 24 hour support line 807 488 440. Alternatively send an email to [email protected] or visit their website www.electronbox.net to see the full list of other services and related business as well as client testimonials.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
OUT &
the
ABOUT
Your Weekly Entertainment Guide INSIDE THIS WEEK Siboney’s to re-open in Coin Concert by American New England University choir Colin Price at Buzby’s tonight
Pinacoteca: A fruity cocktail, a wood treatment, or perhaps a Victorian game played with sticks? Well, it’s actually the Spanish word for Art Gallery, and in Arcos de la Frontera it represents the imaginative change of use for a part of one of the town’s oldest buildings. Written by Bob Whittaker
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Romantic Nights BA MB U
o find it, walk down Calle Maldonado passing the Hotel Casa Grande on your right, the Pinacoteca is a little further along on the left. The reception rooms display a collection of old postcards and several large oil paintings one of which, painted by Javier Ventura Nuñez in 1966, depicts the legend of how Arcos was wrested from the Saracen. A beautiful Moorish
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eople here delight in telling you tales of secret tunnels dug in Moorish times which linked the old buildings. And it’s true that in addition to the ancient Aljibes (water deposits) found in all the old houses, the whole of the sandstone rock on which the town sits
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hen you enter the main gallery itself, a smooth dark 50 metre long tunnel where the sole illumination is from the pin spots picking out the paintings on both sides. At the end a door leads up some steps and out into the Jardín Andalusi, a Moorish garden with tiled fountains and a neo-modernista iron trelliswork pergola.
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TORREBLANCA DEL SOL
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nd when Arcos’ Ayuntamiento needed a Pinoteca - a gallery - to display the works of art they had accumulated over the years they literally dug deep to find the best location, right underneath an old Palace in the heart of the Casco Antiguo!
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his week’s author is musician Bob Whittaker who had lovingly restored the original features of his town house in Monda before moving to Arcos to take on a similar challenge - he restored a splendid old house in the heart of Arcos just a few minutes away from the Pinocateca. As an “extranjero” he was welcomed into the church choir where he sang tenor.
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pposite the San Pedro Church stands the Palacio del Mayorazgo, built in the 18th century on earlier foundations which included medieval cuadras (stables) in the form of labyrinthine tunnels. Disused for many years these had become choked with junk and more or less forgotten. But under the imaginative direction of local architect Ángel Zurilla Juan, and financed by the Diputación Provincial these old tunnels have been renovated and house the town’s Pinacoteca.
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he heart of the town is packed with a mix of Moorish and Renaissance buildings, which reflect its rich architectural history.
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maiden is bathing in the river Guadalete and being spied on by some voyeuristic Christian soldiers lurking in the bushes, all depicted in a charmingly naïve manner and probably very different from the reality which must have been blood sword and fire.
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is honeycombed with caves and borings.
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he town was wrested back from the Moors in 1264 - no mean feat as it stands on a craggy peak high above the Rio Guadalete and was one of the chain of fortresses established across the province of Cadiz.
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Download more photos of both the presentations online at www.picasaweb.google.co m/woodysfotos/shooterss cubieseconpool. Finally Mike would like to express his thanks to Woody's in Los Boliches, The News and everyone involved in both leagues on both sides of the bars and in the kitchens. The Econ pool leagues start again in October, contact Mike on 609 504 427 for details. Econ Pool (www.econpool.com) maintain and supply good quality profit share pool and snooker tables all along the coast. They sell new and second hand tables, offer a table recovering service and provide accessories and winner’s trophies to order. Selection of Speciality Twinings Teas
CASA KON-TIKI
ie’s N e ll
Selection of various drinks available at the counter
Av Antonio Machado benalmadena tel.: 645404911
Freshly made Thick and Creamy Milkshakes
LIVEIC MUS
Café Now Open 8pm ‘til late for Late Night Snacks
NEW! Early Bird Special 7 Days, noon until 6pm Fish, Chips, Peas, Bread only €3.95pp
to Paul again at Scubies with 42 points out of a possible 50, Amistad Bar and Tony Shanley’s were close though, with 38 and 36 points respectively and the raffle for another fine 2 piece snooker cue and case was won by Pat Collins with lucky ticket 113. The Fuengirola friendly ranking knock-out was won by Marc Topper who beat Rich Brown in the final, Marc who featured strongly in last years league received a meal for two and a bottle of wine, kindly sponsored by Paul from Scubies Bar. It was Scubies versus Shooters for the 2011 Econ Inter League Championship Trophy and Shield - in the end it went to Scubies Bar from Fuengirola, the final score was a close 10 points to 8. Chocolate
*FREE ENTRY* Shows start at 9.30pm. Open all day.
points. The La Cala League friendly ranking knock-out was won by Steve Petty (Shooters) who went on to beat Damian Grimshaw in the final, and the raffle prize on the night - the 2 piece snooker cue and case - went to his dad Brian Petty with ticket 62. Over in Fuengirola The Econ Fuengirola Winter Pool League winners presentation was held in the port last Thursday night by league champions Scubies Bar (pictured below) on an impressive 124 points, followed by runners up Tony Shanley’s “A Team” on 104 points and in third place last year’s winners Amistad Bar with 87 points. The players ranking prize, a Peradon 2 piece snooker cue and case, was won by Robbie Tester, also from Scubies. Best Snacks Award went
Banana
Kick off 8.45pm Manchester United v Barcelona Sunday “Mr Blue Eyed Soul” Danny Stone
Wednesday 25th Welsh Night with comic Colin Price and Mario Ross Thursday 26th Lesley Harrison Friday 27th Dex - guitar & vocals Saturday 28th The Cleverleys Sunday 29th Rob Stevens - man of many faces Monday 30th Michael Bublé tribute followed by Natalie Monroe Tuesday 31st Mad Terry Karaoke from midnight every night with Mad Terry, and Tomo
Free entry
Monday & Thursday Bingo & Quiz Night Tuesday “Black Bais” Male vocals, soul, Tamla Motown, R&B, great voice! Wednesday Karaoke with Robbie from 9.30pm Friday Siobhan - female vocalist from Dublin Fun for all ages Saturday Show cancelled for
“LIVE”
Plaza de Remo La Carihuela Torremolinos
M
EL MOJITO
League champions Shooters Bar (pictured right) hosted the winner’s presentation last week in Riviera del Sol. They claimed the winner’s trophy with 100 points, followed by runners up and last years winners Studio 1 on 83 points and in third place Bar Unique with 81 points. The players ranking prize, a Riley Hybrid snooker cue, went to local hot shot Lee Draycott from The Streets of London, it will go nicely with the Pulsar ¾ pool cue he won last year. The ever so important Best Snacks Award for the top tasty treats trophy was won by the Streets of London “B Team” with 28.5 points from a possible 35, Streets of London “A Team” and Studio 1 came in a close second both with 24
Gibraltar Spring Bank Holiday is Monday May 30th - Morrisons is open! Free wi-fi zone Sky Sports
Calle San Isidro Labrador, 296 40 Fuengirola, Nr Feria Place Alhaurin el Grande’s NEwESt biStRO CAFE
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Take Away Home Cooking and Catering
Serving a selection of snacks, paninis, baguettes, etc., Plus main meals including Rack of Ribs, and Entrecôte steaks.
Sunday Roast €7.95 OAP special price €5.95 Children €4.95
Scandinavian and International Specialities
Now open Fri, Sat & Sun evenings with a new menu. On Fridays you can enjoy fresh battered Cod, Chips & Mushy Peas
Tel: 951 319 439
Fri - Sat Happy Hour 6.30 7.30
Aloha Gardens, next to El Jardin. Avda Del Prado Nueva Andalucia Open Mon-Fri 10.00am - 8.00pm Saturdays 10.00am - 6.00pm [email protected]
Daily from 9am Sat. & Sun. 10am
952 497 188 Calle Gerald Brenan 89 Alhaurin El Grande
wEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
American choir visits Malaga The USM Chamber Singers are a highly talented and skilled choir of nearly 30 undergraduate voices from the University of Southern Maine in New England, USA. This outstanding a cappella ensemble has undertaken several international tours in recent years and has sung in Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, the Karlskirche in Vienna and St Mark’s Basilica in Venice. This month they are touring Andalucía. They will be performing in Ronda,
Seville, Cordoba and Granada, and on Saturday May 28th they are giving a lunchtime concert in Malaga – in St George’s Church in the English Cemetery (Avenida de Pries 1). The varied programme will include European and American secular and sacred music, hymns and spirituals. The concert starts at 1.00 pm. Entrance is €5 which includes a drink. After the concert drinks and tapas will be available outside the church.
Spring concerts The Choir and Orchestra Collegium Musicum Costa del Sol is pleased announce its forthcoming May concerts. For the first time they are collaborating with the Camerata Singers of Sotogrande. The first concert on Sunday May 29th starts at 8pm in the Church Nuestra Señora de la Merced, Sotogrande: it is organized by the Cultural Association of Sotogrande. The second concert will be in Marbella on Tuesday,
May 31st at 9pm in the Church of the Encarnation and is the yearly Charity Concert to raise funds for CONCORDIA. The programme for both concerts features music by Handel, Haydn and Hummel amongst others. The guest artist is Angel T. San Bartolomé who will play Haydn’s well-known Trumpet Concerto. For more information: [email protected] m or phone 952 475 840.
Welsh night Siboney’s at Mad Terry re-opening @Buzby’s soon Siboney’s at the top of La Trocha Commercial Centre was always a fairly popular venue but sadly closed some while ago. The good news is that a new owner is taking over and Siboney’s will once again be open for business from Saturday June 4th, and this time it won’t be just a pub.
Colin Price is appearing exclusively at Mad Terry@Busby’s tonight, Wednesday May 25th. Colin is Wales’ top comedian and has appeared on ITV’s “The Comedians”. Colin is a Welsh comic legend and an excellent night is expected as the compere for the evening is Mario Ross, followed by Karaoke with Mad Terry and Tomo. Call 645 404 911 to book and for further details. Entry to this exciting evening is free.
The new owner will be doing barbecues on the terrace and serving great drinks, coffees etc for you to sit and relax after a hard day’s shopping in the Commercial Centre while enjoying the great views from this venue or to have a great night out. The dynamic new owner will be putting his mark on the venue and it is expected that Siboney’s will be one of the places to be seen in on the inland scene and, with the new road opened up from the coast, it’s only a 20 minute drive up to come and enjoy something different. More information on what will be happening next week in The News.
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This Week !
Thursday @10.30am Belly Dancing €5 per session Wednesdays 8.30pm Bingo - jackpot €400 Quiz with jackpot Friday 27th Farewell do for Mark who is going back to the UK Saturday 28th Charity Auction in aid of Alder Hey Children’s Hospital More info:654 396 651
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La Risa @ Lauro Golf Saturday 28th May Mini Market 10am - 2pm breakfast and lunch available Monday: 2 course menu only €7.50 per person wednesday & Friday Our popular Fish & Chips available all day Saturday Night: Special Menu available Sunday: Excellent Sunday Lunch including Lamb shoulder €5 supplement for 2 persons. Pre-order required Kitchen now open to 9pm Monday - Saturday For further details of all these events call us on 660 350 896 or pop into the bar.
On the road between Alhaurin el Grande & Alhaurin de la Torre Across From the Clubhouse
Reservations: 660 350 896
Have I forgotten? email: [email protected] web: www.coinlife.info
I
wish I had forgotten to watch the memory loss film Memento.
A
bout a year ago, a friend that really loves her films suggested that I watch this, her all-time favourite film. Remembering what she had told me, I recently came across the film and watched it on a long train journey last weekend.
MOVIES TO WATCH OUT FOR
Priest
R
BY SCOTT STEWART Starring Paul Bettany, Maggie Q
It’s a futuristic tale based on a comic book which also brings to mind any number of other movies – but that’s not such a bad thing. Paul Bettany seems to be cornering the market in grim looking mad monks and avenging angels/priests and this is no exception, as this movie reunites him with his Legion director. We inhabit a world where vampires held the upper hand until they were vanquished by a group of warrior priests identified by a crucifix tattooed on their foreheads. After conquering the vampires
the humans now live in dark, teeming neon-lit closed off cities (cue Blade Runner) although a few defiantly live in the postapocalyptic countryside ( a bit like Mad Max). Bettany’s Priest was a legendary warrior priest who fought in the last Vampire War and now lives in one of the dystopian cities ruled by the Church. But his niece (Lily Collins) lives outside on a farm with her family and is
NEWS FROM CANNES
abducted by a murderous pack of vampires who hurtle round in a high speed train. Priest has to defy the church if he is to seek out the band and rescue his niece before it is too late ( bit like The Searchers). So he teams up with her boyfriend, a local sheriff, and recruits the priestess (Maggie Q) despatched by Christopher Plummer to stop his mission and off they go on their super-
powered motorcycles, trailing their cassocks behind them. The martial arts action is all Matrix and the plot is derivative of plenty of other postapocalyptic movies with a blend of Wild West, sci-fi and horror. It won’t win any awards and hasn’t won the hearts of critics but no matter – it’s all very glossy and pacy. Do they win the day? Is it the start of a franchise...hmm.
AUDIENCES IGNORE CRITICS
Malik lifts the trophy Depp defies critics Terrence Malik’s The Tree Of Life might have been greeted with boos from the critics at their early morning showing, but its reception did not stop it from lifting the coveted Palme d’Or as the Cannes Festival came to a close at the weekend. The movie is an ambitious coming of age saga starring Brad Pitt and Sean Penn. Malick, notoriously reserved, did not attend the ceremony to pick up the award. Kristen Dunst took the Best Actress award for her role in Lars von Trier’s psychodrama Melancholia. The director had cast a shadow over the festival
when he was banned over remarks about Adolf Hitler. He said they were meant as jokes but Dunst clearly looked uncomfortable at the press conference to promote the film - luckily her chances were not damaged.
Well, the critics were as sniffy as everyone predicted but the fourth instalment in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, On Stranger Tides, has set a new global sales record. Last week Johhny Depp and Penelope Cruz were on the Cannes red carpet
promoting the movie on the eve of its opening and since then it has taken a worldwide total of $256 million – the highest total ever for a first week of release. The previous record was held by Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, with $236 million.
eleased in 2000, the film stars Guy Pearce as Leonard Shelby, a former insurance company claims investigator who suffers from anterograde amnesia, a condition that prevents him from creating and storing new memories.
T
he film shows sequences in black and white that tell the story of what happed to Leonard in chronological order while colour sequences show the confusing and disorientating world of a person who wakes up each day with little awareness of what they did yesterday.
T
he trouble is, despite or maybe because of, its clever plot, I found myself joining Leonard in his confusion. Even though I was treated to a few extra scenes that showed not everyone was playing fairly with his disability, as the end of the film drew nearer I realized that it really didn´t make any sense to me. Ok so there is some projection of a story often repeated in the film that turns out to be closer to home than Leonard could have guessed and there is a sub plot of crooked cops and a drug dealer’s moll manipulating his ability to forget what happened ten minutes ago in order to get Leonard to do their dirty work. Overall though, I thought the film was fractured and too clever for its own good. Well, too clever for me anyway.
A
n altogether different memory themed film is Eternal Sunshine Of A Spotless Mind, a rare kind of movie as it features Jim Carrey in a serious acting role where he isn´t playing the fool.
T
his is a truly wonderful film that I first saw at the
cinema in La Trocha in 2004, back when they were first showing films in English. As well as the very believable Mr Carrey, the film also stars Kate Winslet, Kirsten Dunst, Mark Ruffalo and a young Elijah Wood. British actor Tom Wilkinson also has a pivotal role playing the clever Doctor Mierzwiak who has made a business out of erasing certain people, events or places from his customers’ memories.
B
asically, Joel Barish (Jim Carrey) and Clementine Kruczynski (Kate Winslet) are inexplicably attracted to each other as they head on a train to the beach one day, unaware that they had previously been lovers and had subjected themselves to a memory wipe that effectively removed each of them from the other’s memory. Joel didn´t really want to end the relationship but after Clementine has the procedure, Joel hopes that doing the same would help him to forget the sadness he was feeling about the failure of the relationship and the fact that Clementine no longer knows who he is.
B
eing drawn to each other without knowing why, the film proves the old adage “what will be, will be” and even the best efforts of Dr Mierzwiak cannot put asunder those that love has put together. As the couple’s new relationship progresses, Joel finds bits of memory of their previous relationship hidden amongst his childhood memories, placed there subconsciously by his own brain.
A
story line running alongside that of Joel and Clementine shows how the wily Doctor is using his memory wiping technique to continually take advantage of his beautiful assistant Mary (Kirsten Dunst), leaving her with no idea of what she has been talked into by her boss.
A
side from the clever story and the brilliant acting, Eternal Sunshine is one of my favourite films and certainly the most romantic I think I have ever seen. And I remember it!
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
August 23rd September 22nd
by Cathy Stronach
It is time to get things in order this week, sort out the paperwork, clear up the house and get on top of your finances. You only have so much energy and events of late could have had you feeling that you were being pulled in six directions at once, now that things are settling down; use this lull time to clear the decks. A helping hand could appear in the form of a friend you have not seen for a while. Keep your thoughts positive and constructive and watch your confidence soar. You are an attraction magnet at the moment and could be feeling upbeat and inspired allowing you to operate at the top of your game. You may make a decision to live your life more consciously, change your diet in some way or put structures in place to make your daily life operate smoother. Initiate something new and profound and watch it take off. Self-empowerment and inner strength merge together to create an unstoppable force. This week is all about getting the details right, check your work and if you feel yourself getting distracted then ask for someone else to double check it. You could find yourself daydreaming a lot due to the amount of activity going on in your 12th house so try to make sure you are living in the ‘here and now’ when dealing with anything serious. On the positive side your imagination and creative powers are exceptional and you are likely to inspire others with your visions. Emotionally you are feeling more secure and stable as you focus your attention on tapping into ways to take charge of your life. The entrepreneur in you is alive and kicking causing you to break new ground, loaded with ideas and innovations. Whatever you wish for or desire - you have the spirit to make the changes now. Just know that a little effort during these coming days will go a long way, progress will be experienced in all areas of your life. Glitz and glam, fun and frolics – what a week you are going to have Leo. Right now you feel that you have got life sussed and this is your time to shine. Make sure that you keep up the things that are making your life run so smoothly as it is obviously working. Romance is in the air and you could be thinking of stepping a relationship up a notch. If single then put your glad rags on and get out there – as you are like a hearth fire and everyone feels warm when they are around you. Your keyword for this week is ‘passion’ born out of instinct. There is nothing like it to help secure a long sought after goal. It’s the passionate ones that can convince all of those in their midst of the reasons why something not only should happen but must. Passion will carry you to the finish line even after your legs have given up on you. This week make whatever it is you are doing a success on many levels, inject that charisma into what you really want.
LIBRA
Changes are occurring to turn your hopes, dreams and wishes into rock solid realities. The truth is that you also need to be willing to let go of the negative influences, habits or routines that are holding the good fortune back. Some things are black and white so instead of sitting on the fence, make your choices and live with the results. If you have the determination to see things September 23rd through you will make it all the way to success, it is there if you want it. October 22nd
SCORPIO
Kym’s Kitchen ...you don’t have to be a chef!
I have been dieting and haven't lost an ounce so this week we're going to make yummy coffee and banana with chocolate chip muffins. The recipe makes 16 or 18 muffins so you can enjoy midnight snacks too – if they last that long once they're out of the oven!
Mocha Chocolate Chip Banana Muffins Ingredients: ● ● ● ● ●
240gr butter or margarine 250gr white sugar 1 egg 3 ripe bananas 1 tablespoon instant coffee granules, dissolved in 1 tbsp water ● 1 teaspoon vanilla extract ● 275gr all-purpose flour ● 1/4 teaspoon salt ● 1 teaspoon baking powder ● 1 teaspoon baking soda ● 150gr chocolate chips
Directions 1 Preheat oven to 75ºC /350ºF
2 Blend butter or margarine, sugar, egg, banana, dissolved coffee, and vanilla in food processor for 2 minutes. Add flour, salt, baking powder, and soda, and blend just until flour disappears – the good thing about muffins is that the mixture doesn't have to be completely smooth. Add
in your actions, equipped with the abilities to build something solid and something you can count on. Many of those old structures that you built will be coming down, at least the ones that do not support your changing needs. Your values are not only changing, they are wrapped in greater depth, which nd December 22 will positively alter how you spend your time. January 19th
to serve ● 1 small onion, chopped croûtons – optional
PISCES
Gazpacho
CAPRICORN The quick fix is not normally you, by nature you are methodical and strategic
story sometimes when it comes to speaking your heart. Others always see you as being so rock solid strong and often fail to recognize that your heart and soul are just as human as everybody else. This week is all about finding ways to share with someone close what you really feel inside. So take that November 22nd December 21st leap of faith, believe in yourself and let others see the ‘real’ you.
January 20th February 18th
3 Bake for 25 minutes. Or until a toothpick comes out clean. Cool on wire racks.
Ingredients: This week your ability to communicate effectively and meaningfully in order to restore and further deepen your connection with an important or significant other is off the scale. Take this opportunity to right the wrong and you will pave the way for greater trust and intimacy in your life. Without love nothing feels good or makes sense, so take the risk to open up to a loved one and love will make your world turn again while picking up some speed as it does.
SAGITTARIUS It is no secret that you have no problem speaking your mind. It is a different
AQUARIUS
chocolate chips and mix in with wooden spoon. Spoon mixture into 15 to 18 paperlined muffin cups.
As there is an absolute abundance of tomatoes coming out of the gardens right now, and the weather is now warm enough to enjoy it, here is a recipe for Gazpacho – the Spanish cold tomato soup that is refreshing and delicious.
● 500gr beefsteak tomatoes, skinned, seeded and chopped finely. ● 2 garlic cloves, chopped ● 3 tablespoons tomato purée ● 3 tablespoons olive oil ● 2 tablespoons red wine vinegar ● 600ml water ● ½ teaspoon sugar ● 1 cucumber, halved ● salt and freshly ground black pepper
October 23rd November 21st
(Makes 16 -18)
All eyes are going to be upon you this week and this is when you should show off your talents and abilities. It is all about you being willing to rise above the normal expectations others have of you and go that one step further. In a way you will find that you are an inspirational or motivational force for others whilst allowing others to see how deeply you really feel and care. By the weekend you will find that opportunities and a new set of possibilities open up to you. Flashes of intuition spark through you this week, your awareness is electrifying and your perception changes with regard to relationships and acquaintances. This increase in awareness allows you to see the bigger picture and not get hung up on ‘words’. Often, things that look perfect on the surface are not really so ideal. Apparent problems can be great blessings in disguise. This week brings you a development that may not seem obviously impressive; however, benefits flow your way.
Directions 1. Place the tomatoes in a liquidiser or food processor with the garlic, tomato purée, olive oil, vinegar, half the water and sugar then add salt and pepper to taste. 2. Skin and roughly chop one half of the cucumber and add to the processor. Blend at maximum speed for 30 seconds or until all the ingredients are smoothly combined.
3. Refrigerate the soup for at least two hours. 4. Just before serving, dice the remaining cucumber half and sprinkle over the top of the soup with the onion and croûtons.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2010
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
Contemporary lifestyle and celebrity gossip
FAst FAshion
Bigger wardrobes a must have For many women today the dream of wearing the same dress as Cheryl Cole or Kate Middleton becomes an affordable reality as replica outfits fly out of the shops and into the wardrobe. And research now shows that the average woman in the UK is buying half her weight – a cool four and a half stone – in clothes each year. Women have more than four times as many clothes in their wardrobes than they did in 1980, but they are not hoarding – they are getting rid of the same amount each year.
It is believed that on average, women have 22 items hanging in their wardrobes that have never been worn, and are expected to spend £136,640 during their lifetime on clothes. Much has been attributed to the increase in “fast fashion” in which women can now easily buy cut price versions of clothes worn by
celebrity favourites. They spend less on individual items but buy more, said consumer expert Lucy Siegle, who has examined the phenomenon.
a simple blue frock produced by Zara the day after her wedding and within minutes the company’s internet site was deluged by purchasers.
She concludes that the rise in online stores like ASOS has helped, plus the growing internet empire of high street chains like Spain’s Zara and Sweden’s H&M. Kate Middleton wore
Ms Siegle reckons that the global textile market produces 80 billion new garments a year, and with prices falling, those wardrobes will continue to bulge.
Princess Beatrice’s world famous hat which she wore to the royal wedding has been sold for a whopping £81,100.01 following its eBay auction. pictures mocking the Philip Treacey confection were included on the eBay page. One was posted showing the crew of Star Trek
Fashion eyes on first ladies SamCam and Michelle Obama will be in the spotlight in a Battle of The Styles this week. The two women will be in competition to see who wins the fashion stakes during the US president’s state visit to the UK. Michelle is known for her easy, colourful choices, her support for up and coming designers and has not been frightened to go British when it suits her she wore a Sarah Burton at
Alexander McQueen outfit at one dinner. Samantha Cameron deploys a more understated signature look, and has a high profile as an ambassador for British fashion. Her underplayed look means she can pull off most things with ease. Let battle commence!
holding the hat saying “Fascinators to stun” and thousands have been following its progress on Facebook. Princess Beatrice said she hoped the new owner would have
All celeb invites politely declined by royal couple The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge – aka Prince William and Kate Middleton – may just be back from their 10 day Seychelles honeymoon but they will soon be packing again as they head off to North America for their first official overseas visit.
Bea hat hits the heights Bids continued to mount even after the online auction site accidentally managed to close down the page featuring the hat. Forty eBay users made 114 bids for the hat and
Kate and William meet the Obama’s at Buckingham Palace. Kate is wearing a Reiss Shola Bandage dress, costing just £175 - watch it fly out of the shops
as much fun with it, and the money raised will go to the charities for which she is an ambassador – UNICEF and Children in Crisis.
The couple will head to Canada from June 30th to July 8th and then will visit California from July 8th to 10th. But it appears that the couple may be out of bounds for the Hollywood celebrities who were hoping to meet them at star studded events. It has been reported that William and Kate will not be visiting David and Victoria Beckham, even though Becks and Posh attended the wedding. Victoria was said to be quietly relieved as the visit coincides with when she expects to give birth to her fourth child. Advisors are keen to maintain the tone of the visit, and avoid Kate from being overwhelmed like Princess Diana, who was a huge Hollywood favourite. They want the emphasis to be on the charitable work carried out by William. It will be sad news for
Spain’s top Hollywood couple Antonio Banderas and wife Melanie Griffiths. Melanie said while aboard a yacht at the Cannes film festival last week that she would love to invite them to the Banderas LA home. “We’d love to throw them a party. We have a lovely big house and they would be more than welcome,” she said. One person who presumably will definitely be off any guest list is former governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger. He is currently in disgrace as it emerged last week that he had a long affair with his family housekeeper, who had a son, now aged 13, with the tough guy former actor. His wife Maria Shriver has terminated their relationship, and Arnie has pulled out his new movie commitments. The Duke and Duchess will be the focus of a lot of attention in the States – president Barack Obama told the Prince of Wales the nation was gripped by the televised wedding and secretary of state Hilary Clinton watched it simultaneously with her mother, and daughter Chelsea along with millions of others.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Health &beauty
News - Breakthroughs - Treatments - Trends
Tips for healthy summer feet The rise in temperature during the summer months along with flip flops, sandals and summer activities can cause extra problems for your feet, just when you want them to look their best. Here are some tips to help you keep your feet healthy and pain free through the summer months. Sweaty feet- and the smell that goes with them - is one of the most common problems during hot weather. To avoid them and reduce your chances of fungal infections: wash your feet every day in warm soapy water. Don't soak them, as this might destroy the natural oils causing dryness, and dry thoroughly, especially between the toes; wear good quality socks made from fibres that wick sweat away from the skin. This will help to keep your skin dry and allows your feet to “breathe”. And change them every day;
wear well ventilated shoes and change them often. Wearing the same shoes every day transfers decomposing bacteria onto your feet, so to keep them smelling sweet, alternate your footwear, and always keep your trainers well aired, before and after exercise to prevent the build up of fungal spores and bacteria. Cracked heels are normally caused by wearing openbacked shoes and sandals which allow the fat pad under the heel to expand sideways, increasing the likelihood of the skin to crack. To prevent this, keep your feet well moisturised by applying a moisturiser twice a day. Use an abrasive stone such as a
pumice stone or a non-metal footfile exfoliate the build up of skin which can occur. Change the type of footwear you wear. Constantly wearing flip-flops or flimsy sandals increases your likelihood of unsightly and sometimes painful cracked heels. If cracked heels become a serious problem, they can be "strapped" by a chiropodist or podiatrist. This holds the cracks together to help them heal. Blisters can be prevented by keeping feet dry at all times. If you have sweaty socks, change them. If buying new summer sandals or shoes, make sure they fit properly. Shoes which are too loose or too tight will create pressure points and
la clinica is a holistic and dynamic health clinic with treatments for internal and external wellness
with polish. A thick, discoloured, cracked or crumbling nail could mean you have a fungal infection. It won't go away by itself, so get it checked out.
Sunburn: your feet are most exposed during summer, so don't forget the suncream. Use SPF30 and above, and reapply regularly to protect against skin cancer and leathery skin due to premature ageing.
Try to vary your shoe type and heel height from day to day; one day with low heels, the next with slightly higher ones. Heel heights should be kept to about 3cm for everyday use.
Feet tend to swell during the day so buy new shoes or sandals later in the afternoon when your feet are at their largest
Other tips for healthy summer feet: swimming and paddling pools, gym showers and hotel bathrooms are breeding grounds for athlete's foot and verrucas. Wear flip flops or Crocs to avoid catching them; don't hide "ugly" toenails
HAIR, NAILS & BEAUTY
HAD YOUR M.O.T. DONE ON YOUR CAR? GOOD, THEN IT IS YOUR TURN TO HAVE YOUR HEALTH CHECKED OUT
We offer a complete health assessment using the Introspect Cellscanning System. No pain - No Needles - Relax
All aspects of hairdressing, Cutting-Wella Colours-Hi/Lo lights-Perming Sunbed ‘winter specials’ 60mins 25€- Spray tans Clarins facials from 30€ PAMPER PACKAGES FOR IDEAL GIFTS FROM 55€
Reflexology and Massages from 25€ Manicure / Pedicure The latest Shellac & Foilwrap Minx Nails Teethwhitening also available for special price 125€ To celebrate our 7th Anniversary we are having an Open Day Thursday 19th May 11.am til 3.pm all welcome 16/17 Las Rampas, Fuengirola - kisshairandbeauty.com Mon - Closed / Tues - Fri 10 - 6.00pm / Sat 10 to 4.00pm
Tel: 952 666 787 - Mobile 630 800 572
One simple scan at cellular level can check that every organ has good function / weak or reduced function. Instant result scan reveals any health problems or allergies (airborn/ and the digestive system). Suggestions what action to take as well as recommending alternative supplements
Check up: • Microflora • Viruses • Bacteria • Parasites • Skeleton, Bones • lymphsystem • stomach & Intestines • Heart & lungs • Blood • Skin etc.
lead to rubbing, making blisters inevitable. Put your feet up! Your feet need a rest. Over-working feet increases heat and moisture in footwear and increases the likelihood of blisters. Blisters should be left to dry out on their own, so don't try to burst them. However if they do burst, apply a clean dressing.
NEED A NEW STYLE!
HANNA Tricoderm SL • 952 917 126 Bernabé Tierno 3, Edif. Lindamar 2 Street between Paseo Mercadona and Feria 29640 Fuengirola, Malaga
Marijke Togeretz Nurse & Health advisor
951 260 767 www.laclinica.com.es [email protected] avda.clemente diaz ruiz 4, edif. tres coronas, portal D, apt 202, 29640 Fuengirola (behind mercacentro, close to the train station)
Happy birthday Kiss !
For the Salon’s 7th birthday celebrations, Kiss Hair, Nails and Beauty Salon in Las Rampas Fuengirola held an open day complete with barbecue, salads and plenty of pink champagne to keep the party going. Demonstrations of how your nails could look once they’d been given the Kiss treatment were carried out and there were plenty of bookings by onlookers who were impressed by the results. Reflexology (pictured below) was carried out by the salon’s specialist and customers commented how marvelous their feet felt after treatment following a hard day’s shopping. Hair was cut, coloured, blow dried and one young lady tried a “pin-up” where her hair was turned into an elegant French plait with what seemed to be little effort under the expert hands of one of the girls who work at Kiss. Many people turned up throughout the day to partake of some free massages and to watch demonstrations. Over 400 raffle tickets were sold and the prizes included everything from a simple cut, to full pamper packages of massage, facial, manicure, pedicure - in fact everything you needed to take all your cares away and make you feel like a true princess. The girls (pictured above) said that, although it had been a long and tiring day, the number of people who had turned up to wish them a Happy Birthday had made it all worthwhile.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
ON THE New series:
FILM
The Rainmaker A young law-school graduate takes on his first case, pursuing a major insurance company accused of stalling on a leukaemia victim's health claim. Tense courtroom scenes and an earnest study of legal and moral principles unfold as the idealistic young lawyer battles against cynicism and corruption.
FILM
Sun, May 22nd 22:00
Under the Mud The Potts household is second home to a teenage slacker, Magic. He is such a part of the family that his longing for the eccentric beauty Paula Potts goes completely unnoticed; to her, he is just part of the furniture. With Paula arguing with her imaginary friend about running off to Ibiza with a local slimeball, Magic realises...
FILM
Tue, May 31st 22:35
Mickey Blue Eyes A sober English gent, Michael Felgate, proposes to his girlfriend Gina only to discover that she is the daughter of prominent Mafia mobster Frank Vitale. However, Frank is delighted with his new son-in-law and sets about introducing a reluctant Michael to the family `business', ...
FILM
Sun, May 22nd 23:20
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Hurricane Katrina collides with New Orleans and Daisy Williams is on her deathbed. Daisy requests that her daughter Caroline read aloud the journal of her lifelong friend Benjamin Button. The diary documents his extraordinary...
FILM
Mon, May 30th 22:00
A Few Good Men A young and impetuous naval lieutenant and a more experienced officer are given the job of defending two marines accused of murder. As the two officers come to terms with one another, their investigation uncovers some sinister secrets and collusion...
FILM
May 26th
May 27th
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Fake Britain 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Don't Get Done, Get Dom 11:45 Bargain Hunt 12:30 RHS Chelsea Flower Show 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 President Obama at Westminster 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six
18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Waterloo Road 20:30 Life of Riley 21:00 The Apprentice 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The National Lottery Wednesday Night Draws 22:45 Not Going Out 23:15 It's a Boy Girl Thing 00:45 Weatherview 00:50 See Hear 01:20 Watchdog 02:20 The British at Work 03:20 One Man and His Campervan 03:50 Click
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Fake Britain 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Don't Get Done, Get Dom 11:45 Bargain Hunt 12:30 Chelsea Flower Show 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Project Parent 16:30 My Life: Children of the Road 17:00 Newsround
17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Watchdog 21:00 Inside the Human Body 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Question Time 23:35 This Week 00:20 Holiday Weatherview 00:25 Panorama 00:55 Countryfile 01:55 Britain's Next Big Thing 02:55 DIY SOS 03:55 Our World
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Fake Britain 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Don't Get Done, Get Dom 11:45 Bargain Hunt 12:30 Chelsea Flower Show 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Remote Control Star 16:30 Fee Fi Fo Yum 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link
18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 A Question of Sport 21:00 Have I Got News for You 21:30 Outnumbered 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Graham Norton Show 23:20 The Lottery Draws 23:30 The Rainmaker 01:35 The One Show 02:35 Weatherview 02:40 Monty Don's Italian Gardens 03:40 The Hairy Bikers: Mums Know Best
09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:25 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Crossfire 13:00 See Hear 13:30 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 Copycats 15:30 League of Super Evil 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Dani's House 16:30 Little Howard's Big Question 16:55 Shaun the Sheep 17:00 Newsround
17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Menu 19:00 The Culture Show 19:30 Two Greedy Italians 20:30 Chelsea Flower Show 22:00 The Apprentice: You're Fired 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle 23:50 The Culture Show 00:20 The French Open, ATP Tennis 01:20 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News
08:55 Bob the Builder 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:25 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 The Locket 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 Helicopter Heroes 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Menu 19:00 The Culture Show 20:00 Chelsea Flower Show 21:00 The Shadow Line 22:00 Psychoville 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 BMW Championship, PGA Tour European Golf 00:20 The French Open, ATP Tennis 01:20 The Culture Show Special 02:20 BBC News 02:30 HARDtalk 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World 03:55 Pages from Ceefax
08:55 Bob the Builder 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:25 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 The Racket 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 Helicopter Heroes 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Menu 19:00 Windfarm Wars 20:00 Chelsea Flower Show 21:30 Paul Merton's Birth of Hollywood 22:30 Newsnight 23:00 The Book Review Show 23:50 BMW Championship, PGA Tour European Golf 00:20 Later... with Jools Holland 01:25 The French Open, ATP Tennis 02:25 The Haunted House of Horror 03:55 Pages from Ceefax
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Poms in Paradise 20:00 Midsomer Murders
22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Cops with Cameras 23:35 Long Lost Family 00:30 The Zone 02:35 Space Jam 04:00 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Tonight
20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Long Lost Family 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Piers Morgan's Life Stories 23:35 Amanda Holden's Fantasy Lives 00:30 The Zone 02:30 Tonight 02:55 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street
20:00 Baboons with Bill Bailey 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Paul O'Grady Live 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 An Audience with Neil Diamond 23:35 The Cube 00:30 The Zone 02:30 The Hitcher 04:10 ITV Nightscreen
06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:50 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 The Home Show 13:05 Kidnapped 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Celebrity Five Go To... 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Diagnosis Live from the Clinic 21:00 24 Hours in A&E 22:00 Desperate Housewives 23:05 The Big Bang Theory 23:35 The Big Bang Theory 00:05 Inside Incredible Athletes 01:35 The Sunchaser 03:45 Husk 03:55 Wild Thing: I Love You
06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:50 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Paralympics 13:05 My Eden 13:10 White Feather 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Celebrity Five Go To... 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Three in a Bed 21:00 Cutting Edge 22:00 Bodyshock 23:10 The Secret Millionaire 00:10 The Vue Film Show 00:45 The Great Escape Festival 2011 01:15 The Album Chart Show 01:30 4Play 01:40 The JD Set Presents 01:50 The Model Agency 02:45 Emily's Song 03:00 Unreported World
08:00 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Paralympics 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:20 The Frogmen 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Celebrity Five Go To... 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:30 Unreported World
19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 21:00 Million Pound Drop 22:25 That Peter Kay Thing 22:55 Phoneshop 23:30 Ricky Gervais Show 00:00 Jessie J: Live 00:35 Mercury Prize Sessions 00:50 Album Chart Show 01:05 4Play 01:20 Much Ado About a Minor Ting 01:50 The Dish 02:00 Daddy 02:05 My Name Is Earl 02:30 My Name Is Earl
07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Mio Mao 07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:10 Milkshake! 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 Stansted: Inside Story 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away
13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Chinese Food in Minutes 15:15 McBride: 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 Giant Animal Moves 21:00 NCIS 22:00 Law and Order 22:55 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 23:55 Poker: Aussie Millions 00:50 Super Casino 04:00 Meals in Moments
08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 Stansted: The Inside Story 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Chinese Food in Minutes
15:10 Chinese Food in Minutes 15:15 The Sign of Four 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 18:55 5 News at 7 19:00 npower Test Cricket 20:00 Emergency Bikers 21:00 Extreme Fishing with Robson Green: At the Ends of the Earth 22:00 Impossible 23:05 Banged up Abroad 00:05 Super Casino 04:00 Meals in Moments 04:10 Michaela's Wild Challenge
08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 Stansted: The Inside Story 12:00 The Family Recipe 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Chinese Food in Minutes
15:10 Killer Flood: The Day the Dam Broke 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 18:55 5 News at 7 19:00 npower Test Cricket 20:00 Eddie Stobart: Trucks and Trailers 21:00 The Mentalist 22:00 Law & Order 22:55 CSI: Miami 23:50 Rough Guide to Adventures 00:10 Super Casino 04:05 Motorsport Mundial 04:30 Nick's Quest
19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Great Movie Mistakes 21:00 Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life 22:45 Family Guy 23:10 Family Guy 23:35 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 00:05 American Dad 00:25 American Dad 00:45 American Dad!
01:10 American Dad! 01:30 American Dad! 01:50 American Dad! 02:15 American Dad! 02:35 American Dad! 03:00 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 03:30 Great Movie Mistakes 04:30 Secrets of the Superbrands 05:30 SIGN OFF
19:00 The Apprentice 20:00 Secrets of the Superbrands 21:00 Misbehaving Mums to Be 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Ideal 23:00 Family Guy 23:25 Family Guy 23:50 Misbehaving Mums to Be
00:50 Ideal 01:20 Secrets of the Superbrands 02:20 Secrets of the Superbrands 03:20 Young, Rich and House Hunting 03:50 Young, Rich and House Hunting 04:20 The Apprentice 05:20 SIGN OFF
19:00 Doctor Who 19:45 Doctor Who Confidential 20:00 Hotter Than My Daughter 20:30 Snog Marry Avoid? 21:00 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 21:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 22:00 EastEnders
22:30 Young, Rich and House Hunting 23:00 Family Guy 23:50 Ideal 00:20 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 00:50 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:20 Bizarre ER 01:50 Snog Marry Avoid? 02:20 Hotter Than My ..
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Champions League Final: Man U v Barcelona
Drama following the personal and professional lives of two detectives working for a Manchester police unit specialising in murder. Starring Lesley Sharp as DC Scott and Suranne Jones as Bailey.
New series: Scott & Bailey
May 30th
May 31st
06:00 Breakfast 10:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 11:30 Great British Menu 12:00 BBC News 12:05 BBC London News; Weather 12:10 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 14:30 Live: PGA Championship Golf 16:50 Don't Scare the Hare 17:25 BBC News 17:35 BBC London News; Weather 17:45 So You Think You Can Dance 18:45 Doctor Who 19:30 So You Think You Can Dance
20:00 The National Lottery: Who Dares Wins 20:50 Casualty 21:40 John Bishop's Britain 22:10 BBC News 22:25 Face/Off 00:35 Steal 01:55 Weatherview 02:00 BBC News 02:30 Cannes 2011 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Click
06:00 Breakfast 09:00 The Andrew Marr Show 10:00 The Big Questions 11:00 Country Tracks 12:00 BBC News 12:05 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 15:20 EastEnders Omnibus 17:15 Points of View 17:30 Songs of Praise 18:05 RHS Chelsea Flower Show 18:35 BBC News 18:50 BBC London News; Weather 19:00 Countryfile 20:00 Antiques Roadshow 21:00 Pirates of the
Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest 23:20 BBC News 23:35 BBC London News; Weather 23:45 The Football League Show 00:35 Weatherview 00:40 The Apprentice 01:40 Holby City 02:40 A History of Ancient Britain
06:00 Breakfast 09:00 Fake Britain 09:45 Homes Under the Hammer 10:45 Real Rescues 11:30 Cash in the Attic 12:00 Bargain Hunt 12:45 BBC News at One 13:05 BBC London News 13:15 Escape to the Country 14:15 The Cat in the Hat 15:30 Wallace and Gromit in A Close Shave 16:00 Pixar: 25 Magic Moments 17:00 WALL.E 18:30 BBC News at Six 18:45 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show
19:30 Saints and Scroungers 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Egypt's Lost Cities 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:10 BBC London New 22:15 A Question of Sport 22:45 The Football League Show 23:25 The Graham Norton Show 00:10 Weatherview 00:15 Wonders of the Universe 01:15 Inside the Human Body 02:15 The Secrets of Scott's Hut 03:45 One Man and His Campervan 04:15 BBC News
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Fake Britain 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Sadie J 16:30 Blue Peter 16:55 Shaun the Sheep 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link
18:00 BBC News at Six 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Holby City 21:00 Panorama 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Crimewatch on the Streets 23:35 The Lock Up 00:05 Weatherview 00:10 Children's Craniofacial Surgery 01:10 Wootton Bassett: The Town That Remembers 02:10 Who Do You Think You Are? 02:55 Great British Railway Journeys
09:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 09:30 Deadly 60: Brazil 10:00 Relic: Guardians of the Museum 10:30 League of Super Evil 10:40 Wolverine and the XMen 11:00 Mortified 11:25 OOglies 11:40 MOTD Kickabout 12:00 Bell Book and Candle 13:40 The Cheyenne Social Club 15:20 Two Greedy Italians 16:20 Escape to the Country 16:50 Live: PGA Championship Golf 18:00 Flog It! 19:00 Dad's Army
19:30 RHS Chelsea Flower Show 20:00 Terry and June 20:30 The Many Faces of June Whitfield 21:30 Absolutely Fabulous 22:00 Have I Got a Bit More News for You 22:45 QI XL 23:30 Grumpy Old Holidays 00:00 French Open Tennis 01:00 Later... Live with Jools Holland 02:05 Under the Mud 03:30 Pages from Ceefax
06:00 Wibbly Pig 06:10 Penelope 06:15 Toddworld 06:30 Tinga Tinga Tales 06:45 Octonauts 07:00 Space Hoppers 07:30 Bear Behaving Badly 07:55 Shaun the Sheep 08:00 Gimme a Break 08:30 Me and My Monsters 09:00 Friday Download 10:00 Something for the Weekend 11:30 Escape to the Country 12:30 The Long Ships 14:30 Live: PGA Championship Golf 18:10 Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections
19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Britain's Secret Seas 21:00 Miami Mega-Jail 22:00 Queen: Days of Our Lives 23:00 The Shadow Line 00:00 French Open Tennis 01:00 BBC News 01:30 The Reporters 02:00 BBC News 02:30 Dateline London 03:00 BBC News 03:30 The Record Europe 03:40 Pages from Ceefax
08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 The 39 Steps 13:00 World Cup Rowing 14:30 Animal 24:7 15:00 Rewind the 60s 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Great British Menu 19:00 The Story of Ireland 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace 22:00 Queen: Days of Our Lives 23:00 Queen: The Legendary 1975 Concert 23:50 Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections 00:40 French Open Tennis 01:40 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 HARDtalk 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World
08:55 Bob the Builder 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Gunga Din 13:30 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 Rewind the 60s 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic
18:00 Great British Menu 19:00 Britain's Secret Seas 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 The Country House Revealed 22:00 Lead Balloon 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Time to Remember 23:50 The French Open, ATP Tennis 00:50 HARDtalk 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 HARDtalk 03:00 BBC News 03:25 Pages from Ceefax
06:35 The Hive 06:45 Babar and the Adventures of Badou 07:00 Babar and the Adventures of Badou 07:10 Tati's Hotel 07:25 Monk 07:30 Spider-Man 07:55 SpongeBob SquarePants 08:10 SpongeBob SquarePants 08:25 House Gift 09:25 Coronation Street Omnibus 11:45 This Morning: Saturday 12:45 ITV News
12:55 You've Been Framed! 13:25 Carry On Cowboy 15:10 For Your Eyes Only 17:30 London Tonight 17:45 ITV News 18:00 Animals Do the Funniest Things 19:00 Live: UEFA Champions League Football 22:25 ITV News and Weather 22:40 UEFA Champions League: Extra Time 23:40 Rugby 00:40 The Zone 02:45 In Plain Sight 03:30 ITV Nightscreen
06:20 Fireman Sam 06:30 Chloe's Closet 06:40 Fluffy Gardens 06:50 Jungle Junction 07:15 Annabel's Kitchen 07:25 Monk 07:35 Kick Buttowski 07:45 Kick Buttowski 08:00 The Avengers: 08:25 May the Best House Win 09:25 Dickinson's Real Deal 10:25 60 Minute Makeover 11:30 This Morning: Sunday 12:30 Dinner Date 13:30 ITV News and Weather 13:40 Honey 15:30 Animals Do the
Funniest Things 16:30 Midsomer Murders 18:00 Regional News and Weather 18:30 London Tonight 18:45 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Coronation Street 19:30 Britain's Got Talent 21:00 Scott & Bailey 22:00 ITV News and Weather 22:15 The Classic BRIT Awards 2011 23:45 The Day John Lennon Died 00:40 The Zone 02:00 Motorsport UK 02:55 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 Dinner Date 10:25 This Morning 11:30 Loose Women 12:30 Midsomer Murders 13:30 ITV News and Weather 13:50 You've Been Framed! 14:20 On Her Majesty's Secret Service 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 Harry Hill's The Best of TV Burp 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Britain's Got Talent 21:00 Coronation Street
21:30 Britain's Got Talent 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:15 Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous 00:20 The Zone 02:20 UEFA Champions League Weekly 02:50 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Britain's Got Talent 21:00 Coronation Street 21:30 Britain's Got Talent
22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Mickey Blue Eyes 00:30 The Zone 02:30 Crossing Jordan 03:15 ITV Nightscreen
06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Vue Film Show 07:00 British GT Championship 07:25 Mobil 1: The Grid 07:55 The Morning Line 08:55 Friends 09:25 Koko Pop 10:00 T4 Movie Special 10:30 Glee 11:30 Friends 12:00 Paralympics 14:00 Live: Channel 4 Racing 15:55 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 16:25 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 17:00 Come Dine with Me:
Extra Portions 17:30 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 18:00 Channel 4 News 18:20 4thought.tv 18:25 Titanic 22:00 The Million Pound Drop 23:20 Dylan Moran: Aim Low 00:25 In America 02:10 Mother of Many 02:15 Slow Joe 02:25 A Family Portrait 02:30 The Tannery 02:35 Paraphernalia 02:50 The Dead Zone 03:35 Hill Street Blues 04:30 Wild Thing: I Love You
06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:05 That Paralympic Show 07:30 Freesports on 4 08:00 Friends 08:30 Friends 09:00 Hollyoaks Omnibus 11:30 Being... N Dubz 12:05 Glee 13:05 The Simpsons 13:40 The Simpsons 14:10 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 14:40 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 15:15 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 15:45 Deal or No Deal 16:45 Channel 4 News
16:55 4thought.tv 17:00 Home Alone 19:00 Come Dine with Me 20:00 The Hotel 21:00 The Curious Case of Benjamin Button 00:10 Equilibrium 02:05 Diagnosis Live from the Clinic 03:00 The Sex Education Show: Am I Normal? 03:55 Civilization: Is the West History?
06:30 The Hoobs 06:55 Freshly Squeezed 07:25 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:50 Frasier 08:20 Frasier 08:50 Friends 09:20 Accidentally on Purpose 09:50 Location, Location, Location 10:50 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 11:55 Jamie at Home 12:20 Clash of the Titans 14:35 Baking Mad with Eric Lanlard 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:05 4thought.tv 19:10 The Italian Job 21:00 Gordon's Great Escape 22:00 Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story 23:55 The Event 00:50 Poker 01:45 24 Hours in A&E 02:40 The Sex Education Show: Am I Normal? 03:35 The Life, Death and Suffer Story 03:40 The Dead Zone
07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:30 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 In Your Dreams 12:15 The Home Show 13:20 Appointment in London 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons
18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Four Rooms 21:00 The Secret Millionaire 22:00 Jamie's Food Revolution Hits Hollywood 23:05 Misfits 00:10 Poker 01:10 Freesports on 4 01:35 Mobil 1: The Grid 02:05 British GT Championship 02:30 KOTV 02:55 FIVB Beach Volleyball 03:50 Catching the Impossible
07:15 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:25 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 07:55 The Little Princess 08:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Gerald McBoing Boing 10:00 Chinese Food in Minutes 10:05 The Gadget Show 11:05 Extreme Fishing with Robson Green
12:05 The Hotel Inspector 13:05 The Staircase Murders 14:50 Last of the Dogmen 17:05 Two Mules for Sister Sara 19:00 npower Test Cricket 19:55 5 News Weekend 20:00 NCIS 21:00 CSI: Miami 22:00 CSI: NY 23:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:55 Rough Guide to Short Breaks 00:10 Scxtra 00:40 Super Casino 03:55 Rough Guide to Islands
07:25 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 07:50 Roobarb and Custard Too 08:00 The Little Princess 08:15 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Gerald McBoing Boing 10:00 Animal Rescue Squad 10:20 McFly on the Wall 10:50 Family Food Fight with Flora 11:20 Eddie Stobart: Trucks
and Trailers 12:20 Three to Tango 14:10 Contact 16:55 Mission to Mars 19:00 npower Test Cricket 19:55 5 News 20:00 The True Story 21:00 Most Shocking Talent Show Moments 23:55 Russell and Katy Get Married 00:55 Super Casino 03:55 Rough Guide to Adventures 04:10 Divine Designs 04:35 Divine Designs
07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 How Do They Do It? 11:30 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 12:25 5 News Lunchtime 12:35 Home and Away 13:05 Neighbours 13:35 Coroner Creek 15:25 Fort Worth
17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:30 Monkey Life 18:55 5 News at 7 19:00 npower Test Cricket 20:00 The Gadget Show 21:00 The Hotel Inspector 22:00 A Few Good Men 00:50 Forensic Files 01:15 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe 04:05 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:30 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:55 Rough Guide to Journeys
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:10 Milkshake Monkey 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 Highland Emergency 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Meals in Moments
15:15 Sub Zero 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Zoo Days 20:00 Supersize Grime 21:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 22:00 CSI: Miami 22:55 CSI: NY 23:55 CSI: NY 00:50 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe 04:05 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:30 Michaela's Wild Challenge
19:00 Pop's Greatest Dance Crazes 20:15 Top Gear 21:15 Live at the Apollo 21:45 Kill Bill: Vol 1 23:30 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:15 American Dad 00:35 American Dad 00:55 Live at the Apollo 01:25 Pop's Greatest Dance
Crazes 01:55 Young, Rich and House Hunting 02:25 Secrets of the Superbrands 03:25 Misbehaving Mums to Be 05:10 SIGN OFF
19:00 Formula 1 Motor Racing 20:00 Doctor Who 20:45 Doctor Who Confidential 21:00 Little Britain 21:30 Ideal 22:00 Family Guy 23:05 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:15 Two Pints of Lager and
a Packet of Crisps 00:45 Ideal 01:15 Young, Rich and House Hunting 01:45 Secrets of the Superbrands 02:45 Misbehaving Mums to Be 03:45 Young, Rich and House Hunting 04:15 Doctor Who
19:00 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 19:10 Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life 21:00 Gavin and Stacey 21:30 Gavin and Stacey 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Bizarre ER 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 Gavin and Stacey 00:45 Bizarre ER
01:15 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 02:45 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 04:15 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 04:45 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 05:15 SIGN OFF
19:00 Total Wipeout 20:00 The World's Strictest Parents 21:00 Secrets of the Superbrands 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:45 Secrets of the
Superbrands 00:45 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 01:15 Misbehaving Mums to Be 02:15 The World's Strictest Parents 03:15 Total Wipeout 04:15 Misbehaving Mums to Be 05:15 SIGN OFF
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
Take a break TARGET PUZZLE
SUDOKU by Papocom Fill in the grid so that every row, every column and every 3 x 3 grid contains the digits 1 through 9. With no repeats, that means that no number is repeated in any row, column or box. Level:
Level:
MEDIUM
HARD
See how many words of four or more letters you can make from the given nine letters. In making a word each letter may be used only once. The key letter must be used in each word.
O GW E D P U R N
L T A U N C T E R
Target
1-7 Poor 8-14 Average 15-21 Good 22-23 Excellent
1-7 Poor 8-14 Average 15-21 Good 22-23 Excellent
The following are not allowed: - Words beginning with a capital letter - Words with a hyphen or apostrophe - Plural words ending in “s” The 9-letter word GUNPOWDER
Across
Down
1. Away to silence cold libation outlets. (3-8) 9. Oil goes into different sciences. (7) 10. Hangs around grinding teeth. (5) 11. Obsolete permission to European. (5) 12. Supple smile so agile. (7) 13. Condition of sharp nails, perhaps? (6) 15. One of the four Beatles with one seen in church cloth. (6) 18. Crash ace bled in terrible defeat. (7) 20. Flexible and fired up male, possibly. (5) 22. Bouquet dispatched with a Conservative. (5) 23. Boat carrying little weight. (7) 24. Description of a movie featuring many well-known actors. (4,7)
2. Maybe one sells whips? (5) 3. Delays stir Leo into action. (7) 4. Board game stronghold. (6) 5. Might antique Arthur like a hot port and lemon juice. (5) 6. Locks contrary to our charm. (7) 7. Solid band recording onto audio laser system. (7,4) 8. Multiple hurrahs at honour celebration. (5,6) 14. Time ban effect on surrounding atmosphere. (7) 16. Apparently reckoned that everyone was moved to the edge. (7) 17. Oh! to have zeal like an enthusiast. (6) 19. React to provide supply. (5) 21. Let slip it is just a legend. (5)
1
4. Burley is which type of crop: Cotton; Wheat; Rice; or Tobacco?
23
1
Down
1. Ballet by Stravinsky (8) 5. (Mineral providing) powder (4) 9. Upper room (5) 10. Pouch accompanying kilt (7) 11. Hard metallic shade (8,4) 13. Women (6) 14. Chess piece (6) 17. Strong safety fencing (5,7) 20. Terpsichorean exercise (7) 21. Opera by Puccini (5) 22. Spanish painter (4) 23. Grill - American football (field) (8)
1. Emblem - iris - wilt (4) 2. Extremely disconcerted (7) 3. Transmission mechanism (used as weapon) (7,5) 4. Holiday destination (6) 6. Traditionally showery month (5) 7. Bits thrown at weddings (8) 8. Focused - made denser (12) 12. Animal representing depression (5,3) 15. (Unskilled) mechanic (7) 16. Hand weapon (6) 18. Vex (5) 19. Precipitation (4)
Quick
22
23
8. Which European leader publicly welcomed a new female MP to parliament by reminding her of a 'rule' called 'jus primae noctis' ('law of the first night' - a medieval right of the Lord of the manor to deflower new brides) ? Silvio Berlusconi; Winston Churchill; Nicolas Sarkozy; or Helmut Kohl? SOLUTION FOR QUIZ
Hard
14. Knight 17. Crash barrier 20. Dancing 21. Tosca 22. Goya 23. Gridiron
1. Firebird 5. Talc 9. Attic 10. Sporran 11. Electric blue 13. Ladies
15. fabric 18. debacle 20. lithe 22. scent 23. lighter 24. star studded
1. off-licences 9. ologies 10. gnash 11. passe 12. lissome 13. clause
Across
1. Flag 2. Rattled 3. Bicycle chain 4. Resort 6. April 7. Confetti 2. flogs 3. loiters 4. castle 5. negus 6. enamour 7. compact disc
Down
SOLUTION FOR SUDOKU
SOLUTION FOR CRYPTIC / QUICK CROSSWORD
5. In the 2004 film biopic Beyond the Sea, Kevin Spacey plays which 1960s singer: Bobby Vee; Frankie Avalon; Bobby Darin; or Fabian? 6. Hypokalaemia is the deficiency of what in the bloodstream: Calcium; Potassium; Oxygen; or Protein?
8 9
1. A 2010 UK survey by the Campaign for Better Transport identified which city as the most car-dependent: London; Milton Keynes; Bristol; or Swindon?
1. Milton Keynes 2. Hephaestus 3. Da Capo 4. Tobacco 5. Bobby Darin 6. Potassium 7. Pennsylvania 8. Silvio Berlusconi
Cryptic
‘MULTIPLE CHOICE’ QUIZ
CROSSWORD
8. Concentrated 12. Black dog 15. Greaser 16. Dagger 18. Annoy 19. Rain 8. three cheers 14. ambient 16. alleged 17. zealot 19. cater 21. title
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
“THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR VIEWS Send letters to the editor as part of an e-mail text to [email protected]
Tom Cowan In reply to last week’s query from Brenda Patrick. I had a UK disabled drivers permit and continued to use it when I took up permanent residence in Spain, with no problems. When that permit was nearing expiry I obtained an Andalucian permit and have used that when visiting the UK, with no problems. I am sure a permit issued in the EC is valid in all EC countries as long as it is not time-expired. How did I obtain a Andalucian permit? I asked my doctor in Las Lagunas medical centre, Fuengirola who provided me with a requisition for disability assessment and referred me to the social security section in the same centre. The social
by email security section then arranged an appointment for me at Centro de Valoracion y Orientacion, plaza Diego Vazquez, Otero 5, Edificio Torre Almenara, Malaga. I attended the Centro de Valoration bearing, as requested, all relevant documentary evidence of disability and income, together with my Residencia and certificate of Empardronamiento. There, I was subjected to financial and medical examination to determine whether I qualified for financial assistance as well as my degree of disability. The Centro de Valoration later sent me a certificate of degree of disability (35%), valid for 5
years. I then presented that certificate, together with a couple of passport sized photos to the Distrito Sanitario, C La Union near Las Lagunas, Fuengirola and there applied for a disabled drivers permit (Tarjeta De Aparcamiento), which I eventually received valid for 10 years. This all happened over a period of 4 months in 2003 and procedures may have since changed. It was a frustrating, bureaucratic process but worth it as the permit was valid for 10 years and renewal will probably be less painful.Hope this helps, good luck.
Stargazing By Ken Campbell
If you would like to be kept up to date or take part in any of the events then go to www.kencampbell.info
Do you believe in aliens? You wouldn’t believe how many times I get asked that question, so rather than answer with a simple yes or no I always try to throw it back to the asker to let them ponder.
T Alan Grieve I really must take issue with your correspondent, Arthur Webster, (by email, The News, Opinion & Comment, Wednesday, May 11th, 2011), who appears to be lambasting Facebook because of his own limitations. I have been a Facebook user almost since it began. I spend far too much time on Facebook almost every day. I have learned to 'manage' my Facebook account so I don't have to deal with the
Belfast spam which seems to be upsetting your correspondent. To receive these spam messages, he must be accepting or agreeing to receive them, then not bothering to delete said acceptance after satisfying his curiosity to whatever is behind the headline that he so desperately needed to see. It is perfectly easy to click on the 'accept' button, have a wee look at the link, then click on 'my account', and
cancel the acceptance you just agreed to. I think that his rant is very unfair to Facebook and its millions of users. Just because you didn't learn to drive a car, but drove one into a tree, doesn't mean you should bad-mouth the builder of that car. I think Arthur Webster should consider accepting his own mis-management of his Facebook account, and write a retraction of his slur on Facebook.
JK’s COIN
The top inland entertainments venue did not meet its reserve at the recent auction and it’s now business as usual for our customers. However, it is still on the market so if you are interested, offers in the region of €30,000 will be actively considered
cAll DuNcAN
oN 654 396 651 CENTRO DE IDIOMAS COIN
Spanish Courses The best in town!
952 45 07 47 [email protected] www. cslspain.com
he Universe is unimaginably large, in fact it probably goes on for infinity, that is to say it has no ending. It contains billions and billions of galaxies, each galaxy containing billions of stars. It has been said that there are more stars in the Universe than there are grains of sand on every beach and desert in the world. p to now astronomers have discovered 551 planets orbiting around other stars. This may not sound like many but the first one was only discovered in 1995, but now that we have the equipment and also the technique to find them the number is going up almost daily. Conservative estimates put the final figure at over 50 billion planets in our galaxy alone. If you think about multiplying that number throughout the whole of the Universe then the number of planets is…well, astronomical. ut what we need is not just any old planet, the Eureka moment will come when we discover the ‘Goldilocks’ planet, one that is not too hot, not too cold, not too big and not too small, just right to harbour life. n our own solar system there are 8 very different planets with almost 150 moons between them, each moon unique in its own way. One of Jupiter’s moons, Europa, is completely covered in a crust of ice; below the ice is a liquid ocean. NASA intends to send a probe within the next decade to penetrate the ice and search for life in the waters below. Europa currently stands as the most likely candidate to support life. ut what is life? 99% of all species that ever lived on Earth are now extinct, so the word ‘life’ has a variety of meanings. It could be anything from the tiniest bacteria through plants, fish, reptiles, mammals right up to advanced civilisations that we would recognise as ‘life as we know it’. And if we did discover alien life could we communicate with it? We have trouble understanding other humans who live only a few hundred miles
U
B I
B
from us in another country, and apart from yelling a few instructions at the dog to ‘sit’ and ‘stay’ or ‘rollover’ we cannot even communicate with other life forms on our home planet, so being able to communicate with another life from another planet in another solar system seems very difficult indeed. nd this is before we take into account the vast distances involved. The nearest star to us is 4 ½ light years away so a message sent there would take 9 years to return to us. If we had found life on a fairly close star a mere 1000 light years away then if Jesus had sent them a message we would only just be receiving their reply now, and that’s if we remembered to listen out for it! here is an agency called SETI (Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) that has been monitoring the cosmos for the last 50 years looking for that one unique signal that will eventually answer the question ‘are we alone?’ believe there has got to be life out there somewhere, but as for little green men in flying saucers then no; I don’t believe they are coming all this way and not making themselves known to us. That is not to say that they haven’t been here in the past, the Earth has been around for a very long time and there is no reason to think that aliens should appear only now just at the exact time for us to be technically advanced enough to comprehend their visit. hat do you think, is it more disturbing to think that there is alien life or that we truly are all alone on our little blue planet in this massive Universe?
A
Small module (10mm) €7,00 + IVA Full module (40mm) €25,00 + IVA
Friday
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AIR CONDITIONING COOLFLOW The Air Conditioning Specialists. Installations, servicing and repairs to all makes and models. Special offers available. Call Ian 678491234, Established 8 (129)p years on the coast. ---------------------------------------------KOLDAIR Supplying and fitting Europe’s best airconditioners at Spain’s lowest Prices. 605428307 . (127)p See advert on page 3
air conditioning Servicing & repairS by panaSonic accredited technicianS top quality installations from €595 coin meters to control electric consumption €300 no obligation quotations and advice - all makes contact Lynne or alison in the airflow offices
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BRITISH MOBILE MECHANICS Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 (127)p www.mbcmechanics.com
CANNY AIRPORT PARKING
From 3,75€ per day with free car wash. Meet and greeet at the airport
952 576 155 www.cannycars.com
BUSINESS OPPS BUSY Cafe Bar in Sol’y`Mar area Los Porches, Benalmadena Costa. Two terraces, one enclosed. Family run for 6 years, genuine reason for (129)fg sale. 952964753
BUILDING SERVICES GENERAL building, Plumbing, Electrical, Carpentry, Painting and Decorating, Plastering, Tiling, PowerWashing. English, Spanish 634355214 + Finnish 648936476(136)p ---------------------------------------------REFORMS, building, swimming pool construction, painting. References. Antonio 633347221 www.completehomeworks.com (127)p
CARS & VANS WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. (129)p 609709466 ---------------------------------------------UNWANTED cars, vans. Wanted dead or alive. Removed free. (126)p 616835799 ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy (f ) and it works! Call 952454491
MDC
CLASSES SEMI INTENSIVE SPANISH courses for adults. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, Email: [email protected] (0)f www.cslspain.com ---------------------------------------------CHILDRENS Spanish Courses. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, c s l @ c s l s p a i n . c o m , (0)f www.cslspain.com ---------------------------------------------GOLDEN OLDIES Spanish Courses, Tuesdays and Thursdays, El Rodeo, Coin. For more information Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, Email: [email protected], (0)f www.cslspain.com ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy (f ) and it works! Call 952454491
CLEANING SERVICES MR MULTI KLEAN - Professional Window Cleaning, marble floor polishing and carpet & upholstery cleaning. Best price and service. (127)p Call Andy on 606590728 ---------------------------------------------CLEANERS Residential and commercial. Established 2006 in Spain. 10 years in UK. 665269966 (0) ---------------------------------------------UPHOLSTERY and steam cleaning, sofas, carpets etc. J A Cleaning (129)p Services 626357955 ---------------------------------------------WINDOW CLEANERS Husband and (126)tnp wife team. 691140427 ---------------------------------------------CLEANING lady offers services in Coin. €7 an hour. Excellent references. (130)p Call 678847146 for more info
restorative & cosmetic dentistry
See our MAIN ADVERT on PAGE 5
610 868 748 BENTLEY year 2000, immaculate, full spec, Spanish plates. €48,000 (129) Call 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE Carrera S. Perfect,year 2007. €55,000 Call 609709466 (129) ---------------------------------------------BMW 735i Year 1999. Full M Spec. Beautiful car. €6,950 Call (129) 609709466 ---------------------------------------------MERCEDES E220 CDi 2002 full / panoramic sunroof, black, nav, Spanish plates, €14.950. Call (129)p 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE 911 Carrera 4 Cabriolet, 1990 (model 964), mint condition, in red. Soon to be a classic. €29,750 No time wasters please. (130)plcf Tel: 609461591 ---------------------------------------------FORD Transit Van, 2.5 diesel, taxed end May, MOT Nov. New tyres/clutch and brakes etc. €1,500 (125)p Tel. 630158235
HEALTH & BEAUTY
● All Categories ● Valid Worldwide ● Fast Delivery
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COMPUTERS
952 917 164
[email protected] COMPUTER Helpline. Desktops, laptops repaired, upgraded. New and used supplied. Internet, email problems solved. 952564274, (125)tnp 677702501 ---------------------------------------------COIN Computer Services. All repairs, virus removal, upgrades, Broadband. Laptop repairs. (126)tnp 951047292, 676909418 ---------------------------------------------LAPTOPS and all computers, sales, repairs, upgrades etc., and office equipment repairs. Office Lines (Freddy Smith), Diana Centre, Km (112)gp 168, N340. 952880654 ---------------------------------------------PC DOCTOR desktop and laptop repair centre. Sales and upgrades. ADSL from €20 per month. Full range of internet, Telefonica and Telecom services. Anti-virus program €50 per year. We cover the coast. Certified and bilingual technicians. Call sales 952591071 (0)pwf Support 807488440 ---------------------------------------------PC PROBLEMS solved. Data transferred, ADSL installed, virus/spyware/malware removal. (127)tnp 952932264/609574455
DECORATORS WANT the best? Nº 1 on the coast for painting & decorating. Call Nick at Decor8. All aspects no problem. 678889933/952939561 (140)p www.decor8.es ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy (f ) and it works! Call 952454491
DOMESTIC APPLIANCES WASHING machine repairs, fast, reliable service. All work guaranteed. Also sales from €70. Can deliver. (125)pwp Call Joe 686271836
ELECTRICIANS ELECTRICIAN 16th Edition BS7671 qualified, apprentice trained, 24 years experience. Rewires, extra sockets, lights, fault finding etc. www.electriciancostadelsol.com Contact me by email at [email protected] or (167)p call Ian 650151569 ---------------------------------------------ELECTRICIAN 30 years experience. Boletins, ICP’s, general installations and maintenance. 669009821 www.frankmultiservices.com (130)tnp
FLOOR POLISHING MARBLE Floor Polishing (€2 m2) Why pay more? We clean, then crystalize and polish to a high gloss, non slip. Professional fast services. Cover all Costa. 14 years (140)p experience. 671244683
GARDENING 39 euros a week. Garden maintenance and more. (references). (126)p 634355441, 690049011 ---------------------------------------------GARDENING services, cleaning, maintenance, etc. Hourly rate. Spanish: 670822949 / English: 685555834
HAIRDRESSING Mobile hairdresser, over 15 years experience, all aspects. Telephone (130)tnp Janet 645037335 ---------------------------------------------GILLIAN your friendly mobile hairdresser for the elderly. Specialist in perms, sets, colours and blow-drys. Good rates. All products supplied unless advised (139)p otherwise. 635261483 ---------------------------------------------MOBILE massage therapist. Reflexology, Swedish massage, aromatherapy, deep tissue and hotstones. Gift vouchers also available. www.relajacionpura.com (121)p 666144572
HOUSE CLEARANCES HOUSE Clearances. Full or part. Fast and efficient service. (133)tnp 628239174, 628564634 ---------------------------------------------NEED SOME SPACE. Cash paid for all good household items. (135)tnp 630158235
INSURANCE HOME INSURANCE - 100% cover for all eventualities. Our policies include: Subsidence, Landslip and Heave. Accidental damage to both buildings and contents. Worldwide All Risks on your personal possessions (including jevellery). Cash inside and outside your home and much more. We can also arrange insurance for: Motor - Travel - Health - Business - Liability. PRESTIGE INSURANCE CONSULTANTS Tel/Fax: 952453873 Mob. 667982418 www.prestige-insurance.com (129)p
INVESTMENTS
··· Tel: 636 770 865
FULLY LICENSED PAWNBROKER FULLY LICENSED GOLD DEALER FULLY LICENSED JEWELLERS SERVICING THE PUBLIC AND TRADE ALIKE. EST 1983 WHERE ??????? ANTHONYS DIAMONDS
AVDA. RAMON Y CAJAL 40 FUENGIROLA, MALAGA 29640
952588795 / 609529633 [email protected]
Lock / Safe opening service Lock changed Patios & Windows secured
!
Sundays 10.00am - 2.00pm
Only limited space available OPEN 52 WEEKS OF THE YEAR
647 647 637 AVAILABLE for roads, tracks, car parks etc., 300 ton crushed concrete. Very good material for sub-base can be supplied laid & rolled For a good, free quote in English ring 637179373 or for your quote in Spanish (130)p 673250707.
TONI ’S FIRST IN CARDS NEW IN STOCK! GAY GREETINGS CARDS HUMOROUS & RAUNCHY! HUGE SELECTION OF CARDS & GIFTS FOR ALL OCCASIONS NOW IN STOCK
Mon - Fri 10.00 - 6.00 pm (no siesta) Sat 10.30 - 2.00 pm
679 017 127
WANTS BOOT SALE items, tools, electrical, paperbacks, household, china etc. Top prices paid. 607780648 (131)catp ---------------------------------------------WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. 609709466 (130))p
LOCKSMITHS
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LOCKSMITH Emergency / Appointment. Doors opened without damage, locks changed, patio doors and windows secured. 24 hour honest, fast and reliable service. Call Paul 657466803 (163)tnp
HARLEY DAVIDSON Rocker C, 2008, only 3,500km, hardly used, seat conversion for two seats and backrest, alternative exhaust. Lots of new chrome. Perfect. €19,750 (130)plcf Tel: 609461591
"$' &
%
www.securityofspain.com
INVESTOR wanted for high profile media company wishing to expand successful business. Call 661114070 for more detailed (130)p information.
LOANS
Security 24 HOUR Of LOCKSMITH Spain
%+)
)'% ')( #&'
&
METS DOG training club. Fuengirola Glyn 605121831, Ken 627851379. Torre del Mar Colin 606616308 (137)p ---------------------------------------------FREE to good homes. 4 beautiful kittens, 8 weeks old, half Siamese with blue eyes. 1 grey/black, 2 cream and 1 tiger marked. Brought up in a loving (126)p home. Call 952454540 ---------------------------------------------LAGUNA Kennels and cosy cattery. Five star facilities, fully tiled quarters with airconditioning. Your pets lovingly cared for by English mother and daughter. Near Coin. (126)p 952112021 / 606838983 ---------------------------------------------BERTIE – I was born February 2009, I walk well on the lead, I am a lovely dog, very nosey and constantly sniffing around everything. I love a cuddle and like to explore and play. I am a talker and whenever you greet me I talk back! Tel. 626942427 www.animals-in-distress.eu ---------------------------------------------STANLEY – Mixed breed male. Born 1st April 2006 - height 38 cms to shoulder. He is a friendly and kind dog. Walks on the lead and is ok with other dogs. Ideal family pet. Tel. 626942427 www.animals-in-distress.eu ---------------------------------------------CATS – We have a good selection of all types of family cats desperate for a loving home. Tel. 626942427 www.animals-in-distress.eu ---------------------------------------------EXPORT Specialists. Cat and Dog World Kennels. 952112978, (122)p 630197435 ---------------------------------------------LUXURY professional kennels, Cat and Dog World. Fully licensed. Cheap collection service. Viewing welcome. www.cat-and-dogworld.com 952112978 / (122p 630197435 ---------------------------------------------PROBLEMS? David the Dogman from Estepona to Fuengirola (0)tnf 952883388 / 610868748 ---------------------------------------------SNOWSHOE cat, female, neutered. 12 years old, gentle cat who seeks loving retirement (126)f home. 952486518 ---------------------------------------------SIAMESE cat, neutered, 1 year old. Beautiful loving little girl needs a (126)f good home. 952486518 ---------------------------------------------CAT neutered, white, 1 year old. Affectionate, handsome little boy seeks loving home. 952486518 (126)f ---------------------------------------------KITTENS galore, boys and girls of all colours would love to share (126)f your home. 952486518 ---------------------------------------------KAISER – I am very cute and friendly small dog with a great personality and I get on great with other dogs. I am castrated, vaccinated and micro-chipped. Tel 626942427. www.animals-in(126)f distress.eu
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
CATS & KITTENS – We have a good selection of all types of Cats desperate for a loving home. Tel: 626942427. Visit our website: www.animals-in-distress.eu (126)f ---------------------------------------------NEWLY born puppies, born 15th May. Free to good home, call (130)bff 951272695 ---------------------------------------------BERNARD – neutered, I was born February 2010. Thrown out of a car in La Trocha car park, Coin. I am a lovely boy and in the past I have been beaten and left to fend for myself in a finca. I need an understanding owner and one on one training. Preferable no other dogs or children. I am castrated, vaccinated and micro chipped. Tel 626942427. www.animals-in(126)f distress.eu
MULA, MURCIA As featured in the British Airways in-flight magazine. 2 houses absolute bargain! Home and business. House 1 consists of 3 bedrooms, 2 reception rooms, kitchen, bathroom, courtyard and roof terrace. Fully rewired. House 2 has 4 bedrooms, 2 receptions plus cave room, kitchen, bathroom. Courtyard and huge roof terrace. The second house needs total refurbishment but is structurally sound and would yield in the region of €500 per month rental income when done up. Mula is known for its hot spring baths. Price for both houses is €125,000. Don’t delay! Tel: 661114 070
PLUMBING
LonG LETs
PUMPS Reconditioned and repaired for pools, irrigation, pressure systems etc. Economical prices, fast turnaround. Tel. (139)p 667292493 ---------------------------------------------SCOTT FORBES the Plumber. All work guaranteed. 20 years British Gas experience (0) 652665410
PROPERTY FOR SALE
TO RENT
www.GApp-propErTiEs.CoM
PROPERTY VALUATIONS PROPERTY Valuation in your language. Flat rates. Call Patrick 616672211 or 952417095 (office (123)p hours). [email protected] ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works! Call 952454491 or email [email protected] (f )
REMOVALS & STORAGE
#
$"!#% /
2 bed nr Bonanza Sq, Modern pool, Sat TV parking600€/month 3 bed El Pinillo, pool Sat TV, sunny terrace 650€/month 3 bed Benalmadena Costa, huge terrace, no pool pets 750€/month
MANY MORE PROPERTIES AVAILABLE, TOO MANY TO LIST WE ALSO DO HOLIDAY LETS, jUST ASK FOR PAT RENTAL PROPERTIES URGENTLY REQUIRED IN jUPITER AND MINERVA
Avenida Gamonal, Local 9, Edificio Jupiter, 29631 Arroyo de la Miel, Malaga Tel: (0034) 952 57 40 51 (0034) 952 57 77 51 Fax: (0034) 952 44 26 51 [email protected] LONG TERM Rentals, super prices, no commissions, apartments, townhouses, villas, fincas, coast and (127)p inland. 679111522 ---------------------------------------------COIN Close to town. 2 bedroom with separate 3rd room, swimming pool, barbecue area, internet and telephone (126)p line. €650 622303447 ---------------------------------------------COIN Urbanisation. 3/4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, pool, barbecue area, internet, landline. (126)p €900 622303447 ---------------------------------------------COIN Country property, 3 beds, 2 baths, beautiful pool and barbecue area. Must be seen. €900 (126)p 622303447 ---------------------------------------------COIN 4 bedroom brand new townhouse. Unfurnished. €550 (126)p 622303447 ---------------------------------------------COIN 1 bedroom lovely new little finca, lots of land. €380ono (126)p 622303447 ---------------------------------------------COIN Town Centre. Lovely en-suite room. €250pm all inclusive. (129)p 685407610 ---------------------------------------------COIN centre, immaculate 4/5 bedroom house, long let available, furnished, €475 pcm 662131532 (127)p
PROPERTY Management, cleaning, laundry, change-overs, pool cleaning, gardening, window cleaning. w w w. o s b o r n e p r o p e r t y. c o m (126)p 952664472, 616679453 ---------------------------------------------PROPERTY Management, cleaning, laundry, change-overs, pool cleaning, gardening, window cleaning. w w w. o s b o r n e p r o p e r t y. c o m (126)p 952664472, 616679453 ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy (f ) and it works. Call 952454491
#
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# # *% % % !* !&# (!# - $! *!& # $ # !&$ !# # !' $- % " $ ' &$ $" %! $! ! )" # % &$ $ %! " *!& % # % ! $. !! !#( # %! # #! *!& $!! .,
MAN/VAN Odd jobs/gardening. Richard 698322822, 952452734 (134)p ---------------------------------------------TRANSLATIONS All language combinations, all fields. Certified and ordinary translations. Best rates. Translations Network 952776803 Fax 952824630, [email protected] (130)p
NEWS
622 050 409
WINDOWS & DOORS
SEWING SERVICES ALL STYLES curtains, upholstery, soft furnishings and bean bags made to measure. Sensible prices. Also repairs/alterations. All areas. Call 678910117 or email (127)p [email protected]
SITUATIONS VACANT
+ $ -
952665856
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Motors
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Spanish racing cyclist dies in accident Movistar team rider Xavier Tondo has been killed in a freak accident at a ski resort in southern Spain. The 32-year-old Spaniard was crushed between his car and a garage door as he prepared to set off for training, local police said. Tondo finished sixth in the Vuelta a Espana in 2010 and won the Vuelta a Castilla y Leon in April."He was an incredible person who loved this sport more than anyone," said Tour de France champion Alberto Contador.
Vettel steals the show in Barcelona
New circuit opens for business
But it was home favourite Fernando Alonso setting the track alight early on crucial moves in traffic on his out-lap after the first stop to stay close to Alonso – dived in to make his second stop one lap sooner than Alonso and was able to get ahead and into the lead.
The Blyton Park Driving Centre is now officially open following a successful launch attended by 75 invited guests and hosted by the entrepreneur and enthusiast behind it, Richard Usher. The open day saw a wide range of cars take to the pristine new 1.5-mile asphalt circuit, which garnered much praise for its challenging yet safe nature.
The second round of stops would also prove to be the turning point of the race for Hamilton, who had got ahead of Webber in the first round of stops to lie third, but staying out on track a number of laps longer before making his second stop, the Briton got ahead of Alonso and then set about chasing down Vettel for the remainder of the race. Hamilton closed on Vettel as the race wore on but despite the fact that Vettel was only able to use his KERS intermittently, the McLaren was unable to find a way through. More than once, Hamilton found himself close enough to utilise his DRS on the startfinish straight, but Vettel wasn't to be beaten on this day, finding more speed in the middle sector to just keep Hamilton at bay and frustrated. Hamilton's McLaren team-mate Jenson Button took a brilliant third place and podium spot but only after a disastrous start to the race, where he was out of shape at the first corner and
Mijas bowls news Recently the members of Mijas Bowl’s club went to visit Posada Bowls club. It is a new Bowls club in Alameda, situated not far from Antequera off the A45. The club is part of a lovely complex and has a good bowling green. We played on five rinks in perfect weather. The members made us all feel very welcome, and we enjoyed an excellent match with Mijas winning four of the five games. We then had a lovely
lunch provided by the ladies of Posada bowls, and we look forward to seeing them in the future to return their generosity. It’s nearly summer and from the beginning of June we change to evening bowling and have our barbeque after the game on Thursdays. Anyone who wants to come and join us for a game will be made welcome. We have a full calendar during the summer and social events every
month. The summer championships’ are at our club this year from September 17th to 26th. The Ball and Chain competition is from October 3rd to 6th. We hope to get a good response to both competitions. For information contact the club on 952 466 038 or the captain on 951 449 552 or visit web site www.mijasbowls.org Report by Sheila Graveling
slipped down to tenth by the end of the opening lap. A decision to run a three-stop strategy compared to the four stops favoured by the cars around him, proved to be key to Button making up places as he found himself on the quicker option (soft) tyres mid-way through the race while others had swapped to the harder prime tyres. Storming through to overtake both Alonso and Webber on one lap, Button then enjoyed an untroubled run to the finish as Webber was unable to respond – leaving the pole-sitter nearly 50 seconds behind the winner in fourth.
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“I am overwhelmed by the unanimously positive response to what we have done with Blyton,’ said a delighted Usher, who has so far invested around half a million pounds rejuvenating the facility near Gainsborough in Lincolnshire. “I built the track so that people could come here and enjoy their cars, a pastime that’s increasingly difficult on our roads.” The day saw everything from Autograss buggies to rally cars to road cars to a
Lola Formula One car lapping the newly laid track. The fine selection of historic rally cars included original Escorts, Mick Strafford’s unique Chevy-powered Firenza and Steve Perez’s lurid and loud Lancia Stratos. Phil Morrison of Driftworks explored the outer reaches of the asphalt in his Nissan Silvia S15, and Callum Macleod wowed the crowd when he demonstrated David Harrison’s DFVpowered Larousse Lola SC88. The former Second World War US bomber base has been used for various forms of motorsport for around 50 years and the local Grass Track racing club still occupies a part of the site. It’s hoped that the new asphalt track, designed by ex-touring car ace Eugene O’Brian and journalist John Barker, will be sanctioned for Sprint meetings. The track is now open for bookings for track days and general testing.
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From lights out Ferrari's Fernando Alonso gave his adoring Spanish fans reason to cheer as he tore into the lead on the run to turn one, diving down the inside of both Mark Webber and Vettel into the first corner as the Red Bull pair fought for position. Leading by 0.7secs at the end of the opening lap, Alonso was able to keep his advantage over the Red Bull pair to the second round of pitstops. However, Vettel – who had made a series of
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WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Test match at the Oval Poulter stays cool on On a perfect day at the stunning Cartama Oval the 22 players, the Costa to take title all graduates of the publicised Open Days, formed two teams for a competitive but friendly game of 30 over cricket. The teams ranged in age from 18 to Bus Pass and included no less than 5 different nationalities and a couple of Yorkshiremen thrown in! Team A, skippered by Phil Nuttall, won the toss and elected to bat. Phil’s team amassed a total of 160/6 in their allotted overs with Tony Crooks contributing 29 of those, Phil Nuttall a solid 26, with healthy support from Craig Cooke(14) and Nick Helme 14 not out.However to prove that there is a lot of improvement to be made the top score was provided by Extras! Far too many. Team B, skippered by Peter Winter, started their innings with a flurry - Tom Tobin(37) and Rayeez(47) putting on a stand of 70 in 12 overs before Tom hollowed out at long on. Although there were further contributions by Peter Winter (21)run out by an over eager Tim Meal(14) Team B couldn't keep up the required run rate, finishing on 150/8. Match of the day highlights
were Phil Flaxman's super wicket keeping, Paul Rogers two wickets in two balls, Deryck Foster with a wicket and a catch, Ray Fry's mobility in the field, Les Warr's first appearance, Stuart Hilton's near beheading, Chris Litchfield’s amazing one handed catch, Deano with his tight bowling, Charley Hepburn with his one wicket and Golden Duck, Gazza Crouch proving on two occasions in the same over that a human being is no contest for the hardness of a cricket ball at speed, Tom Pelham and Rafael Aranda for their cat like performances in the field. A big thank you to Mick
Button and David (hope you made it home in time for the Rugby) McLeary for umpiring and David Cooper for once again providing such fabulous facilities. Details of the next games to be published shortly. If you are interested in joining in the fun at the Oval,either by playing, spectating, scoring, umpiring, sponsoring (match ball sponsors starting from 25€)then please call Tim Meal on 662 233 302 or email [email protected] everybody welcome! Report by Tim Meal
Luke Donald missed out on becoming world number one after losing to Ian Poulter at the Volvo World Match Play Championship final at Finca Cortesin in Casares, Spain. Poulter, 35, rode his luck throughout the event, frequently coming from behind to stay in contention before disposing of a weary Donald by 2&1 to collect the winners cheque for €800,000. Both finalists are renowned matchplay exponents with Poulter the WGC Accenture World Champion in 2010, and Donald the reigning champion of that event. However, taking more than three hours and 50 minutes for the 17 holes, the final was a scrappy affair. The turning point in the match came when Poulter holed a mammoth 50-foot putt for a birdie on the 12th green to level. He then went on to recover from a fairway bunker to less than a metre to go ahead at the 14th before Donald missed an easy opportunity to level proceedings by threeputting from 20 feet at the next. Poulter accepted the
Essex’s Graham Napier
The 31-year-old hit an astonishing 196 off 130 balls on his return to the first-class game after an 11-month absence due to a careerthreatening back fracture. Symonds had achieved the feat while playing for Gloucestershire against Glamorgan in 1995. "It's an honour (to hold the record) and a good bat helps.
I had an idea I was close to the world record for hitting sixes when I saw the figures at lunch time. I knew it was just around the corner," Napier, was quoted as saying. "I probably don't have the restrictions some batsmen do, that when they hit a boundary they look for a one - I tend to look for two or three more," he added. All-rounder Napier, who also holds the record for sixes in a Twenty20 innings, was last man out for Essex after also sharing a ninthwicket stand of 190 with Chris Wright, who contributed 34. He fell short of claiming the outright record when he skied an attempted pull off Stuart Meaker and was caught by home wicketkeeper Steve Davies.
Napier's knock prompted Essex coach Paul Grayson to declare: "That was just unbelievable."
staged a great fight back in the morning’s semi-final to beat Italian Francesco Molinari at the 19th while Donald, who picked up €377,770 for finishing second, had ousted
"I played 108 holes to win this title and it’s always wearing playing the best players in the world", said Poulter, who moves up to 15th in the world rankings.
Germany’s Martin Kaymer.
"This is a great boost after a slightly frustrating season and also as it has come on my son Luke’s seventh birthday." Poulter had set up by Maresca. Malaga should have been 2 up after Coin’s own Juanmi was put through, only to be denied by Pinto. Just before half time Eliseu was harshly adjudged to have bought down Barca’s Bojan, and he duly stepped up to equalise.
Sixes record matched by Essex all-rounder Graham Napier Essex all-rounder Graham Napier has equalled Australian batsman Andrew Symonds' record of 16 sixes in a first-class innings in his team's county championship match against Surrey.
let-off by again knocking his approach shot to the 16th to within gimme range and made sure of taking the title and prize, with a nine-footer for a half and the match at the short 17th.
In the second half Barca's team of youngsters grew in confidence, and Afellay was a constant threat. The Holland international has been limited to bit-part appearances in his Barca career so far, but he impressed as a starter in this match and scored his first goal for the Catalan club -
Malaga just miss out on a top ten finish Malaga 1- 3 Barcelona Another big crowd was at La Rosaleda for the visit of the league Champions. But those who had paid the high ticket price would have been disappointed as Barcelona played virtually a 2nd XI with the Champions League final against Premier league champions Man Utd in
mind. Malaga began well dominating the early play, but it was Jeffren of Barca who forced Caballero to make the first decent save on 21 minutes. It was however no surprise to see Malaga go one up on 31 minutes, Seba slotting home after a great
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However, Donald couldn’t maintain his early form and remains second in the world rankings behind compatriot Lee Westwood. "I just ran out of steam and gave Ian too many opportunities", he said.
and a fine one - with 15 minutes left on the clock. Batra scored a free header from a corner in the 84th minute to flatter Barcelona with their 3-1 victory. Arnau came on for Caballero in goal for his last game for Malaga playing the last 5 minutes. Players at the end took the plaudits from fans who had stuck with the club all season through thick and thin. Malaga with their strong finish to the season finishing in 11th place and plenty to build on for next season. Report by Scott Forbes
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Hampshire 'tiger sighting' alarm A stuffed toy animal led to a large-scale police operation in Hampshire and stopped play at the Rose Bowl cricket ground. The alarm was first raised by a concerned member of the public who believed there was an escaped white tiger hiding in a field near Hedge End. Officers were sent to the scene along with a helicopter and thermal imaging cameras, at about 1600 BST on Saturday. When no body heat was detected police moved in and found a cuddly toy tiger.
Sporting Steve SPOTLIGHT McManus GOLF Andy Murray joins Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer in the second round Memorial Davis earns British Murray brushed off being surface at Futures and the same half of the draw as straightforward. Benavista Open place introduced to the crowd as Challenger level. The proud defending champion and 'l'Anglais' before making his Scot was too strong for world No 1 Rafael Nadal, England's Brian Davis Djokovic had one of the way into the second round Prodon, winning 6-4, 6-1, 6- meaning they could meet in more booked his place in the straightforward Bowls Club of the French Open. Open at Royal St George's 3 on Court Suzanne Lenglen. the semi-finals, but his initial victories of his six-month
Murray eases through first round
Murray, seeded fourth, is in
path
looks
relatively
The world No 4 rarely looked at ease with either himself or his game and his serve was broken in both the first and third sets, but in the end Murray simply had too much quality for his unheralded opponent.
unbeaten run as he saw off Thiemo de Bakker in the opening round. The Serbian, who turned 24 on Sunday, needed just one hour and 32 minutes to defeat Dutchman De Bakker 6-2 61 6-3 and extend his winning streak to 40 matches.
Prodon has won only one match on the ATP World Tour in his entire career but he has no shortage of experience on clay and has 21 titles to his name on the
Third seed Roger Federer followed Djokovic onto the stadium court and was similarly impressive as he swept past Spain's Feliciano Lopez 6-3 6-4 7-6 (7-3).
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Family and friends turned out in force for the recent Steve McManus Memorial. Later Jan McManus said: “I can't thank you all enough for turning out and making it such a wonderful day for me, Steve's family and my friend, Avril. We went on to have a great night at Alan's Chinese which rounded everything off brilliantly.”
after winning the US qualifying tournament at Gleneagles Country Club, Texas. Davis shot a 64 to secure one of eight available positions from the event, which was reduced from 36 holes to 18 because of heavy rain and lightning. Others to qualify for the major, which takes place in July, include Americans Chad Campbell and Davis Love III. Spain's Sergio Garcia withdrew with an infected finger.
ATHLETICS
One million bid for 2012 hot tickets London 2012 organisers have received more than one million requests for tickets for the Olympic men's 100 metres final. The session, at the Olympic Stadium on August 5th next year, is one of the most sought after of the London Games. Some 40,000 seats are available after the stadium capacity was halved through sponsors, VIPs and the media. Applicants will find out by June 24th whether they have got any of the 6.6 million Olympics tickets available.
FOOTBALL
Man Utd win FA youth trophy for record 10th time Manchester United became the first club to lift the FA Youth Cup 10 times after beating Sheffield United 4-1 to seal a 6-3 final win on aggregate. It came a day after their senior side collected the league trophy for a record 19th time. Sir Alex Ferguson was in the stands to witness the historic triumph against a talented group of young Blades players.
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| Silvio Berlusconi |
The John Rylands Library is in which English city? | The News Newspaper - Issue 125 by The News Newspaper - issuu
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Ash cloud no immediate danger Weather forecasters say Icelandic cloud is heading east and not south - Barca players leave early for football final just in case p3
REGIONAL AND LOCAL ELECTIONS - National news
Paint it blue
While jubilant voters gathered outside the Partido Popular's headquarters in Genova Street in Madrid on Sunday night, the scene outside the Socialist Party's headquarters in Ferraz Street was one of pure desolation.
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WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
WORLD Voting scam?
By Kym Wickham [email protected]
Voting here in Coin turned somewhat farcical when it was discovered that an awful lot of Coin's foreigners had not been registered. My husband was one of them, even though we filled out the same forms, followed up with all the photocopies asked for and generally did what we were supposed to do both at the same time. I know of quite a few others this has happened to. This means that a lot of the foreigners who perhaps would not have voted for the PP or PSOE were denied their chance of having their say. So now there is another four years for the parties that are interested in the foreign vote, and there are a lot of us up here, to get their finger out, talk to us and make sure that everyone is properly registered for next time. Interestingly enough, the one party that was saying they were doing something for us “guiris”, didn't get their copy of the electoral list until after the date for registering had been passed. There's an awfully fishy smell going on around here - but we wait to see if the new lot will pay our outstanding bill! I was in leslie's Bistro – now called “The Bistro at Sierra Gorda” and under new management – the other evening for fish and chips and noticed they have an exhibition of painting by local artist Juliette Robb. I have a couple of her paintings myself so why not have a trip up here, enjoy the countryside and dinner at The Bistro and see if you would like to own one of her original works.
Salon Varietes
From today until June 10th there’s plenty to see and do on The Rock
FAIR
OTHER
ELECTIONS 2011
Paint it blue As the results came in, they revealed a historic victory for the Partido Popular, which won 2,200,000 votes more than the Socialist Party, compared to a PP victory margin of 156,000 in 2007. It won 11 of the 13 regional governments up for grabs, including Castilla-La Mancha where the Socialists have always held power. The PP won all the town halls in Andalucia's eight provincial capitals, including Seville, where the Socialist Junta de Andalucia has its headquarters. Prime Minister Jose Luis
Rodriguez Zapatero conceded defeat but ruled out early general elections. He said three years of economic crisis had taken their toll. "It destroyed thousands of jobs. It is a crisis that had profound effects on citizens' morale. I know that many Spaniards suffer great hardship and fear for their futures," he said. "Today, without doubt, they expressed their discontent," he added. The country's overall jobless rate hit a new record of 21per cent in the first quarter of this year, the highest in the industrialised world. Youth unemployment stands at
45 per cent. On Monday morning, newspaper headlines were unanimous - "PP crushes PSOE" and "The 22 May tsunami drowns the Socialists". The Socialists' defeat had been widely predicted, but the scale of it indicates a possible landslide win for the PP in the general election, which is due next March. Madrid Community premier Esperanza Aguirre, who easily won reelection, called for the general election to be brought forward, as did Maria Dolores de Cospedal, the victorious PP candidate in Castilla-La
Mancha, who said it would be very hard for Spain to go on like this for another 10 months. She said the financial markets, as much as local Spaniards, are looking for stability and the government should bear that in mind. Meanwhile, the Socialists now have to elect Sr Zapatero's successor. Until Monday, the party had decided to choose him or her through primaries but many of the party's old guard feel its current situation is too fragile to stand the tension that an election would involve. They are calling on the two favourites – Deputy PM
Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba and defence minister Carme Chacon to settle the matter behind closed doors. Other voices have been raised in favour of the same “old guard” hand picking the successor. In the Basque country the new party Bildu became the second largest political force in the region. Its 25 per cent share of the vote was 5 per cent behind the Basque National Party. It had overturned a ban by the Supreme Court, which had said it was the successor to Batasuna, the outlawed political wing of ETA, and gained control of San Sebastian from the Socialists.
False cops arrested Police in Barcelona have arrested 24 Rumanians belonging to a gang that preyed on tourists by pretending to be policemen. Another 14 are being sought. A spokesman said their “beat” included most of the tourist attractions in the city – including the Camp Nou football ground and the Olympic Stadium. When they were arrested
WEATHER WEATHER
The spokesman said they worked in coordinated groups of three or four, one of whom would pretend to be a tourist in order to engage real tourists in conversation. He would advise the real tourists to cooperate when they were approached by his fellow gang members pretending
WEEKLY WEATHER FORECAST FOR COSTA DEL SOL
MALAGA TODAY
they were carrying more than €80,000 in cash between them, as well as credit cards.
to be plain clothes police. These would ask the tourists for their wallets, taking out money and credit cards while pretending to search the wallet for identity documents. The police spokesman the gang had been difficult to capture because they kept on the move between hotels and pensions and rarely stayed in one place for long.
AndAluCIA TOdAY
1935
Jesse Owens equals or breaks 6 world records in one hour
No immediate danger from ash cloud The secretary of state for transport, Isaías Táboas, said on Tuesday that weather forecasts indicate that the volcanic ash cloud from Iceland seems to be heading east rather than south. After meeting with the Spanish Airport Authority (Aena) and the Airport Security Agency (AESA) Sr Taboas said the ash cloud is losing density and becoming more disperse. It is also lower – between three and six kilometres – well under the 12km cruising altitude for planes. However, the Barcelona football team decided to leave two days early for its date with Manchester United at Wembley this Saturday – just in case. However, if the cloud
spreads from England into< France and Spain as some forecasts expect, more than 20,000 Barcelona fans will either have to change their travel plans or stay at home. Coach Pep Guardiola said he hoped they could make it: “A final with a half empty stadium wouldn't make sense.” By midday Tuesday only 12 flights between the UK and Spain had been cancelled. Meanwhile, BA, KLM, Easyjet, Flybe, Aer Lingus, Loganair and Eastern Airways cancelled flights in
and out of Scotland as the volcanic ash cloud from headed towards the UK. The threat of further disruption led US President Barack Obama to fly out of the Republic of Ireland a
day early to get to London for a state visit. Mr and Mrs Obama had been due to fly to the UK on Tuesday morning, but White House deputy press secretary Josh Earnest said the decision to
bring their arrival forward had been taken "due to a recent change in the trajectory in the plume of volcanic ash". [...] TURN TO PAGE 4
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WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
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Royal Society scoops Prince of Asturias Award The Royal Society, one of the oldest scientific societies in the world, has been chosen for the Prince of Asturias Award for the Humanities for its “multidisciplinary character and its dedication to scientific research and its diffusion of knowledge for the benefit of humanity”. It started out when a group of natural philosophers began meeting in the mid1640s to discuss the new philosophy of promoting knowledge of the natural world through observation and experiment. Its motto “Nullius in verba” roughly translates as “take nobody's
word for it”. It was officially founded on November 28th, 1660, when a group of 12 met at Gresham College after a lecture by Christopher Wren, then the Gresham Professor of Astronomy, and decided to found “a Colledge for the Promoting of PhysicoMathematicall
experimentall Learning". King Charles II encouraged the nameless venture which was finally called The Royal Society for the first time in 1661. The Society met in a series of locations in London until it acquired its own home, two houses in
Crane Court, off the Strand, in 1710. Isaac Newton was its president at the time. Its members were a mixture of working scientists and wealthy amateurs until 1847, when the Society decided that in future Fellows would be elected solely on the merit of their scientific work. The
government recognised this new professional approach in 1850 by giving a grant to the Society of £1,000 to assist scientists in their research and to buy equipment. Meanwhile, the Society continued to outgrow several buildings until 1967, when it moved again to its
present location on Carlton House Terrace with a staff of over 140, all working to further the Royal Society's roles as independent scientific academy, learned society and funding body. Its representatives will receive the award from the Prince of Asturias in October.
Continued from PAGE 3
No immediate danger from ash cloud [...] Ash from another Icelandic volcano led to huge disruption in Europe last year. During last April's sixday shutdown only a handful of flights took off or landed in the UK. Thousands of
Britons found themselves stranded overseas forcing many to make long and expensive journeys home by land. Airlines estimated the shutdown cost them £1.1bn. The Grimsvotn volcano in
Vatnajokull National Park began erupting on Saturday with ash rising to 20 km but, although still active, is now not as powerful with a plume of 13km. Iceland's airspace has been closed for a period
as a result. Ash from the volcano, which is 97km from the nearest human settlements, has settled over farmland and livestock, causing difficulties for some farmers and tourists have
been evacuated from the country's main national parks. The Grimsvotn volcano lies beneath the ice of the uninhabited Vatnajokull glacier in southeast Iceland. The latest
eruption is its most powerful eruption in 100 years.Experts say this eruption is on a different scale to the one last year and ash particles are larger and, as a result, fall to the ground more quickly.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Getting a driving licence N without really trying
EWS IN BRIEF
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MADRID
Spanish reporter freed
In the past year and a half, the Traffic Guardia Civil have arrested 40 people in Madrid alone for helping other people to get a driving licence fraudulently by standing in for them during the examinations - it carries a jail sentence of up to three years. A spokesman said the problem in the Chinese community was language so people of that nationality who worked in shops or restaurants and who generally speak passable Spanish were often used as substitutes for those who
spoke none. The subSaharans have a similar problem but they get round it by using other people's ID cards. Rich Spaniards who don't want to spend time studying for the exam look for someone who looks like them and has just passed
the test, so the questions are still fresh in their minds. The spokesman said the fee – in cash – was between €1,000 and €2,000, but the substitutes have been known to accept drugs instead, or a job if they're on the dole.
New record for void votes Just over 584,000 empty envelopes – blank votes – found their way into the ballot boxes last Sunday, a rise of more than 2.5 per cent last time and setting a record for this kind of vote. Void votes were also up by 1.7 per cent, but more
imagination was used here. Many of the 389,500 envelopes contained amusing – and sometimes vulgar – drawings downloaded from the internet like the ones here, instead of a destroyed voting paper.
Spanish photojournalist Manu Brabo arrived back in Spain last Friday after being freed by Libyan authorities earlier in the week. He and three colleagues, two Americans and a South African, were arrested on April 5th for allegedly having entered the war-stricken country illegally. They were sentenced to a year in prison. The two Americans were also released but the South African was found dead near the place of arrest. Brabo arrived back via Tunisia, escorted by the Spanish consul there. MADRID
Low cost fliers spend less Tourists who arrived in Spain on low-cost airlines last year spent €821 on average during a two-week visit, 21 per cent less than the €1,041 spent by those who arrived on traditional flights, according to figures released by the Institute of Tourism Studies last week. People aged 25 to 44 tended to opt for low-cost flights and more than half of the total number were Britons or Germans. Most were “sun and beach” tourists arriving in July and August. MADRID
Housing touches bottom
Sample of one of the pictures found inside envelopes
www.markdentalclinic.com
The G-14 group of Spain's principal real estate agents has said that the housing market will touch rock bottom this year with a drop of 8.3 per cent over last year, representing the lowest number of sales since 2005. However, the group predicted that the market would begin a slow recovery in 2012 but warned that sales figures of the “boom” years are definitely a thing of the past. It predicted 513,000 sales by 2015, compared to 900,000 in 2005-2006.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
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World News
1961
John F Kennedy pledged his mission to put a man on the Moon before the end of the decade
Strauss-Kahn DNA 'linked to maid'
N
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auStraLia
Climate report slams media
Police have declined to confirm reports, carried by the Associated Press and ABC News, among others, that DNA found on the clothes of a New York hotel maid who accused Dominique Strauss-Kahn of sexually assaulting her matches that of the former IMF chief. Mr Strauss-Kahn has denied the charges, and resigned as head of the International Monetary Fund last week to defend himself. He is under house arrest in a New York apartment, after a judge granted him $1m bail last week. Reports about the DNA samples came after authorities analysed the work clothes of the 32-yearold hotel maid who said she
was assaulted in the New York Sofitel near Times Square on May 14th. Investigators are reported to be carrying out further tests on samples taken from the carpet and other surfaces in the hotel room. Mr Strauss-Kahn is charged with seven counts including four felony
charges - two of criminal sexual acts, one of attempted rape and one of sexual abuse - plus three misdemeanour offences, including unlawful imprisonment. His accuser, an immigrant from the West African state of Guinea, told authorities that Mr Strauss-Kahn had accosted her after she entered his hotel room to clean it. Mr Strauss-Kahn's
defence team is expected to argue that a sexual encounter occurred, but that it was consensual. Mr Strauss-Kahn, 62, is due to enter a formal plea on June 6th. Until news of the accusations broke, he was seen as the centre-left French presidential candidate most likely to beat Nicolas Sarkozy in the next general election.
the australian Climate Commission has warned that the world's sea levels could rise by one metre by the end of the century, much more than thought. it said climate science was ''being attacked in the media by many with no credentials in the field" and also that attempts to
"intimidate climate scientists have added to the public's confusion". one commission member criticised the "fruitless phoney debate", and said that australia "no longer had the luxury of climate denialism", as he called it.
uruguay
Military rule amnesty law upheld
Apocalypse postponed Evangelical broadcaster Harold Camping said on Monday that he miscalculated that date of Judgement Day, which was supposed to happen last Saturday. Mr Camping had not been seen since then until he appeared on a show on his Open Forum radio show, broadcast from Oakland, California, on Monday. In a question-andanswer session with reporters, he said that when his prediction had failed to materialise he felt so terrible that he took refuge in a motel with his wife. He said he was sorry
for not having the dates "worked out as accurately as I could have". Over the weekend, he said, he had returned to the scripture and it had "dawned" on him that a "merciful and compassionate God" would spare humanity by compressing the apocalyptic destruction into a shorter time frame and that the apocalypse
would happen on October 21st. Mr Camping had previously predicted that the apocalypse would strike in 1994. Last week, some followers donated their life savings or simply gave away their worldly possessions as the day approached. Many have expressed bewilderment and shock since the day came and went with no
sign of the global cataclysm. Asked if he had any advice to offer those who had given away their material wealth in the belief the world was about to end, Mr Camping said they would cope: "We just had a great recession. “There's lots of people who lost their jobs, lots of people who lost their houses and somehow they all survived."
Lawmakers have rejected a bill to scrap an amnesty protecting officers during military rule from prosecution. President Jose Mujica, who had originally supported the bill, changed course after uruguyans voted to keep the amnesty in a 2009 referendum. Last week he warned people not to "transfer the frustrations of our generation to the new generations". Sr Mujica was a member of the rebel tupamaros movement in the 1960s and 1970s, and spent several years in jail under military rule between 1973 and 1985. South Korea
US to help in Agent Orange inquiry the uS has agreed to hold a joint inquiry into allegations that american soldiers dumped large amounts of agent orange on Korean land. three uS army veterans said they buried about 250 barrels of the hazardous chemical at a uS military base in Chilgok, south-east of Seoul, in 1978. uS forces used agent orange to strip foliage from Vietnam's jungles to expose Viet Cong soldiers but its use was halted in 1971 amid fears that uS soldiers were being badly affected by inhaling the chemical.
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WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
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Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks David Headley, who scouted sites for the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, testified at the opening of his trial in Chicago on Monday that the Pakistani intelligence service had links to the group that carried out the attacks. He was testifying against Tahawwur Rana, a Chicago businessman accused of helping plan the attacks. Mr Rana's lawyer, Charles Swift, said in his opening statement that Rana was tricked by Headley, a longtime friend from their days at a Pakistani military school. Headley told the court that Pakistan's InterServices Intelligence agency (ISI) provided military and moral support to the militant group
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). He said a Pakistani agent paid him $25,000 for the operation. Pakistan believes Headley is an unreliable witness and is expected to flatly deny alleged links between militant groups and the Pakistani secret intelligence service. Mr Rana, who is accused of providing Headley with a cover to scout attack locations, faces a life sentence if convicted. More
than 160 people were killed in November 2008 when a group of 10 men stormed a train station, hotels and cafes and a Jewish centre, shooting and throwing bombs. In March 2010, Headley, a US citizen who spent much of his childhood in Pakistan, pleaded guilty to taking photographs and a video of the targets. He could face up to life in prison and a $3m fine.
Allende's remains exhumed The death of Argentinian president Salvador Allende is to be investigated nearly 40 years later. It was said he shot himself in the presidential palace to avoid being taken prisoner by General Augusto Pinochet's forces during
the 1973 coup but supporters believe the military killed him and covered up the crime. A judge has set up a panel of forensic experts to examine the circumstances surrounding the death. The coup led to 17 years of
military rule under Gen Pinochet. More than 3,000 political opponents were killed or "disappeared" by the military. The Allende case is one of 726 alleged rights abuses that investigators are looking into.
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Obama flies in to beat cloud US President Barack Obama and his wife Michelle arrived in Britain late on Monday after leaving Ireland earlier than expected to avoid the Icelandic ash cloud.
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His two day state visit started officially yesterday (Tuesday) when he was welcomed by the Queen and Prince Philip on arriving at Buckingham Palace. The Obamas also met the tanned Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, who have just returned from their Seychelles honeymoon. The president and Mrs Obama spent last night and tonight (Wednesday) in the Belgian Suite at the Palace, last used by Prince William and his new wife on the night of
their wedding. The visit is a mix of top level talks with ceremony and last night the president and Michelle Obama attended a State Banquet in their honour. The president will be holding talks with prime minister David Cameron today covering a range of topics, including continued support for those fighting for democracy in Arab countries. President Obama yesterday declared that the UK-US partnership was “an
essential relationship for us and the world”. The two men issued a statement of intent in a joint article identifying their responsibility to act to help those “crushed in a hail of bombs, bullets and mortar fire”. The two men will both fly to France on Thursday for the G8 summit, being held on Thursday and Friday. It is only the third state visit by a US president to the UK in 100 years. Friday. It is only the thir.
Nothing to regret on desert island French songstress Edith Piaf’s classic “Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien” is the most popular non-classical track chosen by castaways on BBC Radio 4’s Desert Island Discs. The “Little Sparrow” also took the No 4 spot in the list compiled by the BBC with “La Vie En Rose”. The BBC has compiled for the first time a list of the eight most frequently picked songs, dating back to when the programme began in 1942. Icons like The Beatles have not made it, but John Lennon slips in at No 8 with “Imagine”. The Piaf song was released in
1960, three years before her death, and has been chosen 42 times, while Piaf’s songs in total have featured 106 times in the past 59 years. The No 2 spot has been secured by Frank Sinatra’s “My Way” and Noel Coward’s “Mad Dogs and Englishmen” is at No 3. The list has been compiled to coincide with the launch by the BBC of a search for the nation’s favourite Desert Island Disc. Flanagan and Allen’s “Underneath The Arches” is at No 5, Judy Garland is at No 6 with “Over The Rainbow” and
Louis Armstrong takes No 7 with “What A Wonderful World”. Listeners can record their vote on the BBC website in time for a 90 minute special edition on June 11th.
weDneSDaY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Privacy storm after player is named Manchester United footballer Ryan Giggs was finally outed as the premier league player hiding behind a super injunction after he was named by an MP in the House of Commons on Monday. Liberal Democrat John Hemming was protected by parliamentary privilege as he named the player but yesterday faced a storm of criticism by parliamentary colleagues, including deputy prime minister Nick Clegg. Prime Minister David Cameron stepped into the growing row on Monday when he said the gagging order was “unfair” and “unsustainable” and admitted that he, along with thousands of others, knew the name of the footballer in question. The prime minister said that social networking sites had made the identity of the player known around the world - it had been reported in newspapers like the English language Times of India, and on Spanish news blogs. He said it was unfair that English based media were the only ones in the world bound by the
injunction from printing the allegations. But he added that there was no simple resolution to the impasse and the law was the law. He has now announced a parliamentary review on privacy which will report in the autumn. Giggs, a family man who appeared on the Old Trafford pitch with his wife and children after the last game of the season on Sunday, is alleged to have had an affair with Big Brother contestant Imogen Thomas and sought the ban to prevent publication of the allegations, but the information is widely available on the internet and tens of thousands of Twitter aficionados have circulated it – including some UK celebrities like Piers Morgan who have subsequently withdrawn their references because they are identifiable and
could face prosecution. The footballer had instructed his lawyers to demand information from Twitter about the identities of those circulating the information in a bid to take action. Yesterday (Tuesday) Giggs arrived at the Manchester United training ground looking tense and drawn. He was expected to play in team mate Gary Neville’s testimonial, and will be expected to feature in the Champions League final on Saturday when his team play Barcelona. Wife Stacey appeared yesterday without her wedding ring and police were called to the street where Giggs lives after masked men had damaged vehicles belonging to paparazzi. Attorney General David Gieve warned that judges could still punish those who named Giggs for breaking the law.
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Going strong since 1973
Jordan gained independence from Britain
Fashion show with a theme
Roca's 'exuberant' lifestyle A tax inspector called to lifestyle of yachts, palaces, Tomás Olivo paid €1.6 give evidence against Juan rustic and urban fincas, million in bribes to the Antonio Roca, the alleged thoroughbred horses and Town Hall when the mayor brain behind the Malaya fighting bulls only took off was José Gil to get the land corruption case, told the after he entered the town on which La Cañada court on Monday that hall in 1994. “Before that, he shopping mall was built at a before he became urban had no money in the bank better price. He said Roca planning adviser to and no way of financing was in charge of the Marbella town hall, Roca such a lifestyle,” the tax negotiations. The case, had no ofmoney and Briton inspector said. threatening to be The body the 18-year-old who has not been seen since which he wentisfor a swim off Bota beach in Huelva on Sunday at aone beach four in produced tax returns and afternoon was discovered on Tuesday themorning longest ever miles away by two Civil Protection working also with theMalaga's search parties whichhistory, had bank statements to prove it. The volunteers tax inspector legal for the youth since he disappeared. There will becontinues. an autopsy, but a Guardia Hebeen saidsearching Roca's “exuberant” alleged that businessman Civil spokesman said it was believed to be death by drowning. The sea off Bota beach is known for its treacherous currents and several people have drowned there in recent years.
Kamikaze gets sentence reduced
Volunteers at the Animals in Distress shop in Alhaurin el Grande are organising a “Here comes Summer” fashion show, to be held at the Lauro Golf Restaurant on June 1st, starting at 8 pm. Shop manageress Sue Taylor and volunteer Sue Hart searched through the clothes donations to come up with “Daytime chic”, “Summer Brights, “Beach Party” and “Night Glamour”, as well as outfits suitable for weddings, cruises, barbecues, garden parties, proms and race nights. There will be stalls offering jewellery, perfume and beauty products and accessories. Entry is €3 at the door. Food and drinks, which will be available at the bar and restaurant. For more information about AID, go to www.animals-indistress.eu.
Briton's body recovered The body of a British climber who was swept away by an avalanche in the Sierra Nevada on February 20th was found last week by one of the two other British climbers who were with him that day. The body of John Hogbin, aged 42, who lived in Zafarraya, Granada province, was found in a river bed near the Barranco de San Juan where the avalanche
happened. After the body was located, the Civil Guard's mountain rescue service (Sereim) went in with specialised snow ploughs to recover it and transfer it to Granada for an autopsy. Sereim had been on the look-out for the body during its regular patrols of the area since the accident happened but had not expected to find it until the winter snows started melting.
The mental state of a retired Guardia Civil officer should have been more fully considered when the man was sentenced for attempted premeditated murder. Andalucia's Supreme Court had knocked 20 years off the 37-year jail sentence that Malaga's Provincial Court handed down to the “kamikaze” who drove his car into the pedestrianised Calle Larios in the city centre in August 2008, running over
nine people and injuring five of them seriously. The Supreme Court considered that the Provincial Court had not given sufficient importance to the retired Guardia Civil's mental state at the time. The
Court had originally condemned the man to six years and six months for each of five counts of attempted premeditated murder, and compensation to three victims of €1,031, €39,963 and €15,420 respectively.
Town can't use Luna Mora name A Granada court has ordered Carratraca town hall to stop using the name “Luna Mora” for a fiesta which an association organised in the town from 1997 to 1999 before transferring it to Guaro when the mayor who was voted in that year refused to let them continue. The Carratraca town hall continued to celebrate the “Embrujo de Luna Mora, encuentro de dos culturas” (Spell of the Moorish Moon, Meeting of Two Cultures) but the Granada judge
ruled that the name belonged to the association, who had registered the “Festival de la Luna Mora de Malaga” in 2002. The Festival de la
Luna Mora in Guaro, when the streets are lit by more than 20,000 candles as a reminder of its Moorish past, is a hugely popular annual event.
! $ $ $" $ ' + ( ( !
Fantastic selection of Greeting Cards, gifts and party goods. Plus Royal Mail postal service & passport renewals C/ El Troncon, 14 behind the main Fuengirola Post Office
Tel. 952 588 731
Inland & Coastal News n 11
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+6%*'0 '5+)05 Angel Nozal, Mijas’ Partido Popular leader and new Mijas major
Partido Popular sweeps Andalucia The Partido Popular's sweeping success in Sunday's local and regional elections was duplicated across Andalucia. The PP will govern in all the provincial capitals, including Cordoba, where it ousted the Izquierda Unida from the only provincial capital it has ever governed. It swept the board in Seville, where the Socialist Junta de Andalucia has its headquarters, underlining predictions that the PP will win the national election due to be held next year. In Malaga province the PP won Mijas, Estepona,
PP leader and wife 'dead' Javier Arenas, the PP's leader in Andalucia, was appalled to discover when he applied for tax declaration forms for himself and his wife on the internet that the Tax Office had them down on its lists as dead. Last week, Sr Arenas presented a denuncia against the Tax Office and called for an internal investigation. A Tax Office spokesman said it was an error that affected a very small number of contributors, pointing out that it sends tax forms and data to more than 20 million people, five million via the internet, and mistakes were sometimes made. He said the error had already been corrected and apologised for any inconvenience caused. Some political observers have hinted at a plot to “remove” the man who looks set to break the Socialist Party's grip on Andalucia in next year's regional election.
Antequera, Velez-Malaga and Coin, all former Socialist strongholds. The PP also has a chance to govern in Ronda and Benalmadena if it can reach alliances with smaller parties to oust the IU and the Socialists respectively. In that case, the PP would govern in 85 per cent of Malaga province's 101 municipalities. Malaga has traditionally been a Socialist stronghold, like the rest of Andalucia, but as
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tourism brought a growing affluence to towns along the Costa del Sol and memories of poverty began to fade, the younger generation began to opt for the PP. The area was also badly hit by the collapse of the construction industry. The unemployment rate across Andalucia is almost 10 per cent higher than the national average and Malaga is one of the provinces where it is highest.
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SEVILLE
Copper theft delays 100 trains The theft of a length of fibre optic cable which transmitted data from the rail network to the train cabins caused delays of up to 30 minutes for about 100 trains along the MadridAndalucia high speed network last Thursday. Trains to Valencia and Toledo were also delayed. A Renfe spokesman said that until the cable was replaced the train drivers had to rely on the signals along the railway tracks which slowed them down considerably. MANILVA
Floating hotel to open
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In its effort to offer new services and activities to attract more tourists, the town council is awaiting the delivery of a floating hotel from the US. The ship was built in 1986 and remodeled in 2007 to provide 18 cabins for 40 people. Its 14-man crew will have their own cabins and separate living and dining area. Mayor Antonia Muñoz said the floating hotel would be available for full-length holidays in the summer and for shorter stays in the winter, weather permitting.
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Car hire to go hybrid A growing awareness of climate change, new technologies and the high price of petrol is encouraging car rental firms to consider incorporating hybrid vehicles into their fleets. Ana Maria Garcia, president of the Andalucian Association of Renta-Car Companies (Aesva) said: “Hybrid cars are the future and we have to be there.” She said it was important to be innovative and competitive and to be different from other companies and “this is one way of making ourselves stand out”.
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“THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR NEWS Is there something happening locally that you would like our readers to know about? Is your society or organization planning a fundraiser or special event?
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Step into the garden for Rocking It must the night be the fun and fundraising away at Britsoc Blues Why not attend one of the many garden parties or summer fairs held to raise money for a good cause as well as provide a fun social occasion? Three events are coming up soon. The annual Triple S garden party will be held in Alhaurin de la Torre on the evening of Friday June 3rd. The club’s enthusiastic members enjoy social events, sports and quiz nights and are always ready to welcome new members. If you would like to meet new folk and help raise funds for CUDECA and for SOS Animal Refuge then telephone 952 960 202 or 665 682 919 for more information. Local singer Barry Mac will be on hand to make sure that the evening goes with a swing,
at this popular annual event. Entry is €10.
The FAMA summer fair will be held on Sunday June 5th at Sol y Sombra on the Camino de Coin, outside Fuengirola. There will be a great selection of stalls selling everything from bags, jewellery, home made cakes and other items. Drinks and food will be available at the restaurant and all proceeds will help FAMA (Foundation for abandoned and mistreated animals) with its work. For anyone wanting to bag a stall slot the cost is €15. Please contact Max on 659 102 279 for more information. The ARCH annual garden party will be held on Sunday June 26th
between 2pm and 5pm. There will be music, food and drink and tickets will cost €10 for adults and €5 for children. It will be an opportunity too to say goodbye to CHAIN’s Steve and Wendy who will be returning to the UK, with the 13 rescue animals they have acquired since living in Spain. The party will be held at Sue and Alan’s home not too far from ARCH in Alhaurin El Grande and all money raised will go towards the care of the horses and donkeys who are at the ARCH stables. Contact Sue and Alan on 660 220 700 or Steve and Wendy on 634 624 234 for information and tickets or pop into the CHAIN shop in La Trocha where tickets are on sale.
Members of the British Society and the Benalmadena Branch of RAFA enjoyed an evening of dining and dancing at the Rose Ball held in the headquarters of the British Society. The entertainer ensured that everyone rocked the night away with his own special brand of music learned in his days playing bass and singing lead vocals with the chart topping band The Tornados. Expats are always welcome to join Britsoc which is located just below Benalmadena Pueblo and there is plenty to do as well as a chance to make new friends.
The 5th Mijas Blues Festival will be held in the main plaza in the pretty white pueblo of Mijas over three days from June 3rd to 5th.
Happy Anniversary
Robert & Lourdes from everybody at
The News The festival is free and there will be a host of acts to entertain visitors to this popular event. Well known local star Mama Paula will take centre stage on the Sunday.
It’s a Girl!
Congratulations to
Hipodromo Racecourse Boot Sale every Sunday 9.30am - 3pm (Sellers 8am - first come, first served)
Pete and Debbie Geldard of Precious Moments on the birth of Poppy Jane Sofia on May 7th weighing 7lbs 7oz
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Popular local artist New concept in food exhibits her paintings grand opening today!
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The multi-talented artist Juliette Robb is exhibiting some of her work at the ever popular Sierra Gorda Bistro on the Coin to Cartama
Road (formerly Leslie’s) just outside Coin, under new management with Mike and Andrea Monk. Juliette, who lives and
Investments, Pensions, Tax & Inheritance Seminar QNUPS – The Sequel to QROPS How to maximise benefits and minimise taxes by transferring non pension assets into an offshore pension arrangement?
Tax Wrappers The flexible investment for UK & Spanish tax residents
Q & A with the experts How to protect your investments from UK Inheritance Tax? How to reduce tax payable on your investment & pension income? How to sleep peacefully at night knowing that your tax affairs are all in order?
Interested? Then find out more by attending our seminar
Time & Date: Wednesday 8th June 2011 – 11.00am Including refreshments & light buffet
Venue: Leslie’s Bistro on the A355 between Cartama and Coin - km 9, Cartama, at the entrance to Urb. Sierra Gorda.
Tel: 952 112 123 Reser ve your FREE place now by contacting either: Fiduciar y Wealth eal Management, in Gibraltar Tel: + 350 200 50982 Email: wealth@fiduciar ygroup.com or register on-line by clicking the “events”” tab at:
www www.fiduciarywealth.eu .fiduciar ywealth.eu or De Cotta, McKenna & Santafé, in Coín on Tel: 951 315 161 Email: [email protected] Fiduciary Wealth Management, Centro Comercial Mar y Sol, Local 643-644, Sotogrande, 11310, Cadiz, Spain. Tel: +34 956 796 911 De Cotta, McKenna & Santafé Centro Comercial La Trocha, 29100 Coín, Málaga, Spain, Tel:+34 951 315 161
works in Coin, shows a wide range of paintings to suit everyone’s tastes from stunning Flamenco dresses flying while the dancer moves, African safari depictions in deep ochre colours of the veldt, right through to modern depictions of shoes and hats and Betty Boop! Juliette has just started painting a series of very tasteful nudes in monochrome shades which are also displayed in Sierra Gorda Bistro. The News editor Kym Wickham has three of her paintings in the style of Scottish painter Jack Vetriano, one of which is on the wall of her office in Coin!
Sierra Gorda Bistro is open daily from 8am so why not have a day out in the country, pop to enjoy breakfast, lunch or dinner from the new menu, or just a tea, coffee or cool drink and browse around the exhibition to see if any of Juliette’s work catches your imagination.
You don’t know what TFC is?? This is a whole new concept in Spain! However it is already a thrilling success in many countries all over the world, but not introduced here until now that is. Now you have got a chance to experience a whole new dimension of choosing and experiencing high quality food for very competitive prices. Apart from the great experience of “taking it all from the wall”, TFC ensures the highest quality, the best service and a broad choice of tasty fried and grilled food and the best fresh sandwiches in the area. How does TFC present its products? In the new futuristic way - that is why it is so special and exclusive to order our food. How does TFC differ from the others? It has a better quality of food, faster service and a much bigger
assortment. Are you in a hurry? Don’t stand in line waiting for your food! Choose your food directly from one of the machines in the restaurant. The only thing you need is a coin that opens a little door that separates you from a tasty burger or other fresh snack! Imagine no queues or waiting to catch the eye of a waiter at any time of the day when you visit TFC during your break for a meal or fresh sandwich with the filling of your choice.
Are you interested in how it works? Then come and experience it for yourself from today! You can find us here on the Urbanización Jardín Botánico, Local 1, La Cala de Mijas, Malaga We are open from 8am till late so you could come along after the theatre or cinema even. For more information please check out our website at www.thefoodcompany.es See The Food Company’s main advert on page 12.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
Gibraltar
News
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Next Monday, May 30th is Spring Bank Holiday in Gibraltar & the majority of shops will be closed although Morrison’s will be open from 9am until 8pm
e Rock honours some of her best Classic cars get a
Left to right: Mark Rodrigues, Laura Warwick, Sir Adrian Johns, Moira Gomez and Police Superintendant Joseph Gomez
An Investiture took place at The Convent in Gibraltar last Thursday to recognise the outstanding efforts by some of Gibraltar's citizens. The annual awards are not for business people and their achievements but for people who have dedicated themselves to Gibraltar and her citizens in many different ways, making lives of people in need easier, guiding the youth of the Rock with enthusiasm and generally giving of their time for the benefit of others. Three Gibraltar Awards were presented and the Colonial Police Medal.
Investors in People award, and he made a major contribution to the work that led to Queen Elizabeth's granting of a Royal Warrant to the Gibraltar Police. He is a member of the Honorable Society of the Middle Temple and the FBI Graduates Association and the Academy's European Charter. Superintendant Gomez attended the International AntiCorruption Conference held in Korea where his excellent communications skills were brought to the fore.
no cost and works selflessly in many special ways that gives comfort to those that need it most.
The last of the Colonial Police Medals – it is being called the British Overseas Territories Police Award from next year – was presented to Superintendant Joseph Gomez . Mr Gomez has been a police officer for 27 years and has been a key player in many of the Royal Gibraltar Police's important achievements. He was instrumental in the formation of the Gibraltar Co-ordinating Centre for Criminal Intelligence (GCID), in the
The first of the Gibraltar Awards was presented to Mrs Laura Warwick in recognition of her meritorious services to Cancer Support. Mrs Warwick is a founder member of the Gibraltar Society for Cancer Relief. Since the 1980s she has geneously offered her time and services as a carer, cook, driver and councillor to anybody who needed it at the Lady Williams Cancer Support Centre.
The Gibraltar Netball Association is now part of the International Federation of Netball and the Federation of European Netball Association. Moira's squads achieved the silver medal in 2009 and gold in 2010 in the Under 17 Netball Europe Tournament. And also in 2009 the GNA was awarded the Netball Europe Award for services to Netball. Due to Moira's hard work and determination, the Association continues to achieve great things and grow.
She does all her work with the sick in Gibraltar at
The second recipient of the Gibraltar Award was Mrs Moira Gomez who received the award for Meritorious Services to Netball and to youth. Moira has been president of the Gibraltar Netball Association since 1993 and, due to her hard work and dedication to the sport she has seen the association grow from just 8 teams to an astounding 30 senior and 16 junior teams.
The last Gibraltar Award of the day was presented by the Governor to Mr Mark Rodrigues for meritorious service to Scouting. Mark has been scouting for over 20 years and has been instrumental in initiating the Scout Group's ability to offer a wide range of fulfilling adventure activities and has trained many youngsters resulting in their becoming adult leaders. Mark has successfully organised a number of large events including the annual group camp for over 120 members that is held in Chiclana, Spain. Dealing with everything from catering to insurance, Mark ensures the success and value of all these events. In his professional life Mark is a Quantity Surveyor and for well over five years he has been involved in the refurbishment of the association's own campsite on the Upper Rock resulting in a place that is enjoyed by all local and visiting Scouts and Guides. In addition to all of the above, Mark continues to provide an excellent service in his normal rôle of assistant group leader. His continuing efforts, support and enthusiasm allow the Gibraltar Scout Group to offer the best Scouting experience possible. His Excellency The Governor of Gibraltar, Vice Admiral Sir Adrian Johns KCB CBE, presented all the awards to the recipients on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen.. The awards ceremony was followed by photo opportunities for the recipients and their families then celebration drinks and a sumptuous lunch in the historic banqueting hall.
piping hot welcome
A collection of lovingly polished classic cars gathered in Gibraltar last Saturday to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Gibraltar Rally. The rally is organised by the Gibraltar Classic Vehicles Association and attracted 60 cars from The Rock and all over southern Spain – including representatives of the Sol Classic Car Club. The cars, ranging from an early Bull Nosed Morris Cowley to a 21st century Bentley GT, gleamed in the morning sun on what must have been the hottest day of the year so far. One or two of the old girls from Spain struggled with the heat as they patiently waited in the
queue from La Linea. Crowds lined Main Street as the cars made their way, to an accompaniment from the Gibraltar Sea Scouts Pipe Band, up towards Europa Point at the tip of Gibraltar, and then back down to the modern Marina complex of Ocean Village. The cars were parked on the quayside while drivers and passengers went on a tour of the 34 miles of tunnels dug into The Rock by British army personnel between 1782 and the 1960s. The rally was part of the Gibralatar festival - see next week for a list of future events up to the end of the festival.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
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Martin Delfín Writes for the English language version of
To the losers
To the victors
hank goodness it's all over – perhaps we'll get back to having some real news in the newspapers instead of endless pre- and post-election speculation. Last week it was all about the effect the thousands of mainly young people making an allegedly non-political statement by camping out in Madrid’s Puerta del Sol could have on Sunday’s voting. (Very little from the looks of it turnout was slightly higher this time around.)
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out. This uncertainty is compounded by rumours of undisclosed debts, of deficits much greater than acknowledged at a regional and local level. We’ll soon find out just how bad the situation is when the new PP administrations open the accounts books in town halls and regional governments across the country. The financial markets may hate uncertainty but they hate “hidden debts” even more. So I fear the situation on that front will continue to be bleak.
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nd since the election results started trickling in on Sunday evening it’s been nothing but – oh my gosh, what happened – in what El Mundo called a political tsunami. espite having suspected that what happened would happen, I’m still feeling a bit shell shocked. The scale of the Partido Popular’s triumph – 2,220, 000 more votes than the Socialists nationwide – was even vaster than I had dared predict. Zapatero will now go down in history as the man responsible for the worst results the Socialist Party has had in any election since the transition to democracy after Franco’s death.
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e's blamed the defeat on “three years of economic crisis” and says he understands that people feel frustrated. In fact, three years ago he was still denying the existence of a crisis that started the previous year. It wasn’t until June 2008 that some reporters cornered him into mentioning the dreaded “C” word during a television interview, after which he couldn’t go on denying it. What Zapatero doesn’t seem to remember is that in the months leading up to the March 2008 general election, he consistently denied the existence of any economic crisis here in Spain and even went as far as accusing people who said there was one of being “traitors” and “unpatriotic”. Zapatero knew that if he had told the people the truth about the country’s economic situation they would probably turn to that “arch-traitor”, opposition leader Mariano Rajoy, for salvation. And he didn't start doing anything about it until the EU leaned on him last May. The reforms he trotted out then were too little too late.
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apatero has already said he won’t be calling an early election because he still has a lot of reforms to implement. So it looks as if he intends to do the decent thing and clean up some of the mess he’s made before the PP thrashes his party in the general election. However, as someone pointed out to me on Monday, the stock market fell today despite the big win by a pro-business political party. I pointed out that Zapatero is still the man in charge but is now a lame duck who probably lacks the authority to bring in the tougher reforms that the EU is demanding to stop the country from needing a financial bail-
o complicate the situation further, even as Zapatero tries to go on governing his own party might be up to its neck in primaries to choose his successor. Apparently cooler heads within the party are calling on the two favourites – Deputy PM Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba and defence minister Carme Chacon – to settle the succession behind the scenes to present a united front to the nation. However, power struggles have a nasty tendency to spill over into the public domain.
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ut the party itself is its own worst enemy. Unfortunately for today’s Socialists, the country’s first postFranco Socialist PM – Felipe Gonzalez – brought in most of the reforms needed in all areas to drag Spain into the 20th century. So the current lot have had very little to get their teeth into, and they settled for what I call ideological reforms. A good example of this is the Historical Memory Law intended to right the wrongs of the Franco regime. It was foisted on Zapatero by his 2004-2008 ally, the Communist-dominated Izquierda Unida (IU) whose often stated aim is to keep the “Right” out of power. What better way to do that than by keeping alive the worst memories of the Franco regime. The IU has never made a secret of its hatred for the PP. Former IU leader Gaspar Llamazares said in 2004 that “we must do everything possible to keep the PP from returning to power ever again”. Current IU leader Cayo Lara said last week that “IU votes would be used to keep the PP from governing anywhere in Spain”. Fortunately the majority of voters – being non-ideological - don’t feel the same way.
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he winners in Sunday’s elections have nothing to celebrate. The Partido Popular and Bildu now have big weights on their shoulders while the Socialists will need to spend a lot of time on very much-needed reflection and soul-searching. Race results were not surprising; the polls had been predicting heavy losses for prime minister Zapatero’s party for weeks. What is perplexing is that many Spaniards believe that the PP is their salvation when the party hasn’t even unveiled any of its supposed formulas to get Spain out of this economic crisis.
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he weekend’s vote was nothing more than a referendum on the Zapatero government: punishment for what many say are inadequate policies and mismanaging of the economy. By voting for the PP, electors believe that the bountiful years under Aznar’s previous government will be rolling just around the corner. It is a common reaction by voters who are in the midst of personal financial crises with no job and no future. Electors tend to throw the current government out when things go from bad to worse. But while these regional and local elections reflect voters’ current tendencies, they do nothing to change government policy. And we are already beginning to see the cracks among the victors.
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n Monday, buoyed by his party’s sweeping wins, PP leader Mariano Rajoy announced that he would not actively seek any partnerships with other coalitions in regions and municipalities where the PP didn’t win an absolute majority yet he was open to speaking with the other political forces – all except Bildu.
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he Basque radical left coalition which is now the second largest political force in the region captured more than 950 spots on the town councils and 74 mayoral offices. Voters in the Basque Country and Navarre showed that they want to give Bildu a chance to work on a viable political solution to the independence issue and help bring an end to ETA.
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ut by his refusal to trust Bildu, Rajoy is disenfranchising hundreds of thousands of voters who support the coalition. He is telling Basque electors that their votes are not any good because one of the nation’s major parties has no plans on dealing with an organisation they don’t support. It is enough to fuel tensions and dismantle any prospects for peace in the region. That is problem number one.
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ith hundreds of thousands of demonstrators turning up for what is now being called the Spanish Revolution, Rajoy was content over the people’s anger and frustration with the Socialist government. But now
that he is at the forefront, fresh with electoral power, he hasn’t made any appeasements to the May 15th Movement or its organizers, Real Democracy Now. Demonstrators are still camped out in Madrid ’s Puerta del Sol and they continue to rally their cause on Facebook and Twitter. It is only a matter of time before this swelling movement, which has captured the eyes of the world, will explode into a serious problem for the nation.
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s for Bildu, its responsibility now lies in showing Rajoy and the rest of Spain that it is a serious political group that doesn’t want to be connected in any way to ETA. But that is going to take time. There are too many sides to this past election drama, but the only clear message we’re getting is that Spaniards want change – change that none of the traditional parties have been able to offer them.
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eneral elections are still 10 months away, but the Partido Popular wants to call them early. Rajoy knows that he isn’t ready to take over the reins of the Spanish economy so soon even though he says that Zapatero’s government is not under any condition to oversee the country.
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he situation is a hot potato and it would be easier for the Socialists to wash their hands now and sit back and watch Rajoy and his people perform. But they won’t. The Socialist Party is a responsible organisation that is committed to finishing its term, doing as much as it can to shore-up a faltering nation, and to prevent any domestic political upheaval from unraveling the already loose knots that are holding the European Union together.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2010
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
e ins and outs of laptop repairs It is a fact that computers have become a standard household item, much like the television, the fridge and the washing machine. Many homes now have one or more PCs as well as laptops, notebooks and netbooks which, although often cheaper than a desktop computer and now just as powerful, do have a downside - they are easy to steal and prone to accidents. Over the past ten years Electronbox and PC Doctor have developed one of the most advanced state-ofthe-art laptop repair
workshops on the Coast and consequently have successfully fixed thousands of laptops. Managing Director Philippe Michel said: “The damage is varied... dropped laptops, spilt coffee, people have even driven over them. They come in with burnt out components from overheated batteries or clogged up fans. One of the most common problems is
spilt liquids. When this happens, immediately unplug your computer and remove the battery, turn it upside down and if possible, clean the affected area with warm water. Then apply a hair dryer (with care) to dry out that water and leave the laptop open, in a warm place for several days to dry out. You will be amazed at how effective this method is. Unfortunately many people panic and then to see if their laptop still works, switch it on and off whilst it is still wet, resulting in a costly short circuit and damage to the internal components in addition to possible data loss.” Electronbox and PC Doctor's highly qualified technicians and dedicated electronics engineers have helped many people recover lost data then successfully repaired their laptop, even though the client had been informed by others that this was not possible. Cliff Dale, senior
technician and shareholder, advises people not to try and fix laptops themselves. He adds: “Most times if we receive a laptop untouched and in good time, we can probably repair it at a fraction of the cost. The problems get worse when people try to open the laptop case and in doing so accidentally break joints, lose bits and disconnect components incorrectly. Laptops are delicate and spare parts can be more expensive than buying a new one.” Cliff also suggests cleaning your laptop two or three times a year using an ordinary
vacuum cleaner to remove dust and debris from the keyboard and fan areas, a common cause of many laptop failures. Electronbox and PC Doctor have successfully operated since 2000 and with now over 15,000 clients, they are one the biggest IT companies on the Costa del Sol, providing solutions to both home and business users alike. The company’s main offices are located in Fuengirola on Avenida Clemente Díaz Ruiz 8, half way between the train station and Barclays
Bank. Call them on 952 591 071 or use the 24 hour support line 807 488 440. Alternatively send an email to [email protected] or visit their website www.electronbox.net to see the full list of other services and related business as well as client testimonials.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
OUT &
the
ABOUT
Your Weekly Entertainment Guide INSIDE THIS WEEK Siboney’s to re-open in Coin Concert by American New England University choir Colin Price at Buzby’s tonight
Pinacoteca: A fruity cocktail, a wood treatment, or perhaps a Victorian game played with sticks? Well, it’s actually the Spanish word for Art Gallery, and in Arcos de la Frontera it represents the imaginative change of use for a part of one of the town’s oldest buildings. Written by Bob Whittaker
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o find it, walk down Calle Maldonado passing the Hotel Casa Grande on your right, the Pinacoteca is a little further along on the left. The reception rooms display a collection of old postcards and several large oil paintings one of which, painted by Javier Ventura Nuñez in 1966, depicts the legend of how Arcos was wrested from the Saracen. A beautiful Moorish
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eople here delight in telling you tales of secret tunnels dug in Moorish times which linked the old buildings. And it’s true that in addition to the ancient Aljibes (water deposits) found in all the old houses, the whole of the sandstone rock on which the town sits
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hen you enter the main gallery itself, a smooth dark 50 metre long tunnel where the sole illumination is from the pin spots picking out the paintings on both sides. At the end a door leads up some steps and out into the Jardín Andalusi, a Moorish garden with tiled fountains and a neo-modernista iron trelliswork pergola.
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TORREBLANCA DEL SOL
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nd when Arcos’ Ayuntamiento needed a Pinoteca - a gallery - to display the works of art they had accumulated over the years they literally dug deep to find the best location, right underneath an old Palace in the heart of the Casco Antiguo!
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his week’s author is musician Bob Whittaker who had lovingly restored the original features of his town house in Monda before moving to Arcos to take on a similar challenge - he restored a splendid old house in the heart of Arcos just a few minutes away from the Pinocateca. As an “extranjero” he was welcomed into the church choir where he sang tenor.
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pposite the San Pedro Church stands the Palacio del Mayorazgo, built in the 18th century on earlier foundations which included medieval cuadras (stables) in the form of labyrinthine tunnels. Disused for many years these had become choked with junk and more or less forgotten. But under the imaginative direction of local architect Ángel Zurilla Juan, and financed by the Diputación Provincial these old tunnels have been renovated and house the town’s Pinacoteca.
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he heart of the town is packed with a mix of Moorish and Renaissance buildings, which reflect its rich architectural history.
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maiden is bathing in the river Guadalete and being spied on by some voyeuristic Christian soldiers lurking in the bushes, all depicted in a charmingly naïve manner and probably very different from the reality which must have been blood sword and fire.
FUENGI
is honeycombed with caves and borings.
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Download more photos of both the presentations online at www.picasaweb.google.co m/woodysfotos/shooterss cubieseconpool. Finally Mike would like to express his thanks to Woody's in Los Boliches, The News and everyone involved in both leagues on both sides of the bars and in the kitchens. The Econ pool leagues start again in October, contact Mike on 609 504 427 for details. Econ Pool (www.econpool.com) maintain and supply good quality profit share pool and snooker tables all along the coast. They sell new and second hand tables, offer a table recovering service and provide accessories and winner’s trophies to order. Selection of Speciality Twinings Teas
CASA KON-TIKI
ie’s N e ll
Selection of various drinks available at the counter
Av Antonio Machado benalmadena tel.: 645404911
Freshly made Thick and Creamy Milkshakes
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Café Now Open 8pm ‘til late for Late Night Snacks
NEW! Early Bird Special 7 Days, noon until 6pm Fish, Chips, Peas, Bread only €3.95pp
to Paul again at Scubies with 42 points out of a possible 50, Amistad Bar and Tony Shanley’s were close though, with 38 and 36 points respectively and the raffle for another fine 2 piece snooker cue and case was won by Pat Collins with lucky ticket 113. The Fuengirola friendly ranking knock-out was won by Marc Topper who beat Rich Brown in the final, Marc who featured strongly in last years league received a meal for two and a bottle of wine, kindly sponsored by Paul from Scubies Bar. It was Scubies versus Shooters for the 2011 Econ Inter League Championship Trophy and Shield - in the end it went to Scubies Bar from Fuengirola, the final score was a close 10 points to 8. Chocolate
*FREE ENTRY* Shows start at 9.30pm. Open all day.
points. The La Cala League friendly ranking knock-out was won by Steve Petty (Shooters) who went on to beat Damian Grimshaw in the final, and the raffle prize on the night - the 2 piece snooker cue and case - went to his dad Brian Petty with ticket 62. Over in Fuengirola The Econ Fuengirola Winter Pool League winners presentation was held in the port last Thursday night by league champions Scubies Bar (pictured below) on an impressive 124 points, followed by runners up Tony Shanley’s “A Team” on 104 points and in third place last year’s winners Amistad Bar with 87 points. The players ranking prize, a Peradon 2 piece snooker cue and case, was won by Robbie Tester, also from Scubies. Best Snacks Award went
Banana
Kick off 8.45pm Manchester United v Barcelona Sunday “Mr Blue Eyed Soul” Danny Stone
Wednesday 25th Welsh Night with comic Colin Price and Mario Ross Thursday 26th Lesley Harrison Friday 27th Dex - guitar & vocals Saturday 28th The Cleverleys Sunday 29th Rob Stevens - man of many faces Monday 30th Michael Bublé tribute followed by Natalie Monroe Tuesday 31st Mad Terry Karaoke from midnight every night with Mad Terry, and Tomo
Free entry
Monday & Thursday Bingo & Quiz Night Tuesday “Black Bais” Male vocals, soul, Tamla Motown, R&B, great voice! Wednesday Karaoke with Robbie from 9.30pm Friday Siobhan - female vocalist from Dublin Fun for all ages Saturday Show cancelled for
“LIVE”
Plaza de Remo La Carihuela Torremolinos
M
EL MOJITO
League champions Shooters Bar (pictured right) hosted the winner’s presentation last week in Riviera del Sol. They claimed the winner’s trophy with 100 points, followed by runners up and last years winners Studio 1 on 83 points and in third place Bar Unique with 81 points. The players ranking prize, a Riley Hybrid snooker cue, went to local hot shot Lee Draycott from The Streets of London, it will go nicely with the Pulsar ¾ pool cue he won last year. The ever so important Best Snacks Award for the top tasty treats trophy was won by the Streets of London “B Team” with 28.5 points from a possible 35, Streets of London “A Team” and Studio 1 came in a close second both with 24
Gibraltar Spring Bank Holiday is Monday May 30th - Morrisons is open! Free wi-fi zone Sky Sports
Calle San Isidro Labrador, 296 40 Fuengirola, Nr Feria Place Alhaurin el Grande’s NEwESt biStRO CAFE
DELI
Take Away Home Cooking and Catering
Serving a selection of snacks, paninis, baguettes, etc., Plus main meals including Rack of Ribs, and Entrecôte steaks.
Sunday Roast €7.95 OAP special price €5.95 Children €4.95
Scandinavian and International Specialities
Now open Fri, Sat & Sun evenings with a new menu. On Fridays you can enjoy fresh battered Cod, Chips & Mushy Peas
Tel: 951 319 439
Fri - Sat Happy Hour 6.30 7.30
Aloha Gardens, next to El Jardin. Avda Del Prado Nueva Andalucia Open Mon-Fri 10.00am - 8.00pm Saturdays 10.00am - 6.00pm [email protected]
Daily from 9am Sat. & Sun. 10am
952 497 188 Calle Gerald Brenan 89 Alhaurin El Grande
wEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
American choir visits Malaga The USM Chamber Singers are a highly talented and skilled choir of nearly 30 undergraduate voices from the University of Southern Maine in New England, USA. This outstanding a cappella ensemble has undertaken several international tours in recent years and has sung in Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, the Karlskirche in Vienna and St Mark’s Basilica in Venice. This month they are touring Andalucía. They will be performing in Ronda,
Seville, Cordoba and Granada, and on Saturday May 28th they are giving a lunchtime concert in Malaga – in St George’s Church in the English Cemetery (Avenida de Pries 1). The varied programme will include European and American secular and sacred music, hymns and spirituals. The concert starts at 1.00 pm. Entrance is €5 which includes a drink. After the concert drinks and tapas will be available outside the church.
Spring concerts The Choir and Orchestra Collegium Musicum Costa del Sol is pleased announce its forthcoming May concerts. For the first time they are collaborating with the Camerata Singers of Sotogrande. The first concert on Sunday May 29th starts at 8pm in the Church Nuestra Señora de la Merced, Sotogrande: it is organized by the Cultural Association of Sotogrande. The second concert will be in Marbella on Tuesday,
May 31st at 9pm in the Church of the Encarnation and is the yearly Charity Concert to raise funds for CONCORDIA. The programme for both concerts features music by Handel, Haydn and Hummel amongst others. The guest artist is Angel T. San Bartolomé who will play Haydn’s well-known Trumpet Concerto. For more information: [email protected] m or phone 952 475 840.
Welsh night Siboney’s at Mad Terry re-opening @Buzby’s soon Siboney’s at the top of La Trocha Commercial Centre was always a fairly popular venue but sadly closed some while ago. The good news is that a new owner is taking over and Siboney’s will once again be open for business from Saturday June 4th, and this time it won’t be just a pub.
Colin Price is appearing exclusively at Mad Terry@Busby’s tonight, Wednesday May 25th. Colin is Wales’ top comedian and has appeared on ITV’s “The Comedians”. Colin is a Welsh comic legend and an excellent night is expected as the compere for the evening is Mario Ross, followed by Karaoke with Mad Terry and Tomo. Call 645 404 911 to book and for further details. Entry to this exciting evening is free.
The new owner will be doing barbecues on the terrace and serving great drinks, coffees etc for you to sit and relax after a hard day’s shopping in the Commercial Centre while enjoying the great views from this venue or to have a great night out. The dynamic new owner will be putting his mark on the venue and it is expected that Siboney’s will be one of the places to be seen in on the inland scene and, with the new road opened up from the coast, it’s only a 20 minute drive up to come and enjoy something different. More information on what will be happening next week in The News.
* Chill Out to the Sounds of Dave Lee from 3 pm * Welcome Cava
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Come and enjoy the best of Indian cuisine in our newly refurbished airconditioned restaurant or dine on our fabulous terrace
Come and enjoy our usual high standards of service & food
BAR EL RIO For fantastic tapas, drinks, raciones and typical Spanish specialities
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FROM €1 S A P A T F O TION WIDE SELEC TEA, COFFEE,
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Open 12.00 noon ‘til 4.30 & 7.00 ‘till late
Urb. El Rodeo, Coin
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952 664 311 - 691 406 453 Calle Francisco Cano, 60, Los Boliches, Fuengirola
Menu del Dia 3 courses €9,95
952 455 599 626 977 224
Open Monday to Friday 9am till 5pm / Sat 9am till 4pm
JK’s # $ $ $ ! !
'
This Week !
Thursday @10.30am Belly Dancing €5 per session Wednesdays 8.30pm Bingo - jackpot €400 Quiz with jackpot Friday 27th Farewell do for Mark who is going back to the UK Saturday 28th Charity Auction in aid of Alder Hey Children’s Hospital More info:654 396 651
[email protected]
La Risa @ Lauro Golf Saturday 28th May Mini Market 10am - 2pm breakfast and lunch available Monday: 2 course menu only €7.50 per person wednesday & Friday Our popular Fish & Chips available all day Saturday Night: Special Menu available Sunday: Excellent Sunday Lunch including Lamb shoulder €5 supplement for 2 persons. Pre-order required Kitchen now open to 9pm Monday - Saturday For further details of all these events call us on 660 350 896 or pop into the bar.
On the road between Alhaurin el Grande & Alhaurin de la Torre Across From the Clubhouse
Reservations: 660 350 896
Have I forgotten? email: [email protected] web: www.coinlife.info
I
wish I had forgotten to watch the memory loss film Memento.
A
bout a year ago, a friend that really loves her films suggested that I watch this, her all-time favourite film. Remembering what she had told me, I recently came across the film and watched it on a long train journey last weekend.
MOVIES TO WATCH OUT FOR
Priest
R
BY SCOTT STEWART Starring Paul Bettany, Maggie Q
It’s a futuristic tale based on a comic book which also brings to mind any number of other movies – but that’s not such a bad thing. Paul Bettany seems to be cornering the market in grim looking mad monks and avenging angels/priests and this is no exception, as this movie reunites him with his Legion director. We inhabit a world where vampires held the upper hand until they were vanquished by a group of warrior priests identified by a crucifix tattooed on their foreheads. After conquering the vampires
the humans now live in dark, teeming neon-lit closed off cities (cue Blade Runner) although a few defiantly live in the postapocalyptic countryside ( a bit like Mad Max). Bettany’s Priest was a legendary warrior priest who fought in the last Vampire War and now lives in one of the dystopian cities ruled by the Church. But his niece (Lily Collins) lives outside on a farm with her family and is
NEWS FROM CANNES
abducted by a murderous pack of vampires who hurtle round in a high speed train. Priest has to defy the church if he is to seek out the band and rescue his niece before it is too late ( bit like The Searchers). So he teams up with her boyfriend, a local sheriff, and recruits the priestess (Maggie Q) despatched by Christopher Plummer to stop his mission and off they go on their super-
powered motorcycles, trailing their cassocks behind them. The martial arts action is all Matrix and the plot is derivative of plenty of other postapocalyptic movies with a blend of Wild West, sci-fi and horror. It won’t win any awards and hasn’t won the hearts of critics but no matter – it’s all very glossy and pacy. Do they win the day? Is it the start of a franchise...hmm.
AUDIENCES IGNORE CRITICS
Malik lifts the trophy Depp defies critics Terrence Malik’s The Tree Of Life might have been greeted with boos from the critics at their early morning showing, but its reception did not stop it from lifting the coveted Palme d’Or as the Cannes Festival came to a close at the weekend. The movie is an ambitious coming of age saga starring Brad Pitt and Sean Penn. Malick, notoriously reserved, did not attend the ceremony to pick up the award. Kristen Dunst took the Best Actress award for her role in Lars von Trier’s psychodrama Melancholia. The director had cast a shadow over the festival
when he was banned over remarks about Adolf Hitler. He said they were meant as jokes but Dunst clearly looked uncomfortable at the press conference to promote the film - luckily her chances were not damaged.
Well, the critics were as sniffy as everyone predicted but the fourth instalment in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, On Stranger Tides, has set a new global sales record. Last week Johhny Depp and Penelope Cruz were on the Cannes red carpet
promoting the movie on the eve of its opening and since then it has taken a worldwide total of $256 million – the highest total ever for a first week of release. The previous record was held by Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, with $236 million.
eleased in 2000, the film stars Guy Pearce as Leonard Shelby, a former insurance company claims investigator who suffers from anterograde amnesia, a condition that prevents him from creating and storing new memories.
T
he film shows sequences in black and white that tell the story of what happed to Leonard in chronological order while colour sequences show the confusing and disorientating world of a person who wakes up each day with little awareness of what they did yesterday.
T
he trouble is, despite or maybe because of, its clever plot, I found myself joining Leonard in his confusion. Even though I was treated to a few extra scenes that showed not everyone was playing fairly with his disability, as the end of the film drew nearer I realized that it really didn´t make any sense to me. Ok so there is some projection of a story often repeated in the film that turns out to be closer to home than Leonard could have guessed and there is a sub plot of crooked cops and a drug dealer’s moll manipulating his ability to forget what happened ten minutes ago in order to get Leonard to do their dirty work. Overall though, I thought the film was fractured and too clever for its own good. Well, too clever for me anyway.
A
n altogether different memory themed film is Eternal Sunshine Of A Spotless Mind, a rare kind of movie as it features Jim Carrey in a serious acting role where he isn´t playing the fool.
T
his is a truly wonderful film that I first saw at the
cinema in La Trocha in 2004, back when they were first showing films in English. As well as the very believable Mr Carrey, the film also stars Kate Winslet, Kirsten Dunst, Mark Ruffalo and a young Elijah Wood. British actor Tom Wilkinson also has a pivotal role playing the clever Doctor Mierzwiak who has made a business out of erasing certain people, events or places from his customers’ memories.
B
asically, Joel Barish (Jim Carrey) and Clementine Kruczynski (Kate Winslet) are inexplicably attracted to each other as they head on a train to the beach one day, unaware that they had previously been lovers and had subjected themselves to a memory wipe that effectively removed each of them from the other’s memory. Joel didn´t really want to end the relationship but after Clementine has the procedure, Joel hopes that doing the same would help him to forget the sadness he was feeling about the failure of the relationship and the fact that Clementine no longer knows who he is.
B
eing drawn to each other without knowing why, the film proves the old adage “what will be, will be” and even the best efforts of Dr Mierzwiak cannot put asunder those that love has put together. As the couple’s new relationship progresses, Joel finds bits of memory of their previous relationship hidden amongst his childhood memories, placed there subconsciously by his own brain.
A
story line running alongside that of Joel and Clementine shows how the wily Doctor is using his memory wiping technique to continually take advantage of his beautiful assistant Mary (Kirsten Dunst), leaving her with no idea of what she has been talked into by her boss.
A
side from the clever story and the brilliant acting, Eternal Sunshine is one of my favourite films and certainly the most romantic I think I have ever seen. And I remember it!
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
August 23rd September 22nd
by Cathy Stronach
It is time to get things in order this week, sort out the paperwork, clear up the house and get on top of your finances. You only have so much energy and events of late could have had you feeling that you were being pulled in six directions at once, now that things are settling down; use this lull time to clear the decks. A helping hand could appear in the form of a friend you have not seen for a while. Keep your thoughts positive and constructive and watch your confidence soar. You are an attraction magnet at the moment and could be feeling upbeat and inspired allowing you to operate at the top of your game. You may make a decision to live your life more consciously, change your diet in some way or put structures in place to make your daily life operate smoother. Initiate something new and profound and watch it take off. Self-empowerment and inner strength merge together to create an unstoppable force. This week is all about getting the details right, check your work and if you feel yourself getting distracted then ask for someone else to double check it. You could find yourself daydreaming a lot due to the amount of activity going on in your 12th house so try to make sure you are living in the ‘here and now’ when dealing with anything serious. On the positive side your imagination and creative powers are exceptional and you are likely to inspire others with your visions. Emotionally you are feeling more secure and stable as you focus your attention on tapping into ways to take charge of your life. The entrepreneur in you is alive and kicking causing you to break new ground, loaded with ideas and innovations. Whatever you wish for or desire - you have the spirit to make the changes now. Just know that a little effort during these coming days will go a long way, progress will be experienced in all areas of your life. Glitz and glam, fun and frolics – what a week you are going to have Leo. Right now you feel that you have got life sussed and this is your time to shine. Make sure that you keep up the things that are making your life run so smoothly as it is obviously working. Romance is in the air and you could be thinking of stepping a relationship up a notch. If single then put your glad rags on and get out there – as you are like a hearth fire and everyone feels warm when they are around you. Your keyword for this week is ‘passion’ born out of instinct. There is nothing like it to help secure a long sought after goal. It’s the passionate ones that can convince all of those in their midst of the reasons why something not only should happen but must. Passion will carry you to the finish line even after your legs have given up on you. This week make whatever it is you are doing a success on many levels, inject that charisma into what you really want.
LIBRA
Changes are occurring to turn your hopes, dreams and wishes into rock solid realities. The truth is that you also need to be willing to let go of the negative influences, habits or routines that are holding the good fortune back. Some things are black and white so instead of sitting on the fence, make your choices and live with the results. If you have the determination to see things September 23rd through you will make it all the way to success, it is there if you want it. October 22nd
SCORPIO
Kym’s Kitchen ...you don’t have to be a chef!
I have been dieting and haven't lost an ounce so this week we're going to make yummy coffee and banana with chocolate chip muffins. The recipe makes 16 or 18 muffins so you can enjoy midnight snacks too – if they last that long once they're out of the oven!
Mocha Chocolate Chip Banana Muffins Ingredients: ● ● ● ● ●
240gr butter or margarine 250gr white sugar 1 egg 3 ripe bananas 1 tablespoon instant coffee granules, dissolved in 1 tbsp water ● 1 teaspoon vanilla extract ● 275gr all-purpose flour ● 1/4 teaspoon salt ● 1 teaspoon baking powder ● 1 teaspoon baking soda ● 150gr chocolate chips
Directions 1 Preheat oven to 75ºC /350ºF
2 Blend butter or margarine, sugar, egg, banana, dissolved coffee, and vanilla in food processor for 2 minutes. Add flour, salt, baking powder, and soda, and blend just until flour disappears – the good thing about muffins is that the mixture doesn't have to be completely smooth. Add
in your actions, equipped with the abilities to build something solid and something you can count on. Many of those old structures that you built will be coming down, at least the ones that do not support your changing needs. Your values are not only changing, they are wrapped in greater depth, which nd December 22 will positively alter how you spend your time. January 19th
to serve ● 1 small onion, chopped croûtons – optional
PISCES
Gazpacho
CAPRICORN The quick fix is not normally you, by nature you are methodical and strategic
story sometimes when it comes to speaking your heart. Others always see you as being so rock solid strong and often fail to recognize that your heart and soul are just as human as everybody else. This week is all about finding ways to share with someone close what you really feel inside. So take that November 22nd December 21st leap of faith, believe in yourself and let others see the ‘real’ you.
January 20th February 18th
3 Bake for 25 minutes. Or until a toothpick comes out clean. Cool on wire racks.
Ingredients: This week your ability to communicate effectively and meaningfully in order to restore and further deepen your connection with an important or significant other is off the scale. Take this opportunity to right the wrong and you will pave the way for greater trust and intimacy in your life. Without love nothing feels good or makes sense, so take the risk to open up to a loved one and love will make your world turn again while picking up some speed as it does.
SAGITTARIUS It is no secret that you have no problem speaking your mind. It is a different
AQUARIUS
chocolate chips and mix in with wooden spoon. Spoon mixture into 15 to 18 paperlined muffin cups.
As there is an absolute abundance of tomatoes coming out of the gardens right now, and the weather is now warm enough to enjoy it, here is a recipe for Gazpacho – the Spanish cold tomato soup that is refreshing and delicious.
● 500gr beefsteak tomatoes, skinned, seeded and chopped finely. ● 2 garlic cloves, chopped ● 3 tablespoons tomato purée ● 3 tablespoons olive oil ● 2 tablespoons red wine vinegar ● 600ml water ● ½ teaspoon sugar ● 1 cucumber, halved ● salt and freshly ground black pepper
October 23rd November 21st
(Makes 16 -18)
All eyes are going to be upon you this week and this is when you should show off your talents and abilities. It is all about you being willing to rise above the normal expectations others have of you and go that one step further. In a way you will find that you are an inspirational or motivational force for others whilst allowing others to see how deeply you really feel and care. By the weekend you will find that opportunities and a new set of possibilities open up to you. Flashes of intuition spark through you this week, your awareness is electrifying and your perception changes with regard to relationships and acquaintances. This increase in awareness allows you to see the bigger picture and not get hung up on ‘words’. Often, things that look perfect on the surface are not really so ideal. Apparent problems can be great blessings in disguise. This week brings you a development that may not seem obviously impressive; however, benefits flow your way.
Directions 1. Place the tomatoes in a liquidiser or food processor with the garlic, tomato purée, olive oil, vinegar, half the water and sugar then add salt and pepper to taste. 2. Skin and roughly chop one half of the cucumber and add to the processor. Blend at maximum speed for 30 seconds or until all the ingredients are smoothly combined.
3. Refrigerate the soup for at least two hours. 4. Just before serving, dice the remaining cucumber half and sprinkle over the top of the soup with the onion and croûtons.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2010
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
Contemporary lifestyle and celebrity gossip
FAst FAshion
Bigger wardrobes a must have For many women today the dream of wearing the same dress as Cheryl Cole or Kate Middleton becomes an affordable reality as replica outfits fly out of the shops and into the wardrobe. And research now shows that the average woman in the UK is buying half her weight – a cool four and a half stone – in clothes each year. Women have more than four times as many clothes in their wardrobes than they did in 1980, but they are not hoarding – they are getting rid of the same amount each year.
It is believed that on average, women have 22 items hanging in their wardrobes that have never been worn, and are expected to spend £136,640 during their lifetime on clothes. Much has been attributed to the increase in “fast fashion” in which women can now easily buy cut price versions of clothes worn by
celebrity favourites. They spend less on individual items but buy more, said consumer expert Lucy Siegle, who has examined the phenomenon.
a simple blue frock produced by Zara the day after her wedding and within minutes the company’s internet site was deluged by purchasers.
She concludes that the rise in online stores like ASOS has helped, plus the growing internet empire of high street chains like Spain’s Zara and Sweden’s H&M. Kate Middleton wore
Ms Siegle reckons that the global textile market produces 80 billion new garments a year, and with prices falling, those wardrobes will continue to bulge.
Princess Beatrice’s world famous hat which she wore to the royal wedding has been sold for a whopping £81,100.01 following its eBay auction. pictures mocking the Philip Treacey confection were included on the eBay page. One was posted showing the crew of Star Trek
Fashion eyes on first ladies SamCam and Michelle Obama will be in the spotlight in a Battle of The Styles this week. The two women will be in competition to see who wins the fashion stakes during the US president’s state visit to the UK. Michelle is known for her easy, colourful choices, her support for up and coming designers and has not been frightened to go British when it suits her she wore a Sarah Burton at
Alexander McQueen outfit at one dinner. Samantha Cameron deploys a more understated signature look, and has a high profile as an ambassador for British fashion. Her underplayed look means she can pull off most things with ease. Let battle commence!
holding the hat saying “Fascinators to stun” and thousands have been following its progress on Facebook. Princess Beatrice said she hoped the new owner would have
All celeb invites politely declined by royal couple The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge – aka Prince William and Kate Middleton – may just be back from their 10 day Seychelles honeymoon but they will soon be packing again as they head off to North America for their first official overseas visit.
Bea hat hits the heights Bids continued to mount even after the online auction site accidentally managed to close down the page featuring the hat. Forty eBay users made 114 bids for the hat and
Kate and William meet the Obama’s at Buckingham Palace. Kate is wearing a Reiss Shola Bandage dress, costing just £175 - watch it fly out of the shops
as much fun with it, and the money raised will go to the charities for which she is an ambassador – UNICEF and Children in Crisis.
The couple will head to Canada from June 30th to July 8th and then will visit California from July 8th to 10th. But it appears that the couple may be out of bounds for the Hollywood celebrities who were hoping to meet them at star studded events. It has been reported that William and Kate will not be visiting David and Victoria Beckham, even though Becks and Posh attended the wedding. Victoria was said to be quietly relieved as the visit coincides with when she expects to give birth to her fourth child. Advisors are keen to maintain the tone of the visit, and avoid Kate from being overwhelmed like Princess Diana, who was a huge Hollywood favourite. They want the emphasis to be on the charitable work carried out by William. It will be sad news for
Spain’s top Hollywood couple Antonio Banderas and wife Melanie Griffiths. Melanie said while aboard a yacht at the Cannes film festival last week that she would love to invite them to the Banderas LA home. “We’d love to throw them a party. We have a lovely big house and they would be more than welcome,” she said. One person who presumably will definitely be off any guest list is former governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger. He is currently in disgrace as it emerged last week that he had a long affair with his family housekeeper, who had a son, now aged 13, with the tough guy former actor. His wife Maria Shriver has terminated their relationship, and Arnie has pulled out his new movie commitments. The Duke and Duchess will be the focus of a lot of attention in the States – president Barack Obama told the Prince of Wales the nation was gripped by the televised wedding and secretary of state Hilary Clinton watched it simultaneously with her mother, and daughter Chelsea along with millions of others.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Health &beauty
News - Breakthroughs - Treatments - Trends
Tips for healthy summer feet The rise in temperature during the summer months along with flip flops, sandals and summer activities can cause extra problems for your feet, just when you want them to look their best. Here are some tips to help you keep your feet healthy and pain free through the summer months. Sweaty feet- and the smell that goes with them - is one of the most common problems during hot weather. To avoid them and reduce your chances of fungal infections: wash your feet every day in warm soapy water. Don't soak them, as this might destroy the natural oils causing dryness, and dry thoroughly, especially between the toes; wear good quality socks made from fibres that wick sweat away from the skin. This will help to keep your skin dry and allows your feet to “breathe”. And change them every day;
wear well ventilated shoes and change them often. Wearing the same shoes every day transfers decomposing bacteria onto your feet, so to keep them smelling sweet, alternate your footwear, and always keep your trainers well aired, before and after exercise to prevent the build up of fungal spores and bacteria. Cracked heels are normally caused by wearing openbacked shoes and sandals which allow the fat pad under the heel to expand sideways, increasing the likelihood of the skin to crack. To prevent this, keep your feet well moisturised by applying a moisturiser twice a day. Use an abrasive stone such as a
pumice stone or a non-metal footfile exfoliate the build up of skin which can occur. Change the type of footwear you wear. Constantly wearing flip-flops or flimsy sandals increases your likelihood of unsightly and sometimes painful cracked heels. If cracked heels become a serious problem, they can be "strapped" by a chiropodist or podiatrist. This holds the cracks together to help them heal. Blisters can be prevented by keeping feet dry at all times. If you have sweaty socks, change them. If buying new summer sandals or shoes, make sure they fit properly. Shoes which are too loose or too tight will create pressure points and
la clinica is a holistic and dynamic health clinic with treatments for internal and external wellness
with polish. A thick, discoloured, cracked or crumbling nail could mean you have a fungal infection. It won't go away by itself, so get it checked out.
Sunburn: your feet are most exposed during summer, so don't forget the suncream. Use SPF30 and above, and reapply regularly to protect against skin cancer and leathery skin due to premature ageing.
Try to vary your shoe type and heel height from day to day; one day with low heels, the next with slightly higher ones. Heel heights should be kept to about 3cm for everyday use.
Feet tend to swell during the day so buy new shoes or sandals later in the afternoon when your feet are at their largest
Other tips for healthy summer feet: swimming and paddling pools, gym showers and hotel bathrooms are breeding grounds for athlete's foot and verrucas. Wear flip flops or Crocs to avoid catching them; don't hide "ugly" toenails
HAIR, NAILS & BEAUTY
HAD YOUR M.O.T. DONE ON YOUR CAR? GOOD, THEN IT IS YOUR TURN TO HAVE YOUR HEALTH CHECKED OUT
We offer a complete health assessment using the Introspect Cellscanning System. No pain - No Needles - Relax
All aspects of hairdressing, Cutting-Wella Colours-Hi/Lo lights-Perming Sunbed ‘winter specials’ 60mins 25€- Spray tans Clarins facials from 30€ PAMPER PACKAGES FOR IDEAL GIFTS FROM 55€
Reflexology and Massages from 25€ Manicure / Pedicure The latest Shellac & Foilwrap Minx Nails Teethwhitening also available for special price 125€ To celebrate our 7th Anniversary we are having an Open Day Thursday 19th May 11.am til 3.pm all welcome 16/17 Las Rampas, Fuengirola - kisshairandbeauty.com Mon - Closed / Tues - Fri 10 - 6.00pm / Sat 10 to 4.00pm
Tel: 952 666 787 - Mobile 630 800 572
One simple scan at cellular level can check that every organ has good function / weak or reduced function. Instant result scan reveals any health problems or allergies (airborn/ and the digestive system). Suggestions what action to take as well as recommending alternative supplements
Check up: • Microflora • Viruses • Bacteria • Parasites • Skeleton, Bones • lymphsystem • stomach & Intestines • Heart & lungs • Blood • Skin etc.
lead to rubbing, making blisters inevitable. Put your feet up! Your feet need a rest. Over-working feet increases heat and moisture in footwear and increases the likelihood of blisters. Blisters should be left to dry out on their own, so don't try to burst them. However if they do burst, apply a clean dressing.
NEED A NEW STYLE!
HANNA Tricoderm SL • 952 917 126 Bernabé Tierno 3, Edif. Lindamar 2 Street between Paseo Mercadona and Feria 29640 Fuengirola, Malaga
Marijke Togeretz Nurse & Health advisor
951 260 767 www.laclinica.com.es [email protected] avda.clemente diaz ruiz 4, edif. tres coronas, portal D, apt 202, 29640 Fuengirola (behind mercacentro, close to the train station)
Happy birthday Kiss !
For the Salon’s 7th birthday celebrations, Kiss Hair, Nails and Beauty Salon in Las Rampas Fuengirola held an open day complete with barbecue, salads and plenty of pink champagne to keep the party going. Demonstrations of how your nails could look once they’d been given the Kiss treatment were carried out and there were plenty of bookings by onlookers who were impressed by the results. Reflexology (pictured below) was carried out by the salon’s specialist and customers commented how marvelous their feet felt after treatment following a hard day’s shopping. Hair was cut, coloured, blow dried and one young lady tried a “pin-up” where her hair was turned into an elegant French plait with what seemed to be little effort under the expert hands of one of the girls who work at Kiss. Many people turned up throughout the day to partake of some free massages and to watch demonstrations. Over 400 raffle tickets were sold and the prizes included everything from a simple cut, to full pamper packages of massage, facial, manicure, pedicure - in fact everything you needed to take all your cares away and make you feel like a true princess. The girls (pictured above) said that, although it had been a long and tiring day, the number of people who had turned up to wish them a Happy Birthday had made it all worthwhile.
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
ON THE New series:
FILM
The Rainmaker A young law-school graduate takes on his first case, pursuing a major insurance company accused of stalling on a leukaemia victim's health claim. Tense courtroom scenes and an earnest study of legal and moral principles unfold as the idealistic young lawyer battles against cynicism and corruption.
FILM
Sun, May 22nd 22:00
Under the Mud The Potts household is second home to a teenage slacker, Magic. He is such a part of the family that his longing for the eccentric beauty Paula Potts goes completely unnoticed; to her, he is just part of the furniture. With Paula arguing with her imaginary friend about running off to Ibiza with a local slimeball, Magic realises...
FILM
Tue, May 31st 22:35
Mickey Blue Eyes A sober English gent, Michael Felgate, proposes to his girlfriend Gina only to discover that she is the daughter of prominent Mafia mobster Frank Vitale. However, Frank is delighted with his new son-in-law and sets about introducing a reluctant Michael to the family `business', ...
FILM
Sun, May 22nd 23:20
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Hurricane Katrina collides with New Orleans and Daisy Williams is on her deathbed. Daisy requests that her daughter Caroline read aloud the journal of her lifelong friend Benjamin Button. The diary documents his extraordinary...
FILM
Mon, May 30th 22:00
A Few Good Men A young and impetuous naval lieutenant and a more experienced officer are given the job of defending two marines accused of murder. As the two officers come to terms with one another, their investigation uncovers some sinister secrets and collusion...
FILM
May 26th
May 27th
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Fake Britain 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Don't Get Done, Get Dom 11:45 Bargain Hunt 12:30 RHS Chelsea Flower Show 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 President Obama at Westminster 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six
18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Waterloo Road 20:30 Life of Riley 21:00 The Apprentice 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The National Lottery Wednesday Night Draws 22:45 Not Going Out 23:15 It's a Boy Girl Thing 00:45 Weatherview 00:50 See Hear 01:20 Watchdog 02:20 The British at Work 03:20 One Man and His Campervan 03:50 Click
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Fake Britain 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Don't Get Done, Get Dom 11:45 Bargain Hunt 12:30 Chelsea Flower Show 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Project Parent 16:30 My Life: Children of the Road 17:00 Newsround
17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Watchdog 21:00 Inside the Human Body 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Question Time 23:35 This Week 00:20 Holiday Weatherview 00:25 Panorama 00:55 Countryfile 01:55 Britain's Next Big Thing 02:55 DIY SOS 03:55 Our World
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Fake Britain 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Don't Get Done, Get Dom 11:45 Bargain Hunt 12:30 Chelsea Flower Show 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Remote Control Star 16:30 Fee Fi Fo Yum 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link
18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 A Question of Sport 21:00 Have I Got News for You 21:30 Outnumbered 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Graham Norton Show 23:20 The Lottery Draws 23:30 The Rainmaker 01:35 The One Show 02:35 Weatherview 02:40 Monty Don's Italian Gardens 03:40 The Hairy Bikers: Mums Know Best
09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:25 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Crossfire 13:00 See Hear 13:30 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 Copycats 15:30 League of Super Evil 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Dani's House 16:30 Little Howard's Big Question 16:55 Shaun the Sheep 17:00 Newsround
17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Menu 19:00 The Culture Show 19:30 Two Greedy Italians 20:30 Chelsea Flower Show 22:00 The Apprentice: You're Fired 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle 23:50 The Culture Show 00:20 The French Open, ATP Tennis 01:20 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News
08:55 Bob the Builder 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:25 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 The Locket 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 Helicopter Heroes 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Menu 19:00 The Culture Show 20:00 Chelsea Flower Show 21:00 The Shadow Line 22:00 Psychoville 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 BMW Championship, PGA Tour European Golf 00:20 The French Open, ATP Tennis 01:20 The Culture Show Special 02:20 BBC News 02:30 HARDtalk 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World 03:55 Pages from Ceefax
08:55 Bob the Builder 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:25 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 The Racket 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 Helicopter Heroes 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Menu 19:00 Windfarm Wars 20:00 Chelsea Flower Show 21:30 Paul Merton's Birth of Hollywood 22:30 Newsnight 23:00 The Book Review Show 23:50 BMW Championship, PGA Tour European Golf 00:20 Later... with Jools Holland 01:25 The French Open, ATP Tennis 02:25 The Haunted House of Horror 03:55 Pages from Ceefax
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Poms in Paradise 20:00 Midsomer Murders
22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Cops with Cameras 23:35 Long Lost Family 00:30 The Zone 02:35 Space Jam 04:00 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Tonight
20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Long Lost Family 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Piers Morgan's Life Stories 23:35 Amanda Holden's Fantasy Lives 00:30 The Zone 02:30 Tonight 02:55 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street
20:00 Baboons with Bill Bailey 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Paul O'Grady Live 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 An Audience with Neil Diamond 23:35 The Cube 00:30 The Zone 02:30 The Hitcher 04:10 ITV Nightscreen
06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:50 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 The Home Show 13:05 Kidnapped 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Celebrity Five Go To... 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Diagnosis Live from the Clinic 21:00 24 Hours in A&E 22:00 Desperate Housewives 23:05 The Big Bang Theory 23:35 The Big Bang Theory 00:05 Inside Incredible Athletes 01:35 The Sunchaser 03:45 Husk 03:55 Wild Thing: I Love You
06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:50 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Paralympics 13:05 My Eden 13:10 White Feather 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Celebrity Five Go To... 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Three in a Bed 21:00 Cutting Edge 22:00 Bodyshock 23:10 The Secret Millionaire 00:10 The Vue Film Show 00:45 The Great Escape Festival 2011 01:15 The Album Chart Show 01:30 4Play 01:40 The JD Set Presents 01:50 The Model Agency 02:45 Emily's Song 03:00 Unreported World
08:00 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Paralympics 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:20 The Frogmen 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Celebrity Five Go To... 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:30 Unreported World
19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 21:00 Million Pound Drop 22:25 That Peter Kay Thing 22:55 Phoneshop 23:30 Ricky Gervais Show 00:00 Jessie J: Live 00:35 Mercury Prize Sessions 00:50 Album Chart Show 01:05 4Play 01:20 Much Ado About a Minor Ting 01:50 The Dish 02:00 Daddy 02:05 My Name Is Earl 02:30 My Name Is Earl
07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Mio Mao 07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:10 Milkshake! 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 Stansted: Inside Story 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away
13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Chinese Food in Minutes 15:15 McBride: 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 Giant Animal Moves 21:00 NCIS 22:00 Law and Order 22:55 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 23:55 Poker: Aussie Millions 00:50 Super Casino 04:00 Meals in Moments
08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 Stansted: The Inside Story 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Chinese Food in Minutes
15:10 Chinese Food in Minutes 15:15 The Sign of Four 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 18:55 5 News at 7 19:00 npower Test Cricket 20:00 Emergency Bikers 21:00 Extreme Fishing with Robson Green: At the Ends of the Earth 22:00 Impossible 23:05 Banged up Abroad 00:05 Super Casino 04:00 Meals in Moments 04:10 Michaela's Wild Challenge
08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 Stansted: The Inside Story 12:00 The Family Recipe 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Chinese Food in Minutes
15:10 Killer Flood: The Day the Dam Broke 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 18:55 5 News at 7 19:00 npower Test Cricket 20:00 Eddie Stobart: Trucks and Trailers 21:00 The Mentalist 22:00 Law & Order 22:55 CSI: Miami 23:50 Rough Guide to Adventures 00:10 Super Casino 04:05 Motorsport Mundial 04:30 Nick's Quest
19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Great Movie Mistakes 21:00 Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life 22:45 Family Guy 23:10 Family Guy 23:35 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 00:05 American Dad 00:25 American Dad 00:45 American Dad!
01:10 American Dad! 01:30 American Dad! 01:50 American Dad! 02:15 American Dad! 02:35 American Dad! 03:00 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 03:30 Great Movie Mistakes 04:30 Secrets of the Superbrands 05:30 SIGN OFF
19:00 The Apprentice 20:00 Secrets of the Superbrands 21:00 Misbehaving Mums to Be 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Ideal 23:00 Family Guy 23:25 Family Guy 23:50 Misbehaving Mums to Be
00:50 Ideal 01:20 Secrets of the Superbrands 02:20 Secrets of the Superbrands 03:20 Young, Rich and House Hunting 03:50 Young, Rich and House Hunting 04:20 The Apprentice 05:20 SIGN OFF
19:00 Doctor Who 19:45 Doctor Who Confidential 20:00 Hotter Than My Daughter 20:30 Snog Marry Avoid? 21:00 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 21:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 22:00 EastEnders
22:30 Young, Rich and House Hunting 23:00 Family Guy 23:50 Ideal 00:20 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 00:50 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:20 Bizarre ER 01:50 Snog Marry Avoid? 02:20 Hotter Than My ..
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Champions League Final: Man U v Barcelona
Drama following the personal and professional lives of two detectives working for a Manchester police unit specialising in murder. Starring Lesley Sharp as DC Scott and Suranne Jones as Bailey.
New series: Scott & Bailey
May 30th
May 31st
06:00 Breakfast 10:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 11:30 Great British Menu 12:00 BBC News 12:05 BBC London News; Weather 12:10 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 14:30 Live: PGA Championship Golf 16:50 Don't Scare the Hare 17:25 BBC News 17:35 BBC London News; Weather 17:45 So You Think You Can Dance 18:45 Doctor Who 19:30 So You Think You Can Dance
20:00 The National Lottery: Who Dares Wins 20:50 Casualty 21:40 John Bishop's Britain 22:10 BBC News 22:25 Face/Off 00:35 Steal 01:55 Weatherview 02:00 BBC News 02:30 Cannes 2011 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Click
06:00 Breakfast 09:00 The Andrew Marr Show 10:00 The Big Questions 11:00 Country Tracks 12:00 BBC News 12:05 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 15:20 EastEnders Omnibus 17:15 Points of View 17:30 Songs of Praise 18:05 RHS Chelsea Flower Show 18:35 BBC News 18:50 BBC London News; Weather 19:00 Countryfile 20:00 Antiques Roadshow 21:00 Pirates of the
Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest 23:20 BBC News 23:35 BBC London News; Weather 23:45 The Football League Show 00:35 Weatherview 00:40 The Apprentice 01:40 Holby City 02:40 A History of Ancient Britain
06:00 Breakfast 09:00 Fake Britain 09:45 Homes Under the Hammer 10:45 Real Rescues 11:30 Cash in the Attic 12:00 Bargain Hunt 12:45 BBC News at One 13:05 BBC London News 13:15 Escape to the Country 14:15 The Cat in the Hat 15:30 Wallace and Gromit in A Close Shave 16:00 Pixar: 25 Magic Moments 17:00 WALL.E 18:30 BBC News at Six 18:45 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show
19:30 Saints and Scroungers 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Egypt's Lost Cities 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:10 BBC London New 22:15 A Question of Sport 22:45 The Football League Show 23:25 The Graham Norton Show 00:10 Weatherview 00:15 Wonders of the Universe 01:15 Inside the Human Body 02:15 The Secrets of Scott's Hut 03:45 One Man and His Campervan 04:15 BBC News
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Fake Britain 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Sadie J 16:30 Blue Peter 16:55 Shaun the Sheep 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link
18:00 BBC News at Six 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Holby City 21:00 Panorama 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Crimewatch on the Streets 23:35 The Lock Up 00:05 Weatherview 00:10 Children's Craniofacial Surgery 01:10 Wootton Bassett: The Town That Remembers 02:10 Who Do You Think You Are? 02:55 Great British Railway Journeys
09:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 09:30 Deadly 60: Brazil 10:00 Relic: Guardians of the Museum 10:30 League of Super Evil 10:40 Wolverine and the XMen 11:00 Mortified 11:25 OOglies 11:40 MOTD Kickabout 12:00 Bell Book and Candle 13:40 The Cheyenne Social Club 15:20 Two Greedy Italians 16:20 Escape to the Country 16:50 Live: PGA Championship Golf 18:00 Flog It! 19:00 Dad's Army
19:30 RHS Chelsea Flower Show 20:00 Terry and June 20:30 The Many Faces of June Whitfield 21:30 Absolutely Fabulous 22:00 Have I Got a Bit More News for You 22:45 QI XL 23:30 Grumpy Old Holidays 00:00 French Open Tennis 01:00 Later... Live with Jools Holland 02:05 Under the Mud 03:30 Pages from Ceefax
06:00 Wibbly Pig 06:10 Penelope 06:15 Toddworld 06:30 Tinga Tinga Tales 06:45 Octonauts 07:00 Space Hoppers 07:30 Bear Behaving Badly 07:55 Shaun the Sheep 08:00 Gimme a Break 08:30 Me and My Monsters 09:00 Friday Download 10:00 Something for the Weekend 11:30 Escape to the Country 12:30 The Long Ships 14:30 Live: PGA Championship Golf 18:10 Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections
19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Britain's Secret Seas 21:00 Miami Mega-Jail 22:00 Queen: Days of Our Lives 23:00 The Shadow Line 00:00 French Open Tennis 01:00 BBC News 01:30 The Reporters 02:00 BBC News 02:30 Dateline London 03:00 BBC News 03:30 The Record Europe 03:40 Pages from Ceefax
08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 The 39 Steps 13:00 World Cup Rowing 14:30 Animal 24:7 15:00 Rewind the 60s 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Great British Menu 19:00 The Story of Ireland 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace 22:00 Queen: Days of Our Lives 23:00 Queen: The Legendary 1975 Concert 23:50 Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections 00:40 French Open Tennis 01:40 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 HARDtalk 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World
08:55 Bob the Builder 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Big and Small 09:40 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Timmy Time 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Gunga Din 13:30 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 Rewind the 60s 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic
18:00 Great British Menu 19:00 Britain's Secret Seas 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 The Country House Revealed 22:00 Lead Balloon 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Time to Remember 23:50 The French Open, ATP Tennis 00:50 HARDtalk 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 HARDtalk 03:00 BBC News 03:25 Pages from Ceefax
06:35 The Hive 06:45 Babar and the Adventures of Badou 07:00 Babar and the Adventures of Badou 07:10 Tati's Hotel 07:25 Monk 07:30 Spider-Man 07:55 SpongeBob SquarePants 08:10 SpongeBob SquarePants 08:25 House Gift 09:25 Coronation Street Omnibus 11:45 This Morning: Saturday 12:45 ITV News
12:55 You've Been Framed! 13:25 Carry On Cowboy 15:10 For Your Eyes Only 17:30 London Tonight 17:45 ITV News 18:00 Animals Do the Funniest Things 19:00 Live: UEFA Champions League Football 22:25 ITV News and Weather 22:40 UEFA Champions League: Extra Time 23:40 Rugby 00:40 The Zone 02:45 In Plain Sight 03:30 ITV Nightscreen
06:20 Fireman Sam 06:30 Chloe's Closet 06:40 Fluffy Gardens 06:50 Jungle Junction 07:15 Annabel's Kitchen 07:25 Monk 07:35 Kick Buttowski 07:45 Kick Buttowski 08:00 The Avengers: 08:25 May the Best House Win 09:25 Dickinson's Real Deal 10:25 60 Minute Makeover 11:30 This Morning: Sunday 12:30 Dinner Date 13:30 ITV News and Weather 13:40 Honey 15:30 Animals Do the
Funniest Things 16:30 Midsomer Murders 18:00 Regional News and Weather 18:30 London Tonight 18:45 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Coronation Street 19:30 Britain's Got Talent 21:00 Scott & Bailey 22:00 ITV News and Weather 22:15 The Classic BRIT Awards 2011 23:45 The Day John Lennon Died 00:40 The Zone 02:00 Motorsport UK 02:55 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 Dinner Date 10:25 This Morning 11:30 Loose Women 12:30 Midsomer Murders 13:30 ITV News and Weather 13:50 You've Been Framed! 14:20 On Her Majesty's Secret Service 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 Harry Hill's The Best of TV Burp 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Britain's Got Talent 21:00 Coronation Street
21:30 Britain's Got Talent 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:15 Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous 00:20 The Zone 02:20 UEFA Champions League Weekly 02:50 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 Britain's Best Dish 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Britain's Got Talent 21:00 Coronation Street 21:30 Britain's Got Talent
22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Mickey Blue Eyes 00:30 The Zone 02:30 Crossing Jordan 03:15 ITV Nightscreen
06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Vue Film Show 07:00 British GT Championship 07:25 Mobil 1: The Grid 07:55 The Morning Line 08:55 Friends 09:25 Koko Pop 10:00 T4 Movie Special 10:30 Glee 11:30 Friends 12:00 Paralympics 14:00 Live: Channel 4 Racing 15:55 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 16:25 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 17:00 Come Dine with Me:
Extra Portions 17:30 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 18:00 Channel 4 News 18:20 4thought.tv 18:25 Titanic 22:00 The Million Pound Drop 23:20 Dylan Moran: Aim Low 00:25 In America 02:10 Mother of Many 02:15 Slow Joe 02:25 A Family Portrait 02:30 The Tannery 02:35 Paraphernalia 02:50 The Dead Zone 03:35 Hill Street Blues 04:30 Wild Thing: I Love You
06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:05 That Paralympic Show 07:30 Freesports on 4 08:00 Friends 08:30 Friends 09:00 Hollyoaks Omnibus 11:30 Being... N Dubz 12:05 Glee 13:05 The Simpsons 13:40 The Simpsons 14:10 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 14:40 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 15:15 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 15:45 Deal or No Deal 16:45 Channel 4 News
16:55 4thought.tv 17:00 Home Alone 19:00 Come Dine with Me 20:00 The Hotel 21:00 The Curious Case of Benjamin Button 00:10 Equilibrium 02:05 Diagnosis Live from the Clinic 03:00 The Sex Education Show: Am I Normal? 03:55 Civilization: Is the West History?
06:30 The Hoobs 06:55 Freshly Squeezed 07:25 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:50 Frasier 08:20 Frasier 08:50 Friends 09:20 Accidentally on Purpose 09:50 Location, Location, Location 10:50 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 11:55 Jamie at Home 12:20 Clash of the Titans 14:35 Baking Mad with Eric Lanlard 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:05 4thought.tv 19:10 The Italian Job 21:00 Gordon's Great Escape 22:00 Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story 23:55 The Event 00:50 Poker 01:45 24 Hours in A&E 02:40 The Sex Education Show: Am I Normal? 03:35 The Life, Death and Suffer Story 03:40 The Dead Zone
07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:30 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 In Your Dreams 12:15 The Home Show 13:20 Appointment in London 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons
18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Four Rooms 21:00 The Secret Millionaire 22:00 Jamie's Food Revolution Hits Hollywood 23:05 Misfits 00:10 Poker 01:10 Freesports on 4 01:35 Mobil 1: The Grid 02:05 British GT Championship 02:30 KOTV 02:55 FIVB Beach Volleyball 03:50 Catching the Impossible
07:15 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:25 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 07:55 The Little Princess 08:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Gerald McBoing Boing 10:00 Chinese Food in Minutes 10:05 The Gadget Show 11:05 Extreme Fishing with Robson Green
12:05 The Hotel Inspector 13:05 The Staircase Murders 14:50 Last of the Dogmen 17:05 Two Mules for Sister Sara 19:00 npower Test Cricket 19:55 5 News Weekend 20:00 NCIS 21:00 CSI: Miami 22:00 CSI: NY 23:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:55 Rough Guide to Short Breaks 00:10 Scxtra 00:40 Super Casino 03:55 Rough Guide to Islands
07:25 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 07:50 Roobarb and Custard Too 08:00 The Little Princess 08:15 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Gerald McBoing Boing 10:00 Animal Rescue Squad 10:20 McFly on the Wall 10:50 Family Food Fight with Flora 11:20 Eddie Stobart: Trucks
and Trailers 12:20 Three to Tango 14:10 Contact 16:55 Mission to Mars 19:00 npower Test Cricket 19:55 5 News 20:00 The True Story 21:00 Most Shocking Talent Show Moments 23:55 Russell and Katy Get Married 00:55 Super Casino 03:55 Rough Guide to Adventures 04:10 Divine Designs 04:35 Divine Designs
07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 How Do They Do It? 11:30 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 12:25 5 News Lunchtime 12:35 Home and Away 13:05 Neighbours 13:35 Coroner Creek 15:25 Fort Worth
17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:30 Monkey Life 18:55 5 News at 7 19:00 npower Test Cricket 20:00 The Gadget Show 21:00 The Hotel Inspector 22:00 A Few Good Men 00:50 Forensic Files 01:15 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe 04:05 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:30 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:55 Rough Guide to Journeys
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:10 Milkshake Monkey 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Olivia 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 Highland Emergency 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Meals in Moments
15:15 Sub Zero 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Zoo Days 20:00 Supersize Grime 21:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 22:00 CSI: Miami 22:55 CSI: NY 23:55 CSI: NY 00:50 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe 04:05 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:30 Michaela's Wild Challenge
19:00 Pop's Greatest Dance Crazes 20:15 Top Gear 21:15 Live at the Apollo 21:45 Kill Bill: Vol 1 23:30 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:15 American Dad 00:35 American Dad 00:55 Live at the Apollo 01:25 Pop's Greatest Dance
Crazes 01:55 Young, Rich and House Hunting 02:25 Secrets of the Superbrands 03:25 Misbehaving Mums to Be 05:10 SIGN OFF
19:00 Formula 1 Motor Racing 20:00 Doctor Who 20:45 Doctor Who Confidential 21:00 Little Britain 21:30 Ideal 22:00 Family Guy 23:05 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:15 Two Pints of Lager and
a Packet of Crisps 00:45 Ideal 01:15 Young, Rich and House Hunting 01:45 Secrets of the Superbrands 02:45 Misbehaving Mums to Be 03:45 Young, Rich and House Hunting 04:15 Doctor Who
19:00 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 19:10 Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life 21:00 Gavin and Stacey 21:30 Gavin and Stacey 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Bizarre ER 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 Gavin and Stacey 00:45 Bizarre ER
01:15 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 02:45 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 04:15 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 04:45 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 05:15 SIGN OFF
19:00 Total Wipeout 20:00 The World's Strictest Parents 21:00 Secrets of the Superbrands 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:45 Secrets of the
Superbrands 00:45 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 01:15 Misbehaving Mums to Be 02:15 The World's Strictest Parents 03:15 Total Wipeout 04:15 Misbehaving Mums to Be 05:15 SIGN OFF
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
Take a break TARGET PUZZLE
SUDOKU by Papocom Fill in the grid so that every row, every column and every 3 x 3 grid contains the digits 1 through 9. With no repeats, that means that no number is repeated in any row, column or box. Level:
Level:
MEDIUM
HARD
See how many words of four or more letters you can make from the given nine letters. In making a word each letter may be used only once. The key letter must be used in each word.
O GW E D P U R N
L T A U N C T E R
Target
1-7 Poor 8-14 Average 15-21 Good 22-23 Excellent
1-7 Poor 8-14 Average 15-21 Good 22-23 Excellent
The following are not allowed: - Words beginning with a capital letter - Words with a hyphen or apostrophe - Plural words ending in “s” The 9-letter word GUNPOWDER
Across
Down
1. Away to silence cold libation outlets. (3-8) 9. Oil goes into different sciences. (7) 10. Hangs around grinding teeth. (5) 11. Obsolete permission to European. (5) 12. Supple smile so agile. (7) 13. Condition of sharp nails, perhaps? (6) 15. One of the four Beatles with one seen in church cloth. (6) 18. Crash ace bled in terrible defeat. (7) 20. Flexible and fired up male, possibly. (5) 22. Bouquet dispatched with a Conservative. (5) 23. Boat carrying little weight. (7) 24. Description of a movie featuring many well-known actors. (4,7)
2. Maybe one sells whips? (5) 3. Delays stir Leo into action. (7) 4. Board game stronghold. (6) 5. Might antique Arthur like a hot port and lemon juice. (5) 6. Locks contrary to our charm. (7) 7. Solid band recording onto audio laser system. (7,4) 8. Multiple hurrahs at honour celebration. (5,6) 14. Time ban effect on surrounding atmosphere. (7) 16. Apparently reckoned that everyone was moved to the edge. (7) 17. Oh! to have zeal like an enthusiast. (6) 19. React to provide supply. (5) 21. Let slip it is just a legend. (5)
1
4. Burley is which type of crop: Cotton; Wheat; Rice; or Tobacco?
23
1
Down
1. Ballet by Stravinsky (8) 5. (Mineral providing) powder (4) 9. Upper room (5) 10. Pouch accompanying kilt (7) 11. Hard metallic shade (8,4) 13. Women (6) 14. Chess piece (6) 17. Strong safety fencing (5,7) 20. Terpsichorean exercise (7) 21. Opera by Puccini (5) 22. Spanish painter (4) 23. Grill - American football (field) (8)
1. Emblem - iris - wilt (4) 2. Extremely disconcerted (7) 3. Transmission mechanism (used as weapon) (7,5) 4. Holiday destination (6) 6. Traditionally showery month (5) 7. Bits thrown at weddings (8) 8. Focused - made denser (12) 12. Animal representing depression (5,3) 15. (Unskilled) mechanic (7) 16. Hand weapon (6) 18. Vex (5) 19. Precipitation (4)
Quick
22
23
8. Which European leader publicly welcomed a new female MP to parliament by reminding her of a 'rule' called 'jus primae noctis' ('law of the first night' - a medieval right of the Lord of the manor to deflower new brides) ? Silvio Berlusconi; Winston Churchill; Nicolas Sarkozy; or Helmut Kohl? SOLUTION FOR QUIZ
Hard
14. Knight 17. Crash barrier 20. Dancing 21. Tosca 22. Goya 23. Gridiron
1. Firebird 5. Talc 9. Attic 10. Sporran 11. Electric blue 13. Ladies
15. fabric 18. debacle 20. lithe 22. scent 23. lighter 24. star studded
1. off-licences 9. ologies 10. gnash 11. passe 12. lissome 13. clause
Across
1. Flag 2. Rattled 3. Bicycle chain 4. Resort 6. April 7. Confetti 2. flogs 3. loiters 4. castle 5. negus 6. enamour 7. compact disc
Down
SOLUTION FOR SUDOKU
SOLUTION FOR CRYPTIC / QUICK CROSSWORD
5. In the 2004 film biopic Beyond the Sea, Kevin Spacey plays which 1960s singer: Bobby Vee; Frankie Avalon; Bobby Darin; or Fabian? 6. Hypokalaemia is the deficiency of what in the bloodstream: Calcium; Potassium; Oxygen; or Protein?
8 9
1. A 2010 UK survey by the Campaign for Better Transport identified which city as the most car-dependent: London; Milton Keynes; Bristol; or Swindon?
1. Milton Keynes 2. Hephaestus 3. Da Capo 4. Tobacco 5. Bobby Darin 6. Potassium 7. Pennsylvania 8. Silvio Berlusconi
Cryptic
‘MULTIPLE CHOICE’ QUIZ
CROSSWORD
8. Concentrated 12. Black dog 15. Greaser 16. Dagger 18. Annoy 19. Rain 8. three cheers 14. ambient 16. alleged 17. zealot 19. cater 21. title
WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
“THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR VIEWS Send letters to the editor as part of an e-mail text to [email protected]
Tom Cowan In reply to last week’s query from Brenda Patrick. I had a UK disabled drivers permit and continued to use it when I took up permanent residence in Spain, with no problems. When that permit was nearing expiry I obtained an Andalucian permit and have used that when visiting the UK, with no problems. I am sure a permit issued in the EC is valid in all EC countries as long as it is not time-expired. How did I obtain a Andalucian permit? I asked my doctor in Las Lagunas medical centre, Fuengirola who provided me with a requisition for disability assessment and referred me to the social security section in the same centre. The social
by email security section then arranged an appointment for me at Centro de Valoracion y Orientacion, plaza Diego Vazquez, Otero 5, Edificio Torre Almenara, Malaga. I attended the Centro de Valoration bearing, as requested, all relevant documentary evidence of disability and income, together with my Residencia and certificate of Empardronamiento. There, I was subjected to financial and medical examination to determine whether I qualified for financial assistance as well as my degree of disability. The Centro de Valoration later sent me a certificate of degree of disability (35%), valid for 5
years. I then presented that certificate, together with a couple of passport sized photos to the Distrito Sanitario, C La Union near Las Lagunas, Fuengirola and there applied for a disabled drivers permit (Tarjeta De Aparcamiento), which I eventually received valid for 10 years. This all happened over a period of 4 months in 2003 and procedures may have since changed. It was a frustrating, bureaucratic process but worth it as the permit was valid for 10 years and renewal will probably be less painful.Hope this helps, good luck.
Stargazing By Ken Campbell
If you would like to be kept up to date or take part in any of the events then go to www.kencampbell.info
Do you believe in aliens? You wouldn’t believe how many times I get asked that question, so rather than answer with a simple yes or no I always try to throw it back to the asker to let them ponder.
T Alan Grieve I really must take issue with your correspondent, Arthur Webster, (by email, The News, Opinion & Comment, Wednesday, May 11th, 2011), who appears to be lambasting Facebook because of his own limitations. I have been a Facebook user almost since it began. I spend far too much time on Facebook almost every day. I have learned to 'manage' my Facebook account so I don't have to deal with the
Belfast spam which seems to be upsetting your correspondent. To receive these spam messages, he must be accepting or agreeing to receive them, then not bothering to delete said acceptance after satisfying his curiosity to whatever is behind the headline that he so desperately needed to see. It is perfectly easy to click on the 'accept' button, have a wee look at the link, then click on 'my account', and
cancel the acceptance you just agreed to. I think that his rant is very unfair to Facebook and its millions of users. Just because you didn't learn to drive a car, but drove one into a tree, doesn't mean you should bad-mouth the builder of that car. I think Arthur Webster should consider accepting his own mis-management of his Facebook account, and write a retraction of his slur on Facebook.
JK’s COIN
The top inland entertainments venue did not meet its reserve at the recent auction and it’s now business as usual for our customers. However, it is still on the market so if you are interested, offers in the region of €30,000 will be actively considered
cAll DuNcAN
oN 654 396 651 CENTRO DE IDIOMAS COIN
Spanish Courses The best in town!
952 45 07 47 [email protected] www. cslspain.com
he Universe is unimaginably large, in fact it probably goes on for infinity, that is to say it has no ending. It contains billions and billions of galaxies, each galaxy containing billions of stars. It has been said that there are more stars in the Universe than there are grains of sand on every beach and desert in the world. p to now astronomers have discovered 551 planets orbiting around other stars. This may not sound like many but the first one was only discovered in 1995, but now that we have the equipment and also the technique to find them the number is going up almost daily. Conservative estimates put the final figure at over 50 billion planets in our galaxy alone. If you think about multiplying that number throughout the whole of the Universe then the number of planets is…well, astronomical. ut what we need is not just any old planet, the Eureka moment will come when we discover the ‘Goldilocks’ planet, one that is not too hot, not too cold, not too big and not too small, just right to harbour life. n our own solar system there are 8 very different planets with almost 150 moons between them, each moon unique in its own way. One of Jupiter’s moons, Europa, is completely covered in a crust of ice; below the ice is a liquid ocean. NASA intends to send a probe within the next decade to penetrate the ice and search for life in the waters below. Europa currently stands as the most likely candidate to support life. ut what is life? 99% of all species that ever lived on Earth are now extinct, so the word ‘life’ has a variety of meanings. It could be anything from the tiniest bacteria through plants, fish, reptiles, mammals right up to advanced civilisations that we would recognise as ‘life as we know it’. And if we did discover alien life could we communicate with it? We have trouble understanding other humans who live only a few hundred miles
U
B I
B
from us in another country, and apart from yelling a few instructions at the dog to ‘sit’ and ‘stay’ or ‘rollover’ we cannot even communicate with other life forms on our home planet, so being able to communicate with another life from another planet in another solar system seems very difficult indeed. nd this is before we take into account the vast distances involved. The nearest star to us is 4 ½ light years away so a message sent there would take 9 years to return to us. If we had found life on a fairly close star a mere 1000 light years away then if Jesus had sent them a message we would only just be receiving their reply now, and that’s if we remembered to listen out for it! here is an agency called SETI (Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) that has been monitoring the cosmos for the last 50 years looking for that one unique signal that will eventually answer the question ‘are we alone?’ believe there has got to be life out there somewhere, but as for little green men in flying saucers then no; I don’t believe they are coming all this way and not making themselves known to us. That is not to say that they haven’t been here in the past, the Earth has been around for a very long time and there is no reason to think that aliens should appear only now just at the exact time for us to be technically advanced enough to comprehend their visit. hat do you think, is it more disturbing to think that there is alien life or that we truly are all alone on our little blue planet in this massive Universe?
A
Small module (10mm) €7,00 + IVA Full module (40mm) €25,00 + IVA
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CLEANING SERVICES MR MULTI KLEAN - Professional Window Cleaning, marble floor polishing and carpet & upholstery cleaning. Best price and service. (127)p Call Andy on 606590728 ---------------------------------------------CLEANERS Residential and commercial. Established 2006 in Spain. 10 years in UK. 665269966 (0) ---------------------------------------------UPHOLSTERY and steam cleaning, sofas, carpets etc. J A Cleaning (129)p Services 626357955 ---------------------------------------------WINDOW CLEANERS Husband and (126)tnp wife team. 691140427 ---------------------------------------------CLEANING lady offers services in Coin. €7 an hour. Excellent references. (130)p Call 678847146 for more info
restorative & cosmetic dentistry
See our MAIN ADVERT on PAGE 5
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DECORATORS WANT the best? Nº 1 on the coast for painting & decorating. Call Nick at Decor8. All aspects no problem. 678889933/952939561 (140)p www.decor8.es ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy (f ) and it works! Call 952454491
DOMESTIC APPLIANCES WASHING machine repairs, fast, reliable service. All work guaranteed. Also sales from €70. Can deliver. (125)pwp Call Joe 686271836
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INSURANCE HOME INSURANCE - 100% cover for all eventualities. Our policies include: Subsidence, Landslip and Heave. Accidental damage to both buildings and contents. Worldwide All Risks on your personal possessions (including jevellery). Cash inside and outside your home and much more. We can also arrange insurance for: Motor - Travel - Health - Business - Liability. PRESTIGE INSURANCE CONSULTANTS Tel/Fax: 952453873 Mob. 667982418 www.prestige-insurance.com (129)p
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WEDNESDAY, May 25th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
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Spanish racing cyclist dies in accident Movistar team rider Xavier Tondo has been killed in a freak accident at a ski resort in southern Spain. The 32-year-old Spaniard was crushed between his car and a garage door as he prepared to set off for training, local police said. Tondo finished sixth in the Vuelta a Espana in 2010 and won the Vuelta a Castilla y Leon in April."He was an incredible person who loved this sport more than anyone," said Tour de France champion Alberto Contador.
Vettel steals the show in Barcelona
New circuit opens for business
But it was home favourite Fernando Alonso setting the track alight early on crucial moves in traffic on his out-lap after the first stop to stay close to Alonso – dived in to make his second stop one lap sooner than Alonso and was able to get ahead and into the lead.
The Blyton Park Driving Centre is now officially open following a successful launch attended by 75 invited guests and hosted by the entrepreneur and enthusiast behind it, Richard Usher. The open day saw a wide range of cars take to the pristine new 1.5-mile asphalt circuit, which garnered much praise for its challenging yet safe nature.
The second round of stops would also prove to be the turning point of the race for Hamilton, who had got ahead of Webber in the first round of stops to lie third, but staying out on track a number of laps longer before making his second stop, the Briton got ahead of Alonso and then set about chasing down Vettel for the remainder of the race. Hamilton closed on Vettel as the race wore on but despite the fact that Vettel was only able to use his KERS intermittently, the McLaren was unable to find a way through. More than once, Hamilton found himself close enough to utilise his DRS on the startfinish straight, but Vettel wasn't to be beaten on this day, finding more speed in the middle sector to just keep Hamilton at bay and frustrated. Hamilton's McLaren team-mate Jenson Button took a brilliant third place and podium spot but only after a disastrous start to the race, where he was out of shape at the first corner and
Mijas bowls news Recently the members of Mijas Bowl’s club went to visit Posada Bowls club. It is a new Bowls club in Alameda, situated not far from Antequera off the A45. The club is part of a lovely complex and has a good bowling green. We played on five rinks in perfect weather. The members made us all feel very welcome, and we enjoyed an excellent match with Mijas winning four of the five games. We then had a lovely
lunch provided by the ladies of Posada bowls, and we look forward to seeing them in the future to return their generosity. It’s nearly summer and from the beginning of June we change to evening bowling and have our barbeque after the game on Thursdays. Anyone who wants to come and join us for a game will be made welcome. We have a full calendar during the summer and social events every
month. The summer championships’ are at our club this year from September 17th to 26th. The Ball and Chain competition is from October 3rd to 6th. We hope to get a good response to both competitions. For information contact the club on 952 466 038 or the captain on 951 449 552 or visit web site www.mijasbowls.org Report by Sheila Graveling
slipped down to tenth by the end of the opening lap. A decision to run a three-stop strategy compared to the four stops favoured by the cars around him, proved to be key to Button making up places as he found himself on the quicker option (soft) tyres mid-way through the race while others had swapped to the harder prime tyres. Storming through to overtake both Alonso and Webber on one lap, Button then enjoyed an untroubled run to the finish as Webber was unable to respond – leaving the pole-sitter nearly 50 seconds behind the winner in fourth.
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“I am overwhelmed by the unanimously positive response to what we have done with Blyton,’ said a delighted Usher, who has so far invested around half a million pounds rejuvenating the facility near Gainsborough in Lincolnshire. “I built the track so that people could come here and enjoy their cars, a pastime that’s increasingly difficult on our roads.” The day saw everything from Autograss buggies to rally cars to road cars to a
Lola Formula One car lapping the newly laid track. The fine selection of historic rally cars included original Escorts, Mick Strafford’s unique Chevy-powered Firenza and Steve Perez’s lurid and loud Lancia Stratos. Phil Morrison of Driftworks explored the outer reaches of the asphalt in his Nissan Silvia S15, and Callum Macleod wowed the crowd when he demonstrated David Harrison’s DFVpowered Larousse Lola SC88. The former Second World War US bomber base has been used for various forms of motorsport for around 50 years and the local Grass Track racing club still occupies a part of the site. It’s hoped that the new asphalt track, designed by ex-touring car ace Eugene O’Brian and journalist John Barker, will be sanctioned for Sprint meetings. The track is now open for bookings for track days and general testing.
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From lights out Ferrari's Fernando Alonso gave his adoring Spanish fans reason to cheer as he tore into the lead on the run to turn one, diving down the inside of both Mark Webber and Vettel into the first corner as the Red Bull pair fought for position. Leading by 0.7secs at the end of the opening lap, Alonso was able to keep his advantage over the Red Bull pair to the second round of pitstops. However, Vettel – who had made a series of
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Test match at the Oval Poulter stays cool on On a perfect day at the stunning Cartama Oval the 22 players, the Costa to take title all graduates of the publicised Open Days, formed two teams for a competitive but friendly game of 30 over cricket. The teams ranged in age from 18 to Bus Pass and included no less than 5 different nationalities and a couple of Yorkshiremen thrown in! Team A, skippered by Phil Nuttall, won the toss and elected to bat. Phil’s team amassed a total of 160/6 in their allotted overs with Tony Crooks contributing 29 of those, Phil Nuttall a solid 26, with healthy support from Craig Cooke(14) and Nick Helme 14 not out.However to prove that there is a lot of improvement to be made the top score was provided by Extras! Far too many. Team B, skippered by Peter Winter, started their innings with a flurry - Tom Tobin(37) and Rayeez(47) putting on a stand of 70 in 12 overs before Tom hollowed out at long on. Although there were further contributions by Peter Winter (21)run out by an over eager Tim Meal(14) Team B couldn't keep up the required run rate, finishing on 150/8. Match of the day highlights
were Phil Flaxman's super wicket keeping, Paul Rogers two wickets in two balls, Deryck Foster with a wicket and a catch, Ray Fry's mobility in the field, Les Warr's first appearance, Stuart Hilton's near beheading, Chris Litchfield’s amazing one handed catch, Deano with his tight bowling, Charley Hepburn with his one wicket and Golden Duck, Gazza Crouch proving on two occasions in the same over that a human being is no contest for the hardness of a cricket ball at speed, Tom Pelham and Rafael Aranda for their cat like performances in the field. A big thank you to Mick
Button and David (hope you made it home in time for the Rugby) McLeary for umpiring and David Cooper for once again providing such fabulous facilities. Details of the next games to be published shortly. If you are interested in joining in the fun at the Oval,either by playing, spectating, scoring, umpiring, sponsoring (match ball sponsors starting from 25€)then please call Tim Meal on 662 233 302 or email [email protected] everybody welcome! Report by Tim Meal
Luke Donald missed out on becoming world number one after losing to Ian Poulter at the Volvo World Match Play Championship final at Finca Cortesin in Casares, Spain. Poulter, 35, rode his luck throughout the event, frequently coming from behind to stay in contention before disposing of a weary Donald by 2&1 to collect the winners cheque for €800,000. Both finalists are renowned matchplay exponents with Poulter the WGC Accenture World Champion in 2010, and Donald the reigning champion of that event. However, taking more than three hours and 50 minutes for the 17 holes, the final was a scrappy affair. The turning point in the match came when Poulter holed a mammoth 50-foot putt for a birdie on the 12th green to level. He then went on to recover from a fairway bunker to less than a metre to go ahead at the 14th before Donald missed an easy opportunity to level proceedings by threeputting from 20 feet at the next. Poulter accepted the
Essex’s Graham Napier
The 31-year-old hit an astonishing 196 off 130 balls on his return to the first-class game after an 11-month absence due to a careerthreatening back fracture. Symonds had achieved the feat while playing for Gloucestershire against Glamorgan in 1995. "It's an honour (to hold the record) and a good bat helps.
I had an idea I was close to the world record for hitting sixes when I saw the figures at lunch time. I knew it was just around the corner," Napier, was quoted as saying. "I probably don't have the restrictions some batsmen do, that when they hit a boundary they look for a one - I tend to look for two or three more," he added. All-rounder Napier, who also holds the record for sixes in a Twenty20 innings, was last man out for Essex after also sharing a ninthwicket stand of 190 with Chris Wright, who contributed 34. He fell short of claiming the outright record when he skied an attempted pull off Stuart Meaker and was caught by home wicketkeeper Steve Davies.
Napier's knock prompted Essex coach Paul Grayson to declare: "That was just unbelievable."
staged a great fight back in the morning’s semi-final to beat Italian Francesco Molinari at the 19th while Donald, who picked up €377,770 for finishing second, had ousted
"I played 108 holes to win this title and it’s always wearing playing the best players in the world", said Poulter, who moves up to 15th in the world rankings.
Germany’s Martin Kaymer.
"This is a great boost after a slightly frustrating season and also as it has come on my son Luke’s seventh birthday." Poulter had set up by Maresca. Malaga should have been 2 up after Coin’s own Juanmi was put through, only to be denied by Pinto. Just before half time Eliseu was harshly adjudged to have bought down Barca’s Bojan, and he duly stepped up to equalise.
Sixes record matched by Essex all-rounder Graham Napier Essex all-rounder Graham Napier has equalled Australian batsman Andrew Symonds' record of 16 sixes in a first-class innings in his team's county championship match against Surrey.
let-off by again knocking his approach shot to the 16th to within gimme range and made sure of taking the title and prize, with a nine-footer for a half and the match at the short 17th.
In the second half Barca's team of youngsters grew in confidence, and Afellay was a constant threat. The Holland international has been limited to bit-part appearances in his Barca career so far, but he impressed as a starter in this match and scored his first goal for the Catalan club -
Malaga just miss out on a top ten finish Malaga 1- 3 Barcelona Another big crowd was at La Rosaleda for the visit of the league Champions. But those who had paid the high ticket price would have been disappointed as Barcelona played virtually a 2nd XI with the Champions League final against Premier league champions Man Utd in
mind. Malaga began well dominating the early play, but it was Jeffren of Barca who forced Caballero to make the first decent save on 21 minutes. It was however no surprise to see Malaga go one up on 31 minutes, Seba slotting home after a great
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However, Donald couldn’t maintain his early form and remains second in the world rankings behind compatriot Lee Westwood. "I just ran out of steam and gave Ian too many opportunities", he said.
and a fine one - with 15 minutes left on the clock. Batra scored a free header from a corner in the 84th minute to flatter Barcelona with their 3-1 victory. Arnau came on for Caballero in goal for his last game for Malaga playing the last 5 minutes. Players at the end took the plaudits from fans who had stuck with the club all season through thick and thin. Malaga with their strong finish to the season finishing in 11th place and plenty to build on for next season. Report by Scott Forbes
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Hampshire 'tiger sighting' alarm A stuffed toy animal led to a large-scale police operation in Hampshire and stopped play at the Rose Bowl cricket ground. The alarm was first raised by a concerned member of the public who believed there was an escaped white tiger hiding in a field near Hedge End. Officers were sent to the scene along with a helicopter and thermal imaging cameras, at about 1600 BST on Saturday. When no body heat was detected police moved in and found a cuddly toy tiger.
Sporting Steve SPOTLIGHT McManus GOLF Andy Murray joins Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer in the second round Memorial Davis earns British Murray brushed off being surface at Futures and the same half of the draw as straightforward. Benavista Open place introduced to the crowd as Challenger level. The proud defending champion and 'l'Anglais' before making his Scot was too strong for world No 1 Rafael Nadal, England's Brian Davis Djokovic had one of the way into the second round Prodon, winning 6-4, 6-1, 6- meaning they could meet in more booked his place in the straightforward Bowls Club of the French Open. Open at Royal St George's 3 on Court Suzanne Lenglen. the semi-finals, but his initial victories of his six-month
Murray eases through first round
Murray, seeded fourth, is in
path
looks
relatively
The world No 4 rarely looked at ease with either himself or his game and his serve was broken in both the first and third sets, but in the end Murray simply had too much quality for his unheralded opponent.
unbeaten run as he saw off Thiemo de Bakker in the opening round. The Serbian, who turned 24 on Sunday, needed just one hour and 32 minutes to defeat Dutchman De Bakker 6-2 61 6-3 and extend his winning streak to 40 matches.
Prodon has won only one match on the ATP World Tour in his entire career but he has no shortage of experience on clay and has 21 titles to his name on the
Third seed Roger Federer followed Djokovic onto the stadium court and was similarly impressive as he swept past Spain's Feliciano Lopez 6-3 6-4 7-6 (7-3).
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Family and friends turned out in force for the recent Steve McManus Memorial. Later Jan McManus said: “I can't thank you all enough for turning out and making it such a wonderful day for me, Steve's family and my friend, Avril. We went on to have a great night at Alan's Chinese which rounded everything off brilliantly.”
after winning the US qualifying tournament at Gleneagles Country Club, Texas. Davis shot a 64 to secure one of eight available positions from the event, which was reduced from 36 holes to 18 because of heavy rain and lightning. Others to qualify for the major, which takes place in July, include Americans Chad Campbell and Davis Love III. Spain's Sergio Garcia withdrew with an infected finger.
ATHLETICS
One million bid for 2012 hot tickets London 2012 organisers have received more than one million requests for tickets for the Olympic men's 100 metres final. The session, at the Olympic Stadium on August 5th next year, is one of the most sought after of the London Games. Some 40,000 seats are available after the stadium capacity was halved through sponsors, VIPs and the media. Applicants will find out by June 24th whether they have got any of the 6.6 million Olympics tickets available.
FOOTBALL
Man Utd win FA youth trophy for record 10th time Manchester United became the first club to lift the FA Youth Cup 10 times after beating Sheffield United 4-1 to seal a 6-3 final win on aggregate. It came a day after their senior side collected the league trophy for a record 19th time. Sir Alex Ferguson was in the stands to witness the historic triumph against a talented group of young Blades players.
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| i don't know |
What colour is the pigment lycopene? | Lycopene and Human Health
LYCOPENE AND HUMAN HEALTH
Friday, January 20th 2017
What is Lycopene ?
Lycopene is a carotenoid pigment, found in tomatoes and other red fruits, like watermelon, papaya, pink grapefruit and pink guava. Its name is derived from the tomato’s species classification, Solanum lycopersicum.
Lycopene, similar to other carotenoids, is a natural fat-soluble pigment (red, in the case of lycopene) which is synthesized by some plants and micro-organisms but not by animals, where it serves as an accessory light-gathering pigment and to protect these organisms against the toxic effects of oxygen and light.
Carotenoids are the principal pigments responsible for the colors of vegetables and fruits: these include ß-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene which is responsible for the red color of red tomatoes and other fruits it is found in. Its colour is due to its many conjugated carbon double bonds: each double bond reduces the energy required for electrons to transition to higher energy states, allowing the molecule to absorb visible lengths of progressively longer wavelengths. Lycopene absorbs most of the visible spectrum, so it appears red.
Lycopene is an acyclic isomer of ß -carotene. It is a 40 carbon atom, open chain polyisoprenoid with 11 conjugated double bonds. Its molecular formula is C40H56. The structural formula of lycopene is represented in the diagram above.
(All-E)-lycopene is the predominant geometric isomer found in plants. (Z)-isomers of lycopene are also found in nature, including (5Z)-, (9Z)-, (13Z)- and (15Z)- isomers. Lycopene found in human plasma is a mixture of approximately 50% (Z)-lycopene and 50% (all-E)-lycopene. Lycopene in processed foods, is mainly in the form of (all-E)-lycopene.
Lycopene is the most common carotenoid in the human body and is one of the most potent carotenoid antioxidants. Lycopene is easily absorbed by the organism and is naturally present in human plasma and tissues in higher concentrations than the other carotenoids. Its level is affected by several biological and lifestyle factors. Because of its lipophilic nature, lycopene concentrates in low-density and very-low-density lipoprotein fractions of the serum. Lycopene is also found to concentrate in the adrenal, liver, testes, and prostate. However, unlike other carotenoids, lycopene levels in serum or tissues do not correlate well with overall intake of fruits and vegetables.
| Red |
What class of creature is a scorpion? | What is Lycopene? / Nutrition / Healthy Eating
Healthy Eating
Lycopene is a carotenoid and phytonutrient found in red fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, pink grapefruits, watermelons and papayas. It is the compound that is responsible for the red color in these foods. Numerous studies have shown that ingesting lycopene-rich foods can result in positive health benefits.
Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant that can help protect against degenerative diseases. It does this by neutralizing free radicals in the body. Lycopene may help prevent DNA damage in the cells and help the cells to function better. High levels of lycopene, in the blood and fatty tissues, correlate with reduced risk of cancer, heart disease and macular degeneration. The human body cannot produce lycopene so it must be obtained from food sources.
Health Benefits
A study on heart disease found that men with high levels of lycopene in their fatty tissues had a 50 percent reduced risk of heart disease.
Another study found that men who ate tomato products more than twice per week had a 21 to 34 percent reduced risk of prostate cancer. Those who ate 10 servings or more per week decreased their risk by 45 percent.
Women with high levels of lycopene have a 5 times lower rate of cervical cancer than those with the lowest levels.
Lycopene has also been shown to have a protective effect against stomach, colon, lung and skin cancers. It reduces the risk of arteriosclerosis by inhibiting platelet aggregation and reducing inflammation and helps to protect the skin from damage resulting from UV sun exposure. It is a common ingredient in anti-aging creams and lotions. Lycopene degrades easily so it's important to keep the conainer properly sealed between uses.
One study found that when people ingest tomato products on a daily basis, they show a 30 percent increase of the ability of their skin to withstand UV radiation damage from sun exposure.
Best Sources of Lycopene
Most people get the majority of lycopene in their diet from tomato products. Processed tomato products have higher levels of lycopene than raw tomatoes. This is because the cooking process breaks down the cell walls of the tomato which makes the lycopene more available. As an example, one ripe tomato contains 3.7 milligrams of lycopene, where as one cup of tomato soup contains almost 25 milligrams of lycopene. Eating tomato products with oil helps the lycopene to be more readily absorbed by the body. Topping a tomato salad with a little olive oil will dramatically increase the body's ability to absorb and utilize the lycopene.
Lycopene can also be obtained in supplement form. It's usually sold as tablets or capsules. Sometimes other nutrients are added to the formula for additional antioxidant benefits. Maximum dose limits haven't been established. Though, there are no reported incidences of toxicity from taking too much lycopene.
Caution
Antioxidant supplements like lycopene may interfere with radiation and chemotherapy treatments. Though, food sources are thought to be safe.
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In which English county is Chilham Castle? | Pictures of Chilham
Pictures of Chilham
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Here you will find an attractive collection of Tudor black and white half-timbered houses assembled around a central village square. The impressive gates to Chilham Castle stand in the square, and peeping between the houses at the northern end of the square, is the clock-face tower of the Church of St. Mary. It is the most atmospheric square, and it is therefore unsurprising to learn it was featured in the film 'The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders' in around 1965.
Another historic aspect of the village is that it is said to be the last resting place of one of Julius Caesar's men. Julliberrie, was a captain in Caesar's army, he is said to be buried in a long barrow to the south of the village in the Valley of the Stour. The barrow is 150 foot long, is also supposed to be the spot where the Ancient Britons drove back the Roman army.
The romantic Jacobean mansion known as Chilham Castle was built for Sir Dudley Diggs, Master of the Rolls for James I, in 1616. It was designed by Inigo Jones, and the gardens were laid out by Capability Brown in 1777. In the grounds of the mansion you can see the original Norman Keep and Curtain walls of the earlier 12th-century castle.
Leaving behind the historic nature of Chilham, in recent times, certainly until well into the mid-nineties, it was the home of the British Jousting Association of Great Britain. It was a superb venue for lively events featuring knights in armour, in pitched battle for my ladies favour. Now all this is gone, the castle has been sold into private ownership to become an equestrian centre with a cross country course.
The parish Church of St.Mary dates from the 15th-century and is built of flint. It has an outstanding nave and chancel, decorative windows and a magnificent font supported by five columns. There is a white marble monument by the sculptor Sir Francis Chantry (1781-1841), who left his fortune to found a famous art collection. In the quiet churchyard you can see a lofty War Memorial and tombs and graves from past centuries.
Chilham is a place of extraordinary serenity, it is both picturesque and pleasant, a lovely place to spend a perfectly peaceful day or a quiet, romantic weekend.
Planning a visit to Chilham?
Please support the Pictures of England website by booking your Chilham hotels & accommodation through this site.
a Historic City in the county of Kent
(5.5 miles, 8.8 km, direction NE of Chilham)
Canterbury is an exquisite joyous place, it is submerged in history and is considered to be the birthplace of English Christianity. It glows with an abundance of charm, mostly.....
a Historic Market Town in the county of Kent
(6.1 miles, 9.8 km, direction NW of Chilham)
There is record of settlements in the area in pre-historic times, it is known that the Romans and the Anglo-Saxons both established villages...
in the county of Kent
(10.8 miles, 17.4 km, direction N of Chilham)
This is a busy Kentish coastal holiday resort which has sandy beaches and safe shallow waters, thus the beach is ideal for sunbathing and to swim from...
in the county of Kent
(12.8 miles, 20.6 km, direction SE of Chilham)
This delightful seaside resort is one of the five original Cinque Ports, it can trace its noble history all the way back to AD732 when it was granted a charter by the Saxon King Ethelred...
in the county of Kent
(16.2 miles, 26.0 km, direction NW of Chilham)
This is the port to which Nelson's body was brought home following his untimely death after his glorious victory at the Battle of Trafalgar...
Canterbury Royal Museum & Art Gallery (2 Pictures)
(5.5 miles, 8.8 km, direction NE)
The Canterbury Royal Museum is housed in a magnificent Victorian building of russet brick and impressive black and white timber.....
(5.6 miles, 9.0 km, direction NE)
..
Canterbury Cathedral (159 Pictures)
(5.6 miles, 9.0 km, direction NE)
This magnificent cathedral has been a place of pilgrimage for hundreds of years. It was the scene of Thomas a' Becket's murder.....
(11.4 miles, 18.3 km, direction E)
..
(12.4 miles, 20.0 km, direction NW)
..
Reculver Towers & Roman Fort (11 Pictures)
(13.5 miles, 21.7 km, direction NE)
Standing sheer on a dramatic headland the twin towered west front of the 12th-century Church of St. Mary at Reculver is the.....
Leeds Castle (305 Pictures)
(14.7 miles, 23.6 km, direction W)
Listed in the Domesday Book, this castle has been a Norman stronghold, a royal residence for six of England's medieval queens, a.....
| Kent |
In which year was the Metropolitan Police Service established in London? | Chilham Map | United Kingdom Google Satellite Maps
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Madrilene is what type of food dish? | A Recipe for Madrilene Stew / Cocido Madrile
Yield: Six servings
Preparation
Soak the garbanzo beans in a large pot of cold water for 12 hours. (Garbanzo beans are much harder than other types of beans, such as pintos.) Be sure that the water covers the garbanzo beans entirely, so that they soften.
In a large pot with 13 cups of water, put the beef, ham bone , pig's foot, bacon, and ham. Bring water to a boil and skim any fat, etc. off the top. Add the half chicken, garbanzo beans, carrot, turnip, and onion. Simmer for 2 1/2 hours.
Peel and wash the potatoes. Cut in half and add to the pot after two hours. Add salt to taste. Check pot often and add additional water if too much evaporates.
Chop the cabbage into eighths. Remove 2 cups of broth from the stew and put into a large stock pot. Place the cabbage in the pot with 2 cups broth and 2 cups water and boil with the sausages until cabbage is soft.
Take as much stock from the pot of meat as you need and mix it with an equal amount of stock from the cabbage. Bring to a boil. Break angel hair pasta pieces in quarters. Add pasta to pot and cook until al dente .
This delicious cocoa madrilene is served from two dishes. Serve up the pasta with broth in soup bowls as a first course.
In a deep open serving dish, arrange garbanzo beans (well-drained) on one side, then on the other side place beef, cabbage and sausages cut in half.
Let everyone mix the ingredients and enjoy!
This madrilene stew recipe makes six servings of noodle soup, and then six servings of meats and garbanzo beans.
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| Soup |
Petrography is the study of what? | Top 10 foods to try in Mexico | BBC Good Food
Top 10 foods to try in Mexico
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Visiting Mexico? Keep an eye out for these traditional dishes to get a real taste of the country's finest cuisine.
Mexico has long been among the world’s most popular holidays destinations attracting sun seekers and food lovers alike. If you’re lucky enough to be planning a trip make sure you sample the best tastes and flavours the country has to offer with our round up of the top 10 dishes to try while you’re there.
Don’t leave Mexico without trying…
Chilaquiles
This popular traditional breakfast dish features lightly fried corn tortillas cut into quarters and topped with green or red salsa (the red is slightly spicier). Scrambled or fried eggs and pulled chicken are usually added on top, as well as cheese and cream. Chilaquiles are often served with a healthy dose of frijoles (refried beans).
Try making your own chilaquiles
Pozole
According to anthropologists, this pre-Hispanic soup was once once used as part of ritual sacrifices. These days chicken, pork and vegetarian pozole versions are readily available in more everyday surroundings. Made from hominy corn with plenty of herbs and spices, the dish is traditionally stewed for hours, often overnight. Once ready to serve, lettuce, radish, onion, lime and chilli are sprinkled on top.
Tacos al pastor
This historic dish is one of the most popular varieties of tacos, with origins dating back to the 1920s and 30s and the arrival of Lebanese and Syrian immigrants to Mexico. To create tacos al pastor (meaning ‘in the style of the shepherd’), thin strips of pork are sliced off a spit, placed on a corn tortilla and served with onions, coriander leaves and pineapple.
Tostadas
What should you do with stale tortillas? Why, fry them of course! Literally meaning toasted, tostadas are a simple but delicious dish involving corn tortillas fried in boiling oil until they become crunchy and golden. These are then served alone or piled high with any number of garnishes. Popular toppings include frijoles (refried beans), cheese, cooked meat, seafood and ceviche.
Try making your own tostadas
Chiles en nogada
Boasting the three colours of the Mexican flag, chiles en nogada is one of Mexico’s most patriotic dishes. Poblano chillies filled with picadillo (a mixture of chopped meat, fruits and spices) represent the green on the flag, the walnut-based cream sauce is the white and pomegranate seeds the red. Originating from Puebla, history tells that the dish was first served to Don Agustin de Iturbide, liberator and subsequent Emperor of Mexico.
Elote
You’ll find someone selling elote, the Mexican name for corn on the cob, on nearly every city street corner in Mexico. The corn is traditionally boiled and served either on a stick (to be eaten like an ice-cream) or in cups, the kernels having been cut off the cob. Salt, chilli powder, lime, butter, cheese mayonnaise and sour cream are then added in abundance.
Try making your own elote
Enchiladas
Enchiladas date back to Mayan times when people in the Valley of Mexico would eat corn tortillas wrapped around small fish. These days both corn and flour tortillas are used and are filled with meat, cheese, seafood, beans, vegetables or all of the above. The stuffed tortillas are then covered in a chilli sauce making for a perfect Mexican breakfast.
Try making your own enchiladas
Mole
Three states claim to be the original home of mole (pronounced ‘mol-eh’), a rich sauce popular in Mexican cooking. There are myriad types of mole but all contain around 20 or so ingredients, including one or more varieties of chilli peppers, and all require constant stirring over a long period of time. Perhaps the best-known mole is mole poblano, a rusty red sauce typically served over turkey or chicken.
Try making your own mole
Guacamole
Guacamole is undoubtedly one of Mexico’s most popular dishes but few know that this traditional sauce dates back to the time of the Aztecs. Made from mashed up avocadoes, onions, tomatoes, lemon juice and chilli peppers (and sometimes a clove or two of garlic), guacamole is often eaten with tortilla chips or used as a side dish.
Try making your own guacamole
Tamales
Tamales were first developed for the Aztec, Mayan and Inca tribes who needed nourishing food on the go to take into battle. Pockets of corn dough are stuffed with either a sweet or savoury filling, wrapped in banana leaves or cornhusks and steamed. Fillings vary from meats and cheeses to fruits, vegetables, chillies and mole. Remember to discard the wrapping before eating!
Try making your own tamales
Are you a fan of Mexican cuisine ? Do you agree with our selection or have we missed your favourite? Share your must-try dishes below…
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What is a bump on a ski slope called which is formed by skiers turning? | 8 Alpine skiing terms | OxfordWords blog
Home > 8 Alpine skiing terms
8 Alpine skiing terms
Are you an avid schussboomer? Whether you get your thrills from whizzing down a snowy mountain on a pair of skis or your favorite part of skiing is sipping hot chocolate in the ski lodge, here are a few words you need to know to understand Alpine skiing during these Winter Olympics.
Alpine skiing is one of two categories of competitive skiing (the other is Nordic skiing ) defined as “downhill or straight racing, and slalom racing round a series of markers.” It was first included in the Winter Olympics program in 1936, when the combined event was held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Currently there are five events in the category of Alpine skiing, and here is a list of words you’ll need to understand them:
1. stem
v. Slide the tail of one ski or both skis outwards in order to turn or slow down.
The word stem comes from the German stemmen meaning to lift or brace.
2. snowplow turn/snowplough turn
n. An act of turning the points of one’s skis inwards in order to slow down or turn.
The snowplow turn is the most basic form of stemming, and is taught to beginner skiers.
3. stem christie
n. A turn made by stemming with the upper ski and then lifting the other one parallel to it for most of the turn.
The stem christie (previously called a stem Christiania) was named after Kristiania, a former name of Oslo.
4. carve
v. Make (a turn) by tilting one’s skis on to their edges and using one’s weight to bend them so that they slide in an arc.
Carving typically involves making a series of Cs, or half circles.
5. fall line
n. The route leading straight down any particular part of a slope
A skier is said to be “skiing the fall line” if they are skiing a line with their skis pointing straight and down, rather than traversing the slope.
6. mogul
n. A bump on a ski slope formed by skiers turning.
A skier will keep as close to the fall line as possible when skiing over moguls to minimize the time it takes to get through the course.
7. slalom
n. A ski race down a winding course marked out by poles.
The Norwegian word slalåm means “sloping track,” which is where we get the English word “slalom.”
8. Schuss
n. A straight downhill run on skis.
The term “ schuss ” literally means “shot” in German, and the word “schussboomer” is found in the Oxford English Dictionary to mean “a fast downhill skier”.
The opinions and other information contained in OxfordWords blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of Oxford University Press.
Author
Julia Callaway works in Social Media at Oxford University Press
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| Mogul |
The Watergate Complex is in which area of Washington DC? | Understand Skiers' Slang
Understand Skiers' Slang
Abattoir -
Mogul Mick's signature freestyle move, where he catches big air off a roll and lands upon a six-pack of stupid snowboarders, sitting on their padded posteriors right in the middle of the run.
Abstem -
Wedging out the tail of the downhill ski.
ACL -
Acronym for Anterior Cruciate Ligament, the tearing of which produces skiers' worst knee injury.
Acro -
Acrobatic skiing, linking jumps, flips and spins.
Air (as in Catching Air) -
Jumping off the snow.
Airplane Turn -
Turning the skis in mid-air, to engage a new set of edges upon landing a jump.
Alpine Skiing -
The resort-based, sit and ride up, stand and slide down paradigm.
Apres Ski -
The night-life of a ski area, preferred by some to slope-side activities.
ASS -
Acronym for Abominable Snow Slider; anyone on the slopes who is wearing a really stupid-looking hat in order to get attention.
AT -
Acronym for Alpine Touring, using free-heel safety bindings that lock down after climbing, along with downhill-style skis; backcountry skiing combing Nordic and Alpine functions.
ATS -
Acronym for the American Teaching System; also known as "Always Teach Steering."
Avie -
Acronym for Big Air, Flat Landing, which may result in compression fractures of the vertebrae.
Balance -
The fundamental skill of skiing, also known as a sequence of linked recoveries.
Biff -
To bump the snow with your body, as in a brief uphill fall and quick recovery.
Big Air -
Leaving the ground for at least a couple of seconds of hang-time.
Boilerplate (Bulletproof) -
Hard, dense, unedgeable ice, often created by a mid-winter thaw or rain.
Bomb Hole -
Impression in the snow produced by landing big air.
Bombing (Booming, Schuss-booming) -
Recklessly going straight down hill at high speed. The record for speed skiing is 150 mph.
Bonk -
To bounce off an object. (Caution: this word is also Brit-speak for "shag")
Bono -
Skiing full-speed into a tree.
Bowl -
Steep, wide run, usually higher on both sides.
Bros -
Our fellow rippers and shredders who are just out for fun, rather than doing big hucks for big bucks like some of the Pros.
Bumps (Moguls) -
Series of small hills and troughs made by skiers repeatedly turning in the same place.
Bunny (Snow Bunny) -
Novice female skier, usually more interested in posing than in skiing.
Bunny Hill -
Falling upon one's posterior, which is (almost) always good for a laugh.
Camber -
The natural longitudinal curve of an unweighted ski's base, which gives it rebound out of turns.
Cap Ski -
Monocoque ski construction, without a separate sidewall.
Carvaholic -
Skier or snowboarder addicted to the sensation of carving.
Carving -
Turning with the dug-in edge of a ski or snowboard, producing a crisp, clean arc without significant skidding or side-slipping.
Champagne Powder -
Very dry snow, which is so light that it can't be made into a snowball.
Chatter -
Vibrations produced by a ski not holding its edge on ice or hardpack.
Checking -
Briefly setting an edge to reduce speed.
Chinese Downhill (Geschmozzle) -
Race where everyone starts together.
Chocolate Chips -
A cluster of rocks poking out of the snow.
Chowder -
Shallow, closely-spaced parallel grooves in the snow made by grooming machines.
Core Shot -
An impact causing severe damage to a ski's base, exposing its core.
Corn -
A type of spring snow that forms into small, light pellets.
Cornice -
Overhanging ridge of windblown snow or ice.
Coulie (Couloir) -
A narrow chute with rock walls on both sides.
Crud -
Wet, heavy, clumpy, cut-up, mashed-potato-like snow, in which turning is difficult.
Cruising -
Making big turns at high speed.
Crust -
Frozen surface covering loose snow.
Daffy -
Aerial with one ski forward, the other aft.
Damp -
Ability of a ski to dampen or absorb vibrations.
Death Cookies -
Firm or frozen clumps of snow, usually the result of incompetent snow-making.
Deeps -
Deep powder conditions, requiring a powder cord or leash on your skis.
Disco Sticks -
Short slalom and twin-tip skis, capable of very short radius turns.
Eagle (Spread Eagle) -
Aerial with arms and legs spread apart.
Ego Snow -
Machine-groomed packed powder, which holds an edge without much skill or effort.
Expert -
Someone with the ability to ski under control in any terrain or snow condition.
Extreme -
Ski conditions or tactics that put your life in danger.
Face-Plant -
Falling on your face, which is rarely a funny situation.
Face Shot -
Skiing fast in deep powder, causing it to fly up into your face.
Fakie (Going Fakie) -
Skiing, snowboarding or skiboarding backwards.
Fall-Line -
Path taken by a large ball rolling down a slope.
Fatty (Fat Ski) -
A very wide ski designed for powder conditions.
Fib -
Glib attempt to excuse a fall, by saying, "I caught an edge," or "I lost an edge."
Figure 11 (Schuss) -
Running straight down hill, with skis parallel.
FIS -
Acronym for Federation Internationale de Ski, which regulates World Cup ski competition.
Freecarving (Funcarving, Supercarving) -
Laying down slow-speed trenches on hypercarvers without using poles.
Freerider -
One who prefers to ski off-piste steeps, jab through the trees and huck powder bumps.
Freeride Skis (Riders) -
Mid-fat, all-terrain skis that excel in the steep and deep.
Free Skiing -
Non-competitive, non-task-oriented skiing, done for adventure, enjoyment, exploration and/or self-expression.
Freestyle -
Aerials off a ramp or tricks on a timed mogul run, these are the only events at which the U.S. Olympic Ski Team excels.
Freshies -
"V"-shaped climbing step; duck-walking uphill.
Hinge -
Falling downhill with great force.
Hip Check -
Smearing one's butt on the snow while turning in steep powder, in order to scrub off speed.
Hit -
Take-off point of a terrain feature, from which one can catch air.
Hoho -
Handstand on the apex of a halfpipe.
Hooking -
Tendency for a ski to turn uncontrollably.
Huck -
To ski off a cliff or roll, catching big air.
Hurl Carcass -
To huck in a really major way. The current record is 226 vertical feet.
Hypercarver -
Short ski with a radical sidecut and a turn radius less than 14 meters, often skied without poles.
Invert -
Aerial maneuver during which one is upside down.
Jetting -
Accelerating while exiting a turn by projecting the feet forward.
Jibbing -
Sliding down anything that isn't snow, such as a railing or sitting snowboarder.
Kicker -
Children who can't resist freezing their tongues to the chairlift.
Lunch Tray (aka "Launch" Tray) -
Snowboard.
The nasty odor of polyester underwear after a strenuous day on the slopes.
Mid-Fat (Low-Fat) -
A wider shaped ski, designed for both on- and off-piste skiing.
NASTAR -
Acronym for NAtional STAndards Race, a group of small-scale standardized race courses at resorts across the country.
Noodle -
A ski that lacks torsional rigidity, making it unstable at speed.
Nordic Skiing -
Usually meant as cross-country ski touring on skinny skis with free-heel bindings; the Nordic skiing events in the Winter Olympics are something quite different.
Nosebone -
Snowboard jump with front leg straight and rear leg flexed.
Off-Piste -
Ungroomed portion of the ski area.
Ollie -
Snowboard pre-jump move, where one foot is lifted before the other.
Out-of-Bounds -
Unpatrolled regions outside the designated ski area.
Pack -
To slam hard.
Parabolic -
Hourglass-shaped ski, with a much wider tip and tail to increase ease of turning and carving.
Park -
The snowboard terrain area, with hits and half-pipes.
Pin-Head -
To scrub off speed on the steeps by dragging your hip across the snow.
Snotsicle -
Frozen nasal discharge, usually the result of cold-induced rhinorrhea.
Snow Farm -
Ski area depending primarily upon man-made snow.
Snow Gun -
Device used to mix water and compressed air to produce ersatz snow.
Snow Scum -
Skiers or snowboarders who ignore the Responsibility Code.
Snow Toys -
Devices used for gliding on snow by those who are unable to ski.
Spring Conditions -
When snow freezes at night and thaws during the day.
Sproing (Gelandesprung) -
Using your momentum and a double pole plant to lift your skis off the snow and clear an obstacle.
Stack -
To land a jump on a flat area.
Steeps -
From double black diamond runs to the snow-holding limit of vertical, about 55 degrees.
Stem -
To push out or wedge the tail of the uphill ski.
Sticks (Planks) -
Skis; sticks are also what beginning children call their ski poles.
Style -
The individual expression of technique.
Sucker Hole -
Fleeting patch of blue in an otherwise overcast sky.
Super-Sidecut -
Modern recreational ski, with a sidecut of at least 14 mm.
Sweet Spot -
The balance point on a ski that produces optimum turning; the bigger sweet spot, the more forgiving the ski and the lower its performance in demanding situations.
Swing Turns -
Tip-pivoted parallel turns down the fall-line, with quick edge-checks.
Take-off -
The lip of a jump's in-run.
Telemarking -
Skiing alpine runs on free-heel skis, making turns by kneeling on one ski.
Ten-Eighty -
Aerial spin with three complete revolutions.
Ten Eighty-Three -
Ski School radio code for a lost child.
Terrain Features -
Natural or man-made obstacles on a run.
Toilet Turns -
Sloppy turns made from the pooping position.
Torsional Rigidity -
The resistance of a ski to twisting about its long axis, considered a desirable feature.
Trail -
The sloped back side of a man-made jump, beyond the table-top.
Traverse -
Skiing across the fall line, without turning.
Tree Well -
Skier-trapping depression in the snow that surrounds a tree trunk.
Trench -
Deeply-carved track of a ski or snowboard.
Trustafarian -
Rich but ragged ski bum, pretending to be poor.
Unweighting -
Any movement, up or down, that reduces the downward pressure on a ski or snowboard.
USSA -
Acronym for United States Ski Association, a national race organization.
Vermin -
Groups of snowboarders or skiers blocking access to the lift lines.
Vorlage -
Moving one's weight forward just before a turn.
Wedeln -
Linking hip-wiggling turns down the fall line, feet and knees locked together, edge-set minimal.
Wedge -
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Mefloquine is used for the treatment of what? | Mefloquine - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses
Mefloquine
Rev. 09/16
Warning
Mefloquine may cause neuropsychiatric adverse reactions that can persist after Mefloquine has been discontinued. Mefloquine should not be prescribed for prophylaxis in patients with major psychiatric disorders. During prophylactic use, if psychiatric or neurologic symptoms occur, the drug should be discontinued and an alternative medication should be substituted (see WARNINGS ).
Mefloquine Description
Mefloquine Hydrochloride Tablets, USP are an antimalarial agent available as 250-mg tablets of Mefloquine hydrochloride (equivalent to 228.0 mg of the free base) for oral administration.
Mefloquine hydrochloride is a 4-quinolinemethanol derivative with the specific chemical name of (R*, S*)-(±)-α-2-piperidinyl-2, 8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-quinolinemethanol hydrochloride. It is a 2-aryl substituted chemical structural analog of quinine. The drug is a white to almost white crystalline compound, slightly soluble in water.
Mefloquine hydrochloride has a calculated molecular weight of 414.78 and the following structural formula:
Each tablet, for oral administration, contains 250 mg Mefloquine hydrochloride and the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, crospovidone, lactose monohydrate, lactose spray dried, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polysorbate 80, polyvinylpyrrolidone and talc.
Mefloquine - Clinical Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption:
The absolute oral bioavailability of Mefloquine has not been determined since an intravenous formulation is not available. The bioavailability of the tablet formation compared with an oral solution was over 85%. The presence of food significantly enhances the rate and extent of absorption, leading to about a 40% increase in bioavailability. In healthy volunteers, plasma concentrations peak 6 to 24 hours (median, about 17 hours) after a single dose of Mefloquine. In a similar group of volunteers, maximum plasma concentrations in mcg/L are roughly equivalent to the dose in milligrams (for example, a single 1000 mg dose produces a maximum concentration of about 1000 mcg/L). In healthy volunteers, a dose of 250 mg once weekly produces maximum steady-state plasma concentrations of 1000 to 2000 mcg/L, which are reached after 7 to 10 weeks.
Distribution:
In healthy adults, the apparent volume of distribution is approximately 20 L/kg, indicating extensive tissue distribution. Mefloquine may accumulate in parasitized erythrocytes. Experiments conducted in vitro with human blood using concentrations between 50 and 1000 mg/mL showed a relatively constant erythrocyte-to-plasma concentration ratio of about 2 to 1. The equilibrium reached in less than 30 minutes, was found to be reversible. Protein binding is about 98%.
Mefloquine crosses the placenta. Excretion into breast milk appears to be minimal (see PRECAUTIONS: Nursing Mothers ).
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Metabolism:
Mefloquine is extensively metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 system. In vitro and in vivo studies strongly suggested that CYP3A4 is the major isoform involved.
Two metabolites of Mefloquine have been identified in humans. The main metabolite, 2,8-bis-trifluoromethyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid, is inactive in Plasmodium falciparum. In a study in healthy volunteers, the carboxylic acid metabolite appeared in plasma 2 to 4 hours after a single oral dose. Maximum plasma concentrations of the metabolite, which were about 50% higher than those of Mefloquine, were reached after 2 weeks. Thereafter, plasma levels of the main metabolite and Mefloquine declined at a similar rate. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of the main metabolite was 3 to 5 times larger than that of the parent drug. The other metabolite, an alcohol, was present in minute quantities only.
Elimination:
In several studies in healthy adults, the mean elimination half-life of Mefloquine varied between 2 and 4 weeks, with an average of about 3 weeks. Total clearance, which is essentially hepatic, is in the order of 30 mL/min. There is evidence that Mefloquine is excreted mainly in the bile and feces. In volunteers, urinary excretion of unchanged Mefloquine and its main metabolite under steady-state condition accounted for about 9% and 4% of the dose, respectively. Concentrations of other metabolites could not be measured in the urine.
Pharmacokinetics in Special Clinical Situations
Children and the Elderly: No relevant age-related changes have been observed in the pharmacokinetics of Mefloquine. Therefore, the dosage for children has been extrapolated from the recommended adult dose.
No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in patients with renal insufficiency since only a small proportion of the drug is eliminated renally. Mefloquine and its main metabolite are not appreciably removed by hemodialysis. No special chemoprophylactic dosage adjustments are indicated for dialysis patients to achieve concentrations in plasma similar to those in healthy persons.
Although clearance of Mefloquine may increase in late pregnancy, in general, pregnancy has no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of Mefloquine.
The pharmacokinetics of Mefloquine may be altered in acute malaria.
Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed between various ethnic populations. In practice, however, these are of minor importance compared with host immune status and sensitivity of the parasite.
During long-term prophylaxis (>2 years), the trough concentrations and the elimination half-life of Mefloquine were similar to those obtained in the same population after 6 months of drug use, which is when they reached steady state.
In vitro and in vivo studies showed no hemolysis associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (see ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY ).
Microbiology
Mechanism of Action: Mefloquine is an antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide. Its exact mechanism of action is not known.
Activity In Vitro and In Vivo: Mefloquine is active against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium species (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE ). However, the drug has no effect against the exoerythrocytic (hepatic) stages of the parasite. Mefloquine is effective against malaria parasites resistant to chloroquine (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE ).
Drug Resistance: Strains of P. falciparum with decreased susceptibility to Mefloquine can be selected in vitro or in vivo. Resistance of P. falciparum to Mefloquine has been reported in areas of multi-drug resistance in South East Asia. Increased incidences of resistance have also been reported in other parts of the world.
Cross Resistance: Cross-resistance between Mefloquine and halofantrine and cross-resistance between Mefloquine and quinine have been observed in some regions.
Indications and Usage for Mefloquine
Treatment of Acute Malaria Infections: Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets are indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria caused by Mefloquine-susceptible strains of P. falciparum (both chloroquine-susceptible and resistant strains) or by Plasmodium vivax. There are insufficient clinical data to document the effect of Mefloquine in malaria caused by P. ovale or P. malariae.
Note: Patients with acute P. vivax malaria, treated with Mefloquine, are at high risk of relapse because Mefloquine does not eliminate exoerythrocytic (hepatic phase) parasites. To avoid relapse, after initial treatment of the acute infection with Mefloquine, patients should subsequently be treated with an 8-aminoquinoline derivative (e.g., primaquine).
Prevention of Malaria: Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets are indicated for the prophylaxis of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria infections, including prophylaxis of chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum.
Contraindications
Use of Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to Mefloquine or related compounds (e.g., quinine and quinidine) or to any of the excipients contained in the formulation. Mefloquine should not be prescribed for prophylaxis in patients with active depression, a recent history of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia or other major psychiatric disorders, or with a history of convulsions.
Warnings
In case of life-threatening, serious or overwhelming malaria infections due to P. falciparum, patients should be treated with an intravenous antimalarial drug. Following completion of intravenous treatment, mefloquine may be given to complete the course of therapy.
QTc Interval Prolongation and Drug Interactions
Halofantrine should not be administered with Mefloquine or within 15 weeks of the last dose of Mefloquine due to the risk of a potentially fatal prolongation of the QTc interval (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics: Elimination ).
Ketoconazole should not be administered with Mefloquine or within 15 weeks of the last dose of Mefloquine due to the risk of a potentially fatal prolongation of the QTc interval. Ketoconazole increases plasma concentrations and elimination half-life of Mefloquine following co-administration (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics: Elimination and PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions ).
Concomitant administration of Mefloquine and quinine or quinidine may produce electrocardiographic abnormalities.
Psychiatric and Neurologic Adverse Reactions
Mefloquine may cause neuropsychiatric adverse reactions in adults and children. Neuropsychiatric symptoms can be difficult to identify in children. Therefore, vigilance is required to monitor for the occurrence of these symptoms, especially in non-verbal children.
Psychiatric Adverse Reactions
Psychiatric symptoms ranging from anxiety, paranoia, and depression to hallucinations and psychotic behavior can occur with Mefloquine use. Symptoms may occur early in the course of Mefloquine use. In some cases, these symptoms have been reported to continue for months or years after Mefloquine has been stopped. Cases of suicidal ideation and suicide have been reported. Mefloquine should not be prescribed for prophylaxis in patients with active depression, generalized anxiety disorder, psychosis, or schizophrenia or other major psychiatric disorders. Mefloquine should be used with caution in patients with a previous history of depression.
During prophylactic use, the occurrence of psychiatric symptoms such as acute anxiety, depression, restlessness or confusion suggest a risk for more serious psychiatric disturbances or neurologic adverse reactions. In these cases, the drug should be discontinued and an alternative medication should be submitted.
Neurologic Adverse Reactions
Neurologic symptoms such as dizziness or vertigo, tinnitus, and loss of balance have been reported. These adverse reactions may occur in the course of Mefloquine use and in some cases have been reported to continue for months or years after Mefloquine has been stopped. Dizziness or vertigo, tinnitus, and loss of balance have been reported to be permanent in some cases. During prophylactic use, if neurologic symptoms occur, the drug should be discontinued and an alternative medication should be substituted. Caution should be exercised with regard to activities requiring alertness and fine motor coordination, such as driving, piloting aircraft, operating machinery, and deep-sea diving, while symptoms persist.
Mefloquine may increase the risk of convulsions in patients with epilepsy. The drug should therefore be prescribed only for curative treatment in such patients and only if there are compelling medical reasons for its use (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions ).
Concomitant administration of Mefloquine and quinine or chloroquine may increase the risk of convulsions.
Ocular Effects
Eye disorders, including but not limited to optic neuropathy and retinal disorders, have been reported during treatment with Mefloquine. Any patient presenting with visual symptoms should be referred to the treating physician and an ophthalmologist as certain conditions (such as retinal disorders or optic neuropathy) may require stopping treatment with Mefloquine (see PRECAUTIONS , ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY ).
Precautions
Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with Mefloquine use.
Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment
In patients with impaired liver function, the elimination of Mefloquine may be prolonged, leading to higher plasma levels and a higher risk of adverse reactions.
Long-Term Use
This drug has been administered for longer than one year. If the drug is to be administered for a prolonged period, periodic evaluations including liver function tests and evaluations for neuropsychiatric effects should be performed (see WARNINGS and ADVERSE REACTIONS: Postmarketing ). Periodic ophthalmic examinations are recommended (see WARNINGS ).
Cardiac Effects
Parenteral studies in animals show that Mefloquine, a myocardial depressant, possesses 20% of the anti-fibrillatory action of quinidine and produces 50% of the increase in the PR interval reported with quinine. The effect of Mefloquine on the compromised cardiovascular system has not been evaluated. However, transitory and clinically silent ECG alterations have been reported during the use of Mefloquine; alterations included sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia, first degree AV-block, prolongation of the QTc interval and abnormal T waves (see also cardiovascular effects under PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions and ADVERSE REACTIONS ). The benefits of Mefloquine therapy should be weighed against the possibility of adverse effects in patients with cardiac disease.
Drug Resistance and Cross-Resistance
Geographical drug resistance patterns of P. falciparum occur and the preferred choice of malaria prophylaxis might be different from one area to another. For example, resistance of P. falciparum to Mefloquine has been reported, predominantly in areas of multi-drug resistance in South-East Asia. Cross-resistance between Mefloquine and halofantrine and cross-resistance between Mefloquine and quinine have been observed in some regions.
Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia
Cases of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia have been reported (see ADVERSE REACTIONS ).
Laboratory Tests
Periodic evaluation of hepatic function should be performed during prolonged prophylaxis.
Information for Patients
Medication Guide: As required by law, a Mefloquine Medication Guide is supplied to patients when Mefloquine is dispensed. An information wallet card is also supplied to patients when Mefloquine is dispensed. Patients should be instructed to read the Medication Guide when Mefloquine is received and to carry the information wallet card with them when they are taking Mefloquine. The complete text of the Medication Guide and information wallet card is reprinted at the end of this document.
Patients should be advised:
that malaria can be a life-threatening infection;
that Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets are being prescribed to help prevent or treat this serious infection;
that some patients are unable to take this medication because of side effects, including dizziness or vertigo and loss of balance, and it may be necessary to change medications. In some patients it has been reported that these symptoms may continue for months or years after discontinuation of the drug and can be permanent in some cases;
that insomnia may occur
that when used as prophylaxis, the first dose of Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets should be taken one week prior to arrival in an endemic area;
that if the patients experience psychiatric adverse reactions such as acute anxiety, depression, restlessness or confusion, or suicidal ideation, the drug should be discontinued and an alternative medication should be substituted;
that no chemoprophylactic regimen is 100% effective, and protective clothing, insect repellents, and bed nets are important components of malaria prophylaxis;
to seek medical attention for any febrile illness that occurs after return from a malaria area and to inform their physician that they may have been exposed to malaria.
Drug Interactions
Drug-drug interactions with Mefloquine have not been explored in detail. There is one report of cardiopulmonary arrest, with full recovery, in a patient who was taking a beta blocker (propranolol) (see PRECAUTIONS: Cardiac Effects ). The effects of Mefloquine on the compromised cardiovascular system have not been evaluated. The benefits of Mefloquine therapy should be weighed against the possibility of adverse effects in patients with cardiac disease.
Halofantrine
Halofantrine should not be administered with Mefloquine or within 15 weeks of the last dose of Mefloquine due to the risk of a potentially fatal prolongation of the QTc interval (see WARNINGS ).
Other Antimalarial Drugs
Concomitant administration of Mefloquine and other related antimalarial compounds (e.g., quinine, quinidine and chloroquine) may produce electrocardiographic abnormalities and increase the risk of convulsions (see WARNINGS ). If these drugs are to be used in the initial treatment of severe malaria, Mefloquine administration should be delayed at least 12 hours after the last dose. Clinically significant QTc prolongation has not been found with Mefloquine alone.
Ketoconazole (Potent Inhibitor of CYP3A4)
Co-administration of a single 500 mg oral dose of Mefloquine with 400 mg of ketoconazole once daily for 10 days in 8 healthy volunteers resulted in an increase in the mean Cmax and AUC of Mefloquine by 64% and 79%, respectively, and an increase in the mean elimination half-life of Mefloquine from 322 hours to 448 hours. Ketoconazole should not be administered with Mefloquine or within 15 weeks of the last dose of Mefloquine due to the risk of a potentially fatal prolongation of the QTc interval (see WARNINGS ).
Other Drugs that Prolong the QTc Interval
Co-administration of other drugs known to alter cardiac conduction (e.g., anti-arrhythmic or beta-adrenergic blocking agents, calcium channel blockers, antihistamines or H1-blocking agents, tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines) might also contribute to a prolongation of the QTc interval. There are no data that conclusively establish whether the concomitant administration of Mefloquine and the above listed agents has an effect on cardiac function.
Anticonvulsants
In patients taking an anticonvulsant (e.g., valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenobarbital or phenytoin), the concomitant use of Mefloquine may reduce seizure control by lowering the plasma levels of the anticonvulsant. Therefore, patients concurrently taking anti-seizure medication and Mefloquine should have the blood level of their anti-seizure medication monitored and the dosage adjusted appropriately (see PRECAUTIONS ).
Vaccines
When Mefloquine is taken concurrently with oral live typhoid vaccines, attenuation of immunization cannot be excluded. Vaccinations with attenuated live bacteria should therefore be completed at least 3 days before the first dose of Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets.
Rifampin (Potent Inducer of CYP3A4)
Co-administration of a single 500 mg oral dose of Mefloquine and 600 mg of rifampin once daily for 7 days in 7 healthy Thai volunteers resulted in a decrease in the mean Cmax and AUC of Mefloquine by 19% and 68%, respectively, and a decrease in the mean elimination half-life of Mefloquine from 305 hours to 113 hours. Rifampin should be used cautiously in patients taking Mefloquine.
Inhibitors and Inducers of CYP3A4
Mefloquine does not inhibit or induce the CYP 450 enzyme system. Thus, concomitant administration of Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets and substrates of the CYP 450 enzyme system is not expected to result in a drug interaction. However, Mefloquine is metabolized by CYP3A4 and inhibitors of CYP3A4 may modify the pharmacokinetics/metabolism of Mefloquine, leading to an increase in Mefloquine plasma concentrations and potential risk of adverse reactions. Therefore, Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets should be used with caution when administered concomitantly with CYP3A4 inhibitors. Similarly, inducers of CYP3A4 may modify the pharmacokinetics/metabolism of Mefloquine, leading to a decrease in Mefloquine plasma concentrations and potential reduction in efficacy of Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets. Therefore, Mefloquine hydrochloride tablets should also be used with caution when administered concomitantly with CYP3A4 inducers.
Substrates and Inhibitors of P-glycoprotein
It has been shown in vitro that Mefloquine is a substrate and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Therefore, drug-drug interactions could also occur with drugs that are substrates or are known to modify the expression of this transporter. The clinical relevance of these interactions is not known to date.
Other Potential Interactions
No other drug interactions are known. Nevertheless, the effects of Mefloquine on travelers receiving concomitant medications, particularly diabetics or patients using anticoagulants, should be checked before departure.
In clinical trials, the concomitant administration of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine did not alter the adverse reaction profile of Mefloquine.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
The carcinogenic potential of Mefloquine was studied in rats and mice in 2-year feeding studies at doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day. No treatment-related increases in tumors of any type were noted.
Mutagenesis
The mutagenic potential of Mefloquine was studied in a variety of assay systems including: Ames test, a host-mediated assay in mice, fluctuation tests and a mouse micronucleus assay. Several of these assays were performed with and without prior metabolic activation. In no instance was evidence obtained for the mutagenicity of Mefloquine.
Impairment of Fertility
Fertility studies in rats at doses of 5, 20, and 50 mg/kg/day of Mefloquine have demonstrated adverse effects on fertility in the male at the high dose of 50 mg/kg/day, and in the female at doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg/day. Histopathological lesions were noted in the epididymides from male rats at doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg/day. Administration of 250 mg/week of Mefloquine (base) in adult males for 22 weeks failed to reveal any deleterious effects on human spermatozoa.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category B
Data from published studies in pregnant women have shown no increase in the risk of teratogenic effects or adverse pregnancy outcomes following Mefloquine treatment or prophylaxis during pregnancy. Reproduction studies in mice, rats and rabbits have shown teratogenic effects at doses similar to the clinical acute treatment dose in humans. Because the studies in humans cannot rule out the possibility of harm, Mefloquine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Published data on Mefloquine use during pregnancy include randomized controlled trials, intervention trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case series. These data showed that pregnant women who took Mefloquine at various doses for both prevention and treatment of malaria did not have an increased risk of teratogenic effects or adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to the background rate in the general population. These data include more than 700 exposures to Mefloquine in the first trimester of pregnancy and over 2,000 exposures in the second and third trimester.
Mefloquine administered to pregnant mice, rats, and rabbits was teratogenic at doses similar to the clinical acute treatment dose of 21 to 25 mg/kg, based on body surface area comparisons. In all three animal species, CNS effects (e.g., exencephaly, hydrocephaly or partially missing medulla oblongata) and craniofacial malformations were observed. At the same doses, Mefloquine was also embryotoxic in mice and rabbits. All of these findings were observed at doses that were maternally toxic.
Nursing Mothers
Mefloquine is excreted in human milk in small amounts, the activity of which is unknown. Based on a study in a few subjects, low concentrations (3% to 4%) of Mefloquine were excreted in human milk following a dose equivalent to 250 mg of the free base. Caution should be exercised when administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
Use of Mefloquine to treat acute, uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in pediatric patients is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of Mefloquine in adults with additional data from published open-label and comparative trials using Mefloquine to treat malaria caused by P. falciparum in patients younger than 16 years of age. The safety and effectiveness of Mefloquine for the treatment of malaria in pediatric patients below the age of 6 months have not been established.
In several studies, the administration of Mefloquine for the treatment of malaria was associated with early vomiting in pediatric patients. Early vomiting was cited in some reports as a possible cause of treatment failure. If a second dose is not tolerated, the patient should be monitored closely and alternative malaria treatment considered if improvement is not observed within a reasonable period of time (see WARNINGS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of Mefloquine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. Since electrocardiographic abnormalities have been observed in individuals treated with Mefloquine (see PRECAUTIONS ) and underlying cardiac disease is more prevalent in elderly than in younger patients, the benefits of Mefloquine therapy should be weighed against the possibility of adverse cardiac effects in elderly patients.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical
At the doses used for treatment of acute malaria infections, the symptoms possibly attributable to drug administration cannot be distinguished from those symptoms usually attributable to the disease itself.
Among subjects who received Mefloquine for prophylaxis of malaria, the most frequently observed adverse experience was vomiting (3%). Dizziness, syncope, extrasystoles and other complaints affecting less than 1% were also reported.
Two serious adverse reactions were cardiopulmonary arrest in one patient shortly after ingesting a single prophylactic dose of Mefloquine while concomitantly using propranolol (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions ), and encephalopathy of unknown etiology during prophylactic Mefloquine administration. The relationship of encephalopathy to drug administration could not be clearly established.
Among subjects who received Mefloquine for treatment, the most frequently observed adverse experiences included: dizziness, myalgia, nausea, fever, headache, vomiting, chills, diarrhea, skin rash, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, and tinnitus. Those side effects occurring in less than 1% included bradycardia, hair loss, emotional problems, pruritus, asthenia, transient emotional disturbances and telogen effluvium (loss of resting hair). Seizures have also been reported.
Laboratory
The most frequently observed laboratory alterations which could be possibly attributable to drug administration were decreased hematocrit, transient elevation of transaminases, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. These alterations were observed in patients with acute malaria who received treatment doses of the drug and were attributed to the disease itself.
During prophylactic administration of Mefloquine to indigenous populations in malaria-endemic areas, the following alterations in laboratory values were observed: transient elevation of transaminases, leukocytosis or thrombocytopenia.
Because of the long half-life of Mefloquine, adverse reactions to Mefloquine may occur or persist up to several weeks after discontinuation of the drug.
Postmarketing
Postmarketing surveillance indicates that the same kind of adverse reactions are reported during prophylaxis, as well as acute treatment. Because these adverse reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to Mefloquine exposure.
The most frequently reported adverse reactions are nausea, vomiting, loose stools or diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness or vertigo, loss of balance, and neuropsychiatric events such as headache, somnolence, and sleep disorders (insomnia, abnormal dreams). These adverse reactions may occur early in the course of Mefloquine use. It has been reported that dizziness or vertigo, tinnitus and hearing impairment, and loss of balance may continue for months or years after discontinuation of the drug and may be permanent in some cases.
More severe neuropsychiatric disorders have been reported such as: sensory and motor neuropathies (including paresthesia, tremor and ataxia), convulsions, agitation or restlessness, anxiety, depression, mood swings, panic attacks, memory impairment, confusion, hallucinations, aggression, psychotic or paranoid reactions and encephalopathy. Cases of suicidal ideation and suicide have been reported.
Other less frequently reported adverse reactions include:
Ocular Disorders visual impairment, vision blurred, cataracts, retinal disorders, optic neuropathy
Cardiovascular Disorders circulatory disturbances (hypotension, hypertension, flushing, syncope), chest pain, tachycardia or palpitation, bradycardia, irregular heart rate, extrasystoles, A-V block, and other transient cardiac conduction alterations.
Skin Disorders rash, exanthema, erythema, urticaria, pruritus, edema, hair loss, erythema multiforme, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Musculoskeletal Disorders muscle weakness, muscle cramps, myalgia, and arthralgia.
Respiratory Disorders dyspnea, pneumonitis of possible allergic etiology
Hepatobiliary Disorders drug-related hepatic disorders from asymptomatic transient transaminase elevations to hepatic failure
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia
Other Symptoms asthenia, malaise, fatigue, fever, hyperhidrosis, chills, dyspepsia and loss of appetite.
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. at 1-877-233-2001, and the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
Overdosage
Symptoms and Signs
In cases of overdosage with Mefloquine, the symptoms mentioned under ADVERSE REACTIONS may be more pronounced.
Treatment
Patients should be managed by symptomatic and supportive care following Mefloquine overdose. There are no specific antidotes. Monitor cardiac function (if possible by ECG) and neuropsychiatric status. Provide symptomatic and intensive supportive treatment as required.
Mefloquine Dosage and Administration
Malaria Treatment in Adults
Treatment of mild to moderate malaria in adults caused by mefloquine-susceptible strains of P. falciparum or by P. vivax
Dosage: Five tablets (1250 mg) Mefloquine hydrochloride to be given as a single oral dose. The drug should not be taken on an empty stomach and should be administered with at least 8 oz (240 mL) of water.
If a full-treatment course with Mefloquine does not lead to improvement within 48 to 72 hours, Mefloquine should not be used for retreatment. An alternative therapy should be used. Similarly, if previous prophylaxis with Mefloquine has failed, Mefloquine should not be used for curative treatment (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE ).
Note: Patients with acute P. vivax malaria, treated with Mefloquine, are at high risk of relapse because Mefloquine does not eliminate exoerythrocytic (hepatic phase) parasites. To avoid relapse after initial treatment of the acute infection with Mefloquine, patients should subsequently be treated with an 8-aminoquinoline derivative (e.g., primaquine).
Malaria Prophylaxis in Adults
Dosage: One 250 mg Mefloquine hydrochloride tablet once weekly.
Prophylactic drug administration should begin 1 week before arrival in an endemic area. Subsequent weekly doses should be taken regularly, always on the same day of each week, preferably after the main meal. To reduce the risk of malaria after leaving an endemic area, prophylaxis must be continued for 4 additional weeks to ensure suppressive blood levels of the drug when merozoites emerge from the liver. Tablets should not be taken on an empty stomach and should be administered with at least 8 oz (240 mL) of water.
In certain cases, e.g., when a traveler is taking other medication, it may be desirable to start prophylaxis 2 to 3 weeks prior to departure, in order to ensure that the combination of drugs is well tolerated (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions ).
When prophylaxis with Mefloquine fails, physicians should carefully evaluate which antimalarial to use for therapy.
Malaria Treatment in Pediatric Patients
Treatment of mild to moderate malaria in pediatric patients caused by mefloquine-susceptible strains of P. falciparum:
Dosage: 20 to 25 mg/kg body weight. Splitting the total therapeutic dose into 2 doses taken 6 to 8 hours apart may reduce the occurrence or severity of adverse effects. The pediatric dose should not exceed the adult dose.
Experience with Mefloquine in pediatric patients weighing less than 20 kg is limited.The drug should not be taken on an empty stomach and should be administered with ample water. The tablets may be crushed and suspended in a small amount of water, milk or other beverage for administration to small children and other persons unable to swallow them whole.
If a full-treatment course with Mefloquine does not lead to improvement within 48 to 72 hours, Mefloquine should not be used for retreatment. An alternative therapy should be used. Similarly, if previous prophylaxis with Mefloquine has failed, Mefloquine should not be used for curative treatment.
In pediatric patients, the administration of Mefloquine for the treatment of malaria has been associated with early vomiting. In some cases, early vomiting has been cited as a possible cause of treatment failure (see PRECAUTIONS ). If a significant loss of drug product is observed or suspected because of vomiting, a second full dose of Mefloquine should be administered to patients who vomit less than 30 minutes after receiving the drug. If vomiting occurs 30 to 60 minutes after a dose, an additional half-dose should be given. If vomiting recurs, the patient should be monitored closely and alternative malaria treatment considered if improvement is not observed within a reasonable period of time.
The safety and effectiveness of Mefloquine to treat malaria in pediatric patients below the age of 6 months have not been established.
Malaria Prophylaxis in Pediatric Patients
The recommended prophylactic dose of Mefloquine hydrochloride is approximately 5 mg/kg body weight once weekly. One 250 mg Mefloquine hydrochloride tablet should be taken once weekly in pediatric patients weighing over 45 kg. In pediatric patients weighing less than 45 kg, the weekly dose decreases in proportion to body weight:
30 to 45 kg: 3/4 tablet
20 to 30 kg: 1/2 tablet
Experience with Mefloquine in pediatric patients weighing less than 20 kg is limited.
How is Mefloquine Supplied
Mefloquine Hydrochloride Tablets, USP 250 mg, are supplied as White Round Scored Tablets, Debossed “WW 282” and available in:
Bottles of 25 tablets
Store at 20˚ to 25°C (68˚ to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light and moisture.
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure.
Animal Toxicology
Ocular lesions were observed in rats fed Mefloquine daily for 2 years. All surviving rats given 30 mg/kg/day had ocular lesions in both eyes characterized by retinal degeneration, opacity of the lens, and retinal edema. Similar but less severe lesions were observed in 80% of female and 22% of male rats fed 12.5 mg/kg/day for 2 years. At doses of 5 mg/kg/day, only corneal lesions were observed. They occurred in 9% of rats studied.
Male Wistar rats orally administered Mefloquine daily for 22 days at the equivalent human therapeutic plasma concentration showed CNS penetration of Mefloquine, with a 30 to 50 fold greater brain/plasma drug ratio up to 10 days after the final dose administered.1
REFERENCES
Baudry S., Pham YT., Baune B., Vidrequin S., Crevoisier CH., Gimenez F., Fainotti R. (1997). Stereoselective passage of Mefloquine through the blood brain barrier in the rat. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49: 1086-1090.
Revised 9/2016
Mefloquine Hydrochloride Tablets, USP
Important:
Your doctor or pharmacist will give you an Information Wallet Card along with this Medication Guide. It has important information about Mefloquine and should be carried with you at all times while you take Mefloquine.
What is the most important information I should know about mefloquine?
Mefloquine can cause serious side effects, including:
1. Heart Problems.
Do not take halofantrine (used to treat malaria) or ketoconazole (used for fungal infections) with Mefloquine or within 15 weeks of your last dose of Mefloquine. You may get serious heart problems (problems with the electrical system of your heart called QT prolongation) that can lead to death. Do not take quinine (Qualaquin) or quinidine (used to treat malaria or irregular heart beat) with Mefloquine. You may get serious heart problems.
2. Mental Problems. Symptoms of serious mental problems may include:
wsevere anxiety
paranoia (feelings of mistrust towards others)
hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there)
depression
ringing sound in your ears (tinnitus)
convulsions (seizures) in people who already have seizures (epilepsy)
convulsions (seizures) in people who take quinine or chloroquine (used to treat malaria) with Mefloquine. Do not take quinine (Qualaquin) or chloroquine (Aralen) with Mefloquine.
unable to sleep (insomnia)
Dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, and loss of balance can go on for months or years after mefloquine is stopped or may become permanent in some people.
Important:
You need to take malaria prevention medicine before you travel to a malaria area, while you are in a malaria area, and after you return from a malaria area.
If you are told by a doctor to stop taking Mefloquine because of the side effects or for other reasons, you will need to take different malaria medicine.
If you do not have access to a doctor or to another medicine and have to stop taking Mefloquine, leave the malaria area and contact a doctor as soon as possible because leaving the malaria area may not protect you from getting malaria. You will still need to take a malaria prevention medicine for another 4 weeks after you leave the malaria area.
What is Mefloquine?
Mefloquine is a prescription medicine used to prevent and treat malaria. Malaria can be a life-threatening infection. Mefloquine does not work for all types of malaria.
It is not known if Mefloquine is safe and effective in children under 6 months old for the treatment of malaria. It is not known how well Mefloquine works to prevent malaria in children weighing less than 44 pounds (20 kilograms).
Who should not take Mefloquine?
Do not take Mefloquine if you have:
depression or had depression recently
had recent mental problems, including anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, or psychosis (losing touch with reality)
seizures or had seizures (epilepsy or convulsions)
an allergy to quinine, quinidine, Mefloquine or any ingredients in Mefloquine. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients in Mefloquine.
Talk to your doctor before you take Mefloquine if you have any of the medical conditions listed above.
What should I tell my doctor before taking mefloquine?
Before taking mefloquine, tell your doctor about all your medical conditions, including if you have:
heart disease
blood clotting problems or take blood thinner medicines (anticoagulants)
mental problems
are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if Mefloquine will harm your unborn baby. Talk to your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.
○ You should use birth control while you take mefloquine and for 3 months after you stop mefloquine. If you have an unplanned pregnancy, talk to your doctor right away.
are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Mefloquine can pass through your milk and may harm your baby. Ask your doctor whether you will need to stop breastfeeding or use a different medicine.
Contact your doctor right away if you have a fever after leaving a malaria area.
Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Mefloquine and other medicines may affect each other causing side effects.
How should I take Mefloquine?
Take Mefloquine exactly as your doctor tells you to take it. Your doctor will tell you how many Mefloquine tablets to take and when to take them.
You will start taking Mefloquine to prevent malaria between 1 to 3 weeks before you travel to a malaria area.
Take Mefloquine just after eating your largest meal of the day and with at least 1 cup (8 ounces) of water.
Do not take Mefloquine on an empty stomach.
If you vomit after taking Mefloquine, contact your doctor to see if you should take another dose.
Continue taking Mefloquine for 4 weeks after returning from a malaria area.
Mefloquine tablets may be crushed and mixed with a small amount of water, milk or other beverage for children or other people unable to swallow Mefloquine whole. Your doctor will tell you the correct dose for your child based on your child’s weight.
If you take Mefloquine for a year or longer, your doctor should check your:
• eyes (especially if you have trouble seeing while you take Mefloquine)
• liver function (to see if there has been damage to your liver)
Use protective clothing, insect repellents, and bednets to protect you from being bitten by mosquitoes. Medicine alone does not always stop you from catching malaria from mosquito bites.
What should I avoid while taking Mefloquine?
Avoid activities such as driving a car or using heavy machinery or other activities needing alertness and careful movements (fine motor coordination) until you know how Mefloquine affects you. You may feel dizzy or lose your balance. This could happen for months or years after you stop taking Mefloquine and can be permanent in some cases. See “What are the possible side effects of Mefloquine?”
What are the possible side effects of mefloquine?
See “What is the most important information I should know about Mefloquine?”
Mefloquine may cause serious side effects, including:
liver problems
Call your healthcare provider right away if you have unexplained symptoms such as nausea or vomiting, stomach pain, fever, weakness, itching, unusual tiredness, loss of appetite, light colored bowel movements, dark colored urine, yellowing of your skin or the white of your eyes.
The most common side effects of Mefloquine include:
nausea
loss of appetite
irregular heart beat
Tell your doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of Mefloquine. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I store mefloquine?
Store Mefloquine between 59°F to 86°F (15°C to 30°C)
Safely throw away medicine that is out of date or no longer needed.
Keep mefloquine and all medicines out of the reach of children.
General information about the safe and effective use of mefloquine.
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use Mefloquine for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give Mefloquine to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.
This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about Mefloquine. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about Mefloquine that is written for health professionals.
If you have any questions or would like more information about Mefloquine, you can call West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp., the manufacturer of Mefloquine Hydrochloride Tablets, at 1-877-233-2001.
What are the ingredients in mefloquine?
Active ingredients: Mefloquine hydrochloride
Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, crospovidone, lactose monohydrate, lactose spray dried, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polysorbate 80, polyvinylpyrrolidone and talc.
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Information Wallet Card
It is important that you read the entire Medication Guide for additional information on Mefloquine.
Carry this wallet card with you when you are taking Mefloquine.
Important: You need to take malaria prevention medicine before you travel to a malaria area, while you are in a malaria area, and after you return from a malaria area.
Mefloquine can cause serious side effects, including:
1. Heart Problems.
Do not take halofantrine (used to treat malaria) or ketoconazole (used for fungal infections) with Mefloquine or within 15 weeks of your last dose of Mefloquine. You may get serious heart problems that can lead to death. Do not take quinine (Qualaquin) or quinidine (used to treat malaria or irregular heart beat) with Mefloquine. You may get serious heart problems. Mefloquine may cause serious heart problems with the electrical system of your heart, called QT prolongation.
2. Mental problems. Symptoms of serious mental problems may include severe anxiety, paranoia (feelings of mistrust towards others), hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there), depression, feeling restless, unusual behavior or feeling confused. Some people who take Mefloquine think about suicide (putting an end to their life). Some people who were taking Mefloquine committed suicide. It is not known if Mefloquine was responsible for those suicides.
If you have any of these serious mental problems you should contact your doctor right away as it may be necessary to stop taking Mefloquine and use a different medicine to prevent malaria.
3. Problems with your body’s nervous system.
Do not take quinine (Qualaquin) or chloroquine (Aralen) (used to treat malaria) with Mefloquine. You may have a greater risk for convulsions (seizures).
Symptoms of serious nervous system problems may include dizziness, a feeling that you or things around you are moving or spinning (vertigo), loss of balance, ringing in your ears (tinnitus), convulsions (seizures) in people who already have seizures, or you are unable to sleep (insomnia).
These serious mental and nervous system side effects can go on for months or years after mefloquine is stopped or may become permanent in some people.
If you are told by a doctor to stop taking Mefloquine because of the side effects or for other reasons, you will need to take a different malaria medicine.
If you do not have access to a doctor or to a different medicine and have to stop taking Mefloquine, leave the malaria area and contact a doctor as soon as possible because leaving the malaria area may not protect you from getting malaria. You will still need to take malaria prevention medicine for another 4 weeks after you leave the malaria area.
Mefloquine may cause serious liver problems. Symptoms of liver problems include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, unusual tiredness, stomach pain, fever, weakness, itching, light-colored bowel movements, dark colored urine, yellowing of your skin or the white of your eyes. The most common side effects of Mefloquine include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and headache.
Tell your doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of Mefloquine. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1- 800-FDA-1088.
What should I avoid while taking mefloquine?
Avoid activities such as driving a car or using heavy machinery or other activities needing alertness and careful movements (fine motor coordination) until you know how Mefloquine affects you. You may feel dizzy or lose your balance. This could happen for months or years after you stop taking Mefloquine and can be permanent in some cases.
Manufactured by:
| Malaria |
What historic region of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro, gave its name to a dog breed with a striking appearance? | Mefloquine Hydrochloride: Drug Safety Communication - Label Changes Due To Risk of Serious Psychiatric and Nerve Side Effects
Mefloquine Hydrochloride: Drug Safety Communication - Label Changes Due To Risk of Serious Psychiatric and Nerve Side Effects
[Posted 07/29/2013]
AUDIENCE: Infectious Disease, Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Pharmacy, Patient
ISSUE: FDA is advising the public about strengthened and updated warnings regarding neurologic and psychiatric side effects associated with the antimalarial drug mefloquine hydrochloride. A boxed warning, the most serious kind of warning about these potential problems, has been added to the drug label. FDA has revised the patient Medication Guide dispensed with each prescription and wallet card to include this information and the possibility that the neurologic side effects may persist or become permanent. The neurologic side effects can include dizziness, loss of balance, or ringing in the ears. The psychiatric side effects can include feeling anxious, mistrustful, depressed, or having hallucinations.
Neurologic side effects can occur at any time during drug use, and can last for months to years after the drug is stopped or can be permanent. See the Drug Safety Communication for more information, including a data summary.
BACKGROUND: Mefloquine hydrochloride is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria caused by mefloquine-susceptible P. falciparum and P. vivax, and prevention of malaria infections by P. falciparum (including chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum) and P. vivax. It was previously marketed under the brand name Lariam; however, the Lariam product is not currently marketed. Generic mefloquine products are available in the US.
RECOMMENDATION: Patients, caregivers, and health care professionals should watch for these side effects. When using the drug to prevent malaria, if a patient develops neurologic or psychiatric symptoms, mefloquine should be stopped, and an alternate medicine should be used. If a patient develops neurologic or psychiatric symptoms while on mefloquine, the patient should contact the prescribing health care professional. The patient should not stop taking mefloquine before discussing symptoms with the health care professional.
For additional information for health care professionals and patients, refer to the Drug Safety Communication.
Healthcare professionals and patients are encouraged to report adverse events or side effects related to the use of these products to the FDA's MedWatch Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program:
Complete and submit the report Online: www.fda.gov/MedWatch/report.htm
Download form or call 1-800-332-1088 to request a reporting form, then complete and return to the address on the pre-addressed form, or submit by fax to 1-800-FDA-0178
| i don't know |
Appropriately, a giant what was put temporarily onto the fourth plinth at London's Trafalgar Square in May 2010? | The News Newspaper - Issue 127 by The News Newspaper - issuu
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Wednesday, June 8th 2011
Speed limit set to stay at 110 km p3
Oil costs cut and road deaths down - 110km limit to be reviewed at end of June but may stay till end of summer
E.COLI OUTBREAk - National news
Spain gears up for compensation row Germany has come under fire for its wild claims about the El.coli outbreak which has cost Spanish farmers millions in lost production. And a row is brewing after the Spanish government said that proposed compensation levels were insufficient. John Dalli, the EU health commissioner, said Germany had drawn premature and inaccurate conclusions about the source of the contaminated food which has killed 22 people and spread fears across Europe.
sprouts. It backtracked allegations.
Germany first blamed Spanish cucumbers for the outbreak, which has also caused sickness in more than 2,400 people, and later pointed the finger at local bean
EU farm ministers were holding an emergency meeting in Luxembourg late yesterday (Tuesday) amid demands for full compensation from Spain's angry farmers.
has on
now both
Mr Dalli told the EU Parliament in Strasbourg that information needed to be scientifically sound and foolproof before it became public.
CASA COIN
whose products have been hit by the outbreak. He said the compensation would cover the period from late May to late June. Mr Ciolos added that he
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
WORLD Amazing!
By Kym Wickham [email protected]
A few weeks ago our immersion heater that has been in the house for 15 years gave up the ghost and every time you plugged it back in, it blew all the electrics. First thing I did was plug in a hairdryer to check that it wasn’t a fault with the electrics but, no, that was all fine. As the thing holds 150 litres of water, it’s quite hefty and to replace it with the same size was going to cost around €350 - OuCH! So we asked one plumber who said it was impossible to get the parts for it but then found out that we could get Cointra parts in Malaga. It took us a week for them to get the parts then dudley Plumb came along this morning and fixed it for us. While this is all very interesting and I’m sure you’re all fascinated by my boiler problems, I was actually amazed at how the things work. The element and thermostat that sits inside it had to be replaced and getting the old one out was a real pain. There were two buckets - the square floor washing sized ones - of cal and general stones and muck that came out before the new ones could be fitted. Poor dudley was up to his elbows in the stuff! And to think that I used to drink this water - I must have a fabulous immune system is all I can say! The other thing I have to say this week is “Bull bars”. A friend bought a brand new 4 wheel drive with these fitted but nobody told him that the bull bars - not the car have to be ITV’d every year whether the car needs an ITV or not. Bet a lot of us didn’t know this, and how mad is that?
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Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
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Continued from
FRONT PAGE
Spain set for compensation row Spain's fruit and vegetables exporters association has estimated losses at €225 million a week. Mr Dalli told the European Parliament: "I stress that the outbreak is limited geographically to the area surrounding the city of Hamburg, so there is no reason to take action on a European level. EU-wide measures against any product are disproportionate.” But he admitted that bans on certain products were a Europe-wide problem. Russia has banned imports of fresh vegetables from the EU. Detailing how the crisis unfolded, he said that originally pinpointing
cucumbers from Spain as the source had been wrong. He said: "It's crucial that national authorities don't rush to give information on the source of infection when it's not justified by the science. That creates fears and problems for our food producers. We must be careful not to make premature conclusions."
After he spoke, Spanish delegate Francisco SosaWagner held up a cucumber during his speech, saying: "We need to restore the honour of the cucumber."
Mounting criticism EU agriculture ministers want to know how close
experts are to identifying the source, amid mounting criticism of the investigation. On Monday, Germany's Lower Saxony agriculture ministry said that "investigations are continuing", as it announced that the first 23 tests of 40 samples from the organic farm in Uelzen had proved negative. He said that given the complex testing procedure, the remaining 17 samples may not be returned for a few more days. All the deaths from the outbreak, bar one in Sweden, have been in Germany. Twelve countries have been affected, with the cases outside Germany linked to travel there.
Protesters prepare for swearing-ins Emissaries from the 56 towns where the 15-M protest movement has taken hold met in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid on Sunday and decided to hold public demonstrations on June 11th, when the mayors elected in the local elections on May 22nd are to be sworn in. The swearing-ins will be "boycotted with boos" to keep alive a movement aimed against the entire
political class, which the protesters insist is corrupt and out of touch with ordinary people's needs. Other initiatives include sending "zombie guards" to escort politicians during public events and to demand a referendum on electoral reform. The three-week sit-in in the Puerta del Sol is continuing, despite a warning by the government that it cannot last indefinitely.
EU advises raising IVA The European Commission has asked Spain to raise its added value tax, IVA, as well as the taxes on energy sources to compensate for the government's loss of revenue from other sources. The EC also asked the Spanish government to reform collective
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Brussels also asked the Spanish government to assess the impact of the labour reforms approved last December and, if the
WEEKLY WEATHER FORECAST FOR COSTA DEL SOL
MALAGA TODAY
bargaining and change the rules on salary reviews “to guarantee that raises in salary reflect productivity and the condition of the company and its work force”.
results were negative, to pass more reforms in the work market to reduce seasonal work and give young people more access to jobs. Brussels predicts that the Spanish economy will grow only 0.8 per cent this year and 1.5 per cent in 2012, as opposed to the government's predictions of 1.3 per cent and 2.3 per cent respectively.
AndAluCIA TOdAY
news Your outlook on the World
the
ON THIS DATE IN
National News Industry, tourism and trade minister Miguel Sebastian told reporters on Monday that the government is considering keeping the lower speed limit introduced in April until at least the end of the summer.
Petrol prices have dropped slightly since then, and so have road deaths, which the government said would be one of the results of the lower limit. Between
January and the end of May, 561 people died in road accidents, 59 fewer than during the same period last year, representing a drop of 9.5 per cent. Road deaths in Spain were once the highest in Europe but have been dropping steadily for several years. The Traffic Authority's Highway Safety
Gen Franco closed Spain’s border with Gibraltar
State of nation debate not special says speaker
110 speed limit may be kept The 110 kilometres per hour limit was introduced to reduce the government's oil bill, and comes up for review at the end of the month.
1969
Strategy aims at reducing them by another 30 per cent by 2020.
The debate of the state of the nation, the last which José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero will attend as head of government, will be held in Parliament at the end of June. Speaker José Bono said the debate on general policies would be held on June 28th and 29th and the last day would be reserved for voting on the proposals presented by the different parliamentary groups.
The debate had originally been scheduled for July, after the ordinary parliamentary sessions had ended, but Sr Bono said he had proposed holding them within the period constitutionally denominated as ordinary in order to avoid making the debate look “exceptional”. It was a perfectly ordinary parliamentary procedure, Sr Bono said.
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
04 n National News
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Heads or tails Three towns have ended up tossing a coin to decide who their mayors will be, after the two main parties ended up with the same number of votes in the May 22nd local elections. The Partido Popular’s Mariano González will be mayor of Lujar in Granada province, and the coin also favoured the PP in Os Blancos in Galicia, where it fell for Juan Manuel Andrade, and in Navaridas in La Rioja, where Miguel Ángel Fernández won the toss. In Lujar the Socialist
candidate, Diego Estévez Cabrera, accepted his defeat gracefully but said he thought a second round of voting would have been more logical.
Four women were killed in less than 72 hours between Thursday and Saturday last week, just days after health minister Leire Pajin had asked the media to play down reports on such murders to avoid copycat killings. None of the women had reported their partners to police, even
though there was sufficient proof of abuse in all four cases.
However, Spain’s election laws allow for coin tossing when ties occur.
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Councillors give up official cars All five Union, Progreso and Democracia party's councillors elected to Madrid City Hall on March 22nd have said they will not be using the official cars, drivers and bodyguards assigned to them. Jaime Berenguer, 43, a professor of psychology, said he had three children and when he couldn't use the family car, he'd use public transport. The other four councillors agreed with him, saying it was “an exaggeration to have a fleet of 134 vehicles”. They said they would only use the council's cars to attend official ceremonies.
Guardia warn against latest scam Spate of gender killings The Guardia Civil’s internet crime group warned on Monday that a group of people are using the May 15th/Real Democracy Now movement to obtain people’s personal details by asking them to sign a petition for a fictitious Popular Legislative
Initiative. A Guardia spokesman said that given the movement’s high profile on news broadcasts most people are not surprised to receive such a request. The recipients are asked to forward an attached form to all their contacts because the group needs a minimum
of 500,000 signatures to supports its demand for the reform of the justice and election systems. The spokesman said that for such a demand to be legally valid, the signatures have to be collected on paper before they can be presented to Parliament.
The murder of Ines Alvares, 64, Teresa Cuervo, 82, Miren Canales, 41, and Rosa Galera, 28, brings the number of gender violence-related deaths to 27 so far this year.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
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Royal Household signals new rules for media King Juan Carlos was discharged from the San Jose Clinic in Madrid on Sunday after undergoing knee surgery there on Friday. The 90 minute procedure to insert an artificial knee was carried out to alleviate pain from old sporting injuries suffered during his younger years as a keen sailor and skier. The 73-year-old king was caught on camera snapping at the media a day before the operation, chiding them for being “obsessed with my health”. At a press call after a breakfast meeting with the executives of training companies, he was asked how he was feeling. "Terrible, terrible, terrible, can't you see that?" the King snapped back, then added: "What you like to do is kill me and have me in a coffin every day.” The comments were captured on camera and became an
instant You-tube hit. The king had not realised he was being filmed. The Royal Household said the king intended to have a breakfast for the media later this week to inform them personally about the new rules. There has been speculation about the king's health since he was admitted to hospital in May last year to have a tumour removed from his lung. More recently, a noticeable discolouring around the eyes led to rumours of haematomas, which were later dispelled. His recent sporting of a somewhat straggly beard led to more comments about his “sickly appearance”. Crown Prince Felipe has been hosting more official
New ecology party formed Thirty ecology groups from throughout Spain have joined together to form a new political party – Equo which will field candidates in the March 2012 general election. It was launched under an olive tree in the centre of Madrid on Sunday, which was International Environment Day. Founder Juan Lopez de Uralde, a former director of Greenpeace España, said: “Europe needs a strong voice to promote the ecological transformation of the economy, the energy and environmental revolution, biodiversity, distributive justice and the welfare State.”
functions such as the visit of the Prince of Wales in April, and some have taken this as a sign that the King is was preparing to step aside, a sure indication of failing health.
He said its members came from the Left and the ecologist movement whose aim was to “refresh” the Left and save it from disappearing.
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MADRID
Another tax snarl up Two weeks ago, the Tax Office had Partido Popular-Andalucia leader Javier Arenas and his wife registered as dead. Last week, it sent a tax form to a man who had already been dead 20 years. Not only that, but the form was in Catalan, and “we've never lived anywhere in Catalonia, have no relatives or ever had property there”, the man's son told reporters. The only connection was that the son worked for the Madrid branch of a Catalan company. MADRID
Law to cap bankers' bonuses The cabinet last Friday approved a law to crack down on the bonus mentality in the banking system, which almost brought the world economy to its knees through risky lending strategies. The law, which incorporates a European Commission directive aimed at reducing risks in the financial sector, allows the Bank of Spain greater supervision over bankers' salaries and incentives. The EC wants to tackle "perverse pay incentives by requiring banks and investment firms to have sound remuneration policies that do not encourage or reward excessive risk-taking." MADRID
Jobless figures down The number of registered unemployed people fell in May by 79,701, or 1.87 per cent, 4.18 million. This does not include the more than half a million jobless who are not eligible for unemployment benefits. It was the second-biggest fall for May since 1997, and coincided with the start of the tourist season, when service companies - which account for about two-thirds of all jobs in Spain - take on more staff. Unemployment fell for the first time this year in April.
WEDNESDAY, June 8 th 2011
06 n World News
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Iceland’s Laki Volcano erupted emitting ash for 8 months
Radiation leak estimate doubled
N
said meltdowns took place in three reactors more quickly than earlier believed. The assessment comes as an expert panel begins an inquiry into the crisis. The plant's operator hopes to shut down the facility by January, but
admits it may take longer. The plant is still leaking radiation and more than 80,000 local residents living within a 12 mile radius have been evacuated. Monitoring shows the lie of the land and wind patterns may be causing a build-up
EWS IN BRIEF
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ZIMbAbwE
'Phantom voters' exposed
Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (Nisa) has more than doubled its estimate of radiation that escaped from the tsunami-hit Fukushima nuclear plant in the first week after the disaster, from 370,000 to 770,000 terabecquerels. Although the amount is just 15 per cent of the total released at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986 - the world's worst nuclear disaster - it suggests the contamination of the area around the plant is worse than first thought. Nisa also
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of radiation in other areas and chief cabinet secretary Yukio Edano has said more evacuations are being considered. Monitoring shows the lie of the land and wind patterns may be causing a build-up of radiation in other areas.
A leaked version of the voters' roll contains some 2.5m too many names, according to a report by the South African Institute of Race Relations. It found that there are more than 41,000 people aged over 100 - four times more than in the UK, which has a far larger population and longer life expectancy, and nearly 17,000 were born on the same day, January 1st 1901. A spokesman said the phantom vote is more than enough to settle the outcome of any election. AUSTRALIA
Fingerprinting breakthrough
Congressman sent Beef sales drop underpants photo after abattoir film New York congressman Anthony Weiner has admitted sending a close-up picture of his crotch to a young woman, but said he will not resign. Mr Weiner had initially said his Twitter account had been hacked when a photo of a man's crotch in grey underpants was sent from it last week. At a press conference on Monday he admitted this was not true, saying that he had "panicked". A tearful Mr Weiner told reporters he was "deeply ashamed of my terrible judgement". He said he deeply regretted what he had done but that he did not intend to resign. The Democratic representative
also acknowledged "inappropriate" communications with six women he met online both before and after he married Huma Abedin, a top aide to US secretary of state Hillary Clinton, last year. But he said he had not met the women, and had never had sex outside his marriage. Mr Weiner, a native New Yorker and former New York City Council member, is known for his outspoken liberal views and was widely expected to run for New York mayor in 2013.
Australian butchers have reported a drop in beef sales of 10-15 per cent since ABC broadcast an investigation into animal cruelty in Indonesian abattoirs last week which featured graphic footage of animals being slashed and whipped. The Australian government has since suspended live animal exports to the abattoirs shown but the programme has had a profound effect on public opinion and the prime minister Julia Gillard is facing increased demands for a blanket ban on all live animal exports to Indonesia. Some 700,000 cattle are exported from Australia
each year, the vast majority to Indonesia, and the meat and livestock industry fears that rural livelihoods could be destroyed if a blanket ban comes into effect.
Researchers at the University of Technology in Sydney have developed a new way of recovering usable fingerprints from old evidence, using nanotechnology to detect dry and weak ones which are not revealed by traditional techniques. They said it would
help police to reopen and hopefully solve cold cases. The scientists said their research, which is continuing, was an important step forward in efforts to conquer one of the great goals of forensic science - to recover fingerprints from human skin.
SYRIA It has therefore proposed a compromise, whereby Australian cattle would only be slaughtered at Indonesian abattoirs which met international standards. Animal welfare groups, however, are planning a national day of action later in the month.
Police 'killed in clashes' Eighty members of the Syrian security forces have been killed in clashes in the north-western town of Jisr al-Shughour, state TV has reported. Foreign media are greatly restricted and details of such reports cannot be independently verified. If confirmed, it would be the deadliest such incident since protests against President Assad began in March. The claim came a day after rights activists said at least 35 people, including police, had been killed inthe town, which is close to the Turkish border.
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Global war on drugs a failure The global war on drugs has "failed" according to a new report by the Global Commission on Drug Policy which has called for the legalisation of some drugs and an end to the criminalisation of drug users. The 19-member commission includes former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, former presidents of Mexico, Brazil and Colombia, as well as the former US Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker and the entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson. The panel also features prominent Latin American writers Carlos Fuentes and Mario Vargas Llosa, the EU's former foreign policy chief Javier Solana, and George Schultz, a former US secretary of state. The 24-page report says antidrug policy has failed by fuelling organised crime, costing taxpayers millions of dollars and causing thousands of deaths. It cites UN estimates that opiate use increased 35 per cent worldwide from 1998 to 2008, cocaine by 27 per cent, and cannabis by 8.5 per cent. It criticises
governments who claim the current war on drugs is effective. "Political leaders and public figures should have the courage to articulate publicly what many of them acknowledge privately: that the evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that repressive strategies will not solve the drug problem, and that the war on drugs has not, and cannot, be won," the report said. Instead of punishing users who "do no harm to others," the commission argues that governments should end criminalisation of drug use, experiment with legal models to undermine organised crime syndicates and offer health and treatment services for drug-users. It calls for drug policies based on methods empirically proven to reduce crime and promote economic and
social development. The commission says the US must abandon anticrime approaches to drug policy and adopt strategies rooted in healthcare and human rights. The US and Mexican governments have rejected the findings as misguided. "Drug addiction is a disease that can be successfully prevented and treated," said a spokesman for the Office of National Drug Control Policy. "Making drugs more available...will make it harder to keep our communities healthy and safe." Mexico’s National Security spokesman Alejandro Poire said: "Legalisation won't stop organised crime, nor its rivalries and violence." More than 34,000 people have died in drug-related violence since a crackdown on the cartels began in Mexico in December 2006.
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
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UK News New controls to protect youngsters Join FREE today!
Leading retailers are signing up to a code of practice designed to protect British youngsters from “sexualisation” The code will form part of a raft of measures targeted at protecting children. The British Retail Consortium has launched new guidelines in response to demands for restrictions on inappropriate children’s clothing and has made clear that shops should be responsive to parents’ anxieties and complaints.
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Bras for sub-teen girls, provocative lacy underwear aimed at tots and raunchy slogans on tee shirts have all come under the spotlight, and sparked criticism by those who fear that young girls are being encouraged to dress far older than their years. Nine stores – Asda, Debenhams, Argos, John Lewis, Next, Marks and Spencer, Peacocks, Sainsbury’s and Tesco – have all signed up and others are being asked to take part. The code was announced to coincide with the results on Monday
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of a review into commercialisation and sexualisation of children, called for by prime minister David Cameron. He has stopped his six-year-old daughter Nancy listening to Lily Allen songs because of their sexual content. The wide-ranging review was carried out by the chief executive of the Mothers Union, Reg Bailey. Its proposals will make it easier to block adult content on mobile phones, prohibit inappropriate advertising from billboards near schools and playgrounds, and to introduce age limits for raunchy videos. The last series of X Factor sparked a
row when hundreds of parents complained about overtly sexy costumes and dancing on TV at a time when young children would be watching and parents will be invited to make their views known online about pre and post watershed content. Mr Cameron has backed the review’s findings and welcomed the retail code. He will hold a summit in October bringing together retailers, advertisers, broadcasters, magazine editors, video games and music industry bosses, industry chiefs and regulators to review progress.
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e next generation for Brit cruising Business is booming in the cruise holiday market and Britain, famous for her history of luxury ships, is now set to step up the game by building a super-ship to compete with those already in the market place.
featherweight compared to the world’s largest cruise ship, Royal Caribbean’s Allure Of The Seas, at 225,282 tonnes, but she will be the largest vessel designed for the British market.
P & O Cruises are entering into the ring of mega-sized vessels with plans to build a £340 million ship which will carry 3,611 passengers. The vessel will weigh in at 141,000 tonnes – a
The company say she will be stylish, innovative, with an unprecedented number of passenger facilities. Managing Director Carol Marlow said: “This new generation ship will deliver
the ultimate P&0 Cruise experience, with sophisticated ‘wows’ and new features to attract thousands of newcomers to our brand.” The ship will be built by Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri, the company that built Cunard’s Queen Elizabeth. Keen cruisers will have to bide their time – the new ship will be launched in March 2015.
WEDNESDAY, June 9th 2011
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Wedding dress will draw crowds Kate Middleton's wedding dress will prove to be a huge draw for tourists when it goes on public display at Buckingham Palace during the summer.
The dress, designed by Sarah Burton, creative director at Alexander McQueen, will be the star exhibit during the annual opening of the state rooms at the Palace - tickets cost £17.50. The display will also include William and Kate's wedding cake, but not Pippa Middleton's bridesmaid dress, or the outfits worn by the small bridesmaids and page boys. A spokesman for the Royal
Collection, which organises the annual opening, said the aim was "to focus on the British design and craftsmanship of the Duchess's ensemble” rather than to create a wedding tableau. The dress will be on show in the ballroom from July 23rd until October 3rd. Kate's handmade bridal shoes, her diamond earrings - a gift from her parents - and the 1936 Cartier halo tiara lent by the Queen, will also
Kate wearing the Cartier tiara
feature. The display is expected to set new records for visitor numbers to the Palace this year.
For whom the bell tolls...
It’s my mummy
It’s a case for Miss Marple as folk in a picturesque Yorkshire village try to solve the mystery of the pensioner who has a grudge against bell ringers.
A tiny abandoned penguin chick has been fooled by zoo keepers into thinking that a black industrial rubber glove is its mother. Keepers at Living Coasts in Torquay, Devon, have customised the glove to help them hand rear the chick, which was abandoned before it was hatched.
The irate man last week imprisoned a group of bellringers in a 150 foot high belfry. It’s thought he took his revenge after working up a rage two hours into a three hour peal. He clambered two flights of steps at the St John The Divine Church in Sharow, near Ripon in North Yorkshire, popped his head through the trap door, shouted abuse including threats to the bellringers’ cars, and jammed the door shut with a piece of wood. The eight strong group of expert bellringers from Abingdon in Oxfordshire were trapped for half an
hour before a parishioner heard them stamping on the floor and investigated the noise. Local sleuths believe the spoilsport could be the same man who carried out a grudge campaign against local bellringers a while back – at that time he wedged a potato in the exhaust of a car belonging to one of them. Villagers have been mortified by the incident. Local bellringers regularly practise on a Tuesday, and a group from Ripon Cathedral sometimes practise on a Wednesday, plus there is a three hour peal on Sundays. The search is on for a man aged between 60 and 70, thin, with an angular face and a green check shirt. Plenty of clues for the Marple fans.
The glove has been decorated with red eyes and yellow plumes so that it mimics an adult macaroni penguin. Zoo keepers use it during feeding to stop the chick becoming too used to humans. The chick is fed by syringe every three hours, with a blended mixture of filleted herring, krill, vitamins and water. Staff are also playing the chick a recording of the sounds made by a macaroni penguin group.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
10 n Inland & Coastal News
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ON THIS DATE IN
the washing machine was patented by Noah Cushing, of Quebec
New MalagaLondon City flights
Portrait of an earthly paradise
Praise for foreign animal lovers In a long interview with the Malaga Hoy newspaper on the ups and downs of animal care, the president of Malaga's Official Veterinary College, Antonio Villalba, credited the presence of so many foreign residents with a heightened awareness on the part of Spaniards of what constitutes cruelty to animals. He said foreigners are brought up to treat
animals properly and in recent years have set up many associations and refuges to look after abandoned dogs and cats. More and more Spanish people are beginning to follow their example, hence the uproar about the Torremolinos animal park (pictured above), where hundreds of dogs and cats – brought by people who
thought they were doing them a good turn - were put to sleep in a cruel manner. He said that before 2003 there were no laws to protect animals but today Andalucia has one of the most enlightened animal protection laws in Spain and “if you're caught kicking a dog you can end up in jail” - something that was inconceivable a few years ago.
It comes as a refreshing change to find an interesting book that is actually published in both Spanish and English. The book, titled “Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama parque natural” contains 374 photos taken by Sebastián García Acosta. He was born in Frigiliana and has spent the past 30 years photographing every corner, all the fauna and flora of the Sierra Tejeda.
As of today (Wednesday) British Airways will have four flights a week – on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday - between Malaga airport and London City airport in the heart of the UK's capital. A British Airways spokesman said the new route was “a substantial improvement for clients because of London City airport's strategic position”, which would cut travelling time considerably. British Airways already has four flights a day from Malaga to Gatwick.
published in the National Geographic magazine.
He said he insisted on the text being translated into English “because many foreigners live in the area, especially Britons who are great nature lovers”.
Garcia Acosta is a painter by profession and taught himself photography – so well that his work has been
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Opposition councillors won’t get paid The mayor elect of Estepona, José María García Urbano, has decided that one of the first cuts he will make when he takes over will be not to pay councillors belonging to the opposition parties. Estepona council has a debt of €160 million hanging over it and frequently finds it difficult to pay its 1,280 staff. Of these, opposition councillors have been receiving 14 yearly payments of €1,500 – but no longer if Sr Garcia Urbano has his way. In future they will receive a certain amount for attending plenary council meetings and a small
amount for attending committee meetings. Local councils enjoy a certain flexibility when to comes to the payment of part-time councillors, which those in opposition usually are. The system of payment for attending meetings prevails in Marbella, Rincon de la Victoria, Mijas and Fuengirola. Payments for plenary meetings range from as little as €40 to €400 and from €20 to €250 for
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committee meetings. In other towns, part-time councillors are paid a smaller monthly salary than full-time councillors. One incoming mayor – the PP's Fernando Fernandez Tapia-Ruano – was in opposition himself until May 22nd. He said he intended to keep the system of paying €190 per meeting attended , which he thought was “an austere amount”.
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MARBELLA
Salvaging rain-damaged library
Council and Junta face off The Costa del Sol hospital's decision to start charging for parking in the areas near the building has set Marbella town council and the Junta de Andalucia at loggerheads again. The council insists that the hospital has not applied for permission to charge and the Junta said the council's months-long silence on the matter gave the hospital “a tacit administrative yes”. Incoming trade and public highways councillor Alicia Jimenez said on Monday that if the hospital does not immediately stop charging for parking, the council would take it to court “for disobedience”.
Council workers continue to save as many books damaged by the recent heavy rains as possible, but hundreds have ended up in the recycling bins. One of the books propped open on shelves to dry is an 1850 version in Spanish of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, which now bears water marks. The library opened in 2003 and suffered from water-related problems from the beginning. It was closed for several years while work was done to eliminate damp and leakages and reopened last November. RONDA
World heritage status sought The Junta de Andalucía is preparing its application to Unesco for Ronda and the dolmens of Antequera to be given World Heritage status. The head of the Junta's cultural department, Paulino Planta, said this status was being sought for as many cultural aspects of the region as possible, including the archaeological dig at Orce on the Guadix plateau in Granada, because it would make Andalucia even more attractive for tourists. The human settlement at Orce is more than 1.3 million years old.
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Economic crisis fuels fake claims Fraudulent insurance claims continue to rise, according to a report by the ICEA insurance claims research association. It said 5,644 fraudulent claims were detected in Malaga province last year, up from 4,331 in 2009. ICEA said there had been a rise of more than 75 per cent in fraudulent claims in the past three years, largely due to the economic crisis. A spokesman said the rise was also partly due to the fact that insurance companies are getting better at uncovering fraudulent claims.
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Sunflowers hit the streets for CUDECA The Cudeca annual Sunflower Campaign will be taking place between June 13th and July 3rd with information tables and volunteers stationed at popular locations throughout the costa.
Dozens of volunteers will hit the streets to offer sunflowers in return for donations and all the funds raised will aid the Cudeca Cancer Care Hospice. Information will be at hand to let people know more
about the valuable work that Cudeca does. If you would like to find out more go to [email protected] or telephone 952 564 910.
CHARITY CORNER
Car Boot
Stepping out in Coin It’s that time of year again when towns and villages are celebrating their patron saints and throwing themselves enthusiastically into the Romeria. Young and old alike dress in traditional costumes and beautifully decorated horses, carts and carriages take to the streets. Elegant costumes mixed with rustic charm in the colourful cavalcade of Coin's annual Romeria at the weekend to honour the town’s patron, the Virgen de la Fuensanta.
Adana animal charity in Estepona has had to switch its fund raising car boot sale date following bad weather. You can find loads of offers at the re-arranged sale this Saturday June 11th, at Bar Eden on El Padron, Estepona - near the Equestrian Centre.
Time for lunch CHAIN lunch club will hold its next get together on Tuesday June 16th at Aguamania on the Cartama road. Speaker Jenny will stage a
gardener's question time. Tickets are €8 and include a buffet lunch. They can be bought at the CHAIN shop at La Trocha in Coin, or contact Denise on 952 453 829.
Garden Party a hit The Triple S fundraising garden party held last Friday was a big hit with more than 80 people pouring into the garden of hosts Brian and Ronna Clarke. Club members and their friends had a great evening tucking into a huge buffet and dancing to entertainer Barry Mac. The evening raised more than €700 for SOS animal refuge.
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
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Gibraltar
News Safety first in Gib constructions The Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate (ICWCI) have officially opened their new meeting centre in Gibraltar, the aim of which is to improve building standards and health and safety. The opening ceremony was attended by successful applicants, representatives of local Government and key members of the local construction industry who have supported this venture, especially Gifford, in order that Site Inspectors in Gibraltar can obtain the necessary qualifications. These organisations include Montagu Group, Gibraltar Land Reclamation Company, GCA Architects and Belilo & Partners. James Gallacher MICWCI, President Elect, formally established the new meeting centre and presented certificates to the successful applicants. The opening ceremony took place at Gifford, Queenswood Quay Office.
In an interview, Mr Gallacher explained to Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation how ICWCI members ‘have the ability and qualifications to go onto a site and look after it’, which gives the client confidence. Members of ICWCI ‘are trained in health and safety and can tell a contractor when he is breaching health and safety requirements’. John Murphy MICWCI, who has been a member of ICWCI since 1991, first had the idea to open the new meeting centre after several colleagues had submitted applications for membership, which would have involved a trip to the UK for the applicants to be interviewed.
The opening of the new meeting centre enables applicants to be interviewed on ‘The Rock’ and John hopes that this will see an ‘improvement in building standards’ and create a network in Gibraltar. As Secretary of the new centre, John works alongside the chairman, Michael Pizzarello FICWCI, who started out as a student at ICWCI in 1980 and is now a Fellow, the highest Membership grade achievable within the Institute. The following applicants received certificates at the presentation, having successfully completed the interview process: Glenn Cunningham MICWCI, Steve Finlay
MICWCI, Mark Newby MICWCI, Damian Muscat MICWCI, Steve Cary MICWCI, Matthew Coulthard MICWCI, Gary Brockhouse MICWCI, Darren Vickers LICWCI. There are several applicants who will hopefully be elected into membership following an interview. The meeting centre will provide a central point where site inspectors in Gibraltar can share experiences, information and keep up to date with their Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and any advances in the industry. For further information please contact Gail Reed at [email protected]
Blaze injures 14 people A huge blaze that left 14 people injured, including 12 passengers from the Independence of the Seas cruise ship, was finally extinguished at 5am last Wednesday in a joint effort by Gibraltarian and Spanish fire fighters that took 14 hours.
tanks that had been ablaze had leaked into the sea around the area, some of it reaching nearby Algeciras beaches, and a clean-up campaign was started immediately. The cause of the fire at the plant on the Western Arm of the North Mole is now being investigated.
The injured included a 40year-old man who was taken to Seville hospital with burns over 70% of his body, and two workmen who were welding in the area at the time.
Popular Party politicians wasted no time in criticising Gibraltarian authorities for not asking for assistance from Spain earlier.
Oil from the burnt out
A hero has emerged as a
result of the blaze though, and that is probationary PC Jared McKintosh who only joined the force a couple of years ago.
struggling to get him down and without any thought for his own safety PC McKintosh went up the stairs to help.
He was in the area offering general help to people when he heard an enormous bang. He looked round to see black smoke rising from one of the tanks and, right at the top of the adjoining tank, workmen trying to get down the narrow metal steps that wind around the tank. One of the men was obviously badly injured and the other was
The man was conscious throughout the ordeal and in agony from his burns but was helped to the ambulance by his colleague and the PC. Afterwards, the brave PC said that he did not consider himself a hero and was just running on adrenalin. adding: “I just did what was necessary.”
TOURIST OFFICES Tourist offices in Gibraltar are located in Casemates Square, the Airport Arrivals Hall, the coach terminus and the cruise terminal and at the frontier. Main Tourist Administration Office Duke of Kent House Cathedral Square, Tel: +350 20074950 e-mail: [email protected] The Gibraltar Tourist Board also operates in London at: Gibraltar Government Office150 Strand,London WC 2R 1JA.Tel: +44 (0) 207 836 0777 email: [email protected] Note: Gibraltar phone numbers consist of eight digits. When phoning from within Gibraltar just dial the eight digits.When phoning from the Costa del Sol and the rest of Spain or from abroad precede the number with the international dialling code which is 00350.
Gibraltar 2011 Bank Holidays
June 13th Queen's Birthday Aug. 29th Summer Bank Holiday Sept. 12th Gibraltar National Day Dec. 25th Christmas Day Dec. 26th Boxing Day
Where can I get my copy of e News? Morrisons, Latinos (Casemates square), Latinos (Main Street), Tourist Centre (Casemates Square), ICC Centre, Newsagents - Albor (Ocean Village), Newsagents - Ocean Village Express, O’Reilley’s (Ocean Village), Bianca’s (Ocean Village If you would like to advertise your business in The News, please call us on 0034 952 454 491 to find out about some fantastic offers we have on this page!
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Martin Delfín Writes for the English language version of
Dictatorial democracy
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relatively new reader has asked me some timely questions about local council accounts – are they kept secret, or audited annually or are they kept secret from opposition councillors. Right now, I can’t answer him in detail because political animals like myself tend to look at the big picture – which is in Madrid – and overlook local council matters. However, the hand-over to the winning parties take place on June 11th so I suspect we’ll be finding out a few answers quite soon.
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think the big eye opener is about to take place in Castilla-Las Mancha, which the Partido Popular snatched from the Socialists, who’d been governing the region for the past 30 years. The PP has claimed that the outgoing Socialists have left the region "bankrupt" - without enough funds to pay public sector salaries and of having built up a heap of unpaid bills, which outgoing administrators have been destroying in order to hide their tracks.
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n Monday Socialist deputy leader Marcelino Iglesias accused the PP of “committing a serious act of institutional disloyalty, and practising political hooliganism in throwing into doubt the credibility of Spain's accounts.” The same day, after meeting the regional party leaders, prime minister Zapatero said he was worried about the potential fallout from the PP's claims on the financial markets. The blue-chip Ibex 35 index fell 1.24 per cent and Moody’s said the Catalan regional government’s deficit is putting at risk the Madrid government's aim of reducing the national deficit to 6 per cent of the GNP as required by the EU. I must state here that I feel international credit rating agencies like Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s have far too much power and that the world would be better off without them. I also feel the international financial markets – which can bankrupt a country on the basis or rumours alone – should be brought to heel.
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owever, Zapatero has reason to be worried. The markets hate “hidden debt” and unfortunately I think the full extent of Spain’s real debt will begin to emerge into the light of day over the next few weeks as the incoming PP finds that winning local councils is going to bring them nothing but grief. One of the pillars of the PP’s economic plans is to create jobs but a local source tells me the incoming PP mayor in Coin will have to remove about 150 people from the council payroll – because they’re superfluous or because as “friends” of the outgoing party, they don’t actually do any work. I suspect this state of affairs reigns in nearly all of Malaga's 101 municipalities. If the same is true of the country’s some 7,000 municipalities, then the incoming parties are going to be up you-know-what creek without a paddle.
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he picture is just as bleak at a regional level. We still have to find out what the Socialists have been up to in Castilla-La Mancha but El Mundo newspaper has already published some figures which give us an idea about the state of affairs in Extremadura, another Socialist stronghold.
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hen its former premier, Juan Carlos Rodriguez Ibarra, stood down in 2007, the regional assembly continued to pay for an office for him in the regional capital of Merida. It was rented initially for €2,500, then the assembly decided to buy it, for €500,000. As soon as Rodriguez Ibarra settled in, he started sending the bills to the assembly €679 for a lamp, €3,050 for a Le Corbusier sofa. In all he spent €242,000 just to furnish the office. His staff of one adviser, one cabinet chief, a secretary and several bodyguards and drivers are paid by the Assembly, for a total of around €140,000 a year. He has four cars at his disposition – an Audi A8 with all extras which cost more than €56,000, plus an Audi A6, a Peugeot 407 and a Citroën C5, for which the Assembly has paid out €90,835 in petrol and €55,444 in maintenance and repairs. I won’t go on, but I want to give people an idea of the lavish lifestyle of local government top cats. And this is just one of the 17 local governments.
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he Junta de Extremadura's first deputy premier and spokeswoman, Dolores Pallero, immediately defended spending more than €2 million on Ibarra, whose experience and knowledge were well worth it. She said Ibarra was a paragon of honesty, as he had proved during his 24 years in power. And therein lies the rub. Too many politicians have been too long in power – one Socialist mayor in Extremadura had been “governing” his town for 32 years – and are finding it very hard to hand over power now. In fact, I wonder how many other people are struck by the fact that too many of them have been in power almost as long as Franco (36 years).
ne of the best things about living in Madrid is that in almost every neighbourhood there is a piece of history just right around the corner. In the district of Tetuán, where I live, there are countless forgotten areas that don’t make it on the official city tour guide’s presentation – 19th century churches, the Spanish Red Cross headquarters built by Queen Victoria Eugenia (Spain’s last queen before the Civil War and granddaughter of Queen Victoria) and the city’s second oldest bullring, which is now being used as a music conservatory. Cutting through this historic district, which was located for many centuries on the outskirts of Madrid, are remnants of an ancient network of underground galleries once used to bring water from the springs in the north to the Royal Palace in the centre of the city. These water passages, known in Spanish as the “viajes de agua,” were first built in the 9th century. Water is still carried in trickles today through these arched caverns but it is no longer used as a source.
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n 2005, city workers designing a park on the west side of Tetuán, near an old aqueduct that is still being used today, discovered two ancient galleries that formed part of this waterworks route. Built around 1616, the Amaniel qanat – as the galleries are known by the Arabic name – was an important juncture that carried water from two sources located in the present-day Dehesa de la Villa Park and the further north Ventilla. When the openings of the two galleries were discovered six years ago, residents in the area petitioned the city to preserve them and incorporate them as centrepieces of the hilly park so that visitors could enjoy them. Today, this fine engineering feat is in a sad state. Vandals have sprayed graffiti throughout its restored façade, including staining the remarkable arched-galleries inside and out. Overgrown shrubbery and weeds cover the place making it impossible to see the arches from the visitors’ cordoned-off area. The creek where water still trickles is polluted with debris such as plastic soda bottles, rags and other trash. Three metal markers that tell the history of the early potable water routes have been completely defaced, rendering them illegible and useless. The entire site is a complete disaster.
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t is puzzling how neighbours in the nearby buildings, who had lobbied for the preservation of the qanats, have not demanded that city officials provide security to protect this important historic site. Conservation is one of the most prized efforts any European city can and should undertake. But as long as people don’t act and educate others about the importance of their city’s past, there won’t be anything left for others to marvel at and enjoy in the future.
… and rewriting history
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here are some historians in this country who believe that by changing a word or two they can completely turn around the legacy of a controversial person. This was the case with some members of the Royal Academy of History (RAH) and their biographical sketches of Francisco Franco, Manuel Azaña and others who were caught on the opposite sides before the Spanish Civil War. The entries are contained in the soon to be published Dictionary of Spanish Biographies, parts of which are already out in digital form on the web.
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uis Suárez Fernández, 87, a member of the Franco Foundation and a close friend of the dictator’s family, was selected to write the entry for the late Spanish caudillo. He gave a pro-Franco slant, hailing his military career and failing to mention the crackdowns and deaths that took place during the 39-year dictatorship. Other controversial entries include one about Valencia Mayor Rita Barberá of the Popular Party, which was written by her press team, and of General Alfonso Armada, one of the leaders of the failed 1981 coup, penned by his son-inlaw. The entries sparked an outcry by the survivors and families who were opposed to the Franco regime.
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ast week, many marched on the (RAH), some holding Republican flags, to demand the resignation of its director Gonzálo Anes. The RAH has decided that it would rectify the controversial entries before the sketches come out in book form. But the protest and outcry was just another example how Spanish history still rabble rouses the most passionate.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
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All you want and need to know about inheritance tax - meeting today June 8th Lawyer Jon Sutton will offer an overview and take questions when he meets people who want to discuss the complexities of Spanish inheritance tax today, Wednesday, at the Sierra Gorda bistro. Arrive at 13.30am for 11am start. You can find the Sierra Gorda bistro on the Coin/Cartama road, at km 9. Below is an article written by Jon which aims to provide some background information. The autonomous regions are allowed to set their own inheritance tax levels and allowances. However these allowances only apply for the estates of people who have been resident in that region for five years and the beneficiaries are similarly resident. If both the deceased and beneficiaries do not satisfy the residency requirement then the national state rules apply. There is a vast difference between the state inheritance tax rules and the regional allowances. Several regions including Madrid, the Canary Islands, the Balearics, Valencia and Murcia have virtually no inheritance tax between spouses or between parents and children. Others, principally those with
socialist administrations, have less generous allowances, nevertheless with professional advice the reductions can be utilised so as to significantly lower or eliminate the inheritance tax burden. For example Andalucia allows a gift to a spouse, child or parent of up to €175,000 tax free. This is an all or nothing allowance not a nil rate band so a gift of €176,000 would be taxable on the full amount. As previously stated, these allowances only apply where the deceased and beneficiaries are residents. If not, the much less generous state rules apply which simply allow a deduction of just under €16,000 from the gift for tax purposes for spouse, children and parents of the deceased. This can mean that non resident beneficiaries pay many thousands of euros more tax than they would if they were residents.
However help may be at hand for those thousands of non resident holiday home owners or residents of Spain whose principal or reserve beneficiaries (such as their children) are non residents. On February 16th this year, the European Commission asked Spain to amend its tax provisions on inheritance and gift tax on the basis that they impose a higher tax burden on non-residents and on assets held abroad. The Commission was of the opinion that the provisions were incompatible with the free movement of workers and capital which are required under European law. In particular, the Commission considered that there was a breach of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Articles 45 and 63 respectively). The request takes the form of a complementary "reasoned opinion". Spain has been given two months to
respond and If there is no satisfactory response , the Commission may decide to refer the case to the EU's Court of Justice. However, this may take some time, the Commission previously sent a reasoned opinion to Spain on May 5th 2010 and although Spanish legislation has been amended slightly, it is still not fully compliant with EU law. The Commission has therefore decided to send the latest complementary reasoned opinion requesting Spain to make additional changes to its legislation to ensure full compliance. The deadline has now passed but so far there is no news of any response. How Spain will respond, when this will be and how this will change the inheritance tax burden for non residents is not yet clear. The Spanish Government is in financial difficulties as it is and will be reluctant to give up this
lucrative, if unjust, stream of revenue. However, Spain is now on notice and to delay the matter may lead to claims from beneficiaries who are adversely affected by Spain's failure to comply. This could lead to a similar situation to Capital Gains Tax which was also discriminatory and ultimately amended to be the same for non-residents and residents alike and also led to a deluge of claims for compensation from people who had paid the higher rate of tax as non residents.If and when the inheritance laws are changed it would be well worth everyone with a property in Spain to consult their lawyer or accountant to see whether changes should be made to
their wills to reduce or eliminate inheritance tax. Report by Jon Sutton Jon Sutton (above) is a Solicitor at De Cotta McKenna y Santafé, whose Firm specialises in Wills & Probate. He will be available to meet clients at the inland office of De Cotta McKenna y Santafé at La Trocha, Coín or at the offices in Mijas Costa and Nerja. To book an appointment call 951 315 161 or email [email protected] . For more information find them on the internet at website address www.decottalaw.com.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
OUT &
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ABOUT
Your Weekly Entertainment Guide INSIDE THIS WEEK Mijas International Festival New Name - New Owners for fab new food Bargains galore at Charity Auction
A sizzling summer line up of sound Written by Andrea MacLean
To some of us of a certain age the songs I’ll Take You There and Respect Yourself, by the Staple Singers, bring back memories of summers long ago. t’s a huge shame that this guy isn’t better known. The album “The Sounds of McAlmont and Butler” has huge anthemic tracks, and a wall of sound that Phil Spector would have been proud of. He will be singing his finest songs at Echegaray –. and yes, it will include “Yes”, the McAlmont and Butler song that makes the spirit soar and is the perfect track to put on in the car when you can sing along loudly to the chorus without being embarrassed. Look up the video on You Tube if you have never heard of the man or the song. way from Terral there are a number of other top performers heading to Andalucia. The action starts with the hero of Livin’ La
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the floor with its infectiousness. “She Bangs” was another huge hit, and the Municipal Auditorium in Malaga is set to sizzle on Friday June 24th. ting needs little introduction to anyone – lover of music or not. He hasn’t needed a “proper” name for years. The one.time lead singer with The Police has varied his musical styles throughout his lengthy career and he has a staggering number of hit records, along with 16 Grammy awards, an Oscar nomination, and membership of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and The Songwriters Hall of Fame. He is appearing in Granada in the Plaza de Toros in July 15th as part of
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Vida Loca – Puerto Rican pop star Ricky Martin. He has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide and La Vida Loca was his first song in English. It put him firmly on the map, and drew even the most reluctant of dancers onto
S K Estates
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MURCIA
Over the past two weeks, The News has been running articles about the region of Murcia and the fact that Paramount Studios has just announced it is to build its new theme park in the area to rival Disneyland Paris. It will be within a 20 minute drive of the houses for sale below. The city of Murcia holds many interesting features as does Cartagena, around 30 minutes drive away. This is a golden opportunity for someone to live in one house and earn an income from the other one by letting it to people visiting the new theme park.
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THE PRICE FOR BOTH HOUSES IS €125,000 FOR A QUICK SALE
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MIMOSA
3 bedroomed house in Mula, Murcia, right at the top of the town with fantastic views. Living room, dining room, big kitchen, bathroom and three bedrooms plus courtyard for barbecues and roof terrace. New electrics. The larger of the two houses with 3/4 bedrooms, 3/4 reception rooms, kitchen and bathroom. This house also has a courtyard, a cave to fit out for keeping wines at the correct temperature and a very large roof terrace, partly covered for barbecues and sunbathing. This house requires total refurbishment but would be a large family house when finished. Both houses are on NO TRAFFIC roads so are very safe for a family with children.
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House 1
House 2
his critically acclaimed symphonicity world tour, which has been a sell out everywhere. He is performing his greatest hits re-arranged to be played with a symphony orchestra. ther stars headed our way are Jamiroquai, the jazz funk rock group headed by Jay Kay. The band has a Grammy award and has sold 25 million albums world wide and will be appearing at the auditorium on Wednesday August 3rd. nd of course don’t forget Peter Andre, who will be hitting the costa on July 22nd. See the ad on page16 (opposite). o, a summer line up to whet the appetite and satisfy all musical tastes.
PENSAMIENTO
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began singing with her ground breaking family group, The Staple Singers and her voice is as fabulous as ever.You can see her at the Cervantes on July 14th, at 9pm. few days before, on July 9th, David McAlmont takes to the stage at the Echegaray at 10pm. His appearance in Malaga is part of the first tour he has undertaken in years and he has been acclaimed in the past for his collaborations with Michael Nyman and has recently come back to prominence as a support vocalist for Duffy and Sharleen Spiteri. But he is most renowned for his partnership with Bernard Butler.
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The family group may have broken up, but Mavis Staples, doyenne of R and B, is still going strong. he legendary soul singer has a new album, “You Are Not Alone” – and the singer who has a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and was named by Rolling Stone as one of the 100 greatest singers of all time, is about to unveil her talents in Malaga. avis Staples is one of the headline acts at this year’s Terral music and dance festival, taking place in the city’s two theatres, the Cervantes and the Echegaray, from July 1st to 17th. Her latest project comes 60 years after she
TO
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
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Mijas International Festival 2011
A tapestry of traditions, cultures and music The famous Mijas International Festival has come around again, this is the 23rd time the Foreign Residents Department of Mijas Town Hall have organised the colourful annual event that celebrates the very “internationalness” of Mijas. The twenty different nationalities partaking in this year's celebration will be distributed over three different zones, connected by lively street parades and in parts a free mini train. Each one is worth seeing, the blue zone is in La Muralla gardens near to the bull ring, green zone in Plaza de la Constitución and red zone in Plaza Virgin de la Peña in front of the town hall, in all a total of three stages and nineteen stands, each one sharing some aspect of their home
Your Weekly Entertainment Guide
New name - and New great new owners! Scrabble venue The MABS Cancer Support group have had a change of venue for their Scrabble evenings which will now be held on the second Tuesday of every month – the next game being Tuesday June 14th – at the Miraflores Bowls Club.
country, food, drinks and handicrafts - many in their impressive national costumes. There will be all manner of things going on from all over the world, from Uruguay to the Ukraine, Morocco to Mexico, Korea to Columbia. There is a parade and display of classic cars from Classic Cars of Andalucía and from nearby Fuengirola a parade of Italian Piaggio Vespa Scooters. The three stages will present a most amazing and varied selection of musical performances and dance, to pick out just a few; German Sea Shanty Choir, Indian Dance, Celtic Fusion, Mexican Mariachi, Moroccan Music and of course Flamenco. A full programme of all the performances is displayed at each of the three stages. The festival starts on Friday June 10th at 9pm, on Saturday and Sunday at 1.30 pm and finishes on Sunday evening, entrance is free and in anticipation of the large attendance the event attracts, the Town Hall have cleverly
organised a park and ride system with a free shuttle from the edge of the village just five minutes to the centre with space enough for 500 cars. The pretty white village of Mijas is such an ideal back drop to the event with its white walls, cobbled streets and tree shaded squares. The festival is for everyone, with plenty of activities for kids and adults, plenty to see and enjoy and plenty to eat and drink. Written by Pete Woodall of Woody’s, Los Boliches
Mike and Andrea Monk took over what used to be Leslie’s Bistro in Coin a little while ago and now it is going from strength to strength. The bistro has been re-decorated, there are new tables and chairs on the patio, and smart new bistro style furniture in the bar and front restaurant area and the whole place has taken on a fresh new look and feel. The restaurant has been re-named “Sierra Gorda Bistro” which makes it much easier for those people coming up from the coast to find it - there’s a huge sign showing you where the Sierra Gorda urbanisation is and the restaurant is just on the left hand side of the entrance as you come in. With a new menu that the chefs have a hand in planning, the food is both interesting and delicious.
Their Fish and Chip supper includes a small salad and home-made coleslaw and tartar sauce in a little glass. The Chicken and Ribs come with all the trimmings you could think of so don’t bother having a sandwich at home for lunch - you need all the room you can get to eat everything that’s on your plate, and you won’t want to waste anything! Lunch for a fiver the other day was a Roast Beef Bap. Filled with delicious roast beef, complete with a salad, delicious homemade potato salad and horse-radish sauce. The Sierra Gorda Bistro is the restaurant where once you’ve been, you will definitely be booking for your next visit. Call 952 112 123 or see their advert on page 3 for weekly specials.
CASA KON-TIKI
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The Home of Fish and Chips OPEN ALL DAY 7 DAYS A WEEK
12 NOON ‘TIL 11PM NEW! Early Bird Special 7 Days, noon until 6pm Fish, Chips, Peas, Bread only €3.95pp Lunch time sandwiches €1.50 Main meals from €4.95 Sunday Roast Lunch €5.95pp Buy two rump steaks, get a bottle of wine free - only €9.95 each
Chris The Dish: 667 842 359 John The Fish: 678 292 792 2nd street behind Yaramar Hotel, Los Boliches Visit us at www.los-boliches.es
www.thenewsonline.es
and get 2 soft drinks for free with take away
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You can find the club on Urbanizacion Miraflores, Ctra de Cadiz (N340) Km 199, Mijas Costa and the Bowls Club is down the second turning on the right after you enter Miraflores. Come along for the 2pm games, have a fun afternoon, and make some new friends.
Summer time Ball Conservatives Abroad are holding their annual end of season Grand Summer Ball on Friday June 17th. It’s time to get out the glad rags because the event is black tie, and it starts at 7.30pm at the Tamisa Golf near Fuengirola. Entertainment will be by popular artiste Jo Layte, a favourite at venues along the Costa. Tickets cost €35 for members and €40 for non members and includes welcome drinks, canapés, three course meal and wine. Tel: 952 565 777 or 666 434 839 for info.
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Take Away Home Cooking and Catering Scandinavian and International Specialities
Tel: 951 319 439 Aloha Gardens, next to El Jardin. Avda Del Prado Nueva Andalucia Open Mon-Fri 10.00am - 8.00pm Saturdays 10.00am - 6.00pm [email protected]
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
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the
Bargains galore at TAPAS singing at charity auction
EL MOJITO
£1.30
Alhaurin el Grande’s NEWEST bISTRO cAfE
Serving a selection of snacks, paninis, baguettes, etc., Plus main meals including Rack of Ribs, and Entrecôte steaks.
Sunday Roast €7.95 OAP special price €5.95 children €4.95 Open every evening except Wednesdays with a new menu. On fridays you can enjoy fresh battered cod, chips & Mushy Peas fri - Sat Happy Hour 6.30 7.30
Daily from 9am Sat. & Sun. 10am
952 497 188 Calle Gerald Brenan 89 Alhaurin El Grande
MUMTAZ MAHAL Indian Restaurante Come and enjoy the best of Indian cuisine in our newly refurbished airconditioned restaurant or dine on our fabulous terrace
Menu del Dia 3 courses €9,95 EAT FROM OUR MENU WITH PRICES REDUCED BY UP TO 10 & 15%
Take-away service Free home delivery with orders over €25.00 OPEN 7 DAYS Lunch 1.30 - 4.00pm Dinner 7.00 - 12.00pm
Urb. El Rodeo, Coin
952 455 599 626 977 224
ladies lunch Thursday 16th June 1.30pm
OM €1 R F S A P A T F TION O WIDE SELEC TEA, COFFEE,
ENgLISH WINE, BEER BREAkFAST only €1 9am onwards from
€2.50
PRE-OPENING PlANNED fOR SUNDAY JUNE 12TH cAll fOR MORE INfO
£1.40
* Welcome Cava
Wednesday 8th Jordana + Cher + Lady Gaga tributes Thursday 9th Lesley Harrison Friday 10th Alex Avery Saturday 11th The Cleverleys Sunday 12th Mad Terry and Rob Stevens Monday 13th Michael Bublé followed by Natalie Monroe Tuesday 14th Dex - guitar and vocals Karaoke from midnight every night with Mad Terry, and Tomo
Free entry
* Chill Out to the Sounds of Dave Lee from 3 pm
“LIVE”
s
Siboney’s in the la Trocha commercial centre in coin is about to re-open so join us for coffees, drinks, food and our terrace barbecue. We hope to welcome you this Sunday June 12th, subject to some last minute details to be sorted. So just ring Duncan from JK’s to find out more.
Terry @ Buzby ad ’
*FREE ENTRY* Shows start at 9.30pm. Open all day.
£1.10
So stop off to tickle your funny bone and then listen to a fabulous choir in full voice. If you fancy singing yourself, have a chat while you are there.
Pot of Tea for one
For more information call 952 855 087.
That’s near the blue zone where visitors will find the British stand. This year it will be based on a comedy theme and will celebrate the best of British humour.
Selection of Speciality Twinings Teas
There will also be a ‘silent’ auction of promises as well as refreshments.
So go along, bag a bargain and have a great day out.
Monday & Thursday Bingo & Quiz Night Tuesday “Black Bais” Male vocals, soul, Tamla Motown, R&B, great voice! Wednesday Karaoke with Robbie from 9.30pm Friday Siobhan - female vocalist from Dublin Fun for all ages Saturday Night Life - comedy vocal duo, not to be missed! Sunday “Mr Blue Eyed Soul” Danny Stone
Selection of various drinks available at the counter
The auction is being organised by the Anglican Church of the Costa del Sol West which supports a number of local and international charities.
SPECIAL OFFER! 8oz entrecôte steak with all trimmings & bottle Rioja - only €20 per couple
The TAPAS Choir will be performing at the prestigious Mijas International Festival this Saturday and Sunday (June 11th and 12th) in the Square just below the Bullring, at approximately 6.00pm.
£1.50
Among the items up for sale are several fine works of art, some exquisite porcelain and glassware and a large amount of golfing equipment. Some of the items are new, some are old but all offer the chance of snapping up a bargain.
952 057 062
Freshly made Thick and Creamy Milkshakes
Admission is free for catalogue-holders (catalogues cost €1, available on the door) and there will be signs to the auction from the security gateway at Sotogrande estate, south of the A7 carratera between the Km130 and Km132 junctions.
Strawberry
Over 100 lots will be going under the hammer at a charity auction being held in Sotogrande next week. The event – which will be held in a private garden in C/. de Sancho el Mayor – is on Saturday, June 4th. Viewing will begin at 10.30am with bidding starting an hour later.
Chocolate
Keanu & Sandra’s excellent adventure email: [email protected] web: www.coinlife.info
A
ccording to something I found on the internet, June 15th 2010 was designated Cheer Up Keanu day. Apparently photographs of a rather sad looking Keanu Reeves were spotted by dedicated fans and Facebook users, so a campaign to cheer up the Canadian actor was born.
A
lthough you don’t seem to hear the kind of excessive stories about Keanu Reeves that you get from many of Hollywood’s finest, according to Wikipedia, he had something of a wild-child reputation as a youngster and was thrown out of several schools as a teenager. It’s not too difficult to imagine if you look at his earliest successful films such as ‘Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure’ and its successor ‘Bill and Ted’s Bogus Journey’ in which he plays a failing high school student.
MOVIES TO WATCH OUT FOR
e Hangover Part II BY TODD PHILLIPS Starring Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms
Well, the critics have not been kind to this, a movie they describe not so much a sequel, as a remake of the original and a tired one at that. But the studio won’t care. Hangover II hit box office gold when it opened in both the US and the UK and has taken the record for the biggest grossing comedy opening. It’s undoubtedly familiar territory – the same people are doing the same thing in a different location. Oh, and they lose a different
person. Dentist Stu (Helms) is set to marry Lauren (Jamie Chung) in a traditional wedding in Thailand. Best friends Phil ((Cooper), Doug (Justin Bartha) and Alec ( Zach Galifiankis) are invited. Boy, he should have known better. The boys hit
Bangkok and after Doug makes an early exit the others party on with the bride-to-be’s 16-year-old brother Teddy (Mason Lee). Next morning they wake up in a sleazy hotel room with no memory of the night before, and no Teddy. As they race around the city
in a frantic search they cross paths with a shady businessman (Paul Giamatti) and a flamboyant criminal (Ken Jung) and meet a fabulously malevolent monkey. It won’t be getting any awards nominations, but it’s certainly putting bums on seats.
MOVIE NEWS
Taylor and Burton on
Role not terminated
big screen The fiery romance that sizzled between Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton is to be made into a film, to be directed by Martin Scorsese. Taylor, one of Hollywood’s enduring beauties, died earlier this year aged 79. She was married eight times – twice to the tempestuous Welsh firebrand Burton. The film will be based on the book that charted their relationship called Furious Love. The couple caused a scandal when they met on
the set of Cleopatra in 1962 and began an affair. Their relationship was fuelled by drink and violence and made headlines the world over.
Disgraced Arnold Schwarzeneggar will to appear in Terminator 5 but in a much reduced role – it’s not sure whether this is a response to the publicity surrounding the former governor of California who has separated from wife Maria Shriver, after it was revealed he has a love child
by the couple’s housekeeper. Paul Walker, from The Fast and The Furious 5 (above)is being tipped for the lead role of Kyle Reese. The movie will be directed by F and F’s Justin Lin, who wants to reboot the Terminator franchise in much the same way as JJ Abrams’s Star Trek.
F
or me, Keanu Reeves emerged as a serious, believable character when he starred in one of my all time favourite films ‘Speed’ in 1994.
S
imple, fast paced and spotted with humour, Speed has a few glaringly weak plot strands but all in all, it is an edge of the seat action movie with a brilliant lead cast.
H
aving successfully rescued office workers from a booby-trapped lift, Police Officer Jack Traven (Keanu Reeves) becomes the unwitting pawn in a terrorist’s campaign against the pubic transport system. After helplessly watching a bus get blown up by a bomb, Traven starts receiving instructions from the terrorist on how he can become a bigger hero by preventing the next bus from being blown up. While Traven races to find the right bus, daily commuter Annie Porter (Sandra Bullock) is racing to catch it, having, ironically as it turns out, lost her driving licence for speeding.
W
hen the terrorist informs Traven that a bomb has been activated on the bus and that it will be detonated if the speed of the bus falls below 50 miles per hour, Annie Porter finds herself in the driving seat of the vehicle racing to keep the bus above 50 through Los Angeles traffic.
A
nnie and Traven are drawn towards each other as
they try to outwit the evil but smart terrorist who is played by Dennis Hopper.
A
very silly, adrenalin filled ending sees Annie and Traven surviving an off-therails subway crash with their carriage landing on the street as they release their tensions with a snog. The chemistry between the two actors was excellent the whole way through and is part of what makes the film enjoyable. That and of course the perfect comedy timing of Sandra Bullock, although even that particular skill could not save the fortunes of the sequel. Speed 2 won an award in the worst remake or sequel category in 1997’s Golden Raspberry Awards, known in the industry as the Razzies. Keanu Reeves had the good sense to turn down the 12 million dollar contract for Speed 2 but Sandra Bullock got stuck right in. 12 million dollars must go a long way towards the shame of winning a Razzie.
T
he two actors came together again in a very different film called ‘The Lake House’, some 12 years later. The time weaving plot of The Lake House has Bullock playing Kate Forster, a woman who leaves a helpful note for the next tenant of a house on the shores of a beautiful lake she has been renting. In a time warp that is never really explained, the note is picked up by Alex Wyler (Keanu Reeves) as he takes on the tenancy of the property, two years before Alex ever sets foot in the place. As the couple communicate by letter, they begin to work out that they are living in different time frames and start to build a relationship while separated by distance and two whole years. Having set up a Valentines meet, Kate is upset that Alex fails to turn up but then later discovers that he had been trying to get to her when he was involved in a fatal car accident that she had witnessed. Because of their time difference and after some frantic back peddling, she sends Alex instructions not to meet for a Valentines dinner in two year’s time, instead arranging to meet at the lake house where they finally manage to cross the time difference and meet face to face. An excellent and clever story that is intriguing and romantic at the same time.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
by Cathy Stronach
Kym’s Kitchen ...you don’t have to be a chef!
A challenging week looms both on the emotional and mental level so this is when you need to keep your eyes open and pay attention to the detail, keep your feet on the ground and remain in the moment. Others will be drawn and attracted to you as your popularity increases, the strength and confidence that you exude at the moment sends a message out to others that you are a leader and the one to listen to.
If you like curries, middle Eastern and almost any kind of exotic cooking, there are some spices that you should always keep in stock so, this week, here's a list of them and ideas for their uses.
That something you love combined with something you have been working on may surprisingly and spontaneously start to pay off. Venus is making you realise what you value most and what brings you the most pleasure – as long as you back it all up with commitment and sincere efforts then you will attract good things. Make sure you have your core foundation as strong as possible not just in the working arena but within your home life as well.
● Allspice: small berries used extensively in Carribean and Jamaican cookery, it is a
Essential Spices useful alternative to a ground spice mix and is especially used in jerk dishes.
● Brown Mustard Seeds: small seeds that come from a plant related to cabbage. Although they have hardly any smell, they give off a powerful taste when cooked.
● Cinnamon: the bark from an evergreen tree with a sweet flavour. It is fragrant and GEMINI
May 21st June 21st
VIRGO
August 23rd September 22nd
One of those times when you need to stand tall and refuse to cave in to popular opinion is now. You are being held to a higher standard than others, so it falls on your shoulders to strive for personal integrity and to lead the way. Make sure the things you say cannot be twisted or misinterpreted as you do not want them to come back and bite you later on. A new job offer could be in the wings as career developments take on a momentum. The worst of the challenges this year are finally over, although you will not start to feel this in its entirety straight away - rest assured you are now entering a smoother, lighter time. Watch out for sudden gains in personal wealth and sudden attractions as well. It is time for Cancers to start expanding upon their personal life experiences; even a spot of travel isn’t out of the question. The main difference is, what used to take a lot of time and effort, now seems to happen automatically. This could be a difficult week emotionally for you as some hurt feelings or resentments from the past as a result of foolish actions seem to rise from within. Talk things through with a trusted friend and get it all off your chest it will allow you see things in a far clearer perspective. This is a passionate, intense and sensual time and you could find yourself tempted as others become radically attracted to you. By the weekend the bigger picture becomes clear and what was hidden from you becomes obvious. New friendships, relationships or partnerships may be formed this week as your ability to communicate is excellent right now. Your powers of attraction are strong and you will be able to use this to your advantage in nearly all situations. Usually you adapt yourself to whomever you are with but now you are being asked to stand your ground and be yourself. As you do so watch the stresses and pressures you have been under literally wash away.
Be careful not to slip into mental overload as there is so much going on you won’t know if you are coming or going. Make sure you the check the facts and hold others accountable for their promises. Once the work is out of the way your social life will also be on the hectic side with lots of invitations flooding in. Perhaps you could enlist the help and support of others who September 23rd share your ideals, if you ask you are likely to receive this week. October 22nd
SCORPIO
October 23rd November 21st
feature this week. Knowing where you can help and when you need to stay out of it is the key, before you take sides, take a deep breath, stand back and try to view the situation objectively. Sagittarians are enormously protective and passionate over those that they love so this is not always an easy task. November 22nd December 21st Later in the week things lighten up and become more fun – take some time out to enjoy yourself.
CAPRICORN The real deal is that you need to have rock solid convictions about what you want and what you are willing to do in order to obtain your wants and desires. It has become important to follow your plan and be ready to adapt when needed. The key to it all is clear communication so let go of all tensions, stress and strain and immerse yourself into conjuring up what it is you really want. nd December 22 The good news is that this is the perfect time for meeting new people. January 19th
January 20th February 18th
PISCES
February 19th March 20th
Eastern cookery. The seeds can add a whole new dimension to your pepper mill when added to pepper.
● Crushed Chillies: add pure mouth tingling heat so be very sparing with them as when they reconstitute they get even hotter. They can be added at the beginning or at the end of cooking, but – watch out!
● Cumin: this has a spicy-sweet smell and quite a pungent taste. A little cumin added at the end of cooking time can boost the flavour.
● Green Cardamom: highly perfumed seed pods from a shrub native to southern India and Sri Lanka. Use in Indian dishes, milk puddings and biscuits.
● Nutmeg: the 'nut' from an Indonesian evergreen tree. Very aromatic, sweet smelling and warm, it can be used for both sweet and savoury dishes and is best bought whole.
● Ginger: this can be bought fresh, crystalised, in a syrup (stem ginger) or in powder form. Has hundreds of uses including to flavour cakes, curry dishes and you can add to honey and orange for a BBQ glaze.
●Star Anise: a star shaped fruit from a tree related to the magnolia. It adds a licorice flavour. Used in Chinese dishes but can also be used to flavour fruit desserts and jams.
SPANISH
Poco a Poco By Valerie Mitchell
¿Cuándo? - When? Through your relationships and partnerships abundance and good prospects come your way, therefore, it is vital to maintain a good balance in your personal relationships. Your creativity and imagination are in full flight and you will be seeking to share your ideas, visions and dreams with someone else, if it is with a loved one, then this can help you take romance to the next level. Your dreams are likely to be vivid right now so keep a bedside notebook – jot down that invention.
SAGITTARIUS There is a drama that is occurring in your home life and emotional issues
AQUARIUS
● Coriander: a sweet, nutty spice that is used extensively in Indian and middle
LESSON
LIBRA
warm and goes especially well with chocolate, milky deserts like rice puddings and fruits such as apple, pear and rhubarb.
If you are waiting and wondering because things are up in the air, hoping and longing – this in-between time can be pure torture. Recent anxieties are soon to be replaced with a feeling that you are striking a needed balance and harmonizing better with the world around you. A clear and fresh perspective will make you wonder why you spent so long thinking about what could be and will encourage you to take positive action. There is a strengthening of all your key relationships at the moment and you will find yourself sharing and helping those that are feeling vulnerable for some reason. One thing that has become apparent is that in order to take risks with confidence, it requires a stable emotional foundation. You know if you miss when you leap that you will still have your strong self to fall back on. Beyond that it takes a trust that others have your back and that they are also rooting for your greatest benefit.
Three weeks ago we looked at ¿Dónde? - Where? This week let's see how you ask when something is happening and, more importantly, what type of answer you can expect. ¿Cuándo hay un autobús a Málaga? - When is there a bus to Malaga? ¿Cuándo pediste el libro? - When did you order the book? ¿Cuándo perdiste las llaves? - When did you lose the keys? ¿Cuándo compraste el coche? - When did you buy the car? If you want to say on a certain day of the week, you say el and the day El lunes - on Monday -El martes - on Tuesday - El miércoles - on Wednesday El jueves - on Thursday - El viernes - on Friday El sábado - on Saturday - El domingo - on Sunday If you want to convey that something happens on a certain day every week you use los before the day. Voy a Málaga los lunes - I go to Malaga on Mondays Vamos a la playa los domingos - We go to the beach on Sundays If you want to say something happens at a certain time use a and the time A las cinco - at five o'clock A las siete y media - at half past seven And we know that most things in Spain are going to happen mañana - tomorrow. Don't confuse la mañana - the morning with mañana - tomorrow Put the two together and you've got mañana por la mañana - tomorrow morning La tarde can mean the afternoon or the evening Mañana por la tarde - tomorrow afternoon or tomorrow evening La noche - the night - Mañana por la noche - tomorrow night. In two weeks time we'll look at some other useful expressions you may need to talk about ¿Cuándo? something may or may not happen. Hasta la próxima - Until next time Valerie Valerie runs the Centro Idiomas Language School in Coin. Her books, “The First Twelve Shortcuts to Spanish” , “The Second Twelve Shortcuts to Spanish” (€5 each) and “The Verb Book” (€7) are available from The News office in Coin, Woody’s Cards and Books in Los Boliches, David’s Books in Los Boliches or by email from vjeff[email protected] . Valerie's books can now be bought from her website - www.cslspain.com or call 952 450 747.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2010
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
Contemporary lifestyle and celebrity gossip
MEMORABILIA AUCTION
Hallelujah – I’m Your Man
Nostalgia trip bags the market Cast your mind back to the smell and feel of your school leather satchel – who would have thought it, but that traditional chestnut coloured bag carried by both boys and girls over generations has been taking the fashion world by storm. The old style school bag produced by a mother and daughter team has been taking on top international hand bag brands and has become a multi-million pound global hit. Julie Deane and her mother Freda Thomas set up their business, the Cambridge Satchel Company, just three years ago and have now
gone from selling three bags a week as they sat at the kitchen table to 1,500 a week, in a multitude of colours, available from household name fashion outlets like ASOS and Urban Outfitters as well as their own website. The pair have seen turnover rocket from £15,000 to £3.3 million. The bags first became a cult
among twenty-somethings who used social networking sites to post information about them. The satchels channel nostalgia and sport a Handmade in Britain label at the affordable price of just £139. Julie had been reading the Harry Potter stories to her children and thought the
satchels would have been used by Harry and Hermione. She needed to raise money for her own daughter’s school fees, and spotted a gap in the market for a return to tradition. She set to work with a leather factory, built a website, developed the range to include different styles and colours, and is now watching business boom.
Sexy Cartoon character tops poll Marilyn Monroe continues to endure as one of the sexiest of the silver screen sirens – but she has had to surrender top spot to cartoon beauty Jessica Rabbit. The red-haired pneumatic nightclub singer has topped a poll by Lovefilm, which was carried out to mark what would have been Marilyn’s 85th birthday. Jessica featured in 1988’s Who Framed
Roger Rabbit, and she was voiced by the sultry Body Heat actress Kathleen Turner. Breakfast at Tiffany’s star Audrey Hepburn came third, Raquel Welch came
4th and Ursula Andress, who famously stepped out of the sea in James Bond movie Dr No in a white bikini, came 5th. There was no look-in for today’s generation of
Oh for those far-days in the 60s when late in the party someone would pop the Leonard Cohen album onto the turntable and the room would sink into a well of introspection. His 1967 album Songs of Leonard Cohen was as much a must have in the collection as Fleetwood Mac’s Rumours. Since those days the acclaimed Canadian singer and poet has reinvented himself, toured the world, and can now add the prestigious Prince of Asturias literature award to the many he has been garlanded with over the decades. He was up against stiff competition – including novelist Ian McEwan – and it is the first time the literature award has been given to a songwriter, although Cohen has in the past written novels and has a large body of poetry works to his name. The jury last week said that his writing had influenced three generations of people worldwide “through the creation of emotional imagery in which poetry and music are fused in an oeuvre of immutable merit.” Cohen had retired to a Buddhist monastery but
had to start touring again in 2008 when he discovered his manager had misappropriated $5 million from his retirement fund. He embarked on a wildly successful world wide tour, and was a huge hit at Glastonbury. On September 18th 2009 he fainted on stage at Valencia halfway through Bird On The Wire and had to be taken to hospital but three days later, on his 75th birthday, he appeared before a rapturous audience in Barcelona. His track Hallelujah was covered by Jeff Buckley who died tragically in his 30s. And in December 2008 Hallelujah hit the charts at No. 1 with X Factor winner Alexandra Burke, No. 2 with the Jeff Buckley version, and No. 36 with Cohen’s original version - 24 years after it was first released.
actresses. The poll line up was completed by Elizabeth Taylor, 6th; Grace Kelly, 7th; Rita Hayworth, 8th; Ingrid Bergman, 9th, and Vivien Leigh, 10th.
HAIR, NAILS & BEAUTY All aspects of hairdressing, Cutting-Wella Colours-Hi/Lo lights-Perming Sunbed ‘winter specials’ 60mins 25€- Spray tans Clarins facials from 30€ PAMPER PACKAGES FOR IDEAL GIFTS FROM 55€
Iconic jacket will thrill buyer Michael Jackson set the bar high for music videos and the King of Pop’s most iconic, the video for Thriller - stands the test of time with its fantastic special effects. In it he wore a red jacket with winged shoulders that became recognisable around the world - and now a Jackson fan has the
chance to buy the coveted garment. The autographed jacket will go under the hammer at Beverley Hills
based Julian’s Auctions later this month - and its guide price is set between $200,000 and $400,000.
Other items up for grabs belonged to Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Bruce Springsteen.
It’s one item in a sale featuring more than 600 music collectibles, including a bustier signed by Madonna, a Jaguar driven by Frank Sinatra and a pair of trainers signed by Britney Spears.
The Jackson memorabilia also includes the mailbox for the property where he died aged just 50, in 2009 and the wig he wore in London when he announced his “This Is It” final tour.
Reflexology and Massages from 25€ Manicure / Pedicure The latest Shellac & Foilwrap Minx Nails
Teethwhitening also available for special price 125€ 16/17 Las Rampas, Fuengirola - kisshairandbeauty.com Mon - Closed / Tues - Fri 10 - 6.00pm / Sat 10 to 4.00pm
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Spanish researchers unravel leukaemia
Virtual gym helps weight loss
Regular visits to a health club in the online virtual world Second Life appear to help shed the pounds in real life, researchers at Using state-of-the-art technology, a team of Spanish scientists Indiana University have said. has unravelled the genome of patients with chronic lymphocytic For the study, they recruited - losing 10 pounds on appeared to have made overweight and obese average. However, when the more changes towards leukaemia and given new key insights into the disease. people to take part in two groups were surveyed on healthy eating and physical
The study, a scientific milestone in Spain, involved 60 researchers from the “Consorcio Español del Genoma de la
Leucemia Linfática Crónica” (CLL Genome) who identified four genes whose mutation causes this kind of leukaemia. Chronic
lymphocyctic leukaemia is the most frequent in the developed world, with more than a thousand new cases a year in Spain alone. At present, 38 projects are studying 17,000 tumour genomes. In the coming years, the CLL Genome aims to widen the research to cover the sequencing and analysis of 500 tumour genomes of 50 types of cancer.
12-week weight loss programmes - one real, and one online. Both courses involved four hours a week at meetings either in Second Life or the real world. Most of those taking part were women, with an average age of 46 in the Second Life programme, and 37 in the face-to-face group. Over the 12-week period, both groups achieved similar weight loss
whether their overall behaviour had changed, those using Second Life
activity, suggesting that they might fare better in the future. !
! " ! "# " ! % (
! $ " &
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In With The Flynns
Wed, June 8th 23:15
The Mexican A gory, comical thriller about a gangster who is sent to Mexico to obtain an antique pistol which, though priceless, is believed to be cursed. The crook's girlfriend tries to persuade him to give up his life of crime, but in order to ensure the collection is carried out, the mob boss arranges for her to be held hostage until his return.
FILM
Fri, June 10th 23:50
Brazil Sam Lowry is happy in his job at the Ministry of Information, where frequent daydreams transport him from drab reality. Then the worst occurs: a mistake in the system! Before he knows it, Sam meets the girl of his dreams and finds himself in a nightmare world of renegade heating engineers, storm troopers, & terrorists..
FILM
Sat, June 11th 02:20
Jeremiah Johnson A loner rejects civilisation and learns how to survive in the wilds of the Old West. He adopts a boy who is one of the survivors of an Indian attack, and takes an Indian chief's daughter as his wife, but the contentment of his family life is shattered.
FILM
Mon, June 13th 22:00
Premonition Linda Hanson has everything in life: a beautiful house and a loving family. Her life goes smoothly until she receives the devastating news that her husband has died in a car crash. However, she sees him alive the very next day after the accident, and realises that what she saw was a premonition and not a dream...
FILM
Sun, June 12th 23:15
Reservoir Dogs Six criminals with pseudonyms, and each strangers to one another, are hired to carry out a robbery. The heist is ambushed by police and the gang are forced to shoot their way out. At their warehouse rendezvous, the survivors, realising that they were set up...
FILM
101 Dalmatians
Tue June 14th 21.00
www.thenewsonline.es My Family starts its last series next week - here is one of the contenders for the slightly lame comedy crown. It’s a family but this time set in Manchester - loveable and slightly chaotic...sound familiar? Will Mellor and Craig Parkinson star.
Wed June 8th 21.30
June 9th
June 10th
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:30 Deadly 60: Bitesize 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Dani's House 16:30 Little Howard's Big Question 16:55 Shaun the Sheep
17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Waterloo Road 20:30 In with the Flynns 21:00 The Apprentice 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The Lottery Draws 22:45 Not Going Out 23:15 The Mexican 01:10 Weatherview 01:15 See Hear 01:45 Country Tracks 02:40 The British at Work 03:40 Click 04:00 BBC News
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:30 Deadly 60: Bitesize 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Project Parent 16:30 Horrible Histories 17:00 Newsround
17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Andrew Marr's Megacities 21:00 The Duke at 90 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Question Time 23:35 This Week 00:20 Holiday Weatherview 00:25 Panorama 00:55 Countryfile 01:55 Antiques Roadshow 02:55 Britain's Next Big Thing 03:55 Our World
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:30 Deadly 60: Bitesize 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Remote Control Star 16:30 Fee Fi Fo Yum 17:00 Newsround
17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 19:00 The One Show 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 A Question of Sport 21:00 Have I Got News for You 21:30 Outnumbered 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The Graham Norton Show 23:20 The Lottery Draws 23:30 Disturbia 01:05 The One Show 02:05 Weatherview 02:10 Monty Don's Italian Gardens 03:10 Two Greedy Italians
08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:15 ZingZillas 10:40 Waybuloo 11:00 In the Night Garden 11:30 The Daily Politics 13:00 See Hear 13:30 Live: Queen's ATP Tennis 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic 18:00 Eggheads
18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 Escape to the Country 19:30 Springwatch 20:30 Springwatch Unsprung 21:00 Wonderland 22:00 The Apprentice: You're Fired 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle 23:50 Queen: Days of Our Lives 00:50 HARDtalk 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 The Record Review 03:00 BBC News
08:30 Show Me Show Me 08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Live: Queen's ATP Tennis 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 Clydebank Blitz 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 The Shadow Line 22:00 Mock the Week 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Psychoville 23:50 Queen: Days of Our Lives 00:50 HARDtalk 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 The Record 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World
08:00 Basil and Barney's Game Show 08:30 Show Me Show Me 08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Live: Queen's ATP
Tennis 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 Petworth House: The Big Spring Clean 19:30 Coast 20:30 Gardeners' World 21:00 Canal Walks with Julia Bradbury 21:30 Paul Merton's Birth of Hollywood 22:30 Newsnight 23:00 The Review Show 23:50 Brazil 02:05 Pages from Ceefax
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Poms in Paradise 20:00 You've Been Framed! 21:00 Injustice
22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Mugged 23:35 Cops with Cameras 00:30 The Zone 02:30 Village of the Damned 04:10 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Tonight 20:00 Emmerdale
20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Injustice 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 When Piers Met Andrew Lloyd Webber 23:35 Amanda Holden's Fantasy Lives 00:30 The Zone 02:35 British Touring Car Championships 03:50 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Love Your Garden
20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Injustice 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 American Pie Presents Band Camp 00:15 The Zone 02:20 Jeremiah Johnson 04:00 ITV Nightscreen
06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:50 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Kirstie's Homemade Home 13:05 Jamie at Home 13:35 Bullwhip 15:10 Countdown
16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Embarrassing Bodies 21:00 24 Hours in A&E 22:00 Desperate Housewives 23:05 The Big Bang Theory 00:00 The Shockwaves Album Chart Show 00:15 4Play 00:35 4Play 00:50 Bodyshock 01:45 The Shape of Things 03:25 The Dead Zone
07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Frasier 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Kirstie's Homemade Home 13:05 Jamie at Home 13:35 The Tall Stranger 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Help! My House Is Falling Down 21:00 Born to Be Different 22:00 Dermot's Big Fat Comedy Gala 2011 23:05 The Secret Millionaire 00:10 The Vue Film Show 00:45 New Look Style the Nation 01:10 The Model Agency 02:05 Perfect 02:20 Unreported World 02:45 Dispatches
07:05 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 09:00 Friends 09:30 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Kirstie's Homemade Home 13:00 The Way Ahead 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Four in a Bed
17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:25 Unreported World 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 21:00 Channel 4's Comedy Gala 23:45 The Ricky Gervais Show 00:15 Comics Choice 01:15 Mercury Prize Sessions 01:30 4Play 01:45 My Name Is Earl 02:45 Ugly Betty 03:30 Ugly Betty
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:10 Milkshake Monkey 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show
15:05 Meals in Moments 15:20 McBride: Tune in for Murder 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 Giant Animal Moves 21:00 NCIS 22:00 Law and Order: Criminal Intent 22:55 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 23:55 Poker: Aussie Millions 00:50 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 The Family Recipe 15:15 The Glass Seagull
17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Zoo Days 20:00 Emergency Bikers 21:00 Extreme Fishing with Robson Green: At the Ends of the Earth 22:00 Outlaw 00:10 Scxtra 00:40 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe 04:10 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:35 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:55 County Secrets
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Meals in Moments
15:20 They Come Back 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Fifth Gear 20:00 Eddie Stobart: Trucks and Trailers 21:00 The Mentalist 22:00 Law & Order 22:55 CSI: Miami 23:55 Rough Guide to Short Breaks 00:10 Scxtra 00:40 Super Casino 04:05 Motorsport Mundial 04:30 Fifth Gear 04:55 County Secrets
19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 21:00 Cannabis: What's the Harm? 22:00 Kill Bill: Vol 2 00:10 Family Guy 00:30 Family Guy 00:55 Cannabis: What's the Harm? 01:55 American Dad!
02:15 American Dad! 02:35 American Dad! 03:00 American Dad! 03:20 American Dad 03:45 American Dad 04:05 American Dad 04:25 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 05:25 SIGN OFF
19:00 Live: IAAF Athletics 21:00 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Ideal 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 00:45 Ideal
01:15 World's Craziest Fools 01:45 Misbehaving Mums to Be 02:45 Young, Rich and House Hunting 03:45 World's Craziest Fools 04:15 Our War 05:25 SIGN OFF
19:00 The Apprentice 20:00 Doctor Who 20:50 Doctor Who Confidential 21:00 World's Craziest Fools 21:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya
23:30 Family Guy 00:15 Ideal 00:45 Angry Boys 01:45 World's Craziest Fools 02:15 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 02:45 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 03:40 Angry Boys 04:40 Doctor Who
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
New series:
Police Interceptor
...Falling Down. Sarah Beeney is back on the case helping householders who have serious problems with their homes. Series kicks off in Leicestershire where an Edwardian house seems to be sinking.
New series: Help! My House is....
Mon June 13th 20.00
NOTE: Add 1 hour for Spanish viewing times.
SATURDAY
June 13th
June 14th
06:00 Breakfast 09:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 10:30 Trooping the Colour: The Queen's Birthday Parade 12:15 BBC News 12:25 BBC London News; Weather 12:30 A Question of Sport 13:00 Live: Queen's ATP Tennis 17:00 BBC News 17:10 BBC London News; Weather 17:15 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 19:15 So You Think You Can Dance 20:20 The National Lottery:
Who Dares Wins 21:10 Casualty 22:00 So You Think You Can Dance 22:30 BBC News 22:50 Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow 23:35 City Hall 01:20 Weatherview 01:25 BBC News 01:30 The Bottom Line 02:00 BBC News 02:30 On the Road With... 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Usain Bolt: Running Man 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Click
06:00 Breakfast 09:00 The Andrew Marr Show 10:00 Pentecost from Halifax Minster 11:00 Country Tracks 12:00 The Politics Show 13:05 EastEnders Omnibus 15:00 Escape to the Country 16:00 Songs of Praise 16:35 BBC News 16:50 BBC London News; Weather 17:00 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 20:15 Antiques Roadshow 21:00 Case Histories 22:00 BBC News 22:15 BBC London News;
Weather 22:25 Moving On 23:10 Andrew Marr's Megacities 00:10 Weatherview 00:15 The Apprentice 01:15 Holby City 02:15 A History of Ancient Britain 03:15 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:40 Wingin' It 16:05 Sadie J 16:30 Blue Peter 16:55 Shaun the Sheep 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six
19:00 The One Show 19:30 Saints and Scroungers 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Panorama 21:00 Case Histories 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 A Question of Sport 23:05 In with the Flynns 23:35 The Graham Norton Show 00:20 Weatherview 00:25 Wonders of the Universe 01:25 Inside the Human Body 02:25 Saints and Scroungers 02:55 Great British Railway Journeys 03:25 Newsday
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Live: Horse Racing 15:20 BBC News 15:25 What's New ScoobyDoo? 15:45 Wingin' It 16:05 Sadie J 16:30 Blue Peter 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link
18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Holby City 21:00 Luther 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The Lock Up 23:05 The Scheme 23:55 The Getaway 01:45 Weatherview 01:50 The Animal's Guide to Britain 02:50 The Country House Revealed 03:50 Great British Railway Journeys 04:20 Newsday
07:30 Arthur 07:55 Shaun the Sheep 08:00 Little Howard's Big Question 08:25 Prank Patrol Down Under 08:50 Dennis & Gnasher 09:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 09:30 Deadly 60 10:00 Relic: Guardians of the Museum 10:30 League of Super Evil 10:40 Wolverine and the XMen 11:00 Mortified 11:25 OOglies 11:40 MOTD Kickabout 12:00 The Sky at Night 12:20 Homes Under the
Hammer 12:50 Diagnosis Murder 13:35 The Fall of the Roman Empire 16:30 Escape to the Country 17:30 Flog It! 18:30 Cardiff Singer of the World: The Week Ahead 19:00 Dad's Army 19:30 Trooping the Colour 21:00 Have I Got a Bit More News for You 21:45 QI XL 22:30 Grumpy Old Holidays 23:00 Then She Found Me 00:35 In Search of a Midnight Kiss 02:10 Pages from Ceefax
06:00 Wibbly Pig 06:10 Dip Dap 06:15 Pinky Dinky Doo 06:30 Tinga Tinga Tales 06:45 Octonauts 07:00 Ed and Oucho's Excellent Inventions 07:30 Arthur 07:55 Shaun the Sheep 08:00 Gimme a Break 08:30 Me and My Monsters 09:00 Friday Download 10:00 Something for the Weekend 11:30 Flog It! 12:30 Live: MotoGP Series Motorcycle Racing 14:30 Live: Queens ATP Tennis 17:10 The Story of Ireland
18:10 Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 James May's Toy Stories 21:00 Coast 22:00 Mock the Week 22:30 The Shadow Line 23:30 Catch a Fire 01:05 BBC News 01:30 The Reporters 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:15 The Super League Show 04:00 Pages from Ceefax
08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Chuggington 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Only Angels Have Wings 15:00 Animal 24:7 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food
Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 James May's Toy Stories 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 Terry Pratchett: Choosing to Die 22:00 Newsnight Debate 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections 00:10 BBC News 00:30 HARDtalk 01:00 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday
08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Chuggington 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Gunga Din 14:50 Animal 24:7 15:20 Live: Horse Racing 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 This World 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 The Country House Revealed 22:00 Lead Balloon 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 James May's Toy Stories 00:20 BBC News 00:30 HARDtalk 01:00 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today
06:45 Babar and the Adventures of Badou 07:00 Babar and the Adventures of Badou 07:10 Tati's Hotel 07:25 Monk 07:30 Supernormal 07:40 Supernormal 07:55 SpongeBob SquarePants 08:10 SpongeBob SquarePants 08:25 House Gift 09:25 Coronation Street Omnibus 11:45 This Morning: Saturday 12:45 ITV News and
Weather 12:55 Being There 15:10 Octopussy 17:35 London Tonight 17:45 ITV News and Weather 18:00 Kids Do the Funniest Things 19:00 Ice Age: The Meltdown 20:40 The Cube 21:40 ITV News and Weather 21:55 Batman Begins 00:25 Grimefighters 00:55 The Zone 03:00 In Plain Sight 03:45 ITV Nightscreen
06:20 Fireman Sam 06:30 Chloe's Closet 06:40 Fluffy Gardens 06:50 Jungle Junction 07:00 Jungle Junction 07:15 Annabel's Kitchen 07:25 Monk 07:30 Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil 07:45 Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil 08:00 The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes 08:25 May the Best House Win 09:25 Dickinson's Real Deal 10:25 60 Minute Makeover 11:30 This Morning: Sunday
12:30 Dinner Date 13:25 ITV News and Weather 13:35 Survival: Tales from the Wild 14:30 Inspector Morse 16:30 Midsomer Murders 18:30 London Tonight 18:45 ITV News and Weather 19:00 The Royal 20:00 Popstar to Operastar 21:00 Scott & Bailey 22:00 Popstar to Operastar 22:30 ITV News and Weather 22:45 Vanity Fair 01:20 The Zone 02:00 Motorsport UK 02:50 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 11:25 ITV News 11:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 The Dales
20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 The Walton Sextuplets: Moving On 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Lethal Weapon 00:35 The Zone 02:40 Nightwatch with Steve Scott 03:35 ITV Nightscreen 04:30 The Jeremy Kyle Show
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Animal Kingdom 20:00 Countrywise 21:00 Baby Hospital 22:00 News at Ten and
Weather 22:35 The Game 00:55 The Zone 03:00 Crossing Jordan 03:45 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 The Treacle People 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Vue Film Show 07:00 Motor Racing 07:25 Mobil 1: The Grid 07:55 The Morning Line 08:50 Friends 09:20 Hollyoaks Music Show 09:50 Glee 10:50 Friends 11:25 New Look's Style the Nation 12:20 The Big Bang Theory 12:50 The Big Bang Theory 13:25 That Paralympic Show 14:00 Live: Channel 4 Racing
16:05 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 16:35 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 17:05 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 17:35 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 18:10 Channel 4 News 18:40 4thought.tv 18:45 Sahara 21:00 Camelot 22:00 Camelot 23:05 The Quick and the Dead 01:10 Bogus 03:00 The Real Housewives of New Jersey 03:55 Hill Street Blues
06:00 The Treacle People 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 That Paralympic Show 07:25 Rat Race Urban Adventure 07:55 New Look's Style the Nation 08:20 Friends 08:45 Hollyoaks Omnibus 11:20 Friends 11:50 Glee 12:50 The Simpsons 13:20 The Simpsons 13:55 Four in a Bed 14:25 Four in a Bed 14:55 Four in a Bed 15:25 Four in a Bed 16:00 Four in a Bed
16:30 Help! My House Is Falling Down 17:35 Deal or No Deal 18:30 Channel 4 News 18:55 4thought.tv 19:00 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 20:00 Definitely, Maybe 22:10 Monster-in-Law 00:05 The World's Oldest Mums 01:05 First Cut 01:35 Swimming 01:50 Cleopatra 03:15 The Lost Legions of Varus 04:15 Men of Iron
07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Superscrimpers: Waste Not Want Not 12:35 The Kentuckian 14:35 Baking Mad with Eric Lanlard 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Dispatches 21:00 Embarrassing Fat Bodies 22:00 Premonition 23:50 The Album Chart Show 00:25 4Play 00:40 Poker 01:35 24 Hours in A&E 02:30 Embarrassing Bodies 03:25 This Is Me 03:30 A Midsummer Night's Dream
07:05 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Frasier 08:30 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Kirstie's Homemade Home 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:10 The Riddle of the Sands 15:10 Countdown
16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Four Rooms 21:00 The Fairy Jobmother 22:00 Jamie's Food Revolution Hits Hollywood 23:05 Sri Lanka's Killing Fields 00:10 Poker 01:05 Mobil 1: The Grid 01:35 Motor Racing 02:00 Motorcycle Racing 02:25 KOTV 02:50 Triathlon
07:15 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:30 Noddy in Toyland 07:45 Hana's Helpline 08:00 The Little Princess 08:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Gerald McBoing Boing 10:00 Fifth Gear 10:30 The Gadget Show 11:30 Extreme Fishing with Robson Green: At the Ends of the Earth
13:00 The Violent Men 14:30 Objective, Burma! 17:10 See No Evil, Hear No Evil 19:00 5 News Weekend 19:05 NCIS 20:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 21:00 CSI: NY 22:00 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 22:55 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:50 Rough Guide to Cities 00:05 Scxtra 00:35 Super Casino 03:55 Rough Guide to Journeys
06:50 Elmo's World 07:05 Chiro 07:15 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:30 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Mio Mao 07:45 Hana's Helpline 08:00 The Little Princess 08:10 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 08:15 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Gerald McBoing Boing
10:00 Animal Rescue Squad 10:15 McFly on the Wall 10:45 The Restaurant Inspector 11:45 The Hotel Inspector 12:45 Eddie Stobart: Trucks and Trailers 13:45 Brave Warrior 15:15 The Duel at Silver Creek 16:45 Stuart Little 2 18:15 5 News 18:20 The Mask of Zorro 21:00 Collateral Damage 23:15 Reservoir Dogs 04:00 Rough Guide to Bang for Your Buck 04:10 Great Artists
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:10 Mio Mao 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:05 Meals in Moments 12:15 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Chinese Food in
Minutes 15:15 The Elizabeth Smart Story 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 How Do They Do It? 20:00 Police Interceptors 21:00 The Restaurant Inspector 22:00 Cleaner 23:50 The Cannibal That Walked Free 00:50 Super Casino 04:05 The Family Recipe 04:10 Michaela's Wild Challenge
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:05 Meals in Moments 12:15 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 The Family Recipe 15:10 Mary & Tim
17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Zoo Days 20:00 Supersize Grime 21:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 22:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:55 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 00:55 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe 04:05 Michaela's Wild Challenge
19:00 Almost Famous IV 19:35 101 Dalmatians 21:10 Live at the Apollo 21:45 Family Guy 22:05 Family Guy 22:30 Pop's Greatest Dance Crazes 01:30 American Dad 01:50 American Dad! 02:15 Pop's Greatest Dance Crazes
05:15 SIGN OFF
19:00 The World's Strictest Parents 20:00 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 21:00 Gavin and Stacey 21:30 Gavin and Stacey: The Outtakes 22:00 Family Guy 22:45 American Dad! 23:30 Our War
00:40 World's Craziest Fools 01:10 Formula 1 Motor Racing 02:10 Gavin and Stacey: The Outtakes 02:40 World's Craziest Fools 03:10 Our War 04:20 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 05:20 SIGN OFF
19:00 Don't Tell the Bride 20:00 Snog Marry Avoid? 20:30 Young, Rich and House Hunting 21:00 Kill It, Cut It, Use It 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 World's Craziest Fools 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:45 Young, Rich and House Hunting
00:15 Kill It, Cut It, Use It 01:15 World's Craziest Fools 01:45 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 02:45 Snog Marry Avoid? 03:15 Don't Tell the Bride 04:15 The Apprentice 05:15 SIGN OFF
19:00 Total Wipeout 20:00 The World's Strictest Parents 21:00 Our War: 10 Years in Afghanistan 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Angry Boys 23:00 Angry Boys 23:30 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:15 Our War: 10 Years in
Afghanistan 01:15 Kill It, Cut It, Use It 02:15 Angry Boys 02:45 Angry Boys 03:15 The World's Strictest Parents 04:15 Kill It, Cut It, Use It 05:15 SIGN OFF
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
Take a break TARGET PUZZLE
SUDOKU by Papocom Fill in the grid so that every row, every column and every 3 x 3 grid contains the digits 1 through 9. With no repeats, that means that no number is repeated in any row, column or box. Level:
Level:
MEDIUM
HARD
See how many words of four or more letters you can make from the given nine letters. In making a word each letter may be used only once. The key letter must be used in each word.
R N T DG I P E A
T E U B R E H C D
Target
1-9 Poor 10-20 Average 21-35 Good 36-39 Excellent
1-7 Poor 8-14 Average 15-21 Good 22-23 Excellent
The following are not allowed: - Words beginning with a capital letter - Words with a hyphen or apostrophe - Plural words ending in “s” The 9-letter word DEPARTING
Across
Down
1. Corsair tray utilised in serving the gentry. (11) 9. Prognosticator’s so clear about revelations. (7) 10. Confusing noise that Ali Baba bellowed out. (5) 11. Give the impression that I’m in charge of following a thousand. (5) 12. Ten doubly united with European to form a mutual alliance. (7) 13. Fringe binding border. (6) 15. Old English leaving a trouble and becoming savage. (6) 18. Tax that I am able to contribute to the palace. (7) 20. Deeply profound poetic balladeer. (5) 22. Displayed in church a feast of pain. (5) 23. Pleasing, a blame I attribute to pleasure. (7) 24. Employ one true disbursement. (11)
2. Kingdom that the right male may inherit. (5) 3. Spanish seasoning and I.C.I. nitrogen forming medicine. (7) 4. Dismissed both the cashier and newspaperman. (6) 5. Deprive of opportunity to back up automatic machine. (5) 6. Taxi I caught to meet a government dresser. (7) 7. Chamber service supplied to hotel patrons. (4,7) 8. Colour favoured by 1a with kindred heritage. (4-7) 14. Opening reserve of a rich dessert confection. (7) 16. Lure some into an improved repair. (7) 17. Apparently, spoken but not heard to be disclaimed. (6) 19. Crimped pancake surface. (5) 21. Bares an unsheathed U.S. cavalry sword. (5)
1
20
22
3. In March 2010 artist Spencer Tunick arranged and photographed 5,200 what in front of Sydney Opera House?
21
4. The Janka hardness test is used for which substance?
24
Across
Down
1. Payments for favours (9) 8. Feeling gratified or arrogant (5) 9. Spanish princess (7) 10. Proverbially easy dance (8) 11. Sound announcing meal (4) 13. Yearly (6) 14. Pedestrian (6) 16. Venetian magistrate (4) 17. Senior army officer (5,3) 19. Nutty chocolate filling (7) 20. Fundamental (5) 21. City in Tennessee (9)
1. Children's clothing (4,4) 2. Hot-tasting pod (6) 3. Yellowish colour - polish - expert (4) 4. Staffordshire hunting area (7,5) 5. Cane held by army officers (7,5) 6. Absolutely neat (5,3,4) 7. Mirror (7,5) 12. Just about good enough (8) 15. Severe trial (6) 18. Ukrainian capital (4)
6
21
5
5. Team manager Colin Montgomerie banned his 2010 European Ryder Cup team from what: Sex; Singing on the bus; Alcohol; or Twitter? 6. Name the candidates in the UK Labour Party's 2010 leadership contest (and for a bonus point, the order they finished in the contest)? 7. Derived from the French word meaning to brood or hatch, what term refers to a male phantom or sympathetic pregnancy syndrome in response to a wife or partner's real pregnancy? SOLUTION FOR QUIZ
14. walker 16. doge 17. brass hat 19. praline 20. basic 21. Nashville
1. kickbacks 8. proud 9. infanta 10. cakewalk 11. gong 13. annual
15. brutal 18. Vatican 20. basso 22. chafe 23. amiable 24. expenditure
1. aristocracy 9. oracles 10. babel 11. mimic 12. entente 13. edging
Across
1. kids wear 2. chilli 3. buff 4. Cannock Chase 5. swagger stick 2. realm 3. salacin 4. ousted 5. robot 6. cabinet 7. room service
Down
15
SOLUTION FOR CRYPTIC / QUICK CROSSWORD
1. What historic region of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro, gave its name to a dog breed with a striking appearance?
1. Dalmatia 2. Ship in a bottle (a representation of HMS Victory, Lord Nelson's ship at the Battle of Trafalgar) 3. Naked people 4. Wood 5. Twitter (and other social networking websites) 6. Ed Miliband (winner), David Miliband (2nd), Ed Balls (3rd), Andy Burnham (4th), Diane Abbott (5th) 7. Couvade
Cryptic
‘General knowledge’ QUIZ
CROSSWORD
6. spick and span 7. looking glass 12. passable 15. ordeal 18. Kiev 8. blue-blooded 14. gateaux 16. rebuilt 17. unsaid 19. crepe 21. saber
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
“THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR VIEWS Send letters to the editor as part of an e-mail text to [email protected]
Bob Hudson The drive over to 'The Land Of Dragons', the other side of the mountains, was good. We arrived at the venue, Los Arcos near Coin, wondering what the evening held in store for us and made our way to the lower floor where people were already gathering. There was an air of anticipation and conviviality as everyone made themselves comfortable perhaps wondering what would be revealed when the curtains in front of them were opened. This air of bustle and low noise became subdued as a ring was heard, summoning those behind the curtains to take their places. An expectant hush settled over those present. Then the curtains slid open, as if removing the side wall of suburbia, and we were suddenly transported to an elegant, middle class sitting room in the 1940s.
by email Comfortable, serene, another England. Over the next few hours we sat intrigued as we voyeuristically watched the ebb and flow of relationships between the characters - the owners and hosts of this des res, their guileless maid, their eccentric visitor and their guests, both worldly and welcome and the unworldly, unwelcome. Part of the enjoyment of such an evening is trying to guess the next development of the plot, wondering at the next twist, certain and then uncertain of the ending. However, one thing was certain Tapas had once again produced an excellent evening’s entertainment. The set was so real that you felt you wanted to join the characters for some tea and delicious cucumber sandwiches, or maybe something a little
Brenda MacKendrick I read a while ago that there was a new Brownie troup starting inland in the Coin area and, although I don’t have a little girl that could join I can well remember my time as a Brownie and then as a Girl Guide. I used to pop along with my
stronger as the spirits, both ethereal and liquid appeared and disappeared. The costumes were amazing, and like the set, so authentic that it brought back memories of my mother and sisters in my early, (very early), years. Another triumph for the Tapas wardrobe section! Add to this an excellent cast who convincingly played their parts to perfection and made us want to know what happened to their characters during this sedate, middle England rollercoaster of events. I always believe the yardstick of a professional production is that you believe in the characters. Well done to everyone involved, both on stage and off, you all contributed to the (Blithe) spirit of a great evening’s entertainment!!!
Alhaurin de la Torre
little sister in tow and I still remember with great pride each time I gained one of my ‘badges’. I had first aid, home making, cookery, gardening, sewing, and a special one for helping others. We had such great fun at these gatherings and we
were even allowed to go “On Camp” every year which made us feel very grown-up. We had Owls of all shapes and sizes: Brown, Tawney, Snowey and all manner of other helpers so if you have a little girl, take her along to your local group. I guarantee she’ll love it!
Siboney’s
Stargazing By Ken Campbell
If you would like to be kept up to date or take part in any of the events then go to www.kencampbell.info
Lunar eclipse To celebrate next Wednesday’s total eclipse of the Moon, I thought I’d spend the next two weeks telling you something about our closest neighbour in space, the Moon.
T
The Fuengirola Astronomy society is holding a special observing session on June 15th near the Sunset Beach Hotel in Benalmadena if you would like to watch the eclipse, further details on my website.
T
he Moon is about ¼ million miles from us, the light from it takes about 1 ½ seconds to reach us. It is gradually moving away from us at a rate of about 4cm per year, which may not sound much but that is 4 metres every century or 8km since Christ was born. To the dinosaurs or early apeman the Moon appeared huge in the sky.
O
ther planets in our solar system also have Moons of their own, Mars has two tiny Moons, Jupiter has dozens while Saturn has about 63 Moons, even lowly Pluto has a Moon. But our Moon is special to us as it has such an effect upon the Earth. It causes the tides to rise and fall; werewolves come out to play and romantic poets write lines of verse about it. It is a familiar face that lights our way home on dark nights.
Siboney’s in the la trocha commercial centre in coin is about to re-open so join us for coffees, drinks and food, including our terrace barbecue. We hope to welcome you this Sunday, June 12th, subject to some last minute details to be sorted. So just ring Duncan from JK’s to find out more.
N
PRE-OPENING PlANNED fOR SUNDAY JUNE 12th cAll fOR MORE INfO
hen we look at the Moon we can be forgiven for thinking that it is a flat disc in space, but without stating the obvious, the Moon is a round ball and from different angles it looks completely different to the familiar face that we are so used to. We only ever get to see the same face because it is held in a synchronous orbit, which means that the Moon does spin but it spins at the same speed that it orbits the Earth. Were you told as a child to look for ‘the man in the moon’? The dark areas seem to make up a face. These dark areas are called the Seas or Maria (pronounced Mar
654 396 651 CENTRO DE IDIOMAS COIN
Spanish Courses The best in town!
952 45 07 47 [email protected] www. cslspain.com
obody is really sure how the Moon came to be. One theory says that it was made at the same time as the Earth from a spinning cloud of rock and dust. Another says that it was made elsewhere and captured by the Earth as it passed by. The third most likely theory is that a planet about the size of Mars collided with the Earth billions of years ago and the resulting debris flew off into space to form the Moon.
W
with ria on the end). They are not really seas, but ancient astronomers looked up at them without telescopes and presumed they must be water areas so the name stuck. These seas were formed billions of years ago when the Moon was a molten mass of larva. Huge areas were filled with molten basalt rock bubbling up from deep inside the Moon which then solidified. So the bright areas you can see are the Moon’s true surface while the dark areas are the Moon’s insides spilling out onto the surface.
T
he seas are an exclusive feature on our side of the Moon; the far side, which we never see, is almost completely devoid of seas and is more heavily cratered than our side. The craters, that are scattered all across the surface, were caused by impacts from meteorites hitting the Moon over its life time. Because the Moon has no atmosphere then it sustains more impacts than the Earth does, and as there is no wind or rain to erode them then they remain as permanent scars.
G
o outside around 11.00pm each night this week and have a look at the Moon, and you will see it quietly making its way across the night sky. Then next Wednesday 15th it will pass through the Earth’s shadow for its total eclipse.
F
or everyday up-to-date information go to www.kencampbell.info
WedneSdaY, June 8th 2011
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"
OPEN 52 WEEKS OF THE YEAR
647 647 637
(&$ &(' #%&
! &
MeTS dOg training club. Fuengirola Glyn 605121831, Ken 627851379. Torre del Mar Colin 606616308 (137)p ---------------------------------------------Free to good home. Beautiful kitten, 9 weeks old, half Siamese with blue eyes. Cream with dark ears and tail.Brought up in a loving home. Call 952454540 (128)p
---------------------------------------------LagUna Kennels and cosy cattery. Five star facilities, fully tiled quarters with airconditioning. Your FIRST IN CARDS pets lovingly cared for by English mother and daughter. Near Coin. FUENGIROLA (126)p 952112021 / 606838983 ---------------------------------------------Greetings Cards BerTie – I was born February €1 each 2009, I walk well on the lead, I am BUY 5 GET 1 FREE a lovely dog, very nosey and constantly sniffing around HUGE SELECTION OF everything. I love a cuddle and like CARDS AND GIFTS to explore and play. I am a talker and whenever you greet me I talk FOR ALL OCCASIONS back! Tel. 626942427 CRAFTERS CORNER www.animals-in-distress.eu ---------------------------------------------all you need for STanLeY – Mixed breed male. SCRAPBOOKS AND Born 1st April 2006 - height 38 cms CARD-MAKING. to shoulder. He is a friendly and dog. Walks on the lead and is Offex to the UK kind ok with other dogs. Ideal family and Worldwide. pet. Tel. 626942427 www.animals-in-distress.eu ---------------------------------------------Mon - Fri 10.00 - 3.00 pm CaTS – We have a good selection Sat 10.30 - 2.30 pm of all types of family cats desperate for a loving home. Tel. 626942427 www.animals-in-distress.eu TONI’S Fuengirola ---------------------------------------------SQUaRe. eXPOrT Specialists. Cat and Dog World Kennels. 952112978, Sea (122)p 630197435 BUS STN ----------------------------------------------
TONI’S
news Your outlook on the World
the
LUXUrY professional kennels, Cat and Dog World. Fully licensed. Cheap collection service. Viewing welcome. www.cat-and-dogworld.com 952112978 / (122p 630197435 ---------------------------------------------PrOBLeMS? David the Dogman from Estepona to Fuengirola (0)tnf 952883388 / 610868748 ---------------------------------------------SnOWSHOe cat, female, neutered. 12 years old, gentle cat who seeks loving retirement (126)f home. 952486518 ---------------------------------------------SiaMeSe cat, neutered, 1 year old. Beautiful loving little girl needs a (126)f good home. 952486518 ---------------------------------------------CaT neutered, white, 1 year old. Affectionate, handsome little boy seeks loving home. 952486518 (126)f ---------------------------------------------KiTTenS galore, boys and girls of all colours would love to share (126)f your home. 952486518 ---------------------------------------------KaiSer – I am very cute and friendly small dog with a great personality and I get on great with other dogs. I am castrated, vaccinated and micro-chipped. Tel 626942427. www.animals-in(126)f distress.eu ---------------------------------------------CaTS & KiTTenS – We have a good selection of all types of Cats desperate for a loving home. Tel: 626942427. Visit our website: www.animals-in-distress.eu (126)f ---------------------------------------------neWLY born puppies, born 15th May. Free to good home, call (130)bff 951272695 ---------------------------------------------Bernard – neutered, I was born February 2010. Thrown out of a car in La Trocha car park, Coin. I am a lovely boy and in the past I have been beaten and left to fend for myself in a finca. I need an understanding owner and one on one training. Preferable no other dogs or children. I am castrated, vaccinated and micro chipped. Tel 626942427. www.animals-in(126)f distress.eu
PLUMBing PUMPS Reconditioned and repaired for pools, irrigation, pressure systems etc. Economical prices, fast turnaround. Tel. (139)p 667292493 ---------------------------------------------SCOTT FOrBeS the Plumber. All work guaranteed. 20 years British Gas experience (0) 652665410
PrOPerTY FOr SaLe PrOPerTY Finder. Access to “below market value properties”, repossessions and refurbishments. Housing stock throughout the UK. Combined services available, tailored finance, conveyancing, refurbishment packages, tenant sourcing. Suitable for investment, repatriation and individual needs, block purchases available. Call Carla on 687921481 for an informal chat or email at (rbf) [email protected] ---------------------------------------------aLHaUrin grande - redUCed 4 bedroom house. €239,000 or part exchange for smaller property. Details from www.costal-campo.com or (136)p Owner 634355214 ---------------------------------------------CaLaHOnda Detached chalet, 4 bedrooms, 21/2 bathrooms, private pool, large garage, roof terrace, 620m2 plot, plenty of off road parking. Close to all amenities. A real family home just needs some TLC. €350,000 952930039, 606611228 - no (113)f agents ---------------------------------------------COin TOWn CenTre. Lovely large house with potential for B&B. 5 bedrooms, 3.5 bathrooms. reduced €239,000 negotiable. Bargain (128)p 685407610
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PLaCe an ad! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works! Call 952454491 or email [email protected] (f )
reMOvaLS & STOrage
#
$"!#% / #
Man/van Odd jobs/gardening. Richard 698322822, 952452734 (134)p ---------------------------------------------PLaCe an ad! It’s quick, it’s easy (f ) and it works! Call 952454491
#
www.dlsfabs.com
,*' *,% +*& # +), +,+ )*(
A JOB FOR YOU? If you can write perfectly in English; communicate well in Spanish; have a good telephone manner in both languages; possess excellent admin skills; be very computer literate (preferably Mac); excel in Excel and Word and make a nice brew, you may be who we’re looking for. Please send your c.v. to
[email protected]
adULT reLaXaTiOn
MandOLin TeaCHer required for beginner. Within 15 klms of (0)f Coin. Call 605227155
BenaLMadena Young lady, 34, attractive, sexy, educated, for gentleman. €30 Tel: 634209427 (127tnp ---------------------------------------------CaLaHOnda After the best naked massage, the pleasure of choosing your sexual fulfilment. (126)p €30 681345319 ---------------------------------------------nUeva andaLUCia Patricia, beautiful, 28 years old. Professional traditional, relaxing massage. Full body massage, Reiki, Swiss aromatherapy, sensitive, erotic, (136)pl happy ending. 680868458
WindOWS
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30 n Sports & Motors Motors Flash
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Motors
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Call it off Bernie says Damon Hill Pressure is building on Bernie Ecclestone and the rest of the FIA’s World Motor Sport Council to call off this year’s Bahrain Grand Prix on humanitarian, as well as logistical grounds, Ecclestone, the sport’s 80 year-old chief executive, sees the financial perils of calling off the race - the $40 million race fee was returned to the Bahrainis after the March date was cancelled. He is worried that the race may not make the calendar for 2012.
Stormin’ Stoner makes it three from five The rain never arrived and Casey Stoner closed the gap on Jorge Lorenzo at the top of the MotoGP standings after easing to a convincing victory in tricky conditions at the Catalunya Grand Prix. The Repsol Honda rider overtook reigning world champion, 2011 points leader and last year's Catalunya winner Jorge Lorenzo on lap two, then pulled away from the Yamaha rider. Although unable to stick with Stoner, Lorenzo - running the softer rear Bridgestone compared with the harder tyre that Stoner had - in turn pulled clear of the rest of the field to collect second place in front of his home fans. Just after the halfway point white flags were waved to signify a bike swap was allowed, and spots of rain did began to fall with ten laps to go. Stoner initially backed off more than Lorenzo, triggering hopes of a battle between the leaders, but Stoner soon stabilised his lead at just under twoseconds but the anticipated rain shower never arrived.
2007 world champion Stoner took the chequered flag 2.403sec ahead of Lorenzo, whose points lead has now been reduced to just seven clear over Stoner. The final podium place went to Lorenzo's teammate Ben Spies, despite being caught by Andrea Dovizioso, Valentino Rossi and Marco Simoncelli by lap 10. But this quartet didn't change position again and instead Spies (whose previous best was sixth prior to Catalunya) was able to close to within two-seconds of Lorenzo during the final stages. Dovizioso, who had beaten Rossi by less than half a second at the last two rounds, once again got the better of the seven time MotoGP champion in Catalunya. This time the Repsol Honda rider crossed the line over two seconds in front of the #46 factory
Ducati. Simoncelli, who at last knockings during Saturday’s qualifying unbelievably snatched his first pole much to the annoyance of the partisan Spanish crowd, made a poor start and was only seventh at the end of lap one.
The San Carlo Honda Gresini rider then continued making slow progress, before getting into his stride and closing in on Rossi's rear wheel. Simoncelli, jeered throughout the weekend after his controversial clash with Dani Pedrosa at the previous Le Mans round, began the race with one eye
Stoner takes over from Lorenzo and pulls away to victory
on victory - and a debut MotoGP rostrum at the very least. But he simply wasn't able to replicate his practice pace and dropped 4.4sec away from Rossi on his way to sixth. MotoGP rookie Cal Crutchlow, who had qualified sixth on the grid, fought up the order from a
bad start to take seventh from Nicky Hayden on lap 10. A position he held to the line for his best grand prix result to date.The MotoGP field was reduced to just 15 riders this weekend after Colin Edwards joined Pedrosa on the sidelines. Pedrosa broke a collarbone when he tangled with Simoncelli, while Edwards
suffered the same injury during Friday practice in Catalunya. Edwards wanted to at least start the race, then pull into the pits - thus keeping his perfect record of starts since his 2003 debut intact - but he was unsurprisingly declared unfit to ride.
Tyson Gay runs Rooney tweets new look hair fastest so far
The 2007 world champion bettered the 9.89 run by Jamaican training partner Steve Mullings in May. Mullings later had the chance to upstage Gay at the Diamond League meeting in Oregon but was just outside the time, winning
the 100m in 9.80. Gay also clocked the fastest time of 2010 with 9.78 and beat Bolt, who is also the world champion, when the two met in Stockholm last year. The world's top two sprinters are not scheduled to go head-to-head until the World Championships in Daegu, South Korea in August with Gay insisting that Bolt, who holds the world record 100m time of 9.58, remains the dominant athlete.
picture on image sharing website yfrog.com showing off his improved hairline. "Hi all, there's my head," Rooney wrote in a message alongside the
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The England striker added that he was too bruised and swollen to post a picture at the weekend, but on Monday morning he posted a
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Wayne Rooney has revealed his new look to the world after posting the first picture of himself
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Rafa makes it six French Opens Superbowl Club Rafael Nadal won his sixth French Open, tying Bjorn Borg’s record, with a 7- Championships 5, 7-6(3), 5-7, 6-1 victory over Roger Federer, his primary rival and the winner of 16 Grand Slam tournaments. 2011 Nadal started slowly before winning five games in a row to capture the first set, then seemed ready to cruise to his 10th Grand Slam singles victory. But Federer, trying to beat Nadal for the first time in four finals at Roland Garros, surged back behind the wide support of fans at Court Philippe Chatrier. In a thrilling encounter, the Majorcan withstood the Federer fightback after failing to capitalise when two sets and a break in front. Nadal will retain his No. 1 ranking with the victory,
has held the world’s No. 1 ranking since February 2nd 2004, the longest two-man stranglehold since the rankings began in 1973. "To win this final against one the best players in the world and in history is something which is really fantastic for me. It's one of my most beautiful dreams," said Nadal,
fending off No. 2 Novak Djokovic for now. Djokovic won his first 41 matches this year before Federer,
ranked third, beat him in the semi-finals.
"Congratulations to Rafa for having won the tournament once again. He played a super match," said the Swiss player.
Either Federer or Nadal
The policy of holding the Superbowl Club Championships at the end of the season was totally vindicated by the fact that the games were all played in good weather and the finals were played in excellent conditions. Some outstanding performances from newer bowlers made for some interesting results and bodes well for the future of the club.
Winner: Pat Fisher Runner-up: Andy Salmon
The finals were played over two days, John Morgan having qualified for three finals. Unfortunately for him he came second every time narrowly losing out in the Premier Singles, Triples and Fours but it was an outstanding performance from a relatively new bowler.
Runners-up: Pat Fisher and Sandra Lewis
Drawn Pairs: Winners: Dave Townsend and Jordan Ali
Local cricket teams shine in the sun
Appollonio holds off Galimzyanov to claim his first victory for TeamSky
After last week’s disappointing loss to Fuengirola it was back again to the superb Cartama Oval for what turned out to be a thrilling last ball victory for Team B skippered by Tony Crooks.Tony won the toss and elected to field putting Team A, skippered by Peter Winter, in to bat.The opening pair of Jody and Tim made hard work of the scoring subdued by an opening
then solid batting contributions of 17 and 21 from debutants Azam and Imthiyas but the crucial partnership of Nick and Ray Fry both finishing on 20 not out steered Team B to win the game with one ball to spare.The man of the match was indeed Ray Fry who used his veteran experience to clinch victory despite incurring an injury in the 29th over.
Stage win for TeamSky at Tour of Luxembourg Davide Appollonio claimed his first victory in Team Sky colours after winning stage three of the Tour de Luxembourg The Italian sprinter, who celebrated his 22nd birthday on Thursday, has had a fine first season with a succession of podium places, the most notable of which was his second place to Mark Cavendish on stage 12 of the Giro d'Italia last month. And the first came his way at the end of the 185 kilometres stage from Eschweiler to Roost following another strong lead-out from his teammates. Appollonio finished it off perfectly as he held off stage one winner Denis Galimzyanov (Katusha) and Mickaël Delage (FDJ). There was a worrying moment straight afterwards
when Appollonio crashed into the barriers beyond the line but thankfully he emerged unscathed. Appollonio said after the win: I’m so happy to get my first victory this year for the team. I’ve had a few seconds and thirds so I was really hoping for a win and today it happened. "After the Giro I had a little bit of a rest afterwards but I kept my condition and then the team called me into the Luxembourg squad I’m so pleased to reward their faith in me and tomorrow we’ll do everything we can to try and get the victory again." Report courtesy of www.teamsky.com Photo by: Graham Watson
bowling attack of Nick Helme and Tony Crooks.Mick Button and Chris Litchfield also fell without making the required contribution. Enter Peter Winter(31) and Tom (I don't need any sleep) Tobin(40) who pushed the score on at speed before Charley Hepburn also contributed a very quick 15 with Team A finishing on 141 in their allotted 30 overs. After the break Team B had their chance with the bat starting slowly and cautiously against some very tight bowling from Gazza Crouch(3 for 7),and some not so tight bowling (initially) from Charley Hepburn who then bowled his last 3 overs for a very respectable 6 runs. Jody van der Westhuizen then came on to bowl and had a fine spell of 3 for 19 in 6 overs but unfortunately this wasn't enough. There were
Thanks to Gavin Flaxman who performed well in the field and for volunteering to be Ray’s runner. There were many quotes of the day but the best came from Chris Litchfield when asked to bowl at the end to save the game was 'No pressure then Skipper'. All in all it was a fabulous day’s cricket played with competitiveness and with great sportsmanship too. Our next game is against Seville on June 19th.We are still recruiting for more players, umpires(thanks to Phil Flaxman despite giving the writer out L.B.W.)scorers, sponsors and spectators.If you would like more information or feel that you would like to become involved please contact Tim Meal on 662 233 302 or tim_sheena@hotmail.
Every final was closely contested with the following results: Premier Singles: Winner: Craig Lewis Runner-up: John Morgan Handicap Singles:
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Drawn Triples: Winners: Dave Townsend, Russell Borley and Brian Judge Runners-up: John Morgan, John Richardson and Maureen Hancox Drawn Fours: Winners: Shirley Owen, Denis Tolfree, Anthony Rose and Roger More Runners-up: John Morgan, Manuel Bautista, Ella More and Eleanor Morgan.
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Sports flash
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Juanmi stars in Spain’s U-19 team Three goals in three games. Malaguista forward and local lad Juanmi has contributed in a decisive manner to Spain’s U-19 qualification for Europe in the category that will be played in Romania from July 20th to August 1st. The national squad played its last encounter in the Mini tournament on Sunday, drawing with England (1-1) and sealed its first place in the group with 7 points out of a possible 9.
Sergio Garcia secures place at 2011 US Open Spain's Sergio Garcia shot rounds of 68 and 67 in Memphis Tennessee and then survived a sevenman play-off to secure his place in this month's US Open at Congressional Country Club Garcia said last month that he would not go through qualifying to continue his run of 47 consecutive majors. And he has dropped to 75 in the world rankings. But Fijian Vijay Singh will miss out on the event at Congressional Country Club in Maryland from June 16rh to 19th. Singh opted not to take part in qualifying and his run of 67 consecutive majors, which goes back to the 1994 US Open at Oakmont, is over. He had one other chance of getting into the
he was no longer in that field. Among the others who earned places at the US Open were Sam Saunders, the grandson of former winner Arnold Palmer; Steve Irwin, the son of three-time champion Hale Irwin; and college freshman Patrick Cantlay.
Sergio Garcia has shown signs of improvement in recent tournaments
major via a top finish in
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But previous champions Steve Jones, Lee Janzen and Tom Kite missed out, along with former Open winners Justin Leonard, David Duval and Ben Curtis.
Sporting
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3rd rider dies at this year’s TT Irish motorcyclist Derek Brien has died after a highspeed accident Isle of Man TT organisers have announced. The 34-yearold was killed while competing in the opening four-lap Supersport race which was immediately stopped following the incident. He was killed following a crash at Gorse Lea. Brien is the third rider to die at this year's TT. Sidecar racer Bill Currie and his passenger Kevin Morgan were killed during practice last Tuesday.
but the PGA website said
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Of the British golfers Luke Donald is top of the betting polls at 12-1 along with Lee Westwood. Rory McIlroy is 20-1 while Tiger Woods is at 16-1, last year’s winner Graeme McDowell is at 33-1 and suffering a drop in form
fOOTball
The heat is on as FIFA begin bribery scandal case FIFA's ethics committee have summoned all 25 associations of the Caribbean Football Union (CFU) to Miami to be questioned about claims they were each offered or given 40,000 US dollars (£25,000) as a bribe by senior FIFA members Mohamed Bin Hammam and Jack Warner. But yesterday (Tue) the probe was in disarray after the majority refused to attend - one member said it was “tainted and biased”.
fOOTball
Jol back as he takes on Fulham job Fulham have appointed former Tottenham manager Martin Jol on an initial two-year contract. The 55-year-old Dutchman replaces Mark Hughes, who stood down as Craven Cottage boss last week, after finalising terms of his deal - believed to be worth £1.5million-a-year plus bonuses - in the early hours of Tuesday morning. A club statement confirmed yesterday (Tue): 'Martin joins Fulham on an initial two year contract with the Club.’
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| Impossible bottle |
In March 2010 artist Spencer Tunick arranged and photographed 5,200 what in front of Sydney Opera House? | The News Newspaper - Issue 127 by The News Newspaper - issuu
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issue 127
Wednesday, June 8th 2011
Speed limit set to stay at 110 km p3
Oil costs cut and road deaths down - 110km limit to be reviewed at end of June but may stay till end of summer
E.COLI OUTBREAk - National news
Spain gears up for compensation row Germany has come under fire for its wild claims about the El.coli outbreak which has cost Spanish farmers millions in lost production. And a row is brewing after the Spanish government said that proposed compensation levels were insufficient. John Dalli, the EU health commissioner, said Germany had drawn premature and inaccurate conclusions about the source of the contaminated food which has killed 22 people and spread fears across Europe.
sprouts. It backtracked allegations.
Germany first blamed Spanish cucumbers for the outbreak, which has also caused sickness in more than 2,400 people, and later pointed the finger at local bean
EU farm ministers were holding an emergency meeting in Luxembourg late yesterday (Tuesday) amid demands for full compensation from Spain's angry farmers.
has on
now both
Mr Dalli told the EU Parliament in Strasbourg that information needed to be scientifically sound and foolproof before it became public.
CASA COIN
whose products have been hit by the outbreak. He said the compensation would cover the period from late May to late June. Mr Ciolos added that he
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Continued on page 2
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hoped the authorities would be able to give an answer on the source of the infection as quickly as possible because without it, it would be difficult to “regain the trust of
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
WORLD Amazing!
By Kym Wickham [email protected]
A few weeks ago our immersion heater that has been in the house for 15 years gave up the ghost and every time you plugged it back in, it blew all the electrics. First thing I did was plug in a hairdryer to check that it wasn’t a fault with the electrics but, no, that was all fine. As the thing holds 150 litres of water, it’s quite hefty and to replace it with the same size was going to cost around €350 - OuCH! So we asked one plumber who said it was impossible to get the parts for it but then found out that we could get Cointra parts in Malaga. It took us a week for them to get the parts then dudley Plumb came along this morning and fixed it for us. While this is all very interesting and I’m sure you’re all fascinated by my boiler problems, I was actually amazed at how the things work. The element and thermostat that sits inside it had to be replaced and getting the old one out was a real pain. There were two buckets - the square floor washing sized ones - of cal and general stones and muck that came out before the new ones could be fitted. Poor dudley was up to his elbows in the stuff! And to think that I used to drink this water - I must have a fabulous immune system is all I can say! The other thing I have to say this week is “Bull bars”. A friend bought a brand new 4 wheel drive with these fitted but nobody told him that the bull bars - not the car have to be ITV’d every year whether the car needs an ITV or not. Bet a lot of us didn’t know this, and how mad is that?
Metropolis II
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Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
Siboney’s Coin Planned re-opening at the top of La Trocha in Coin with barbecue area on the terrace and pub. Sunday June 12th Siboney’s, La Trocha Commercial Centre, Coin
Continued from
FRONT PAGE
Spain set for compensation row Spain's fruit and vegetables exporters association has estimated losses at €225 million a week. Mr Dalli told the European Parliament: "I stress that the outbreak is limited geographically to the area surrounding the city of Hamburg, so there is no reason to take action on a European level. EU-wide measures against any product are disproportionate.” But he admitted that bans on certain products were a Europe-wide problem. Russia has banned imports of fresh vegetables from the EU. Detailing how the crisis unfolded, he said that originally pinpointing
cucumbers from Spain as the source had been wrong. He said: "It's crucial that national authorities don't rush to give information on the source of infection when it's not justified by the science. That creates fears and problems for our food producers. We must be careful not to make premature conclusions."
After he spoke, Spanish delegate Francisco SosaWagner held up a cucumber during his speech, saying: "We need to restore the honour of the cucumber."
Mounting criticism EU agriculture ministers want to know how close
experts are to identifying the source, amid mounting criticism of the investigation. On Monday, Germany's Lower Saxony agriculture ministry said that "investigations are continuing", as it announced that the first 23 tests of 40 samples from the organic farm in Uelzen had proved negative. He said that given the complex testing procedure, the remaining 17 samples may not be returned for a few more days. All the deaths from the outbreak, bar one in Sweden, have been in Germany. Twelve countries have been affected, with the cases outside Germany linked to travel there.
Protesters prepare for swearing-ins Emissaries from the 56 towns where the 15-M protest movement has taken hold met in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid on Sunday and decided to hold public demonstrations on June 11th, when the mayors elected in the local elections on May 22nd are to be sworn in. The swearing-ins will be "boycotted with boos" to keep alive a movement aimed against the entire
political class, which the protesters insist is corrupt and out of touch with ordinary people's needs. Other initiatives include sending "zombie guards" to escort politicians during public events and to demand a referendum on electoral reform. The three-week sit-in in the Puerta del Sol is continuing, despite a warning by the government that it cannot last indefinitely.
EU advises raising IVA The European Commission has asked Spain to raise its added value tax, IVA, as well as the taxes on energy sources to compensate for the government's loss of revenue from other sources. The EC also asked the Spanish government to reform collective
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bargaining and change the rules on salary reviews “to guarantee that raises in salary reflect productivity and the condition of the company and its work force”.
results were negative, to pass more reforms in the work market to reduce seasonal work and give young people more access to jobs. Brussels predicts that the Spanish economy will grow only 0.8 per cent this year and 1.5 per cent in 2012, as opposed to the government's predictions of 1.3 per cent and 2.3 per cent respectively.
AndAluCIA TOdAY
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ON THIS DATE IN
National News Industry, tourism and trade minister Miguel Sebastian told reporters on Monday that the government is considering keeping the lower speed limit introduced in April until at least the end of the summer.
Petrol prices have dropped slightly since then, and so have road deaths, which the government said would be one of the results of the lower limit. Between
January and the end of May, 561 people died in road accidents, 59 fewer than during the same period last year, representing a drop of 9.5 per cent. Road deaths in Spain were once the highest in Europe but have been dropping steadily for several years. The Traffic Authority's Highway Safety
Gen Franco closed Spain’s border with Gibraltar
State of nation debate not special says speaker
110 speed limit may be kept The 110 kilometres per hour limit was introduced to reduce the government's oil bill, and comes up for review at the end of the month.
1969
Strategy aims at reducing them by another 30 per cent by 2020.
The debate of the state of the nation, the last which José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero will attend as head of government, will be held in Parliament at the end of June. Speaker José Bono said the debate on general policies would be held on June 28th and 29th and the last day would be reserved for voting on the proposals presented by the different parliamentary groups.
The debate had originally been scheduled for July, after the ordinary parliamentary sessions had ended, but Sr Bono said he had proposed holding them within the period constitutionally denominated as ordinary in order to avoid making the debate look “exceptional”. It was a perfectly ordinary parliamentary procedure, Sr Bono said.
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
04 n National News
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Heads or tails Three towns have ended up tossing a coin to decide who their mayors will be, after the two main parties ended up with the same number of votes in the May 22nd local elections. The Partido Popular’s Mariano González will be mayor of Lujar in Granada province, and the coin also favoured the PP in Os Blancos in Galicia, where it fell for Juan Manuel Andrade, and in Navaridas in La Rioja, where Miguel Ángel Fernández won the toss. In Lujar the Socialist
candidate, Diego Estévez Cabrera, accepted his defeat gracefully but said he thought a second round of voting would have been more logical.
Four women were killed in less than 72 hours between Thursday and Saturday last week, just days after health minister Leire Pajin had asked the media to play down reports on such murders to avoid copycat killings. None of the women had reported their partners to police, even
though there was sufficient proof of abuse in all four cases.
However, Spain’s election laws allow for coin tossing when ties occur.
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Councillors give up official cars All five Union, Progreso and Democracia party's councillors elected to Madrid City Hall on March 22nd have said they will not be using the official cars, drivers and bodyguards assigned to them. Jaime Berenguer, 43, a professor of psychology, said he had three children and when he couldn't use the family car, he'd use public transport. The other four councillors agreed with him, saying it was “an exaggeration to have a fleet of 134 vehicles”. They said they would only use the council's cars to attend official ceremonies.
Guardia warn against latest scam Spate of gender killings The Guardia Civil’s internet crime group warned on Monday that a group of people are using the May 15th/Real Democracy Now movement to obtain people’s personal details by asking them to sign a petition for a fictitious Popular Legislative
Initiative. A Guardia spokesman said that given the movement’s high profile on news broadcasts most people are not surprised to receive such a request. The recipients are asked to forward an attached form to all their contacts because the group needs a minimum
of 500,000 signatures to supports its demand for the reform of the justice and election systems. The spokesman said that for such a demand to be legally valid, the signatures have to be collected on paper before they can be presented to Parliament.
The murder of Ines Alvares, 64, Teresa Cuervo, 82, Miren Canales, 41, and Rosa Galera, 28, brings the number of gender violence-related deaths to 27 so far this year.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
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Royal Household signals new rules for media King Juan Carlos was discharged from the San Jose Clinic in Madrid on Sunday after undergoing knee surgery there on Friday. The 90 minute procedure to insert an artificial knee was carried out to alleviate pain from old sporting injuries suffered during his younger years as a keen sailor and skier. The 73-year-old king was caught on camera snapping at the media a day before the operation, chiding them for being “obsessed with my health”. At a press call after a breakfast meeting with the executives of training companies, he was asked how he was feeling. "Terrible, terrible, terrible, can't you see that?" the King snapped back, then added: "What you like to do is kill me and have me in a coffin every day.” The comments were captured on camera and became an
instant You-tube hit. The king had not realised he was being filmed. The Royal Household said the king intended to have a breakfast for the media later this week to inform them personally about the new rules. There has been speculation about the king's health since he was admitted to hospital in May last year to have a tumour removed from his lung. More recently, a noticeable discolouring around the eyes led to rumours of haematomas, which were later dispelled. His recent sporting of a somewhat straggly beard led to more comments about his “sickly appearance”. Crown Prince Felipe has been hosting more official
New ecology party formed Thirty ecology groups from throughout Spain have joined together to form a new political party – Equo which will field candidates in the March 2012 general election. It was launched under an olive tree in the centre of Madrid on Sunday, which was International Environment Day. Founder Juan Lopez de Uralde, a former director of Greenpeace España, said: “Europe needs a strong voice to promote the ecological transformation of the economy, the energy and environmental revolution, biodiversity, distributive justice and the welfare State.”
functions such as the visit of the Prince of Wales in April, and some have taken this as a sign that the King is was preparing to step aside, a sure indication of failing health.
He said its members came from the Left and the ecologist movement whose aim was to “refresh” the Left and save it from disappearing.
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MADRID
Another tax snarl up Two weeks ago, the Tax Office had Partido Popular-Andalucia leader Javier Arenas and his wife registered as dead. Last week, it sent a tax form to a man who had already been dead 20 years. Not only that, but the form was in Catalan, and “we've never lived anywhere in Catalonia, have no relatives or ever had property there”, the man's son told reporters. The only connection was that the son worked for the Madrid branch of a Catalan company. MADRID
Law to cap bankers' bonuses The cabinet last Friday approved a law to crack down on the bonus mentality in the banking system, which almost brought the world economy to its knees through risky lending strategies. The law, which incorporates a European Commission directive aimed at reducing risks in the financial sector, allows the Bank of Spain greater supervision over bankers' salaries and incentives. The EC wants to tackle "perverse pay incentives by requiring banks and investment firms to have sound remuneration policies that do not encourage or reward excessive risk-taking." MADRID
Jobless figures down The number of registered unemployed people fell in May by 79,701, or 1.87 per cent, 4.18 million. This does not include the more than half a million jobless who are not eligible for unemployment benefits. It was the second-biggest fall for May since 1997, and coincided with the start of the tourist season, when service companies - which account for about two-thirds of all jobs in Spain - take on more staff. Unemployment fell for the first time this year in April.
WEDNESDAY, June 8 th 2011
06 n World News
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Iceland’s Laki Volcano erupted emitting ash for 8 months
Radiation leak estimate doubled
N
said meltdowns took place in three reactors more quickly than earlier believed. The assessment comes as an expert panel begins an inquiry into the crisis. The plant's operator hopes to shut down the facility by January, but
admits it may take longer. The plant is still leaking radiation and more than 80,000 local residents living within a 12 mile radius have been evacuated. Monitoring shows the lie of the land and wind patterns may be causing a build-up
EWS IN BRIEF
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'Phantom voters' exposed
Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (Nisa) has more than doubled its estimate of radiation that escaped from the tsunami-hit Fukushima nuclear plant in the first week after the disaster, from 370,000 to 770,000 terabecquerels. Although the amount is just 15 per cent of the total released at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986 - the world's worst nuclear disaster - it suggests the contamination of the area around the plant is worse than first thought. Nisa also
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of radiation in other areas and chief cabinet secretary Yukio Edano has said more evacuations are being considered. Monitoring shows the lie of the land and wind patterns may be causing a build-up of radiation in other areas.
A leaked version of the voters' roll contains some 2.5m too many names, according to a report by the South African Institute of Race Relations. It found that there are more than 41,000 people aged over 100 - four times more than in the UK, which has a far larger population and longer life expectancy, and nearly 17,000 were born on the same day, January 1st 1901. A spokesman said the phantom vote is more than enough to settle the outcome of any election. AUSTRALIA
Fingerprinting breakthrough
Congressman sent Beef sales drop underpants photo after abattoir film New York congressman Anthony Weiner has admitted sending a close-up picture of his crotch to a young woman, but said he will not resign. Mr Weiner had initially said his Twitter account had been hacked when a photo of a man's crotch in grey underpants was sent from it last week. At a press conference on Monday he admitted this was not true, saying that he had "panicked". A tearful Mr Weiner told reporters he was "deeply ashamed of my terrible judgement". He said he deeply regretted what he had done but that he did not intend to resign. The Democratic representative
also acknowledged "inappropriate" communications with six women he met online both before and after he married Huma Abedin, a top aide to US secretary of state Hillary Clinton, last year. But he said he had not met the women, and had never had sex outside his marriage. Mr Weiner, a native New Yorker and former New York City Council member, is known for his outspoken liberal views and was widely expected to run for New York mayor in 2013.
Australian butchers have reported a drop in beef sales of 10-15 per cent since ABC broadcast an investigation into animal cruelty in Indonesian abattoirs last week which featured graphic footage of animals being slashed and whipped. The Australian government has since suspended live animal exports to the abattoirs shown but the programme has had a profound effect on public opinion and the prime minister Julia Gillard is facing increased demands for a blanket ban on all live animal exports to Indonesia. Some 700,000 cattle are exported from Australia
each year, the vast majority to Indonesia, and the meat and livestock industry fears that rural livelihoods could be destroyed if a blanket ban comes into effect.
Researchers at the University of Technology in Sydney have developed a new way of recovering usable fingerprints from old evidence, using nanotechnology to detect dry and weak ones which are not revealed by traditional techniques. They said it would
help police to reopen and hopefully solve cold cases. The scientists said their research, which is continuing, was an important step forward in efforts to conquer one of the great goals of forensic science - to recover fingerprints from human skin.
SYRIA It has therefore proposed a compromise, whereby Australian cattle would only be slaughtered at Indonesian abattoirs which met international standards. Animal welfare groups, however, are planning a national day of action later in the month.
Police 'killed in clashes' Eighty members of the Syrian security forces have been killed in clashes in the north-western town of Jisr al-Shughour, state TV has reported. Foreign media are greatly restricted and details of such reports cannot be independently verified. If confirmed, it would be the deadliest such incident since protests against President Assad began in March. The claim came a day after rights activists said at least 35 people, including police, had been killed inthe town, which is close to the Turkish border.
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Global war on drugs a failure The global war on drugs has "failed" according to a new report by the Global Commission on Drug Policy which has called for the legalisation of some drugs and an end to the criminalisation of drug users. The 19-member commission includes former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, former presidents of Mexico, Brazil and Colombia, as well as the former US Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker and the entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson. The panel also features prominent Latin American writers Carlos Fuentes and Mario Vargas Llosa, the EU's former foreign policy chief Javier Solana, and George Schultz, a former US secretary of state. The 24-page report says antidrug policy has failed by fuelling organised crime, costing taxpayers millions of dollars and causing thousands of deaths. It cites UN estimates that opiate use increased 35 per cent worldwide from 1998 to 2008, cocaine by 27 per cent, and cannabis by 8.5 per cent. It criticises
governments who claim the current war on drugs is effective. "Political leaders and public figures should have the courage to articulate publicly what many of them acknowledge privately: that the evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that repressive strategies will not solve the drug problem, and that the war on drugs has not, and cannot, be won," the report said. Instead of punishing users who "do no harm to others," the commission argues that governments should end criminalisation of drug use, experiment with legal models to undermine organised crime syndicates and offer health and treatment services for drug-users. It calls for drug policies based on methods empirically proven to reduce crime and promote economic and
social development. The commission says the US must abandon anticrime approaches to drug policy and adopt strategies rooted in healthcare and human rights. The US and Mexican governments have rejected the findings as misguided. "Drug addiction is a disease that can be successfully prevented and treated," said a spokesman for the Office of National Drug Control Policy. "Making drugs more available...will make it harder to keep our communities healthy and safe." Mexico’s National Security spokesman Alejandro Poire said: "Legalisation won't stop organised crime, nor its rivalries and violence." More than 34,000 people have died in drug-related violence since a crackdown on the cartels began in Mexico in December 2006.
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
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UK News New controls to protect youngsters Join FREE today!
Leading retailers are signing up to a code of practice designed to protect British youngsters from “sexualisation” The code will form part of a raft of measures targeted at protecting children. The British Retail Consortium has launched new guidelines in response to demands for restrictions on inappropriate children’s clothing and has made clear that shops should be responsive to parents’ anxieties and complaints.
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Bras for sub-teen girls, provocative lacy underwear aimed at tots and raunchy slogans on tee shirts have all come under the spotlight, and sparked criticism by those who fear that young girls are being encouraged to dress far older than their years. Nine stores – Asda, Debenhams, Argos, John Lewis, Next, Marks and Spencer, Peacocks, Sainsbury’s and Tesco – have all signed up and others are being asked to take part. The code was announced to coincide with the results on Monday
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of a review into commercialisation and sexualisation of children, called for by prime minister David Cameron. He has stopped his six-year-old daughter Nancy listening to Lily Allen songs because of their sexual content. The wide-ranging review was carried out by the chief executive of the Mothers Union, Reg Bailey. Its proposals will make it easier to block adult content on mobile phones, prohibit inappropriate advertising from billboards near schools and playgrounds, and to introduce age limits for raunchy videos. The last series of X Factor sparked a
row when hundreds of parents complained about overtly sexy costumes and dancing on TV at a time when young children would be watching and parents will be invited to make their views known online about pre and post watershed content. Mr Cameron has backed the review’s findings and welcomed the retail code. He will hold a summit in October bringing together retailers, advertisers, broadcasters, magazine editors, video games and music industry bosses, industry chiefs and regulators to review progress.
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featherweight compared to the world’s largest cruise ship, Royal Caribbean’s Allure Of The Seas, at 225,282 tonnes, but she will be the largest vessel designed for the British market.
P & O Cruises are entering into the ring of mega-sized vessels with plans to build a £340 million ship which will carry 3,611 passengers. The vessel will weigh in at 141,000 tonnes – a
The company say she will be stylish, innovative, with an unprecedented number of passenger facilities. Managing Director Carol Marlow said: “This new generation ship will deliver
the ultimate P&0 Cruise experience, with sophisticated ‘wows’ and new features to attract thousands of newcomers to our brand.” The ship will be built by Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri, the company that built Cunard’s Queen Elizabeth. Keen cruisers will have to bide their time – the new ship will be launched in March 2015.
WEDNESDAY, June 9th 2011
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Wedding dress will draw crowds Kate Middleton's wedding dress will prove to be a huge draw for tourists when it goes on public display at Buckingham Palace during the summer.
The dress, designed by Sarah Burton, creative director at Alexander McQueen, will be the star exhibit during the annual opening of the state rooms at the Palace - tickets cost £17.50. The display will also include William and Kate's wedding cake, but not Pippa Middleton's bridesmaid dress, or the outfits worn by the small bridesmaids and page boys. A spokesman for the Royal
Collection, which organises the annual opening, said the aim was "to focus on the British design and craftsmanship of the Duchess's ensemble” rather than to create a wedding tableau. The dress will be on show in the ballroom from July 23rd until October 3rd. Kate's handmade bridal shoes, her diamond earrings - a gift from her parents - and the 1936 Cartier halo tiara lent by the Queen, will also
Kate wearing the Cartier tiara
feature. The display is expected to set new records for visitor numbers to the Palace this year.
For whom the bell tolls...
It’s my mummy
It’s a case for Miss Marple as folk in a picturesque Yorkshire village try to solve the mystery of the pensioner who has a grudge against bell ringers.
A tiny abandoned penguin chick has been fooled by zoo keepers into thinking that a black industrial rubber glove is its mother. Keepers at Living Coasts in Torquay, Devon, have customised the glove to help them hand rear the chick, which was abandoned before it was hatched.
The irate man last week imprisoned a group of bellringers in a 150 foot high belfry. It’s thought he took his revenge after working up a rage two hours into a three hour peal. He clambered two flights of steps at the St John The Divine Church in Sharow, near Ripon in North Yorkshire, popped his head through the trap door, shouted abuse including threats to the bellringers’ cars, and jammed the door shut with a piece of wood. The eight strong group of expert bellringers from Abingdon in Oxfordshire were trapped for half an
hour before a parishioner heard them stamping on the floor and investigated the noise. Local sleuths believe the spoilsport could be the same man who carried out a grudge campaign against local bellringers a while back – at that time he wedged a potato in the exhaust of a car belonging to one of them. Villagers have been mortified by the incident. Local bellringers regularly practise on a Tuesday, and a group from Ripon Cathedral sometimes practise on a Wednesday, plus there is a three hour peal on Sundays. The search is on for a man aged between 60 and 70, thin, with an angular face and a green check shirt. Plenty of clues for the Marple fans.
The glove has been decorated with red eyes and yellow plumes so that it mimics an adult macaroni penguin. Zoo keepers use it during feeding to stop the chick becoming too used to humans. The chick is fed by syringe every three hours, with a blended mixture of filleted herring, krill, vitamins and water. Staff are also playing the chick a recording of the sounds made by a macaroni penguin group.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
10 n Inland & Coastal News
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the washing machine was patented by Noah Cushing, of Quebec
New MalagaLondon City flights
Portrait of an earthly paradise
Praise for foreign animal lovers In a long interview with the Malaga Hoy newspaper on the ups and downs of animal care, the president of Malaga's Official Veterinary College, Antonio Villalba, credited the presence of so many foreign residents with a heightened awareness on the part of Spaniards of what constitutes cruelty to animals. He said foreigners are brought up to treat
animals properly and in recent years have set up many associations and refuges to look after abandoned dogs and cats. More and more Spanish people are beginning to follow their example, hence the uproar about the Torremolinos animal park (pictured above), where hundreds of dogs and cats – brought by people who
thought they were doing them a good turn - were put to sleep in a cruel manner. He said that before 2003 there were no laws to protect animals but today Andalucia has one of the most enlightened animal protection laws in Spain and “if you're caught kicking a dog you can end up in jail” - something that was inconceivable a few years ago.
It comes as a refreshing change to find an interesting book that is actually published in both Spanish and English. The book, titled “Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama parque natural” contains 374 photos taken by Sebastián García Acosta. He was born in Frigiliana and has spent the past 30 years photographing every corner, all the fauna and flora of the Sierra Tejeda.
As of today (Wednesday) British Airways will have four flights a week – on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday - between Malaga airport and London City airport in the heart of the UK's capital. A British Airways spokesman said the new route was “a substantial improvement for clients because of London City airport's strategic position”, which would cut travelling time considerably. British Airways already has four flights a day from Malaga to Gatwick.
published in the National Geographic magazine.
He said he insisted on the text being translated into English “because many foreigners live in the area, especially Britons who are great nature lovers”.
Garcia Acosta is a painter by profession and taught himself photography – so well that his work has been
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+6%*'0 '5+)05 *19411/ 9+6* 18'4
Opposition councillors won’t get paid The mayor elect of Estepona, José María García Urbano, has decided that one of the first cuts he will make when he takes over will be not to pay councillors belonging to the opposition parties. Estepona council has a debt of €160 million hanging over it and frequently finds it difficult to pay its 1,280 staff. Of these, opposition councillors have been receiving 14 yearly payments of €1,500 – but no longer if Sr Garcia Urbano has his way. In future they will receive a certain amount for attending plenary council meetings and a small
amount for attending committee meetings. Local councils enjoy a certain flexibility when to comes to the payment of part-time councillors, which those in opposition usually are. The system of payment for attending meetings prevails in Marbella, Rincon de la Victoria, Mijas and Fuengirola. Payments for plenary meetings range from as little as €40 to €400 and from €20 to €250 for
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committee meetings. In other towns, part-time councillors are paid a smaller monthly salary than full-time councillors. One incoming mayor – the PP's Fernando Fernandez Tapia-Ruano – was in opposition himself until May 22nd. He said he intended to keep the system of paying €190 per meeting attended , which he thought was “an austere amount”.
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MARBELLA
Salvaging rain-damaged library
Council and Junta face off The Costa del Sol hospital's decision to start charging for parking in the areas near the building has set Marbella town council and the Junta de Andalucia at loggerheads again. The council insists that the hospital has not applied for permission to charge and the Junta said the council's months-long silence on the matter gave the hospital “a tacit administrative yes”. Incoming trade and public highways councillor Alicia Jimenez said on Monday that if the hospital does not immediately stop charging for parking, the council would take it to court “for disobedience”.
Council workers continue to save as many books damaged by the recent heavy rains as possible, but hundreds have ended up in the recycling bins. One of the books propped open on shelves to dry is an 1850 version in Spanish of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, which now bears water marks. The library opened in 2003 and suffered from water-related problems from the beginning. It was closed for several years while work was done to eliminate damp and leakages and reopened last November. RONDA
World heritage status sought The Junta de Andalucía is preparing its application to Unesco for Ronda and the dolmens of Antequera to be given World Heritage status. The head of the Junta's cultural department, Paulino Planta, said this status was being sought for as many cultural aspects of the region as possible, including the archaeological dig at Orce on the Guadix plateau in Granada, because it would make Andalucia even more attractive for tourists. The human settlement at Orce is more than 1.3 million years old.
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MALAGA
Economic crisis fuels fake claims Fraudulent insurance claims continue to rise, according to a report by the ICEA insurance claims research association. It said 5,644 fraudulent claims were detected in Malaga province last year, up from 4,331 in 2009. ICEA said there had been a rise of more than 75 per cent in fraudulent claims in the past three years, largely due to the economic crisis. A spokesman said the rise was also partly due to the fact that insurance companies are getting better at uncovering fraudulent claims.
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Is there something happening locally that you would like our readers to know about? Is your society or organization planning a fundraiser or special event?
Contact us on [email protected]
Sunflowers hit the streets for CUDECA The Cudeca annual Sunflower Campaign will be taking place between June 13th and July 3rd with information tables and volunteers stationed at popular locations throughout the costa.
Dozens of volunteers will hit the streets to offer sunflowers in return for donations and all the funds raised will aid the Cudeca Cancer Care Hospice. Information will be at hand to let people know more
about the valuable work that Cudeca does. If you would like to find out more go to [email protected] or telephone 952 564 910.
CHARITY CORNER
Car Boot
Stepping out in Coin It’s that time of year again when towns and villages are celebrating their patron saints and throwing themselves enthusiastically into the Romeria. Young and old alike dress in traditional costumes and beautifully decorated horses, carts and carriages take to the streets. Elegant costumes mixed with rustic charm in the colourful cavalcade of Coin's annual Romeria at the weekend to honour the town’s patron, the Virgen de la Fuensanta.
Adana animal charity in Estepona has had to switch its fund raising car boot sale date following bad weather. You can find loads of offers at the re-arranged sale this Saturday June 11th, at Bar Eden on El Padron, Estepona - near the Equestrian Centre.
Time for lunch CHAIN lunch club will hold its next get together on Tuesday June 16th at Aguamania on the Cartama road. Speaker Jenny will stage a
gardener's question time. Tickets are €8 and include a buffet lunch. They can be bought at the CHAIN shop at La Trocha in Coin, or contact Denise on 952 453 829.
Garden Party a hit The Triple S fundraising garden party held last Friday was a big hit with more than 80 people pouring into the garden of hosts Brian and Ronna Clarke. Club members and their friends had a great evening tucking into a huge buffet and dancing to entertainer Barry Mac. The evening raised more than €700 for SOS animal refuge.
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
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Gibraltar
News Safety first in Gib constructions The Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate (ICWCI) have officially opened their new meeting centre in Gibraltar, the aim of which is to improve building standards and health and safety. The opening ceremony was attended by successful applicants, representatives of local Government and key members of the local construction industry who have supported this venture, especially Gifford, in order that Site Inspectors in Gibraltar can obtain the necessary qualifications. These organisations include Montagu Group, Gibraltar Land Reclamation Company, GCA Architects and Belilo & Partners. James Gallacher MICWCI, President Elect, formally established the new meeting centre and presented certificates to the successful applicants. The opening ceremony took place at Gifford, Queenswood Quay Office.
In an interview, Mr Gallacher explained to Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation how ICWCI members ‘have the ability and qualifications to go onto a site and look after it’, which gives the client confidence. Members of ICWCI ‘are trained in health and safety and can tell a contractor when he is breaching health and safety requirements’. John Murphy MICWCI, who has been a member of ICWCI since 1991, first had the idea to open the new meeting centre after several colleagues had submitted applications for membership, which would have involved a trip to the UK for the applicants to be interviewed.
The opening of the new meeting centre enables applicants to be interviewed on ‘The Rock’ and John hopes that this will see an ‘improvement in building standards’ and create a network in Gibraltar. As Secretary of the new centre, John works alongside the chairman, Michael Pizzarello FICWCI, who started out as a student at ICWCI in 1980 and is now a Fellow, the highest Membership grade achievable within the Institute. The following applicants received certificates at the presentation, having successfully completed the interview process: Glenn Cunningham MICWCI, Steve Finlay
MICWCI, Mark Newby MICWCI, Damian Muscat MICWCI, Steve Cary MICWCI, Matthew Coulthard MICWCI, Gary Brockhouse MICWCI, Darren Vickers LICWCI. There are several applicants who will hopefully be elected into membership following an interview. The meeting centre will provide a central point where site inspectors in Gibraltar can share experiences, information and keep up to date with their Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and any advances in the industry. For further information please contact Gail Reed at [email protected]
Blaze injures 14 people A huge blaze that left 14 people injured, including 12 passengers from the Independence of the Seas cruise ship, was finally extinguished at 5am last Wednesday in a joint effort by Gibraltarian and Spanish fire fighters that took 14 hours.
tanks that had been ablaze had leaked into the sea around the area, some of it reaching nearby Algeciras beaches, and a clean-up campaign was started immediately. The cause of the fire at the plant on the Western Arm of the North Mole is now being investigated.
The injured included a 40year-old man who was taken to Seville hospital with burns over 70% of his body, and two workmen who were welding in the area at the time.
Popular Party politicians wasted no time in criticising Gibraltarian authorities for not asking for assistance from Spain earlier.
Oil from the burnt out
A hero has emerged as a
result of the blaze though, and that is probationary PC Jared McKintosh who only joined the force a couple of years ago.
struggling to get him down and without any thought for his own safety PC McKintosh went up the stairs to help.
He was in the area offering general help to people when he heard an enormous bang. He looked round to see black smoke rising from one of the tanks and, right at the top of the adjoining tank, workmen trying to get down the narrow metal steps that wind around the tank. One of the men was obviously badly injured and the other was
The man was conscious throughout the ordeal and in agony from his burns but was helped to the ambulance by his colleague and the PC. Afterwards, the brave PC said that he did not consider himself a hero and was just running on adrenalin. adding: “I just did what was necessary.”
TOURIST OFFICES Tourist offices in Gibraltar are located in Casemates Square, the Airport Arrivals Hall, the coach terminus and the cruise terminal and at the frontier. Main Tourist Administration Office Duke of Kent House Cathedral Square, Tel: +350 20074950 e-mail: [email protected] The Gibraltar Tourist Board also operates in London at: Gibraltar Government Office150 Strand,London WC 2R 1JA.Tel: +44 (0) 207 836 0777 email: [email protected] Note: Gibraltar phone numbers consist of eight digits. When phoning from within Gibraltar just dial the eight digits.When phoning from the Costa del Sol and the rest of Spain or from abroad precede the number with the international dialling code which is 00350.
Gibraltar 2011 Bank Holidays
June 13th Queen's Birthday Aug. 29th Summer Bank Holiday Sept. 12th Gibraltar National Day Dec. 25th Christmas Day Dec. 26th Boxing Day
Where can I get my copy of e News? Morrisons, Latinos (Casemates square), Latinos (Main Street), Tourist Centre (Casemates Square), ICC Centre, Newsagents - Albor (Ocean Village), Newsagents - Ocean Village Express, O’Reilley’s (Ocean Village), Bianca’s (Ocean Village If you would like to advertise your business in The News, please call us on 0034 952 454 491 to find out about some fantastic offers we have on this page!
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
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Martin Delfín Writes for the English language version of
Dictatorial democracy
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O
relatively new reader has asked me some timely questions about local council accounts – are they kept secret, or audited annually or are they kept secret from opposition councillors. Right now, I can’t answer him in detail because political animals like myself tend to look at the big picture – which is in Madrid – and overlook local council matters. However, the hand-over to the winning parties take place on June 11th so I suspect we’ll be finding out a few answers quite soon.
I
think the big eye opener is about to take place in Castilla-Las Mancha, which the Partido Popular snatched from the Socialists, who’d been governing the region for the past 30 years. The PP has claimed that the outgoing Socialists have left the region "bankrupt" - without enough funds to pay public sector salaries and of having built up a heap of unpaid bills, which outgoing administrators have been destroying in order to hide their tracks.
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n Monday Socialist deputy leader Marcelino Iglesias accused the PP of “committing a serious act of institutional disloyalty, and practising political hooliganism in throwing into doubt the credibility of Spain's accounts.” The same day, after meeting the regional party leaders, prime minister Zapatero said he was worried about the potential fallout from the PP's claims on the financial markets. The blue-chip Ibex 35 index fell 1.24 per cent and Moody’s said the Catalan regional government’s deficit is putting at risk the Madrid government's aim of reducing the national deficit to 6 per cent of the GNP as required by the EU. I must state here that I feel international credit rating agencies like Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s have far too much power and that the world would be better off without them. I also feel the international financial markets – which can bankrupt a country on the basis or rumours alone – should be brought to heel.
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owever, Zapatero has reason to be worried. The markets hate “hidden debt” and unfortunately I think the full extent of Spain’s real debt will begin to emerge into the light of day over the next few weeks as the incoming PP finds that winning local councils is going to bring them nothing but grief. One of the pillars of the PP’s economic plans is to create jobs but a local source tells me the incoming PP mayor in Coin will have to remove about 150 people from the council payroll – because they’re superfluous or because as “friends” of the outgoing party, they don’t actually do any work. I suspect this state of affairs reigns in nearly all of Malaga's 101 municipalities. If the same is true of the country’s some 7,000 municipalities, then the incoming parties are going to be up you-know-what creek without a paddle.
T
he picture is just as bleak at a regional level. We still have to find out what the Socialists have been up to in Castilla-La Mancha but El Mundo newspaper has already published some figures which give us an idea about the state of affairs in Extremadura, another Socialist stronghold.
W
hen its former premier, Juan Carlos Rodriguez Ibarra, stood down in 2007, the regional assembly continued to pay for an office for him in the regional capital of Merida. It was rented initially for €2,500, then the assembly decided to buy it, for €500,000. As soon as Rodriguez Ibarra settled in, he started sending the bills to the assembly €679 for a lamp, €3,050 for a Le Corbusier sofa. In all he spent €242,000 just to furnish the office. His staff of one adviser, one cabinet chief, a secretary and several bodyguards and drivers are paid by the Assembly, for a total of around €140,000 a year. He has four cars at his disposition – an Audi A8 with all extras which cost more than €56,000, plus an Audi A6, a Peugeot 407 and a Citroën C5, for which the Assembly has paid out €90,835 in petrol and €55,444 in maintenance and repairs. I won’t go on, but I want to give people an idea of the lavish lifestyle of local government top cats. And this is just one of the 17 local governments.
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he Junta de Extremadura's first deputy premier and spokeswoman, Dolores Pallero, immediately defended spending more than €2 million on Ibarra, whose experience and knowledge were well worth it. She said Ibarra was a paragon of honesty, as he had proved during his 24 years in power. And therein lies the rub. Too many politicians have been too long in power – one Socialist mayor in Extremadura had been “governing” his town for 32 years – and are finding it very hard to hand over power now. In fact, I wonder how many other people are struck by the fact that too many of them have been in power almost as long as Franco (36 years).
ne of the best things about living in Madrid is that in almost every neighbourhood there is a piece of history just right around the corner. In the district of Tetuán, where I live, there are countless forgotten areas that don’t make it on the official city tour guide’s presentation – 19th century churches, the Spanish Red Cross headquarters built by Queen Victoria Eugenia (Spain’s last queen before the Civil War and granddaughter of Queen Victoria) and the city’s second oldest bullring, which is now being used as a music conservatory. Cutting through this historic district, which was located for many centuries on the outskirts of Madrid, are remnants of an ancient network of underground galleries once used to bring water from the springs in the north to the Royal Palace in the centre of the city. These water passages, known in Spanish as the “viajes de agua,” were first built in the 9th century. Water is still carried in trickles today through these arched caverns but it is no longer used as a source.
I
n 2005, city workers designing a park on the west side of Tetuán, near an old aqueduct that is still being used today, discovered two ancient galleries that formed part of this waterworks route. Built around 1616, the Amaniel qanat – as the galleries are known by the Arabic name – was an important juncture that carried water from two sources located in the present-day Dehesa de la Villa Park and the further north Ventilla. When the openings of the two galleries were discovered six years ago, residents in the area petitioned the city to preserve them and incorporate them as centrepieces of the hilly park so that visitors could enjoy them. Today, this fine engineering feat is in a sad state. Vandals have sprayed graffiti throughout its restored façade, including staining the remarkable arched-galleries inside and out. Overgrown shrubbery and weeds cover the place making it impossible to see the arches from the visitors’ cordoned-off area. The creek where water still trickles is polluted with debris such as plastic soda bottles, rags and other trash. Three metal markers that tell the history of the early potable water routes have been completely defaced, rendering them illegible and useless. The entire site is a complete disaster.
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t is puzzling how neighbours in the nearby buildings, who had lobbied for the preservation of the qanats, have not demanded that city officials provide security to protect this important historic site. Conservation is one of the most prized efforts any European city can and should undertake. But as long as people don’t act and educate others about the importance of their city’s past, there won’t be anything left for others to marvel at and enjoy in the future.
… and rewriting history
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here are some historians in this country who believe that by changing a word or two they can completely turn around the legacy of a controversial person. This was the case with some members of the Royal Academy of History (RAH) and their biographical sketches of Francisco Franco, Manuel Azaña and others who were caught on the opposite sides before the Spanish Civil War. The entries are contained in the soon to be published Dictionary of Spanish Biographies, parts of which are already out in digital form on the web.
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uis Suárez Fernández, 87, a member of the Franco Foundation and a close friend of the dictator’s family, was selected to write the entry for the late Spanish caudillo. He gave a pro-Franco slant, hailing his military career and failing to mention the crackdowns and deaths that took place during the 39-year dictatorship. Other controversial entries include one about Valencia Mayor Rita Barberá of the Popular Party, which was written by her press team, and of General Alfonso Armada, one of the leaders of the failed 1981 coup, penned by his son-inlaw. The entries sparked an outcry by the survivors and families who were opposed to the Franco regime.
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ast week, many marched on the (RAH), some holding Republican flags, to demand the resignation of its director Gonzálo Anes. The RAH has decided that it would rectify the controversial entries before the sketches come out in book form. But the protest and outcry was just another example how Spanish history still rabble rouses the most passionate.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
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All you want and need to know about inheritance tax - meeting today June 8th Lawyer Jon Sutton will offer an overview and take questions when he meets people who want to discuss the complexities of Spanish inheritance tax today, Wednesday, at the Sierra Gorda bistro. Arrive at 13.30am for 11am start. You can find the Sierra Gorda bistro on the Coin/Cartama road, at km 9. Below is an article written by Jon which aims to provide some background information. The autonomous regions are allowed to set their own inheritance tax levels and allowances. However these allowances only apply for the estates of people who have been resident in that region for five years and the beneficiaries are similarly resident. If both the deceased and beneficiaries do not satisfy the residency requirement then the national state rules apply. There is a vast difference between the state inheritance tax rules and the regional allowances. Several regions including Madrid, the Canary Islands, the Balearics, Valencia and Murcia have virtually no inheritance tax between spouses or between parents and children. Others, principally those with
socialist administrations, have less generous allowances, nevertheless with professional advice the reductions can be utilised so as to significantly lower or eliminate the inheritance tax burden. For example Andalucia allows a gift to a spouse, child or parent of up to €175,000 tax free. This is an all or nothing allowance not a nil rate band so a gift of €176,000 would be taxable on the full amount. As previously stated, these allowances only apply where the deceased and beneficiaries are residents. If not, the much less generous state rules apply which simply allow a deduction of just under €16,000 from the gift for tax purposes for spouse, children and parents of the deceased. This can mean that non resident beneficiaries pay many thousands of euros more tax than they would if they were residents.
However help may be at hand for those thousands of non resident holiday home owners or residents of Spain whose principal or reserve beneficiaries (such as their children) are non residents. On February 16th this year, the European Commission asked Spain to amend its tax provisions on inheritance and gift tax on the basis that they impose a higher tax burden on non-residents and on assets held abroad. The Commission was of the opinion that the provisions were incompatible with the free movement of workers and capital which are required under European law. In particular, the Commission considered that there was a breach of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Articles 45 and 63 respectively). The request takes the form of a complementary "reasoned opinion". Spain has been given two months to
respond and If there is no satisfactory response , the Commission may decide to refer the case to the EU's Court of Justice. However, this may take some time, the Commission previously sent a reasoned opinion to Spain on May 5th 2010 and although Spanish legislation has been amended slightly, it is still not fully compliant with EU law. The Commission has therefore decided to send the latest complementary reasoned opinion requesting Spain to make additional changes to its legislation to ensure full compliance. The deadline has now passed but so far there is no news of any response. How Spain will respond, when this will be and how this will change the inheritance tax burden for non residents is not yet clear. The Spanish Government is in financial difficulties as it is and will be reluctant to give up this
lucrative, if unjust, stream of revenue. However, Spain is now on notice and to delay the matter may lead to claims from beneficiaries who are adversely affected by Spain's failure to comply. This could lead to a similar situation to Capital Gains Tax which was also discriminatory and ultimately amended to be the same for non-residents and residents alike and also led to a deluge of claims for compensation from people who had paid the higher rate of tax as non residents.If and when the inheritance laws are changed it would be well worth everyone with a property in Spain to consult their lawyer or accountant to see whether changes should be made to
their wills to reduce or eliminate inheritance tax. Report by Jon Sutton Jon Sutton (above) is a Solicitor at De Cotta McKenna y Santafé, whose Firm specialises in Wills & Probate. He will be available to meet clients at the inland office of De Cotta McKenna y Santafé at La Trocha, Coín or at the offices in Mijas Costa and Nerja. To book an appointment call 951 315 161 or email [email protected] . For more information find them on the internet at website address www.decottalaw.com.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
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ABOUT
Your Weekly Entertainment Guide INSIDE THIS WEEK Mijas International Festival New Name - New Owners for fab new food Bargains galore at Charity Auction
A sizzling summer line up of sound Written by Andrea MacLean
To some of us of a certain age the songs I’ll Take You There and Respect Yourself, by the Staple Singers, bring back memories of summers long ago. t’s a huge shame that this guy isn’t better known. The album “The Sounds of McAlmont and Butler” has huge anthemic tracks, and a wall of sound that Phil Spector would have been proud of. He will be singing his finest songs at Echegaray –. and yes, it will include “Yes”, the McAlmont and Butler song that makes the spirit soar and is the perfect track to put on in the car when you can sing along loudly to the chorus without being embarrassed. Look up the video on You Tube if you have never heard of the man or the song. way from Terral there are a number of other top performers heading to Andalucia. The action starts with the hero of Livin’ La
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the floor with its infectiousness. “She Bangs” was another huge hit, and the Municipal Auditorium in Malaga is set to sizzle on Friday June 24th. ting needs little introduction to anyone – lover of music or not. He hasn’t needed a “proper” name for years. The one.time lead singer with The Police has varied his musical styles throughout his lengthy career and he has a staggering number of hit records, along with 16 Grammy awards, an Oscar nomination, and membership of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and The Songwriters Hall of Fame. He is appearing in Granada in the Plaza de Toros in July 15th as part of
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Vida Loca – Puerto Rican pop star Ricky Martin. He has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide and La Vida Loca was his first song in English. It put him firmly on the map, and drew even the most reluctant of dancers onto
S K Estates
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MURCIA
Over the past two weeks, The News has been running articles about the region of Murcia and the fact that Paramount Studios has just announced it is to build its new theme park in the area to rival Disneyland Paris. It will be within a 20 minute drive of the houses for sale below. The city of Murcia holds many interesting features as does Cartagena, around 30 minutes drive away. This is a golden opportunity for someone to live in one house and earn an income from the other one by letting it to people visiting the new theme park.
! ! "
THE PRICE FOR BOTH HOUSES IS €125,000 FOR A QUICK SALE
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MIMOSA
3 bedroomed house in Mula, Murcia, right at the top of the town with fantastic views. Living room, dining room, big kitchen, bathroom and three bedrooms plus courtyard for barbecues and roof terrace. New electrics. The larger of the two houses with 3/4 bedrooms, 3/4 reception rooms, kitchen and bathroom. This house also has a courtyard, a cave to fit out for keeping wines at the correct temperature and a very large roof terrace, partly covered for barbecues and sunbathing. This house requires total refurbishment but would be a large family house when finished. Both houses are on NO TRAFFIC roads so are very safe for a family with children.
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House 1
House 2
his critically acclaimed symphonicity world tour, which has been a sell out everywhere. He is performing his greatest hits re-arranged to be played with a symphony orchestra. ther stars headed our way are Jamiroquai, the jazz funk rock group headed by Jay Kay. The band has a Grammy award and has sold 25 million albums world wide and will be appearing at the auditorium on Wednesday August 3rd. nd of course don’t forget Peter Andre, who will be hitting the costa on July 22nd. See the ad on page16 (opposite). o, a summer line up to whet the appetite and satisfy all musical tastes.
PENSAMIENTO
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began singing with her ground breaking family group, The Staple Singers and her voice is as fabulous as ever.You can see her at the Cervantes on July 14th, at 9pm. few days before, on July 9th, David McAlmont takes to the stage at the Echegaray at 10pm. His appearance in Malaga is part of the first tour he has undertaken in years and he has been acclaimed in the past for his collaborations with Michael Nyman and has recently come back to prominence as a support vocalist for Duffy and Sharleen Spiteri. But he is most renowned for his partnership with Bernard Butler.
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The family group may have broken up, but Mavis Staples, doyenne of R and B, is still going strong. he legendary soul singer has a new album, “You Are Not Alone” – and the singer who has a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and was named by Rolling Stone as one of the 100 greatest singers of all time, is about to unveil her talents in Malaga. avis Staples is one of the headline acts at this year’s Terral music and dance festival, taking place in the city’s two theatres, the Cervantes and the Echegaray, from July 1st to 17th. Her latest project comes 60 years after she
TO
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Mijas International Festival 2011
A tapestry of traditions, cultures and music The famous Mijas International Festival has come around again, this is the 23rd time the Foreign Residents Department of Mijas Town Hall have organised the colourful annual event that celebrates the very “internationalness” of Mijas. The twenty different nationalities partaking in this year's celebration will be distributed over three different zones, connected by lively street parades and in parts a free mini train. Each one is worth seeing, the blue zone is in La Muralla gardens near to the bull ring, green zone in Plaza de la Constitución and red zone in Plaza Virgin de la Peña in front of the town hall, in all a total of three stages and nineteen stands, each one sharing some aspect of their home
Your Weekly Entertainment Guide
New name - and New great new owners! Scrabble venue The MABS Cancer Support group have had a change of venue for their Scrabble evenings which will now be held on the second Tuesday of every month – the next game being Tuesday June 14th – at the Miraflores Bowls Club.
country, food, drinks and handicrafts - many in their impressive national costumes. There will be all manner of things going on from all over the world, from Uruguay to the Ukraine, Morocco to Mexico, Korea to Columbia. There is a parade and display of classic cars from Classic Cars of Andalucía and from nearby Fuengirola a parade of Italian Piaggio Vespa Scooters. The three stages will present a most amazing and varied selection of musical performances and dance, to pick out just a few; German Sea Shanty Choir, Indian Dance, Celtic Fusion, Mexican Mariachi, Moroccan Music and of course Flamenco. A full programme of all the performances is displayed at each of the three stages. The festival starts on Friday June 10th at 9pm, on Saturday and Sunday at 1.30 pm and finishes on Sunday evening, entrance is free and in anticipation of the large attendance the event attracts, the Town Hall have cleverly
organised a park and ride system with a free shuttle from the edge of the village just five minutes to the centre with space enough for 500 cars. The pretty white village of Mijas is such an ideal back drop to the event with its white walls, cobbled streets and tree shaded squares. The festival is for everyone, with plenty of activities for kids and adults, plenty to see and enjoy and plenty to eat and drink. Written by Pete Woodall of Woody’s, Los Boliches
Mike and Andrea Monk took over what used to be Leslie’s Bistro in Coin a little while ago and now it is going from strength to strength. The bistro has been re-decorated, there are new tables and chairs on the patio, and smart new bistro style furniture in the bar and front restaurant area and the whole place has taken on a fresh new look and feel. The restaurant has been re-named “Sierra Gorda Bistro” which makes it much easier for those people coming up from the coast to find it - there’s a huge sign showing you where the Sierra Gorda urbanisation is and the restaurant is just on the left hand side of the entrance as you come in. With a new menu that the chefs have a hand in planning, the food is both interesting and delicious.
Their Fish and Chip supper includes a small salad and home-made coleslaw and tartar sauce in a little glass. The Chicken and Ribs come with all the trimmings you could think of so don’t bother having a sandwich at home for lunch - you need all the room you can get to eat everything that’s on your plate, and you won’t want to waste anything! Lunch for a fiver the other day was a Roast Beef Bap. Filled with delicious roast beef, complete with a salad, delicious homemade potato salad and horse-radish sauce. The Sierra Gorda Bistro is the restaurant where once you’ve been, you will definitely be booking for your next visit. Call 952 112 123 or see their advert on page 3 for weekly specials.
CASA KON-TIKI
%! !$ #
The Home of Fish and Chips OPEN ALL DAY 7 DAYS A WEEK
12 NOON ‘TIL 11PM NEW! Early Bird Special 7 Days, noon until 6pm Fish, Chips, Peas, Bread only €3.95pp Lunch time sandwiches €1.50 Main meals from €4.95 Sunday Roast Lunch €5.95pp Buy two rump steaks, get a bottle of wine free - only €9.95 each
Chris The Dish: 667 842 359 John The Fish: 678 292 792 2nd street behind Yaramar Hotel, Los Boliches Visit us at www.los-boliches.es
www.thenewsonline.es
and get 2 soft drinks for free with take away
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You can find the club on Urbanizacion Miraflores, Ctra de Cadiz (N340) Km 199, Mijas Costa and the Bowls Club is down the second turning on the right after you enter Miraflores. Come along for the 2pm games, have a fun afternoon, and make some new friends.
Summer time Ball Conservatives Abroad are holding their annual end of season Grand Summer Ball on Friday June 17th. It’s time to get out the glad rags because the event is black tie, and it starts at 7.30pm at the Tamisa Golf near Fuengirola. Entertainment will be by popular artiste Jo Layte, a favourite at venues along the Costa. Tickets cost €35 for members and €40 for non members and includes welcome drinks, canapés, three course meal and wine. Tel: 952 565 777 or 666 434 839 for info.
DELI
Take Away Home Cooking and Catering Scandinavian and International Specialities
Tel: 951 319 439 Aloha Gardens, next to El Jardin. Avda Del Prado Nueva Andalucia Open Mon-Fri 10.00am - 8.00pm Saturdays 10.00am - 6.00pm [email protected]
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Bargains galore at TAPAS singing at charity auction
EL MOJITO
£1.30
Alhaurin el Grande’s NEWEST bISTRO cAfE
Serving a selection of snacks, paninis, baguettes, etc., Plus main meals including Rack of Ribs, and Entrecôte steaks.
Sunday Roast €7.95 OAP special price €5.95 children €4.95 Open every evening except Wednesdays with a new menu. On fridays you can enjoy fresh battered cod, chips & Mushy Peas fri - Sat Happy Hour 6.30 7.30
Daily from 9am Sat. & Sun. 10am
952 497 188 Calle Gerald Brenan 89 Alhaurin El Grande
MUMTAZ MAHAL Indian Restaurante Come and enjoy the best of Indian cuisine in our newly refurbished airconditioned restaurant or dine on our fabulous terrace
Menu del Dia 3 courses €9,95 EAT FROM OUR MENU WITH PRICES REDUCED BY UP TO 10 & 15%
Take-away service Free home delivery with orders over €25.00 OPEN 7 DAYS Lunch 1.30 - 4.00pm Dinner 7.00 - 12.00pm
Urb. El Rodeo, Coin
952 455 599 626 977 224
ladies lunch Thursday 16th June 1.30pm
OM €1 R F S A P A T F TION O WIDE SELEC TEA, COFFEE,
ENgLISH WINE, BEER BREAkFAST only €1 9am onwards from
€2.50
PRE-OPENING PlANNED fOR SUNDAY JUNE 12TH cAll fOR MORE INfO
£1.40
* Welcome Cava
Wednesday 8th Jordana + Cher + Lady Gaga tributes Thursday 9th Lesley Harrison Friday 10th Alex Avery Saturday 11th The Cleverleys Sunday 12th Mad Terry and Rob Stevens Monday 13th Michael Bublé followed by Natalie Monroe Tuesday 14th Dex - guitar and vocals Karaoke from midnight every night with Mad Terry, and Tomo
Free entry
* Chill Out to the Sounds of Dave Lee from 3 pm
“LIVE”
s
Siboney’s in the la Trocha commercial centre in coin is about to re-open so join us for coffees, drinks, food and our terrace barbecue. We hope to welcome you this Sunday June 12th, subject to some last minute details to be sorted. So just ring Duncan from JK’s to find out more.
Terry @ Buzby ad ’
*FREE ENTRY* Shows start at 9.30pm. Open all day.
£1.10
So stop off to tickle your funny bone and then listen to a fabulous choir in full voice. If you fancy singing yourself, have a chat while you are there.
Pot of Tea for one
For more information call 952 855 087.
That’s near the blue zone where visitors will find the British stand. This year it will be based on a comedy theme and will celebrate the best of British humour.
Selection of Speciality Twinings Teas
There will also be a ‘silent’ auction of promises as well as refreshments.
So go along, bag a bargain and have a great day out.
Monday & Thursday Bingo & Quiz Night Tuesday “Black Bais” Male vocals, soul, Tamla Motown, R&B, great voice! Wednesday Karaoke with Robbie from 9.30pm Friday Siobhan - female vocalist from Dublin Fun for all ages Saturday Night Life - comedy vocal duo, not to be missed! Sunday “Mr Blue Eyed Soul” Danny Stone
Selection of various drinks available at the counter
The auction is being organised by the Anglican Church of the Costa del Sol West which supports a number of local and international charities.
SPECIAL OFFER! 8oz entrecôte steak with all trimmings & bottle Rioja - only €20 per couple
The TAPAS Choir will be performing at the prestigious Mijas International Festival this Saturday and Sunday (June 11th and 12th) in the Square just below the Bullring, at approximately 6.00pm.
£1.50
Among the items up for sale are several fine works of art, some exquisite porcelain and glassware and a large amount of golfing equipment. Some of the items are new, some are old but all offer the chance of snapping up a bargain.
952 057 062
Freshly made Thick and Creamy Milkshakes
Admission is free for catalogue-holders (catalogues cost €1, available on the door) and there will be signs to the auction from the security gateway at Sotogrande estate, south of the A7 carratera between the Km130 and Km132 junctions.
Strawberry
Over 100 lots will be going under the hammer at a charity auction being held in Sotogrande next week. The event – which will be held in a private garden in C/. de Sancho el Mayor – is on Saturday, June 4th. Viewing will begin at 10.30am with bidding starting an hour later.
Chocolate
Keanu & Sandra’s excellent adventure email: [email protected] web: www.coinlife.info
A
ccording to something I found on the internet, June 15th 2010 was designated Cheer Up Keanu day. Apparently photographs of a rather sad looking Keanu Reeves were spotted by dedicated fans and Facebook users, so a campaign to cheer up the Canadian actor was born.
A
lthough you don’t seem to hear the kind of excessive stories about Keanu Reeves that you get from many of Hollywood’s finest, according to Wikipedia, he had something of a wild-child reputation as a youngster and was thrown out of several schools as a teenager. It’s not too difficult to imagine if you look at his earliest successful films such as ‘Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure’ and its successor ‘Bill and Ted’s Bogus Journey’ in which he plays a failing high school student.
MOVIES TO WATCH OUT FOR
e Hangover Part II BY TODD PHILLIPS Starring Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms
Well, the critics have not been kind to this, a movie they describe not so much a sequel, as a remake of the original and a tired one at that. But the studio won’t care. Hangover II hit box office gold when it opened in both the US and the UK and has taken the record for the biggest grossing comedy opening. It’s undoubtedly familiar territory – the same people are doing the same thing in a different location. Oh, and they lose a different
person. Dentist Stu (Helms) is set to marry Lauren (Jamie Chung) in a traditional wedding in Thailand. Best friends Phil ((Cooper), Doug (Justin Bartha) and Alec ( Zach Galifiankis) are invited. Boy, he should have known better. The boys hit
Bangkok and after Doug makes an early exit the others party on with the bride-to-be’s 16-year-old brother Teddy (Mason Lee). Next morning they wake up in a sleazy hotel room with no memory of the night before, and no Teddy. As they race around the city
in a frantic search they cross paths with a shady businessman (Paul Giamatti) and a flamboyant criminal (Ken Jung) and meet a fabulously malevolent monkey. It won’t be getting any awards nominations, but it’s certainly putting bums on seats.
MOVIE NEWS
Taylor and Burton on
Role not terminated
big screen The fiery romance that sizzled between Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton is to be made into a film, to be directed by Martin Scorsese. Taylor, one of Hollywood’s enduring beauties, died earlier this year aged 79. She was married eight times – twice to the tempestuous Welsh firebrand Burton. The film will be based on the book that charted their relationship called Furious Love. The couple caused a scandal when they met on
the set of Cleopatra in 1962 and began an affair. Their relationship was fuelled by drink and violence and made headlines the world over.
Disgraced Arnold Schwarzeneggar will to appear in Terminator 5 but in a much reduced role – it’s not sure whether this is a response to the publicity surrounding the former governor of California who has separated from wife Maria Shriver, after it was revealed he has a love child
by the couple’s housekeeper. Paul Walker, from The Fast and The Furious 5 (above)is being tipped for the lead role of Kyle Reese. The movie will be directed by F and F’s Justin Lin, who wants to reboot the Terminator franchise in much the same way as JJ Abrams’s Star Trek.
F
or me, Keanu Reeves emerged as a serious, believable character when he starred in one of my all time favourite films ‘Speed’ in 1994.
S
imple, fast paced and spotted with humour, Speed has a few glaringly weak plot strands but all in all, it is an edge of the seat action movie with a brilliant lead cast.
H
aving successfully rescued office workers from a booby-trapped lift, Police Officer Jack Traven (Keanu Reeves) becomes the unwitting pawn in a terrorist’s campaign against the pubic transport system. After helplessly watching a bus get blown up by a bomb, Traven starts receiving instructions from the terrorist on how he can become a bigger hero by preventing the next bus from being blown up. While Traven races to find the right bus, daily commuter Annie Porter (Sandra Bullock) is racing to catch it, having, ironically as it turns out, lost her driving licence for speeding.
W
hen the terrorist informs Traven that a bomb has been activated on the bus and that it will be detonated if the speed of the bus falls below 50 miles per hour, Annie Porter finds herself in the driving seat of the vehicle racing to keep the bus above 50 through Los Angeles traffic.
A
nnie and Traven are drawn towards each other as
they try to outwit the evil but smart terrorist who is played by Dennis Hopper.
A
very silly, adrenalin filled ending sees Annie and Traven surviving an off-therails subway crash with their carriage landing on the street as they release their tensions with a snog. The chemistry between the two actors was excellent the whole way through and is part of what makes the film enjoyable. That and of course the perfect comedy timing of Sandra Bullock, although even that particular skill could not save the fortunes of the sequel. Speed 2 won an award in the worst remake or sequel category in 1997’s Golden Raspberry Awards, known in the industry as the Razzies. Keanu Reeves had the good sense to turn down the 12 million dollar contract for Speed 2 but Sandra Bullock got stuck right in. 12 million dollars must go a long way towards the shame of winning a Razzie.
T
he two actors came together again in a very different film called ‘The Lake House’, some 12 years later. The time weaving plot of The Lake House has Bullock playing Kate Forster, a woman who leaves a helpful note for the next tenant of a house on the shores of a beautiful lake she has been renting. In a time warp that is never really explained, the note is picked up by Alex Wyler (Keanu Reeves) as he takes on the tenancy of the property, two years before Alex ever sets foot in the place. As the couple communicate by letter, they begin to work out that they are living in different time frames and start to build a relationship while separated by distance and two whole years. Having set up a Valentines meet, Kate is upset that Alex fails to turn up but then later discovers that he had been trying to get to her when he was involved in a fatal car accident that she had witnessed. Because of their time difference and after some frantic back peddling, she sends Alex instructions not to meet for a Valentines dinner in two year’s time, instead arranging to meet at the lake house where they finally manage to cross the time difference and meet face to face. An excellent and clever story that is intriguing and romantic at the same time.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
by Cathy Stronach
Kym’s Kitchen ...you don’t have to be a chef!
A challenging week looms both on the emotional and mental level so this is when you need to keep your eyes open and pay attention to the detail, keep your feet on the ground and remain in the moment. Others will be drawn and attracted to you as your popularity increases, the strength and confidence that you exude at the moment sends a message out to others that you are a leader and the one to listen to.
If you like curries, middle Eastern and almost any kind of exotic cooking, there are some spices that you should always keep in stock so, this week, here's a list of them and ideas for their uses.
That something you love combined with something you have been working on may surprisingly and spontaneously start to pay off. Venus is making you realise what you value most and what brings you the most pleasure – as long as you back it all up with commitment and sincere efforts then you will attract good things. Make sure you have your core foundation as strong as possible not just in the working arena but within your home life as well.
● Allspice: small berries used extensively in Carribean and Jamaican cookery, it is a
Essential Spices useful alternative to a ground spice mix and is especially used in jerk dishes.
● Brown Mustard Seeds: small seeds that come from a plant related to cabbage. Although they have hardly any smell, they give off a powerful taste when cooked.
● Cinnamon: the bark from an evergreen tree with a sweet flavour. It is fragrant and GEMINI
May 21st June 21st
VIRGO
August 23rd September 22nd
One of those times when you need to stand tall and refuse to cave in to popular opinion is now. You are being held to a higher standard than others, so it falls on your shoulders to strive for personal integrity and to lead the way. Make sure the things you say cannot be twisted or misinterpreted as you do not want them to come back and bite you later on. A new job offer could be in the wings as career developments take on a momentum. The worst of the challenges this year are finally over, although you will not start to feel this in its entirety straight away - rest assured you are now entering a smoother, lighter time. Watch out for sudden gains in personal wealth and sudden attractions as well. It is time for Cancers to start expanding upon their personal life experiences; even a spot of travel isn’t out of the question. The main difference is, what used to take a lot of time and effort, now seems to happen automatically. This could be a difficult week emotionally for you as some hurt feelings or resentments from the past as a result of foolish actions seem to rise from within. Talk things through with a trusted friend and get it all off your chest it will allow you see things in a far clearer perspective. This is a passionate, intense and sensual time and you could find yourself tempted as others become radically attracted to you. By the weekend the bigger picture becomes clear and what was hidden from you becomes obvious. New friendships, relationships or partnerships may be formed this week as your ability to communicate is excellent right now. Your powers of attraction are strong and you will be able to use this to your advantage in nearly all situations. Usually you adapt yourself to whomever you are with but now you are being asked to stand your ground and be yourself. As you do so watch the stresses and pressures you have been under literally wash away.
Be careful not to slip into mental overload as there is so much going on you won’t know if you are coming or going. Make sure you the check the facts and hold others accountable for their promises. Once the work is out of the way your social life will also be on the hectic side with lots of invitations flooding in. Perhaps you could enlist the help and support of others who September 23rd share your ideals, if you ask you are likely to receive this week. October 22nd
SCORPIO
October 23rd November 21st
feature this week. Knowing where you can help and when you need to stay out of it is the key, before you take sides, take a deep breath, stand back and try to view the situation objectively. Sagittarians are enormously protective and passionate over those that they love so this is not always an easy task. November 22nd December 21st Later in the week things lighten up and become more fun – take some time out to enjoy yourself.
CAPRICORN The real deal is that you need to have rock solid convictions about what you want and what you are willing to do in order to obtain your wants and desires. It has become important to follow your plan and be ready to adapt when needed. The key to it all is clear communication so let go of all tensions, stress and strain and immerse yourself into conjuring up what it is you really want. nd December 22 The good news is that this is the perfect time for meeting new people. January 19th
January 20th February 18th
PISCES
February 19th March 20th
Eastern cookery. The seeds can add a whole new dimension to your pepper mill when added to pepper.
● Crushed Chillies: add pure mouth tingling heat so be very sparing with them as when they reconstitute they get even hotter. They can be added at the beginning or at the end of cooking, but – watch out!
● Cumin: this has a spicy-sweet smell and quite a pungent taste. A little cumin added at the end of cooking time can boost the flavour.
● Green Cardamom: highly perfumed seed pods from a shrub native to southern India and Sri Lanka. Use in Indian dishes, milk puddings and biscuits.
● Nutmeg: the 'nut' from an Indonesian evergreen tree. Very aromatic, sweet smelling and warm, it can be used for both sweet and savoury dishes and is best bought whole.
● Ginger: this can be bought fresh, crystalised, in a syrup (stem ginger) or in powder form. Has hundreds of uses including to flavour cakes, curry dishes and you can add to honey and orange for a BBQ glaze.
●Star Anise: a star shaped fruit from a tree related to the magnolia. It adds a licorice flavour. Used in Chinese dishes but can also be used to flavour fruit desserts and jams.
SPANISH
Poco a Poco By Valerie Mitchell
¿Cuándo? - When? Through your relationships and partnerships abundance and good prospects come your way, therefore, it is vital to maintain a good balance in your personal relationships. Your creativity and imagination are in full flight and you will be seeking to share your ideas, visions and dreams with someone else, if it is with a loved one, then this can help you take romance to the next level. Your dreams are likely to be vivid right now so keep a bedside notebook – jot down that invention.
SAGITTARIUS There is a drama that is occurring in your home life and emotional issues
AQUARIUS
● Coriander: a sweet, nutty spice that is used extensively in Indian and middle
LESSON
LIBRA
warm and goes especially well with chocolate, milky deserts like rice puddings and fruits such as apple, pear and rhubarb.
If you are waiting and wondering because things are up in the air, hoping and longing – this in-between time can be pure torture. Recent anxieties are soon to be replaced with a feeling that you are striking a needed balance and harmonizing better with the world around you. A clear and fresh perspective will make you wonder why you spent so long thinking about what could be and will encourage you to take positive action. There is a strengthening of all your key relationships at the moment and you will find yourself sharing and helping those that are feeling vulnerable for some reason. One thing that has become apparent is that in order to take risks with confidence, it requires a stable emotional foundation. You know if you miss when you leap that you will still have your strong self to fall back on. Beyond that it takes a trust that others have your back and that they are also rooting for your greatest benefit.
Three weeks ago we looked at ¿Dónde? - Where? This week let's see how you ask when something is happening and, more importantly, what type of answer you can expect. ¿Cuándo hay un autobús a Málaga? - When is there a bus to Malaga? ¿Cuándo pediste el libro? - When did you order the book? ¿Cuándo perdiste las llaves? - When did you lose the keys? ¿Cuándo compraste el coche? - When did you buy the car? If you want to say on a certain day of the week, you say el and the day El lunes - on Monday -El martes - on Tuesday - El miércoles - on Wednesday El jueves - on Thursday - El viernes - on Friday El sábado - on Saturday - El domingo - on Sunday If you want to convey that something happens on a certain day every week you use los before the day. Voy a Málaga los lunes - I go to Malaga on Mondays Vamos a la playa los domingos - We go to the beach on Sundays If you want to say something happens at a certain time use a and the time A las cinco - at five o'clock A las siete y media - at half past seven And we know that most things in Spain are going to happen mañana - tomorrow. Don't confuse la mañana - the morning with mañana - tomorrow Put the two together and you've got mañana por la mañana - tomorrow morning La tarde can mean the afternoon or the evening Mañana por la tarde - tomorrow afternoon or tomorrow evening La noche - the night - Mañana por la noche - tomorrow night. In two weeks time we'll look at some other useful expressions you may need to talk about ¿Cuándo? something may or may not happen. Hasta la próxima - Until next time Valerie Valerie runs the Centro Idiomas Language School in Coin. Her books, “The First Twelve Shortcuts to Spanish” , “The Second Twelve Shortcuts to Spanish” (€5 each) and “The Verb Book” (€7) are available from The News office in Coin, Woody’s Cards and Books in Los Boliches, David’s Books in Los Boliches or by email from vjeff[email protected] . Valerie's books can now be bought from her website - www.cslspain.com or call 952 450 747.
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2010
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
Contemporary lifestyle and celebrity gossip
MEMORABILIA AUCTION
Hallelujah – I’m Your Man
Nostalgia trip bags the market Cast your mind back to the smell and feel of your school leather satchel – who would have thought it, but that traditional chestnut coloured bag carried by both boys and girls over generations has been taking the fashion world by storm. The old style school bag produced by a mother and daughter team has been taking on top international hand bag brands and has become a multi-million pound global hit. Julie Deane and her mother Freda Thomas set up their business, the Cambridge Satchel Company, just three years ago and have now
gone from selling three bags a week as they sat at the kitchen table to 1,500 a week, in a multitude of colours, available from household name fashion outlets like ASOS and Urban Outfitters as well as their own website. The pair have seen turnover rocket from £15,000 to £3.3 million. The bags first became a cult
among twenty-somethings who used social networking sites to post information about them. The satchels channel nostalgia and sport a Handmade in Britain label at the affordable price of just £139. Julie had been reading the Harry Potter stories to her children and thought the
satchels would have been used by Harry and Hermione. She needed to raise money for her own daughter’s school fees, and spotted a gap in the market for a return to tradition. She set to work with a leather factory, built a website, developed the range to include different styles and colours, and is now watching business boom.
Sexy Cartoon character tops poll Marilyn Monroe continues to endure as one of the sexiest of the silver screen sirens – but she has had to surrender top spot to cartoon beauty Jessica Rabbit. The red-haired pneumatic nightclub singer has topped a poll by Lovefilm, which was carried out to mark what would have been Marilyn’s 85th birthday. Jessica featured in 1988’s Who Framed
Roger Rabbit, and she was voiced by the sultry Body Heat actress Kathleen Turner. Breakfast at Tiffany’s star Audrey Hepburn came third, Raquel Welch came
4th and Ursula Andress, who famously stepped out of the sea in James Bond movie Dr No in a white bikini, came 5th. There was no look-in for today’s generation of
Oh for those far-days in the 60s when late in the party someone would pop the Leonard Cohen album onto the turntable and the room would sink into a well of introspection. His 1967 album Songs of Leonard Cohen was as much a must have in the collection as Fleetwood Mac’s Rumours. Since those days the acclaimed Canadian singer and poet has reinvented himself, toured the world, and can now add the prestigious Prince of Asturias literature award to the many he has been garlanded with over the decades. He was up against stiff competition – including novelist Ian McEwan – and it is the first time the literature award has been given to a songwriter, although Cohen has in the past written novels and has a large body of poetry works to his name. The jury last week said that his writing had influenced three generations of people worldwide “through the creation of emotional imagery in which poetry and music are fused in an oeuvre of immutable merit.” Cohen had retired to a Buddhist monastery but
had to start touring again in 2008 when he discovered his manager had misappropriated $5 million from his retirement fund. He embarked on a wildly successful world wide tour, and was a huge hit at Glastonbury. On September 18th 2009 he fainted on stage at Valencia halfway through Bird On The Wire and had to be taken to hospital but three days later, on his 75th birthday, he appeared before a rapturous audience in Barcelona. His track Hallelujah was covered by Jeff Buckley who died tragically in his 30s. And in December 2008 Hallelujah hit the charts at No. 1 with X Factor winner Alexandra Burke, No. 2 with the Jeff Buckley version, and No. 36 with Cohen’s original version - 24 years after it was first released.
actresses. The poll line up was completed by Elizabeth Taylor, 6th; Grace Kelly, 7th; Rita Hayworth, 8th; Ingrid Bergman, 9th, and Vivien Leigh, 10th.
HAIR, NAILS & BEAUTY All aspects of hairdressing, Cutting-Wella Colours-Hi/Lo lights-Perming Sunbed ‘winter specials’ 60mins 25€- Spray tans Clarins facials from 30€ PAMPER PACKAGES FOR IDEAL GIFTS FROM 55€
Iconic jacket will thrill buyer Michael Jackson set the bar high for music videos and the King of Pop’s most iconic, the video for Thriller - stands the test of time with its fantastic special effects. In it he wore a red jacket with winged shoulders that became recognisable around the world - and now a Jackson fan has the
chance to buy the coveted garment. The autographed jacket will go under the hammer at Beverley Hills
based Julian’s Auctions later this month - and its guide price is set between $200,000 and $400,000.
Other items up for grabs belonged to Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Bruce Springsteen.
It’s one item in a sale featuring more than 600 music collectibles, including a bustier signed by Madonna, a Jaguar driven by Frank Sinatra and a pair of trainers signed by Britney Spears.
The Jackson memorabilia also includes the mailbox for the property where he died aged just 50, in 2009 and the wig he wore in London when he announced his “This Is It” final tour.
Reflexology and Massages from 25€ Manicure / Pedicure The latest Shellac & Foilwrap Minx Nails
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
Spanish researchers unravel leukaemia
Virtual gym helps weight loss
Regular visits to a health club in the online virtual world Second Life appear to help shed the pounds in real life, researchers at Using state-of-the-art technology, a team of Spanish scientists Indiana University have said. has unravelled the genome of patients with chronic lymphocytic For the study, they recruited - losing 10 pounds on appeared to have made overweight and obese average. However, when the more changes towards leukaemia and given new key insights into the disease. people to take part in two groups were surveyed on healthy eating and physical
The study, a scientific milestone in Spain, involved 60 researchers from the “Consorcio Español del Genoma de la
Leucemia Linfática Crónica” (CLL Genome) who identified four genes whose mutation causes this kind of leukaemia. Chronic
lymphocyctic leukaemia is the most frequent in the developed world, with more than a thousand new cases a year in Spain alone. At present, 38 projects are studying 17,000 tumour genomes. In the coming years, the CLL Genome aims to widen the research to cover the sequencing and analysis of 500 tumour genomes of 50 types of cancer.
12-week weight loss programmes - one real, and one online. Both courses involved four hours a week at meetings either in Second Life or the real world. Most of those taking part were women, with an average age of 46 in the Second Life programme, and 37 in the face-to-face group. Over the 12-week period, both groups achieved similar weight loss
whether their overall behaviour had changed, those using Second Life
activity, suggesting that they might fare better in the future. !
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In With The Flynns
Wed, June 8th 23:15
The Mexican A gory, comical thriller about a gangster who is sent to Mexico to obtain an antique pistol which, though priceless, is believed to be cursed. The crook's girlfriend tries to persuade him to give up his life of crime, but in order to ensure the collection is carried out, the mob boss arranges for her to be held hostage until his return.
FILM
Fri, June 10th 23:50
Brazil Sam Lowry is happy in his job at the Ministry of Information, where frequent daydreams transport him from drab reality. Then the worst occurs: a mistake in the system! Before he knows it, Sam meets the girl of his dreams and finds himself in a nightmare world of renegade heating engineers, storm troopers, & terrorists..
FILM
Sat, June 11th 02:20
Jeremiah Johnson A loner rejects civilisation and learns how to survive in the wilds of the Old West. He adopts a boy who is one of the survivors of an Indian attack, and takes an Indian chief's daughter as his wife, but the contentment of his family life is shattered.
FILM
Mon, June 13th 22:00
Premonition Linda Hanson has everything in life: a beautiful house and a loving family. Her life goes smoothly until she receives the devastating news that her husband has died in a car crash. However, she sees him alive the very next day after the accident, and realises that what she saw was a premonition and not a dream...
FILM
Sun, June 12th 23:15
Reservoir Dogs Six criminals with pseudonyms, and each strangers to one another, are hired to carry out a robbery. The heist is ambushed by police and the gang are forced to shoot their way out. At their warehouse rendezvous, the survivors, realising that they were set up...
FILM
101 Dalmatians
Tue June 14th 21.00
www.thenewsonline.es My Family starts its last series next week - here is one of the contenders for the slightly lame comedy crown. It’s a family but this time set in Manchester - loveable and slightly chaotic...sound familiar? Will Mellor and Craig Parkinson star.
Wed June 8th 21.30
June 9th
June 10th
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:30 Deadly 60: Bitesize 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Dani's House 16:30 Little Howard's Big Question 16:55 Shaun the Sheep
17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Waterloo Road 20:30 In with the Flynns 21:00 The Apprentice 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The Lottery Draws 22:45 Not Going Out 23:15 The Mexican 01:10 Weatherview 01:15 See Hear 01:45 Country Tracks 02:40 The British at Work 03:40 Click 04:00 BBC News
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:30 Deadly 60: Bitesize 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Project Parent 16:30 Horrible Histories 17:00 Newsround
17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Andrew Marr's Megacities 21:00 The Duke at 90 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Question Time 23:35 This Week 00:20 Holiday Weatherview 00:25 Panorama 00:55 Countryfile 01:55 Antiques Roadshow 02:55 Britain's Next Big Thing 03:55 Our World
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:30 Deadly 60: Bitesize 15:40 Wingin' It 16:00 Remote Control Star 16:30 Fee Fi Fo Yum 17:00 Newsround
17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 19:00 The One Show 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 A Question of Sport 21:00 Have I Got News for You 21:30 Outnumbered 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The Graham Norton Show 23:20 The Lottery Draws 23:30 Disturbia 01:05 The One Show 02:05 Weatherview 02:10 Monty Don's Italian Gardens 03:10 Two Greedy Italians
08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:15 ZingZillas 10:40 Waybuloo 11:00 In the Night Garden 11:30 The Daily Politics 13:00 See Hear 13:30 Live: Queen's ATP Tennis 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic 18:00 Eggheads
18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 Escape to the Country 19:30 Springwatch 20:30 Springwatch Unsprung 21:00 Wonderland 22:00 The Apprentice: You're Fired 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle 23:50 Queen: Days of Our Lives 00:50 HARDtalk 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 The Record Review 03:00 BBC News
08:30 Show Me Show Me 08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Live: Queen's ATP Tennis 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 Clydebank Blitz 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 The Shadow Line 22:00 Mock the Week 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Psychoville 23:50 Queen: Days of Our Lives 00:50 HARDtalk 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 The Record 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World
08:00 Basil and Barney's Game Show 08:30 Show Me Show Me 08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Buzz and Tell 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Live: Queen's ATP
Tennis 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 Petworth House: The Big Spring Clean 19:30 Coast 20:30 Gardeners' World 21:00 Canal Walks with Julia Bradbury 21:30 Paul Merton's Birth of Hollywood 22:30 Newsnight 23:00 The Review Show 23:50 Brazil 02:05 Pages from Ceefax
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Poms in Paradise 20:00 You've Been Framed! 21:00 Injustice
22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Mugged 23:35 Cops with Cameras 00:30 The Zone 02:30 Village of the Damned 04:10 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Tonight 20:00 Emmerdale
20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Injustice 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 When Piers Met Andrew Lloyd Webber 23:35 Amanda Holden's Fantasy Lives 00:30 The Zone 02:35 British Touring Car Championships 03:50 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Love Your Garden
20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Injustice 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 American Pie Presents Band Camp 00:15 The Zone 02:20 Jeremiah Johnson 04:00 ITV Nightscreen
06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:50 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Kirstie's Homemade Home 13:05 Jamie at Home 13:35 Bullwhip 15:10 Countdown
16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Embarrassing Bodies 21:00 24 Hours in A&E 22:00 Desperate Housewives 23:05 The Big Bang Theory 00:00 The Shockwaves Album Chart Show 00:15 4Play 00:35 4Play 00:50 Bodyshock 01:45 The Shape of Things 03:25 The Dead Zone
07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Frasier 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Kirstie's Homemade Home 13:05 Jamie at Home 13:35 The Tall Stranger 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Help! My House Is Falling Down 21:00 Born to Be Different 22:00 Dermot's Big Fat Comedy Gala 2011 23:05 The Secret Millionaire 00:10 The Vue Film Show 00:45 New Look Style the Nation 01:10 The Model Agency 02:05 Perfect 02:20 Unreported World 02:45 Dispatches
07:05 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 09:00 Friends 09:30 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Kirstie's Homemade Home 13:00 The Way Ahead 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Four in a Bed
17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:25 Unreported World 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 21:00 Channel 4's Comedy Gala 23:45 The Ricky Gervais Show 00:15 Comics Choice 01:15 Mercury Prize Sessions 01:30 4Play 01:45 My Name Is Earl 02:45 Ugly Betty 03:30 Ugly Betty
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:10 Milkshake Monkey 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show
15:05 Meals in Moments 15:20 McBride: Tune in for Murder 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 Giant Animal Moves 21:00 NCIS 22:00 Law and Order: Criminal Intent 22:55 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 23:55 Poker: Aussie Millions 00:50 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 The Family Recipe 15:15 The Glass Seagull
17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Zoo Days 20:00 Emergency Bikers 21:00 Extreme Fishing with Robson Green: At the Ends of the Earth 22:00 Outlaw 00:10 Scxtra 00:40 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe 04:10 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:35 Michaela's Wild Challenge 04:55 County Secrets
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:00 Meals in Moments 12:10 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Meals in Moments
15:20 They Come Back 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Fifth Gear 20:00 Eddie Stobart: Trucks and Trailers 21:00 The Mentalist 22:00 Law & Order 22:55 CSI: Miami 23:55 Rough Guide to Short Breaks 00:10 Scxtra 00:40 Super Casino 04:05 Motorsport Mundial 04:30 Fifth Gear 04:55 County Secrets
19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 21:00 Cannabis: What's the Harm? 22:00 Kill Bill: Vol 2 00:10 Family Guy 00:30 Family Guy 00:55 Cannabis: What's the Harm? 01:55 American Dad!
02:15 American Dad! 02:35 American Dad! 03:00 American Dad! 03:20 American Dad 03:45 American Dad 04:05 American Dad 04:25 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 05:25 SIGN OFF
19:00 Live: IAAF Athletics 21:00 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Ideal 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 00:45 Ideal
01:15 World's Craziest Fools 01:45 Misbehaving Mums to Be 02:45 Young, Rich and House Hunting 03:45 World's Craziest Fools 04:15 Our War 05:25 SIGN OFF
19:00 The Apprentice 20:00 Doctor Who 20:50 Doctor Who Confidential 21:00 World's Craziest Fools 21:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya
23:30 Family Guy 00:15 Ideal 00:45 Angry Boys 01:45 World's Craziest Fools 02:15 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 02:45 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 03:40 Angry Boys 04:40 Doctor Who
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
New series:
Police Interceptor
...Falling Down. Sarah Beeney is back on the case helping householders who have serious problems with their homes. Series kicks off in Leicestershire where an Edwardian house seems to be sinking.
New series: Help! My House is....
Mon June 13th 20.00
NOTE: Add 1 hour for Spanish viewing times.
SATURDAY
June 13th
June 14th
06:00 Breakfast 09:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 10:30 Trooping the Colour: The Queen's Birthday Parade 12:15 BBC News 12:25 BBC London News; Weather 12:30 A Question of Sport 13:00 Live: Queen's ATP Tennis 17:00 BBC News 17:10 BBC London News; Weather 17:15 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 19:15 So You Think You Can Dance 20:20 The National Lottery:
Who Dares Wins 21:10 Casualty 22:00 So You Think You Can Dance 22:30 BBC News 22:50 Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow 23:35 City Hall 01:20 Weatherview 01:25 BBC News 01:30 The Bottom Line 02:00 BBC News 02:30 On the Road With... 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Usain Bolt: Running Man 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Click
06:00 Breakfast 09:00 The Andrew Marr Show 10:00 Pentecost from Halifax Minster 11:00 Country Tracks 12:00 The Politics Show 13:05 EastEnders Omnibus 15:00 Escape to the Country 16:00 Songs of Praise 16:35 BBC News 16:50 BBC London News; Weather 17:00 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 20:15 Antiques Roadshow 21:00 Case Histories 22:00 BBC News 22:15 BBC London News;
Weather 22:25 Moving On 23:10 Andrew Marr's Megacities 00:10 Weatherview 00:15 The Apprentice 01:15 Holby City 02:15 A History of Ancient Britain 03:15 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Copycats 15:40 Wingin' It 16:05 Sadie J 16:30 Blue Peter 16:55 Shaun the Sheep 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six
19:00 The One Show 19:30 Saints and Scroungers 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Panorama 21:00 Case Histories 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 A Question of Sport 23:05 In with the Flynns 23:35 The Graham Norton Show 00:20 Weatherview 00:25 Wonders of the Universe 01:25 Inside the Human Body 02:25 Saints and Scroungers 02:55 Great British Railway Journeys 03:25 Newsday
06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Crimewatch Roadshow 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Real Rescues 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Live: Horse Racing 15:20 BBC News 15:25 What's New ScoobyDoo? 15:45 Wingin' It 16:05 Sadie J 16:30 Blue Peter 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link
18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Holby City 21:00 Luther 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The Lock Up 23:05 The Scheme 23:55 The Getaway 01:45 Weatherview 01:50 The Animal's Guide to Britain 02:50 The Country House Revealed 03:50 Great British Railway Journeys 04:20 Newsday
07:30 Arthur 07:55 Shaun the Sheep 08:00 Little Howard's Big Question 08:25 Prank Patrol Down Under 08:50 Dennis & Gnasher 09:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 09:30 Deadly 60 10:00 Relic: Guardians of the Museum 10:30 League of Super Evil 10:40 Wolverine and the XMen 11:00 Mortified 11:25 OOglies 11:40 MOTD Kickabout 12:00 The Sky at Night 12:20 Homes Under the
Hammer 12:50 Diagnosis Murder 13:35 The Fall of the Roman Empire 16:30 Escape to the Country 17:30 Flog It! 18:30 Cardiff Singer of the World: The Week Ahead 19:00 Dad's Army 19:30 Trooping the Colour 21:00 Have I Got a Bit More News for You 21:45 QI XL 22:30 Grumpy Old Holidays 23:00 Then She Found Me 00:35 In Search of a Midnight Kiss 02:10 Pages from Ceefax
06:00 Wibbly Pig 06:10 Dip Dap 06:15 Pinky Dinky Doo 06:30 Tinga Tinga Tales 06:45 Octonauts 07:00 Ed and Oucho's Excellent Inventions 07:30 Arthur 07:55 Shaun the Sheep 08:00 Gimme a Break 08:30 Me and My Monsters 09:00 Friday Download 10:00 Something for the Weekend 11:30 Flog It! 12:30 Live: MotoGP Series Motorcycle Racing 14:30 Live: Queens ATP Tennis 17:10 The Story of Ireland
18:10 Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 James May's Toy Stories 21:00 Coast 22:00 Mock the Week 22:30 The Shadow Line 23:30 Catch a Fire 01:05 BBC News 01:30 The Reporters 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:15 The Super League Show 04:00 Pages from Ceefax
08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Chuggington 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Only Angels Have Wings 15:00 Animal 24:7 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 The Hairy Bikers' Food
Tour of Britain 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 James May's Toy Stories 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 Terry Pratchett: Choosing to Die 22:00 Newsnight Debate 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections 00:10 BBC News 00:30 HARDtalk 01:00 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday
08:55 Bob the Builder: Project Build It 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Guess with Jess 09:30 Nina and the Neurons: In the Lab 09:45 Chuggington 09:50 Big Cook Little Cook 10:10 Little Charley Bear 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Gunga Din 14:50 Animal 24:7 15:20 Live: Horse Racing 17:15 Cash in the Celebrity
Attic 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Britain's Empty Homes 19:00 This World 20:00 Springwatch 21:00 The Country House Revealed 22:00 Lead Balloon 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 James May's Toy Stories 00:20 BBC News 00:30 HARDtalk 01:00 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today
06:45 Babar and the Adventures of Badou 07:00 Babar and the Adventures of Badou 07:10 Tati's Hotel 07:25 Monk 07:30 Supernormal 07:40 Supernormal 07:55 SpongeBob SquarePants 08:10 SpongeBob SquarePants 08:25 House Gift 09:25 Coronation Street Omnibus 11:45 This Morning: Saturday 12:45 ITV News and
Weather 12:55 Being There 15:10 Octopussy 17:35 London Tonight 17:45 ITV News and Weather 18:00 Kids Do the Funniest Things 19:00 Ice Age: The Meltdown 20:40 The Cube 21:40 ITV News and Weather 21:55 Batman Begins 00:25 Grimefighters 00:55 The Zone 03:00 In Plain Sight 03:45 ITV Nightscreen
06:20 Fireman Sam 06:30 Chloe's Closet 06:40 Fluffy Gardens 06:50 Jungle Junction 07:00 Jungle Junction 07:15 Annabel's Kitchen 07:25 Monk 07:30 Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil 07:45 Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil 08:00 The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes 08:25 May the Best House Win 09:25 Dickinson's Real Deal 10:25 60 Minute Makeover 11:30 This Morning: Sunday
12:30 Dinner Date 13:25 ITV News and Weather 13:35 Survival: Tales from the Wild 14:30 Inspector Morse 16:30 Midsomer Murders 18:30 London Tonight 18:45 ITV News and Weather 19:00 The Royal 20:00 Popstar to Operastar 21:00 Scott & Bailey 22:00 Popstar to Operastar 22:30 ITV News and Weather 22:45 Vanity Fair 01:20 The Zone 02:00 Motorsport UK 02:50 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 11:25 ITV News 11:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 The Dales
20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 The Walton Sextuplets: Moving On 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Lethal Weapon 00:35 The Zone 02:40 Nightwatch with Steve Scott 03:35 ITV Nightscreen 04:30 The Jeremy Kyle Show
06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 60 Minute Makeover 15:00 Secret Dealers 16:00 Midsomer Murders 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Animal Kingdom 20:00 Countrywise 21:00 Baby Hospital 22:00 News at Ten and
Weather 22:35 The Game 00:55 The Zone 03:00 Crossing Jordan 03:45 ITV Nightscreen
06:00 The Treacle People 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Vue Film Show 07:00 Motor Racing 07:25 Mobil 1: The Grid 07:55 The Morning Line 08:50 Friends 09:20 Hollyoaks Music Show 09:50 Glee 10:50 Friends 11:25 New Look's Style the Nation 12:20 The Big Bang Theory 12:50 The Big Bang Theory 13:25 That Paralympic Show 14:00 Live: Channel 4 Racing
16:05 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 16:35 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 17:05 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 17:35 Come Dine with Me: Extra Portions 18:10 Channel 4 News 18:40 4thought.tv 18:45 Sahara 21:00 Camelot 22:00 Camelot 23:05 The Quick and the Dead 01:10 Bogus 03:00 The Real Housewives of New Jersey 03:55 Hill Street Blues
06:00 The Treacle People 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 That Paralympic Show 07:25 Rat Race Urban Adventure 07:55 New Look's Style the Nation 08:20 Friends 08:45 Hollyoaks Omnibus 11:20 Friends 11:50 Glee 12:50 The Simpsons 13:20 The Simpsons 13:55 Four in a Bed 14:25 Four in a Bed 14:55 Four in a Bed 15:25 Four in a Bed 16:00 Four in a Bed
16:30 Help! My House Is Falling Down 17:35 Deal or No Deal 18:30 Channel 4 News 18:55 4thought.tv 19:00 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 20:00 Definitely, Maybe 22:10 Monster-in-Law 00:05 The World's Oldest Mums 01:05 First Cut 01:35 Swimming 01:50 Cleopatra 03:15 The Lost Legions of Varus 04:15 Men of Iron
07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Frasier 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Superscrimpers: Waste Not Want Not 12:35 The Kentuckian 14:35 Baking Mad with Eric Lanlard 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal
17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Dispatches 21:00 Embarrassing Fat Bodies 22:00 Premonition 23:50 The Album Chart Show 00:25 4Play 00:40 Poker 01:35 24 Hours in A&E 02:30 Embarrassing Bodies 03:25 This Is Me 03:30 A Midsummer Night's Dream
07:05 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Frasier 08:30 Frasier 08:55 Friends 09:25 Accidentally on Purpose 09:55 Location, Location, Location 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Kirstie's Homemade Home 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:10 The Riddle of the Sands 15:10 Countdown
16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Four in a Bed 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Four Rooms 21:00 The Fairy Jobmother 22:00 Jamie's Food Revolution Hits Hollywood 23:05 Sri Lanka's Killing Fields 00:10 Poker 01:05 Mobil 1: The Grid 01:35 Motor Racing 02:00 Motorcycle Racing 02:25 KOTV 02:50 Triathlon
07:15 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:30 Noddy in Toyland 07:45 Hana's Helpline 08:00 The Little Princess 08:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Gerald McBoing Boing 10:00 Fifth Gear 10:30 The Gadget Show 11:30 Extreme Fishing with Robson Green: At the Ends of the Earth
13:00 The Violent Men 14:30 Objective, Burma! 17:10 See No Evil, Hear No Evil 19:00 5 News Weekend 19:05 NCIS 20:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 21:00 CSI: NY 22:00 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 22:55 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:50 Rough Guide to Cities 00:05 Scxtra 00:35 Super Casino 03:55 Rough Guide to Journeys
06:50 Elmo's World 07:05 Chiro 07:15 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:30 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Mio Mao 07:45 Hana's Helpline 08:00 The Little Princess 08:10 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 08:15 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Gerald McBoing Boing
10:00 Animal Rescue Squad 10:15 McFly on the Wall 10:45 The Restaurant Inspector 11:45 The Hotel Inspector 12:45 Eddie Stobart: Trucks and Trailers 13:45 Brave Warrior 15:15 The Duel at Silver Creek 16:45 Stuart Little 2 18:15 5 News 18:20 The Mask of Zorro 21:00 Collateral Damage 23:15 Reservoir Dogs 04:00 Rough Guide to Bang for Your Buck 04:10 Great Artists
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:10 Mio Mao 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:05 Meals in Moments 12:15 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 Chinese Food in
Minutes 15:15 The Elizabeth Smart Story 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 How Do They Do It? 20:00 Police Interceptors 21:00 The Restaurant Inspector 22:00 Cleaner 23:50 The Cannibal That Walked Free 00:50 Super Casino 04:05 The Family Recipe 04:10 Michaela's Wild Challenge
07:45 Make Way for Noddy 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The WotWots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuff 11:05 The Hotel Inspector 12:05 Meals in Moments 12:15 5 News Lunchtime 12:20 Law & Order 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 The Vanessa Show 15:05 The Family Recipe 15:10 Mary & Tim
17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Zoo Days 20:00 Supersize Grime 21:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 22:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:55 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 00:55 Super Casino 04:00 The Family Recipe 04:05 Michaela's Wild Challenge
19:00 Almost Famous IV 19:35 101 Dalmatians 21:10 Live at the Apollo 21:45 Family Guy 22:05 Family Guy 22:30 Pop's Greatest Dance Crazes 01:30 American Dad 01:50 American Dad! 02:15 Pop's Greatest Dance Crazes
05:15 SIGN OFF
19:00 The World's Strictest Parents 20:00 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 21:00 Gavin and Stacey 21:30 Gavin and Stacey: The Outtakes 22:00 Family Guy 22:45 American Dad! 23:30 Our War
00:40 World's Craziest Fools 01:10 Formula 1 Motor Racing 02:10 Gavin and Stacey: The Outtakes 02:40 World's Craziest Fools 03:10 Our War 04:20 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 05:20 SIGN OFF
19:00 Don't Tell the Bride 20:00 Snog Marry Avoid? 20:30 Young, Rich and House Hunting 21:00 Kill It, Cut It, Use It 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 World's Craziest Fools 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:45 Young, Rich and House Hunting
00:15 Kill It, Cut It, Use It 01:15 World's Craziest Fools 01:45 Tourism and the Truth: Stacey Dooley Investigates Kenya 02:45 Snog Marry Avoid? 03:15 Don't Tell the Bride 04:15 The Apprentice 05:15 SIGN OFF
19:00 Total Wipeout 20:00 The World's Strictest Parents 21:00 Our War: 10 Years in Afghanistan 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Angry Boys 23:00 Angry Boys 23:30 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:15 Our War: 10 Years in
Afghanistan 01:15 Kill It, Cut It, Use It 02:15 Angry Boys 02:45 Angry Boys 03:15 The World's Strictest Parents 04:15 Kill It, Cut It, Use It 05:15 SIGN OFF
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in
www.thenewsonline.es
Take a break TARGET PUZZLE
SUDOKU by Papocom Fill in the grid so that every row, every column and every 3 x 3 grid contains the digits 1 through 9. With no repeats, that means that no number is repeated in any row, column or box. Level:
Level:
MEDIUM
HARD
See how many words of four or more letters you can make from the given nine letters. In making a word each letter may be used only once. The key letter must be used in each word.
R N T DG I P E A
T E U B R E H C D
Target
1-9 Poor 10-20 Average 21-35 Good 36-39 Excellent
1-7 Poor 8-14 Average 15-21 Good 22-23 Excellent
The following are not allowed: - Words beginning with a capital letter - Words with a hyphen or apostrophe - Plural words ending in “s” The 9-letter word DEPARTING
Across
Down
1. Corsair tray utilised in serving the gentry. (11) 9. Prognosticator’s so clear about revelations. (7) 10. Confusing noise that Ali Baba bellowed out. (5) 11. Give the impression that I’m in charge of following a thousand. (5) 12. Ten doubly united with European to form a mutual alliance. (7) 13. Fringe binding border. (6) 15. Old English leaving a trouble and becoming savage. (6) 18. Tax that I am able to contribute to the palace. (7) 20. Deeply profound poetic balladeer. (5) 22. Displayed in church a feast of pain. (5) 23. Pleasing, a blame I attribute to pleasure. (7) 24. Employ one true disbursement. (11)
2. Kingdom that the right male may inherit. (5) 3. Spanish seasoning and I.C.I. nitrogen forming medicine. (7) 4. Dismissed both the cashier and newspaperman. (6) 5. Deprive of opportunity to back up automatic machine. (5) 6. Taxi I caught to meet a government dresser. (7) 7. Chamber service supplied to hotel patrons. (4,7) 8. Colour favoured by 1a with kindred heritage. (4-7) 14. Opening reserve of a rich dessert confection. (7) 16. Lure some into an improved repair. (7) 17. Apparently, spoken but not heard to be disclaimed. (6) 19. Crimped pancake surface. (5) 21. Bares an unsheathed U.S. cavalry sword. (5)
1
20
22
3. In March 2010 artist Spencer Tunick arranged and photographed 5,200 what in front of Sydney Opera House?
21
4. The Janka hardness test is used for which substance?
24
Across
Down
1. Payments for favours (9) 8. Feeling gratified or arrogant (5) 9. Spanish princess (7) 10. Proverbially easy dance (8) 11. Sound announcing meal (4) 13. Yearly (6) 14. Pedestrian (6) 16. Venetian magistrate (4) 17. Senior army officer (5,3) 19. Nutty chocolate filling (7) 20. Fundamental (5) 21. City in Tennessee (9)
1. Children's clothing (4,4) 2. Hot-tasting pod (6) 3. Yellowish colour - polish - expert (4) 4. Staffordshire hunting area (7,5) 5. Cane held by army officers (7,5) 6. Absolutely neat (5,3,4) 7. Mirror (7,5) 12. Just about good enough (8) 15. Severe trial (6) 18. Ukrainian capital (4)
6
21
5
5. Team manager Colin Montgomerie banned his 2010 European Ryder Cup team from what: Sex; Singing on the bus; Alcohol; or Twitter? 6. Name the candidates in the UK Labour Party's 2010 leadership contest (and for a bonus point, the order they finished in the contest)? 7. Derived from the French word meaning to brood or hatch, what term refers to a male phantom or sympathetic pregnancy syndrome in response to a wife or partner's real pregnancy? SOLUTION FOR QUIZ
14. walker 16. doge 17. brass hat 19. praline 20. basic 21. Nashville
1. kickbacks 8. proud 9. infanta 10. cakewalk 11. gong 13. annual
15. brutal 18. Vatican 20. basso 22. chafe 23. amiable 24. expenditure
1. aristocracy 9. oracles 10. babel 11. mimic 12. entente 13. edging
Across
1. kids wear 2. chilli 3. buff 4. Cannock Chase 5. swagger stick 2. realm 3. salacin 4. ousted 5. robot 6. cabinet 7. room service
Down
15
SOLUTION FOR CRYPTIC / QUICK CROSSWORD
1. What historic region of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro, gave its name to a dog breed with a striking appearance?
1. Dalmatia 2. Ship in a bottle (a representation of HMS Victory, Lord Nelson's ship at the Battle of Trafalgar) 3. Naked people 4. Wood 5. Twitter (and other social networking websites) 6. Ed Miliband (winner), David Miliband (2nd), Ed Balls (3rd), Andy Burnham (4th), Diane Abbott (5th) 7. Couvade
Cryptic
‘General knowledge’ QUIZ
CROSSWORD
6. spick and span 7. looking glass 12. passable 15. ordeal 18. Kiev 8. blue-blooded 14. gateaux 16. rebuilt 17. unsaid 19. crepe 21. saber
WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
the
“THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR VIEWS Send letters to the editor as part of an e-mail text to [email protected]
Bob Hudson The drive over to 'The Land Of Dragons', the other side of the mountains, was good. We arrived at the venue, Los Arcos near Coin, wondering what the evening held in store for us and made our way to the lower floor where people were already gathering. There was an air of anticipation and conviviality as everyone made themselves comfortable perhaps wondering what would be revealed when the curtains in front of them were opened. This air of bustle and low noise became subdued as a ring was heard, summoning those behind the curtains to take their places. An expectant hush settled over those present. Then the curtains slid open, as if removing the side wall of suburbia, and we were suddenly transported to an elegant, middle class sitting room in the 1940s.
by email Comfortable, serene, another England. Over the next few hours we sat intrigued as we voyeuristically watched the ebb and flow of relationships between the characters - the owners and hosts of this des res, their guileless maid, their eccentric visitor and their guests, both worldly and welcome and the unworldly, unwelcome. Part of the enjoyment of such an evening is trying to guess the next development of the plot, wondering at the next twist, certain and then uncertain of the ending. However, one thing was certain Tapas had once again produced an excellent evening’s entertainment. The set was so real that you felt you wanted to join the characters for some tea and delicious cucumber sandwiches, or maybe something a little
Brenda MacKendrick I read a while ago that there was a new Brownie troup starting inland in the Coin area and, although I don’t have a little girl that could join I can well remember my time as a Brownie and then as a Girl Guide. I used to pop along with my
stronger as the spirits, both ethereal and liquid appeared and disappeared. The costumes were amazing, and like the set, so authentic that it brought back memories of my mother and sisters in my early, (very early), years. Another triumph for the Tapas wardrobe section! Add to this an excellent cast who convincingly played their parts to perfection and made us want to know what happened to their characters during this sedate, middle England rollercoaster of events. I always believe the yardstick of a professional production is that you believe in the characters. Well done to everyone involved, both on stage and off, you all contributed to the (Blithe) spirit of a great evening’s entertainment!!!
Alhaurin de la Torre
little sister in tow and I still remember with great pride each time I gained one of my ‘badges’. I had first aid, home making, cookery, gardening, sewing, and a special one for helping others. We had such great fun at these gatherings and we
were even allowed to go “On Camp” every year which made us feel very grown-up. We had Owls of all shapes and sizes: Brown, Tawney, Snowey and all manner of other helpers so if you have a little girl, take her along to your local group. I guarantee she’ll love it!
Siboney’s
Stargazing By Ken Campbell
If you would like to be kept up to date or take part in any of the events then go to www.kencampbell.info
Lunar eclipse To celebrate next Wednesday’s total eclipse of the Moon, I thought I’d spend the next two weeks telling you something about our closest neighbour in space, the Moon.
T
The Fuengirola Astronomy society is holding a special observing session on June 15th near the Sunset Beach Hotel in Benalmadena if you would like to watch the eclipse, further details on my website.
T
he Moon is about ¼ million miles from us, the light from it takes about 1 ½ seconds to reach us. It is gradually moving away from us at a rate of about 4cm per year, which may not sound much but that is 4 metres every century or 8km since Christ was born. To the dinosaurs or early apeman the Moon appeared huge in the sky.
O
ther planets in our solar system also have Moons of their own, Mars has two tiny Moons, Jupiter has dozens while Saturn has about 63 Moons, even lowly Pluto has a Moon. But our Moon is special to us as it has such an effect upon the Earth. It causes the tides to rise and fall; werewolves come out to play and romantic poets write lines of verse about it. It is a familiar face that lights our way home on dark nights.
Siboney’s in the la trocha commercial centre in coin is about to re-open so join us for coffees, drinks and food, including our terrace barbecue. We hope to welcome you this Sunday, June 12th, subject to some last minute details to be sorted. So just ring Duncan from JK’s to find out more.
N
PRE-OPENING PlANNED fOR SUNDAY JUNE 12th cAll fOR MORE INfO
hen we look at the Moon we can be forgiven for thinking that it is a flat disc in space, but without stating the obvious, the Moon is a round ball and from different angles it looks completely different to the familiar face that we are so used to. We only ever get to see the same face because it is held in a synchronous orbit, which means that the Moon does spin but it spins at the same speed that it orbits the Earth. Were you told as a child to look for ‘the man in the moon’? The dark areas seem to make up a face. These dark areas are called the Seas or Maria (pronounced Mar
654 396 651 CENTRO DE IDIOMAS COIN
Spanish Courses The best in town!
952 45 07 47 [email protected] www. cslspain.com
obody is really sure how the Moon came to be. One theory says that it was made at the same time as the Earth from a spinning cloud of rock and dust. Another says that it was made elsewhere and captured by the Earth as it passed by. The third most likely theory is that a planet about the size of Mars collided with the Earth billions of years ago and the resulting debris flew off into space to form the Moon.
W
with ria on the end). They are not really seas, but ancient astronomers looked up at them without telescopes and presumed they must be water areas so the name stuck. These seas were formed billions of years ago when the Moon was a molten mass of larva. Huge areas were filled with molten basalt rock bubbling up from deep inside the Moon which then solidified. So the bright areas you can see are the Moon’s true surface while the dark areas are the Moon’s insides spilling out onto the surface.
T
he seas are an exclusive feature on our side of the Moon; the far side, which we never see, is almost completely devoid of seas and is more heavily cratered than our side. The craters, that are scattered all across the surface, were caused by impacts from meteorites hitting the Moon over its life time. Because the Moon has no atmosphere then it sustains more impacts than the Earth does, and as there is no wind or rain to erode them then they remain as permanent scars.
G
o outside around 11.00pm each night this week and have a look at the Moon, and you will see it quietly making its way across the night sky. Then next Wednesday 15th it will pass through the Earth’s shadow for its total eclipse.
F
or everyday up-to-date information go to www.kencampbell.info
WedneSdaY, June 8th 2011
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"
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TONI’S
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Call it off Bernie says Damon Hill Pressure is building on Bernie Ecclestone and the rest of the FIA’s World Motor Sport Council to call off this year’s Bahrain Grand Prix on humanitarian, as well as logistical grounds, Ecclestone, the sport’s 80 year-old chief executive, sees the financial perils of calling off the race - the $40 million race fee was returned to the Bahrainis after the March date was cancelled. He is worried that the race may not make the calendar for 2012.
Stormin’ Stoner makes it three from five The rain never arrived and Casey Stoner closed the gap on Jorge Lorenzo at the top of the MotoGP standings after easing to a convincing victory in tricky conditions at the Catalunya Grand Prix. The Repsol Honda rider overtook reigning world champion, 2011 points leader and last year's Catalunya winner Jorge Lorenzo on lap two, then pulled away from the Yamaha rider. Although unable to stick with Stoner, Lorenzo - running the softer rear Bridgestone compared with the harder tyre that Stoner had - in turn pulled clear of the rest of the field to collect second place in front of his home fans. Just after the halfway point white flags were waved to signify a bike swap was allowed, and spots of rain did began to fall with ten laps to go. Stoner initially backed off more than Lorenzo, triggering hopes of a battle between the leaders, but Stoner soon stabilised his lead at just under twoseconds but the anticipated rain shower never arrived.
2007 world champion Stoner took the chequered flag 2.403sec ahead of Lorenzo, whose points lead has now been reduced to just seven clear over Stoner. The final podium place went to Lorenzo's teammate Ben Spies, despite being caught by Andrea Dovizioso, Valentino Rossi and Marco Simoncelli by lap 10. But this quartet didn't change position again and instead Spies (whose previous best was sixth prior to Catalunya) was able to close to within two-seconds of Lorenzo during the final stages. Dovizioso, who had beaten Rossi by less than half a second at the last two rounds, once again got the better of the seven time MotoGP champion in Catalunya. This time the Repsol Honda rider crossed the line over two seconds in front of the #46 factory
Ducati. Simoncelli, who at last knockings during Saturday’s qualifying unbelievably snatched his first pole much to the annoyance of the partisan Spanish crowd, made a poor start and was only seventh at the end of lap one.
The San Carlo Honda Gresini rider then continued making slow progress, before getting into his stride and closing in on Rossi's rear wheel. Simoncelli, jeered throughout the weekend after his controversial clash with Dani Pedrosa at the previous Le Mans round, began the race with one eye
Stoner takes over from Lorenzo and pulls away to victory
on victory - and a debut MotoGP rostrum at the very least. But he simply wasn't able to replicate his practice pace and dropped 4.4sec away from Rossi on his way to sixth. MotoGP rookie Cal Crutchlow, who had qualified sixth on the grid, fought up the order from a
bad start to take seventh from Nicky Hayden on lap 10. A position he held to the line for his best grand prix result to date.The MotoGP field was reduced to just 15 riders this weekend after Colin Edwards joined Pedrosa on the sidelines. Pedrosa broke a collarbone when he tangled with Simoncelli, while Edwards
suffered the same injury during Friday practice in Catalunya. Edwards wanted to at least start the race, then pull into the pits - thus keeping his perfect record of starts since his 2003 debut intact - but he was unsurprisingly declared unfit to ride.
Tyson Gay runs Rooney tweets new look hair fastest so far
The 2007 world champion bettered the 9.89 run by Jamaican training partner Steve Mullings in May. Mullings later had the chance to upstage Gay at the Diamond League meeting in Oregon but was just outside the time, winning
the 100m in 9.80. Gay also clocked the fastest time of 2010 with 9.78 and beat Bolt, who is also the world champion, when the two met in Stockholm last year. The world's top two sprinters are not scheduled to go head-to-head until the World Championships in Daegu, South Korea in August with Gay insisting that Bolt, who holds the world record 100m time of 9.58, remains the dominant athlete.
picture on image sharing website yfrog.com showing off his improved hairline. "Hi all, there's my head," Rooney wrote in a message alongside the
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The England striker added that he was too bruised and swollen to post a picture at the weekend, but on Monday morning he posted a
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Tyson Gay ran the year's fastest 100m in 9.79 seconds in Florida on Saturday to send a warning to rival Usain Bolt. Gay, 28, unbeaten in 100m last season, has said he needs to improve to keep up with the triple Olympic champion.
Wayne Rooney has revealed his new look to the world after posting the first picture of himself
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WEDNESDAY, June 8th 2011
news Your outlook on the World
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Rafa makes it six French Opens Superbowl Club Rafael Nadal won his sixth French Open, tying Bjorn Borg’s record, with a 7- Championships 5, 7-6(3), 5-7, 6-1 victory over Roger Federer, his primary rival and the winner of 16 Grand Slam tournaments. 2011 Nadal started slowly before winning five games in a row to capture the first set, then seemed ready to cruise to his 10th Grand Slam singles victory. But Federer, trying to beat Nadal for the first time in four finals at Roland Garros, surged back behind the wide support of fans at Court Philippe Chatrier. In a thrilling encounter, the Majorcan withstood the Federer fightback after failing to capitalise when two sets and a break in front. Nadal will retain his No. 1 ranking with the victory,
has held the world’s No. 1 ranking since February 2nd 2004, the longest two-man stranglehold since the rankings began in 1973. "To win this final against one the best players in the world and in history is something which is really fantastic for me. It's one of my most beautiful dreams," said Nadal,
fending off No. 2 Novak Djokovic for now. Djokovic won his first 41 matches this year before Federer,
ranked third, beat him in the semi-finals.
"Congratulations to Rafa for having won the tournament once again. He played a super match," said the Swiss player.
Either Federer or Nadal
The policy of holding the Superbowl Club Championships at the end of the season was totally vindicated by the fact that the games were all played in good weather and the finals were played in excellent conditions. Some outstanding performances from newer bowlers made for some interesting results and bodes well for the future of the club.
Winner: Pat Fisher Runner-up: Andy Salmon
The finals were played over two days, John Morgan having qualified for three finals. Unfortunately for him he came second every time narrowly losing out in the Premier Singles, Triples and Fours but it was an outstanding performance from a relatively new bowler.
Runners-up: Pat Fisher and Sandra Lewis
Drawn Pairs: Winners: Dave Townsend and Jordan Ali
Local cricket teams shine in the sun
Appollonio holds off Galimzyanov to claim his first victory for TeamSky
After last week’s disappointing loss to Fuengirola it was back again to the superb Cartama Oval for what turned out to be a thrilling last ball victory for Team B skippered by Tony Crooks.Tony won the toss and elected to field putting Team A, skippered by Peter Winter, in to bat.The opening pair of Jody and Tim made hard work of the scoring subdued by an opening
then solid batting contributions of 17 and 21 from debutants Azam and Imthiyas but the crucial partnership of Nick and Ray Fry both finishing on 20 not out steered Team B to win the game with one ball to spare.The man of the match was indeed Ray Fry who used his veteran experience to clinch victory despite incurring an injury in the 29th over.
Stage win for TeamSky at Tour of Luxembourg Davide Appollonio claimed his first victory in Team Sky colours after winning stage three of the Tour de Luxembourg The Italian sprinter, who celebrated his 22nd birthday on Thursday, has had a fine first season with a succession of podium places, the most notable of which was his second place to Mark Cavendish on stage 12 of the Giro d'Italia last month. And the first came his way at the end of the 185 kilometres stage from Eschweiler to Roost following another strong lead-out from his teammates. Appollonio finished it off perfectly as he held off stage one winner Denis Galimzyanov (Katusha) and Mickaël Delage (FDJ). There was a worrying moment straight afterwards
when Appollonio crashed into the barriers beyond the line but thankfully he emerged unscathed. Appollonio said after the win: I’m so happy to get my first victory this year for the team. I’ve had a few seconds and thirds so I was really hoping for a win and today it happened. "After the Giro I had a little bit of a rest afterwards but I kept my condition and then the team called me into the Luxembourg squad I’m so pleased to reward their faith in me and tomorrow we’ll do everything we can to try and get the victory again." Report courtesy of www.teamsky.com Photo by: Graham Watson
bowling attack of Nick Helme and Tony Crooks.Mick Button and Chris Litchfield also fell without making the required contribution. Enter Peter Winter(31) and Tom (I don't need any sleep) Tobin(40) who pushed the score on at speed before Charley Hepburn also contributed a very quick 15 with Team A finishing on 141 in their allotted 30 overs. After the break Team B had their chance with the bat starting slowly and cautiously against some very tight bowling from Gazza Crouch(3 for 7),and some not so tight bowling (initially) from Charley Hepburn who then bowled his last 3 overs for a very respectable 6 runs. Jody van der Westhuizen then came on to bowl and had a fine spell of 3 for 19 in 6 overs but unfortunately this wasn't enough. There were
Thanks to Gavin Flaxman who performed well in the field and for volunteering to be Ray’s runner. There were many quotes of the day but the best came from Chris Litchfield when asked to bowl at the end to save the game was 'No pressure then Skipper'. All in all it was a fabulous day’s cricket played with competitiveness and with great sportsmanship too. Our next game is against Seville on June 19th.We are still recruiting for more players, umpires(thanks to Phil Flaxman despite giving the writer out L.B.W.)scorers, sponsors and spectators.If you would like more information or feel that you would like to become involved please contact Tim Meal on 662 233 302 or tim_sheena@hotmail.
Every final was closely contested with the following results: Premier Singles: Winner: Craig Lewis Runner-up: John Morgan Handicap Singles:
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Drawn Triples: Winners: Dave Townsend, Russell Borley and Brian Judge Runners-up: John Morgan, John Richardson and Maureen Hancox Drawn Fours: Winners: Shirley Owen, Denis Tolfree, Anthony Rose and Roger More Runners-up: John Morgan, Manuel Bautista, Ella More and Eleanor Morgan.
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Juanmi stars in Spain’s U-19 team Three goals in three games. Malaguista forward and local lad Juanmi has contributed in a decisive manner to Spain’s U-19 qualification for Europe in the category that will be played in Romania from July 20th to August 1st. The national squad played its last encounter in the Mini tournament on Sunday, drawing with England (1-1) and sealed its first place in the group with 7 points out of a possible 9.
Sergio Garcia secures place at 2011 US Open Spain's Sergio Garcia shot rounds of 68 and 67 in Memphis Tennessee and then survived a sevenman play-off to secure his place in this month's US Open at Congressional Country Club Garcia said last month that he would not go through qualifying to continue his run of 47 consecutive majors. And he has dropped to 75 in the world rankings. But Fijian Vijay Singh will miss out on the event at Congressional Country Club in Maryland from June 16rh to 19th. Singh opted not to take part in qualifying and his run of 67 consecutive majors, which goes back to the 1994 US Open at Oakmont, is over. He had one other chance of getting into the
he was no longer in that field. Among the others who earned places at the US Open were Sam Saunders, the grandson of former winner Arnold Palmer; Steve Irwin, the son of three-time champion Hale Irwin; and college freshman Patrick Cantlay.
Sergio Garcia has shown signs of improvement in recent tournaments
major via a top finish in
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But previous champions Steve Jones, Lee Janzen and Tom Kite missed out, along with former Open winners Justin Leonard, David Duval and Ben Curtis.
Sporting
SPOTLIGHT ISle Of Man TT
3rd rider dies at this year’s TT Irish motorcyclist Derek Brien has died after a highspeed accident Isle of Man TT organisers have announced. The 34-yearold was killed while competing in the opening four-lap Supersport race which was immediately stopped following the incident. He was killed following a crash at Gorse Lea. Brien is the third rider to die at this year's TT. Sidecar racer Bill Currie and his passenger Kevin Morgan were killed during practice last Tuesday.
but the PGA website said
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Of the British golfers Luke Donald is top of the betting polls at 12-1 along with Lee Westwood. Rory McIlroy is 20-1 while Tiger Woods is at 16-1, last year’s winner Graeme McDowell is at 33-1 and suffering a drop in form
fOOTball
The heat is on as FIFA begin bribery scandal case FIFA's ethics committee have summoned all 25 associations of the Caribbean Football Union (CFU) to Miami to be questioned about claims they were each offered or given 40,000 US dollars (£25,000) as a bribe by senior FIFA members Mohamed Bin Hammam and Jack Warner. But yesterday (Tue) the probe was in disarray after the majority refused to attend - one member said it was “tainted and biased”.
fOOTball
Jol back as he takes on Fulham job Fulham have appointed former Tottenham manager Martin Jol on an initial two-year contract. The 55-year-old Dutchman replaces Mark Hughes, who stood down as Craven Cottage boss last week, after finalising terms of his deal - believed to be worth £1.5million-a-year plus bonuses - in the early hours of Tuesday morning. A club statement confirmed yesterday (Tue): 'Martin joins Fulham on an initial two year contract with the Club.’
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The Janka hardness test is used for which substance? | Exotic and Domestic Wood Flooring Species Chart
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Janka Hardness Scale for Wood Flooring Species
The Janka hardness test is a measurement of the force necessary to embed a .444-inch steel ball to half its diameter in wood, expressed in pounds-force (lbf). It is the industry standard for gauging the ability of various species to tolerate denting and normal wear, as well as being a good indicator of the effort required either to nail or to saw a particular type of wood. The nigher the number, the harder the wood.
These numbers are averages based on a range of standard deviation for each species of wood tested. Please note that this is just a partial list containing some of the most popular choices in wood flooring as well as some of the more exotic species we carry.
For a detailed description of a particular species, click on its name to view a wood flooring specification page on that type of wood. Also, see our grade-specific Janka scale for a graphical comparison of the ratings of various types of hardwood flooring.
Wood Flooring Species
| Wood |
Derived from the French word meaning to brood or hatch, what term refers to a male phantom or sympathetic pregnancy syndrome in response to a wife or partner's real pregnancy? | Sharpest Tone 3000+ Janka
We found 27 results matching your criteria.
Tone by Hardness
Sharpest Tone (3000+ Janka)
The bones on this page produce the Sharpest tones.
Hardness tells you how hard one substance is from another. The Janka hardness test measures the hardness of wood. (The Janka rating for non-wooden bones is estimated). If you want sharper tones, then get harder bones. If you want duller tones, then get softer bones.
Get the Tone You Want
What is the difference between a dull tone and a sharp tone? It's just the difference in tone relative to hardness. Scroll down to view musical bones grouped by similar tone quality.
What is the difference between hardness and density?
"Hardness refers to the pressure required to compress the material. Hardness is that property by which a body resists any foreign substance that attempts to force a passage between its particles. The hardness of a body depends on the degree of firmness with which its particles cohere. It is therefore entirely distinct from density, which depends on the number of particles in a given bulk. Thus lead is dense, but not hard."
George P. Quackenbos (1826-1881)
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What is the third angle in a triangle if the other two are each 60 degrees? | Trigonometry/Angles of a triangle sum to 180 Degrees - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Trigonometry/Angles of a triangle sum to 180 Degrees
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
In any triangle the angles
always sum to
The Sum of Angles[ edit ]
In any triangle the angles always sum to
180
This is a perhaps surprising fact.
Because
∘
{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }}
is a right angle, it means that the sum of the angles of any triangle is the same as two right angles. If we 'tore the corners off' and placed them together at the same point, we could arrange them so that they exactly formed a straight line. There doesn't need to be anything special about the triangle. It works for any triangle.
Angles sum to 180o
Some examples that we had before of triangles are shown below
.
50-60-70 Triangle
20-40-120 Triangle
The first example shows an equilateral triangle. All of the sides are equal. All of the angles are equal. Each angle is 60 degrees. The sum of the angles is
60
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }+60^{\circ }+60^{\circ }}
which is
{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}
.
The second triangle shows a right angle triangle. One of the angles is a right angle. This right angle triangle has two sides the same length. It is symmetric. It fulfils our criteria for being an isosceles triangle. This is a particularly special isosceles triangle because it is isosceles and it is a right triangle. There is one angle of 90° and each of the two remaining angles is 45°. The sum of the angles is
45
{\displaystyle 45^{\circ }+45^{\circ }+90^{\circ }}
which is
{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}
.
The third triangle is sometimes called the 30°-60°-90° triangle, because of its angles. It is actually half an equilateral triangle. The sum of the angles is
30
{\displaystyle 30^{\circ }+60^{\circ }+90^{\circ }}
which is
.
The pattern is pretty clear.
Next we have a more arbitrary triangle. All the sides are different. The angles are 50°, 60° and 70°. The sum of the angles is
50
{\displaystyle 50^{\circ }+60^{\circ }+70^{\circ }}
which is
{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}
.
Finally we have a triangle with an obtuse angle, that is one of the angles is larger than 90°. The angles happen to be 20°, 40° and 120°, and the sum of the angles is
20
{\displaystyle 20^{\circ }+40^{\circ }+120^{\circ }}
which is
.
The examples suggest it is true, but they don't prove it.[ edit ]
We could keep on doing this for other triangles, and keep finding the same answer, unless we make a mistake. This might convince us that our statement that the angles sum to 180 is true for all triangles, but it does not prove that it is so. To prove it we need some kind of general argument that could convince a mathematician that it is true. How do we know it is always true?
How could it go wrong? Well, if we hadn't tried with a triangle with an obtuse angle, it might be the case that the formula only works for triangles which don't have obtuse angles. Even having tried the triangle with an obtuse angle we could have not been trying hard enough to find an example that doesn't work. For all we know the formula only works if the angles are multiples of 5°.
Proof will show it works for all triangles[ edit ]
The formula does in fact work for all triangles. We can for example make a triangle with angles of 33° and 66° and the third angle will have to be 81°. Making more and more examples unfortunately doesn't get us anywhere closer to proving it is true of all triangles. We need a different approach. We'll show a proof later. The point of having a proof is to show that it is true for all triangles, not just the ones we've chosen to look at.
Exercises[ edit ]
Given any triangle with angles 123° and 60°. Evaluate the third angle. Is it possible?
It is not possible because the sum of all angles of a triangle cannot exceed 180°.
A triangle has angles 15° and 65°, what is the third angle?
A triangle has angles 100° and 79.5°, what is the third angle?
Do you think all the sides of this triangle will be about the same length?
What is the measure of each angle of an equilateral triangle?
Roadsign Exercise
The following road signs from Tanland show how steep the road ahead is. Put the road signs in order, least steep to steepest.
In these signs a sign that shows, for example, 5:8 means that the road is 5m higher when you've travelled 8m horizontally.
1:1
| 60 degrees |
What traditional profession specialises in the assessment of costs and tenders for materials and contracts within building and construction projects? | 100 Degrees Isosceles Triangle
Problem: 100 degree Isosceles Triangle
Given an isoscles triangle ABC with AB = AC and the measure of angle BAC = 100 degrees. Extend AB to point D such that AD = BC. Now draw segment CD. What is the measure of angle BCD?
Note: The segments in this figure are color coded according to which segments are congruent to which other segments.
Since triangle ABC is isosceles with AB=AC and angle BAC=100 degrees, each of the base angles (angle ABC and angle ACB) must each be 40 degrees because base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent. Now, I will construct an equilateral triangle ADE as in the figure below. Once again, the segments are colored coded according to which segments are congruent to one another.
From this figure, we can see that angle CAF plus angle BAF equals 100 degrees. Since angle BAF=60 degrees, angle CAF must be 40 degrees. This tells us that angle CAF and angle ACF are congruent, thus triangle AFC is isosceles also. With triangle AFC being isosceles, AF=CF.
Now, EF + FA = CF + FB because AE = BC. Since CF = FA, we are left with EF = BF by the properties of segment addition. We also know that angle AFB = angle CFE because they are vertical angles. Therefore, triangle CFE is congruent to triangle AFB. From this, one gets that CA = CE, by corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. Our figure now looks like this:
Now we have triangle ADC congruent to triangle EDC. These two triangles form a kite and by the property of a kite, the red segment CD is a perpendicular bisector of segement AE. This tells us that all four angle around point G are right angles. We know that angle EFC measures 80 degrees because angle AFC measures 100 degrees and they are supplementary. Now in triangle FGC, we have angles of 80 and 90 degrees so the third angle must be 10 degrees.
Therefore, angle BCD = 10 degrees.
| i don't know |
The UK Glastonbury music festival was originally known as what name (combined with 'festival'), taken from a nearby village? | Glastonbury picture archive shows how music festival has grown since 1970s | Daily Mail Online
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From humble beginnings in the 1970s to the global phenomenom of the current day, these pictures chart the evolution of the Glastonbury Festival and the ever-present mud.
Glastonbury began in 1970 - but the festival's popularity increased substantially following the end of The Stonehenge Free Festivals - held to mark the Summer Solstice in nearby Wiltshire.
The event, which attracted headliners such as Dexys Midnight Runners, was banned in 1985 because of drug and security issues.
From the mid-eighties Glastonbury, originally called the Pilton Festival, boomed - as these pictures show. In some shots, relaxed festival-goers at the infamous Somerset site can be seen soaking up the atmosphere while others sit around a campfire.
Top acts such as New Model Army and The Boomtown Rats can also be seen playing to fans.
In more modern images, the floral patterned dresses and guitars have been replaced by designer clothes and Hunter wellies.
And it's not just the music and fashion that has developed over the years - with ticket prices soaring from £1 in the seventies to £16 in 1985 and finally £205 in 2014.
Some of the pictures were taken by Dave Kotula, of London Colney, Hertfordshire who says: 'I was 18 when I first visited the festival in 1985, and I was there again in 87 and 89, carrying all the idealistic view of youth with me.
'This was an opportunity to go to another world, away from the day to day hassles we had from adult society.
'The police weren’t introduced until 1989, but the site was never dangerous or chaotic, in fact the level of criminality was lower than an equivalent sized town over a summer weekend.'
Scroll down for video
This collection of images shows the evolution of Glastonbury Festival from the mid seventies through to the modern day. Pictured is the second Glastonbury Festival in 1971 where just 12,000 people enjoyed the likes of David Bowie at the Worthy Farm site in Somerset
Pictured is a group of festival-goers arriving at a rather muddy looking Worthy Farm, a working dairy farm, in 1985. That year was particularly bad for rain - with revellers having to trudge through a mixture of mud and cow dung which washed down from outbuildings
New Model Army rock the crowds at the 1985 event - which took place between the 21-23 June that year. Despite the heavens opening during this performance, fans braved the terrible conditions to listen to their big hits
A view from above of the festival taken in 1999 when 105,000 people bought tickets for the increasingly popular event. Comparatively, 135,000 will attend this year
Two revellers dance and play music at the second festival in 1971 - where David Bowie headlined on the Pyramid Stage - which is made from steel poles and metal mesh (pictured background)
Some of the 10,000 young people who attended the 1971 event form a circle for people to dance and sing in. There is still a Stone Circle area on site - which attracts a similar crowd today
25,000 people attended the festival in 1982, just some pictured enjoying the likes of Van Morrison at the Pyramid stage. U2 were supposed to play - but cancelled at the last minute
People get ready to head down to the Pyramid Stage at the festival in 1985. That year, 40,000 people went to the event - which was headlined by The Boomtown Rats
A band plays to crowds at the Pyramid Stage in 1985 - the year the Stonehenge Free Festival was banned over drug and security concerns
Glastonbury-goers relax at the Hare Krishna tent in the Green Fields, 1987. These attendees would have enjoyed Elvis Costello and Van Morrison
Just some of the 60,000 people at the 1987 festival make their way into the main site from one of the many campsites
A campervan parked in one of the campsites in 1987. Now, vans, motorhomes and other vehicles are not allowed on to the site
A sign asking attendees to pick up their litter. The festival takes place every couple of years so that the ground can have a break and the grass can regrow
A man chats with a lady behind one of many stalls promoting the legalisation of cannabis at Glastonbury in 1987
A man on a motorbike drives through an eating and shopping area. Each of the main stage areas on site have hundreds of food and drink stalls
This picture shows the laid back festival security in 1987. Just three years later, one of the biggest fights took place at the festival - seeing a fight between guards and new age travellers
People queue for water at an uncharacteristically sunny festival in 1989 - which also happens to be the first year unofficial sound systems sprung up around the festival
Thousands gather in one of the campsites in 1989 - where the Pixies played to over 65,000 people
People grab a quick bite to eat in between acts circa 1990. The festival was televised in 1994 - meaning that those at home could enjoy the festival on Channel 4
A woman tends to a fire during the festival in 1989. Due to the size of the event and safety concerns, open camp fires have since been banned
The site from above in 2004 - where 150,000 people - the same as the population of Reading - watched Paul McCartney and Oasis headline
Police pose with attendees during the 2013 event. Officers have attended the festival since 1989 - when stricter security measures were implemented
A view overlooking the Park area of the Glastonbury and the rest of the site off in to the distance
One pregnant festival goer enjoys the sunshine with friends in 2013 - when tickets sold out in a matter of hours
The packed Pyramid Stage in 2013 - where Mumford and Sons and Arctic Monkeys played this very stage
The sprawlling festival pictured from the skies during last year's festival which was attended by 135,000 people
Last year's Dance Village pictured from above - where Skrillex was one of the top club acts to play
Security guards line the front barrier of the Main Stage. Elbow, Arcade Fire and Dolly Parton are also playing this weekend
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| Pilton |
Name the 1890-founded Scottish manufacturer of much-loved traditional caramel wafers, teacakes and snowball cakes, which experienced a staff pay dispute in Autumn 2010? | GLASTONBURY MUSIC FESTIVAL SOMERSET EVENTS THE X FACTOR AMERICAN POP IDOL SINGING TALENT SHOWCASE LOUIS WALSH SHARON OSBOURNE SIMON COWELL
The Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts, commonly abbreviated to Glastonbury Festival or Glasto, is the largest greenfield music and performing arts festival in the world. The festival is best known for its contemporary music, but also features dance, comedy, theatre, circus, cabaret and many other arts. In 2005, the enclosed area of the festival was over 900 acres, had over 385 live performances scheduled and a predicted attendance of around 150,000 people. Glastonbury festival has been compared to Woodstock and the burning man festival, and shares some of the spirit of these events but many festival-goers consider Glastonbury to be unique.
Originally Glastonbury was heavily influenced by hippy ethics and the free festival movement in the 1970s, especially the Isle of Wight Festival . Organiser Michael Eavis claims he decided to host the first festival, then called Pilton Festival, after seeing an open air Led Zeppelin concert at the nearby Bath and West showground in 1970. The festival retains vestiges of this tradition, including the Green Futures/Healing Fields area and the reputation for drug taking.
Festival Site
The festival takes place at Worthy Farm between the small village of Pilton and Pylle, six miles west of Glastonbury town overlooking the famous landmark Glastonbury Tor in the mystical "Vale of Avalon". The nearest town to the festival site is Shepton Mallet, three miles north east, but there continues to be interaction between the people espousing alternative lifestyles living in Glastonbury and the festival itself. The farm is situated between the A361 and A37 roads.
Worthy farm is situated in a valley at the head of the Whitelake River, between two low limestone ridges, part of the southern edge of the Mendip Hills. On the site is a confluence of the two small streams that make the Whitelake River. In the past the site has experienced problems with flooding , though after the floods that occured during the 1997 and 1998 festival, drainage was improved. This did not prevent flooding during the 2005 festival, but allowed the floodwaters to disipate within hours. The Bridgwater branch of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway ran through the farm on an embankment, but was dismantled in the late 1960s and now forms a main thoroughfare across the site. Another prominant feature is the high-voltage electricity line which crosses the site east-west.
In recent years the site has been organised around a restricted backstage compound, with the pyramid stage on the north, and other stage on the south of the compound. Attractions on the east of the site include the accoustic tent, comedy tent and circus. To the south are the greenfields, which include displays of traditional and environmentally friendly crafts. In King's Meadow, the hill at the far south of the site, is a small megalith circle which, like Stonehenge , is coordinated with the summer solstice. The circle was constructed in 1990 with the appearance of age, and has no archaeological interest.
The backstage compound, restricted to normal festivalgoers, is populated almost entirely by bands and their support crews. The backstage bar, Lulu's, is, ironically, the cheapest bar at the festival, and hosts many charity functions and auctions.
Map for Glastonbury Festival at grid ref ST590397
Organisation
The festival is organised by local farmer and site owner Michael Eavis, who has hosted the event since its inception. More recently, the Mean Fiddler Organisation, now controlled by Clearchannel, a US-based media conglomerate, have taken a 40% stake in the festival. Some sources now report that Michael's daughter Emily Eavis is taking a more proactive role in organising the festival, with Michael increasingly taking a back seat.
Several stages and areas are managed independently, such as The Left Field which is managed by a cooperative owned by the Trades Union Congress, and a field run by Greenpeace .
With the exception of technical and security staff, the festival is mainly run by volunteers. Stewards are organised by the aid charity Oxfam and the bars are organised by the Workers Beer Company, sponsored by Budweiser , who recruit teams of volunteer staff from small charities. In return for their help, typically around 18 hours over the festival, volunteers are paid in free entry, transport and food, while their charities are given donations by the organisers.
Catering, and some retail services, are provided by various small companies, typically mobile catering vans. The camping retail chain Millets, and many independent shops, set up makeshift outlets at the festival. Network Recycling manage refuse on the site, and in 2004 recycled 300 tonnes and composted 110 tonnes of waste from the site.
One of the sculptures at Glastonbury
1970s
The first festival, a smallscale event of 1,500 people called the Pilton Festival, was in 1970, followed by the larger scale Glastonbury Fayre of 1971. Performers in the 1970s were generrally jazz and folk artists. In 1971 the festival featured the first incarnation of the "Pyramid Stage", built from scaffolding and metal sheeting. The festival was not held again until an unplanned event in 1978, and a planned festival the following year which lost money. The festival and has been an annual fixture since 1981, albeit with breaks in 1988, 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006.
1980s
In 1981 the festival was organised with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). That year a new Pyramid Stage was constructed from telegraph poles and metal sheeting (ironically, ex-Ministry of Defence), a permanent structure which doubled as a hay-barn and cow-shed during the winter.
In the 1980s the children's area of the festival (which had been organized by Arabella Churchill and others) became the starting point for a new children's charity called Children's World. 1981 was the first year that the festival made profits, and Eavis donated �20,000 of them to CND. In the following years donations were made to a number of organisations, and since the end of the Cold War the main beneficiaries have been Oxfam, Greenpeace, and WaterAid who all contribute towards the festival by providing features and volunteers who work at the festival in exchange for free entrance.
Since 1983 large festivals have required licenses from local authorities. This led to certain restrictions being placed on the festival, including a crowd limit and times during which the stages could operate. The crowd limit was initially set at 30,000 but has grown every year to over 100,000. In 1985 the festival grew too large for Worthy Farm, but neighbouring Cockmill farm was purchased.
1990s
In recent years the festival has grown with new tents and stages included a Dance music tent, the Jazz and World music stage, the Glade - an open air dance area which has now spawned an independent festival - and The Leftfield - a tent organised by Trade unions which also appears at a number of other British festivals. Since 1994 the festival has also been televised, first by Channel 4 and now by the BBC .
A few weeks before the 1994 festival, the Pyramid Stage burnt down. A temporary main stage was used until a new permanent structure was constructed in 2000. The 1994 festival also saw the introduction of the 150kw wind turbine which provides some of the festival power.
During the 1990s the festival suffered from increased overcrowding and crime due to a culture of gate-crashing. By 2000, a significant proportion of those at the festival gained entrance to the site 'unofficially' (common estimates put the number of 'fence jumpers' at around 100,000, which pushed the total attendance up to 250,000 people).
In 1997 the site became famous for its mud, but 1998 was even worse after several days of heavy rain hit the West Country before the festival opened, and the site flooded. 1998 was also the first year that attendance broke the 100,000 mark.
Headline acts: REM, Radiohead, Moby
By 2003 people got the idea that it was no longer possible to crash the festival and hence it is recognised as one of the most successful years to date as well as selling out within hours of tickets going on sale. The number of tickets available to the public was increased slightly over 2002, partially in response to criticism that the 2002 festival was underpopulated and lacked atmosphere. This was the first year that tickets sold out before the lineup was announced.
From the ticket and commercial license sales charities received more than �1million, half of which went to Oxfam, Greenpeace and Water Aid.
Headline acts: Oasis, Paul McCartney, Muse
In 2004 tickets sold out within 24 hours amid much controvesy over the ticket ordering process, which left many potential festival goers trying for hours to connect to the overloaded telephone and internet sites. The website got two million attempted connections within the first five minutes of the tickets going on sale and an average of 2,500 people on the phone lines every minute. The festival was not hit by extreme weather, but high winds on the Wednesday delayed entry, and steady rain throughout Saturday turned some areas of the site to mud.
Headline acts: The lineup for the 2004 Festival was officially announced on 2004-06-01. Oasis, Paul McCartney and Muse headlined the Pyramid Stage on Friday, Saturday and Sunday respectively, whilst the Chemical Brothers, Basement Jaxx and Orbital headlined the Other Stage. Other bands appearing included the Raveonettes (New Tent), Simple Kid (Acoustic Tent), Baghdaddies (Avalon Stage) and Sister Sledge (Dance Tent). In addition 2004 was the inaugural year of the festival's Unsigned Performers competition to play main stages. The Subways took the title and played the Other Stage.
After the 2004 festival, Eavis commented that 2006 would be a year off - in keeping with the previous history of taking one "fallow year" in every five to give the villagers and surrounding areas a rest from the yearly disruption. This was confirmed after the licence for 2005 was granted.
The Sunday headliner was originally scheduled to be Kylie Minogue, but she pulled out in May to receive treatment for breast cancer. Basement Jaxx were announced as a replacement on June 6. Other notables who performed include New Order, The Killers, Kaiser Chiefs, Doves, Kasabian, Interpol, Athlete, Razorlight, Bloc Party, British Sea Power, Primal Scream, Ian Brown and Brian Wilson.
2005 saw a big increase in the number of dance music attractions, with the multiple tents of the Dance Village replacing the solitary dance tent of previous years. This new area contained the East and West dance tents, the Dance Lounge, Roots Stage, and Pussy Parlour, as well as a relocated G Stage, formerly situated in the Glade.
The opening day of the festival was delayed after several stages, and one of the bars were hit by lightning , and the valley was hit by flooding that left some areas of the site under a foot of water, flooding several campsites and seriously disrupting site services.
Following the death of DJ John Peel in the previous autumn, the New Bands Tent was renamed the John Peel Tent, in homage to his encouragement and love of new bands at Glastonbury.
The Glastonbury Festival is under way after suffering serious disruption when storms tore across its site at Pilton, Somerset, on Friday morning 24 June 2005.
Heavy rain flooded parts of the site, with dozens of tents lost under water, while lightning strikes affected the stages and knocked out power lines. Bands such as The White Stripes, Doves and The Killers are due to play at the event, with 112,500 people expected. No serious injuries were reported, but conditions are expected to stay muddy.
Ambulance staff reported nine emergency cases, but none of the people involved turned out to be seriously injured. Organisers said under 100 tents had been washed away, and facilities had been set up to hand out clothing and new tents for those affected.
Sinking toilets
Streams running through the site burst their banks at the height of the storm, with some gates to the site closed because of waterlogging. Portable toilets sank in the mud, as did one of the bars.
One festival-goer was even seen swimming to his tent to retrieve his belongings - something medical staff are advising against. Festival-goers have also been advised to wash their hands after using the toilets, and not to eat food which has been in the water, because of the risk of bacteria from the sunken toilets.
Broadcasters were also affected - the set constructed for BBC Three's coverage from Glastonbury was flooded while Radio 1's Jo Whiley had to abandon her live broadcast after a river close to the corporation's compound burst its banks. Local fire crews assisted in pumping the water off the site.
| i don't know |
Who invented roll camera film, thereby popularizing photography, and founded the Kodak company, whose full title also bears his name? | Eastman Kodak Company -- Company History
Eastman Kodak Company
Stock Exchanges: New York Pacific Boston Cincinnati Detroit Midwest Philadelphia
Ticker Symbol: EK
NAIC: 325992 Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing; 333315 Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing; 325411 Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing; 325414 Biological Product (Except Diagnostic) Manufacturing; 334119 Other Computer Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing; 334510 Electromedical and Electrotherapeutic Apparatus Manufacturing; 511210 Software Publishers
Company Perspectives:
On February 2, 2000, exactly 100 years from the day George Eastman introduced the Brownie camera, a group of Kodak researchers, inventors and business strategists met at the company's Rochester headquarters to speculate on what the next 100 years might bring to their industry. All agreed that the true power of imaging has barely been tapped--and that the advances of this century will vindicate Eastman's dream of making communicating with pictures as easy as 'using a pencil.'
Key Dates:
1880: George Eastman begins manufacturing dry plates for sale to photographers.
1881: Eastman and Henry A. Strong form partnership, Eastman Dry Plate Company.
1884: Company is reorganized as a corporation under the name Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company.
1888: Snapshot photography is born through the introduction of the Kodak portable camera.
1889: Name changes to Eastman Company.
1892: Name changes to Eastman Kodak Company of New York.
1898: The Folding Pocket Kodak Camera is introduced.
1900: The Brownie camera makes its debut.
1901: Company is reorganized and incorporated in New Jersey as Eastman Kodak Company.
1912: One of the first U.S. industrial research centers is set up in Rochester, New York.
1920: Tennessee Eastman Company, forerunner of Eastman Chemical, is created.
1923: Company introduces motion picture camera, film, and projector for the consumer market.
1932: George Eastman commits suicide at the age of 77.
1935: Kodachrome film, the first commercially successful color film for amateurs, debuts.
1951: Low-priced Brownie eight-millimeter movie camera is introduced.
1953: Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. is created as a new subsidiary.
1961: Highly successful line of Kodak Carousel slide projectors is introduced.
1963: The revolutionary Instamatic camera makes its debut.
1965: Company introduces the super-eight format Instamatic movie camera.
1972: The pocket Instamatic camera is launched.
1975: Company enters the copier market with the debut of the Kodak Ektaprint 100 Copier-Duplicator.
1976: Kodak enters the market for instant cameras; Polaroid files patent-infringement suit against Kodak.
1980: Company expands its health imaging operations with the launch of the Ektachem 400 blood analyzer.
1982: Company launches 'disc photography,' an ultimately unsuccessful innovation.
1984: Lines of videotapes and floppy discs are introduced.
1985: Floppy disc maker Verbatim Corporation is acquired.
1986: A federal appeals court orders Kodak's exit from the instant camera market; a line of alkaline batteries under the Supralife brand is launched; Eastman Pharmaceuticals Division is established.
1988: Sterling Drug Inc., maker of prescription and OTC drugs, is acquired.
1990: Verbatim is sold to Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation.
1991: Polaroid's suit against Kodak is settled, with the latter paying the former $925 million.
1992: The Kodak Photo CD player hits the market.
1993: George Fisher becomes the first outsider to head the company; Eastman Chemical is spun off to shareholders.
1994: The company's pharmaceutical arm, Sterling Winthrop, its diagnostics products division, and several other nonimaging units are divested.
1997: The WTO rules against Kodak in its dispute with Fuji Photo Film over access to the Japanese market; major restructuring is initiated.
1998: Kodak Picture Maker debuts; company acquires the DryView laser imaging system from Imation.
1999: The office imaging unit is sold.
Company History:
A multinational corporation whose name and film products are familiar to photographers around the world, Eastman Kodak Company is a diversified manufacturer of equipment, supplies, and systems in consumer and professional imaging, including films, photographic papers, one-time-use and digital cameras, printers and scanners, photoprocessing services, photofinishing equipment, and photographic chemicals. The company's health imaging unit specializes in products and services for radiography, cardiology, dental, mammography, oncology, and ultrasound imaging. Other Kodak products include motion picture films, audiovisual equipment, microfilm products, and optics and optical systems.
Late 19th-Century Origins: Photography for the Masses
The company bears the name of its founder, George Eastman, who became interested in photography during the late 1870s while planning a vacation from his job as a bank clerk in Rochester, New York. Taking a coworker's suggestion to make a photographic record of his intended trip to Santo Domingo, the 24-year-old Eastman soon found that the camera, film, and wet-plate-developing chemicals and equipment he had purchased were far too bulky. Instead of following through with his original vacation plans, Eastman spent the time studying how to make photography more convenient. He discovered a description of a dry-plate process that was being used by British photographers. He tried to replicate this process in his mother's kitchen at night after work.
After three years Eastman produced a dry glass plate with which he was satisfied. In 1880 he obtained a U.S. patent for the dry plate and for a machine for preparing many plates at one time, and he started manufacturing dry plates for sale to photographers. Henry A. Strong, a local businessman impressed by Eastman's work, joined him on January 1, 1881, to form the Eastman Dry Plate Company. Eastman left his position at the bank later that year to give his complete attention to the new company.
The new venture almost collapsed several times during its early years because the quality of the dry plates was inconsistent and Eastman insisted that the defective plates be replaced at no charge to the customer. Despite these setbacks, he was determined to make the camera 'as convenient as the pencil.'
As his business grew, Eastman experimented to find a lighter and more flexible substitute for the glass plate. In 1884 he introduced a new film system using gelatin-coated paper packed in a roll holder that could be used in almost every plate camera available at that time. Also that year, the company was reorganized as Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company. Strong was president and Eastman treasurer and general manager of the 14-shareholder corporation. The company also opened a sales office in London in 1885 to take advantage of the growing European photography market.
In 1888 Eastman's company introduced its first portable camera. Priced at $25, it included enough film for 100 pictures. After shooting the roll of film, the owner sent both the film and the camera to Rochester for processing. For $10, the company sent back the developed prints and the camera loaded with a new roll of film. This breakthrough is considered to be the birth of snapshot photography. It was also at this time that Eastman trademarked 'Kodak,' which he invented by experimenting with words that began and ended with his favorite letter, 'K.' The company advertised its new camera extensively using the slogan, 'You push the button, we do the rest.'
The following year, the Eastman Photographic Materials Company was incorporated in the United Kingdom to distribute Kodak products outside the United States from its headquarters in London. The company built a manufacturing plant in 1891 outside London to accommodate the growing product demand overseas and set up additional distribution sites in France, Germany, and Italy by 1900. In 1889 the firm's name was changed to Eastman Company and in 1892 to Eastman Kodak Company of New York.
Eastman was committed to bringing photography to the greatest number of people at the lowest possible price. As his company grew and production of both the camera and film increased, manufacturing costs decreased significantly. This allowed the firm to introduce a number of new cameras, including the Folding Pocket Kodak Camera, the precursor of all modern roll-film cameras, in 1898. It also brought out the first of a complete line of Brownie cameras, an easy-to-operate model that sold for $1 and used film that sold at 15 cents per roll, in 1900. The following year, the company was reorganized and incorporated in New Jersey as Eastman Kodak Company.
1900s Through 1960s: Continuing New Product Success
Over the next 20 years, the company continued to introduce photographic innovations. In 1902 Kodak brought to market a new developing machine that allowed film processing without benefit of a darkroom. The 1913 introduction of Eastman Portrait Film provided professional photographers with a sheet film alternative to glass plates.
In 1912 George Eastman hired Dr. C.E. Kenneth Mees, a British scientist, to head one of the first U.S. industrial research centers. Based in Rochester, New York, this lab was where various tools and manufacturing processes that provided the company with a continuing stream of new products in the 1920s were invented. These new products--which included 16-millimeter Kodacolor motion picture film, the 16-millimeter Cine-Kodak motion picture camera, and the Kodascope projector (all of which debuted in 1923)--were targeted at the mass market and priced appropriately.
Kodak developed other new products to support the country's involvement in World War I. In 1917 the company developed aerial cameras and trained U.S. Signal Corps photographers in their use. It also supplied the U.S. Navy with cellulose acetate, a film product, for coating airplane wings, and produced the unbreakable lenses used on gas masks. Following the war, Eastman became president of the company upon Strong's death in 1919.
George Eastman had always been civic-minded; even as a struggling bank clerk he donated money to the Mechanics Institute of Rochester. As Kodak grew, his philanthropy extended to such institutions as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Hampton and Tuskegee institutes, and the University of Rochester. He was instrumental in starting numerous dental clinics around the world, and he enjoyed a reputation as a paternalistic employer because of his profit-sharing programs and insurance benefits for workers. In 1932 George Eastman committed suicide at the age of 77, leaving a note that read, 'To my friends. My work is done. Why wait? G.E.'
That same year, the company introduced the first eight-millimeter motion picture system for the amateur photographer, consisting of film, cameras, and projectors. Three years later, it made available 16-millimeter Kodachrome film, the first amateur color film to gain commercial success. Similar film products for 35-millimeter slides and eight-millimeter home movies were introduced in 1936.
New photographic products continued to be introduced over the next decade, even as the company devoted a portion of its manufacturing capability to the production of equipment and film for the military during World War II. Following the war, Kodak focused its total attention once again on amateur photography with the introduction of a low-priced Brownie eight-millimeter movie camera in 1951 and the accompanying projector one year later.
In 1953 the company formed Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. to market alcohols, plastics, and fibers for industrial use. These substances were manufactured by Tennessee Eastman Company and Texas Eastman Company, two subsidiaries that had been formed in 1920 and 1952, respectively. The company had begun to manufacture these items because of its own use of chemicals in film manufacturing and processing.
Until this point, the company had always included the cost of film processing in the cost of film. A consent decree filed in 1954 forced Eastman Kodak to abandon this practice, but it also provided an opportunity for the company to serve a new market, independent photofinishers, with its film developing products. Kodak acquired several photofinishing laboratories, including Fox Photo and American Photographic Group, to form an independent joint venture known as Qualex with Colorcraft Corp., owned by Fuqua Industries.
By 1958 the company had made significant advances in 35-millimeter color slide technology and introduced the first completely automatic projector, called the Kodak Cavalcade. A line of Kodak Carousel projectors introduced three years later became highly successful.
In 1963, one year after astronaut John Glenn had used Kodak film to record his orbit of the earth, the company introduced the Instamatic camera. Using a film cartridge instead of film roll, the Instamatic revolutionized amateur photography and became a commercial success because it was easy to use. Two years later, Kodak brought out a similar cartridge system for super-eight format Instamatic movie cameras and projectors. In 1972 five different models of a pocket version of the Instamatic camera were launched and proved immediately popular. The following year, the company acquired Spin Physics, a San Diego, California-based producer of magnetic heads used in recording equipment.
1970s Through Early 1990s: Diversifying and Losing Ground Amid Increasing Competition
In the early 1970s, Eastman Kodak became the defendant in a series of antitrust suits filed by several smaller film, camera, and processing companies. These legal actions alleged that Kodak illegally monopolized the photographic market. The most widely publicized suit, filed by Berkey Photo, charged that Kodak had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by conspiring with two other companies, Sylvania Companies, a subsidiary of GTE Products Corporation, and General Electric Company, to develop two photographic flash devices. Berkey requested that Eastman Kodak be divided into ten separate companies and asked for $300 million in damages. The case was settled in 1981 for $6.8 million.
In 1975 Kodak introduced the Ektaprint 100 Copier-Duplicator, putting itself into direct competition with two firmly entrenched rivals, Xerox Corporation and International Business Machines Corporation. Kodak considered this market to be a good fit with its existing microfilm business. In addition, the company had already established a foothold with a similar product, the Verifax machine, which had been introduced in 1953. This copier used a wet process like that used in photography, but it had become obsolete when Xerox introduced a technological advancement called xerography, which was less messy and produced better quality copies than previous systems. After careful research and planning, the Ektaprint copier was developed to serve businesses with large-scale duplicating needs. Not only could the Ektaprint produce numerous copies at high speed, but it could also collate them while duplicating, a unique feature at the time.
In 1976 Kodak took on another well-established firm when it challenged Polaroid Corporation's 30-year lock on instant photography with a new line of instant cameras and film that developed pictures outside the camera within a few minutes. Kodak had missed an opportunity to get in on the ground floor of this technology in the 1940s when it declined an offer to market an instant camera invented by Polaroid founder Edwin Land. The general feeling among Kodak's management at the time had been that Land's camera was a toy and the quality of its pictures not up to the company's accepted standards. Kodak had, however, also gained from Polaroid's success. It had become the exclusive supplier of negatives for Polaroid's instant, pull-apart color film in 1963. In 1969 Polaroid elected to take over this part of its film manufacturing itself. At the same time Polaroid cut prices drastically to bring its instant cameras more in line with the Kodak Instamatics. Kodak was convinced that Polaroid's instant photography products posed a threat to the company's market leadership. But the company's methodical product-development process, which emphasized long-term product quality over quick market entry, as well as Polaroid's ownership of hundreds of related patents, proved to be major obstacles to an immediate competitive response. When Kodak finally introduced its own instant camera four years after the decision was made to develop it, the company was plagued by production problems and a near-instant Polaroid lawsuit alleging patent infringement. Although the company captured about 25 percent of the U.S. instant camera market within its first year, reports of quality flaws with the camera's instant photographs and Polaroid's response with another new instant camera stifled sales. Polaroid successfully exploited the business applications of instant photography--identity cards, for example--and retained its strong position in the market.
During this period, Kodak's president and CEO, Walter A. Fallon, and chairman, Gerald B. Zomow, oversaw product development. When Zomow retired in 1977, Fallon assumed the chairmanship and was succeeded as president by Colby H. Chandler. Employed with Kodak since 1941, Fallon had worked his way up from production to direct the U.S. and Canadian photographic division. He had been responsible for the launch of the pocket Instamatic camera line. Chandler had joined the company in 1951 and, as Fallon's successor in the U.S. and Canadian photographic division, he was directly responsible for both the instant camera and the Ektaprint copier.
Upon becoming president, Chandler faced a challenge to Eastman Kodak's dominance in the photographic paper market from several Japanese competitors and U.S. suppliers, including Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. and 3M Company. These firms undercut Kodak's prices for a paper product of similar quality. Fuji also had the advantage of competing against a strong U.S. dollar, a factor that conversely reduced Kodak's profits significantly in foreign markets. The company responded with price reductions of its own, but suffered lower earnings and a decreasing level of investor confidence. Losing the title of official film of the 1984 Summer Olympics to Fuji added further insult to injury.
As the U.S. economy entered a recession in the late 1970s and sales growth in the company's consumer photographic products slowed, higher sales in other areas such as chemicals, business systems, and professional photofinishing pushed profits upward once again. Several prior years of flat earnings across product areas were attributed in large part to a lack of strategic planning. At the end of 1978 company operations were reorganized to consolidate the U.S., Canadian, and international photographic areas into one division. The company's first director of corporate planning also was hired to speed the product development process and institute the controls needed to enable new products to become profitable more quickly.
The year 1980 marked the company's 100th anniversary. That year Kodak introduced the Ektachem 400 blood analyzer. This entry into the health sciences field represented a natural application of the company's film manufacturing technology and reinforced its already strong presence as a supplier of X-ray film to hospitals and other healthcare facilities.
During the 1980s the company faced intensifying Japanese competition in photography and a continuing decline in product demand. Rapid technological breakthroughs by other firms threatened to replace Kodak's core product line with more advanced equipment. The company instituted several measures to improve its performance. These included a stronger emphasis on nonphotographic products with high profit potential, a more aggressive approach to protecting its chemical imaging capabilities, a broader international marketing strategy, and a sharper focus on making acquisitions to bring the company up to speed technologically, particularly in electronics.
In 1981 the company purchased Atex, Inc., a major supplier of electronic text editing systems used by publishers. Formed as an entrepreneurial venture in 1972 and the leader in its field at the time of the acquisition, Atex later lost ground to fast-changing computer technology as Kodak's traditionally slow-moving product development process was unable to keep pace with the industry.
Despite its shift in priorities to other areas, Kodak continued to support its bread-and-butter line of photographic products. In 1982 it introduced a line of small cameras that used film discs instead of cartridges and was considered a replacement for the pocket Instamatic camera.
Since the company's founding, Kodak had maintained a policy of treating its employees fairly and with respect, earning the nickname of the 'Great Yellow Father.' It was George Eastman's belief that an organization's prosperity was not necessarily due to its technological achievements, but more to its workers' goodwill and loyalty. As a result, company benefits were well above average, morale had always remained high, and employees never felt the need to unionize. This protective culture came to an end in 1983, however, when the company was forced to reduce its workforce by five percent to cut costs. Competitive pressures from the Japanese and domestic and international economic problems had slowed product demand. Even the widely publicized disc camera failed to sustain its initial 'hot' sales rate.
Upon Fallon's retirement in 1983, Colby Chandler took over as chairman and, in an attempt to keep up with the pace of change, pointed Kodak toward the electronics and video areas in earnest. During the 1970s the company had brought out products that either lacked quality or important features, or arrived too late on the scene to capitalize on new opportunities. Of all the products introduced during Fallon's tenure, only the Ektaprint copier was considered a success, although it gradually lost its marketing advantage to competitive offerings with greater speed and more features. Neither the instant nor the disc cameras had met original expectations. The company's X-ray film business also took a beating as hospital admissions dropped and attempts by medical institutions to control costs increased.
The company's new electronics division consisted of its Spin Physics subsidiary, a solid-state research laboratory, and another facility dedicated to the production of integrated circuits. Many of the products later introduced by the division, however, resulted from acquisitions or joint ventures with other companies. For example, in 1984 Kodak launched its first electronic product, a camcorder that combined an eight-millimeter video camera and recorder, in conjunction with Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. of Japan. This represented a major departure for Kodak, which historically had been self-reliant in everything from manufacturing cardboard boxes to maintaining its own fire department.
Also in 1984 Kodak introduced complete lines of videotape cassettes for all video formats and floppy discs for use in personal computers. It bolstered the latter area in 1985 with the purchase of Verbatim Corporation, a floppy disc manufacturer. After five years of disappointing sales, Verbatim was sold to Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation of Japan.
Kodak underwent another major reorganization at the beginning of 1985 to capitalize more quickly on growth opportunities. Seventeen business units and a new Life Sciences Group were formed, the latter division to be involved in developing biomedical technology. Each of the 17 operating units, which had previously existed as a centralized group under the photographic division, were given more autonomy and flexibility to run their businesses as independent profit centers.
The company reentered the 35-millimeter camera market in 1985 with a product made by Chinon Industries of Japan. Fifteen years earlier, it had withdrawn from the market because of doubts about the 35-millimeter camera's mass appeal.
In 1986, ten years after Polaroid filed its patent-infringement suit over Kodak's instant camera, a federal appeals court upheld a lower court ruling and ordered Kodak to leave the instant camera business. Kodak voluntarily offered its customers trade-in options for their obsolete cameras but was forced to make a somewhat different offer as a result of a class-action lawsuit. The financial implications of this development and the continuing struggle to boost earnings led the company to institute another workforce reduction in 1986, this time by ten percent. Although the domestic picture was somewhat grim, the fact that nearly 40 percent of the company's sales came from overseas helped produce strong bottom-line gains over the previous year. A weakening U.S. dollar blunted the impact of foreign competition and allowed Kodak to reclaim lost ground in its core businesses while also entering new ones. An employee's suggestion to apply the company's manufacturing capabilities to the production of lithium batteries resulted in the successful introduction of a complete line of alkaline battery products under the Supralife brand in 1986.
That same year, Kodak also formed the Eastman Pharmaceuticals Division to establish an even stronger presence in healthcare. Joint venture agreements and licensing arrangements with existing pharmaceutical companies initially occupied division management's attention. In 1988 Kodak acquired Sterling Drug Inc., a manufacturer of prescription drugs and such consumer products as Bayer aspirin and Lysol cleaner, to make the company more competitive in the pharmaceutical industry. The $5.1 billion acquisition, however, was viewed unfavorably by the company's shareholders, in part because Sterling had a second-rate reputation as a pharmaceutical manufacturer. One year later, this negative perception seemed correct. Intense competition had reduced the sales of Sterling's existing pharmaceuticals while new products under development showed questionable effectiveness during testing.
In 1988 evidence came to light indicating that toxic chemicals from the company's Rochester plant had leaked into the area's groundwater, posing a possible health hazard to local residents. In April 1990 the company admitted that it had violated New York's environmental regulations and was fined $1 million. It also agreed to clean up the site of its Kodak Park manufacturing facility and reduce chemical emissions from the plant.
Under the direction of Mr. Kay Whitmore, who became chairman and CEO in 1990, profits of the goliath company grew steadily. The positive results that emerged from the company's restructuring of 1985, however, were eroded by the recession of the early 1990s. Coupled with the recession came the Persian Gulf War, which seriously dampened the tourist and travel industry and hurt sales of photographic equipment. The year 1991 also finally saw the culmination of the Polaroid suit against Kodak, with the latter agreeing to pay the former a settlement of $925 million.
Once again, Kodak embarked on a path of restructuring and cost cutting. As a cost-cutting incentive, management in 1990 devised an early retirement plan that would trim approximately 5,800 people from the workforce. One year later, however, the plan backfired somewhat when 6,600 decided to retire early. With a shortfall of employees, the company was forced to hire 1,600 new workers. Management also was trimmed. Only three managers were replaced out of the 12 who retired in 1991.
Of the four business segments that had been in place since the previous restructuring--photographic, information, health, and chemicals--management merged photographic and information into a single group named Imaging. Three group presidents were appointed to head the three divisions. Downsizing, cost cutting, restructuring, and a 'suspicion of red tape,' as one market analyst described it, injected new growth into Kodak and returned the company slowly to profitability.
The Imaging Division, the largest unit, focused on Kodak's core business of photography and photofinishing, as well as copying machines, computer printers, and software. As part of its exploration of various new technologies, including digital photography, the division in 1992 developed a camera able to store photographic shots on a compact disc that could be displayed on a CD player. Such advances, including Kodak's introduction in the fall of 1992 of a writable compact disc publishing system (enabling the consumer to write, store, and retrieve information on a CD), enabled Kodak to retain its position as the world leader in electronic imaging. To maintain this lead, the company established a small Center for Creative Imaging in Camden, Maine, an artistic haven, to encourage imaging innovations in a creative atmosphere. Meantime, one piece of the former information business segment, Atex, was sold off in 1992 following the dwindling away of its market position because of its outmoded technology.
Kodak's Health Product Division also was restructured with the 1991 merger of two pharmaceutical companies into one entity, Sterling Winthrop, which manufactured both pharmaceuticals and nonpharmaceutical consumer products. Sterling Winthrop in turn formed a joint venture with the French firm Sanofi in 1991, enabling it to penetrate the European pharmaceutical market more easily than before. The joint venture placed Kodak's Health Division among the top 20 pharmaceutical concerns in the world. Included within Kodak's Health Division was the Clinical Products Division, which originated in 1980 when Kodak introduced its Ektachem blood analyzer. Other businesses within the health group included X-ray machines and electronic health imaging products.
The third division of Kodak, the Chemical Product Division, manufactured and marketed chemicals, fibers, and plastics. As of the early 1990s Eastman Chemical Company was the 15th largest chemical firm in the United States. The focus of the Chemical Division was on expansion and overseas sales. As a result, the Chemical Division became a global enterprise, with joint ventures in many foreign countries. In 1991 Eastman Chemical entered the propylene business with the purchase of propylene interests as well as the urethane polyols business of ARCO Chemical Company. In the early 1990s, the Tenite Plastics division of Eastman Chemical was the largest plastic bottle and container supplier in the world.
1993 into the 21st Century: Refocusing on Imaging, with an Emphasis on Digital
Despite the restructuring efforts, Kodak remained, according to Peter Nulty writing in Fortune magazine in early 1994, 'one of the most bureaucratic, wasteful, paternalistic, slow-moving, isolated, and beloved companies in America.' The company continued to lose market share in its core film and photographic paper operations; not only was Kodak reluctant to fully embrace the digital future out of fear of undermining its chemical photography business, it also had been slow to recognize huge opportunities in that chemical core, such as the explosive growth of 35-millimeter film sales following the debut of 'point-and-shoot' 35-millimeter cameras. The moves to diversify outside imaging, most notably the move into pharmaceuticals, proved ill-advised and saddled the company with more than $7 billion in debt. With earnings stagnating and no turnaround in sight, the board of directors, under pressure from outside investors, fired Whitmore in late 1993. Replacing him as chairman and CEO was George Fisher, who left the top spot at Motorola, Inc. to join Kodak, thereby becoming the first outsider to head the company.
Fisher almost immediately moved to refocus the company on its imaging core. Fisher and a newly installed top financial team went ahead with the spinoff to shareholders of Eastman Chemical at year-end 1993; this divestment had already been in the works under Whitmore. The following year, Kodak sold Sterling Winthrop to SmithKline Beecham plc for $4.6 billion, its diagnostics products division to Johnson & Johnson for $1 billion, and several other nonimaging units for about another $2.4 billion. These businesses had together accounted for $7.4 billion in revenues in 1993 but only $46 million in pretax profit. The asset sales reduced the debt load to a manageable $1.5 billion and returned the company to its roots.
Next, Fisher moved to transform Kodak into a digital company for the 21st century. Rather than viewing the digital future as a threat to the chemical photography past, Fisher saw digital photography as a great opportunity to revitalize Kodak's core, as he related to Forbes in early 1997: 'I think there was a fear of what digital was all about, whereas I was coming here because I believed digital imaging and the core photography business had a symbiotic relationship, which was, in fact, exciting.' During 1994 Fisher created a new division called Digital and Applied Imaging, and hired Carl Gustin, a marketing executive who had previously worked at Digital Equipment Corporation and Apple Computer, Inc., as its head. Among the early developments of the new division was the 1995 relaunch of the Kodak Photo CD with a new design aimed at desktop personal computer users and the introduction that year of a full-featured digital camera priced at less than $1,000.
Back on the chemical photography front, Kodak under Fisher's leadership took a more aggressive approach to trade disputes with its archrival Fuji Photo Film. In 1995 Kodak accused the Japanese government and Fuji of illegally restricting access to the Japanese market for film and photographic paper. The U.S. government took the case to the newly formed World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1996, with the European Union soon joining the Kodak side. Fuji contended that Kodak's policies in pricing and marketing its products in Japan were to blame for the company's low market share, and that Kodak faced an environment in Japan similar to what Fuji faced in the United States. In fact, both companies held about 70 percent of their respective home markets, while Kodak held about 12 percent of the Japanese market and Fuji still only ten percent of the U.S. market. In 1997 the WTO rejected Kodak's claims, ruling in Fuji's favor.
Ironically in the midst of this legal battle, a Kodak-led consortium that included Fuji (as well as Canon Inc., Minolta Co., Ltd., and Nikon Corporation) developed the Advanced Photo System (APS), an effort to revitalize the stagnant still photography market. APS, which was a hybrid between conventional and digital photography technology, offered drop-in film loading and the ability to select from three photo sizes (four by six-inch, four by seven-inch, and a panoramic four by ten-inch) as photos were taken. In February 1996 Kodak unveiled the Advantix brand, which it used for its APS film, cameras, and related equipment and services. APS proved to be an instant success, and Kodak quickly captured 85 percent of the U.S. market for APS film.
In December 1996 Daniel A. Carp was named president and chief operating officer of Eastman Kodak. One month later Kodak completed the sale to Danka Business Systems PLC of its loss-making imaging services unit, which sold and serviced copiers and provided document management services. Later in 1997 Kodak acquired Wang Laboratories' software business unit, which focused on imaging and work management software. The following year Kodak beefed up its health imaging division through the $530 million purchase of the bulk of Imation Corporation's medical imaging business, including the DryView laser imaging system. Divestments in 1998 included the Fox Photo, Inc. photofinishing chain, which was sold to Wolf Camera. Also in 1998 the company introduced the Kodak Picture Maker, a digital imaging kiosk through which consumers could manipulate, enlarge, and/or crop and then reprint an existing photograph.
Despite all of Fisher's maneuvering, Kodak was still vulnerable. In the summer of 1997 the seeming turnaround turned sour when Fuji Photo initiated a brutal price war in the U.S. market at the same time that a strong U.S. dollar and the emerging Asian economic crisis wreaked additional havoc overseas. The nascent digital division, for all its innovative new products, was on its way to losing $440 million for the year. In late 1997 Fisher announced a major restructuring, involving a workforce reduction of 20,000, a shakeup of top management, and a goal to cut more than $1 billion from annual costs. After having nearly all of its profits wiped out by a $1.46 billion restructuring charge in 1997, Kodak returned to post net income of $1.39 billion in both 1998 and 1999, on revenues of $13.41 billion and $14.09 billion, respectively.
During 1999 Kodak continued its drive to divest underperforming units through the sale of its office imaging unit--which included digital printers, copiers, and roller assemblies&mdashø Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG of Germany. In January 2000 Fisher stepped down as CEO, remaining chairman until the end of that year; Carp was named his successor. Although Kodak had managed to make a profit of $20 million from its digital businesses in 1999, it was far from clear whether Kodak would be a major player in the digital world of the new millennium. For his part, Carp announced in mid-2000 that the company expected 45 percent of revenue to be generated from digital imaging in 2005, which would be a huge increase from the 17 percent of 1999. Eastman Kodak's progress toward this predicted level, or lack thereof, was likely to be highly indicative of the overall direction of the company in the early 21st century.
Principal Subsidiaries: Eastman Kodak International Sales Corporation (Barbados); Torrey Pines Realty Company, Inc.; Cinesite, Inc.; FPC Inc.; Qualex Inc.; Qualex Canada Photofinishing Inc.; Eastman Software Inc.; PictureVision Inc.; Eastman Gelatine Corporation; Eastman Canada Inc.; Kodak Canada Inc.; Kodak (Export Sales) Ltd. (Hong Kong); Kodak Argentina S.A.I.C.; Kodak Chilena S.A.F. (Chile); Kodak Caceo Ltd.; Kodak Panama, Ltd.; Kodak Americas, Ltd.; Kodak Venezuela, S.A.; Kodak (Near East), Inc.; Kodak (Singapore) Pte. Limited; Kodak Philippines, Ltd.; Kodak Limited (U.K.); Cinesite (Europe) Limited (U.K.); Kodak India Limited; Kodak International Finance Ltd. (U.K.); Kodak Polska Sp.zo.o (Poland); Kodak AO (Russia); Kodak (Ireland) Manufacturing Limited; Kodak Ireland Limited; Kodak-Pathe SA (France); Kodak A.G. (Germany); E.K. Holdings, B.V. (Netherlands); Kodak Brasileira C.I.L. (Brazil); Kodak Korea Limited; Kodak Far East Purchasing, Inc.; Kodak New Zealand Limited; Kodak (Australasia) Pty. Ltd. (Australia); Kodak (Kenya) Limited; Kodak (Egypt) S.A.E.; Kodak (Malaysia) S.B.; Kodak Taiwan Limited; Eastman Kodak International Capital Company, Inc.; Kodak de Mexico S.A. de C.V.; Kodak Export de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V.; Kodak Mexicana S.A. de C.V. (Mexico); N.V. Kodak S.A. (Belgium); Kodak a.s. (Denmark); Kodak Norge A/S (Norway); Kodak SA (Switzerland); Kodak (Far East) Limited (Hong Kong); Kodak (Thailand) Limited; Kodak G.m.b.H. (Austria); Kodak Kft. (Hungary); Kodak Oy (Finland); Kodak Nederland B.V. (Netherlands); Kodak S.p.A. (Italy); Kodak Portuguesa Limited; Kodak S.A. (Spain); Kodak AB (Sweden); Eastman Kodak (Japan) Ltd.; Kodak Japan Ltd.; Kodak Imagex K.K. (Japan); K.K. Kodak Information Systems (Japan); Kodak Japan Industries Ltd.; Kodak (China) Limited (Hong Kong); Kodak Electronic Products (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (China); BASO Precision Optics, Ltd. (Taiwan); K.H. Optical Company Limited (Hong Kong); Kodak Photographic Equipment (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (China); Kodak (China) Co. Ltd.; Kodak (WUXI) Co. Ltd. (China).
Principal Operating Units: Document Imaging; Eastman Software; Consumer Imaging; Commercial and Government Systems; Global Customer Service and Support; Digital and Applied Imaging; Health Imaging; Entertainment Imaging; KODAK Professional.
Principal Competitors: Agfa-Gevaert Group; Canon Inc.; Casio Computer Co., Ltd.; Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.; Hewlett-Packard Company; Leica Camera AG; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.; Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company; Minolta Co., Ltd.; Nikon Corporation; Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.; Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.; PhotoWorks, Inc.; Polaroid Corporation; Ricoh Company, Ltd.; Sharp Corporation; Sony Corporation; Xerox Corporation.
Further Reading:
Astor, Will, 'Huge Pioneer-Kodak Project Marks Progress,' Rochester Business Journal, September 25, 1992.
Bounds, Wendy, 'George Fisher Pushes Kodak into Digital Era,' Wall Street Journal, June 9, 1995, p. B1.
Brayer, Elizabeth, George Eastman: A Biography, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Buell, Barbara, and Rebecca Aikman, 'Kodak Is Trying to Break Out of Its Shell,' Business Week, June 10, 1985, pp. 92+.
Burgess, John, 'Firms Plan Multimedia Consortium,' Washington Post, October 1, 1992.
Chakravarty, Subrata N., 'How an Outsider's Vision Saved Kodak,' Forbes, January 13, 1997, pp. 45--47.
Chakravarty, Subrata N., and Ruth Simon, 'Has the World Passed Kodak By?,' Forbes, November 5, 1984.
Collins, Douglas, The Story of Kodak, New York: Abrams, 1990.
Desmond, Edward W., 'What's Ailing Kodak? Fuji,' Fortune, October 27, 1997, pp. 185+.
Deutsch, Claudia H., 'More Paths to Profits: Kodak Hopes Demand for Digital Images Will Sell Film,' New York Times, December 2, 1996, p. D1.
Dvorak, John C., 'Razors with No Blades,' Forbes, October 18, 1999, p. 168.
Grant, Linda, 'Can Fisher Focus Kodak?,' Fortune, January 13, 1997, pp. 76+.
------, 'A New Picture at Kodak,' U.S. News and World Report, September 19, 1994, pp. 58--60.
------, 'Why Kodak Still Isn't Fixed,' Fortune, May 11, 1998, pp. 179--81.
Hammonds, Keith H., 'Kodak May Wish It Never Went to the Drugstore,' Business Week, December 4, 1989, pp. 72+.
Helm, Leslie, 'Has Kodak Set Itself Up for a Fall?,' Business Week, February 22, 1988, pp. 134+.
------, 'Why Kodak Is Starting to Click Again,' Business Week, February 23, 1987, pp. 134+.
Johnson, Greg, 'Kodak Device Places Images of Film on Disc,' Los Angeles Times, July 31, 1992.
Journey into Imagination: The Kodak Story, Rochester, N.Y.: Eastman Kodak Company, 1988.
Klein, Alec, 'Kodak Expects Digital Imaging to Be 45% of Revenue by 2005,' Wall Street Journal, June 15, 2000, p. B14.
------, 'Kodak Losing U.S. Market Share to Fuji,' Wall Street Journal, May 28, 1999, p. A3.
------, 'Shutter Snaps on Fisher's Leadership at Kodak,' Wall Street Journal, June 10, 1999, p. B1.
'Kodak Fights Back: Everybody Wants a Piece of Its Markets,' Business Week, February 1, 1982, pp. 48+.
Leib, Jeffrey, 'Kodak Colorado Peddles Injection-Molding Expertise,' Denver Post, March 6, 1992.
Maremont, Mark, 'Kodak's New Focus: An Inside Look at George Fisher's Strategy,' Business Week, January 30, 1995, pp. 62--68.
Maremont, Mark, and Elizabeth Lesly, 'Getting the Picture: Kodak Finally Heeds the Shareholders,' Business Week, February 1, 1993, pp. 24--26.
------, 'The Revolution That Wasn't at Eastman Kodak,' Business Week, May 10, 1993, pp. 24--25.
Maremont, Mark, and Gary McWilliams, 'Kodak: Shoot the Works,' Business Week, November 15, 1993, pp. 30--32.
McGinn, Daniel, 'A Star Image Blurs,' Newsweek, April 6, 1998, pp. 36--38.
Moore, Thomas, and Lee Smith, 'Embattled Kodak Enters the Electronic Age,' Fortune, August 22, 1983, pp. 120+.
Nulty, Peter, 'Digital Imaging Had Better Boom Before Kodak Film Busts,' Fortune, May 1, 1995, pp. 80--83.
------, 'Kodak Grabs for Growth Again,' Fortune, May 16, 1994, pp. 76--78.
Perdue, Wes, 'Eastman Kodak and BioScan Inc. Form Alliance,' Business Wire, August 10, 1992.
Santoli, Michael, 'Kodak's New Colors,' Barron's, August 24, 1998, pp. 25--26, 28--29.
Smith, Emily T., 'Picture This: Kodak Wants to Be a Biotech Giant, Too,' Business Week, May 26, 1986, pp. 88+.
Smith, Geoffrey, 'Film Vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?,' Business Week, August 2, 1999, p. 66.
Smith, Geoffrey, et al., 'Can George Fisher Fix Kodak?,' Business Week, October 20, 1997, pp. 116--20, 124, 128.
Smith, Geoffrey, Brad Wolverton, and Ann Therese Palmer, 'A Dark Kodak Moment,' Business Week, August 4, 1997, pp. 30--31.
Swasy, Alecia, Changing Focus: Kodak and the Battle to Save a Great American Company, New York: Times Business, 1997.
Taylor, Alex, III, 'Kodak Scrambles to Refocus,' Fortune, March 3, 1986, pp. 113+.
Treece, James B., Barbara Buell, and Jane Sasseen, 'How Kodak Is Trying to Move Mount Fuji,' Business Week, December 2, 1985, pp. 62+.
Webb, Chanoine, 'The Picture Just Keeps Getting Darker at Kodak,' Fortune, June 21, 1999, p. 206.
Weber, Jonathan, 'Top High-Tech Firms Team Up on `Multimedia,' Los Angeles Times, October 7, 1992.
Source: International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 36. St. James Press, 2001.
| George Eastman |
In the UK snow of January 2010 a Thames Valley policeman was reprimanded for sledging on duty down a slope on his what? | Full text of "Eastman Kodak Trade Circular"
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FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OfVN." Vol. X. No. 3. ROCHESTER. February, 1909. CONCERNING THE CONTEST. In a few days we shall send yeu..a portfolio containing re- productions of a few of the good things that we got from our 1908 Kodak Advertising Conte3t. You will agree with us, we sre sure, that in them is material f^r effective work in creating n^w business for 1909. Looking ^head, we want still more good things for 1910, and are hoping for your help. The material for 19 10 must come from the present (1909) contest. Tp start with, we have increased tfi^ prize money to $2000.00 and ip addition it is a certainty that |in this contest, as in the contests that have gone before, we shall spend a very considerable amount for additional pictures that we shall purchase from unsuccess- ful contestants. We want you to help yourselves by helping us to interest the good workers among both professtonals and amateurs. We don't, want you to send contest circulars to people who do not own cameras. We don' t want any- body to buy a camera with the lidea that he can win prize iQoney with it. The chances of the novice are practically nil. We do want every good worker^^-^ofessional or ama- teur, in every part of the coun- try to take part. Let us know how man^r -mrculars you will need for reaching the right people, then, when th'ey come> send them to the right peopU and help the idea along by^ personal work. 'Twill help your business. Is your developing and printing department turning out a quality o£ work that you are satisfied with ? That your customers are satisfied with? ^ No? Then let Educational Depart- ment help you. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. .^^, Seven New Styles and Sizes all loaded with Transparent Films. For Sttlo by ail I'holo. Srock l)«'al«.fs, THE EASTMAN COMPANY, Send /or Catalogue. KOCIfliS'J'ER, N. V. STILL WORKING. The advertisement shown above was run in Life about seventeen years ago. The other day we received a letter with this clipping pinned to it ask- ing for a catalogue of * * new Kodaks." From several years before that advertisement was printed — in short, from 1888 to now — for 21 years we have been continuously talking Kodaks and Kodak film. Nothing spasmodic or sporadic about it, and all the time that same plugging for the dealer which you can see in the old, old ad. ' * At the Dealers, ' ' or something to that effect, is al- ways in our ads. in magazines of general circulation, and almost always in any of our advertise- ments, though not so impor- tant in the photo press, because the readers of such literature already have the dealer habit. Just now we are talking films in our advertisements, and we believe that there is eventual business for you in doing the same thing. You may not get immediate and overwhelming business from it, but you will be showing the people that you have the goods that they have confidence in ; you will be building for the future. That old advertisement in Life shows one phase of the longevity of an advertisement — a more im- portant phase is the way an ad- vertisement sticks in the mind. The writer of this article, when he wants gunpowder, thinks of Dupont's. Why ? Thirty years ago he saw a big stuffed eagle, and under it this sign : 'Twas Dupont's powder that fixed me. If it wasn't for that I'd still be free. Advertising affects every one of us in making our purchases, though for the most part we don't know it at the time. The Kodak dealer who tries to KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. make the most of our publicity, other things being equal, by identifying it locally with his business is the man who sells the goods. This isn't a guess statement. We know, because we keep tabs. The advertisement on page eight is in line with our pres- ent film advertising. It doesn' t require big space, because those spool ends give it a dis- play strength that will make it stick out like a merry widow hat in the seat in front of you at the theatre. Strengthen your position against present or possible future competition. Make people think of YOU whenever photography comes into their minds. SPECIAL 2^% Each regular E. K. dealer who was handling our goods prior to Jan. ist, 1908, will early in 1 9 1 o ( It will take a few weeks after the close of year to com- plete the figuring), receive a special credit of 2^^ on his combined net total purchases of Seed, Standard, Eastman and Stanley plates for 1909 provided his total net purchases of said plates for 1909 equal or exceed his total net purchases of same for 1908. To get this special discount will be easy. 1908 was called an of? year but the quality of our goods was such that although the total sales of plates probably fell off, the sales of the Eastman brands actually in- creased, with the result that nearly all regular E. K. deal- ers secured the extra 2j^ per cent. With the better general business conditions that are already here there's no ques- tion about the plate business going ahead rapidly this year and every dealer should find it easy to earn the extra 2^ per cent. Per cent, or no per cent. , it is to the dealer's advantage to push our plates for our policy of pushing the plates through the dealer is to his benefit and to the benefit of his photog- rapher customers. Brownie VELOX POSTALS HAVE MADE A HIT. It's in pusliin^ just sucli attractive special- ties that tlie bi^ profits for the dealer often show. They help main- tain the interest. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. WITH A KODAK IN THE, LAND OF THE NAVAJO. For a long time we have pub- lished no booklets with a direct appeal to the tourist trade. That trade in fact seemed to come so easily to Kodaks that our efforts have been more along the line of interesting people in home portraiture, flash-light work, bromide en- larging and other forms of amateur photography in which the pleasures to be derived from the Kodak were not so obvious. But when we saw the marvelous Kodak work made by Mr. Frederick Mon- sen, among the Hopis and Navajos, and learned that Mr. Monsen began with an i8 x 22 plate camera and worked down — using next a 14 x 17, then an II X 14, then an 8 x 10, then a 5 X 7, then a 4 x 5 film camera and finally settled on a 3^ X 414^ Kodak as the instru- ment for the best results, we could not refrain from asking him to make a book for us. It is charming in text and illustra- tions and we expect will be beautifully printed — just the kind of a booklet you can use for high class trade. Follow- ing up Mr. Monsen's story, which with the pictures takes up some 25 pages, we have listed in this booklet the No. 3 Folding Pocket Kodak and the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak and have then devoted a page or so to tank talk. You can see therefore that it is intend- ed for high class trade only and ought to be used with discrim- ination. We shall be glad to have you take as many of these as you can use to advantage, but you can see that it is not for the same class of trade as the Brownie Books, for in- stance. Properly placed by you, Mr. Monsen' s book will help you to sell high class Kodaks. How many, with your imprint, can you use to our mutual advantage ? FEBRUARY A short month but a ^ood one to put in with our EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. A Seasonable Window Su^^estion. The circles are made up of Eastman Spreader Flash Car- tridges. The border is of flashlight books and the background is in white and yellow. The flashlight enlargement in the center is No. 735 and will be LOANED upon request. Other trimmings consist of flash sheets, pistols, cartridges, etc. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ILNLARGING. A BOOKLET OF SUGGESTION FOR THE PROFESSIONAL. For many years we published from time to time new editions of our booklet on Bromide En- larging, bringing it up to date from time to time. During the past two years changes have been so rapid that, until now, no new booklet has been is- sued. "Enlarging" isn't a new edition of the old book ; it's new all the way through, and every professional photog- rapher will be interested in it. It is not for the amateur (Bro- mide Enlarging with a Kodak covers that field), and will therefore be of use only to those dealers who cater to the pro- fessional trade. We shall be glad to supply such dealers as many as they can use to advan- tage, with their imprint, of course. A MOUNTING SUGGEISTION. A multitude of amateurs are making constant use of Kodak Dry Mounting Tissue, as it so effectively overcomes all mounting difficulties. Just press with a hot iron — and 'tis done. But little trouble to heat the flat iron, and in a few mom- ents it's ready for use. Once in a while though, one is apt to overheat the iron, and then we have to wait a bit till it cools of^ a little. Here is a sugges- tion for your customers that overcomes even this little diffi- Practically every house is equipped with either gas or electric fixtures, and all the lighting companies supply gas or electrically heated flat irons. With either one of these irons it is no trouble whatever to secure and maintain just the right temperature for mount- ing, as each iron has its own heating apparatus and can be regulated to maintain just the desired degree of heat. I culty. IMPOF^TANT IMPROVEMENT. Here's a new view camera feature which will greatly in- terest your professional trade, for it is one of those very sim- } pie little conveniences which every photographer will recog- nize as an easy solution to an annoyance hitherto considered as a matter of course. Many photographers always throw the focusing cloth over the back of the camera, immed- iately upon withdrawal of the slide, to prevent any chance of fog from a possibly defective light-lock. This new light-excluding de- vice, furnished by the Roches- ter Optical Division, makes such precaution entirely un- necessary and at the same time, obviates any possibility of fog should the slide be withdrawn or inserted unevenly. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 7 This device is built into the shutter cover were defective, back of the camera and forms The improvement is now a supplementary spring actu- furnished with all R. O. C, ated light trap, which closes Empire State and Premo View automatically over the slide Cameras, without extra charge, opening, the moment the slide and you will find it a splendid is withdrawn, making it impos- talking point for these popular sible for any light to enter from cameras, this source, even if the entire Every Customer for Velox Paper is a possible customer for a Brownie Enlar^in^ Camera. The amateur who understands Velox already knows 90 per cent, of what he needs to know for making enlargements from his small negatives. NO DARK ROOM. Very little expense for the outfit - - ^ood future paper busi- ness for you. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. IT'S THE Film That is all Important Lens and shutter and camera all play their part, but upon the film depends the picture. We sell KODAK N. C. Film exclusively — the de- pendable kind that has 25 years of experience behind it. RICHARD ROE & CO. The best of Everything Photographic Cuts are No. 119. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular '• FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OtVN." Vol. X. No. 4. ROCHESTER. March, 1909. $100.00 One hundred dollars, one hundred dollars, one hundred dollars, one hundred dollars ! A man from Rochester, while waiting the other day in a dealer's store to see the dealer himself, saw a clerk sell a $2.00 Brownie to a customer who was going on a tour around the world. When the Rochesterian got the ear of the dealer a few minutes later he suggested to him that that clerk evidently consideied it profane or sacre- ligious, or something of that sort, to speak of money in large denominations. The clerk was called to the rear of the store and instructed to say "one hundred dollars, one hundred dollars, one hundred dollars," continuously for five minutes so that in the future he wouldn't be afraid of the sound of his own voice when talking prices above his previous two-dollar limit. It was also suggested to him that he take a similar monologue exercise every morning while dressing. (•'One hundred dollars, one hundred dollars.") And it is hoped that the next time an able bodied man who has arrived at years of discretion, and is suspected of being able to travel abroad and keep a sixty-horse power car comes into the store that this modest clerk will at least be able to say "Kodak" instead of '* Brownie," though his cure will not be considered complete until he can say "anastigmat equipment' ' in a loud voice with an audience of no less than three possible customers present. Honesdy, it's just wrong the way people are handled. What's the use of putting forth the cheap goods first? It's easier to come down than to go up. A twenty-dollar cus- tomer is likely to be offended if you offer him a two-dollar camera. On the other hand, your two-dollar customer feels flattered if he thinks you have "sized him up" for a ten- dollar customer. The first rainy morning, get your clerks together and talk this all over. Repeat until con- ditions are right, then practice" it when the sun shines. One hundred dollars, one hundred dollars. 2 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. SATURDAY 50% FLAT. SHIPMENTS. j3j^ ^^^j. j^^^j^^ ^j^^ ^^^_ At Rochester and at our ^^^jj^ advertisements and rub- New York Chicago and San ^^^ advertisements that go into Francisco branches we close the ^^^ ^^^^^ windows on particular- year around on Saturday after- , ^^- ^ p j3j^ noons. This means that no ^^^^ ^^^-^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ orders received after fhe noon ^^^ advertised in May nor hour on that day can be filled ^^^^^ ^^^^ j^ November? and that all orders for special Apropos of all of which did sizes of papers etc., requiring ^^^^ ^^^j^^ ^^^^ 1^ cuttmg should come to hand ^^^. ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^j^j^ at Rochester on Friday to in- ^^^.^ ^,^^ negatives when they sure shipment Even when ^ package of work from everything on the order IS regu- ^^^^ finishing department? lar. dealers Should get their ^y, ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^-^ We are orders for Saturday shipments :ust issuing a new small cir- into the mails early to make ^^j^^ ^^ ^^.^ ^j^j^j^ ^j^ certain of delivery on the first ^^ supplied (with your imprint) mail Saturday morning. An ^^^ inclosing in each package hour s difference in getting mto ^^ negatives that you deliver to the office at your end may customers, advertising make several hours difference ^^^ Eastman Negative Albums, in delivery at our end— may ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ mean that your letter will not _^^^ '^^^^ ^^- ^^ ^^^ ^-^^^ reach us until Saturday after- ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ 1^ noon, and that shipment cannot ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ then be made until Monday ^^^^^ proposition attractive to And-while we are on this ^^ ^^^ ^jn ^ot only furnish subject— don t expect too ^^^ circulars but propose to much m the way of prompt ^^^^.^^ ^^^ ^1^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ shipments from orders received ^^ discount in any quantity. by us on Monday. Monday s j^^^^ ^^ ^^^^.^^ . nriail is always nearly double ^.^^^^ ^^^^^ ,^„t,i„, ,oo pock- that of other days and orders ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ p^per and con- requiring anything special in secutively numbered from i to loo, the way of cutting odd sizes, and an index on white paper, etc., are sometimes delayed Eastman's Negative Albums until Tuesday in spite of every o^s^aller^'''^^' 3^^ x3>^, ^ ^^ ^ff<^rt. Eastman's Negative Albums We don't believe, the nature for loo negatives, 3X x4X. of the goods considered, that or 4 x 5, 100 anybody in any line of business Eastman's Negative Albums ^ -^ ti ^ ■! 4-1 for 100 negatives, 3X X 5^, handles orders more prompUy or smaller. . . . . . i.oo than we do. Yet, for the sake Eastman's Negative Albums of good service to you, we ask for 100 negatives, 5x7, that attention be given to what or smaller, 1.50 we have said above about Sat- How many circulars and how urday and Monday shipments. many albums, please? KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. IN CUT SIZES. The growing popularity of backed Platino prints has of late caused a considerable de- mand for Aristo Platino back- ing paper in cut sizes and we have therefore decided to sup- ply same, at a list price equival- ent to 60^ of the list price of regular Aristo Platino, plus (in case this does not figure in multiples of five) enough to make the terminating figure end in o or 5. Example : i gross of 8 X 10 Aristo Platino lists at $7 80. Sixty per cent, of $7.80 is $4.68 to which we add 2 cents, making "even money " — $4.70. The above method is used in arriving at the list price. The discount to the trade is 25^ and 10^. New Post Cards New Business Boys, Girls, Brownies, — and then Brownie Blue Print Post Cards at 10 cents the dozen. Do you see the business there is in it ? A lot of the youngsters don't do their own developing. Perhaps in a great many cases the parents have made objec- tions to too large an expendi- ture for developing and printing — but at the low cost and the simplicity of it there are literally hundreds o f thousands o f youngsters who will be making Brownie Blue Print Post Cards and mailing them to their sisters and their cousins and their aunts. All they need is to be told about it. We have tried it on some children and the scheme works. The very " miniatureness" of the card appeals to them. When they tire of it there are the Solio and Velox cards to renew their interest. The Brownie Blue Print Post Cards measure 2^x434^ inches, the address side being similar to the Brownie Velox cards. THE PRICE Per pkg., one dozen (tin foil wrapped) - ----- $ .10 Per pkg., one gross (in tin cans) -------- 1. 00 Per pkg., 500 (in tin cans) - 3.00 Discount to the trade - - 33]^% Brownie Solio Post Cards. There are a lot of the young- sters that already know how to handle Solio, and to whom a Brownie Solio Post Card will appeal. They have either passed through or jumped over the blue print stage and want something a little more ambi- tious. For them, we are intro- ducing the Brownie Solio Post Card, and judging from the sale of the Brownie Velox card and the regular size of Solio cards there will be good business in this new product. THE PRICE Per pkg., one dozen - - | .10 Per pkg., one-half gross - .55 Per pkg., one gross - - i.oo Per pkg., coo - - - - 3.00 Discount to the trade - - 2§% Write to our Educational Department for details of a plan for making a compar= ative test on the quality of your develop- ing and printing. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. A PASTORAL STORY. FOUNDED ON FACT, BUT WITH CERTAIN PERMISSIBLE DEVI- ATIONS FROM THE TRUTH. Major Wellington is a big Kodak dealer in a large city. His name isn't Major Welling- ton, but for the purposes of this historical novelette that name will answer as well as any other. The Major is not only a dealer in photographic goods, but he is also an amateur agri- culturist — no, not a farmer. A farmer, you know, is a man who makes his money in the country and spends it in the city, while an agriculturist is a man who makes his money in the city and spends it in the country. Being interested in bucolic pursuits, the Major was of course very much taken with our booklet "The Kodak on the Farm"; It not only re- minded him of the purling streams and shady nooks and blooded stock on his own broad acres, but (the Major always has an eye to business) he saw where he was about to make customers of his farmer neighbors. With new business in view, he sent a supply of the book- lets (properly imprinted, of course,) to the farm and made a business proposition to his son, age twelve. "Johnnie," he said, "I want you to take your pony and deliver these booklets, one to each house in the township. I will pay you fifty cents a hundred." Now Johnnie, being a wide- awake young American, was delighted, and started at the work with a will. He had his eyes open, too, to the surest and quickest way of making an effective distribution, and it didn't take him long to note that in front of every house, where he could ride right up to it, was a rural free delivery mail box. Into these mail boxes went the booklets, and for a couple of days all went well — then Johnnie met the rural free delivery mail carrier. The mail carrier said to Johnnie a few things about violation of the rules of the postal service and the strong arm of the law, and a half hour later a very warm and highly surprised pet pony bearing a much frightened boy dashed through the big gate of the Major's country place. A week afterwards as the Major was passing through his store, two men entered. Yes, one of them was the postmaster at Squirrel's Corners and the other was Squire Robbins. The Major recognized them both at a glance. The thought also went through his mind, "The Squire isn't a federal officer, but — well, I wonder what he is doing here with Postmaster Dodds ? They've never been here before." But it would take more than a country post-master and a justice of the peace to alarm the Major. " Glad to see you, gentlemen — glad to see you," he said, grasping each of them genially by the hand, ' ' splendid Autumn weather we have been having." KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. " I got one of them Kodak books your boy left," said the Squire, "and Dodds and I have been talking it over." "Yes, good joke," inter- rupted the Major. ' ' Dodds got one of the books too, and down to the town board meeting," continued Mr. Robbins, ignoring the inter- ruption, " we was talkin' the matter over with Sheriff Sher- man, who was there too, and we" ** Yes, you see the boy — " again interrupted the Major. The Squire placidly contin- ued : *' We was talkin' the matter over with the Sheriff, and we made up our minds that seein' you was a neighbor we would come in and talk it over with you before takin' any action ". "Very kind of you, very kind," said the Major — "you see my boy — " "Yes, the Sheriff and Dodds here was of the opinion that you ought to be better posted about " — " Well, my boy, sir — "again the Major tried to interrupt. " Better posted about this Kodak business than we are. Dodds and I had thought them Brownies ought to be good enough for our boys, but you see Sheriff Sherman's girl, Sarah, is goin' away to board- ing school and he thinks she ought to have a real simon pure Kodak, so before decidin' we wanted to talk personally with you about it." " Yes," said the Major, " as I started to say, my boy has had so much pleasure first out of his Brownie, and more re- cently out of his Kodak, that I thought it a good plan to let all the boys and girls in the neighborhood know about it. You see photography is so simple now — " but you, Mr. Dealer, know the rest that the Major said and how he made three sales. MoR^L : The Major, among others, has found the distribution of the " Kodak on the Farm" to be profitable advertising, but seriously Uncle Sam says that unstamped mailable mat- ter must not be placed in rural free delivery boxes. KODAK PORTRAIT ATTACHMENTS Have other uses than portrait making. The crocuses, the hyacinths— all the flowers of spring and sun^mer offer delightful subjects for the KodaK that is fitted with a Portrait Attachment. 6 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Our Monthly in an ordinary 6^ envelope and Su5!6estion ^^ therefore very convenient for mailing. It might be argued that peo- Our suggestion for your ad- ple buy their cameras first and vertising on page 8 is along the their tanks afterward, but on same line, and we believe that the theory that they will be you will do well to make a time- more apt to buy the Kodaks if ly campaign of tank advertising, they y?rj-/ understand something using this or similar copy, and of tank convenience, and cer- then back it all up with a good tainty, we are starting our heavy window display. We will have advertising for the season with a tank window display sugges- some good strong tank talk, tion ready for you in April. To back this up, we have print- Use the booklets, the news- ed another edition of our book- papers and your windows to let **Tank Development," back up our magazine cam- which we will be pleased to paign. 'Twill help both your furnish, with your imprhit^ up- Kodak business and your sales on request. This booklet goes of tanks. THE OPTIMIST'S TURN. There was never a brighter oul= looR in the Photographic business than there is right now— March, 1909. Floods of inquiries from the advertis= ing, good goods,— new goods, and fron^ every quarter reports of better busi= ness. Good bye, Mr. Pessimiist. Glad to meet you, Mr. Optimist, its your turn now. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Richard Roe ^odahs 1 a/^- '^"^ Dru^ SIMPLE, BUT STRONG. A Good tested chemical ^vindo^v talk w^ill ^^ help you in the competition for the sun- dries trade. In the above w^indow^, the back- ground is red crepe with ^vhite trimmings; floor Avhite crepe. The circle is made of cartons glued to a circular card-board. The border is of Velox manuals. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. For Roll Film, For Film Packs, For Glass Plates: BETTER RESULTS By Tank Development The Experience is in the Tank. Eastman Plate Tanks, Kodak Film Tanks, and Premo Film Pack Tanks always in stock. Ask for booklet y *' Tank Developments Everything for the Amateur. RICHARD ROE & COMPANY. Cut No. 120, FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN." Vol, X. No. 5 ROCHESTER. April, 1909. NINETEEN NINE. SOMETHING ABOUT THE GOOD GOODS AND GOOD PROSPECTS. January may begin the cal- endar year, but April, the month of new catalogues, be- gins the photographic year — and it looks good. They, the financial writers in the newspapers and maga- zines, tell us that things are looking up. We are assured that the railroads are carrying more freight and that the tariff is going to be fixed just right. That's all very encouraging and we really believe it — but what is more to the point, so far as you and we are con- cerned, is that we knozv that the photographic business has been going ahead rapidly since last November. The business map isn't as spotty as it was. All over the country and all along the line it looks right. And it is going to continue to look right because we have the new goods that will sell and are letting people know it. It isn't ,an easy matter to im- prove what is already so good a line as the Kodak line, but we are improving it neverthe- less, and our selling helps are bound to back up every dealer who makes the most of them. KODAK BALL BETAKING SHUTTER. Perhaps the hardest goods in the whole line to improve were the Nos. 3, 3A and 4 Folding Pocket Kodaks, but in the new Kodak Ball Bearing KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Shutter there's a marked ad- vance even in the efficiency of these cameras. This shutter embodies a new princi})le in shutter construction, operating with remarkable smoothness and precision. The leaves are made in five segments, mount- ed entirely on ball bearings, and open and close in the form of a star, admitting a much larger amount of light in the same space of time than any other between the lens type of shutter. The smooth, friction- less action of this shutter makes it possible to work it with a bulb of half the ordinary size. It has, also, variable indi- cated speeds of ^^ and -f,y seconds, and operates for bulb or time exposures. Is automatic in action, work- ing with bulb or finger release, and has iris diaphragm grad- uated from 4 to 128. Is also fitted with indicator for regis- tering each exposure as made. Withal, this shutter is a hand- some one, adding materially to the appearance of the camera. It is both a practical advantage and a talking advantage. DOUBLE, LE,NS BROWNIES. The No. 3 Folding Brownies will now be supplied with either the single lens (as heretofore at $9.00) or with an excellent R. R. lens at $11.00. There ought to be a splendid sale of this camera with the double lenses, for it makes a mighty effective instrument at an ex- ceedingly moderate price. The shutter is the same in either case except that with the dou- ble lens we furnish the pneu- matic release, and in the double lens cameras the shutter is also adjusted to a somewhat higher speed than in those having a single lens. ANASTIGMAT LENSES. The tremendous increase in the use of anastigmat lenses makes this a most important branch of the business and it is one to which we are paying much attention. To cover the field effectively and at the same time not complicate matters by listing too large a variety has been our aim and we believe that our 1909 line is as nearly perfect as it could be made. We are listing two lenses that you know — the B. & L. Zeiss Tessar Series II B./! 6.3 and the Cooke Series III A. /. 6.5. We are continuing to list both of these lenses because they have made good. They are known as absolutely right . You know them, we know them and the public knows them. We are listing also a new lens that neither you nor the public are as yet acquainted KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR, The Kodak that has a Graflex Shutter. with but both of you will be — the Zeiss Kodak Anastigmat /" 6 3. It sells for 30 to 40 per cent, less than other anas- tigmats but it has quality enough so that we were not afraid to put the word " Kodak " on it and that means a lot. There are a great many people who want anastigmats but who neverthe- less look rather long and hard at their pocket books before passing out the price for a really good one. They can have it in a Zeiss Kodak anastigmat. It will do the work. Test it for yourself. Put it up against any other lens of similar speed and you won't be afraid to recommend it to your most cherished customers. As good as they are, however, you can't expect to sell them unless you have them to show to your customers. A NE.W KODAK. There's only one absolutely new Kodak this year, but that one is going to be a winner. It has "quality" written all over it — The I A Speed Kodak. It's the first camera to make speed work so simple and easy that our phrase, "photography with the bother left out," can be applied to it. This is no re- flection on the 4A Speed Kodak, for that camera makes a 414^ X 6^^ picture and is con- sequently somewhat bulky, KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. though much smaller than other cameras of similar capabilities. But the 4A appeals mostly to those who want something- for serious work. The lA will do the serious, if by that is meant important work, all right, but at the same time it has that small size that appeals to those who go into Kodakery for the fun of the pictures, and for that only. The I A Speed Kodak makes a picture 2^x414^ inches, measures 2^4^x4^x9^ inches, weighs but 3 pounds, has a GRAFLEX Focal Plane Shut- ter that will work in ^ o^qd of a second and retails, fitted with a Zeiss Kodak Anastigmat lens speedy. 6.3, at $60. How can a man with an automobile get away from a proposition like that ? Going to an automobile race without a i A Speed Kodak will soon be Hke going to a cir- cus without a bag of peanuts. This is getting to bean athletic, out-door nation. Every field day, base ball game, tennis tournament, foot ball game, yacht or horse race offers op- portunities — diXxd prese?its temp- tatio7is for speed work, and as soon as people find out that they can do it with Kodak-ease and that the camera costs, com- plete, but$6o.oo, there is going to be a tremendous increase in interest in this class of work. Incidentally the lA Speed Kodak is perfectly adapted to time exposures and to slow in- stantaneous pictures indoors, and it is therefore by no means a one purpose camera. The i A Speed Kodak is not an experi- ment ; it is a careful combina- tion of two successes, the Kodak cartridge film system and the GRAFLEX Focal Plane Shut- ter. The much more bulky and expensive 4A Speed Kodak is selling steadily, and will con- tinue to sell to people who want the large pictures. It's a good camera, and it is worth your while to push it, but you can sell more of the lA Speed Kodaks, for the same reason that you can sell more lA Folding Pockets than you can 4 A Foldings. There are more people who want the smaller camera, and there are more people who are willing to spend the smaller price. But you can't sell it so very often unless you stock it — show it. It will be ready May 15th, and just as soon as we have a full supply will be widely advertised. 3A FOLDING BROWNIE Here is an addition to the Brownie line that is going to give a most remarkable boost to the amateur business. The combination of a 3^ x 5^ folding cartridge film camera with a $10.00 price is sure to be popular. And to just help it along still more we furnish this camera with a double lens at $12.00. It uses the regular 3A Kodak film, has the reliable F. P. K Automatic Shutter with pneumatic release, and as shown by the illustration, is a compact and attractive camera. The construction, covering, etc., is the same as the other Folding Brownies. No, it is not going to hurt the sale of the 3A Kodak. Perhaps it would have in some instances KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. The New Member of the Brownie Family. had the 3A not been improv- ing, but the Kodak Ball Bear- ing Shutter is the touch that will keep that pride of the Kodak family in its place at the front of the procession. Then, too, the Kodak has its aluminum body, full leather finish and superior construc- tion to attract and convince every customer that can pos- sibly afford to pay the $20 price. The 3A Brownie may seem like a good deal for the money — but so is the 3 A Kodak. MINOR NEW GOODS. The new lenses, new Kodaks and new Brownies are what interest you most, but there are other new goods in the 1909 catalogue that are worth your attention. Brownie Post Cards (2^x4^) in Velox, Solio and Blue Print paper are going to be good sellers to the children, and the new Atlantic Card Mounts, Snap Shot and Library Albums help to round out and complete the already attractive sundry line. ALMOST NE.W. Two important items are in the 1909 catalogue that were not in the 1908 catalogue, which though not absolutely new to you are new to the bulk of your customers, and in them KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. both is good business — the No. 3 Brownie and the Compound Shutter. The No. 3 Brownie was a phenomenal seller from the moment of its introduction last November. It made a great Christmas record and has kept it up. It's a camera that will sell not only to the children, but to the thousands who enjoy photography, but can hardly afTord the higher priced cameras. B. & L. Compuund. The Compound Shutter is not only a good thing of itself, but will help the anastig- mat lens business because of its high speed features. Next to a focal plane shutter we consider the Compound the most effective and satisfactory shutter for rapid work, at the same time it is automatic for bulb and time work — a striking convenience. A COMPLE.TE LINE. Good as it was a year ago — our line is even better to-day. For both professional and ama- teur the year has seen the in- troduction of new and impor- tant goods — goods that will help. We believe in advertising, we believe in our trade policy, but, above all, we believe that our position in the trade de- pends upon our making better goods than the other fellow a7id snaking them first. Vox many years our belief in this policy has kept our goods and our business at the front. There has been no time when the superiority of our products has been more marked than the present, no time in which we have distanced our compet- itors more rapidly than during the past year. YOUR ADVANTAGE. You have no competitor handling goods made by other manufacturers whose line can touch yours in films or plate or paper or chemicals or film cameras or plate cameras, in goods for the amateur or goods for the professional, provided you carry a fairly representa- tive stock of the goods which we, with our various divisions, have to ofTer you. That's one advantage. You have no competitors handling goods made by another manufacturer whose line is half as well known as your line. There is no com- peting film camera half as well known as a Kodak, no com- peting film camera half as well known even as the Brownie ; — there's no competing plate camera half as well known as the Premo ; there's no conjpet- ing Speed Camera half as well known as the Graflex. Has the Graflex any competitor, anyway? There's no compet- ing paper that's half as well KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. known as Velox. And so we might go on with the list through fihns and papers and plates. And that's another advantage. And we are making all of these better known every minute. (Did you see that four-color full-page Ad. in the March Ladies' Home Joicr- 7ial ? It cost $6,000.00 and there will be another in June). Our 1909 Campaign will be the strongest and biggest and best that we have yet made ; a cam- paign not merely to show the superiority of our products but the broader campaign that cre- ates new customers by increasing the interest in photography. The benefit that you get from these advantages of better goods and better known goods depends upon two things — your stock of the goods and your advertising of the fact that you have the goods. THE CATALOGUES. Sample Kodak Catalogues are now being mailed to all dealers, and shipments in quan- tity will begin immediately, the most remote points being cared for first. All dealers will, we expect, have received their first allotment by the end of the first week in May. Investigate Standard Thern^ic ROYAL PURE WHITE A New Nepera With New Qualities. There's not a weak spot in Royal Pure White Nepera. There are to-day many users of Royal Nepera (India Tint) whose business is growing phenomenally, yet there is a certain and insistent demand for a paper with all the good qualities of Royal Nepera in combination with a pure white, instead of an India Tint stock. As one photographer put it : "If Royal was only on white stock it would have all of them stopped." Royal may now be had on a white stock. And after most thorough experiments with this paper, we are satisfied that its introduction means the MOST MARKED ADVANCE that has ever come in a developing- out paper for professional use. Chemically, it is everything that can be desired. Its de- grees of gradation and con- trast are pitched in just the right key to suit the average professional negative. Further- more, its latitude is such as to provide for perfect prints from negatives that are considerably above or below the average degree of contrast. As black and white, it is beautiful in texture and gra- dation. When Sepia toned by re- development it possesses a richness of color not to be found in any other developing KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. paper. It has the breadth and softness that are so much ad- mired in the India Tint Royal, but with an added sparkle that the pure white stock gives to the high lights. And Royal Nepera LIES FLAT. It's just the right weight for delivering on thin mounts or in folders. It's a paper that will please the photographers by reason of its easy working qualities and its chemical and physical perfec- tion. It will please the public, because in either black and white or Sepia tone, the results are most attractive. An added advantage from the photographer's standpoint is that Royal Nepera is prac- tically a double weight paper at a single weight price. Royal Nepera Pure White has been most thoroughly tried out. In- deed, though in one way a new product, it is not an experiment, because it is simply the coat- ing of our well-tried and thoroughly reliable Royal emul- sion on a pure white instead of on an India tint stock. It will be immediately and vigor- ously exploited. It is going to be a success, and a big one. Be prepared for the demand that is sure to come. The original India Tint Royal Nepera is, of course,- to be continued, and you should, therefore, on all future orders, specify "Pure White" or " India Tint, " as the case may be. In all cases, however, where the color is not specified, we shall furnish India Tint. The Eastman School of Professional Photography for your professional custo- mers, the Kodak Correspondence College for your amateur customers and our Educational Department for the benefit of your own developing and printing department. All are at your service. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. TIMELY RELMINDELR. The growing post-card busi- ness at. summer resorts, even at the small ones, is a matter of importance to very many dealers and so at this time we call attention to the Stanley Post Card Plates. These are made to meet the demand for a quick developing and quick fixing plate at an extremely low price. The post card man has to do his work on short notice and at a low price — The Stanley Post Card Plate will help him. THE price; 'i-Yz X 2^ per doz., % .25. 3X X \)i per doz., .45. 4x5 per doz , .65. (Not furnished larger than 4x5). Discounts to the Trade. Shipments from Rochester, New York or Chicago, 50 and 20^. Do., from San Francisco, 50 and 5^. No retail selling restrictions. STANDARD THERMIC PLATE. The Standard Thermic is a new plate of wide latitude, good in any latitude. Both physically and chemically it is harder than the other brands of Standard plates. Physically, the emulsion is harder — will stand a higher temperature without frilling — chemically, it gives more contrast. It has the speed nevertheless, and will be found to be a very tractable plate to handle, a strong point in its favor being the fact that it requires abso- lutely no special manipulation or modification of developer, but is handled in the same manner as other Standard plates. The Standard Thermic is especially recommended for use in the South or wherever perfect control of the tempera- ture of solutions is difficult to obtain. It's a good plate any- where, but its qualities will be best appreciated in those locali- ties where a tough emulsion is required to withstand high temperature. Standard Thermic plates may be ordered from Roches- ter or from our New York, Chicago or San Francisco branches. List price, discount to the trade and minimum re- tail selling price are the same as the Standard Extra and Imperial. UP AND DOWN. The price on Combination Carrying Case to hold 3A Folding Pocket Kodak, with combination back, six double plate holders and six rolls of film has been reduced from $5.00 to $4.00, and the price of Combination Carrying Case to hold No. 4 Folding Pocket Kodak, Adapter, four plate holders and six rolls of film has been increased from $3.50 to $4.00. No changes in dis- counts. ORDER 3A BROWNIES NOW- AND MAKE SURE. lo KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. POST C RESPONDENCE HERE y x/-o-t.o»/ ♦ V K I. O X ^ « PLACE I u STAMP L • HERE •• ; I. O.X ♦ NAME AND ADDRESS HERE Your Adveitisetnrnt Here. St^ MAJUU^ OAJL^O^ "futAjU. % 'AjUn^ OLxUl.aJ\Xt UUL*. ■A^. 1^ a.'n'\jty. I'^acation Story. 1909 ADVER= TISING POST CARD. In June of last year we announced an Advertising Post Card which we had produced at the sug- gestion of certain dealers, but along with the announce- ment stated that the expense was such that we should be obliged to ask the dealers to divide the expense. The plan was so nearly univer- sally satisfactory that we are starting in the same plan again but are starting it two months earlier. The illustrations above are really self explanatory. The KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. sensitized side of the card has just a suggestion of advertising on it in the picture of the girl with a Kodak. The mailing side, which will be looked at last, but surely looked at, carries a suggestion that is likely to meet with favor along about June time. On the full size card it is, of course, much easier to read than in the reproduction above. We are prepared to furnish these cards in lots of one thousand or more, printed as above, but with dealer's name and address in same hand as the text and occupying same space as " Richard Roe & Co., looi Tripod Ave.," at $10.00 per thousand net. This price does not apply on lots of less than one thousand, but does apply on fractional lots where the total is for more than one thousand, as for instance 1250, 2700, etc. On lots of less than one thousand, there will be an extra charge of one dollar. No order entered for less than 400 cards ($5.00 net). As these cards cost us very much more than we are getting for them, we cannot furnish them in any different form than stipulated above. We cannot furnish them without the advertising at any price nor with any changes in the advertising (except insertion of fac-simile hand writing of dealer's name and address as explained above) at the price quoted. No changes of any description can be made on the picture side — changes on the address side, even where an extra charge is made, are to be subject to our approval — the point being, that as this is a Kodak advertising card that will be in quite general use, we must control it. We have arranged for turn- ing out these Kodak Advertis- ing Post Cards in very large quantities, but being unable to anticipate the demand with cer- tainty, can only agree to take care of orders on the ' ' first come, first served " plan. If, and we hardly consider this probable, we have more orders than we can handle with reason- able promptness, we will confer with the dealer rather than take any chance of filling his order after it is too late for him to use the cards to good advan- tage. With a good mailing list of the right kind of people as a foundation, there's no question about the effectiveness of this Post Card Advertising Plan. It is different. It is novel, yet absolutely dignified. It will make business — How many, please ? The Zeiss Kodak Anastigmat Lenses mean big business. Study the Special Equipment Field. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. AND AGAIN- MORE MONEY FOF^ YOU. This Rochester Optical Di- vision are a very aggressive " lot." They are always look- ing for more business — and they are getting it, too. Like the Kodak, the first three months of this year show a big increase in Premo business over the corresponding period of last year and this hustling division have laid out a selling plan for this year which is going to keep Premos moving every minute. Aside from Kodaks, Premos are by far the most extensively advertised cameras in the coun- try. Premo advertising this year is to be on a larger scale than ever before, and the ad- vertising in our judgment is the kind that really sells goods. You'll hear more of this later on. Then there are the new Premos for 1909. Over a half dozen splendid models, which are sure to create a big demand among Premo Film Pack users. Most of these models are now being strongly advertised in the April magazines. Large space will be used on all of them in the May magazines and all the succeeding months. You probably have received by this time the new Premo catalogue and time to get in line. Every Kodak dealer should have samples at least of all new Premos for it's pretty certain that the new customers who come in to your store, are sent there by either Kodak or Premo advertising. Here are the new Premos. Ai-' • PRE.MO JUNIORS. Three new Premo Juniors have been added to complete the good work which the orig- inal 2}^ X 2,ji model started last year. They are all day- light loading box style film pack cameras — just the thing for the young people and those who want the inexpensive, simple cameras. The No. lA, for 2j4 x ^}( pictures, is going to be a spe- cially good seller. List Price — No. i, for 2^ x 3^ pictures, $2.00. No. I A, for 2}^ X 414^ pic- tures, $3.00. No. 3, for 31^ X 4 14: pictures, $4.00. No. 4, for 4x5 pictures, $5. CO. 40^ discount to you. May be sold at 10^ off list. POCKET PRE.MO C, * As you know, the 3A size is one of the most popular among amateurs. Many who like the Premo idea of using either films or plates with a ground glass for focusing have wished for such an instrument in this size, but the price of the S}{ x 5^^ Filmplate Premo has been a bit KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 13 Especial emphasis is to be laid on the Premoettes in the advertising. too much for tliem. The new Pocket C at $15 00. or $i3-50 as you are privileged to sell it, is a splendid proposition for such customers. Be sure to stock one of these. List $15.00. 40^ discount to you. PRE.MOETTES. These diminutive cameras have had a remarkable sale and in putting them out in the 2^ X4^ size there is no ques- tion but that the success of the 2}( X 2>}i size will be dupli- cated. Premoette No. lA with Pre- moette Automatic Shutter and Meniscus Lens lists at $6.00. Premoette No. lA Special with Single Valve Automatic Shutter and R. R. Lens, $10.00. FILMPLATE. PREMO. 5 X 7. Many people like 5x7 pic- tures but have considered the cameras heretofore offered for this size, too bulky for general amateur work. The Filmplate Premo, 5x7, removes all such objections. It's almost as light and compact as the Premo Film cameras, takes films or plates as desired and has the ground glass focusing feature. Is also equipped with rising and sliding front and swing bed. Thousands of these cam- eras are going to be sold this year. And remember, there's a handsome profit on 5 x 7 film packs. List price, $35.00. Mini- mum retail selling price, $31.50. Discount, 40^^. EMPIRE STATE No. 2 VIEW CAMERA, For your professional trade here's a new view camera that is sure to prove mighty attrac- tive. It has been made to fur- nish the photographer with a camera so complete as to leave nothing to be desired, just u KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. show it to any photographer and see what he thinks of it. It incorporates the idea of men who have made their living in commercial work. Complete description in the new cata- logue. Made in these sizes: 5x7, $23.00. 6% X 8>^, $25 GO. 8 X 10, $28.00. 40^ discount. Sell them at your own price. BOSS TO BOY- HEIART TO HELART •• Make the sale? " asked the boss. " No. but she promised to buy a 3A before going on her summer vacation ? " "She did, eh? And you let her get away on a half de- cision like that ? Now see here, you tell Die that you will buy a Kodak next vacation The boy complies in the usual terms. "Fine! Fine! Just like a real stand-of? ! " Says the boss, " But my dear young man, to get the full pleasure out of your vacation, and to be able to bring back that pleasure at any time after, you want your Kodak right now — to-day. The Kodak is sure, Kodak supplies are sure ; and you will be sure with them so long as you follow the simple directions. But with the sim- plest of directions to follow, you still may noifee/ sure at first — and a mistake on some pet sub- ject never to come along again might mean a lot to you. Of course, plenty of Kodakers make fine pictures from the start, but these same people feel more confident after prac- tice." " This feeling of certainty is not the main point, though. One of the greatest pleasures of the Kodaker is in his con- stant increase in skill, the same as in any other recreation really worth while. You will group and light your subjects differ- ently with practice, and enjoy your results more and more. Yes, and then you will look back to your first arrange- ments with amusement." ' ' You are right about the 3 A Folding Pocket Kodak for va- cation use ; small and light to carry, fitted with a lens fast enough and good enough for all-around, every-day needs, and making pictures just the right size — post card shape and size. The proof of the pud- ding is in the pictures it takes — never mind my figures of speech, but just look at these pictures. Nothing like being able to send back such cards of your own making on vaca- tion, and having a folder record of the whole thing afterwards." *' Yes, the price is right. Nothing but an output of thous- ands enables such a price to be made on such an instrument. Isn't it a beauty? Certainly, I'll show you how to load it." "Now feel free to come in at any time and ask about any- KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 15 thing you don't quite under- stand ; that's what we're here for — to help you in any way we can. And wilh that outfit you are sure of a new pleasure in life. Good day and good luck ! " " Eh, son?" A DIFFEP^ENCE. Some manufacturers of photo- graphic goods advertise their booklets as gratis at their half dozen or more 'Branch Offices", giving the addresses of these offices in their adver- tisements. We advertise our booklets as "free at the dealers ". 4 B. E,. TEN. When we began making the N. C. Film the thickness over the old film was slightly, ever so slightly, increased. On most cartridges this made no difference but since the intro- duction of N. C. it has been a hard matter to properly spool the 4 B. E 12 exposures cart- ridges. The fianges were hard- ly wide enough to carry the film andpapersatisfactorily,yet we could not make them wider because if we did they wouldn't fit the cameras for which they were made. It has therefore been decided to withdraw the No. 4 B. E. 12 exposures and furnish in their stead No. 4 B. E. 10 exposures. These 4 B. E. 10 exposure cartridges will also be No. 4 Panoram 4 exp. Price, 75 cents. Delivery of the new size will begin during the present month. The 3A Folding Brownies— the lA Speed KodaKs— the Zeiss KodaK Anastigmal Lenses— the KodaK Ball Bearing Shutters, to say nothing of the little new things and the Big Advertising are going to maKe nineteen nine a record Amateur Year. Are you ready? i6 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. The Picture that Interested a Town. SAME, IDE,A. We have written quite at length on one or two occasions of the scheme of having news pictures^pictures of the hap- penings in your town as a daily feature in the window. It has been done most effectively, it has been done also rather well, but still lacking the cumulative effect of the daily plan where some very important local event has been photographed and the results displayed promptly in the window. A recent case along that line was where a rather spectacular fire broke out across the road from a Kodak dealer's and long before the firemen got through with their work there were several good pictures in the dealer's outside show case that told the story. What such simple little things can do for business is shown by the letter from W. H. Gardiner, Daytona, Fla. , and the accompanying photo- graph of the dog and the rat trap. It will be noticed that the picture shows the store window. Mr. Gardiner says : "After making these pictures yesterday morning, we sold every No. 3 and No. 2 A Brownie also No. 3 and No. 2 Bulls-Eye in stock. It was certainly an ad for us." Come, or Send the Man. Our Educational Department is at your service. No charge for anything. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 17 HITTING THE AVERAGE. If the No. I Brownie only had a finder, if the 3A Kodak only took pictures 3>8 x 5^ instead of 3X x $^2, if Solio paper only printed black and white, if Velox paper only printed out, if a certain plate or paper in the hands of one man were only "harder" and in the hands of another were only "soft- er," it would be just right — and there you are. We are reminded by the sug^ gestions for alterations in goods that do come now and then of the story, true story by the way, of the old mackerel fisherman. Hard as is the work of these followers of the sea, they often have many hours of leisure between watches, when the mackerel are not school- ing. This particular old Salt had a hobby, the whittling out, from large pieces of soft pine, of toy boats. The start of every cruise found him with a nice new chunk of pine some three feet long, and the finish of nearly every cruise found him with a new miniature sloop or schooner that he tried out in the little bay back of his cottage during his days ashore. For many years he had been annoyed by the gratuitous advice of his fellow salts on what the lines of his little boats should be, and found too that even unwittingly he often worked in such suggestions and often, in his opinion anyway, to the detriment of speed or seaworthiness. At last he hit upon a happy expedient. A long voyage was ahead and he had in mind a certain model that he wanted to try out, so when his dunnage went aboard the "Flying Katie" there were with it two beautiful pieces of the choicest pine that he could find in the shipyard. Work was soon commenced on one of these blocks, and it quickly began to assume the form of a smart fisherman of racy type. Of course his fellow salts immediately evinced a paternal interest. "She looks good to me," said Bill Teaser, as he puffed at his short, black pipe, "but if I was in your place, Tom, I'd give 'er a wee bit more dead rise." Patiently Tom laid down his model and began cutting the as yet untouched block — rapidly thin- ning the wood at the sides until that part of the block looked like the other, but was cut somewhat finer. "Is that your idee, Bill?" he asked. Bill assented, whereat Tom again took up the original block and began work, but without' making any change in the dead- rise. As he labored, along came young Jim, the new man, who had served the year before as paid hand on a yacht at Bar Harbor. "Pretty smooth looking model ye got there, Uncle Tom," said Jim, "but that bow is way behind the times. You want to make it fuller, and flatten it underneath so she'll get a long sailin' line when she heels to the wind." Tom sighed, and, picking up his other block, carried out the suggestion to young Jim's satisfaction. Then he re- turned to his original model. And so it went on. Harry Hakes wanted her to have more free- board, and John Johnson, an im- portation, suggested, "I tank you make heem faster mit a longer run by the aft." When it came to the rigging, Sam Small insisted on more hoist to the mainsail and a shorter boom, while Joe Smith stood out for a decided rake aft to the spars. Every suggestion was followed to the letter — in model number two. The cruise being finished, the mackerel marketed and the pro- ceeds divided. Uncle Tom invited his nautical advisers to a yacht race on the inlet back of his cot tage. A steady breeze was blow- ing that ruffled the surface, and now and then a miniature white cap flashed in the morning sun. Two beautifully finished model yachts rested on the beach ready for the trial, and on the stern of one was painted "My- Idee," and on the other "Uridees." A coin was flipped for choice of position, and the Uridees won. Her spon- sors, of course, picked the wind- ward berth, and Tom told them to trim sail and adjust the rudder according to their notions. This was accomplished after much argu- ment ; Tom, meantime, was ready and waiting. i8 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. At last the word "cast off" was given by Bill Teaser, and the two craft touched the water just as a lavoring puff came across the inlet ; tlie Uridees from her windward position felt it first and shot to the front with a flash that brought hope to the hearts of her backers — then she began to waltz — to chase her tail like a 3-months-old puppy — she laid down to every puff of wind, and when she straightened up again she spitefully slapped the wavelets with her flat overhanging bow. Then she disgracefully came ashore, stern first. Meantime, My- Idee laid over until her tiny rail was just awash, and settling down to business tripped merrily across the bay, and did it so quickly that Tom Junior, who had started in pursuit in his dinghy, was barely in time to rescue her from a disas- trous wreck upon a forbidding boulder that reared to a height of no less than eighteen inches above the surface of the seething sea. All of which tale is here related, not only to prove that two heads are not always better than one, which proverb has already been successfully disputed, however, by the other proverb that "too many cooks spoil the broth," but to also illustrate the fact that while each individual may have most excellent ideas they can't always be success- fully spliced on to other people's ideas. We want to illustrate the fact that the only thing any manu- facturer can do is to hit the iug AVERAGE. It is impossible for him to cater to every idea that is wanted by every consumer. If he did his catalogue would be as big as a Webster unabridged, and the deal- er's store would perforce be the size of a train shed. Note — The advertisinji; department says "here too." It's cheaper to furnish yon, Mr. Dealer, with 500 handsome booklets, which may be part of a million run, than to g:et up for you the 500 "cheap" but special circulars that you want. Like the manufacturing; department, we are obliged to hit the average. ROYAL PURE WHITE NEPERA. The Developing Paper that Forgets to Curl. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 19 A Strong but Simple Window Display that tells the story of the simplicity of Tank Development. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Take a KODAK with you! ANYBODY CAN KODAK NO FUSS, NO BOTHER, NO DARK ROOM FOR ANY PART OF THE WORK. KODAKS $5 to $110 BROWNIE CAMERAS, $1.00 to $12.00. Let us help you double the pleasure of the out-door days. RICHARD ROE & COMPANY. Double Col. cut No. 233, Single Col. cut No. 232. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN'' Vol. X. No. 6. ROCHESTER. May, 1909. THE CAMPAIGN. In the course of a conversa- tion on advertising topics an advertising man, representing one of the biggest and strong- est magazines in the field, said to us the other day : ' 'There' s no doubt about the prestige that the big and well advertised magazine that itself carries lots of advertising, adds to the strength of an advertiser's proposition. But there is one thing that we advertising men must admit, and that is that Kodak is bigger than any of us. Your goods are better known than any magazine in the country." We were pleased to hear him say it, otherwise we wouldn't be human, and we also modestly admit that he was right. And this reminds us of another recent happen- ing. Not long ago we received a letter from a woman in South Carolina making inquiry as to the responsibility of a certain Rochester concern. Having had several similar inquiries re- garding that same concern, we wrote to the woman asking if our name had been given to her as a reference. This was her reply : "Your name was not given me as a reference, but as you advertise in the best magazines, I thought that I could rely on you to write me the truth." Mr. Dealer, do you want anything better than to have your possible customers ap- proach you in a frame of mind that means they have confi- dence not only in you but in the goods you handle? Can you afford to let pass an oppor- tunity to connect your name with the goods in which people have confidence because they have known them intimately through their favorite maga- zines for a quarter of a century ? And don't be confused by attempts at convincing you that will be made by splurge advertisers — the people who go in once or twice in two or three publications and then send you copies of their advertisements to show what they are doing. It's the every month in the year, year in and out adver- tising that really counts — that's the kind we are doing for you. Several magazines for May are carrying three full pages of Eastman advertising for you — one page Kodak, one page Premo, half page Graflex and KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR half page Century. Our adver- tising in the Ladies' Home Journal alone probably costs more money than all of the advertising of all of the com- peting camera companies in this country combined, and be- sides we are using practically all of the other big mediums. Besides the hundreds of full pages inside, our spring and summer list of Back Cover Pages in Colors includes the following : Collier's (2), Cosmopolitan, Country Life, Life, Ladies' Home Journal, McClure's, Outing, Saturday Evening Post (2), Success, Woman's HomeCompanion, Youth's Companion, Review of Reviews, Leslie's Weekly. In addition to these there are several other back covers in one color only, and the re- cent full page insert in the Ladies' Home Journal in four colors. Tie yourself to that campaign in every way : Stock the goods ; advertise them in your local newspapers (we furnish cuts gratis) ; advertise them in the street cars (we furnish signs gratis); advertise them in your show windows (we furnish signs and pictures gratis) ; advertise them through the mails (we furnish booklets and circulars gratis). ABOUT BOOKLETS. Catalogues are now being shipped and very soon after this Circular is received every active dealer will have his initial supply. About June first we shall ship every active dealer a supply of signs for counter and window display. Other advertising matter is sent on request only. In about another month our Brownie Booklets and our Sum- mer Booklets (32 page, con- densed catalogue, 3^ x 5^ inches) will be ready. These, remember, are furnished on REQUEST ONLY and to gain time it will be well for you to put in an advance order to be filled "when ready." In this connection it should be remem- bered that the Brownie and "Summer" booklets are for mailing list use — that we ex- pect the regular Kodak Cata- logues to be reserved by you for requests only. THOSE POST CARDS. We are having a tremendous run on the advertising post cards announced last month. We have already had orders for more than our entire distri- bution last year, and the best of it is that people who had last year's card are ordering the new ones. They evidently paid. NEWSPAPER CUTS We shall have a new sheet of newspaper cuts in a few weeks, but meanwhile there are a lot of good cuts in the old sheet that most of you haven't used yet. They will help. ALL GOOD. All honest, straightforward advertising does good. Some of you can use one kind better KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR than another. Your location, your class of trade, your local conditions as to newspapers and street cars, your show windows — all these have a bear- ing on how you should go at it. Some of you can use one or two methods — some can use all methods. None, in view of the attractiveness of the Kodak line and the Kodak advertising, can afford to "wait for trade to come." Everywhere the Kodak habit is growing. Make the most of it. ARISTO SECONDS. We can furnish a limited quantity of Aristo Platino Sec- onds, cabinet size only, at the following prices. Per gross, - - $1.40 Per pkg. of 100, - I. GO Discount to the trade, 25^. THE BEST DO. When the amateur asks you : "Do you really believe that tank development gives the best results?" just tell him the facts about the professional photog- raphers. Tell him that most of the best photographers now use tank development for their daily work. Point out the fact that the professional with all his skill, which the amateur has not, and with his well appointed dark room, which the amateur has not, still finds it to his advantage to use the Tank instead of the old dark room methods, because he gets better results. Then ask the question : If the tank is worth while for the professional, with his exper- ience and facilities, is there any question about it for you, who, begging your pardon, have neither? Such argument seems to us to be unanswerable. NEW PACKAGES. There have been a number of requests for Nepera Develop- ing Powders in smaller than one pound packages. It is also likely that the sale of a smaller' package will help in- troduction and thereby lead to an increase in the sale of the pound package. We have therefore prepared to furnish Nepera Developing Powders in quarter pound packages at 50 cents. Each package contains sufficient powder to make 16 ounces of concentrated solu- tion — the equivalent of Velox Liquid Developer. Discount to the trade, case lots 24 pack- ages 40^. Less than case lots We have too, a new way of putting up Potassium Bromide. It's convenient because one powder dissolved in one ounce of water makes a 10^ solution. Therefore we call them East- man's 10^ Bromide Powders. There are four powders (each sufficient for one oz. 10^ solu- tion) in each 5 cent package and there are 12 of these 5 cent packages (48 powders) in each carton. They are "tested chemicals " of course, are very convenient for the amateur trade and the discount is 40^. Fcoyal Nepera — pure white. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR KODAK Doubles the Charm of the Out-of-Doors Days. All the iXew Kodah Goods, SKillfu! Developing and Printing. RICHARD ROE & CO. 1001 TRIPOD AVE. NO. 712. FOUR COLORS. Take a KODAK with you We have them—includinj? the new 1009 g:oods. Films devel- oped promptly and carefully. RICHARD ROE & CO. 1001 TRIPOD AVENUE. NO. 767. FOUR COLORS. THEY ALL REMEMBERED THU KODAK Don't forget to take one with you— and when you return remember too that we develop and print promptly and with painstaking care. Everything for the yimateur. RICHARD ROE 6 CO. 1001 TRIPOD AVENUE NO. 778. FOUR COLORS. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR The 3- Brownie new daylightloading Fold- ing film Camera from the Kodak factory for 3% X 5% Pictures, at $10 Do., with Double Rapid Lens, $12 ALL THE. NHW KODAK GOODS RICHARD ROE <S CO., 1001 Tripod Ave. NO. 666. RED AND BLACK. 1909 CAR CARDS. For a starter, we have four new street car signs, and thanks to our last Kodak advertising competition, we have some- thing unusually attractive. Three of these signs (Nos. 712, 767, 778,) are in four colors. There's not too much reading matter, and what there is is right to the point. It interests people in the Kodak habit, and lets people know that the dealer whose name the card bears is a wide-awake merchant in Kodak goods. We have been keeping tabs very closely on street car work during the past three or four years, and find that this form of advertising has in nearly every case proved profitable to the dealer who has used it. , Of course it needs attention. New copy now and then is imperative. Christmas cards that are allowed to run until June won't prove profitable ; pictures of a summer girl, on a card appealing to the public to take along Kodaks on the summer vacation, won't prove profitable in January. But timely use of our cards does pay, and the cards we announce are timely. They will help the dealer take advantage of the tremendous magazine publicity we are again giving the Kodak line. CONDITIONS. It is obvious that no two dealers in the same town would care to use the same cards. In filling orders for street car cards, we shall, therefore, give the preference to the first dealer who applies from each city, but will not furnish him more than one kind of card until we are satisfied that the other dealers in his town are not interested. When there is only one dealer in a city who uses the cards he can run through our entire line and when it is exhausted we will get him up new cards if he wants them. These cards are of the stand- ard street car size, 11 x 21 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR inches, and are to be furnished for street car use only. They are too expensive and too per- ishable for fence tacking or similar purposes. In ordering, please tell how many cards you need and indi- cate by number the style of card wanted. We particularly request that you order only as many as you require. They are too expen- sive to waste. MAKE YOUFc LINE, COMPLETE. ** Gentlemen : — Please send us a catalogue of Premo supplies. I have a Premo camera, but the local dealer carries only Kodak sup- plies. Yours truly," This is an actual letter re- ceived by the Rochester Op- tical Division recently, and they report that such letters come in every now and then from the smaller towns. And there's no doubt that the dealer or dealers in such town are losing considerable easy business, for there are thousands and thousands of Premo Film cameras at work all over the country, there are thousands of Premo Film Pack Adapters using up Film Packs in plate cameras and the people behind these cameras are spend- ing their money for film packs with somebody. Then you know that next to Kodaks, Premos are the most extensively advertised cameras in. the country ; that people are buying Premo plate and film cameras every day, and if they can't get them in town, they send to the R. O. Division direct. But we don' t want any direct business. We want to sell through our dealers — through you. Don't lose your share of this business. Be prepared to fur- nish Premo camera owners with Film Packs and other supplies and let people know that you are so prepared . Be ready for the fellow who has been at- tracted by a Premo advertise- ment and let him know that you've got the camera or can get it for him. If you're in a small town you needn't carry a big stock. Just a few film packs, a few adapters and two or three of the most popular Premos. No sir, it won't interfere in the least with your Kodak business ; on the contrary 'twill help it, for if your stock of goods is broad 'twill help create and maintain interest, but the point is, you want all the pos- sible photographic business, and to get it you can't afford to overlook the goods made by our different divisions. There's a paragraph in our last month's circular which we believe will stand repetition, as it bears directly on this point. "You have no competitors handling goods made by another manufacturer whose line is half as well known as your line. There is no com- peting film camera half as well known as a Kodak, no com- peting film camera half as well known even as the Brownie ; there's no competing plate camera half as well known as KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR the Premo ; there's no compet- ing Speed Camera half as well known as the Graflex. Has the Graflex any competitor, anyway? There's no compet- ing paper that's half as well known as Velox. And so we might go on with the list through films and papers and plates. And that's another advantage. ifi^5{::4j :^ * ^ :^ ^1^ The benefit that you get from these advantages of better goods and better known goods depends upon two things — your stock of the goods and your advertising of the fact that you have the goods." Let the whole town know that you can furnish every thing that's worth while in the photographic line. Add the Premo and Film Pack profits to your Kodak profits. TO AVOID DELAY. In ordering parts for repairs be sure to give the exact name of the camera for which they are wanted, and as a further precaution give the model num- ber and the serial number of the camera as well. Whenever an opportunity for improvement presents itself we make the most of it, and thus it frequendy happens that in different lots of the same style of camera some slight modification has been made that will alter more or less some portions of the instru- ment, so in view of this the following of the above precau- tion will insure your receiving the proper fittings. IN BARRELS. Already we have had a de- mand for the Zeiss- Kodak Anastigmat lenses in barrels. And we are ready to supply them. This Zeiss-Kodak Anastig- mat proposition is one that you will find means increased high grade lens business for jou. We are going to make a noise about it, and you want to make a noise about it. There are many new good things in the Kodak line just now and this new lens surely has the merit to make it a seller. ' Twould go even at the price of other high grade anastigmats. At the low price we have made on it, it means that a lot of your cus- tomers can be induced to enter the anastigmat class. PRICE, LIST. Zeiss=KodaK Anastigmat Lenses iii Barrels. COVERS AT /. 6.3 No. Equiv. Focus 3 inches I^ X 2>^, - - - $20.00 No. I ** " 4^ 2V2 X 4i<, - - - 21.50 No. 2 " " 5 3^ X 4X. - - - 22.00 No. v") ' " _6/a - 4x5, - - 27.00 No. 4 " ^6y^' " 4x5, - - 30.50^ No. 5 " -^K - 5x7, - - 40.00 No. 6 ." a jQ <i 6y2 X 8^4, - - - . 54-0O Discount to the trade zzVii KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR THREE'S NO CROWD WHEN THE THIRD'S A KODAK Anybody Can Kodak. No Fuss. No Bother. No Dark Room. KODAKS, BROWNIES (they work like Kodaks), $5.00 to $100.00 $1.00 to $12.00 Come in and see the new^ things from Kodak City. RICHARD ROE & CO Double Column Cut No. 278, Single Col. No. 285, FOR TRADE CIRCULA TION ONL V. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN.'' Vol. X. No. 7. ROCHESTER. JUNE^ 1909' NEW CHEMICALS. The craft is showing its ap- preciation of our campaign in favor of tested chemicals. The pure goods are selling — selling so freely that we have prepared to extend the line to other chemicals, that the photographer, professional or amateur, may always be able to procure products that he can depend upon. Of themselves, chemicals are merely a minor factor in our business. In their effect upon the sensitive goods with which they are used they are a tre- mendous factor. Hence our interest in using every effort to put the chemicals that are right into the hands of the people who use our papers and plates and films. We have already accom- plished much in raising the standard, especially with our sulphite and carbonate of soda. The new goods will help still further. In particular, we call attention to the necessity of pure sulphide and pure ferri- cyanide in the re-development process. They are absolutely essential to the success of the process. The one sure way of putting them into the hands of yourcustomers is to sell the goods bearing the Eastman "tested chemicals" label. PRICES Acid Acetic (25^), >^ lb. Bottle, . . . . I .14 Do., I lb. Bottle, . . . .18 Do., 5 lb. Bottle, . . . .60 Acid Citric (Powdered), i oz. Bottle 10 Do., y2 lb. Bottle, . . .50 Do., I lb. Bottle, . . . .90 Acid Oxalic, i oz. Bottle, . .10 Do., Yi lb. Bottle, . . .20 Do., I lb. Bottle 30 Ammonium Sulphocyanate, I oz., 10 Do., Yz lb., 45 Borax, i lb., 15 Hydrochinone, i oz. Bottle, .20 Do., Yz lb. Bottle, . . 1. 00 Do., I lb. Bottle, . . . 1.80 Magnesium Powder, i oz. Bottle 25 Do., % lb. Can, . . .1.50 Do., I lb. Can, . . . 2.75 Paramidophenol {Hydro- chlorate), I oz., . . .40 Do., ^ lb., .... 2.75 Do., I lb., . . . . 5.00 Potassium Bromide, i oz., . .10 Do. , 8 oz. 30 Do., I lb • . .50 Potassium Carbonate, i lb., .25 Potassium Ferricyanide, i oz., 10 Do., K lb., 40 Do., I lb., 75 Potassium Iodide, 1 oz. Bot- tle, 30 Do., % lb. 1. 00 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. I3.00 .25 Do., I lb., . Potassium Oxalate, i lb., Potassium Permanganate oz., 10 Potassium Metabisulphite, i oz. Bottle, . . . .15 Do., I lb. Bottle, . . .1.00 Pyro, I oz. Bottle, . . .25 Do., y^ lb. Bottle, . . 1.30 Do., I lb. Bottle, . . . 2.50 Sodium Acetate, i oz., . .10 Do., Yi lb., 20 Do., I lb., 35 Sodium Sulphide, i oz. Bot- tle, . . . ... 10 Do., Yz lb. Bottle, . . .25 Do., I lb. Bottle, . . . .40 Discount to the tirade, j^Y^o- Gold Chloride, C. P., 15 Grains, . . . 45c net Do., Doz. Bottles, . $4.50 net Silver Nitrate, I oz., . )^^^^^^^, Do., Y lb. Do., I lb., prices ri:d and black. And again, better. Kodak was the first transparent film ; Kodak was the first daylight loading film ; Kodak was the first orthochromatic film ; Ko- dak was the first non-curling film. All along Kodak has been the most dependable film. Whatever can be done from time to time to improve Kodak film, mechanically or chemically, is done — regardless of the cost. The newest improvement is the use of a double-faced paper in the cartridges — black on one side, red on the other. For years we have been experiment- ing to overcome the defects which always will appear in black paper, defects which un- desirably affect the keeping quality of the film itself. By closest attention to detail, by untiring effort, we improved it materially, but still it lacked the perfection we are always looking for in Kodak prod- ucts. You see we are not easily satisfied. The problem has now been solved in the new Kodak cartridges by the use of a paper that is red on the side which comes in con- tact with the film. The new paper has far less effect on the keeping quality of the film and absolutely does away with num- ber markings. The tests have been thorough. They have literally extended over years, and the new prod- uct is" placed on the market with the fullest confidence of increased reliability. It puts Kodak film another long stride ahead of its imitators. Kodak Film has all along been best in speed, latitude, orthochromatic quality, non- curling feature and depend- ability. In the parlance of Marathon enthusiasts it has again "lapped the field." NON=ABRASION M— Q DE.VELOPER. Here's a new developer for Velox and Azo in popular form — three for a quarter. There is a good field for a non-abrasion developer in pow- der form put up in tubes. We have made the package attrac- tive and the "Eastman tested chemicals" quality is there. No bromide is required. It's all the amateur asks in the way of convenience, and it will help business because it will help them get good results. Price per carton containing 3 tubes, $ .25 (Each tube will develop 40 4 x 5 prints). Discount to the trade, . . 33>^^ Do., case lots, 24 pkgs., . 40^ KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Those dealers who have not yet taken advan- tage of the Post Card Plan announced in the April Trade Circular must get their orders in promptly or they will be too late to realize the benefits. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. THE AUTOTIME, SCALE. A thorough test of the merits of the Autotime Scale has con- vinced us that it ought to be a part of the Kodak system of picture making. Its simplicity appeals at once to the amateur who is uncertain as to what stop and what shutter speed to use, and it has been demon- strated that it helps the novice solve many a problem that to him is a knotty one. We take pleasure, therefore, in an- nouncing that we have pur- chased the Autotime Scale business and patents, and all orders for the goods should hereafter be directed to us, or to our branches, where they will be carried in stock. Whatever helps to make pic- ture making simpler for the beginner and helps him get better results, is a help to the whole business. ' Twas for that reason that we purchased the Autotime Scale business, and for that same reason the dealer should push the sale of this ingenious simplifier. But inci- dentally, Mr. Dealer, there's a very handsome present profit for you in Autotime Scales. DOUBLE, WEIGHT BLUE PRINTS. The postal card habit is hav- ing its influence in creating a demand among amateurs for double weight papers all along the line. Of course it's a good habit to foster because it means increased sales — not merely the advance in price for the difference in weight but the additional size required for mat effects. Instead of selling 3/^x5/4 paper single weight for use with 3A negatives you sell 5x7 double weight . Even for people who use Velox or platinum ordinarily there's good vacation business in blue print paper, for with it people can send home easy-to-make pictures from the negatives that they develop or have developed as they go along. And East- man's Ferro Prussiate is not the ordinary foundry variety of blue print paper. It has the real photographic quality — detail, gradation, delicacy. THE PRICE OF DOUBLE WEIGHT. PACKED IN TIN CANS. 214: X 2^, per doz., . . I.15 2X X 3X, •15 2^ X 2/2, 15 2)4 X 4%, 15 3x4, 15 3/2 X 3/2, 15 3% X 4)i, 15 2^ X 7, 20 4x4, 20 3% X 5^, 20 4X X 4X. 20 3% X 6, 20 4x5, 20 3Vs X 3/2, 20 4x6, " 25 4H X 6/2, 25 5x7, 30 5x8, 35 3'A X 12, 35 5)^ X 7^, 35 6x8, 45 6M X 8>^, 50 7x9, 55 8 X 10, " 70 Discount to the Trade: zzV^PIc 3 A BROWNIES: Order now or you will lose business. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR, SUB=CALIBER. BF^OADSIDES. Uncle Sam's big fighting machines are equipped with twelve and thirteen-inch gurs that can throw a destructive, death- dealing broadside of ter- rific force. But when your Uncle Sam sends his young men out for ordinary target practice he doesn't burn the powder necessary to use these big fellows to their full capacity. No, no, that costs too much. So he uses an ingenious sub- caliber arrangement, whereby the men get used to sighting and firing the big guns, but the shell that speeds is only a little one. All of which is merely illus- trative of the "advertising broadsides" announced to the trade by certain Kodak imita- tors. The circulars they send out to the trade are large and handsomely printed — but the circulars are merely the marine band playing on deck to call attention to the sub- caliber gun fire. They know that it will otherwise fail to catch your ear — and really it's your ear and not the public ear that they are after. They announce the list of the guns they are using in their broadside — there are five of 'em altogether, and some are real big ones — but they don't tell you that there are a lot of months when they miss- fire, nor do they tell you that their's is a sub-caliber fire whenever they use the thirteen- inch guns. The timely tune that their marine band is play- ing to the trade evidently refers to their June "broad- side," and the Ladies' Home Journal heads their list. We are glad they called attention to it, for nobody who happens to hunt for their quarter size shell can get away from the full size, full color, armor piercing Kodak Projectile on the back cover. It's really the old story of advertising at the dealer in- stead oifor the dealer, and it's a subject that far-seeing pub- lishers are much concerned about. ' Impressed by what real advertisers have done for their dealers, it's getting to be a common dodge among manu- facturers to make a one or two time blank cartridge fire — sometimes full caliber — for the sake of effect on the trade. Dealers are induced to stock up, and then — the gun fire stops. This hurts the publish- er, for such advertising is lack- ing in real selling effect, and in the long run hurts the whole magazine advertising proposi- tion. Real advertising must have both force and continuity, and must have good goods to back it up. It must be honest and up-to-date. Real Ad- vertising Does Something More Than Put Goods on THE Dealers' Shelves ; It Takes Them Off Again. What have they — the Kodak imitators — ever done for the dealer anyway ? Advertising broadsides? — Tut-tut, don't be deceived just because the band is playing a military air. It's only pop guns you hear. SCHOOL OUT- BROWNIE TIME. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. NO BROKEN PACKAGE,S. Under our terms of sale, papers are not to be sold in broken packages. The reason for this ruling is obvious. Broken packages mean thumb- marked paper, abraded paper, fogged paper, and paper with diminished keeping qualities. For the good of our consumer customers, for the reputation of our goods and therefore for the good of the dealer we con- sider a strict enforcement of the clause in our terms of sale which refers to broken pack- ages to be as imperative as any other. Some dealers have appar- ently considered this matter lightly. We do not take it that they have purposely ordered the large packages premeditating the breaking of same for the sake of an in- creased profit, but have simply broken them, on the spur of the moment, on the demand of an insistent customer. Even this, however, we consider to be poor policy in the long run and is an infringement of the terms of sale which we shall not overlook. PFcILMO SUMMELR BOOK. The Rochester Optical' Division will be ready in a few days to supply you with their handsome little abbreviated catalogue for 1909 This is made especially for mailing purposes. Its size, 3^4^ x 5^, will easily fit into the ordinary commercial envelope, and it is a very effective piece of litera- ture indeed, for your mailing lists. The booklet has a handsome four-color process cover from an original Premo negative and contains, in concise form, a very clear description of every Premo camera. It will help out wonderfully on the distri- bution of the large Premo cata- logues, which you are expected to furnish on request only. These little booklets will be sent out by request only. Get your order in for them early, so as to be sure and se- cure some before they are all gone. As far as possible, we ask you to order these in con- nection with Kodak and Brownie Books, so that ship- ments can be made all together. TOO BUSY TO COME? Then send the man to our Educa- tional Department. ' T^vill help your del^eloping and printing profits. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. PHOTOGRAPHIC. FILMS. From the Quarterly of THE National Fire Pro- tection Association. The following tests were made in order to make some estimate of the hazard of cellu- loid films packed in boxes : TEST No. I. Made in a small metal oven open at the bottom, with gas flame under- neath. Two films were placed in upper part of oven resting on a metal rack. On this same rack was a small piece of pine wood and thermometer which came about to the same level. These two films were packed in the usual way, surrounded by paper and put in a card- board box. Outside dimen- sions of box were ^ x j}( x i%" . The film proper was about 2^" wide and 30" long. It was tightly rolled and had a loose backing of black paper. The oven was heated by a Bunsen burner placed under- neath. Rise in temperature was as follows : temperature at start 80 degrees, one minute, 125 ; two minutes, 168 ; three minutes, 206 ; four minutes, 235 ; five minutes, 258 ; six minutes, 272 ; seven minutes, 288 ; eight minutes, 308 ; and nine minutes, 330. At this time, considerable smoke was being evolved and thermometer was removed, smoke continued and appeared to come mostly from the piece of pine wood. Later, one of the film boxes began to char. At the end of twenty-seven minutes no flame had appeared and while the wood was considerably charred, the film boxes were only slightly so. A handful of ex- celsior was introduced under the films and soon caught fire from the Bunsen flame. This set fire to the two boxes of films as well as to pieces of pine wood and both were allowed to burn until consumed. The boxes of films did not burn with particular fierceness and acted in no way different from what would have been expected had there been no celluloid present. TEST No. 2. Film was taken out of box and unrolled, then loosely rolled up again. This was placed in oven in a similar manner as in previous test . Rise in temperature was as follows : one minute, 170 degrees ; two minutes, 278 ; three minutes, 358 ; four min- utes, 400. At the end of four minutes the thermometer was withdrawn. At about six min- utes the film began to smoke. This continued without blaze until test was stopped at the end of ten minutes. Upon in- vestigation, the celluloid was found to be destroyed and the whole mass was soft and punky, being quite thoroughly car- bonized. TEST No. 3. Film was removed from spool, rolled up moderately tight and held with a piece of wire. It was heated in a similar manner as in pre- vious test except that the film was placed directly over the piece of sheet iron, against which the Bunsen burner played. In less than a minute it began to smoke and con- tinued to evolve fumes. An 8 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. open flame was then applied and it took fire, burning at the end like a torch. It did not burn with any particular fierce- ness and after a few minutes it was removed from the flame and was found to be carbonized as in previous test. CONCLUSIONS. From these tests it would appear that celluloid films packed in the ordinary manner in paste- board boxes are not particu- larly hazardous. They do not ignite at unusually low temper- atures and do not burn fiercely when on fire. In fact, burning qualities appear to be compar- able with those of soft pine wood. There is no reason to fear that sprinklers will not properly control a fire in such goods. There is a possibility, how- ever, that if a large quantity was on fire, enough gas might be generated to cause trouble. Gorham Dana, Majiager, The Underwriters' Bureau of New England. NEW CUTS. In a very few days we shall mail a copy of our new cut sheet. It not only shows all of the Kodaks in half-tone, and stipple and line, but it has many good designs for use in newspaper advertising. There is a score of new ones, and some of the most popular of the old ones are repeated. We shall be glad to furnish cuts without charge to any Kodak dealer to the full extent of his requirements. Order by num- ber, please. Scouting for Shadowgraphs Catching glints of sunshine sprinkled through the glen, Roping Nature's treasures — brand- ing them, and then Shooting into substance shadows as they change, With my witching Kodak ; when I find the range Oh, witchery of Kodakry ! Of Labor, Love and Laugh ; In rain and shine all these com- bine To catch the shadowgraph. Courting Mother Nature, every little while Catching glints of gladness in her every smile ; Groups of happy children in their joy and glee, Shouting all in chorus "Won't you kodak me? " Oh. Kodakry! your witchery Makes groucherinos laugh ; And Pessimist turns Optimist, With smiles for shadowgraph. Yours in clouds or sunshine, J. W. CRAWFORD, " Capt. Jack." The Lens of Quality for CamLeras of Quality=== Zeiss-Kodak Anastigmat f.-6.3 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. PF^E^MO WINDOW AND STREET CAFc SIGNS. In a day or two, you will receive, in connection with a shipment of Kodak window- signs, several Premo signs which will make excellent dis- play matter in connection with the Kodak signs. Premo street car signs will be ready for shipment, on re- quest, in a few days, and you will very shortly receive matter from the Rochester Optical Division illustrating these signs. All this matter will enable you, in a measure, to follow our suggestion of last month — to let the whole town know that you carry everything that's worth while in the photographic line. ON SUSPICION. The smallest dealer in the smallest store on a back street in the smallest town can' t afford to be without the new 3 A Fold- ing Brownie with double lens — list price $12.00. They sell on suspicion — on sight — from a catalogue— but they will sell ten times as fast on examination. They will bring your Brownie trade up to using 3^ x 5}^ films and that means a bigger income from film, from paper, from mounts, from chemicals, from developing and from printing. The 3A Brownie, properly handled, won't bring people down from Kodaks — it will bring them up from the smaller Brownies. The advantages of the 3 A Kodak are obvious — smaller size, aluminum con- struction, better finish, the Kodak Ball Bearing Shutter, the rising and sliding front, all these features together with the less tangible but nevertheless all important fact that it is a • ' real Kodak ' * will easily en- able the 3A Kodak to hold its own with those who can afford to pay the $8 00 difference in price between it and the 3A Brownie. But ! There is a lot of people who have Brownies but want larger pictures. The 3A gives them much for their money. With the single lens at ten or the double lens at twelve dol- lars, you can * attract them if you will show the goods. Stock them early or you are likely to miss the profits on this new good thing from the Kodak city for this season. The orders are already coming fast. When more people know they will come still faster. You'll maKe more money in the long run by selling EASTMAN TESTED CHEMICALS. lO KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. DID THE BUSINESS. Of course he won out. The man with the rea/ goods that are advertised has his competitor with the un-adver- tised just-as-good-cut-price product hopelessly handi- capped. His is the advantage and he can quickly make the most of it if he just lets people know that he has the rea/ goods that they have become more or less acquainted with through the magazines. We recently received a letter from a dealer in a western city of 50,000 people telling his ex- perience. No price cutting was necessary. He had the real goods and he simply let the people know it. This is how it happened : "When I moved to my present location a year ago, I moved next door to the dealer, who at that time had a very fair stock of cameras, paper and film. I im- mediately filled my window nearest to him with Kodaks, displaying as many as fifty at times, also filled the window with hundreds of empty film boxes and other supplies — tanks, carrying cases, etc. ; in fact, I crowded everything in the Kodak line into the window and have con- tinued to do so to let them know that I was here." "It did the business. A few days ago the dealer took his sign down from in front of his store and his stock now consists of about four shop-worn cameras, and I see no paper or films in his stock." " I thought it might be of interest to you to know this. I do not know of any goods for sale in this city at present." By the way. Have you stock enough for a good win- dow display ? SIGNS, BOOKLETS. Our 1909 assortment of signs, the best, by the way, that we have ever had, will be shipped within ten days. Each dealer will receive a supply that will go far toward making up many an attractive window display, and will help at all times on the store walls. Booklets : Our 1909 Ko- dak summer booklet (a minia- ture catalogue, 32 pp. 3}^ x 5^) is in press, and orders for same should be put in at once. It is just right for mailing to selected lists. The 1909 edition of the Book of the Brownies is also on the press, and will be ready for delivery very shortly. Va- cation days are right at hand, and the Brownie Books can therefore be used to good ad- vantage among the school boys and girls. How many, please ? Remember that these book- lets are sent o?t request only. We will not send any to those who do not ask for them. Perhaps our Street Car Cards are just what you need to round out your Adver= tising Campaign. See May Trade Circular. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. STOCK THE— No. 3A Folding Brownie The new Camera that tops the Brownie Class. It offers the popular Post Card size pictures at a price that will tempt the thousands of Brownie owners who are, and are to be. SINGLE LENS, $10.00 DOUBLE LENS, $12.00 12 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. KODAK PICTURES Are Worth While. Anybody can Kodak — simple, easy, no dark-room for any part of the work. KODAKS. BROWNIES. $5.00 to $105.00 1.00 to 9.00 ALL THE NEW THINGS FROM KODAK CITY. RICHARD ROE & CO. Double Column Cut, No. 245. Single Column Cut, No. 244. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN"" Vol. X. No. 8 ROCHESTER. July, 1909. A NEW PLATINUM. Eastman's etching black. Distinctive. Distinctive — that's the word that best describes the new platinum paper, Eastman's Etching Black. No, it's not in imitation of any other paper, it is decidedly away from the ordinary cold blue-black plati- num that you are acquainted with. The platinum gradation is there, the richness of plati- num blacks is there, but there's a pleasing warmth that you do not find in other black and white platinums. It's a paper that the best photographer in your town is going to adopt — and after him, others. The manipulation of the Eastman E. B. Platinum is a perfectly simple cold develop- ment process and it will not, therefore, be in any way handi- capped by complications. This paper will first be publicly shown at the National Conven- tion of the P. A of A this month, and is sure to attract the favorable attention of the best workers. It is going to be advertised demonstrated, pushed There are two sur- faces — "smooth'' and "rough" and the weight of the paper is practically the same as that of Angelo Sepia Platinum. Prices and discounts same as Angelo. Stock it. DEVELOPER FOK EASTMAN'S E. B. PLATINUM PAPE.R Eastman's E B. Developer per I lb. pkg., . . . 1 .60 Do., per Yz lb. pkg., . . ..35 Do., per % lb. pkg., . . .20 Discount to the trade, 40^ THE CENTURY AUTOMATIC PRINTING MACHINE. The Century Automatic Printing Machine is not the first device ofliered to the pro- fession for the printing of de- veloping-out papers, but it /.$• easily first in simplicity of operation, quality of work and economy. As shown in the accompany- ing illustrations, the machine consists of an electric light box supported on a stand, with a simple and positive device for bringing the negative and paper into perfect contact dur- ing the exposure. The opera- KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. f^ Making the Exposure. tiori is very simple — place the paper on the negative, press the foot lever, release and re- move exposed sheet. With negatives of average density it is easily possible to make twenty exposures per minute, as both hands are free to handle the paper. The box is lined with sheet steel, white enameled, and provided with sockets for six incandescent electric lamps, one for a ruby lamp when adjusting the paper, and the others to provide the exposing light. The machine is specially economical of cur- rent, as all lights, except the ruby, are automatically extin- guished at the completion of each exposure, and automatic- ally relighted at the instant the paper comes in contact with the negative. Any one of the five lights may be turned off at will, when exposing negatives of uneven density. An extra Releasing Pressure to Remove Exposed Sheet. switch is provided for control- ling the four corner lights for border printing. Two grooves underneath the negative sup- porting glass are provided for inserting sheets of ground glass, or vignettes, when printing 7\ea) View, Showing Light Box. KODAK TRADF^ CIRCrLAR. THE CENTURY AUTOMATIC PRINTING MACHINE. from imperfect negatives or in making vignetted prints. A sliding panel in the front of the machine renders the grooves easy of access and the necessary changes of diffusing or vignet- ting screens can be made in- stantly. The contact pad is fitted with felt, and the contact roller automatically adjusts the pad to any thickness of nega- tive or paper. Direct or alter- nating current of iio or 220 volts may be used, but in order- ing it will be necessary to state voltage desired. If you are not sure, ask your local elec- trician as to voltage in use in your building. The machine as furnished is equipped with two side tables, affording a top surface of 14 x 38 inches ; the red electric bulb and 8-foot connecting cable. The Century Automatic Printing Machine, in the eight by ten size, will accommodate negatives 8x10 and under, and KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. requires a floor space of but fourteen inches square. The machine is finished in black mission style, and is a decidedly handsome equipment. The price is twenty- five dollars. Discount to the trade 2^fo. NEW HAWK=EY£:S. The 1909 Hawk-Eye line is most attractive, and the three new models just ready for in- troduction are certain to prove exceptional sellers. The No. 3 Folding Hawk- Eye, Model 6, is designed for those who desire an outfit for a wider range of work than can be successfully accomplished with the Model No. 5. This new model is equipped with the highest grade R. R. lens and our new Ball Bearing Shutter, the many splendid talking and selling points of which were set forth in the April Trade Cir- cular. In addition this model is equipped with rack and pinion and rising and falling front. The list price is eighteen dollars. To still further stimulate Hawk-Eye sales, the leading magazines for July will contain half page advertisements of the new No. 3 A Folding Havvk- Eyes, Models 3 and 4. These instruments are more compact than the 3A models i and 2 and embody a number of improvements in construc- tion. The 3A, model 3, Single Valve Shutter lists at $20.00. The 3A, model 4, B. & L, or Kodak Auto Shutter lists at $25.00. (See cut.) The attractiveness of quality and price coupled with the generous magazine publicity will help to increase your mid- summer and fall business very materially — provided you have the goods in stock to meet the sure demand. Blair Camera Division. PFcEMO STRE^ET CAR SIGNS. On the next page, we illus- trate some new Premo Street Car Signs. All are in three colors, make very effective display and are based upon the Premo adver- tising which is being carried in the magazines. They will do much to focus this advertising on your store in your town. Please order by number. Get your Brownie trade to taking larger pictures. 3A BROWNIES $10 and $12. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. round Glass Focusing and Every Film Convenience In the Pocket PremoC Takes Films or Plates with equal facility, and slips into any pocket RICHARD ROE 4 COMPANY, 1234 Premo Street No. 724. OR, F^oi" .A. CcMnej?e^' You'll want one yourself for just such occasions many a time this summer Let us show you * ^ . ^-^' '' . ^^' 1 ■ t ^ ' '/* ' *- ^' 1 A Premo The lightest and most compact of all cameras JOHN DOE & CO., 1234 Premo Street No. 721. 'OR, r^or* .A. CtMTiei?Oi' You need one for pictures of your own recreations '■i I Let us shoM' you A Premo The lightest ainl most compact of all cameras nil to S2()M.(H> JOHN DOE & CO., 1234 Premo Street No. 720. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. IN THE, BIND. There's ample evidence that the man who isn't afraid to push the hijj^h- grade goods and who doesn't go into a panic when it is intimated to him that his competitor down the street is understlHng him, is the one who is making the money. And there's no branch of the business where quality is so imperative or so sure to bring good returns in the long run as in the matter of develop- ing and printing. We have repeatedly seen the man who was charging a high price for such work win out over the man who was cutting the price. It can be done every time if quality goes with the high price. The man in the small town, who has no competition, may riot quickly see the loss that comes from inferior work on which he saves a few cents in material and labor. The loss will come, insidiously perhaps, but nevertheless surely, and it will affect not only his de- veloping and printing business, but his camera and film and plate and sundry business as well. The first step in making a right start is the selection of the right paper. And there is a paper that will give the snap that the amateur wants in his prints, without a loss of quality — Velvet Velox. Don't make the mistake of going onto Azo for the sake of the difference in cost. For use with the average amateur negative Velvet Velox is unapproached by any paper on the market — Regular for flat negatives and Special for the contrasty ones. Yes, the use of Velox means more money for us, but it's because it means more money in the long run rather than more immediate profit that we urge its use. We think that we are farsighted enough to advise you to use the cheapest pro- duct, even if it was blue print paper, if, in the end, we thought that it would make for a general increase in the photo- graphic business — but it would not. It isn't lower prices that are needed, it's better work. It's for this that we have the Educational Department for dealers, the correspondence school for amateurs, and spend thousands upon thousands of dollars every year in improving our products. Azo is a good paper, better than any other paper of its price on the market, but it isn't as good as Velox, and it is in use with the average amateur negative, that the Velox superiority is most man- ifest. It has that combination of brilliancy and quality that are so highly desirable. Too stringent economy in your developing and printing is a mistake. Employ compe- tent help ; use the best mate- rials ; then charge enough to insure a profit. 'Twill pay in the end. Many dealers are doubling their anasti^mat lens business this year. You can. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Once Again Missouri is Shown CONVENTION BULLETIN P. A. OF MISSOURI. 1909 Pictures on Eastman Papers, . 24 Prizes On Carbon, . . . . 2 " On a D. O. Paper (Not E. K. Co.) _1_ " Total Prizes, 27 NOTE : Of the 24 pictures on Eastman papers that won prizes ten were on Aristo, six on Angelo, and eight were on developing papers Eastman Papers Lead in Every Class EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, ROCHESTER. N. Y. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Take a Kodak With you KODAKS, S5.00 to SI 11.50 BROWNIES (Made by Kodak Workmen), 1.00 to 12.00 Let US show you how easy it is to make pictures the Kodak w^ay. WE DO DEVELOPING, PRINTING AND ENLARGING. RICHARD ROE & CO. Double Column Cut No. 337. Single Column Cut No 336. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN.'' Vol. X. No. 9. ROCHESTER. August, 1909. ONE-FIFTY PEB^ CABINET GROSS NEPERA On and after August 15th the price of Nepera paper will be One dollar and a half per gross, cabinet size, with other sizes in proportion. The Nepera business has grown steadily for two years. Every month shows an in- creased number of Nepera con- sumers and an increased con- sumption of Nepera paper. With the growing volume of the business and with our new developing-out paper building, having a coating capacity of a million square feet of paper per day, we can afford to make this reduction. Nepera sales have been increasing rapidly at the Two dollar price against other papers a ta similar list, but which have, in reality, been sold at ten to twenty per cent, dis- count. At the new price it is going to move even more rapidly. Notonly will the new list be of tremendous advantage in meet- ing cut price competition, but Nepera is now going to be a serious competitor of Azo paper. There are many pho- tographers who would not leave dollar Azo for Two dollar Ne- pera, who will leave it for dol- lar and a half Nepera. Remem- ber too, while considering the price question, that the Royal Pure White and Royal India Tint are practically double weight papers at the single weight list and that there's nothing on the D. O. P. market to touch them in either price or quality. No, there is not to be a cor- responding reduction in the price of Velox. Velox is used almost exclusively by amateurs. The many grades and surfaces in which it is supplied make it a complicated business to handle. The amateur pur- chases in comparatively small lots, making it necessary for both the dealer and ourselves to have a larger margin of profit than on the professional business. On another page we publish the new Nepera price list in full. The discount to the trade remains as heretofore, 25;^. The reduction in price is all of it on us. Your percentage of KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. . profit remains as before, your net profit, with the new business drawn by the attractiveness of dollar and a half Nepera will increase and increase quickly if you make the most of the opportunity. The entire photographic trade will be informed of the reduction immediately through the columns of the August (Convention) number of Stu- dio Light. Nevertheless, tell your customers. CREDIT MEMORANDUM. On August 15th take a de- tailed inventory of the Nepera paper that you have in stock and send to us and we will for- ward a credit memorandum covering the net difference be- tween the old and new prices. Help your customers to better results by furnishing the best chemicals money can buy : Eastman's are TESTED THE ELASTMAN GRAVITY PRINTER. There has been an insistent demand for a simple, inexpen- sive and rapid printer for de- veloping out papers that could be quickly installed and used with any light. The Eastman Gravity Printer meets this demand in a most satisfactory manner, as it is ex- ceedingly simple in construc- tion and operation, and can be used with daylight or any form of artificial illumination. Uni- formity of exposure is one of the strongest points, as the duration of exposure is so regulated as to make variation in a given speed practically impossible. Fig. I. As shown in illustrations i and 2, the Eastman Gravity Printer consists of a cabinet, in one side of which is an adjust- able opening for regulating the exposure, and a simple clock- work mechanism for lowering KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR, Fig. 2. I and raising a carrier, containing an ordinary five by seven print- ing frame, past the opening. The exposure opening is fitted with an adjustable metal slide with graduated stops, affording exposure apertures from 7 inches to % of an inch, and, with a printing frame and negative of average weight, will afford an approximate ex- posure of one second per inch of opening. For instance, if the exposure is 7 inches, the exposure will be approximately 7 seconds. See illustrations 3 and 4. Illustration 4 shows method of adjusting exposure aperture. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. When the weight actuating the clock-work mechanism swings free, it will descend and thus raise the printing frame carrier just past the exposure aperture. The printer is in- stalled with the exposure aperture squarely facing the exposing light, and with the light so adjusted as to come KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. about the center of the aperture when fully open, and at a dis- tance of about 7 inches from the opening, to afford even illumi- nation. Illustration 5 shows the printer in use with two incandescent gas lamps. When desired, the exposing light may be boxed in by means of strips of asbestos or metal inserted in the grooves in the outer casing, on each side of the exposure aperture. When ready to print, the loaded printing frame is in- serted in the carrier, as shown in illustration 2, with the nega- tive facing the exposure aper- ture ; when released its own weight will carry it down past the exposing light, as shown in illustration No. 6, the exposure continuing until the carrier has reached the bottom of the shaft. See illustration No. 4. The carrier returns instantly when the exposed frame is re- moved, and while one expos- ure is being made, another printing frame may be loaded ready for insertion in the carrier. Fig. 6. The many advantages of the Eastman Gravity Printer are apparent at a glance, and its ease of installation, and low price, ten dollars, will particu- larly commend it to the profes- sional using developing papers. Discount to the trade 33^^. $1.50 NEPERA Means Business. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. NOW $1.00. Our purchase of the Auto- time Scale business was an- nounced in the June number of the Trade Circular. We did not at that time announce the reduction in price from $1.50 to $1.00 because we did not then have the business well systematized and were not anxious to push it until we had affairs in working order. However, we began billing at the $1.00 price from the day we took the business over (another ' * trust method ' ' ) and now we want every dealer to know it. The Autotime Scale was a success at the old price. At an even dollar and with our facilities for keeping it up to date with the various new shutters, there promises to be a big business in this new photography simplifier. The discount remains as before at 40^. For convenience in ordering and to prevent misunderstand- ings the following: table has been prepared. Always order by •• Style number." It is not necessary for you to name the shutter. In reality, the same shutter is used under different names on different makes of cameras, and to avoid confusion you should therefore order " Style so and so " as per the chart. AUTOTIME SCALE. CHART. Style A For use with Kodak Ball Bearing Shutter. 2>^ x 4}4 and 2y( ^ A%' Style AA For use with Kodak Ball Bearing Shutter. 3^4 x 5>2 and 4x5. Style B For use with F. P. K. Automatic. No. I Single Valve, jKo) Auto- matic or No. I B. & L. Single Valve Automatic Shutters. 2j4x 4^4 and Style BB For use with F. P. K. Automatic, No. 2 Single Valve, [j^Sj Auto- matic or No. 2 B & L. Single Valve Automatic Shutters. 3^ x 5>^ and 4x5. Style C For use with Kodak Automatic Shutter. 3X x 4^. Style CC For use with Kodak Automatic Shutter. 3X x 5j4 and 4x5. Style D For use with B. & L. Automatic and Century Automatic Shutters. 3'4 x4^- Style DD For use with B. & L. Automatic and Century Automatic Shutters. 3X X 5>^ and 4x5. Style DDD For use with B. & L. Automatic Shutter. 4% x 6>^. Style E. For use with Wollensak Auto- matic Shutter. 3 X X sK and 4 X 5. Style F For use with Wollensak Autex and Regno Shutters. 3^ x 5}^ and 4x5. Eastman's Etching Black Platinum— The paper for the best of *eni. 6 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. . NEW NEPERA LIST, NEPERA is not furnished in dozens in sizes smaller than 5 x 7, or in rolls shorter than ten yards, unless as listed below. SINGLK WEIGHT. DOUBLI : WEIGHT. r CABINET 1 DOZKN Yz Gross Gross ^n^,'A 1 °' )ZEN M Gross Gross 1-85 |i-5o 4X5 L 4^x5'/^ 3% X 5% [ 4x6 J |l.OO I1.90 I.I5 1-95 A% X 6>^ 1.45 2.45 1.30 2.20 434: X eyz 1.60 2.75 .25 1.45 2.40 5x7 30 1.85 3.00 30 1 .60 2.65 s ^ r'A 35 2.00 3 30 •30 1.60 2.70 5x8 35 2.00 3 40 •35 1-75 3.00 y/2 X ^H 40 2.20 3-75 .40 2.05 3.60 6x8 45 2.55 450 .40 2.20 385 6^ X 8>^ 50 2.75 4.80 .45 2.50 4-50 7x9 55 3.10 5.65 .50 2.80 5-25 iVi X gYz 70 3-55 6.55 •55 ^'o^ 585 8 X 10 75 3-95 7-30 .70 3.80 7.20 9x11 90 4.75 9.00 .85 4.75 9.00 10 X 12 I 15 5-95 11.25 1. 10 6.30 11.70 II x 14 I 45 7.90 14.65 1-25 7-45 13 95 12 X 15 I 75 930 17.45 1.65 9-^5 18.00 14 X 17 2 25 11.80 22.50 2.20 12.6c 24.30 16 X 20 3 05 15 75 30.40 2.40 13-50 26. 10 17 X 20 3 25 16.90 32.65 2.70 1575 30.60 18 X 22 3 85 19.70 38.25 3 15 18.45 36.00 20 X 24 4 50 23 05 45.00 Gross and half-gross packages of cut sheets of paper of sizes not listed will be supplied providing the order amounts to $1.00 list or more, and list of same will be practically proportionate to that of listed sizes. NEPERA SECONDS furnished in limited quantities in all surfaces Single Weight, . $[.00 per gross | Double Weight, . |r. 25 per gross ROLLS SINGLE WEIGHT. 10 ft. Roll, 20 inches wide, $1.50 10 ft. " 40 " " 3.00 10 yd. " 20 " " 4.50 10 yd. " 40 " " 9.00 DOUBLE WEIGHT. 10 ft. Roll, 20 inches wide, I1.90 10 ft. '' 40 " " 3.75 10 yd. " 20 " " 5.65 10 yd. " 40 " " ir.25 Rolls 10 yards or longer are supplied in any width up to 40 inches. For Prints from Cirkut Negatives. SINGLE WEIGHT. 6^ in. 8 in. 10 in. 25 ft. I1.25 I1.50 lr.90 50 ft. 2.50 3.00 3.75 100 ft. 4.95 6.00 7.50 DOUBLE WEIGHT. 16 in. 6% in. 8 in. 10 in. 16 in. $3.00 25 ft. |r.6o I1.90 I2.35 I3.75 6.00 50 ft. 3. '5 3-75 4-75 7-50 12.00 100 ft. 6.30 7-50 9^45 15.00 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. THE BROWNIE FAMILY. Baby is the subject, and finds the posing fun. Harry is the expert with Brownie No. i. Susie is the artist of Brownie No. 2 ; She says "there's really nothing, the little box can't do"! Jane is at the shutter of Brownie No. 3 ; Johnnie chose a Folding one, as all of you may see. Mary likes her pictures in the "postal" size, Thomas loves the "stereo" — note its eager eyes. With our "Special Artists" always on the spot. We're sure of knowing who is who, as well as what is what. The prints we put in albums, each one neatly dated — The Brownie Family History is "fully illustrated." — Tudor Jenks, Some advertisers like rhymes. If you do, here's a good one. Tlie cut is No, 290, and is yours for the asking. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. School Opens September 8 Take advantage of our offer of Free In- structions and Free Materials in the East- man Educational De- partment. 'Twill help increase your profits. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. SODAS IN 25 LB. CANS. The demand for ''Tested Chemicals " is growing. Many big consumers are now asking for our Sulphite and Carbonate of Soda in larger packages and we have therefore prepared to meet the demand. The same care is used in testing and put- ting up these large tins as in the care of the bottled goods and you need have no hesi- tancy in recommending them as right. PRICE,. Eastman's Carbonate of Soda, per can of 25 lbs., . . . |3-5o Eastman's Sulphite of Soda, per can of 25 lbs., . . . 5.50 Discount to the trade, 33^^- ALL KINDS OF PEOPLE,. There have been a lot of en- couraging features in the Kodak trade all along the line in the first six months of 1909. Beginning at the top with anas- tigmat lenses and 3A Kodaks, there has been a phenomenal increase in business, and this growth in sale of high-priced products has extended clear down the line to the sundries. We confess that we ourselves were somewhat doubtful of a big sale on albums listing at from $2.25 to $5 00 each, but they, the Library Albums, are going — many dealers having put in repeat orders, as a re- sult of quick sales. To those of you who have sold albums at twelve cents each, five dol- lars seems a big price, but the facts are that all kinds of peo- ple are interested in photog- raphy these days, and some of them have all kinds of money. The Library Albums are high priced, but the value is there and can be seen, and being high priced they yield you a bigger profit than the cheap ones. To the Kodak enthus- iast with a set of well made prints from choice negatives they make a strong appeal. The Library Albums are fur- nished with either a rich brown suede padded cover with brown leaves and gold edges, or with gray suede padded cover and gray leaves with silver edges. Order by No. No. II. 50 gray leaves, 5>^ x 7^, Landscape, each, - $2.25 No. 12. 50 brown leaves, 5 >^ X 7^, Landscape, each, - 2.25 No. 13 50 gray leaves, 7 x 10, Landscape, each, - 3.00 No. 14 50 brown leaves, 7 x 10, Landscape, each, - 3.00 No. 15. 50 gray leaves, 11 x 14, Landscape, each, - 5.00 No. 16. 50 brown leaves, 11 X 14, Landscape, each, - 5 00 No. 17. Gray leaves, 11 x 14, for 200 Post-cards, - - ^.00 No. 18. Brown leaves, 11 x 14, for 200 Post-cards, - 5.00 Discount to the trade, 40 per cent. VACATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT. Vacations are short in our Educational Department. But August is such a busy month with those who develop and print for amateurs that we have decided to close the school from August ist to September 7th. It will be ready, however, on September 8th to help you in KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. the work of turning out better negatives and better prints at less cost. Our Educational Department is worth while. There are many places where its effects have been felt, where it has improved not only the developing and printing end of the business, but because it has improved this part of the bus- iness ; has increased the sale of Kodaks and films. Why not let it help you? Remember, there's no charge for anything. Our time and materials and facilities are at your service. We expect to get our pay by increasing your business. School opens September 8th. Make a memo on your desk calendar. Last month we told you about the new Eastman E. B. Platinum paper and how it was to have its first public showing at the National Convention. It had the showing and has made a hit among the top notchers. As yet, it has had practically no other advertising, but the advertising is going to start at once and you will hear from it. As an illustration of how they like it : It so happened that late in June we sent small trial packages to a few prom- inent photographers. They tried it ; they liked it, in several cases so well that even though it was the eleventh hour they changed part or all of the con- vention pictures they were pre- paring and put them on E. B. Platinum. Don't wait for the demand. Stock the paper and the developer and personally put it up to the leading men in every town in your territory. Our demonstrators and our advertising will back you. Eastman's E. B. Platinum is the printing medium that's "different", that a lot of good photographers are looking for right now. OF THE PROOF THE PUDDING, Did you ever hear of a dealer advertising a Kodak as an camera? No, but you have often heard of a dealer who advertised an camera as a "Kodak." And likewise you have heard of dealers who advertise films as *' Kodak films." All of which is a tacit acknowledgment of the super- iority of Kodak goods, and is an endeavor on the part of the imitators to take advantage of the high esteem in which Kodak goods are held by the public. It's the proof of the pudding. Kodak goods are the goods in demand, both because they are the real goods and because they are the goods that have had, are having and will continue to have real advertising. This, Mr. Kodak Dealer, is your advantage. Let people know that you sell the genuine Kodak goods. Push Postals. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. The Amateur Hit of the Season No. 3A FOLDING BROWNIES $10.00 and $12.00 We are now, for the first time since their introduction, able to fill orders fiar these goods AT SIGHT. Order Now and Help Your Summer's Profit. 12 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. KODA There's twice the fun for those who Kodak. Let us instruct you in the easy, all-by-daylight way of Picture Making. KODAKS, $5.00 to $in.50. BROWNIES, $1.00 to $12.00. RICHARD ROE & GO. Double Column Cut No. 222. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR VOCR INTERESTS ANB OCR OVVNr Vol. X., No. lo ROCHESTER September, 1909 DUTY FREE. The returning American tourist with his little bundle of films in trunk or suit-case has, as a rule, had no difficulty with Uncle Sam's customs in- spectors when home-coming. But where he has mailed or expressed home his films for development, or has similarly sent home his negatives, he has not only frequently been obliged to pay duty, but often, not being familiar with custom house rules and regulations, has been put to a great deal of bother. The new tariff law provides that film of American manu- facture can come back to this country duty free. Under the "Free List" heading. Schedule N, paragraph 500, occurs the following: "Photographic dry plates or films of American manufacture (except moving picture films) , exposed abroad, whether developed or not." It will thus be seen that your customers can, if they desire, mail their films back to you for development duty free, pro- vided the films are of American manufacture. You should ad- vise them, therefore, to take their films from here, but that if they do run out while across the seas they should be sure to purchase Kodak films, as they can send them home duty free, while if they purchase film of foreign manufacture they will be obliged to pay duty. The only exception to this is in Canada where even the Kodak films are dutiable, because they are of Canadian and not U. S. manufacture. However, Canadian trips are comparatively short and your customers can make certain of avoiding custom house troubles even if they mail their films for development, by simply taking a full supply with them. Make the most of it. SEPARATE ORDERS. Dealers are particularly re- quested to bear in mind that Century and Folmer & Schwing and Blair goods are not carried in stock at the Eastman Kodak Co. offices in Rochester. Or- ders for these goods should be sent to the divisions where they are manufactured and not to the Kodak office. Mixing orders for Century, F. & S. or Blair goods with a Kodak order KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. sent to Rochester is sure to make delay and likely to cause mistakes. This does not mean that we are not glad to include goods from the other divisions with Kodak shipments, but only that your order should go to the division from which the goods are to come. If you want them included with a shipment from the Kodak ofifices they will be delivered for such shipment if you so instruct. JUDGES FOR THE KODAK ADVERTISING CONTEST. We are pleased to be able to announce as the judges for the 1909 Kodak Advertising Con- test : Mr. Frank R. Barrows, ex-President of the Photogra- phers' Association of America, Mr. Rudolf Eickemeyer, of Davis & Eickemeyer, New York, Mr. Henry D. Wilson, of "Cosmopolitan", Mr. C. C. Vernam, of "Ainslee's", "Popular" and "Smith's", and Mr. W. R. Hine, Vice- President and General Manager of Frank Seaman, Incorpor- ated. Mr. Barrows' recent and strenuous work in behalf of his brother photographers makes him too well known to need any introduction. Probably no photographer in the country has had as wide an experience as Mr. Eickemeyer in judging pictures and it is an interesting fact in connection with his appointment to the jury that it was he who made the series of Kodak Girl pictures that attracted such wide attention in 1 901 and 1902. Mr. Wilson has for many years presided over the adver- tising department of Cosmo- politan. Mr. Vernam has charge of the advertising of the Street & Smith publications, and Mr. Hine is manager of one of the largest advertising agencies in the country. It will thus be seen that both the art and the practical sides will be well looked after and that there is every assurance of the best pictures winning. There's still time (but none to spare) for entries, as the contest closes October first. The $2,000 in prize money is well worth going after. In the professional class, $500.00 goes as first prize, $|oo.oo for second, $250.00 as third, $150.00 as fourth and $100.00 as fifth. Even that last prize is worth having — and there still is time. In the amateur class the prizes total $600.00, with $300.00 as the first prize. Among your customers are some who have the ability to do the right kind of work. Tell them about the contest — there still is time. Tell 'em to print from those best negatives on Velox with Brownie En= larging Cameras, KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. IM Eastman Brotnagraph Although not yet ready for the market, advance work is now being done for this new device which promises to fully open a new field of photo- graphic work and make new busi- ness all along the line. The Eastman Bromagraph is a thoroughly prac- tical and exceed- ingly simple de- I vice for quick /a^:-- ' s ini He photo- graphic repro- duction, either enlarged or re- duced, of letters, documents, maps struments, written or printed, that demand duplicates for the purpose of record, as reference or safeguard. The photographic copies can be produced at the rate of one copy per minute, on a paper that twenty-five years' use has demonstrated as absolutely per- manent, and the entire opera- tion is so simple that the work- ing of the machine can safely be entrusted to a stenographer or office boy. Fig. 2. Light proof hood removed— showing position of developing and fixing trays. or anv m- As shown in the above illus- tration the machine is exceed- ingly compact, and occupies practically no more space than an ordinary typewriter. The Eastman Bromagraph is worked by the light of an ordinary win- dow, and requires no dark room for any part of the work, the entire operation of producing KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. the photographic print (except the final washing) being carried on within the machine. The sensitized paper is fur- nished in rolls, and so pro- tected that it may be loaded into the machine in full day- light. The Eastman Bromagraph will reproduce, in black and white, documents or maps of any color or colors and will faithfully show all interlinea- tions, or the marking of any cancelling, record, or time stamps impressed upon or across the face of the document reproduced, no matter what color of mk has bee?i used. Fig. 3.— Bromag;raph closed when not in use. The Eastman Bromagraph is supplied complete, including lens, shutter and reversing prism, and is also equipped with an easel or copy board (not shown in the above illus- trations) for the quick and accurate focusing of the matter to be copied. The Eastman Bromagraph is made in two sizes : The No. i affording a reproduction 5x8 inches in size (with adapters for reproductions 4 x 5 or 5 x 6 inches), and is designed for reproducing letters and all documents, allowing a reduc- tion to this size without detri- ment to legibility. The No. 2 affords reproductions 11^ x 14 inches (with adapters for reproductions 7 x 11)^ and 10 X 11^ inches), and is designed tor use in reproduc- ing court records, maps, etc. THE. PRICE.. Eastman Bromagraph No. i, for reproductions 5x8 inches, etc., complete, in- cluding Zeiss-Kodak lens, Bausch & Lomb Auto, shutter, reversing prism and copy board, . . $200.00 Eastman Bromagraph No. 2, for reproductions 11^ x 14 inclies, etc., complete, including Zeiss-Kodak lens, Bausch & Lomb Auto, shutter, reversing prism and copy board, . 350.00 Discount to the trade, 30^. Eastman Bromagraph Paper, Roll 250 or 500 feet by 5 inches, per run- ning foot, 01^ Eastman Bromagraph Paper, Roll 250 or 500 feet by 11^ inches, per running foot, .... .04 Discount to the trade, \o%. Eastman Bromagraph De- veloper Powders, No. i, for 5 inch paper, ... .18 Ditto, No. 2, for ii>^ inch paper, 45 Discount to the trade, 33^^- Eastman's Bromagraph Acid Hypo No. i, . . .10 Ditto, No. 2, .20 Discount to the trade, 33^^. BY INFERENCE,. Just say that you sell ''kodaks." Don't advertise : " We sell Eastman Kodaks." When you put it that way your advertisement carries the un- true inference that there are KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. other Kodaks. There are not. Of course we realize that by- coupling the two words you are trying to get the full adver- tising value of both, but there are other and better ways of accomplishing the same end. Ring into your ads such phrases as : If it isn't an Eastman ; it isn't a Kodak. We sell only the genuine Eastman goods. * * Kodak " is a registered and common law trade-mark and cannot be rightfully applied except to goods manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Co. If your competition is trying to palm off inferior substitutes under the Kodak name, issue a warning. Call attention to the fact that Kodaks all have the Eastman Kodak Co.'s name thereon — then add "we have them." Kodak films are easy of identification: "Look for N. C. on the box ; look for Kodak on the spool end." Advertise that you sell "Kodaks and other Eastman goods." Work the name Eastman into your advertising as often as you like — Advertise "Eastman Films" but not, if you please, Eastman Kodaks. There is no Kodak, but the Eastman Kodak. Do not therefore imply to the contrary by saying "Eastman Kodak." It gives to the uninformed the wrong impression — which is just what your competitor who handles the imitation goods will rejoice in. Prepare between seasons for the coming business. Eastman Ed- ucational Department now open. 1910 CALENDARS. The summer developing and printing may still be keeping you busy, but Christmas trade is ahead and not so far ahead that plans should not be made for it nou\ There's business in Calendars. We sold some for 1908, a lot more for 1909 and there seems to be no good reason why 1910 should not show a decided increase on this novelty for every dealer and at a good profit. The illustration shows what the 19 10 Calendar is like, except that it fails to reproduce the French grey colors of the border lines and the green and red and gold of the calendar proper. There's nothing more appro- priate as an inexpensive Christmas token than one of these dainty calendars and mounted on it a print that is of mutual interest to the one giving and the one receiving. The prices given below are published only to the trade. You can sell them at any figure that seems advisable. THE SEASON'S CALENDAR. For Horizontal Photos. SIZE SIZE PRICE NUMBER OF PHOTO OUTSIDE PER 100 No. I 2KX3K sHx 8K I5.OO No. I A 2^X4K 6K X 8K 6.00 No 2 3'/^ X i^A 6x9 6. CO No. 3 3X X4K 7 X 9J4 6.00 N0.3A 3K X .s^ 8% X lo-H 700 No. 4 4 X5 8 X loK 7.00 N0.4A 4^x6^ 9'/8XIiy8 750 No. 5 x? 9/2 X 12 8.00 For Upright or Vertical Photos. No. 3V 1% X \y^ 5% X 10 |6 00 No. 3AV 3}<X5^ 5^X11^^ 6.00 No. 4V 4x5 65< X 10^ 6.C0 No. 4A V 4K X 6^ 7H X 13 7.00 No. 5V 5x7 8 X 13^ 7.50 Discount to the trade in any quantity, zlYii. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. a 1 m im.. ^^^^KI^^^^^^^^^^M J KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. « Enliirjjo ftxMn vour \ticjfion tKMjativfb Inslructions hroo. Richard Roe. Kodaks .,^ AN AUTUMN WINDOW. npHE border is made up of * 'Bromide -*" Enlarging Avith a Kodak" booklets. The cards on the Brow^nie Enlarging Cam= eras give the price. The rest of the picture is self-explanatory. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. LET YOUR KODAK TELL THE STORY. KODAKS, Brow^nie Cameras, $5.00 to $111.50 $1.00 to $12.00 Everything for the Amateur, RICHARD ROE & CO. Double Column Cut No. 339. Single Column Cut No. 338. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOCR INTERESTS AND OCR OIVNV Vol. X., No. II ROCHESTER October, 1909 Mr opportunity People are loosening up. There's new Kodak trade all along the line, and the man who isn't getting it must look out that he doesn' t turn Oppor- tunity into a knocker, for Mr. O. is hammering hard at the door of every Kodak dealer right now. Don't let him get sore knuckles, he may try some other door. There's new Kodak trade and of the highest grade sort. Not only is Johnny Farmer putting his Brownie under the buggy seat when he drives his best girl to the lake or river resort on Sunday afternoon, but there's new big business in the highest class trade. Anastig- mat lenses have had nearly double the sale this year that they had last, and that means also a big increase in the high price shutter trade. Are you getting your share? Somebody said, when the 3 A Brownie was put on the market : ** Farewell to the 3 A Kodak." The 3 A Brownie has been a good seller, there have been enough of them marketed to make a good sea- son's business in some camera factories, but the increase in the sale of 3A Kodaks nearly equals the total sales of 3 A Brownies. Are you getting your share ? We have been developing the rural trade — but that doesn't necessarily mean cheap trade. In many cases it may mean cheap trade now, but as the new field is developed a high priced trade later on. The satisfaction that the cheap- er Brownies give makes people ambitious for something better, and, having the money, these country people will soon be candidates for high grade cameras and anastigmat equip- ments, just as the city folks are now. Are you ready ? Here's the trouble. If a man comes into your store you are going to sell him what you have if it's a possible thing. You are afraid to talk a cata- logue sale — you might lose him and so you let him go away with a fifteen or twenty dollar equipment when you might just as well have sold him a fifty or sixty dollar out- fit if you had had the goods. Unlike the burglar, you need have no fear of being caught with the goods on. That's the way you should be caught. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Get in line for the increasing high grade business by having the goods to show. Ynu don't need to stock the full line. We and our traveling men are ready to help you with advice based on our experience. It's not to our advantage to over- load you. Our interests lie in helping you to make the busi- ness profitable, because that means that we will have your enthusiastic co-oj^eration in making it still more profitable. Let us help you bring your business up the line. If yours is mostly a Brownie trade, let's make it more of a Kodak trade. If it's already a Kodak trade, let's make more of the Kodaks go out with anastigmat equip- ments. We are here to help you, our men will call and help you. Let's talk it over. DISCONTINUED. As by far the greater part of our sales indicate that the photographers strongly prefer the heavier weight, we have discontinued the manufacture of the Medium Weight, Ivory White, American Platinum Paper. Fit Your Kodak with a Zeiss'Kodak ANASTIGMAT/6.3 The Lens ^Qi/a/ffj/Jdr {he Camera of Oj/aZ/'ly ADVERTISING FOR YOU. Yes, we admit that we are always preaching the necessity of better finishing for the ama- teur. It's one ot our hobbies. But you will admit that when we offer you or your represent- atives free instruction and free materials in our Educational Department we are taking our own medicine. We are spend- ing good money to bring about the end that we believe in. There has been marked im- provement in the last five years along the line of better and more careful work because it has been demonstrated that it pays to make good work. The man who turns out good work can get a good price for it no matter how much cheap competition he may have. Our educational work and the object lessons afforded by certain finishers who always do turn out good work has had an influence and a strong one in the right direction. We think it's now time to help you by suggestion to the consumer. There's one best paper for use on the amateur negative, and that's Velox. Furthermore, the man who uses Velox in- stead of Azo (or some other cheap paper) for his work, not only uses the best paper but it's a moral certainty that he takes more care with his work, employs better help and better chemicals — does better devel- oping as well as better printing than does the man who uses cheap paper. Therefore, in its advertising of Velox the Nepera Division has broadened its story. It not only tells the KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. amateur about the advantages of Velox for his own use, but also tells him of the advantages he gets by sending his finishing work to the man who uses Velox. This pushing by us of the high grade product will help your profits on the amateur paper trade, will help you to build up and maintain a high grade developing and printing business at a profit ; will help your entire amateur business because the future of that business depends on the quality of the picture that the amateur gets — not on what he has to pay for the pictures. In another column we show one of the Velox advertise- ments we are using in the big general mediums. There will be others twice the size of this and others that are smaller. Collier's, Saturday Evening Post, Harper's, Leslie's, Life, Scientific American, Cosmo- politan, McClure's, Every- body's and Munsey's will be used. It's a fact and we pro- pose to make it an understood fact with all amateurs that : '* The best developers and finishers of mnateiir work use Velox exclusively because it is the only paper that ivorks properly luith negatives made under the harsh conditions of lighting that the amateur almost invariably encouyiters^ Take advantage of our edu- cational department, and tank development and Velox ; turn out the highest class stuff, thereby increasing both the profits of your developing and printing departments and your entire photographic business. Your best negatives deserve, and your poorer negatives need:— VELOX Velox is the only paper that is made with sole reference to the requirements of the amateur. The best develop- ers and finishers of amateur work use Velox exclusively because it is the only paper that works properly with neg- atives made under the harsh conditions of lighting that the amateur almost invariably encounters. Don't permit anybody to insult your negatives with an inferior substitute. If your developer and finisher doesn't use Velox, write us ; we will tell you of one who does. NEPERA DIVISION, Eastman Kodak Co. ROCHESTER. N. Y. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. THE COMPLETE, SET. The Autotime Scale so suc- cessfully helps the beginner in the use of his stops and his shutter speeds that it's worth the while of every one who is interested in increasing amateur photography, to help along its sale. To assist the dealer in keep- ing his stock right, and to help him bring these scales to the attention of his customers, we have arranged to put them up in complete sets, these sets, with their mounting, making at the same time an attractive display card, as shown by the illustration on page 5. Each card holds one scale of each style that is made, eleven in all, and is packed in a neat box, together with a set of direction sheets. When you have made a sale the scale can be easily removed from the card and put in place on the camera shutter, the same screws which hold the old time and diaphragm scales in place, being used to put on the new autotime scales. When a scale has been removed from the card another may be order- ed singly to replace it, for we .shall continue them in the single boxes as before, and no doubt many dealers will carry several of the ready sellers in reserve in addition to those on the display card. That the amateur may not be misled, we ask that ca7'e be take7i to always give out the right direction sheet. The in- structions vary for different shutters, and this matter should be carefully looked after. Price of the complete set of eleven Autotime Scales, mounted on card, $11.00. Discount to the trade, 40 per cent. There's good money for you and satisfaction for your customers. Make your line complete. A NEW POST CARD. Royal Pure White Nepera Post Cards are the latest pro- duct for this tremendously im- portant branch of the photo- graphic business. Correct in quality, in weight of stock and in surface, Royal Pure White, "the card that forgets to curl." is sure to find favor. The price is right, even for big con- sumers, only a trifle above that of the very cheapest cards, and the quality is the kind that means elimination of waste. THE PRICE.. Nepera Post Cards, Royal Pure White, per gross, - I1.50 Do., per pkg, of 500, - - 4.00 Not furnished in less than gross packages. Discount to the trade, 25 per cent. BETWEEN TIMES After the sunrimer and before the winter rush, take advantage of our Educational Department. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. •.■M-^:0'u AUTOTIME SHUTTER SCALES Style A A Style DOO Style E 9 Style F MANUFACTURED BY EASTMAN KODAK CO., Rochester, N. Y. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ^^^te.^j|% 1^0] .,,«si«fi|^^'^|^^N^W^^^r^jJ^^E *^M5iff^ ^^ ^^^^lijg ^ A Filin=Carton Auto. This clever window display was executed by Mr. Oscar Bley of the Farmer Drug Store, Santa Cruz, Calif. It is made entirely of Kodak Film Cartons with front, side and back lights of Hydro- chinon Developer Cartons, and ruby window^s and portrait attach- ments with hose and bulb for horn effect. STICK TO ADVERTISED BRANDS. A Western reader of Printers' Ink, who conducts a retail store, writes a long letter to inquire whether it would be advisable to refrain from advertising the fact that he handles certain makes of goods. These goods are exten- sively advertised by the manufac- turers and the Westerner has pro- perly been banking on this to help him in booming sales ; but he is worried by the fear that some day the manufacturer may cut him off as an agent, so that the money he spends himself for advertising the goods would go for naught. This fear is groundless. Manu- facturers who advertise nationally are not cutting out enterprising agents, but are adding others. Printers' Ink's advice to the mer- chant is to stick to advertised brands of all kinds of goods, and to take every opportunity of letting the public know that he handles them. The public wants adver- tised goods — it is familiar wiih them — has tested them — knows that they represent quality for price. Before a merchant can dis- card advertised brands he mu.st be strong enough in his locality to produce his own brands and push them successfully against the ad- vertised brands handled by his competitor. — Printers' Ink. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. A CAUSE, OF DIILAY. Hawk- Eye cameras are not repaired in the Kodak factory, nor are Century, or Premo, or Graflex cameras. All of these factories are at a con- siderable distance from the Eastman Kodak Co. main office and factory. Therefore, in sending in such cameras for repairs, you should always send them to the factory where they are made, addressing- your package and letter to the Blair Cam era Division, Century Camera Division, Rochester Optical Division, or Folmer & Schwing Division, as the case may be. Such handling of the matter will be more convenient for us, but the main point is that it will save a lot of time for you. Suppose, for instance, you send a Hawk-Eye camera to us and it lands in the main office receiving department, while your letter about it, likely con- taining references to other matters, may have been ad- dressed either to the Blair Division or to the main office. In either case our receiving clerks do not know for some time, or until the letter reaches them, .why the camera has come in, or what to do with it. For quick attention send the camera and letter to the divis- ion where it belongs. We will try to do our part promptly. Portrait Attachments, Calendars, Flash Goods, Albums, Enlarging Cameras. ALL ARE SEASONABLE, NOW. How about your stock ? KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ■■iiiiiM ^^Kw^ InHi i||||l||i|||lli|f i^^H) ^ Your best negatives deserve, and your poorer negatives need: VELOX Velox costs more than other papers, but is better and therefore we use it exclusively in OUR DEVELOPING and PRINTING DEPARTMENT Getting for you the best possible result from every exposure is the first consideration With us, Richard Roe & Co. 1001 TRIPOD AVE.. Double Column Cut No, 192. Single Column Cut No. 196. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN" Vol. X., No. 12 ROCHESTER November, 1909 AFcTURA, Important Addition to the Eastman Products. We have purchased the Artura Photo Paper Co. , of Columbus, Ohio. This purchase was made be- cause we look upon Artura as the product that best meets the requirements of the pro- fessional photographer in a development paper. The best in every branch of photography for every one of our customers, that is the keynote of our policy. So far as is possible we, of course, endeavor to originate the new good things and improve the old ones with- in our own works. When, however, someone else has perfected a product to such a degree that we feel that our customers, whether consumers or dealers, should have its benefits, we try to be broad- minded enough to recognize the facts and act upon them. Artura is a case in point. It will continue to have the same excellent supervision in manu- facture, that of Mr. M. A. Yauck, but with the added benefits of our manufacturing and distributing facilities. The new conditions promise, there- fore, to be not only a distinct advantage to you, but equally advantageous to Artura con- sumers everywhere. But to maintain these advan- tages for you and the custo- mers and ourselves, it is essen- tial that in meeting the new conditions there shall be no interruption in deliveries to the present Artura consumers. The facts are these : At the present time the Artura factory is being run to its utmost ca- pacity to take care of existing business. True, we have our new and splendidly equipped factory with plenty of room in it for Artura to grow, but be- fore we can broaden out the business, additional raw paper must be secured and certain new apparatus, where Artura methods and our own are un- like, must be provided before we can commence the manufac- ture of Artura at Kodak Park. If there are no unforeseen delays, we expect to be able to begin the manufacture of Artura here soon after the first of the year, but until that time any change in distribution methods seems to be not only unwise but man- KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ifestly unfair to the present Artura consumers. The very fact that our purchase of the Artura Company has come right on the eve of the opening up of the heaviest -business of the year — the Christmas sea- son, makes any change doubly impossible. There are several hundred dealers on our list who stand ready to stock Artura. If we should accept their orders, it would mean that the Artura Company would be swamped with busi- ness and that Artura consu- mers would be unable to get paper at the very time of year when the loss to them would be most serious. The square deal for Artura customers as well as a sound policy for the future, demands, therefore, that they bee^iven the first consideration. You can be no more anxious then we are to reap the benefit of the growing trade in this product. We want you to handle it at the earliest possible moment and co-operate with us in popularizing it everywhere, yet we are absolutely certain that to make any attempt at changing the distribution methods now, especially just at the opening of the holiday trade, would mean chaos. For the sake of fairness and for the good of future business, therefore, we ask that you wait patiently for the Artura trade that is sure to come. Your interests and ours are identical in this as in other trade matters and you can rest assured that we shall use every effort in hastening the preparation for the day when we can say : * ' Give us your Artura orders. ' ' JUST TIME. Calendars are unlike most other goods in our line because they must be closed out before a certain date, else they are useless. Time persistently re- fuses to comply with the poet's request and turn backward in its flight. Therefore our sup- ply of the Season's Calendars will be limited and will prob- ably be entirely closed out by November 15th. You still have time, but not too much time in which to put in a stock of this profitable novelty for the holiday trade. Here's the price list again : THE. SEASON'S CALE,NDAR. For Horizontal Photos. SIZE SIZE PRICE NUMBER OF PHOTO OUTSIDE PER 100 No. I 2^ X 31/ 5/8 x 8% $5 00 No. lA 2y2 X 4^x 6Kx 8% 6.00 No. 2 3V2 X 3^ 6x9 6.00 No. 3 ■^H X 4K 7 X gVs 6.00 No. 3A 3^X5^ 8% X 10% 7.00 No. 4 4 X 5 8 X loK 7.00 No. 4A 4^ X 6% gVsx 11% 750 No. 5 5 X7 9^X12 8.00 For Upi right or V ertical Ph otos. No. 3V sH^iH 5% X 10 I6.00 No. 3A V 3^x5'/^ .s% xiii^ 6.00 No. 4V 4 X5 6K X 10% 6.00 No. 4A V 4J< X 6^ 1% X 13 7.00 No. 5V 5 x7 8 xi3% 7.50 Discount to the trade in any quantity, . 33K^. CHRISTMAS PUBLICITY. Appropriate for the winter season, and especially for Christmas, is the new booklet that we are preparing for the holiday trade. This booklet measures 3^^ by 5^ inches, contains 32 pages in which are KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. listed the most popular of the Kodaks and Brownies, and is just the thing for mail distribu- tion among the people who can be interested in a camera for Christmas — and there is a lot of them. We have also remaining a few thousand Brownie Booklets which we will supply while they last and, incidentally, every dealer should have on hand a few Kodak catalogues. The catalogues we particularly re- quest that you only give out to those who ask for them, either in person or by mail (they are too expensive to send out on 'Mists") yet every dealer should have at least a small sup- ply and right now is the time to put in the order. Rural dealers should also have on hand a few copies of " Kodak on the Farm " to take care of possible inquiries and, perhaps, use where they are pretty sure to do good. Our stock of these, however, is somewhat limited, and so we must ask that you use care in ordering. Other booklets that some of you who should, have not called for, are: "Velox Man- uals," ''By Flash Light," (ex- tremely timely right, now,) "Bromide Enlarging with a Kodak," and "With a Kodak in the Land of the Navajo." Right now, before Christmas business gets started is a good time for you to go over this matter of advertising material and prepare your campaign. - Our line of cuts for news- paper advertising is also at your service. If you have mislaid our ' ' Cut Sheet, ' ' which shows the assortment, let us know, and a duplicate will be mailed you. About December first we shall send to all dealers an assortment of new and up-to- date signs for store use, and we are also preparing some new designs in street car advertising, and have on hand a few old ones that will be equally good mjour locality if they have not already been used there. Remember, please, that of all the foregoing booklets, signs and cuts, none will be sent you U7iless y.ou ask for thefti^ with the single exception of signs for store display, which will be sent to all dealers. Back of all this co-operation that we are proposing to give as a help in your local advertis- ing, there will be the usual, yes, morethan the usual amount of hard hammering for new business through the maga- zines. Again, there are a num- ber of those strong back covers in full colors and full inside pages all along the line in the December magazines — pages that mean more Kodak buyers. We may spend a few thousand dollars a year through this Trade Circular in trying to get Kodak goods on your shelves- — but we spend as many hundreds of thousands in our advertising to help you get them of? your shelves and into the hands of the consumer. All deal- ers benefit some from our magazine work, but those dealers benefit most who back up our general pub- licity by consistent and per- sistent local advertising. We pay all the expense of KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. the general and are willing to share expense of the local advertising to the extent of furnishing the cuts, the car signs and the booklets. It has been a growing year in amateur photography. There's not a phase of it that has not shown an increasing interest by increased business. December can be made another record breaker for every dealer who joins us in creating a greater Kodak publicity. ALL HIGH GRADE, THE LIBRARY ALBUM FOR GOOD PRINTS BY GOOD PEOPLE OF GOOD TASTE. The tendency on the part of the Kodaking public to buy the good stuff has been most no- ticeable in the remarkable sale of Anastigmat lenses, but this tendency goes all along down the line. From the lens that catches the ray of light that makes the picture through every stage of the work to the mount or album, people are us- ing better materials. This has been especially no- ticeable in the albums. People who have spent good money for a camera and lens and ma- terials and for their vacation journey and have a good lot of prints are willing to pay a good price for a book to put them in. Something worthy of a place on the library table is what they are looking for and you can supply it in the Library Album, to their satis- faction, and your profit. This album is "handsome" but more than that, it is chaste and refined — free from gaudiness — just the sort of an article that the best people will appreciate. It is furnished with a rich brown suede padded cover with brown leaves and gold edges, or with gray suede padded cover and gray leaves with silver edges. Order by No. 11 50 gray leaves, 5)4 x 734;', Landscape, - - - I2.25 12 50 brown leaves, 5>^ X 7X. Landscape, - - - 2.25 13 50 gray leaves, 7 x 10, Landscape. - - - 3.00 14 50 brown leaves, 7 x 10, Landscape, - - - 3.C0 15 50 gray leaves, 11 x 14, Landscape, - - - 5.00 16 50 brown leaves, 11 x 14, Landscape, - - - 5.00 17 Gray leaves, 11 x 14, for 200 Post cards, - - - 5.00 18 Brown leaves, 11 x 14, for 200 Post cards, - - 5 00 Discount to the trade 40^. Fit your Kodak vv^ith a Zeiss- Kodak ANASTIGMAT /6.3 The Lens of Quality for the Camera of Quality KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Their Vacation Story— as told by her KODAK An attractive illustration that will be used in colors on our winter booklet, on many magazine covers, and on store and street car signs. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. DEVELOPMENT IN COMMERCIAL WORK. C. H. CLAUDY IN THE BULLE- TIN OF PHOTOGRAPHY. Down cellar, in the dark, where it's damp, in the midst of packing boxes, sawdust, old hypo and general mess, is the dark room. In the dark room are two long wooden boxes, in one of which is water and in the other hypo of uncertain age and doubtful strength. A ruby electric bulb is covered with stained post paper and hangs over a ten-cent chinaware bowl in which is a wine-colored liquid. Arrives a boy of sixteen with an armful oi orders. These are the hapless, luckless films that confiding customers have left. The boy digs at each a moment with a penknife, strips film from paper, and one after the other puts all the films in the tank of water. This done, the last film in is grabbed out again and see- sawed back and forth through the wine-colored liquid. In less than two minutes — often in less than one — it is coal black on one side and fairly dark on the other. "Guess it's cooked," remarks the young man, and "souse," in it goes in the hypo of uncertain age and doubtful strength, with no rinsing. No. 2 is similarly treated. This roll, perhaps, was a little under- exposed. To even matters up it is developed a little longer. "She won't blacken, but that's not my fault," remarks the young workman (?), and "souse" this, too, goes into the un- certain hypo. Its highlights are a little denser than the first film. Come an over-exposed roll and stays in development about thirty seconds. "Gee !" says young hopeful. "Gee !" You certainly are in a hurry 'n som' I !" This film gets as little development as possible, because it turned black so quickly ! Upstairs, where all is shining glass and mahogany cases, nice- ly dressed and accommodating clerks wait on customers. "Blank's is such a nice place," says one lady to another. "They are always so obliging. You never have to wait and they seem to be willing to take any trouble for you. So cheap, too ! Films developed free if you order a dollar's worth of prints, and only ten cents a dozen to develop them if you don' t. But I wish I could have better luck with my camera — I never get more than four or five good ones, but I'm always hoping !" Pretty picture, isn't it? Overdrawn? Not a bit of it? I know half a dozen such places, and I bet you know of one or two yourself. Sometimes I wish I ran a photo supply store, if only for the fun of putting all these cranky notions of mine into execution. They tell me I wouldn't last long, but I'd chance it. And the first thing I'd do would be to rip out those tanks and fire the boy and clean up the cellar and have a sign painted telling every one what I was doing. Then I' d fix up a * 'dark' ' room that was so full of windows it KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. looked like a conservatory, and I'd spend all the money I could find on tanks and Id have people flock into my place just to see me develop their films. Vou never invite a man down to see his films developed — you can't afford to let him see the mess you are in downstairs or the disgraceful conditions under which your men work ! You spend your days preaching photographic cleanliness and ease, and the advantages of tanks, and your workmen spend their time in dirt and filth "developing" (heaven save the mark) your customers' films in a concentrated lye of a de- veloper. 'Course you can't afford to give it away ! I'd pay for my tanks and my room and my equipment in a couple of months, with just the extra films I saved with tank development. Nine out of ten orders read "develop the roll and make one, two, three or four prints from each good negative." If you get four from a roll, you make, perhaps, a dozen prints. If you got a dozen you'd make three dozen prints, and your customer would be so tickled she'd buy more film right away, instead of being discouraged and leaving the matter until her enthusiasm came back again ! You'd make friends and so would I, taking customers into your "dark" room that was as light as day could make it, and letting him or her see your workmen, themselves clean, working in a slopless room over a couple of sinks, manipulating a lot of tanks. I'll sell tanks, too, by the dozen, instead of the one or two, and my customers would develop their own films. They would save me that — in itself not a profit- making job — and they would still bring them to me to print — or, they would buy the sup- plies of me, give me my own profit and double it in a month, since the man who does his own work does more than when you do it— he spends his money to better advantage, and you get the same profit without the work! It's a short-sighted policy that won't convert a customer of finishing work into one for tanks and supplies when opportunity arises, and it's a dandy scheme, this demonstration room, to do just that ! The proposition is so dead open-and-shut I can't imagine why some of you wise ones haven't caught on faster. It costs money to change. But it gives you better work — which means better satisfied customers — more work, which means more profit — helps you sell tanks, still more profit— is a splendid thing to advertise, which means more customers — and pays for itself in a short time ! Worth while thinking about, isn't it? Enter that Christmas order now — and make sure of the goods. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. If it isn't an Eastman, it isn't a Kodak. Put "KOD AK'^ on that Christinas List. There's nothing, unless it be the after-delight in the pictures themselves, that more universally appeals to young and old than picture taking. And it's inex- pensive now, for Kodak has made it so. There are Kodaks and Brownies for all people and purposes — but none more popular than the simple and compact: FOLDING POCKET SERIES. No. 1, 2)4- x3X pictures $10.00 No. lA 2>^x4^ 12.00 No. lA Spcl.2;^x4X" 15.00 No. 3, 3^x4j^ 17.50 No. 3A sH^sy^ 20.00 No. 4, 4x5 20.00 Box form Kodaks at $5.00 to $12.00 and Brownie Cameras (they work like Kodaks) at $1.00 to $12.00 and high speed Kodaks with anastigmat lenses at $40.00 to upwards of $100.00 offer an infinite variety, but in none of them have we omitted the principle that has made the Kodak success — Simplicity. Kodak means Photography with the bother left out. Richard Roe & Co, nn+. Vr. PnS FOR TRADE CIRCULA TION ONL Y. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOl R IN TERES TS A ND O UR O IV N. ' ' Vol. XL. No. I. ROCHESTER December, 1909 Midwinter Publicity PEARY LETTERS THAT TE,LL OF KODAK DE,PENDABILITY. It takes pretty good nerve for an advertiser to bang away with full pages in more than a score of high priced magazines at the "of! season." But we are banging. We simply couldn't resist the advertising opportunity offered by Commander Peary's forceful commentar)^ on the successful use of our goods under the adverse conditions that prevail on such a cam- paign — or rather series of cam- paigns, in fighting for Farthest North. On page 3 we reproduce in reduced size the full page ad- vertisement that we are run- ning in all the leading magazines but one, for January. That one is Hampton's, the maga- zine in which Peary is telling the story of his plucky fight with the polar ice pack, with hunger and with cold, a story which, by the way, is costing that publication a dollar and twenty cents a word, or 20 per cent, more than the famous Roosevelt articles are said to cost Scribner's. In Hamp- ton's we are using four pages, and are reproducing in a double page spread, not only Com- mander Peary's 1909 Kodak letter, but alongside of it Lieu- tenant Peary's 1892 Kodak letter. Peary achieved his suc- cess in reaching the Pole not only by courage and persis- tence, but by experience, and by attention to the minutest details of his equipment. Like- wise, his photographic outfit was based on his experience in previous expeditions, and to his selection of Kodak goods he attributes a large measure of his photographic success. If the word "Kodak" could appear in the illustrated press and in the magazines on every picture that is made with Kodak goods, the lesson it would teach would be the im- KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. portance of the Eastman pro- ducts in the recording of the world's history. There have been great happenings on this old sphere in the twenty-one years since "Kodak" was born. It has photographed, in war and adventure, all parts of all sides of the earth, and now, thanks to Peary, it has photo- graphed the top 'o the world. Kodak, before it was of age, having reached the top o' the world, what may we not expect of it now that it has reached its majority. Where next? The South Pole perhaps, and surely from the seat of the aeroplanist it is to get for us who prefer to keep our feet on Mother Earth, a new view of things. But to leave the fanciful. The fact that fully ninety per cent, of the successful pictures taken in war and adventure under the most adverse condi- tions — whether they be caused by polar ice or tropic sun, arctic blizzard or torrid tor- rents, are Kodak pictures. For such work, Kodak goods are to-day the acknowledged essentials. There can be but one deduction: If Kodak goods are essential under ad- verse conditions, they are pre- ferable for every day use. And from your standpoint, the beauty of it all is that we are not keeping still about it. WHEN WE GUESS. Conditions change from time to time, and we have therefore recently revised the instructions to our order department as to the shipments of Velox, Ne- pera and Azo, in those cases where full and definite instruc- tions are not received by us. The only alternative of such a system would be to hold the orders for further instructions, but experience has taught us that in a very large majority of cases, our customers are better satisfied to have us ship the goods — using our own judg- ment as to the surface and degree of contrast. The following is our method of handling such orders : Velox, Nepera, Azo — Post Cards ELxcepted. If an order for Velox fails to specify surface, we ship Velvet, contrast as provided below. If an order for Velox fails to specify contrast, we should supply Special, if the size is Cabinet or larger or a roll ; Regular, if the order calls for smaller sizes. The average small negative is best adapted to Regular Velox. If an order for Azo fails to specify surface, we ship Grade *'D," contrast as below. If an order for Azo fails to specify contrast, we supply Hard, which is most in demand. POST CARDS If the surface of Azo Post Cards is not specified, we sup- ply Grade ''D." If the contrast of Azo Post Cards is not mentioned, we send Hard. If the surface of Velox Post Cards is not mentioned, we send Velvet. If the contrast of Velox Post Cards is not mentioned, we send Special. If Nepera order fails to spec- ify surface, we send Velvet. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. KODAK at the North Pole "Being satisfied since my first expedition in 1891 that the Eastman cameras and films were best suited for this class of work, I have used both exclusively in all of my Arctic expeditions since, and it is to this that I attribute the fact that I have brought back a series of photographs which in quantity and quality probably exceed any other series of photographs obtained from the Arctic regions." •W5>X^^ \&.^ Wherever adverse conditions demand abso- lute dependability in photographic equipment- there the Kodak goods are chosen. The photo- graphic success of Commander Peary's expedition is fully demonstrated by the pictures —all of them from Kodak films, illustrating his thrilling, historic narrative no\v running in HAMPTON'S MAGAZINE. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY rf?i?/?f".'^ir^S'''' ROCHESTER, N. Y.. The Kodak City. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ^ correspondent says: "If your dealers could deliver such negatives and Velox prints and Bromides as you do, it would bear more fruit than all your other advertising combined." This may be a hard knock at the efficiency of our adver- tising department — but it's a boost for our Educational Department. Let us help you do better work. There's no charge. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR, DO YOU? We give below a letter from one of our dealers telling how successful he has been in get- ting business as a result of a follow-up on the names we have given him of prospective pur- chasers that we have secured through our magazine or farm paper advertising. We are of course directing this talk to dealers in the vil- lages and smaller cities. The man in New York or Chicago doesn't often ask us for a cata- logue, because he can't go out to his noon-day luncheon with- out seeing a Kodak sign, and his wife finds Kodak goods on sale in some one of the stores where she regularly trades. But rurally, we try to connect the man with a leaning toward photography with the dealer who has the goods. You've all had notice from us at one time or another that so and so had asked for a Kodak catalogue. Do you fol- low these up ? Tried once and found it was only a boy ? But perhaps that boy earned a dollar picking apples and because you didn't follow him up bought his Brownie of your competitor, or worse yet, spent the money going to a show. Besides, he's going to be a man soon and earn good wages and buy a 3A Kodak with perhaps an anastigmat lens. Those in- quiries for printed matter that we get cost a lot of money. We don't want to work on them ourselves, because we are too far away and because we don't want to do a retail busi- ness. But every evening's mail carries out a bunch of postal cards to all parts of the country telling dealers of the inquiries we have had. Do you follow them up when you get one? No — proportionately to what we spend you don't get many. If you are in a big city, you don' t get any because there are so many of you it isn't a practi- cal scheme. And another rea- son that you don't get many is because for several years you have had a Kodak sign on your store front and it is there- fore ten to one that when John Doe reads our advertisement, ' ' Catalogue free at the dealers or by mail," he calls at your store for it and perhaps doesn' t even ask. Simply takes it of! the counter and puts it in his pocket. But when you do get a noti- fication, do you follow it up? The subjoined letter would in- dicate that it pays : Grants Pass, Oregon, Nov. 6, 1909. Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. Gentlemen : Beg to report that we have rec- ently sold Geo. A. Meissner, Kerby, a Brownie, as a result of our fol- low-up letters, whose name you sent us April 2, 1909 ; also Miss E. D. Thompson, Kerby, Oregon, a 3A Folding Pocket Kodak and outfit, name sent by you October 29. 1909 ; also F. M. Horn, Kerby, Oregon, a No. 3A Folding Brownie and outfit, name sent by you August 27, 1909. We wish at this time to thank you for these names and wish to assure you that it is no fault of ours if the inquirer gets away from the Kodak family, once we get track of their having made inquiry. We may have made other sales from KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. persons coming in the store and buying after we had written them, the clerk not having taken their names, and these we get sooner or later by their sending in for film or paper. Stanton Rowell. RIGHT NOW. The Christmas signs have been shipped — a full assort- ment to every Kodak dealer. By the time you receive this Trade Circular the Christmas booklets will have been shipped to every dealer who asked for them, except in those cases where the order came in late. We are taking prompt care of orders for electrotypes and special booklets. Right now, it's of special im- portance if there is anything you want from our advertising department that you write direct to' that department or at least that you put your request in a special letter that there may be no delay in its reaching that department. Special let- ters on special subjects always save time, but just now this is particularly important. We want to serve you well and promptly that you may get results from the heavy Christ- mas advertising that we are doing. Those back covers on Collier's, Saturday Evening Post, Cosmopolitan, Country Life, Life, Youth's Companion, Garden Magazine, Outlook, American Boy and Review of Reviews, together with the full pages and more on the inside of all the other magazines of first impolrtance, mean Kodak Christmas business for those who join us in the campaign. In most of our Christmas advertising we have put the loud pedal on Folding Pocket Kodaks. The wise dealer will do the same and stock the goods. We have single and double column cuts, suitable for news- paper use, of all the Kodaks and Brownies. Yours for the asking. PREMOS FOR CHRISTMAS. You have already received from the Rochester Optical Division descriptive matter of what is being done to push Premos for the holiday business. Given goods of merit, like the Premos, backed by the strong, extensive advertising which is appearing in the Christmas magazines, and the result is bound to be an in- creasing demand for such goods. Then there are the Christmas Booklets, newspaper cuts, car signs and so forth, which will enable you to focus all this advertising on your store. If you have not already ordered some of this matter, do so at once. We will gladly send it free of charge. These are the Premos which are specially advertised and recommended for Christmas buyers : Premo Juniors, $2.00 to $5.00 ; Premoettes, $5.00 to $10.00 ; Film Premos No. i, $10.00 to $20.00 ; Pocket Premo C, $12.00 and $15.00 ; Filmplate Premos, $24.00 to $35.00. You should have them for your Christmas customers. ZEISS-KODAK ANASTIGMAT, / 6.3. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. A LITHOGRAPHED DISPLAY RACK NOW PACKED IN EVERY BOX OF 100 EASTMAN M. Q. TUBES. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. There's nothing too good for your children, and nothing that will give them more good, whole- some fun than a Brownie You'll be surprised, if you are not already familiar with the latest in Kodak photography, at how simple it all is and what a good camera you can buy for very little money. There are Brownies at ;gi.oo to $12.00, and every one capable of making good pictures, even in inexperienced hands. Put Brownie on that Christmas list. RICHARD ROE & CO Cut No. 272. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. " FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN:' Vol. XL, No. 2. ROCHESTER January, 1910 ARTURA TO YOU FROM ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, CHICAGO AND SAN FRANCISCO. TERMS. We are making Artura at Kodak Park. We shall be prepared to fill orders from Rochester, and from our New York and Chi- cago branches on January 15th, and from the San Francisco branch on January 20th. The January issue of Studio Light, which will be mailed in a few days, will announce to the photographers that Artura can be obtained through "East- man dealers," beginning about January 20th. Had the purchase of the Artura business come about at an off season, a transfer from Columbus to Rochester and a consequent filling of all the de- mands of the trade would have been much easier than at the Christmas season. It is per- fectly evident, however, that for the "square deal," and for the best interests in the long run of the dealers and ourselves, the first man to be looked after was the photographer. Christ- mas trade was right at hand at the time we made the purchase and it was, therefore, of first importance that the consurraer should be taken care of. We feel that it is the good fortune of all concerned that there have been no serious obstacles to the transfer, and that we are able to make the above announce- ment thus early. This could not have been done but for two facts. First, we have had the hearty co-operation of the men who formed the Artura Photo Paper Co., and second, we had room for the Artura business in our splendid developing-out- paper building. There were KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. some differences in methods of manufacture which meant, to a certain extent, new apparatus. All has now been provided for. The terms of sale of Artura Paper will be as follows : LIST PRICE. The list will remain as before, with none but very minor changes from the present list. DISCOUNT. The discount to the trade will be 25 per cent. This ap- plies to Artura Post Cards, as well as the other paper. RETAIL RESTRICTIONS. The retailer is to sell at list price only, except that he 7nay, if he desires, allow a discount not to exceed 15 per cent, on bona fide orders for $25.00 worth or more (list) of Artura paper to be shipped at one time. CASH DISCOUNT, A cash discount of 3 per cent, may be allowed by dealers to purchasers, provided the account is settled not later than the 15th of the month fol- lowing purchase. DATING. For the protection of both dealers and photographers, we shall apply to Artura Paper the * 'expiration date' ' system which has proved so satisfactory with our other papers. If there are any troubles in filling orders, due to the trans- fer, we believe they will all be smoothed out very quickly. It is somewhat difficult in so large a business to anticipate just what the new trade may demand as to grades and sizes, but so far as may humanly be possible, we have provided for every emergency, and we expect from the very start to give you satisfactory service. E^XPLOITING ARTURA. Nothing has been done since we purchased the Artura Com- pany in the way of additional effort in increasing the Artura business, because whatever made the business bigger would have made the moving problem greater, and delayed our furn- ishing the paper from Roch- ester and through our branches. Now, however, we are ready. More than that, we are full of enthusiasm. All of our paper men will demonstrate Artura, which, in addition to the old Artura force, will mean tremendous support to your business. Ar- tura will be given a most im- portant place in the program of the Eastman School of Profes- sional Photography ; it will be given prominence in Studio Lights and widely advertised in all of the mediums which reach the professional photog- rapher. Help us provide a thorough distribution that will be appre- ciated by the professional pho- tographers, by letting us have your orders Now, for shipment on the dates that the goods are to be ready at our various points of supply, remembering that Iris is the grade most in demand. EASTMAN TRADE CIRCULAR 1910 TERMS. Except for the addition of Artiira Paper there are none but very minor changes in our Terms of Sale for 1910. The terms as existing in 1909 have proved highly satisfactory to the trade and as a protection against the evils of substitution are coming to be recognized by the public as distinctly in the interests of the consumer. It is a great satisfaction to us to know that they are so generally accepted by the trade and by the public as being of benefit to all of our customers. IN FILMS. I've traveled 'round and 'round the world — In films; Up hill, down dale, I've oft been hurled — In films; I've seen the king of every land; I've watched an army take its stand When fighting with a hostile band- In films. I've seen the finest dramas played — In films; I've watched the process of each trade — In films; I've witnessed crowds in lively chase. Pursue some rascal in disgrace; My laughter equaled that swift pace — In films. A wondrous world, in sooth, I see In films; Where far-off scenes are brought to me — In films; When Jefif and Johnson have their fight I wouldn't go, e'en though I might; I'll pay a nickel for the sight — In films. — Cleveland Plain- Dealer. OFF THE MARKE^T Of course we have to keep on getting out new goods. Other- wise interest in photography would wane, and profits would peter out for you and for us. But we can't keep on getting out new stuff without now and then withdrawing some of the old. Your shelves wouldn't be long enough to hold it all. We therefore announce the withdrawal of three papers : Kloro, Albuma, and W. D. Platinum. Good as they are, other papers that you handle, have so far taken the place of these goods that it seems use- less for you to stock or for us to make these goods longer. The discontinuance goes into effect immediately. A $150 BROWNIE. Several dealers have written us in response to the article in our December issue about the advisability of following up in- quiries that have been referred to them. Here are the results shown from Missouri : " Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. Gentlemen : We are just in receipt of your December Trade Circular and note what you say about following up inquiries that have been referred to us, and wish to say that we think, in fact we know, that it will pay any dealer to follow up these in- quiries as the smallest boy or girl is a possible purchaser, for we have sold several Brownies to small boys recently and they are all en- thusiastic about them, and more than one of them has told us of his intentions to buy a "nice big Kodak" as soon as he could. It was early last spring that we took up the matter of buying a EASTMAN TRADE CIRCULAR Kodak with one of the inquirers referred to us, and after the second letter we were favored with a call, and the sale of a Kodak Box Out- fit was the result of the call. Not long afterwards he told us that he had disposed of his Brownie and now wanted a regular Kodak, and we had the pleasure of fitting him up with a No. 3A Kodak with Auto Shutter, Tank Developer and a nice bunch of supplies. He made pictures in his neigh- borhood and bought a nice lot of paper, film and supplies right along, his purchases in six months amounting to about $150.00. Yours truly, W. C. Mitchell & Son." Do YOU follow 'em up? HOW AND WHY. Our Educational Department will teach you how to develop your amateur negatives, whether Roll Film,. Film Pack or Plates. When and how to intensify a negative. When and how to reduce a negative. How to spot a negative. How to block out a bad sky and print in another. How to print Velox, so your results in Amateur Finishing will equal our own. How to know when you are right. When to use Regular and when Special Velox, and why. How to make your prints dry flat and stay flat. How to clean your prints so they may be delivered with the right finish. How to get best results when using Nepera Solution and Velox Liquid Developer, whether purchased ready pre- pared or made up by yourself. How to make Redeveloped prints that are right and are uniform in color. How to spot your prints. How to trim and mount. How to make Bromide prints equal to our own work, whether black or redeveloped. In addition to teaching you how and why our way is the right way, you have the oppor- tunity to see our methods and ask any questions you wish. We furnish all material and instructions free. If you wish to know whether you need any of the foregoing instruction, write the Educa- tional Department for a method whereby you may convince yourself whether your work is up to the standard or not. The Safest Self=burning Flash is an Eastman Flash Sheet Absolutely best for all aiTiateur purposes, EASTMAN TRADE CIRCULAR ANOTHER WINDOW. Here's a clever Film Carton- house made up for the Christ- mas window by I. Brooke of Brooklyn. With somebody else substituted for Santa Claus it would be good at any time. The picture and Mr. Brooke's description make it all very clear : * >!< ^ The house is made up entirely of film boxes, ex- cept for the roof, which is made out of a large mount. The words "Kodak Home" are made transparent with red tissue paper and an electric light in back of the house il- luminates them beautifully. Santa Claus is holding a Pocket Kodak under one arm and a film in the sack under his other arm. He is leaving the cottage with them. FLASH SHEETS THE, UN=PHOTO= GlkAPHED. Once more. Once more your Kodak busi- ness has gone ahead substan- tially. More cameras, more films, more papers have been sold. Improved goods, better developing and printing, per- sistent advertising and a fuller appreciation on the part of the public as to how Kodakery touches every side of life have made more business. But after all, you didn't get all the business you should have had. Some people actu- ally went on their vacations without a camera ; hunters bagged deer with no Kodak to tell the tale ; big fish were caught unrecorded ; motorists toured minus a Kodak ; people even traveled from here to Europe and back and depended on colored picture postals — worse than all that, babies, in some instances, went the whole year through unphoto- graphed ! ! Comparing our sales with the census statistics, we find that there are children in this country who have no Brownies ! ! ! It's up to you and to us, Messers. Dealers, to set matters right. These things ought not to be and we must get together to set 'em right. Of course, it would be unfortunate in one way if between our efforts, yours and ours, every man, woman and child in this country had a Kodak, because it might hurt this year's camera business — but how the film would go ! and papers and tanks and chemicals ! And the develop- EASTMAN TRADE CIRCULAR ing and printing departments would need enlarging ! ! So let's don't worry about getting everybody to Kodak- ing. The more of 'em we get started, the better for them and for you and for us. The field is a big one yet, and consider- ing the Kodak simplicity and certainty, it really is strange how anybody has escaped our combined efforts up to now. But 1909 was encouraging. It proved again that amateur photography is no fad but that pictures have become a part of the life of many of us — we almost said most of us — and can be made a part of the life 'and habits of all of us — except- ing only, perhaps, the *' sub- merged tenth." Ninety per cent, of the families of this country are possible ultimate customers for at least a Brownie. The question right now is : How many can we get this year? The line is getting better every minute. Little improve- ments and big improvements in cameras and films and papers are constant. The $2.00 Brownie of to-day is a better and a more practical all around camera than the $25.00 Kodak of twenty years ago. Com- pare, if you like, the present No. 3 Folding Pocket Kodak with the same camera at the same price of ten years ago. We are now giving twice as much for the money in the camera and spending — no, in- vesting — three times as much in the advertising. It's January. Look to your stock and needs. Investigate your developing and printing and let us know if our Educa- tional Department can be of help to you. Make the most from month to month of our signs and booklets and our free cut service. Photography is growing. The Kodak business is growing. If you did not show a substantial increase in 1909, you are not getting your share of the new business. Let's all get after those mis- taken people who have not yet Kodaked, — meantime, taking exceptional care of those who do Kodak. Now for 1910. FLASH SHEETS ARE SURER, SAFER EASTMAN TRADE CIRCULAR Your Advantage Whatever is best in photogra= phy is yours to sell: IN CAMERAS. KodaR. Graflex, Century. PreiTio. IN FILMS. Eastman N. C- Cartridge and Film PacR. IN PLATE.S. Seed, Standard, Stanley. IN PAPHRS. Aristo, Artura and Angelo for the professional. Velox and Solio for the amateur. IN CHEMICALS. Eastman Tested, IN SUNDRIES. A full line that has bacR of it the experience of the n^en who Rnow the trade requiren^ents. IN EVE.RYTHING. The line that is ADVERTISED — DEMONSTRATED. An Obvious Advantage EASTMAN TRADE CIRCULAR Little pictures of — and by little folks are easy to make with a BROWNIE CAMERA VERY SIMPLE — NO DARK-ROOM NECESSARY. Eight Different Styles, $1.00 to $12.00. RICHARD ROE & CO. Double Column Cut No. 150. FOR TRADE CIRCULA TION ONL Y. €astman Kodak Co mpany Trade Circular. M. FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN: .7^^\,4n^^ f ^ Vol. #»., No. \ir\ tlOCHBCTER February, 1910 THE No. 2A FOLDING POCKET BROWNIE Pictures 2>^ x 434 inches. Price, $7.00. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. IMPROVING THE BROWNIE LINE There's no argument about the popularity of the 2^4 x 41^ picture. The lA Folding Pocket Kodak has for a long time been a live one, the lA Special is making a good rec- ord and the 2A Brownie has been and is a phenomenal seller. Built right, price right and size right, there should be good business in the No. 2A Folding Pocket Brownie for 2^ x 4^ pictures — price $7.00. This camera closely resem- bles in appearance that good seller the No. 2 Folding Pocket Brownie. It loads for six or twelve exposures (lA Kodak Film) has a single achromatic lens and our Pocket Automatic Star Opening Shutter, auto- matic focusing lock, reversible finder and tripod sockets for both vertical and horizontal exposures. It's truly a pocket camera, slipping readily into the ordinary side coat pocket. It's positive and simple in action, not a " trappy " feature in it and withal is a handsome little camera. The covering is, of course, imitation leather but it's a good imitation and with the red leather bellows, the brass shutter and full nickel fittings, this new Brownie shows good value and has it. 'Twill make good pictures and will wear well. And it will sell well. Some of you should order a dozen, many of you. should order in half dozen lots and the smallest of you should at least stock it. It's going to be a live seller and help to make 19 10 the best of all the good years. ^ The goods are ready NQW. Let us have your ord^ers., J^»v^ THE PRICE No, 2A Folding Pocket Brownie .... I7.00 " ACarrying case for do. . .90 Cart, for do (sanfeas lAF. P. K) fr Bwi Film Cart, for do (same as lA F. P. K. ) Regulaiiuiiseotmts^ apply, v DATING PAPERS U Our system of stamping papers with an '* expiration date," beyond which they will not be replaced * ' for fault in manufacture," has worked so well for all concerned on the products to which it has been applied that in future we shall extend this system to include: Aristo Platino, Aristo Self Ton- ing, Commercial Aristo Platino, Aristo Junior, Aristo Gold, Aristo Carbon Sepia, Collodio I Carbon, Azo, JCresko ^'^^ ^^- ^ ^ Mr Q. Bromide Papers. We make this announcement with full confidence that it will meet with the approval of both dealer and consumer custo- mers, for the satisfactory manner in which the dating system has worked with our other goods is a sufficient indication that it will be of value also on the above mentioned goods. Flash Sheets For February Business. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 1^4 PER CENT. PLUS. *er\cent. or no per cent., it is \o t\e invariable advantage of the dealer to push our brands ol plates^ It pays him first of air to p-iish our plates, because we are loyal to him. When he esta(5lishes a customer in Seed, Standard or Stanley plates he knows that we are going to stand by him — not cut the corner by selling direct and at a price that will leave him out of it. Our plates offer the fullest variety. They have the quality — they meet the price — /they satisfy the con- sumer.' And again : Each regular E. K. dealer who was handling our goods prior to Jan. ist, 1909, will early in 191 1 (it will take a few weeks after the close of the year to complete the figuring) receive a special credit of 2>^^ on his combined net total pur- chases of Seed, Standard East- man and Stanley plates for 1 9 10, provided his total net purchases of said plates for 1 9 10 equal or exceed his total net purchases of same for 1909. Push the goods that are made by the people who sell through the dealer — an«^ inci- dentally earn the extra 2}2^i>. ARTURA IN ROLLS. In all lists of Artura paper and Artura Backing paper to be published in the future, we shall include both 20 inch and 40 inch rolls, discontinuing the 25 inch rolls. Of course we shall continue to furnish 25 Inch/U^^O^ r J^ov .^ iny other rollo for tha t matter that may bo deoircd) ^ but the list will show the 20 and 40 inch only, and as these sizes really cut up to the best advantage for the consumer they will unquestionably be the most in demand. LIST. 1 IMS: \^ Grade A in Rolls. \ 10 foot 20 inch, - - - - 10 *' 40 " . . - . 10 yard 20 *' . . . . 10 '• 40 •' .... Grades B, C, D and E. 10 foot 20 inch, .... 10 *' 40 " - - . . 10 yard 20 " .... 10 '* 40 " .... CHLORIDE,. Non>Curling and Carbon Green. (Extra Heavy) (Rough Matte and Extra Heavy) 10 foot 20 inch, - - - - I 1.90 10 " 40 " ... - 3,80 - - - - 5.60 - - - - 11.20 I 1.90 380 5-00 10.00 2.25 4-50 5.85 11.70 10 yard 20 " ... 10 ** 40 •' - - - Non=Curling and Carbon Green. (Matte) (Regular Weight) 10 foot 20 inch, 10 " 40 ** 10 yard 20 " 10 " 40 " CARBON 10 foot 20 inch, ID " 40 " 10 yard 20 " 10 '• 40 " BLACK Single Weight y lr.25 2.50 3-35 '^ 6.70 I1.65 330 4.35 8.70 Double Weight $1.65 330. • 4.35 '■ 8.70 / BACKING PAPER: 10 foot 20 inch, - - - - J^ .75 10 '• 40 " ■ " . " " ^-5^ 10 yard 20 " .... i.go 10 " 40 " .... 3.80 Discount to the trade, 25^. V n v Stock the new Brownie. V\v^ ^ KODAK TRADE CIROULAR.^/v-/ SCONTINUED. Otl»r grades of Azo have grown ^© in popularity and have so faktaken the plade of Commercian^o that iif^ have decided to discontinue that brand. This goes into effect at once, and will, we hope, be appreciated as anotl^er effort on our part lb do away with unnecessary/ multiplication of brands oi paper that the "dealer must cai:^ in order to ha^e a repres^tative stock. Pl^se remember when we offer yyu uQw/ones that this makes thn brands of paper discontinuec so far this year. Make the Most of a Short Month By getting the latest wrinKles for your developing and printing de= partment, from Educational De partn^ent. THERE'S NO CHARGE ANOTHE^R PRIZE CONTEST. When we were using paint- ings and drawings for our ad- vertising work, we had pictures from the very best artists in the country, among them being such people as Frederic Rem- ington, A. B. Frost, Charles Allan Gilbert, Jessie Wilcox Smith, Edward Penfield, T. K. Hanna, Alonzo Kimball and Rose Cecil O'Neill. Now that we are using photographs, we propose, too, to have the very best work obtainable and that's why we offer $500 for a single negative. A number of photographers have made good money out of us in these contests. But there is more than the mere prize list to be considered. In addition to the $2000 in prize money, we buy a considerable number of pictures every year — some from prize winners and some from others who were not so fortunate, and we are always looking for more. But we are not the only ones. Thousands of advertisers, the country over, are after illustrations for their magazine work, catalogues and booklets. They want live, virile stuf? and the man who makes it can get his own price. Our contests supply us with ten prize pictures, we buy in the course of a year twice as many more, in addition to which we frequently make pictures for ourselves when there is some special point to be covered that none of the prize or purchased pictures fit into properly. There's a big field, for the man with ideas, in advertising KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. illustration, and there's no bet- ter way in which to get a start than to enter the Kodak Advertising Contest for 19 lo. Encourage the better workers among your customers to take an interest. To help this along, we will supply, with your im- print, the necessary circulars embodying the following : TERMS. 1. Each picture is to contain a figure or figures and is to be suit- able for use as an illustration in advertising the Kodak or the Kodak system of amateur photography. 2. Each print in Class "A" must be from a negative 5 x 7 or larger. Each print in Class "B" must be from a negative 4 x 5 or 3X X sK or larger. 3. Prints only are to be sent for competition — not negatives. 4. Prints must be mounted but not framed. (Mounts should show about one inch margin. ) 5. No competitor will be awarded more than one prize. (This does not prevent a competitor from entering as many pictures as he may desire.) 6. Due and reasonable care will be taken of all non-winning prints and, barring loss or accident, they will be returned to their owners at our expense, but we assume no responsibility of loss or damage. 7. The negatives from which all prize winning prints are made are to become the property of the Eastman Kodak Co., and are to be received by it in good order before payment of prize money is made. 8. Contestants who are awarded prizes must also furnish to us the written consent of the subject (in the case of a minor, the written consent of a parent or guardian) to the use of the picture in such man- ner as we may see fit in our adver- tising as per the following forms : For value received, I hereby consent that the pictures taken of me by ad vertising or publication in any manner. — , proofs of which are hereto attached, or any reproduction of the same, may be used by the Eastman Kodak Company or any of its associate companies for the purpose of illustration, I hereby affirm that I am the ^f.^^/j-,,,, of , and for value received, I hereby consent that the pictures him taken of by proofs of which are hereto attached, or any reproduction of the same, may be used by the Eastman Kodak Company or any of its associate companies for the purpose of illustration, advertising or publication in any manner. Note.— Blank forms will be furnished on application. 9. All entries should be ad- dressed to Eastman Kodak Co., Advg. Dept. Rochester, N. Y. 10. In sending pictures, mark the package plainly, "Kodak Ad- vertising-Contest," and in the lower left-hand corner, write your own name and address. Then write us a letter as follows : / atn sending you to-day by ^/''^'-s'-^. charges prepaid, prints. Please enter in your Kodak Advertising Competition. Class . Yours truly. Name, Address, 11. The name and address of the competitor must be legibly written on a paper and enclosed in a sealed envelope in the same package in which the prints are forwarded. There is to be no writing on prints or mounts. 12. We will promptly acknowl- edge the receipt of pictures, and when awards are made, will send each competitor a list of prize win- ners. 13. Only recognized profes- sional photographers conducting a studio will be allowed to compete in Class "A." Class "B" is open to all photographers not in above classification. 14. This contest will close October ist, 1910. THE. PRIZES. Class A. Professional Photographers Only. Negatives 5 x 7 or larger. First Prize, - - - I500.00 Second *' - - - 400.00 Third " - - - 250.00 Fourth " - - - 150.00 Fifth " - - 100.00 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Class B. Amateurs Only. Negatives 4 x 5 or 3^ x 5"^ or larger. First Prize, - - - $3cx).oo Second '* - - - 150.00 Third " - - - 75.00 Fourth " - - - 50.00 Fifth ♦' - - - 25.00 SUGGESTIONS. First of all, it should be remem- bered that these prizes are not offered for the sake of obtaining sample prints or negatives made with our goods. Merely pretty pictures, merely artistic pictures will not be considered. The pic- tures must in some way connect up with the Kodak idea — must show the pleasure that is to be derived from picture taking, or the simplicity of the Kodak system or suggest the excellence of Kodak goods. Must in short help to sell Kodak goods, by illuslration of some one of the many points in their favor. The jury will be instructed to award the prize to those contest- ants whose pictures, all things con- sidered, are best adapted to use in Kodak (or Brownie Camera) adver- tising. As reproductions of the pictures will often be in small sizes, too much detail should not be intro- duced. Pictures for reproduction should be snappy — vigorous, for they lose much by the half-tone process. Where apparatus is introduced, it must be up-to date. If you haven't the goods, you can borrow. It is highly probable that we shall want to secure some nega- tives aside from the prize winners. In such cases, special arrangements will be made. If you are interested, let us send you a copy of the Souvenir of 1909 contest which gives an idea of the kinds of pictures that we consider valuable from an advertising stand- point. THE JUDGES. The jury of award will consist of photographers and of advertising men who are fully competent to pass upon the work submitted. Full attention will be paid therefore to the artistic and technical merit of the work as well as to its strength from an advertising standpoint. Announcement of the names of the judges will be made later. Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. n THUMBS DOWN! Simon says : * ' Thumbs Down," Simon says: "Thumbs Up" — Thumbs Down !! Weknew they'd do it. The imitators couldn't keep their thumbs\up. They have already burst into print with "just as good as Artura. ' ' All of which means that lacking initiative (and the goods) they have, as usual, made their "just as good " artpouncement. Some have said It in so many words exactly as we have quoted it — others have? said it by inference and inuendo. All of which means that Artura is if — the paper that the people Want and that the imitators would like to make the people believe that they have successfu\ly imitated. You know a^d we know it's only the same* old "just as good as," with \ new tail to it. Whenever hard work and ex- perience and enterprise and brains and a liberal investment of money turn out some pro- duct that's of benefit to the whole world, the "just as good as" tacks on behind like the tail end of a circus procession. First comes the band and then the gaily caparisoned riders, after which elephants and cam- els and gilded cages drawn by plumed horses, and clowns and chariots and ponies and the steam calliope and the KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. an-eating lion and the carni- val of nations, rough riders, Indians and Bedouins and Cos- sacks, and then at the tail end of the procession a bedraggled steed driven by an imitation clown drawing a rickety wagon, on top of which is an inverted V sign made of drilling — in- side this traveling tent is a large boy pounding a busted bass drum, and painted on the outside is a gau^y sign : "Dis- solution Sale.' The crowd m\iy sometimes seem to be followiW this trail- ing imitation, bu? it's not. The real things upVhead are the true attraction. There js no D. O. P* that's "just as good as Artura.'V ^ FOR YOUR ^ WINDOW. If your wife were going down the street with the firm inten- tion of not stopping to look in the milliner's window, and if as she went by her eye turned just a wee trifle and she saw, in that window, a merry widow hat that was just 24 times as big as an ordinary merry widow, would she stop ? It may be a far cry from a merry widow hat to a film carton, but the illustration will serve. For the five biggest sellers in film cartridges we have prepared container car- tons holding twenty-four rolls that are in color, shape and design just like the cartons that hold one cartridge only. When they first strike the eye the inevitable thought is, " It must be a big Kodak that will take the cartridge that box con- tains." Of course that box contains twenty-four cartridges, each, as before, in its individual carton. These mammoth car- tons simply take the place of wrapping paper, paper labels and string and they cost a lot more money, but they will do your windows good and so we are supplying them. The mammoth cartons are supplied for : No. lA F. P. Kodak Cartridges, 6 exposures. No. 3 F. P. Kodak Cartridges, 6 exposures. No. 3A F. P. Kodak Cartridges, 6 exposures. No. 2 Bulls- Eye Kodak Car- tridges, 6 exposures. No. 2 Brownie Cartridges, 6 ex- posures. Therefore, when you order any one of the foregoing, it will be well — where it won't over- stock you — to order in lots of twenty-four or multiples there- of — 48-72, etc. Keep your windows in mind when ordering and let us help you to strong display. NOW'S THE TIME While you have time, to correct the faults in your Developing and Printing Department. J^irr Educational Depart- ment is at your service. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ANYBODY CAN MAKE GOOD ENLARGEMENTS WITH THE Brownie Enlarging Camera WORKS LIKE A PRINTING FRAME No Dark-Room No Focusing DELIGHTFUL WINTER WORK FOR EVERY AMATEUR Brownie Enlarging Camera, 5 x 7, $2.00 6>^ X 8>^, 3.00 8 xlO, 4.00 EVERYTHING NEW FROM Mx KODAK GITY IN STOCK ^ y-^ Richard Roe & Co. Cut No. I20. 6^.--';U'--^^^'i-^*«>t.-<:t.«^ FOR TRADE CIRCULA TION ONL Y. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN." Vol. XL, No. 4. ROCHESTER. March, 1910. ARTURA. Not for Amateurs. Two letters in the same mail, each on the subject of Artura for amateur use and each from a large dealer in amateur goods are of interest. Dealer Number One asked for a line of sample prints to be used for amateur advertising — the other asked our opinion but stated that in his experience Artura was not the paper for use with the average amateur negative. Dealer Number Two was right and that is one reason why we do not list Artura in dozens in the smaller sizes. The Artura success in the pro- fessional field was due in large part to the very fact that its makers kept the wants of the professional wholly in view. For that very reason it never was and is not now a desirable amateur paper. It's as dis- tinctly professional as Velox is amateur. Between the two classes of negatives — those made by the professional portraiturist under the skylight and those made by the amateur under the entirely different lightings which he en- counters, there's a vast differ- ence. Artura is made to fit the peculiarities of the profes- sional negative ; Velox is made to fit the peculiarities of the amateur negative. Stock and sell accordingly, if you want satisfied customers. NOW ON SALE. February first we announced the No. 2A Folding Pocket Brownie Camera. April first our general magazine advertis- ing will boom this new camera and announce : "New on Sale by All KodaK Dealers." Don't make the mistake of waiting until you "get a- call." That's likely to mean that the other fellow will get the order. This new Brownie is really a pocket camera, the 2% x ^% size is immensely popular, the quality is right, the price is low and as soon as our adver- tising has had an opportunity to reach the public there's go- ing to be a stiff demand. We are going to push it all along the line in mediums that reach all classes of people — city and country. Our manufacturing department is making good by KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR, turning the new Brownies out in large quantities and it's up to every dealer who makes a pretense of selling photog- raphic goods to keep up to the minute by having some of these cameras in stock. Orders have already been liberal, but there are some dealers who have not yet indicated by an order that they are alive to the opportunities that this camera presents to bring the boys and girls up the line from their one, two and three dollar Brownies to something more attractive. This is a camera too that pre- sents big opportunities in the field of getting new grown folks who can't or think they can't quite afford a Kodak started right in amateur photography. On page 12 we show an ad- vertisement of the new Brownie that we think would prove attractive in your newspaper. Stock the goods and let people know of your enterprise by announcing the new goods from the Kodak City. THE EASTMAN TESTED CHEMICALS are gaining ground every day, because they are tested— ar^ right. SNOWSCAPflS. Season talks are not always seasonable in the Trade Circu- lar, for the winter month that ties up New England with snow and ice may be soft and balmy in Florida, or even in Virginia. But in this memor- able winter of 1 909-1910, there are few parts of this country that haven't seen copious falls of the * 'beautiful, ' ' and plenty of real ice. Pictures of drifts, and avenues of snow laden trees and wide stretches of crystal ice have been common even in parts of the country where hand sleds and skates are usually unknown to the youngsters. A lot of those negatives are being developed about now, and they ought to be printed on Eastman's Ferro Prussiate paper — double weight, and in- cidentally on the Post Cards of this product. The common blue print — no, that might not give satisfaction, but there's no doubt about the beautiful re- sults that can be obtained from snow negatives on Eastman's Ferro Prussiate. Any thing that helps to interest the ama- teur is good for business, and here is something you can talk to him about. And again, suggest that he lets his friends in another part of the country know by his postcards what a "genuine old-fashioned winter" we've been having. This is only a minor matter ? Yes, but it's these litde things that help to make the big volume of business, and it's the wide-awake suggestions that will help you to wide- awake customers. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Eastman's Portahle Background Carrier. Background Carrier Extended. A Quick and Easy Seller. Every once in a while, Mr. Professional gets an out of the studio job for a portrait sitting, and he knows that the interior surroundings will not afford him a background anything like his studio could afford or that his customer will expect. So he does some tall scurrying around trying to find some- thing in the background line that he can lug along with him, and some means for sus- pending it when he gets there, and finally arrives at the home of his customer irritated and most fagged out. ''Wonder someone wouldn't manufacture something in a neat, compact background carrier, and supply some up-to-date grounds for jobs like this," he mutters as he looks around for a place to hang up his make shift ground. From now on, his troubles of that nature are over, as you can supply him with a strong and substantial carrier that folds up like a music rack, and can be carried as easily, and a KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. supply of artistic and up-to-date grounds to go with it. The accompanying illustrations show the new Eastman Back Ground Carrier ex- tended, folded, and with background in position. The exten- sion is ample to sup- port a six foot ground, and the carrier can be extended and the back- ground placed in posi- tion or changed for another in a moment's time. Just a word on qual- ity. There are all sorts of back grounds at all sorts of prices. Background Thls Is 3. gOod OUC. FoE Large diameter rolls to prevent the ground from cracking, the best of cloth and painted by master work- men — not apprentices. THE PRICE. Eastman Portable Back ground Carrier, - - $3.00 Cloud Ground, 4 ft. by 5 ft., 2.00 Cloud Ground, 5 ft. by 6 ft., 2.50 Blend Ground, 4 ft. by 5 ft., 2.00 Blend Ground, 5 ft. by 6 ft., 2.50 Larger sizes to order, loc. per square foot. Scenic Ground, 4ft. by 5 ft., 3.75 Scenic Ground, 5 ft. by 6 ft., 4.50 Discount to dealers, 40 per cent. ENOL Our New Developer. See page 9. DUVILLOPING FILM PACKS. It has come to our attention that some of the people who develop films for the amateur trade have not been getting the results they should from Film Packs. We have, therefore, been conducting a thorough- going investigation and have definitely located the trouble — and it' s not in the goods. Here is the situation : The Film Pack films have the same emulsion as Kodak films but it is specially treated to overcome scratching and therefore re- quires a special developer when developed by the time and tank method. If you will refer to formula given for stock solution for developing film pack films in the " Instructions for Developing Premo Film Pack Films in Premo Film Pack Tank ' ' you will see that this formula calls for the same amount of carbonate and sul- phite, whereas in directions for developing Kodak films there is 50^ more sulphite than car- bonaie. Further — the special powders that we put up for use in the Premo Film Pack Tank are put up in this same way — with equal parts of sulphite and carbonate. Investigation shows that where the Premo Film Tank is used with either the Film Tank powders put out by us or with the formula given in the directions which accompany the tank the results are correct. It also shows that where the dark room method is used even with the Kodak film formula that Film Packs give satisfactory results simply KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. because the operater continues development until he gets the proper density, increased time making up for the lack of accelorator (carbonate) in his developer. The main troubles have come when the large tank system of development has been used, Kodak films and Premo Film Pack films going in together and remaining the same length of time (usually twenty min- utes). Because the developer gets at the silver salts more quickly in the Kodak films than in the others they really get a considerably longer de- velopment though in the bath the same length of time. The remedy is — follow directions, or next best, if you must use the Kodak formula develop the Film Pack films 50^ longer than Kodak films. Where you are developing Kodak films twenty minutes in your big tank at 65° Fahr., leave the Premo Film Pack films for thirty min- utes and if your developer is right for twenty minutes devel- opment in the one case it will be correct for thirty minutes in the other. In connection with the fore- going, we wish to call attention to the fact that the formulas given in the direction sheet which accompanies each film pack are for tray and not for tank development and that they correspond with Kodak film directions and are to be left as they are because they also give a developer of a strength which corresponds with the strength of the various Kodak powders put out for tray development. BEST ON BUFF. E. B. PLATINUM. For several months, we have' been securing the .opinion of leading photographers as to a new and superior buf? stock which we were preparing to use for E. B. Platinum. From the tests made by photographers as well as ourselves we feel assured that this new Platinum Paper will meet with immediate success. We shall therefore sub- stitute it on all future orders for E. B. Platinum Smooth. It will be supplied in but one surface which is Smooth with a slight stipple effect. The list price will be the same as that of Angelo Sepia Platinum and the discount to dealers 25^. NEW PRICES. EASTMAN PRINTING FRAMES. We give below the new list price and discounts on the Eastman Printing Frame. It is not merely advertising talk to state that this is absolutely the best amateur frame on the market, a frame that is made of material that is right, and is properly put together and finished. Look over your stock of printing frames and put in an order for at least an assorted hundred. THE LIST. 3'A ^yA 4x5 5x7 I . 25 each .25 " .25 " .25 " •35 " Discount to the trade, 50/. On orders for lots of 100, assorted, 5051^ and 10^. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. SHIPPING FLASH GOODS. EXTRA DISCOUNT ON EASTMAN FLASH SHEETS. Under a recent ruling, made by the Bureau for the Safe Transportation of Explosives and Inflammables, flash pow- ders, flash sheets and flash cartridges have been classified under the head of "common fireworks." According to this ruling, the shipper must pack these goods separately in spark- proof wooden boxes, whether they go by freight or express. Such being the case, dealers should, in order to get the lowest possible rate, have flash goods come along with their freight shipments whenever possible and should order in larger quantities than hereto- fore, so that frequent shipments will not be necessary. Of course, we, too, are under extra expense and it is obvious that on an order for two or three packages of flash sheets or flash cartridges our profits are disappearing when we have to pack them in a ** spark proof ' ' wooden box. The really important flash goods are the Eastman Flash Sheets. Heretofore, the discount on these has been 33^^ flat. As an inducement to help us all over the disadvantages of the new ruling, making them "common fireworks", we will hereafter allow a discount of 40^ on orders for one dozen packages, assorting permitted. On the Eastman Flash Car- tridges and the Eastman Spreader Flash Cartridges the discount is already 33^^, with a 40^ discount on same in dozen lots of one kind so that you can well afford to take the extra discount to offset the extra freight. BIG LENS SUCCESS of 1909 was the Zeiss-Kodak Anastigmat You can increase your 1910 profits by stocking and pushing it. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. It's the finishing that Counts in building an Amateur Photographic Business. Let our Educational Department help you— There's no charge. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 1910 KODAK ADVERTISING CONTEST $2000.00 Cash Prizes How many circulars do you want to send to your trade? KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 9 A NOVELTY. In putting it on sale, we shall, COMBINED STIRRING ROD AND f ^?"^^^> §^^^^^ ^"^' directions tor Its use, and our direction THERMOMETER. ^^^^^^ j^^. ^^^.j^^^ products with Here's a useful novelty that which Enol can be used will, in these days of Tank develop- as new editions are printed, ment will appeal to both the recommend its use. A large professional and the amateur sale is assured and every dealer photographer. A combination should therefore stock it. glass stirring rod and ther- mometer. You stir your THE. PRICE. chemicals with it until they are Per pkg. of i oz 60 dissolved, and when they are .*.' [[ °f ^ lb ^^^ dissolved the mercury has been << .< of i lb. . . . . 8*00 working too and you know Discount to the trade. 33>^^. what the temperature is. It's 10 lbs/ or more, assorted, 40^. a time saver. The length is nine inches, so you see it's ^ large enough to be of practical ^^ fHE, 100 Price, 60 cents. Discount Our ** Bulls- Eye " composi- to the trade, 33^^. Do. in tion trays are giving such a gross lots, 40^. good account of themselves that many dealers are now GLASS STIRRING RODS. looking for them in quantities, These are of a special quali- and we have therefore made a ty of tough glass, not easily net price for hundred lots of breakable and are a con- one kind that is very attractive. venience for any photographer. These trays have been popular „ . , , ^ with the amateur for some 8-inch, - each, | .05 j r n ^ ^ ,Q <« _ •' .10 years, and a full assortment 12 *' - '• .15 should be carried in stock by Discount to the trade, 50%. every dealer. They are not ^ only good goods, but can be EINOL. retailed at a very low figure and still leave a handsome A NEW DEVELOPER. margin of profit to the dealer. There has, for some time THE. PRICE past, been a very successful ,/ ,, 1 • 17 1 J r 3/i X 4X per ico, - I4.50 net sale in England of our new 4x5 ' - s 00 " developing agent Enol, a pro- 5 x8 " " - ir.50 " duct manufactured there by 6^x8'/^ " " - 17.50 '• Kodak, Limited. This devel- 8 x 10 " " - 24.00 " oper has proved highly sue- cessful in combination with StOcR the new hydrochinon for papers, films and plates and we have there- BFVOWNIE fore prepared to market the same product in this country. 2A Folding PocRet. lO KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. NEW LIST ON CAMERA BULBS. The great increase in the use of shutters having pneumatic release makes it desirable for very many dealers to carry bulbs in stock — for bulbs will wear out and rubber will de- teriorate. For convenience in ordering we have classified and numbered the bulbs as fol- lows : No. I. For use on the No. lA F. P. K. Special, No. 2 and No. 3 F. P. K. and No. 3 F. Brownie, No. 2. For use on No. 3A and No. 4 F. P. K., No. 4 Screen Focus and No. 3A F. Brownie, No. 2 Stereo Brownie. No. 3. For use on No. 4A F. K. No. 4. For use on View Cameras, etc. No. 5 (White rubber) as used with professional appa- ratus. THE PRICE.. No. I, including 6 in. of tubing, $ .20 No. 2, " 6 " " .25 No. 3, " 12 " " .35 No. 4, " 18 " •* .40 No. 5, " 36 " " .50 Discount to the trade 50^. On orders for i doz. or more of one kind, 50 and 10^. Quantity prices net as follows : No. I, - - |io.oo per gross net. "2, - - 12.00 " " " " 3. - - 18.00 " "4, - - 20.00 *' " " TUBING : Red Tubing, - $ .06 per foot list White Tubing, .05 " " " " ^// ,20 " " " Discount to trade, 50 per cent. ENLARGEMENTS FROM O. GRAPHIC NEGATIVES. There's a bigger demand for that wonderful little camera, the O. Graphic, than the Folmer & Schwin^ Division has as yet been able to take care of. But, of course, the production is increasing and will increase, and we therefore expect to do everything that can be done to foster this very desirable high class trade. The negative that this camera makes is a small one, i f^ x 2 ^ , but wonderful in detail and fully capable of enlargement to many times the original size. Enlarged prints, ssLy^^x^^, should be made from every O. Graphic negative, and we have therefore prepared to make them at the very special price of 15 cents each, unmounted, 16 cents each mounted, with a discount to the trade of 20^. If the camerist will figure the extremely low cost of his small original film and the small cost of developing it, he will see that a 3 14; X 5 >^ enlarged print from an O. Graphic negative costs no more than a contact print of the same size from a 3 A negative. Don't overlook this important argument in pushing the sale of this wonder- ful little camera, for it has speed capabilities combined with conveniences that will surely make it appeal to your very highest class trade. No. 2A Folding PocKel Brownies. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. r~i THE BROWNIE Daylight Enlardind Camera • FOl^ VELOX AND Bf^OMIDE PAPERS • No.2*2P« Na3'302Na4'4.<>« A Practical Window Suggestion. Place a negative in one end, an enlargement in the other end, and indicate the dotted lines by white string. Of course the negative should be upside down. A border for the window can be made of our booklets: "Bromide Enlarging with a Kodak." 12 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. A New BROfFNIE from the Kodak City, The No. 2^ Folding Pocket. The pictures it makes are just the size of above cut (^2 i^ ^ 4X i^^hes^. Price, ^7.00. Uses daylight loading Kodak Film Cartridges. Fine lens, automatic shutter, automatic focus- ing lock, reversible finder, two tripod sockets. Built on the Kodak plan — good all the way through. T-^et us show you the new Kodak goods. Richard Roe & Co., looi Tripod Ave. Cut No. 197. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN^ Vol. XI., No. 5. ROCHESTER. April, 1910. Kodak Catalogue HE NEW GOODS AND THE IMPROVE- MENTS IN OLD GOODS FOK 1910. If there is any one thing, that more than the natural desire on the part of everybody for pictures, has contributed to the steady growth of the Kodak business, it's the constant improvement in the goods themselves. Nineteen ten makes no exception to the rule and you^ Mr. Kodak dealer, will be in a position to offer a better line than ever before. THE 3A SPECIAL In the catalogue that is being mailed to you, you will find two new cameras listed : The No. 2 A Folding Pocket Brownie that was announced in February, and the new 3A Special Kodak. There has been in the last three or four years a tremendous increase in the amount of business done in cameras having an anastigmat lens equipment. An increase that has meant good money to those dealers who have pushed for this particular line of trade. To still further help this busi- ness and to put it into such shape that we can back up the dealer by advertising a high priced camera that is worth its high price we are putting out the 3A Special Kodak. The size of the camera and the size of the pi6lure it makes are the same as those of the increas- ingly popular 3 A Folding Pocket Kodaks, but though there are no complications it has several attractive refinements and will be listed only with anas- tigmat lenses and the Com- pound shutter. This new 3A has a rack and pinion for focus- ing, an improved bed, a simpli- fied rising and sliding front, an ingenious folding focusing scale for use with either films or plates (The Combination Back, extra, is necessary with plates) and a spirit level. It is cov- ered with genuine Persian KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. X No. 3A Special Kodak. Morocco and has black instead of the usual red bellows . So much for the camera proper. The lens in the regu- lar equipment is the Zeiss- Kodak Anastigmat,f. 6.3 which had such a splendid success last season, and the shutter is the Compound. This shutter has an extreme speed in this size of 1/200 of a second, work- ing on * ' instantaneous ' ' from that speed down to one second. On instantaneous this is a " set- ting" shutter, the "time" and "bulb" exposures being auto- matic, hence the name * * Com- pound " and hence also the fact that it is faster on instan- taneous than any of the shut- ters which set automatically. There are people, thousands of them, yes tens of thousands of them, who will buy this par- ticular Kodak if you and we can put it up to them right. The price is $65.00 ; the pic- ture it makes is no larger than that of the 3A Brownie that sells at $10.00. But the 3 A Brownie hasn't hurt the 3 A Folding Pocket Kodak which sells at $20.00. In fact the 3A F. P. K. made its biggest gains last year though its Brownie competitor (?) had a large sale and was broadly advertised. There are lots of automo- biles now-a-days at around a thousand dollars that give splendid value for the money. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. but there's nevertheless an increasing sale of four and -five thousand dollar cars, and they too are worth the money. The value is in the 3A Spec- ial. As a matter of fact the camera itself lists at only $3.60 more than the 3A F. P. Kodak (Note that the 3 A F. P. K. with Zeiss- Kodak lens and Com- pound shutter, lists at $61.40) but this "Special" gives us an opportunity to give wide publicity to the value of its optical equipment and it will positively not be furnished with any equipment that is cheaper than the Zeiss-Kodak lens and Compound Shutter. It will, however, as a special equip- ment be supplied with a Zeiss Tessar or Cooke lens as per the list on page 47 of the cur- rent catalogue. Delivery will begin on these goods during April and will be promptly followed by a strong line of advertising, especially in those mediums which reach people of means. To get the good of the advertising you must have the cameras in stock when the demand begins. A good camera is worthy of a good case and we will there- fore furnish a plush-lined grain leather case with lock for the 3 A Special at $3.00 list, and, incidentally — we shall put these cameras up with a litde more than the usual care, in a better box that will appeal to people who can afford the best. You had better order noiv. 2A FOLDING BROWNIE No further description than has already been given is required of the No. 2A Fold- ing Pocket Brownie, but it can' t be amiss to call attention to the popularity of the size, to the fact that a lot of people who hardly care to pay the Kodak price are getting very much interested in Folding Brownies and to the further fact that a mighty strong advertising campaign on this particular camera is starting right now. Better make that order for a dozen. TWO DROPPED The constant introduction of new goods would eventually make the line too large for you to carry and for us to manu- facture and so we figure on cutting out the slower sellers now and then to make room for the up-to-date stuff. You will notice that, in accordance with this plan, we have drop- ped the No. 2 Folding Pocket Kodak and the No. 4 Screen Focus Kodak from the 1910 Catalogue. THE NEW NO. 3 The No. 3 Folding Pocket Kodak is now made in one model only — with rising and sliding front and the price on this improved model is $17.50, whereas we formerly charged a dollar extra for this addition. This change gives the customer more for his money and simplifies stock keeping and investment for you. BALL BEARING SHUTTERS Little improvements in con- struction are coming along all the time, are indeed so regular that we rarely mention them, N? KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. All No. 3 F. P. K's Have Rising Front. yet in the aggregate they are of the utmost importance, for they have largely to do with the keeping of the Kodak line at the front. Last year we announced the new Kodak Ball Bearing Shutter as the regular equipment on the Nos. 3, 3A and 4 Folding Pocket Kodaks. Since then we have also appHed this to the lA F'olding Pocket Kodak Special. This shutter has had a remarkable success and it's bound to still further popularize that already popular camera, the lA Spec- ial. SPE,E.D KODAKS Right here we want to say a word about the lA Speed Kodak. This camera is not new in the catalogue, but, we are sorry to say, it is still new to most of you, because you haven't seen one. The facts are that the department in which the shutters for this cam- era are made has been so over- whelmed with work, owing to the increasing Graflex business, that we have not been able to come anywhere near to filling our orders. Making such cameras is not like turning out Brownies or even Bulls Eyes. Competent help cannot be picked up ; it must be trained. The prospects to-day are that we shall soon have lA Speed Kodaks in sufficient quantities to fill back orders, and as soon as we can accumulate a small surplus, we shall widely adver- tise this wonderful little camera. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ANASTIGMATS There are no important changes in the Anastigmat lens list for 1 910. The Zeiss- Kodak, B. & L. Zeiss-Tessar and Cooke outfits that we offered last year,- covered the hand camera field so com- v^x^ pletely and so satisfactorily that jkj we are neither adding to nor ^ deducting from the anastigmat Jl /list for the present season. ;^ /There are still some dealers / who have made no effort to ^ / push the anastigmat line. They ' are making a mistake, for it will make for them a highly profitable and satisfactory trade. It may be easier to say "two dollars" than to say " one hundred dollars " to the prospective customer — but it's not so profitable. can do it. These tripods will list at $2.50 for the No. i (4 sections) and $3.25 for the No. 2 (5 sections) and the discount to the trade will be 40 per cent., do. in lots of 100 assorted 40 and 10 per cent. Either size is adapted to use with any Kodak and hand cameras generally up to 5 x 7, and in fact with the lighter cameras of that size. We have made some changes in the Bulls-Eye Tripod that we are sure the amateur will appreciate. It would be much better if more general views, where there are no moving objects, were made by the time exposure method with a small stop, and to encourage this we realized that a light, simple, inexpensive tripod was neces- X The Eastman Metal Tripod. TRIPODS An important addition has been made to this line — the Eastman Metal Tripod — is American made and correctly made. It has the revolving top with milled edges and improved removable spring catches that hold the legs in extension. On other metal tripods, the breaking of a spring catch means that the whole leg must be discarded ; with ours it merely means the substitution of a spring catch at a cost of a few cents, and no mechanic is required to put in the new spring — anybody sary. The new model Bulls- Eye Tripod fills this bill. Folded, it goes into an ordinary suit case being but 24 inches in length; extended, it is 42^ inches in length, plenty long enough for all ordinary work with a "hand camera on a tripod." It is in only two sections and therefore rigid though light, and very quickly set up or closed, and it has an aluminum revolving head. Just the simple satisfactory little accessory that every Kodaker should have. List $1.50. Dis- count to the trade, 40^ ; do. lots of 50, 40 and 10^ ; do. lots of 100, 50^. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. .v/ KODAK COLOFc SCREENS. Here's an inexpensive color screen made with special refer- ence to taking the fullest ad- vantage of the orthochromatic quality of Kodak N. C. Film. These are not merely pieces of colored glass, but consist of two glasses with coloring matter between them and are mounted similarly to our Kodak Portrait attachments. Full directions for use accompanying each attachment, enable the ama- teur to immediately work them satisfactorily on his Kodak or Brownie. Whatever widens the field and enables the ama- teur to secure a wider variety of pictures of better quality than he has previously been able to make, encourages him to a greater use of films and papers and chemicals. These color screens will do just that- and they are inexpensive — 50 cents to a dollar as listed on page 45 of the catalogue. The discount to the trade is 33^^. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPE.RS W. D. Platinum paper has been dropped from the list and we have substituted for it our new Etching Black Platinum, a quality paper that will appeal to the very highest class trade and is at the same time ex- ceedingly simple and certain in manipulation. Velox, of course, holds the lead as the amateur paper par excellence, while for their many friends we continue our Solio, Eastman Sepia, Ferro-Prus- siate and Bromide Papers and the Aristo Gold Post Cards. THE AUTOTIME SCALE. When we took up the manu- facture and sale of this acces- sory last season, all of our im- portant printed matter had already gone to press, and ex- cept in a very small way we have not therefore been able to give it any advertising. This season we are giving it a full page in our Kodak catalog and shall list it elsewhere be- cause we have faith in it, first as an aid to the amateur and second as a profitable sundry for you and for us. In spite of almost no advertising the sale is increasing, because the Autotime Scale is proving satisfactory. With the advan- tage that it will have this year of appearing in our printed matter we feel that there can be no question as to a greatly increased demand, which you should prepare for by stocking the goods in all of the sizes which correspond with the Kodak and Brownie sizes that you are selling. For most of you this means the full line. Read carefully the very full description given on page 58 of catalogue and order accord- ingly. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. R. O. C. Tripod Truck. SUNDRIES. The R. O. C. Tripod Truck, the Eastman Tripod Brace, our new Velox Transparent Water Color Stamps (there's going to be a big business in these) and other minor sundries promise increased business and profits. The total amount that you can do in such goods is very large if they are properly stocked and displayed — and sundries carry a good profit. On each of the three items above, Tri- pod Truck, Tripod Brace and Water Colors, discount 40^. CHtMICALS. We have always made it a point to furnish good chemi- cals, for we fully realized how much this meant to our custo- mers in the way of results. During the past two years, since we have enlarged our chemical line and pushed our "tested chemical" idea, the growth in their sales has been enormous. We shall keep up this very line of work — supply- ing chemicals that are right and letting people know it. Carry the goods that you know are the best and that you have the call for— E. K. C. tested chemicals. MOUNTS AND ALBUMS T^ere are enough changes in thik line to keep it up to date, \jnquestionably, the Ko- dak catSJogue brings specific orders froon the amateur for goods that\re described there- in and a sale is made much easier when thedealer has those goods than wheh he has to talk a substitute. And moreover, even if the clerk makes the sale of substitute goods, the cus- tomer is better satisfied when he gets what he asked for than when he gets something "just as good." CATALOGUE DISTRI- BUTION We are now mailing our advance, catalogue to every Kodak dealer, and shall im- mediately begin shipping in quantities to dealers. As usual, we shall ship to the most dis- tant points first, and to those nearest Rochester last. By this plan all dealers receive their catalogues at about the same time. Distribution should be completed by May loth. It is understood, of course, that these catalogues are to be given out by dealers 07i request onlyy smaller booklets for circulariza- tion purposes will be supplied later. 2A Folding Pocket Brownies Mean Business, KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ARE WITH US. From the reports being cir- culated by the makers of "just as good as Artura" and the makers of *'just the same as Artura," one would think that in purchasing that company we got nothing but a trade-mark and a bunch of machinery. As a matter of fact, we are the only ones who have the Artura formula, the Artura know how, or the Artura staff. There were six directors in the Artura Company ; five of them are with us. M. A. Yauck, President, is with us ; Schuyler Colfax, Vice- President, is with us ; C. W. Burley, Supt. of factory and a Director, is with us ; E. C. Yauck, Advertising Manager and a Director, is with us ; C. L. Swingley, who had charge of technical corres- pondence and was a Director, is with us. Dr. L. M. Early, Secretary and Treasurer, has retired from the photographic field and is in the automobile business in Columbus. When the "just as good as " and the "just the same as " stories are told to you, remember these facts and be careful that you don't confound any similar name with that of the one Artura director. Dr. Early, who is not with us, for he is not now interested in any way in any photographic manufacturing concern. Furthermore, the business is with us — only more of It every minute. The men who made Artura and the Artura Com- pany are just as much interested in its success as ever they w^re. So^jdon't accept the "as good as Artura" stories on faith — just remembeJ^ -it's the old, old cry^^^f^-tht" imitation imitators. hi:lp us help. Tjhanks to our 1909 Kodak Ad\^ertising Contest; we have the \best line of pictures for 19 1 d^ that we have ever had. Best for our booklet covers, best for our magazine work and best for our store signs. The portfolio we mailed you about a fortnight ago will show that these pictures are bristling with ideas. All this helps you as much as it does us, for these pictures will be used to your advantage as well as ours. Now. There's another con- test on and another year com- ing. We want more good pictures, pictures that show brain work and technique. We don't care about getting loads of prints to make it a big con- test. What we want is the real stuff. You can help us to give you good pictures next year by getting, each of you, just a few of your best workers, people who use both brains and camera, to take part in the 1 9 10 Contest. Circulars with your imprint upon request. These will help some, but also, you should buttonhole some of your local crackerjacks ; make *em promise and then see to it that they keep that promise. Help us, help you. The wise ones order new goods promptly. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. -- -miNMI I g ■l i l l ll lliP I II T CARD Ct-Zr- ^ CORRESPONDENCE HERE aJ .<4^a~KM 1-t.nJ.C X^o^A t^j euLC K 5* TOO GOOD TO DROP Our advertising Post Card Plan, inaugurated in 1908 and offered again in 1909 turned out so well that we are in line with a new card for 19 10. Most of those who used the cards the first year wanted them again last year — a pretty good evidence of their success. The scheme has not, however, D DRESS HERE 'iuCLAr,,.'^ /X^ -A-t> "Kju^.yCJ l^aJ- XJ\MJ- -<^-<rvty C-^a^n,^ yiA^Cnr\^ c >-lx,-»T--<s -t-KTut-^lV l^-^erxiui-Jt/ iZ.^f\XiU been by any means overworked so here it. is again for 1910 with a new and comely maid — that looks as though she thoroughly enjoyed her Kodak and will make the rest of us want to go a Kodaking too. The illustrations are really self explanatory. The sensi- tized side of the card has just a suggestion of advertising on it in the picture of the girl with a Kodak. The mailing side, lo KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. which will be looked at last, but surely looked at, carries a suggestion that is likely to meet with favor along about June time. On the full size card it is, of course, much easier to read than in the repro- duction above. We are prepared to furnish these cards in lots of one thousand or more, printed as above, but with dealer's name and address in same hand as the text and occupying same space as ' ' Richard Roe & Co , I GO I Tripod Ave." at |$io.oo per thousand net. This price does not apply on lots of less than one thousand, but does apply on fractional lots where the total is for more than one thousand, as for instance 1250, 2700, etc. On lots of less than one thousand, there will be an extra charge of one dollar. No order entered for less than 400 cards ($5.00 net). As these cards cost us very much more than we are getting for them, we cannot furnish them in any different form than stipulated above. We cannot furnish them without the advertising at any price nor with any changes in the advertising (except insertion of facsimile hand writing of dealer's name and address as explained above) at the price quoted. No changes of any description can . be made on the picture side — changes on the address side, even where an extra charge is made, are to be subject to our approval — the point being, that as this is a Kodak advertising card that will be in quite gen- eral use, we must control it. We have arranged for turn- ing out these Kodak Advertis- ing Post Cards in very large quantities, but being unable to anticipate the demand with cer- tainty, can only agree to take care of orders on the ' ' first come, first served " plan. If, and we hardly consider this probable, we have more orders than we can handle with reason- able promptness, we will confer with the dealer rather than take any chance of filling his order after it is too late for him to use the cards to good advan- tage. With a good mailing list of the right kind of people as a foundation, there's no question about the effectiveness of this Post Card Advertising Plan. It is different. It is novel, yet absolutely dignified. It will make business — How many, please ? MORE, PROFIT FOR THE DELALER The new catalogue of the Blair Camera Division will be sent to you in a short time. It will feature the Kodak Bail- Bearing shutter on many of the '^ folding Hawk- Eyes, without ^ any advance in price, while the prices of the No. i-A Folding Hawk-Eye, Model i, and of\ the No. 3 Folding Hawk-Eye, '> Model 7, will be increased $1.00 list. This shutter adds one more to the many excellent talking points on these instruments, the only cameras in these sizes having single lenses and a uni- versal focus with the Ball- Bearing shutter. Those Hawk-Eye models KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. which require focusing, are all equipped with the automatic focusing lock. The No. i-A is the smallest roll-film folding camera, size 2y2" x/^%" that is fitted with handle, tripod socket and pneumatic shutter release. As the Hawk-Eye people put it, it opens "the correct way," like the other Folding Hawk- Eyes. The No. 3, Model 7, is quite as attractive in every way, while the prices of these instruments make them very quick sellers. Advertising in the Spring and Summer magazines will emphasize the above mentioned cameras. And the best way to increase your sales is to put in a good representative stock and display it. These Hawk- Eyes are sure to be good sellers, while the 40^ discount makes it worth while. Figure it out ! The attractiveness of the 2A Folding Pocttet Brownie PLUS the heavy adver- tising that has begun mean business quick. BE READY. PREMOS 1910. We have sent to every Kodak dealer a catalogue of Pre- mos for 1 9 10, in which this de- sirable line of cameras is fully and completely described. For the children and those who wish very cheap cameras, there's the Premo Junior line ; for the beginner and average amateur, there are the compact Premoettes, exclusively film, and combined film-plate types for every desirable amateur ^ size ; for the more experienced Kl amateurs, there is the Pony ' V Premo series of high grade plate cameras, and for com- mercial photographic purposes, there are the various view camera types. The Premo factory has al- ways had the reputation of turn- ing out reliable goods, but in the line as represented for 19 10, still further improvements have been made that will keep these cameras at the front in the Film Pack and Plate camera field. This year shows an im- proved standard bracket for holding the finders rigidly either in a horizontal or vertical position, and greater precision has been obtained in the rack and pinion attachments for focusing Premos, while the swing back Premos have new automatic centering devices which will be found a satisfac- tory convenience. There is no doubt about the popularity of the Film Pack, its light weight and extreme convenience having made for it many friends, and no stock of photographic goods can be 12 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ^ considered complete unless it contains a full representation of the Premo line. Even those dealers who sell a comparative- ly small quantity of photo- graphic goods should have in stock a few Premos and Premo- ettes, particularly in the film models. Except the Kodak, there is no camera so widely advertised as the Premo. The Premo line has been steadily advertised for very many years and this advertising is being con- stantly increased, with the re- sult, in connection with the ex- cellent goods and up-to-date methods, that the Premo busi- ness is growing steadily and satisfactorily. There will be some very heavy magazine work done this year in promot- ing the Premo line and this will be followed up with a first- class line of store and window signs, booklets and other helps for the dealer. Plan to still further increase your photographic business by broadening your stock through carrying a representative line of Premos. Let the Rochester Optical Division know your intentions and you will have the fullest co-operation in the way of advertising matter that will help you push this attrac- tive line of goods. Remember that Premo View cameras and Premo Plate cameras are standard among the compre- hensive instruments for the most exacting work and that the Premo Juniors and Premoettes are among the cameras that are popularizing photography the world over. They mean busi- ness for you. MOTORING WITH A KODAK It's a lucky fact that pho- tography is not now nor ever has been a fad. It's equally lucky that it fits into most real fads and makes them more enjoyable — especially the out- door ones. The Automobile can hardly be placed in the fad class, for unquestionably it has come to stay, but on the other hand there is no disput- ing the tremendous present popularity of auto touring and there can be no doubt that this year will see a great increase in this fascinating sport — pas- time — recreation — fad. Call it what you will. On the other hand, the speed mania is passing — partly be- cause people are growing more sane on the subject and partly because of the diligence of town constables. Leisurely touring means pure enjoyment of the country, of the road, of the scenery and of the friends that are along — and all this spells : K-O-D-A-K. To help you take advantage of this condition, we are pub- lishing a new booklet entitled, ** Motoring With a Kodak" and every automobile owner in the country ought to have a copy. We will furnish the books, with your imprint, if you will mail them to your local automobilists. The little book, we think, is about the cleverest thing we ever put out. It con- tains about twenty pages of good pictures, suggestive of auto touring, and automobile enthusiasm and the remainder of the thirty-two pages talk KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 13 Kodak, just like a real cata- logue. The pages are 5^x ']% inches and the color is an appropriate photographic de- sign in four colors. If the printer keeps his promise, and he sometimes does, we shall be able to fill orders for these books about May first, and we suggest that orders put in now will receive first attention. Now, by the way, when a man with a $4,000.00 touring car drives up in front of your place, see to it that his inquiry for a camera isn't responded to with a $2.00 Brownie. Tell your clerks that when they hear the purr of a motor out- side the door they are to im- mediately begin saying to themselves : ' ' Anastigmat equipment, anastigmat equip- ment " and as soon as they get the proper opportunity, they are to speak it out loud and with the confidence that con- vinces. Meantime find out how many of the new booklets you can use to real advantage and let us know. NILW AZO SEMI - GLOSS - NATURAL- \YHITE - DOUBLE- WpiGHT. ALSO A DOUBLE WEIGHT B. There's a new grade of Azo with qualities that will make it a distinct success.' In surface it is a semi-gloss, the same as the extremely popular Grade D, but it has not the slight pense cast of the Grade D — the color, if you can call it a color, is what printers term "Natural White." Theemul- sioji' is of such latitude, that one speed only is required to fit a wide range of negatives. This new Azo will be desig- nated as "Grade E" and will be furnished in double weight and as post- cards only. The usual double weight Azo and Azo Post-Card prices and trade discounts apply. Grade E Azo will prove popular for the highest class summer resort post- card trade. Grade B Azo, (rough) has proved so popular a paper that hereafter it will be furnished in double weight (as well as single) both hard and soft. We have had many inquiries for such a paper and there is no doubt of its immediate popularity. The usual Azo double weight prices and dis- counts apply. 12 INNINGS AND THE HITS BUNCHED IN EACH. Every Fan knows that the hits have got to come together or runs won't result. And he knows, too, that the more they are bunched, and the oftener they are bunched, the bigger the score. The 19 10 Kodak game will be extended to twelve innings, and the game is to beat last year's big score. We've al- ready been making a lot of clean single hits, a few runners have scored, and the bases are full. Last year's record al- ready looks sick, and we have our eye on the ball and propose to hammer out some home runs that will fatten our ( * 'our' * means you and ns) batting average. In the third inning, 14 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. March, we made a full page Ladies' Home Journal run in four colors that brought in a bunch of tallies. And we have a lot more striking corkers up our sleeve that will make a noise like more business. Dur- ing the year we shall have no less than three full back cover pages in colors in the Saturday Evening Post with its more than one million six hundred thousand circulation, all backed up with bunts and sacrifices and singles in that same publication. There's another full back cover in colors due in the Ladies' Home Journal in June, and on our home run batting list are Colliers', Life, Youth's Companion, American Boy, Literary Digest, Woman's Home Companion, Outlook, .Outing, Country Life in fAmerica, Pictorial Review, : Review of Reviews, Leslie's Weekly, Success and Hamp- ' tons'. As we shall bat all the way 'round the team, some of these will come in for two full ;^ page home runs in colors. All \ of them for at least one each. And backing these up will be the gatling gun battery of full pages inside in all the leading magazines and frequent lesser hits on inside pages of the weeklies that will help drive the business home. Your Store is the Home Plate — all you've got to do is to look out that your competitor doesn't touch the runner out before he crosses. Get busy on the coaching line and see to it that the Kodak sign shows where the plate is. Kodak at bat — Brownie on Deck. Play Ball ! Say to Your Finisher : a Tank Developed Film Pack Films are best when developed with Premo Film Tank Powders. If, however, you sometimes must use the cartridge film for- mula in order to carry O them along with other work: Develop 50 per cent, longer than you develop cartridge films." Note : Read article on this subject, page 4, March Trade Circular. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 15 THE BROWNIE FAMILY tE9 KndaK» \ u THE BROWNIE FAMILY Now and then it's well to impress the public that you have "the com= plete line." You can do it with Brownies with a very moderate investment. This window shows how it can be done conveniently, effectively, convincingly. Let it talk for you. KODAKS ALL THE NEW KODAKS Are Now in Stock. Headquarters for Everything for THE ALL BY DAYLIGHT WAY Developing, Printing, Enlarging. RICHARD ROE & COMPANY Double Col. Cut No. 173. Single Col. Cut No. 165. FOR TRADE CIRCULA TION ONL Y. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OIVN^ Vol. XL, No. 6. ROCHESTER. May, 1910. BEHIND TIME.— AHEAD OF TIME. The printers of our catalogue covers had trouble with the stock used, the results being so unsatisfactory to them and to us that they are reprinting the entire edition with the excep- tion of a few thousand that we accepted to mail out as advance catalogues to dealers. In order to make good, it was necessary to not only reprint the covers, but to actually make the paper for them. This meant a hold up of from three to four weeks, a part of which time we expect to make up, however, by rapid shipments as the inside pages are finished and when covers are ready, we shall put the cata- logues out with your imprint very rapidly. You cannot regret the delay more than we do, but we consider it worth while in the interests of quality. But we are earlier than ever before with our Summer Books (3/^ X 5^ miniature catalogue for mailing purposes) and our Book of the Brownies (454^ x 6^) for both of which books we are now ready to enter your order with an assurance of prompt shipments. The prom- ised booklet, "Motoring With A Kodak," (5^ x 7^, 32 pages) is also ready and we want every automobile owner in the country to have a copy. Remember, please, that noorder from you is necessary for the Kodak Catalogues, but that the other booklets (and at all times, all booklets other than the cata- logues) are sent on request only. Let us know what you want. OVERHEARD AT THE COUNTER. "Anything else? " The question came from back of the counter so lifelessly, so listlessly that the customer said to himself, "Thank heavens, no," and out loud simply, "No". The next clerk said to his customer: "I noticed that you were interested in those flower studies. Have you ever tried making them? No? Well, it isn't really much of a trick. With the smallest stop in your 3A, you can work up fairly close, even without a portrait attachment and by using a Ko- dak Color Screen can get some KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR marvelously striking things. Oh yes, that means time ex- posures, but they are very easy. Wild flowers? Well, in such a case, you must also have a tripod. I have something here that'll just fill the bill. * * * Xhank you very much. If at any time you get up against any little troubles you don't quite understand, drop in as you are going by and I'll try to help you out. As you get along, there will be new interesting things you will want to know about. No— no trouble at all. I like the work so well myself that I'm always glad to talk about it. Good morning. ' ' QUERY. Which clerk got raised January first ? his pay DISCOUNT REDUCED. The steadily advancing price of rubber has so far affected the price of rubber trays, etc. , that we can no longer allow the dis- counts which we have been giving and are therefore obliged to announce the following changes: R, O. C. Hard Rubber Trays — Discount changed from 40^ to 33/3^. Eastman Standard Hard Rubber Trays — Discount changed from 33^^^ to 25^. Eastman Hard Rubber Fix- ing Boxes — Discount changed from 33^^ to 25^. All of the above changes take effect May ist. TOO GOOD TO FORGE^T. In the March Trade Circular announcement was made of the Eastman Portable Back Ground Carrier and the grounds to go with same. The interest aroused by these high grade grounds and the many uses to which they lend themselves make it seem desirable to show the line more fully. Cloud Ground on Eastman Portable Back Ground Carrier. These grounds are small, as they must necessarily be for the purpose, but in quality they are of the highest grade. In the first place, they are painted on the best material by competent back-ground artists, not by apprentices. The roller is of sufficiently large diameter to prevent crack- ing the paint and in every respect they are high class. Properly shown, there is sure KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR Blend Ground. to be a big demand for these grounds among all classes of photographers. Set up a carrier in your store with a Scenic Ground upon it and note the attention it will attract. Scenic Ground. THE PRICE. Eastman Portable Back- ground Carrier - - $3.00 Cloud ground, 4 ft. x 5 ft. - 2.00 Cloud ground, 5 ft. x 6 ft. - 2.50 Blend ground, 4 ft. x 5 ft. - 2.00 Blend ground, 5 ft. x 6 ft. - 2.50 Larger sizes to order, 10 cents per square foot. Scenic ground, 4 ft. x 5 ft. Scenic ground, 5 ft. x 6 ft. Larger sizes to order, per square foot. Plain White, Black or Gray, Size 4x5 feet Plain White, Black or Gray, Size 5x6 feet Special sizes to order, six cents per square foot. Discount to dealers 40^. - I3.75 - 4-50 15 cents I1.50 [-75 Put the Loud Pedal on : POCKET and you can make big sales of 2A FOLDING POCKET BROWNIES. They are selling liKe the proverbial hot cakes. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR IMPROVED SERVICE STREET CAR CARDS FOR EVERY MONTH IN THE YEAR. A few years ago we conceived the idea that if we furnished street car signs with dealers' addresses on them that some dealers who were already using the cars would now and then put up Kodak cards. We had, at that time, no idea of furnish- ing for everyone an all the year round complete service for we didn' t feel that anyone would want it. The plan has worked far beyond our most sanguine expectations, largely because very many dealers have found that our car cards paid them. To-day, we are not merely fur- nishing cards for occasional use by those who are advertising Kodaks part of the year, but in many cases are furnishing them to dealers for all the year round use and such dealers are enthu- siastic over the results. There is no line of goods that the dealer can advertise to better advantage than the Kodak line, and one of the good things about it is that the street car cards fit in with our general magazine work in such a way as to bring the dealer whose name appears on the cards into close touch with our magazine publicity. The man who sees an attractive picture and the word Kodak in our advertise- ment to-night, and on his way to work to-morrow morning sees the same picture, the same word ' ' Kodak ' ' and your name on a street car card is likely to think of you whenever he thinks Kodak. Of course, it is rarely that the connection can be so close, but the same general idea runs through all the Kodak ad- vertising and by keeping as everlastingly at it in the local field as we do in the general field, you can get the business. We are announcing several new signs for a starter this month. From time to time, we shall have other new and attrac- tive signs and for the whole year enough good stuff to take proper care of everybody. CONDITIONS. It is obvious that no two dealers in the same town would care to use the same cards. In filling orders for street car cards, we shall, therefore, give the preference to the first dealer who applies from each city, but will not furnish him more than one kind of card until we are satisfied that the other dealers in his town are not interested. When there is only one dealer in a city who uses the cards, he can run through our entire line — and that will mean at least one new card a month if he wants it. These cards are of the stan- dard street car size, ii x 21 inches, and are to be furnished for sb'eet car use only. They are too expensive and too per- ishable for fence tacking or similar purposes. In ordering, please tell how many cards you need, and in- dicate by number the style of card wanted. We particularly request that you order only as many as you require. They are too expen- sive to waste. r^\ KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR "I'm going a Kodaking, sir, she said. » EVERYTHING FOR THE CAME.RA. SKillful Developing and Printing. RICHARD ROE, & CO. 1001 TRIPOD AVENUE. No. 867. Picture, black and white ; type matter, 2 colors. E See what a Good Camera you can buy for $5.00 Premoette The smallest, simplest bit of a camera for 2'.x3'. pictures. Everything photographic at our store. Developing and printing that's sure to please. JOHN DOE & CO. 1234 Prcmo St. No. 775. Pictures, black and white ; type matter, 2 colors. Take a KODAK with you Make a selection from our stock -then let us finish your pictures when you return. RICHARD ROE & CO. lOOl TRIPOD \\\l. No. 868. Picture, 4 colors ; type matter, 2 colors. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR No. 2 A Folding Pocket BROWNIE A New 2V2 X 4*4 Camera for $7.00. Everything Photo= o^raphic at our store. Richard Roe & Co. 1001 IRIPOL) .WfiMli. No. 766. Picture, one color ; type matter, two colors. All Outdoors Awaits Your KODAK Kodaks and Brownies, $1.00 to $100.00. Richard Roe & Co. 1001 Tripod Ave. No. 812. Picture, 4 colors; type matter, 2 colors. Let the Children KODAK We carry all the latest Kodak Goods, $100 to $10000 RICHARD ROE & CO., 1001 Tripod Ave. No. 869. Picture, 4 colors; type matter, 2 colors; card, tinted. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR I In Operation. THE R. O. C. POST CARD PRINTER. The R. O. C. Post Card Printer is made for the man who desires an inexpensive, yet rapid and trustworthy machine for printing developing-out post cards. The R. O. C. Post Card Printer may be used with either artificial or daylight, but the use of artificial light is recom- mended owing to its greater uniformity. The operation of the R. O. C. Post Card Printer is similar to that of an ordinary hand- printing press, as shown in the accompanying illustration . Drop the card into place against the negative, close the frame by means of the small hand lever; at the expiration of the exposure pull back on the lever, which opens the frame and drops the exposed card. The action of closing the frame automatically opens the exposed shutter, and open- ing the frame closes it. Every mechanical feature is positive in action, and practically impossible to get out of order. The negative is placed in position by removing the front Showing Interior Construction With Shutter Partly Opened. of the printer, and lifting out the spring retained back as shown in the illustration page 8. The printing opening is made full cabinet size, and a cut-out is furnished for post card size. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR Showing Printer With Front Removed for Changing Negative. SO that the entire surface of the card may be printed, or any portion masked as desired; both negative and mask being retained firmly in position by the strong springs at each end of the frame. The back of the light box is fitted with a sheet of fine ground glass for diffusing the light, which glass can be removed or replaced instantly. The wood pans are con- structed of cherry, handsomely finished, all brass fittings polished and lacquered. The R. O. C. Post Card Printer may be installed in a few minutes and will afford most satisfactory results. Price $7.50. Discount to the trade, 40^. WASTE Who are possible customers? A word right now as to how advertising matter can be used to best advantage seems not to be out of place. An observa- tion extending over a great many years has fully convinced us that the same amount of attention is rarely given to the proper placing of advertising that is given to the preparation of it. How shall the dealer adver- tise? If it's a question of cameras only he should, and can profit- ably, advertise to everybody, for there are very few people these prosperous days who can- not at least afford a Brownie. For such work the newspapers and the street cars are highly effective. In the distribution of booklets, however, he must be more careful to go to a select list because such adver- tising is exceedingly expensive to him in the matter of postage as well as to us in the matter of the booklet. As an illustra- tion of this point, take our own advertising. A pamphlet such as our 3^ X 5% Summer Book- let costs, including postage, en- velopes and addressing, about 3 cents. If we had the list it would cost us $45,000.00 to send one copy to each pur- chaser of the Saturday Even- ing Post one time. Even with its million and a half circula- tion this would be a prohibitive cost ; because there would be too much waste. But a back cover in the Saturday Evening Post costs in two colors $3, 600. In other words, we could go with full page back covers in colors to the readers of that paper once every month for a year at less cost than the mail- ing of one small booklet one time, and the twelve pages would unquestionably be more effective than the one booklet. A quarter page inside space could be used every week for a whole year at a much less cost than mailing and printing the booklets. In similar pro- portions, the same thing will work out in your case. You can talk many times to one KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR thousand or ten thousand or one hundred thousand of your local population through your local papers or street cars for what it would cost you to send one booklet to each person — even though we furnish the booklets without charge. Nevertheless, the booklets have their use in clinching busi- ness after the other mediums have created interest but they should be used only for the high spots — for the people whom you are pretty sure are possible customers. If you send them to your best people, the odds are so strongly in your favor that you must win. If you send them indiscrimin- ately and carelessly, the odds will be against you. Right now, we have Brownie Books — best for high school boys and girls and the upper grades in the grammar schools — we have the summer booklets for the well-to-do people of your town and * ' Motoring with a Kodak" for those who have automobiles. A common waste among dealers is the repeated sending of Kodak booklets to people who already have Kodaks, be- cause they happen to have the list. Such booklets might better be doing missionary work among the unenlightened. And again the mistake is made, not so often but with even less judgment, of sending Velox books, Bromide Enlarging with a Kodak and the like to people who have not yet become in- terested in the first step in photography — the camera. Figure it out with care. Who are probable customers ? How much can you afford to spend ? But bearing this in mind : The sale of the Kodak or Brownie must not be charged with the entire advertising ex- pense for after that first sale of the camera comes the film and the papers and tanks and chem- icals and developing and print- ing. Our cuts, our booklets, our car cards are at your service. 3 A Special Kodak Vrices $65, and Worth it The camera that's going to be your big help in establishing an anastigmat lens trade. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR PYROGALLIC ACID RESUBLIMED. An important addition to our line of tested chemicals is Pyro Resublimed, in cans. This developing agent is put up with our usual attention to the furnishing of chemicals of known purity and should form a part of every photographic stock. Our unusual, our pains- taking care in the preparation of chemicals for photographic use is having its effect— the demand for the goods is grow- ing. Dealers are learning that it is to their advantage to stock and pu^h jii^ ; photographers ^ "^re learning that it is to their "^^ advantage to use them. Next, order Pyro Resublimed. THE PRICE I ounce can, $ .20 X pound •• .65 H " " 1.20 I " '• 2.10 mSCOUNT to the trade: (3^^ On orders for 100 !es or more, assorted pack- ages: 40^, fore prepared a little circular telling of the good qualities of ** The Dependable Film". These circulars will be furnish- ed to you upon request in quantities with the suggestion that you have them inserted in all packages of developing orders, where the film left with you for development is one of those inferior substitutes. We take this action because we believe that both you and ourselves have a considerable degree of responsibility in the matter and should do what we can to protect our customers from the weak imitations that certain dealers try to thrust upon them. '"^ i5f)e last bell is PROTflC TION. ^^ ^S^ ^S Sometimes misguided people purchase film other than East- man N. C. for use in their Kodaks and are too often dis- appointed in the results. Now, when they have failures, we do not want them to lay their troubles to the camera nor do you, when you do it, want them to say that there was carelessness in the developing and printing. To help pro- tect the Kodaker, the dealer and ourselves from the inferior substitute films, we have there- Hurry your man along to our Educa- tional Department, or he will be marked "late" for 1910. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR SAME TEXT A NEW APPLICATION We have been preaching for some years from the text " Accuracy " in the matter of photographic formulae and chemicals, and in the matter of temperature for developers. There is a closely allied sub- ject where accuracy is equally important — ' * Thermometers." A man who merely makes them and perhaps makes mostly the cheap advertising souvenir variety has no great responsibility resting upon him. He makes 'em and sells 'em and if some photographer loses a batch of negatives or prints on account of an error of four or five degrees in his thermome- ter, that thermometer man doesn't suffer. But the pho- tographer suffers, the dealer who sold the plates, papers and chemicals suffers and the manufacturer suffers. Tested thermometers like tested chemicals are necessary to the best results and that's why we exercise more than ordinary care in the thermometers which we sell. There's just one way by which accuracy in ther- mometers can be assured — actual test. The blowing of glass means more or less inac- curacy but the man making a cheap product has to let every- thing slide through; he cannot afford to do otherwise. The concern that makes our ther- mometers makes a specialty of the highest class clinical and scientific goods and holds up the same high standard of in- spection on goods for photo- graphic use, some thirty per cent, for instance, of the Stir- ring Rod Thermometers being rejected because it knows inac- curate goods will not pass our inspection. Accuracy makes for good results in photography, and good results help business. It is to your interest, therefore, to handle the accurate goods and to urge their use. The sale of an accurate Stirring Rod Ther- mometer doesn't simply mean the profit on that thermometer, it means better results for your customers. We especially ad- vise the sale of these ther- mometers for use with Tank Developers for either films or plates. Push them to both the professional and amateur trade. RE-ORDERS The people who used our Post Card Plan last year and the year before are the ones who are ordering most liberally this year. See illustrated plan in April Trade Circular and get in on a good thing. 12 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Take a KODAK with you The little Kodak pictures w^ill keep alive the pleasures of the outdoor days. KODAKS, $5.00 to $1 1 1.00. BROWNIES, $1.00 to $12.00. Illustrated booklet^ '■'■ Motoring with a Kodak'"' yours for the asking. RICHARD ROE & CO. Double column cut No. 184. Single column cut No. 183. Motoring with a Kodak " sent to dealers on request only. — Order your booklets and cuts now. FOR TRADE CIRCULA TION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. 'FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OlVNr Vol. XL, No. 7. ROCHESTER June, 1910 OVILRHEARD AT THE COUNTER. A man wearing a fifty-dollar busi- ness suit, a five dollar hat, a close shave and clean linen, went into a large clothing store and said : "I would like to look at a yachting suit." The clerk conducted him to the back of the store, spread out a street car conductor's coat on a pile of hand-me-downs and said: ''Here is something that will wear like iron and will cost you only $12.00 for the suit." The man went out, and moreover, he has never been back. That short story is a true story and the moral is: Size up your man — size him right if you can, but never under-estimate him. The man with the price of a Brownie in his pocket won't be offended if you start off by trying to sell him a 3 A Kodak. He'll be ffattered, and if he is like most mortals will come as near to living up to your estimate of him as he can. "Comin' down is easier than going up," as the hod carrier said, and if you fail to land a man for an anastigmat you have a long number of easy steps before you reach the No. I Brownie. Study human nature — aim high in selling and in every- thing else — but when you are obliged to accompany thecustomer down the ladder to something cheaper, do it courteously and gracefully. And when he goes out with the goods make him feel that you are as much interested in him as though he had bought a Graflex outfit. Then he'll come back. EVERY TIME. We don't want to talk 2 A Fold- ing Pocket Brownies to you so strong as to make you forget Kodaks, but we do want to impress you with the tremendous popularity this little cam- era is gaining. Asa dealer put it the other day : *• There are so many good talking points on this camera that I can sell one every time to the man who comes in expecting to buy only a two-dollar Brownie. " Pictures, 2^^ x 434^. Folds for the pocket. Meniscus Achromatic lens. Automatic Star Opening Shutter. Reversible finder. Automatic focusing lock. Two tripod sockets. Splendid finish. And only seven dollars. To pretend to carry a line of amateur photographic goods without stocking and pushing this new cam- KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. era is more than absurd, it's a sinful waste of opportunity. We've made a ten-strike with this new model Brownie — the pocket fea- ture together with the 2^ X 4^ size and the extremely low price is an irresistible combination when enthu- siastically talked by dealer or clerk who really knows the good points in this camera. Incidentally, we are giving this particular model wide publicity. Don't miss this 2 A opportunity. RPPA Take a KODAK with you. Make the most of every out- ing by keeping a Kodak record of your trip. Rcanti/iil/y ill us f rated booklet "Motoring ilUIi Kodak : " free on request. Richard Roe & Co. 100 1 Tripod Avenue. Single Col. Cut A'o. 342 B. Dbl. Col. No. 342 A. $100.00 Reprinted by request from the March, igog, Kodak Trade Circular. One hundred dollars, one hundred dollars, one hundred dollars, one hundred dollars ! A man from Rochester, while wait- ing the other day in a dealer's store to see the dealer himself, saw a clerk sell a $2.00 Brownie to a customer who was going on a tour around the world. When the Rochesterian got the ear of the dealer a few minutes later he suggested to him that that clerk evidently considered it profane or sacreligious, or something of that sort, to speak of money in large denominations. The clerk was called to the rear of the store and instructed to say ' * one hundred dollars, one hundred dollars, one hundred dollars," continuously for five minutes so that in the future he wouldn't be afraid of the sound of his own voice when talking prices above his previous two-dollar limit. It was also suggested to him that he take a similar monologue exercise every morning while dressing. ( * 'One hundred dollars, one hundred dol- lars. ") And it is hoped that the next time an able bodied man who has arrived at years of discretion, and is suspected of being able to travel abroad and keep a sixty-horse power car, comes into the store that this modest clerk will at least be able to say "Kodak" instead of "Brownie," though his cure will not be con- sidered complete until he can say ** anastigmat equipment " in a loud voice with an audience of no less than three possible customers pres- ent. Honestly, it's just wrong the way people are handled. What's the use KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. of putting forth the cheap goods first? It's easier to come down than to go up. A twenty-dollar customer is likely to be offended if you of!er him a two-dollar camera. On the other hand, your two-dollar cus- tomer feels flattered if he thinks you have "sized him up" for a ten dollar customer. The first rainy morning, get your clerks together and . talk this all over. Repeat until conditions are right, then practice it when the sun shines. One hundred dollars, one hundred dollars. A NELW MAKE, UP. "The advertisements you show on the back page of the Trade Circular every month are all very well, but we need more of them. We especially need several small adver- tisements every month during the busy season and we want the cuts to go with them." The foregoing is the gist of many letters that we receive from dealers, and so, to make the Trade Circular more valuable to our readers, we propose to sprinkle several small advertisements for dealers' use through each number. Heretofore our columns have been too narrow to take the standard single column newspaper cuts. Our change in "make up" has been brought about to take care of this point. Better service for the dealer is the sole reason for the change. We shall endeavor to give live, helpful hints in these advertisements. We do not expect that you will use them without change. You will no doubt often be able to improve them, but they give a hint of what your line of argument should be — and the cuts are yours for the asking. ALL OUT DOORS AWAITS YOUR KODAK Kodaks. $5.00 to $ 11 1 .00 Brow^nies, $1.00 to $12.00 Let us show you how easy it is to make good pictures the all by daylight way. Richard Roe & Co. looi Tripod Avenue. Single Col. Cut No. 302 B. Dbl. Col. No. 302 A. GET IN ON THE Post Card Plan Announced in the April Trade Circular. A Business Builder. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ^SSa REMO No. 785. 4 Colors. PRELMO SIGNS. PRICE CARDS, BELLLOWS COVERS. In a few days you will receive, in connection with Kodak signs, a num- ber of store and window signs, adver- tising the Premo products. These will be sent to all dealers without order. In addition there are two very strik- ing decalcomania, or transfer signs, one on the Premo Camera, the other on the Premo Film Pack, which are supplied on order only. These you can easily attach to your window yourself, and as you will see by illus- tration, they are of exactly the same size and shape, and make excellent companion pieces for two windows or two glass front doors. These signs are in five colors, they will last indefinitely, and make splendid decoration for any window. As they are expensive, we ask those dealers who order them to put them up promptly and to use them for no other purpose than window transfers. No. 4 Colors. The Premo street car signs illus- trated on another page, are plain, easily readable signs, that tell a con- cise story, and for those dealers who use the street cars, they make excel- lent cards to alternate with the Kodak cards. BELLOWS COVERS. We have a new style of bellows cover for Premo cameras, the idea being to use the covers in connec- tion with price cards which now come packed with every Premo cam- era. These covers can be supplied for all Premos 2>% ^ 5% ^^^ 4 ^ 5> or smaller, and for the 5x7 Film- plate and Film Premo No. i. Premos dressed with these covers and the neat little price cards, will certainly make striking display in your windows, as you can see by illustration. Bellows covers are supplied on order only. Those dealers who have Premo cameras in stock with- out price cards, can get such cards, by writing in, advising quantity and style of cameras. This matter in connection with the Premo Booklets and catalogues, will KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. enable you to help out in the big Premo general publicity campaign. Those dealers who help, who focus our advertising on their store, in their town, are the ones to reap the benefit. Wouldst be a reaper? Then get this matter in your store and see that it is conspicuously dis- played. PREMO SUMMER BOOKLETS. The abbreviated Summer cata- logue of 19 ID Premo cameras is now on the press and orders for same should be sent in at once. It's a very tasty looking piece of literature, and besides listing the various Premo models, gives a very complete description of the Premo Film Pack system. 3^^ x 6 inches in size, it fits the ordinary com- mercial envelope and is just the thing for your mailing list. These booklets are sent on request only. The edition is limited and it's a case of first come first served. How many will you have? AS MANY AS YOU LIKE. For the first time since their intro- duction, we are now able to fill orders for No. I A Speed Kodaks on sight. Up to the present time we have not advertised these goods, simply because with the press of other work in the Graflex shutter department, we were not able to turn out the goods sufficiently fast to take care of even the business that came from our catalogue. Now that we have filled all back orders, have a few cameras in stock and more com- ing daily from the factory, we pro- pose to put a bit of. push into the sale of the lA Speed Kodak that will quickly bring up its sale. A pocket camera, using Kodak Film Cartridges, having a Graflex Focal Plane Shutter with a speed of Y,/o,) of a second, and equipped with a Zeiss- Kodak Anastigmat Lens, speed f, 6.3— all for Sixty dollars — just must sell. This camera fits so beautifully into the strenuous out-door life and into home portraiture that all that is necessary is to let people know. We are about to let loose some strong advertising on this prop- osition. There's $20.00 for you in every sale. But you can't make the sale unless you can show the goods. Orders are now filled at sight. Let us enter your order for a sample if you have not yet stocked this camera. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ALL OUTDOORS AWAITS YOUK KODAK Kodaks and Brownie Cameras at our store from $1.29 to $100.oo. Developing and Printing that's sure to please. RICHARD ROE €i CO. 1001 TRIPOD AVENUE. No. 567. Four Colors. Take a KODAK with you Then let us finish the pictures. We employ skillful workman. KODAKS AND BROWNIES. $l.«<?to$IOO.'«' RICHARD ROE & CO. 1001 TRIPOD AVE. No. ^68. Four Co/o) s. The Smallest, Lightest, Easiest to Operate of all Cameras for Popular size Pictures Film Premos Let us prove it. We Carry Everything Photographic and do Prompt Developing and Printing JOHN DOE «&C0.1234 PremoSt. JVo. 7SO. Two Colors. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. TWO TELSTS. The Eastman tested chemical seal means more than a merely perfunc- tory chemical test of the goods that it goes upon. It means that the goods are not only right chemically, but it means also that goods of exactly the same strength have been tested out in actual practice in our formulas and that they are known to be right. The importance of such tests, of pure chemicals, of properly balanced formulas, becomes more and more evident to us every day, both in the professional and in the amateur line. Hardly a mail comes in that does not bear evidence of someone who has been disappointed in results, because of improperly balanced solutions that did not do their work, because of the impurity of some ingredient that put the whole thing ''out of whack." Disap- pointed photographers are bad for business. Your ultimate profit will be larger if you push only the Eastman Tested Chemicals. cost for a complete service, remembering that at scarcely no trouble to you, we will furnish live, up-to-date stuff to fill the space and let you have new cards for monthly changes, if you will only select what you want and ask for them. Read the article on this subject in the May Trade Circular. WITHDRAWALS. As new good things are coming along all the time we find it neces- sary now and then to withdraw from the market some article that our new goods have made a slow seller. The new buff stock on which we recently began coating Etching Black Platinum has made a decided hit wherever shown, seeming to so exactly fit in with the beautiful tones of this medium that we have dis- continued the Etching Black on white stock and will hereafter fur- nish it on the buff only. Ozobrome is likewise withdrawn from the market from this date. MORE CAR CARDS. In accordance with our announce- ment last month of a complete service in cards for street car advertising, we are showing herewith three additional cards that are now ready, making a total of nine in the new series and there will be more from time to time as required by the conditions. These cards are furnished without charge, but are for street car use only. So many dealers have found the use of the cars highly profitable, that we urge a thorough looking into the matter by everybody who sells Kodaks. If there are street cars in your town, investigate the SCHOOL WILL SOON BE OUT ! BROWNIE TIME then for the YOUNGSTER Get ready with your stock and your advertising No. 2A Folding Pocket BROWNIE Here is a ne^v member of the Brownie family, Avhich gives a picture of that highly popular size, 2>^ X 4}i, in a folding pocket camera, at the ex- tremely modest price of $7.00. The 2A Folding Pocket Brownie loads in day- light Avith Kodak film cartridges, has pocket automatic shutter, meniscus achromatic lens, automatic focusing lock, reversible finder for horizontal or vertical vicAvs, tw^o tripod sockets, and is in every respect a ^vell made and well finished little camera. We have other Brownies from $1.00 to $12.00 and a full line of all the good things from Kodak City. RICHARD ROE & CO. 1001 TRIPOD AVE. Double Col. Cut No. 221 G. Single Col. Cut No. 221 H. FOK TRADE CIKCULA TJOA O^L Y. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. FOR YOl'R INTERESTS AND OCR OlVNr Vol. XI.. No. 8. ROCHESTER July, 1910 OVERHEARD AT THE COUNTEFc. It was raining outside. It was raining some more. A man came into the store. His umbrella left a pool of water where he stood it against a counter. His trousers looked be-draggled from the knees down. Probably his feet were squdging water in his shoes. But his face indicated sunshine, as he cheerfully remarked to the clerk: "Kind of damp outside." "Rotten," said the clerk. "Coming down pretty hard; pro- bably the clearing up shower," said the man. "Clearing up nothing," said the clerk, "Has rained every day for a week and I haven't seen the sun in a month." An exaggeration. "It hasn't been very bright," said the man, his smile fading. "Bright," said the clerk, "a funeral procession is a joy ride by comparison with this weather. Weather rotten — business rotten — " "But we always get more or less rain at this time of the year," inter- rupted the other, with an attempt at reviving his smile. "More or less, yes; but this is the more with the less left out — a con- tinuous performance. The time that Noah had was a trip across the great Sahara without a camel or a Thermos bottle compared to this. It has killed trade — is killing the crops. We might as well shut up shop if this keeps up, unless we put in a side line of rain coats, umbrellas and gum shoes. By the way, what was it you wanted ? " "I was thinking about a Kodak, but I might as well wait till this infernal weather is over. Oh, if you don't mind, I'd rather not swim over to the post office," laying down a dime, "could you let me have five two-cent stamps? Thank you. Good day!" MORAL. A cloudy temperament is more depressing than a rainy day. HEALTH AND THE. TANK. This out-door habit that we Amcr-t- cans are getting is good not only for our general health, but for your Kodak business. You appreciate it so far as the cameras and the film are concerned, but do you appreciate how much it means in the sale of Tanks ? The traveling Kodaker, making KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. the "grand tour" in Europe, rush- ing from city to city, spending his days in sight-seeing and his evenings at theatres and cafes, may not feel incHned to do his own work, especi- ally as there are numerous places where he can have his developing done both well and promptly. But there are literally hundreds of thou- sands of your countrymen who in the next few weeks will camp, cruise with automobile or yacht, take a canoe trip, or put up for a few weeks as summer boarders. In most of such cases the vacationist will not only have time to do his own developing on the spot, but would welcome the tank as a pleasing diversion for rainy days or otherwise dull evenings. Whether such amateurs would care to use the tank or not when at home, at times when they could easily bring their films to you for finishing, does not so much matter. They would enjoy its use and 'twould be a valuable aid to them while they are on the vacation trip. Talk tank to those who come in for their vacation supply of films. It means more photographic enjoyment for them — extra business for you. WA^ YOUR ORDER \ SIGNED? The descriptive literature on Premo advertising matter, recently sent out, ha^.brought us thousands of order card^ for such matter. Among these orders are half a dozen or so which are ij|isigned and con- tain no clue as toxwhom they are from. \ We are, of course, anxious to identify these cards, and Jf you have ordered such matter ami haven't received it, please write us, at once. Even the little children can make good pictures with a BROWNIE CAMERA IT WORKS LIKE A KODAK. Ask Ns for a copy of •' The Book of til e Hi oiVHics/' RICHARD ROE & CO., 1001 TRIPOD AVE. Single Column Cut No. 321 B. Double Column Cut No. 321A. PRICE ADVANCED. Hard Rubber Fixing Boxes. We are rather proud of the fact that with all the advances that have been made in the prices of other lines of goods the country over dur- ing the past few years, the price of Kodak goods has not advanced. Our materials cost more than they did, labor costs more than it did, KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. improvements in the goods them- selves have here and there added to the cost. But constant improve- ment in manufacturing methods and constant increase in the volume of our business have enabled us to keep manufacturing costs within limits that enable us, thus far, to sell our goods at the old prices. Our purchases of raw materials are in such quantities that we are able to buy in the world's best markets at the lowest prices, and so even on sundries we have been able for the most part to continue the old prices in spite of the general advances But once in a while we find an advance necessary on such goods. The rubber market, as everyone knows, has sky-rocketed faster than anything else. We have postponed it as long as possible, but are now obliged to announce an ad- vance in price on Eastman Hard Rubber Fixing Boxes. The new price follows : II X 14, each, - - $ 7.75 14 X 17, •' - - 11.00 Discount to the trade, 25^. JULY REMINDER. VELOX Post Cards FOR THE TOURIST TRADE. A FLASH SHEET CONVE,NIE,NCE. Any season is flash light season now-a days. Proof of this assertion lies in the number of vacation pictures — especially those from camping parties — which show that the thoughtful member remembered the flash sheets. There might be thousands more if only a reminder came at the right time — and the right time is when he or she comes in for that supply of vacation film. And to still further help in popular- izing Flash Sheets, there's a new accessory that will prove a distinct help in assisting the amateur to safely and properly handle them. The Eastman Flash Sheet Holder does away with the nuisance of hunting up a card on which to pin the flash sheet, and it offers the important advantage of enabling the operator to hold his light just where he wants it, and touch off the flash at the instant when the subject or subjects are in a satisfactory pose. It may be held in the hand and the flash fired as shown in the illustration — always from the back — KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. EASTMAN LASH SHEET HOLDER inflammable nature of flash sheets and that the directions should be closely followed. PRICE,. Eastman Flash Sheet Holder, $i.oo Discount to the trade, 33^^. Order now and sell them for the vacation trade. .'^V ^, ^^^m i^^^r Igniting the Flash Sheet. or the handle may be unscrewed and the holder mounted on any tripod having the standard screw. The holder takes either the No. i, No. 2 or No. 3 Eastman Flash Sheets, the spring shown in first illustration holding them in place. One corner of the sheet is to project part way across the hole in back and whether the Holder is held in the hand or on the tripod the sheet should invariably be lighted from behind. This holder is made of metal, with a white asbestos lining that helps as a reflector, and folds up flat when not in use and can therefore be carried conveniently in the ordinary suitcase. Eastman Flash Sheets are unques- tionably the safest self-burning flash medium on the market. The East- man Flash Sheet Holder makes them still safer, but nevertheless, when a sale is made you should warn the customer of the highly HOOK ON. •* More goods are sold under the evening lamp at home than you dream of. " Put up your lightning rod. Let your customers know that you can deliver to them the goods which great advertising paid for by manu- fadurers has interested them in. ' * Ask for electrotypes suitable to run in your own advertising. Hook THEIR TRADE-MARK TO YOUR STORE." It is thus that Robert Frothing- ham, the live wire advertising mana- ger of the Butterick publications, and of Everybody s Magazine, talks to the merchants of this country in the July issue of the Butterick Trio Bulletin to Buyers and Salesmen. We have just mailed to you a sheet showing the Kodak cuts that are yours on request. Cast a line for the man who was lured under the evening lamp at home by Kodak advertising but has not yet been landed. Cast for him in your local paper and bait with a Kodak elec- trotype. He is in the mood ; he wants to be caught, but he's busy — perhaps he'll forget. He isn't pop sure who in town handles the Kodak goods anyway. Tell him. Then remind him. Hook our advertising to your store. Which electros please ? Order by number. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. k:: V'' ^^-c^ m V ■^ ^ Loads of fun for Little Folks in a BROWNIE Everythinj^ photographic at our store — Brownies. Kodaks, l-ihns. Skilled de\eloping and printing. Richard Roe d Co. 1001 TRIPOD AVENUE. Car Sign No. 566. Foi Ground Glass Focusing and Every Film Convenience In the Pocket PremoC Takes Films or Plates with equal facility, and slips into any pocket y^,x4h,$12^ VixSKSlS"^ RICHARD ROE 4 COMPANY, 1234 Premo Street Car Sign No. 724, Two colors. A CONNECTING LINK. Our street car card plan is meet- ing with full approval from the trade and many dealers are finding the proper use of these cards highly profitable. They are a strong con- necting link between our magazine advertising and the dealers* store. We announced six new cards in May, three more in June and here are two more of equal attractiveness, thus making an assortment of eleven signs for the summer campaign. We shall have others for the holiday and Christmas trade that are fully seasonable. Our line will give you something that is appropriate for every month in the year. One of the most successful Kodak dealers on our list uses Kodak cards in every car in his city every day of every month in the year, and has not only done so for several years, but now has a contract with the street car advertising company for two years ahead. Wherever there is street car ser- vice this question is worth looking into by every dealer. We do not claim that it will pay in every case. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. but there are so many cases in which it will pay that it's worth investiga- ting. The probabilities are that if yours is a good down town retail location you can afford to use all the cars. If you are in the residence district of a large city, there are likely one or more lines that carry people between your section and the down town business district that you could use to advantage. Look into it. No. i-S, i-O, lA-S, lA-O, 2-S. 2-0, 3S, 3-0. 3A-S. 3A-O, 4-S. 4-0. VE.NICE. CORRECTIONS IN CONDBLNSELD PRICE LIST. On page 40 of condensed price list there are two errors in the prices of Double Weight Nepera Paper. The dozen prices of 18 x 22 double weight Nepera should read $3,85 instead of $3.35. The gross price of 8 x 10 double weight Nepera should read $7.30 instead of $7.00. Kindly make these corrections : On page 80 the thousand prices on Marine, Cascade and Venice Mounts have been omitted. These should read as follows : No. I, lA, 2, 3. 3A. 4, 4A, 5, No. I, lA, 2, 3. 3A, 4, 4A, 5, MARINE. CASCADE. Per I 000 I 8.50 9.00 9.00 9.00 12.00 11.00 14 00 19.00 Per 1000 $ 10.00 11.00 11.00 12.00 14.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 Take a KODAK with you KODAKS, $5.00 to $111.00. BROWNIES, $1.00 to $12.00. We have everything for a Kodak Vacation. Kodak Catalogue Free. RICHARD ROE & CO., 1001 TRIPOD AVE. Single Col. No. 309B. Double Col. No. 309A. Just the Camera for that Vacation of your*s, PREMO The smallest, lightest, easiest to load and oper- ate of all cameras. Fifty styles and sizes. Prices, $2.00 to over $200.00. Let us show you one. We carry everything in photography that's Avorth Avhile, and do developing and printing that's sure to please. JOHN DOE & CO. 1534 Premo Street. Double Column Cut No. 345 Single Column Cut No. 346 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. A NEW FILM. INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY FOR GRAFLEX CAMERAS AND SPEED KODAKS. Thirty per cent, is added to the efficiency of the No. o Graphic, Nos. I A and 3 A Graflex Cameras and to the Nos. lA and 4A Speed Kodaks by our new product — Eastman Speed Film. This new film is made especially for the purpose of giving to the camerist the fullest possible benefit of the highest speed of a focal plane shutter. Because our Kodak shutter and lens speeds are so perfectly in balance with our regular N. C. Film, and because of the marvelously wide latitude of that film, no appreciable difference between the new and old films can be discerned on ordinary exposures. The difference is, how- ever, perfectly apparent on extreme- ly short exposures, tending to under- timing, such as come from focal plane work on rapidly moving objects. Thirty per cent, faster on speed work than our regular N. C. Film, the new film still retains the orthochromatic and non- curling feat- ures of the regular films and is handled in precisely the same man- ner, except that it is to be developed 25 per cent, longer. With the 20 minute powders and Tank develop- ment the Speed Film should therefore remain in the Tank for 25 minutes. Where the film is dark-room devel- oped it will of course be left until of the proper density, but for best results it should be remembered that this density should always be ob- tained by longer development, not by stronger solutions. We believe that this film will be the equal of our regular N. C. Film in keeping quality, but as it has not yet had a long continued try-out in the hands of the public, it will for the present be given a four months dating, whereas the regular film has a six months dating. Eastman Speed Film will be furnished in the following sizes and may now be had from any of our branches or direct from Rochester : No. o F. P. K. (Fits No. o Graphic) i^ x 2^, 6 ex. and 12 ex. ; No. lA F. P. K., 2>^ X 41^. 6 ex. and 12 ex. ; No. 3A F. P. K., 3)^ X 5>^, 6 ex. and 10 ex. ; No. 4A F. K., 414^ X 6^ , 6 ex. Price and discount same as our regular N. C. Film. Dealers should always be careful, in selling this film, to call the cus- tomer's attention to the longer time required for development. This new product is not only a good thing for those who already have the film using Graflex cameras and Speed Kodaks, but will help you to future sales of these high grade cameras — and thereby to better profits. GOODS FOR CREDIT. In returning sensitized goods for credit, whether because of expired dating or for other causes, dealers are requested to always return them to factory of origin — American Aristo goods to Jamestown, Seed Plates to St. Louis, and all other sensitized goods of our manufacture to Roch- ester. Some dealers also overlook the fact that a letter (also to be sent to factory to which goods are returned) is necessary in every case, or otherwise our receiving depart- ment will not know for what purpose the goods were returned, and delay and perhaps loss will follow. REMIND THE BOYS OF THE BROWNIES. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Here's an easy window that's nevertheless a telling window. The strong colors of the Film boxes make it much more impressive than the above cut would indicate. Right now is a good time for it. lo KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. CABINET IRIS. GRADE A. Originally Artura Iris Grade A was cut full cabinet size — 3^ ^5/4- Several years ago, when Iris came into general use, numerous requests were made for a reduced width on Grade A, as the full width when mounted would exceed 3^, due to the stretch in this grade of Iris. This stretch was not objectionable when the prints were mounted on some styles of mounts, but on em- bossed mounts it was very objection- able as the prints were too large to fit the mount centers. To meet this condition the width of Grade A cabinets was reduced }i of an inch. This made the size 3% X 51^. The stretch is in the width and prints on the reduced size of paper when mounted measure 3^ x Iris Grade A does not chip or frill at the edges if handled with ordinary care ; consequently needs no trim- ming before mounting. Occasionally we have a query as to the reason for cutting this grade of paper 3^ wide instead of 3^, and we set forth the reasons in this article for your information. Of course, if a photographer wishes Iris Grade A cut full width, we will supply it and at no extra charge. The dealer can carry it, but unless otherwise specified we supply it cut 3M X 5>^, as this size is the most desirable and popular and when mounted measures full cabinet. for the I A Speed Kodak on sight. We are still in that same position — but whether or not we will be able to maintain it for long is a question. We have started along some adver- tising that wall speed the Speed. There are full pages in Outing, Rec- reation, and Field and Stream for July with 8-inch double-column spaces in Country Life, Breeders' Gazette, Collier's, Harper's Weekly, Leslie's Weekly, Literary Digest, Life, and Saturday Evening Post. That list is important — but what is even more important is the fact that the people who have bought them are enthusiastic. Several million people, who never before heard of Speed Kodaks, are going to hear about them in the next two weeks. But it is so entirely new to them that they will want to see before buying. You can sell them if you can s/iow the goods. "Speed pictures with Kodak con- venience" means a great deal to many people who want the kind of work that can be made with a focal plane shutter and a high grade anas- tigmat like the Zeiss-Kodak but who will carry only a small and compact camera of the folding pocket Kodak type. The early order catches the sale. There's still time— but none too much— for you to take advantage of the big adver- tising offered by our SPEE^DS WITH SPILED It's the strategic moment for stocking the lA Speed Kodak. Last month we announced that, for the first time since its advent a year ago, we were in position to fill orders POST CARD PLAN See April Trade Circular. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ii CHECK UP! Right now, when the biggest Kodak months are at hand, make sure that your stock is complete. Look not only to the goods with which you are familiar but be able to show the up-to-the-minute new good things. 3A Special KodaKs, lA Speed KodaKs, 2A Folding PocKet Brownies Adds Enjoyment to every Sport or Recreation Picture Making The KODAK WAY is EASY and SIMPLE NO DARK-ROOM FOR ANY PART OF THE WORK KODAKS, $5.00 to $111.00. We carry a complete stock of KODAKS and BROWNIE CAMERAS Ask us for a copy of the Kodak Catalogue . RICHARD ROE & CO., 1001 TRIPOD AVE. Single Col. Cut No 300 B. Double Col. Cut No. 300 A. FOR TRADE CIRCULA TION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWN: Vol. XI., No. 9. ROCHESTER August, 1 9 10 TO=MORROW. The most short-sighted man on earth is the one who lets the nickel of to-day stand in the way of the dollar of to-morrow. He has different ways of spoiling his eyesight. The surest way is when he succumbs to the blandish- ments of the man who sells the just- as -good -chemicals -with -your- name on-the-package-and-five-per-cent. extra-discount. We claim no tight board fence around the world's supply of pure chemicals. But we do claim the most perfect system in existence for the delivering of properly put up and properly tested chemicals X.o you in shape to hand over to your custo- mers. The paper bag method of handing out such goods has only one recommendation — the poorest recommendation in the world — it's cheap. There's just one way of handing out chemicals and doing it right — in sealed packages. Where there's a possibility of damage to the chemicals from the air we put ours in hermetically sealed packages. We know that they are right by test — that they Jit the formulas with ivhich they are intended to be used. It costs money to make such tests; it costs money to use so much care in putting up the goods, but it's worth money to you, to your custo- mers and to us. With us, "tested chemicals" means proper strength — means right by the chemical standard, means perfect according to the published photographic formulae. As a rule, our chemicals are stronger than those of other makes, though not necessarily so. They are tested for the proper strength. Suppose the standard of a certain chemical is 80^ pure, and of this chemical a certain number of grains be required for a certain amount of solution. The photographer is as likely to have trouble from a too strong as from a too weak solution. If his chemical is 90^ pure, he's as likely to have trouble as though it was only 70^. When he gets ours he gets standard — his solution is neither too weak nor too strong. Our chemicals are tested both scientifically and photo- graphically. Again. Take sulphite for in- stance. If not properly protected, it becomes sulphate. When we put it up we test it to find that no such change has taken place — then we so seal it that it is sure of reaching the customer as sulphite — and in the customer's hands it performs the proper function. Because the difference between the most as good and the genuinely KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. good is not quite so apparent in chemicals as in some other things, don't think that there is any possi- bility of the good goods being dis- placed by the cut price stuff. For the sake of improving the re- sults obtained on our plates and papers and films (for the perhaps selfish reason that we expect to thereby sell more plates, papers and films), we are taking extraordi- nary measures to supply our custo- mers with exactly the proper chem- icals. This chemical trade is grow- ing. It is going to continue grow- ing. We shall maintain our stand- ard and keep on hammering the tested chemicals idea into the photo- graphic public. You can improve the standard of photography and thereby satisfy your customers, and increase your profits, by pushing the chemicals that bear this mark: E. K. C. •• CASE LOTS " AZO POST CARDS There has been a little confusion in the making and filling of large orders for Azo Post Cards owing to the fact that dealers do not always distinctly specify whether they want them in the 500 or the 5000 lots. For instance, an order reading simply 5000 cards of certain specifications might mean ten packages of 500 or it might mean one package of 5000. To avoid confusion in future, we shall fill such orders with the " 500 packages' ' at the* '500 package' ' price unless order specifies " 5000 case ", or a certain number of "5000 cases." In this connection we call atten- tion to the fact that these ** 5000 case lots ' ' of Azo are not to be resold by the dealer in less than case lots of 5000. A * * case " is an original package and not to be broken. See Condensed Price List, p. 44. Ttiews fwtliififf tcccjccd for our eikcmers. lliats win- we use VELOX in our finishing department. It is the highest quality, highest priced paper we can buy. We give the best possible print from every negative. FOR YOU, IF. The man who uses Velox is the man, ordinarily, who takes the other precautions that mean good prints for his customers. Ordinarily, he is the man who hires competent help, has proper facilities for doing his work, and keeps an eye on it. The fact that he uses the highest grade product for a printing medium is likely to mean also that his work in other parts of his developing and printing department is on a high grade basis. We are talking along these lines in our magazine adver- tising because we believe that such is the case, and because we want Kodakers to have the best possible results from every exposure. If you are using Velox for all of your amateur work (except in the KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. rare cases where platinum or a printing out paper is specified by your customer), say so to us, and ask for one of the signs shown above and it will be sent to you prepaid. It will help you get the devel- oping and printing orders. SECOND Speed Pictures- Kodak Convenience. The mile -a -minute automobile, express trains at full speed, race horses, athletes at their highest strain, instantaneous indoor pictures, home portraiture, ordinary time ex- posures—these are all as one to the No. lA Speed KODAK Fitted with Zeiss-Kodak Anastigmat Lens /.6.3. Pictures, 2^ x 4^^ inches. Size of camera, 2^ x 4^ x 9K inches. Uses day- light loading Kodak Film Cartridges. Has Graflex Focal Plane Shutter, speed of 1-1000 of a second. Price. $60.00. IVe have the lA Speed and all the other Kodaks and Brownie Cameras in stock. RICHARD ROE & CO. 1001 TRIPOD AVE. Cut No. 310 B. "WITH OTHER PHOTOGRAPHERS." A BOOK OF UNUSUAL INTEREST BY RYLAND W. PHILLIPS. We recently undertook the publi- cation of Mr. Ryland W. Phillips' much looked for book, "With Other Photographers." Mr. Phillips is so well known among the professional photographers of this country, and, moreover, is so well qualified to handle any subject pertaining to the work of professional photographers, that the mere announcement of this work is sure to create a large and immediate demand, and, in our opin- ion, the trade should immediately stock it. •'With Other Photographers" consists of seventy pages 9 x 12 inches, one hundred illustrations. Beautifully printed on heavy India tint paper ; durably and attractively bound in stamped cloth cover. Price, $2. 50. Discoimt to the trade ^ 40^. The book will be widely adver- tised to the entire photographic fraternity, amateur as well as pro- fessional, (there is much in it that will prove interesting and instructive to the amateur) and we feel confident will receive favorable reviews from the photographic press. To begin with, the following review will appear in the August issue of Studio Light: *• It's a healthy, helpful condition that exists among the photographers of to-day. Thanks to the broad- mindedness of some of the leading workers, the methods that have brought them success are no longer kept hidden as trade secrets, but are given up freely for the benefit of their brother photographers. Evi- dently, they have taken to heart Pirie MacDonald's epigram, 'Suc- cess comes — not from getting the KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. best of the other fellow — but from getting the best out of yourself.' And inspired by right mindedness they are even willing to go a step further and give to the other fellow the best from themselves. '' But to get from such people the helps that would prove an inspiration to their fellow workers required something more than willingness on their part — it required a man who, first of all, was on an easy, familiar footing with them, and a man with the capacity and training to grasp the essentials and then put them in tangible shape. Mr. Phillips is that man. '' In his book, ' With Other Pho- tographers,' he has seemingly been as careful to omit the non-essentials as to point out in each case the true characteristics of the work of the man under discussion. With his perfect understanding of methods and results, Mr. Phillips has been able to keenly analyze not only the work from each studio, but the means by which the work was ac- complished. His book is by no means a hand-book for the beginner. It is a study for the competent worker. While the book contains many characteristic bits of work from leaders in the art, the illustra- tions that will most appeal to the earnest photographer are the pictures showing the interior of the studio, with the subject posed under the skylight and the camera master, bulb in hand, waiting for the psycho- logical moment for making the ex- posure — then a reproduction of the first raw result and finally a repro- duction from the retouched negative with, very likely, a background worked in — a high-light softened here, or a shadow deepened there^ the final result perfect in line and in balance of light and shade. "Such intimate studies of the work and methods of men like Hoyt and Core and Goldensky and Garo, and a full score of other leading workers, cannot fail to be of ines- timable value to any photographer. In this book, 'With Other Pho- tographers,' Mr. Phillips has ren- dered a distinct service to his brother photographers." Order a supply sent along with other goods and be ready for the early i?iquiries. A PROFITABLE, 3A. The "silly season", we believe, is the way the publishers of popular literature refer to the summer months for the reason that it is during the hot weather that the public demands the lightest of fiction. We don't believe that the following story is fiction, but as it appears in the same issue with a big fish story we present it with some apologies. A customer writes us as follows : " On the ijth day of May, my wife lost a diamond sunburst worth several hun- dred dollars and after spending quite a bit in advertising the loss of this pin and endeavoring to recover it in this way, I gave it up as being hopelessly lost. ''On the nth day of June, I made some prints from negatives secured on the day of the loss. In looking over the prints, I found that in a series of three pictures made in one locality, my wife wore her pin. In the next picture, taken only a few feet from the series mentioned, the pin did not show. The pictures hav- ing been taken in an out of the way place, I immediately visited the spot and after looking in the leaves and grass, was delighted to pick up the pin. " I feel that my investment in the little 3 A Folding was a good one." Tell your window trimmer : When you display everything, you display nothing. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Double the Joys of Vacation Days Anybody can make good pictures the Kodak w^ay. No dark room for any part of the work. KODAKS, $5.00 to $1 1 1.00 BROWNIES, $ 1 .00 to $ 1 2.00 Copies of the Kodak catalogue and other interesting Kodak Publications gratis. RICHARD ROE & CO. 1001 Tripod Avenue. Double Column Cut, No. 308-A. Single Column Cut, No. 308-B. A FISH STORY. Mr. Frederick I. Monsen tells a good story on himself of how he had once climbed nearly to the top of what was considered an inaccessible volcanic mountain in Mexico. Com- ing night and a gathering storm fin- ally compelled him to retreat, but he was so exhausted that he stopped under a sheltering rock for a few minutes rest before descending. A piece of paper attracted his attention and picking it up he found this title: "Instructions for Developing East- man's N. C. Film." Some other Kodaker had been there ahead of him. But here's a story that has been the rounds of the press that puts Monsen in the shade. Some papers simply say that a "Kodak plate" was found in the shark's interior and when we first saw those stories we presumed it referred to a Kodak film. From the full reports given in other papers, however, it is evident that what was found was the remova- ble back of a No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. People who visit our factories nearly always say "For goodness sake, what becomes of all the Kodaks? " The final disposition of at least one is now accounted for. Here is the story as it appeared in the Los Angeles Times. CAPTURE, GIANT SHARK. Brave Fishermen Injured in Seven- Hour Fight with Man-Eater in San Juan Straits. [associated press day report.] SEATTLE, June 29 —After a struggle of seven hours, the combined crews of the 30-horse power gasoline fishing boats, Good Partner and Pioneer II, captured a man-eating shark, thirty-six feet long, weighing about fifteen tons, in the straits of San Juan de Fuca. between Port Cres- cent and Port Angeles. The capture, reported by the crews of the fishing boats, which arrived here yesterday, towing the shark, was made Sunday. In the fight with the shark, Olaf Larsen, the youngest member of the crew of the Good Partner, suffered a broken arm, and KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Capt. Dragich was cut in the head and chest by a glass which flew when the monster struck the boat with its tail. In the shark's belly, after he had been towed to shoal water, his captors report, they found what appeared to be pieces of bones and a piece of aluminum Kodak plate, bearing the words, "No. 3A Fold- ing Pocket Kodak, Model A, Patented." P. S. So many similar clippings have been sent in that we have had to get out a "form letter" to acknowledge them. AN AUGUST SUGGESTION, KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. OVERHEARD AT THE, COUNTER. The door opened and a young man of bucolic type came into the store — one of the kind that some- body (wasn't it Eugene Field?) once described as : " Young Lochinvar has come in from the west, With fringe on his pants and a calico vest." His No. 1 1 boot caught in the door- mat, and confusion covered him as he awkwardly regained his balance. "Good morning," said the clerk, not noticing, apparently, the awk- wardness or embarrassment of the visitor, " Is there something I can do for you?" "Perhaps there is," said the visitor ; ** I want to get a Kodak if you can give me a good trade on this camera," producing an old 4x5 box of the vintage of 1893. " It has a splendid lens in it, and the shutter works all right, except that it some- times sticks on time exposures. Yes, sir, that lens makes mighty clear pictures, and I wouldn't think of parting with it, only I want to use a pocket camera and films. My brother gave it to me when he left the farm, and he says that's the best lens he ever saw." The clerk examined the camera and recognized it as one of an obsolete type, having a non-achro- matic single lens of the cheapest kind — but he didn't say so. He was a real salesman. "Well, well," he said, " that is an interesting camera to meet. I can remember when we used to sell those goods and they made some mighty good pictures. Yes, the lens works all right. It just does me good to look that over — takes me back to old days. I was working in Daven- port, Iowa, at the time those goods came out, and they had quite a run. I don't blame you for thinking a lot of it. I should think you would hate to part with it. "How much will I allow you in trade? Really you know the de- mand has changed, so that I'm afraid I couldn't use it." "Sorry to have troubled you," said the visitor, " but if I can't trade it in, am afraid I can't get a new camera." "Trouble? No trouble at all. I always like to talk with anybody that's interested in photography, and that camera of yours is certainly interesting, too ; I'll wager that your brother took it to the World's Fair at Chicago." " You've guessed it right, friend, and mother still has the pictures at home. ' ' " Great changes in everything, since then. Just let me show you something new in Kodaks. No, no, I understand that you don't want to buy, but that's all right. I'm not very busy, and would like to show you." A 3A Kodak comes up from the case, and full and intelligent details of its qualities and manipulation, and a comparison with the old " box ", follow. " How much did you say? Twenty dollars? It does seem a lot for the money, compared with that old rat trap of mine, doesn't it? I didn't intend to buy unless I could trade, but you have treated me so sort of friendly I guess I'll have to. Yes, I'll take that Kodak," and a bunch of yellow backs was pulled from an old wallet. Moral. It's good salesmanship to speak with all the praise you can of the other man's property. Every Day a Kodak Day There are no " dark days " for those who use the No. lA Speed Kodak. Its Zeiss-Kodak Anastigmat lens, in combination with the Graflex focal plane shutter, makes snap shots a simple matter under almost every out-door condition. Snap shots on cloudy days, snap shots in the shade, snap shots just after sun up, snap shots just before sun down, — all these, to say nothing of high speed pictures of the most rapidly moving objects, are perfectly practical with the No. lA speed Kodak Price $60.22 with Zeiss-Kodak Anastigmat Lens and Graflex Focal Plane Shutter. Pictures 2}4. x ^% inches. Uses the daylight loading Kodak film cartridges for 6 or 12 exposures. COME IN AND LET US EXPLAIN ITS PRACTICAL SIMPLICITY. JVe also have the other good things from Kodak City. Richard Roe & Co. 1001 TRIPOD AVE. r»rMiKi/» r*/-,! niif Mr Cir.r>^l^ rr^\ Mr FOR TRADE CIRCULA TION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. 'FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OiVNy Vol. XL. No. lo. ROCHESTER September, 1910 OVERHEARD AT THE COUNTER. A prosperous looking man enters the store. ** Good morning," says the clerk. ** Good morning," responds the P. L. M. "I want to look at the 3A Special Kodak that I have recently seen advertised in the mag- azines." The clerk hesitates — scratches his head — grabs for a 19 10 catalogue and opens at page 16. Apologeti- cally : ' ' We haven' t one in stock now" — the whole truth is that he had never had one — ** but there's a very complete description here. You see it's just like the 3 A, except that it has a Zeiss- Kodak anastigmat lens and Compound shutter, and has a fine Persian morocco covering and" — ''Yes, yes," said the P. L. M. " I saw all of that in the advertise- ment, but I came in here to see the camera itself. I don't want to spend $65.00 for a camera without seeing it." "Now, I'll tell you," responds the clerk persuasively. '* We have a specially equipped 3 A coming on the morning express for Mr. Robin- son. He won't be in before noon and if you could drop in between 9:30 and II, I'll be glad to show it to you. It's just the same as the 3 A Special except that it hasn' t the rack and pinion and the bellows — " "No, no, never mind," is the response. "I've no time to bother in the morning. I'll take along my old Number 3 and, if I have time in New York, will look up a 3 A Special there. How's that ? Film for the No. 3. No I can get them on the other side — besides I 7nay want 3A Film. Good day." MORAL Sometimes it isn't the clerk's fault. DISCONTINUED. We have discontinued the No. 3 Folding Pocket Kodak Glass Plate Adapters, substituting therefor the Combination back, same as style used on the No. 3A F. P. K. The price is the same as for the adapters ($3.50), but this combination back uses double instead of single plate holders — an obvious advantage. The double holders list at $1 .00 each. There is therefore no advance in price for an outfit for a certain num- ber of plates. Single plate holders will still be furnished for old adapters. Please, however, specify hereafter whether single holders for * ' Adapters ' ' or double holders for " Combination Backs ' ' are required. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. LAST CALL. Remind your customers that the Kodak Advertising Competition for 1 910 closes October ist, and those who have not finished the picture or pictures they intend to send in for competition, should remember that the time is limited. It is also possible for those who have intended to make something — but have not as yet started — to send for particulars and finish in time for entry, but in this case there is no time to be lost. Remind them that in addition to the prize winning photographs we also purchase many others which we can use for advertising purposes, so that while there are several prizes in each class afford- ing each contestant numerous op- portunities of winning, these oppor- tunities are increased by our frequent purchase of pictures of merit which fail to win prizes. Ex-President of the P. A. of A. Frank R. Barrows of Boston, and President-elect of the P. A. of A., George W. Harris of Washington and Beverly, have kindly consented to act as judges. President Harris has been close enough to two administrations to become a student of presiden- tial methods, and it will be interest- ing to note whether he depends, in his work for the P. A. of A., on the big stick or the broad and genial smile. His next task, however, is judging those Kodak advertising pictures, and as he is as clever an advertiser as he is a photographer it will be interesting to watch his work. Barrows will be on hand as peace maker, and as he has had a long experience working shoulder to shoulder with Harris there will be some interesting arguments if they should chance to disagree with the advertising men on the jury: Mr. Geo. H. Hazen of the Cen- tury Magazine, Mr. Robert Froth- ingham of Everybody's and the Butterick publications, and Mr. Walter R. Hine of Frank Seaman, Inc. These latter gentlemen, by the way, also have titles galore in the way of President, Ex-president, Vice-president, General Manager, etc., but what is important to the competitors is, they know good ad- vertising when they see it. Get in the entries, and may the best ones win. Is there exasperating congestion in your developing and printing department right now? Let us prescribe a course of instruction for your head operator in our free EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT. We can help you maKe the worK run smoothly and profitably. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Nothing will give the children more good, wholesome, home fun than a BROWNIE CAMERA Little cost, good pictures, No Dark-Room necessary. BROWNIE CAMERAS. $1.00 to'$12.00 RICHARD ROE & CO. Single Column Cut, No. 326B. Double Column Cut, No. 326A. FURTHER IMPROVE- MENT IN EASTMAN SPEED FILM. In July, we offered you a new film product that appealed at once to the users of high speed shutters. The new Eastman Speed Film made a deservedly instantaneous hit with the users of the Graflex, No. o Graphic and lA and 4 A Speed Kodaks. It made so strong a hit, in fact, that there was an immediate and insistent demand from Graflex owners who use Film Packs for an opportunity to enjoy the special good features of the new film. Beginning September first, there- fore, we will supply 334^ x 4^, 4 x 5 and 5x7 Premo Speed Film Packs — prices and discount the same as for the regular film packs. And, further improvement — both the Cartridge Speed film and the Film Pack Speed film will be coated on a red support, which means absolute perfection in halation resist- ing qualities and the absolute utili- zation of every ray of light that reaches the sensitive surface of the film. (The red coloring washes out during development.) Eastman N. C. Film has always been noted for its remarkable non-halation qualities, and this still further improves it in that important direction. Graflex and Speed Kodak users are going to be busy the next three months, with the Fall race meet- ings, foot-ball and the like. Stock up on the new film, tell your customers about it. We Remind you to re- mind your customers : — right now while they are enthusiastic over vacation negatives — Big pictures fron\ little negatives with a Brownie Enlarging Camera. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Simple but impressive. You can maKe no mistake in continuously putting the loud pedal on the dependability of Kodak Film. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. A STARTLING WINDOW. We have seen some very, very clever window displays with our mammoth cartons used as a basis. These in combination with the smaller cartons ( too many dealers forget the advertising advantage and throw these away when empty) can be used in many ways. The familiar, but none the less telling, strong yellow, is an eye catcher and one of the easiest possible uses is to spell out an advertising design as : KODAK FILM. Use the mammoth cartons for the long line — small individual cartons for the short line, and it's easy. Here is a good window we saw the other day. A mammoth carton had been cut in two on a slight diagonal at about its center: Then one part was pasted to the inside and the other to the outside in juxtaposition — the effect being as if someone had thrown the box endwise at the glass from the inside and that it had stuck half way through. The effect was completed by a series of narrow soap marks extending out- ward on the glass from the box in every direction — giving the effect of cracks in the glass. Everybody stopped and looked. Some people felt of the glass to see if it were really cracked. They all saw a sign inside made as suggested above from big and little cartons reading Kodak Film. It's worth your while to so plan your orders for films as to get a supply of these big cartons. For the five biggest sellers in film car- tridges we have prepared container cartons holding twenty-four rolls that are in color, shape and design just like the carton, that hold one cartridge only. When they first strike the eye the inevitable thought is, "It must be a big Kodak that will take the cartridge that box con- tains." Of course that box contains twenty-four cartridges, each, as before, in its individual carton. These mammoth cartons simply take the place of wrapping paper, paper labels and string and they cost a lot more money, but they will do your windows good and so we are supply- them. The mammoth cartons are supplied for : No. lA F. P. Kodak Cartridges, 6 ex- posures. No. 3 F. P. Kodak Cartridges, 6 ex- posures. No. 3A F. P. Kodak Cartridge, 6 ex- posures. No. 2 Bulls-Eye Kodak Cartridges, 6 exposures. No. 2 Brownie Cartridges, 6 exposures. Therefore, when you order any one of the foregoing, it will be well — where it won't overstock you — to order in lots of twenty-four or mul- tiples thereof — 48-72, etc. Keep your windows in mind when ordering and let us help you to strong display. Big prints from little negatives without a dark=room,and at slight expense with Velox Paper and a Brownie Enlarging Camera. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Keep a Kodak Record of Your Family. The pictures and the work, each afford a lasting pleasure. No Dark-Room for any part of the work. Simple and inexpensive. We have all the latest models of Kodaks and Brownie Cameras. KODAKS. $5.00 to $111.00. BROWNIES, $1.00 to $12.00. RICHARD ROE & CO. Cut No. 330B. TWO DEALERS. We had an agonizing letter not long ago from a dealer in a small Eastern town. He had, so he said, used every method known to him to sell the Kodak line. He had per- sistently offered shop worn goods at a discount, and had, in short, used every cut rate method possible short of an actual slaughter sale of up-to- date stuff. Result — no sales. Taken by itself that letter looked bad for amateur photography. In the mail bag was another letter from another dealer in the same state, town, of about the same size. This dealer said in effect, "I like this Kodak game. I just talk quality all the time. I keep the people reminded of the pleasure to be had from the Kodak whether they travel or whether they stay at home. Then I talk quality some more. I set a mark to go after every year — something like 50^ in advance of the business of the year before. I never cut prices, you don't have to on the Kodak line, and you will see from your books that thus far this year I am ahead of the mark that I set for myself — a 50^ gain." Dealer number two has the right idea. He knows the goods are right and he lets folks know that he knows the goods are right. He knows the attractiveness of the whole proposition and Kodak enthusiasm simply radiates from him all the time. He knows better than to make people hold his goods cheaply by cut rate offers. It has been well said: "Do not hold yourself too cheaply, lest others accept your in- ventory." The same thing holds true of the goods you handle: Compel for them the esteem of others by es- teeming them yourself. You know they are right. Make others know it. Ryland Phillip's book: 'With other Photographers" is selling rapidly. PRICE. $2.50. DISCOUNT, 40?' How many, please? KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. THREE COLOR SIGNS MEASURING 13J4 X 2lJ^in that ^vill help your developing and print- ing business and your Velox sales. Tliai -V nctltinf/ tccgocd for cur cukcmers. riiar-s \\\\\ w'c use VELOX ill our finishing cicpartmcnt. It IS the highest quality, highest priced paper we can buy. We give the best possible print from every negative. Furnished upon request to any dealer who uses Velox exclusively in his finishing department or has his work done where Velox is used exclusively. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Big Pictures FROM YOUR SMALL KODAK NEGATIVES are easy to make WITH THE BROWNIE Enlarging Camera No focusing — No Dark-Room. Let us show^ you ho^v simple and inexpensive it is. RICHARD ROE & CO. Cut No. 227A. FOR TRADE CIRCULATION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. ''FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWNr Vol. XL. No. II. ROCHESTER October, 1910 A NEW SEPIA PLATINUM. It's one of the good things about this live photographic business that the leading manufacturers don't wait for the old things to go dead before coming out with announcements of something new. No doubt, because of this policy, many things do "go dead" more quickly than they otherwise would, for the new is constantly crowding the old, and that is decidedly good for business. Good for the photographer, because it offers him something new to offer the public — good for the public be- cause it is pleased with the variety, good for dealer and manufacturer because it means more business. And now there's another new paper of great promise — Eastman's Etching Sepia Platinum. It's a hot bath paper of unusual brilliancy, combined with extreme richness of tone, and is coated on a mellow buff stock. It's a paper for the best studio in town. The live ones will want it, for it means high grade business. Prices same as Eastman's Etching Black Platinum. Discount to the trade, 25^. POST CARD SIZE, "Post Card size," there's some- thing about the very phrase that's attractive — there's something about the shape itself that is alluring. The 3 A Folding Pocket Kodak was the pioneer in this size and shape. Everybody else has tagged us, we have even tagged ourselves in our other factories. "It makes pictures post card size." People who ask for a ruler when you say "3^x43^" or "4 X 5" know just what you mean when you say " post- card size." You can bring your customers, those of them who have smaller cameras, up to the post card size. The 3 A Folding Pocket Kodak is growing in popularity every year ; its sales increase steadily in spite of com- petition on both sides of it — the 3A Special above it and the 3A Brownie below it. Indeed the 3A Special, in spite of the fact that the factory has more than kept its promises as to delivery, has been so wide a seller that we haven't dared advertise it as we intended. When once we do get far enough ahead with a stock of the goods we shall start a real adver- tising campaign on the 3A Special. Meantime bring your Brownie customers up the line. The 3A KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Brownie is to them what the 3A Special is to those who have Kodaks. Our October and November adver- tising is on 3A Brownies ; join us in it. Of course we are not using the big space that we do at other seasons but there's a tremendously wide dis- tribution just the same. We use most of the real magazines all of the time and all of the real magazines most of the time. Just now our spaces are not so big, but we still answer "present" to any one inter- ested in the camera subject, and in December we will be there with big — but that*s another story. Put your 3A Brownies to the front in the store and in the newspapers and thereby sell films and papers of "post card size" at an increase in price over what you are selling now. Remember that a 3 A Brownie 6 cart- ridge pays you double the profit of a 2 Brownie 6 and is no more trouble to hand out. Bring up your Brownie family in the path it should go. PROFIT PLUS. You can afford to have your clerk give quite a bit of his time to the sale of a dollar article on which there's a 40 cent profit to you, when it means that that article is going to help your customer get better re- sults — use more film and give" you bigger developing and printing or- ders. The 4ofo present profit in such cases often means several hundred per cent, of ultimate profit. What are we driving at ? Auto- time shutter scales. They answer, on the spot, the question of the amateur : What stop shall I use ? They answer, on the spot, the ques- tion : "What speed shall I use?" They will improve the average of your customer's work, and that means more business. The Biggest Little Cousin of the Kodaks— No. 3A FOLDING BROWNIE Takes the full size post card pic- tures, 3H X 5J4 inches. Equipped with meniscus achromatic lens, F. P. K. automatic shutter with bulb release, automatic focusing lock and reversible finder. Has all the Kodak advantages of daylight loading and unloading, and is made and tested by Kodak workmen. Price with meniscus achromatic lens, Iso.oo ; with Rapid Rectilinear lens, |i2.oo; other Brownie Cameras. |i.oo to $ii.oo. Let us shorv you the camera and the rvork it does. RICHARD ROE & CO. 1001 Tripod Ave. Siiig^le Col. Cut No. 224 H. Double Col. Cut No. 224 G. A NEW MELTHOD OF RELMOVING FILM. To make assurance doubly sure and convenience more convenient, we are now advising Kodakers to remove film as described hereunder. These instructions are now in- cluded with all film and are also in- corporated in all Kodak manuals, but as you might overlook them we call your attention especially to them. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. that you may in turn call the atten- tion of your customers to them. Occasionally, if one is careless in the removal of film from the camera, the protecting paper may loosen so as to fog a portion of the film. To abso- lutely avoid any such mischance, we have provided a very simple means of taking the film from the camera in- stead of d7'opping it out as formerly. This method is as follows : After the last exposure, when the protecting duplex paper has all been wound on the spool in accordance with instructions in our manual : 1. Hold ends of duplex paper and sticker together to prevent paper from loosening on the roll. Note. — If sticker folds under roll when same is wound, raise it up with the point of a lead pencil, or, as in the case of the Brownie Cameras, revolve spool by turning: flange with thumb until sticker is accessible. 2. Pull out spool pin and wind- ing key ; then lift out roll of film, as shown in illustration. 3. Fold over half inch at end of duplex paper (so as to make subse- quent breaking of seal easy), and then seal with sticker. 4. Wrap up immediately to pre- vent the possibility of light being admitted. ONE DEALER'S METHOD. We have told on several occasions of dealers who have made a distinct success of having one man in their place whose duty it was,' among other things, to photograph interest- ing local events and quickly get prints of them into the show window. Such neivs pictures of the circus parade, the disastrous fire, the mayor greeting the visiting delegation from another city, the ball game between the supervisors and the aldermen, always attract attention, and are good advertising. There is something of the same idea in the plan worked by R. M. Hays & Bros, of Hagerstown, Md. In a recent interesting letter, they tell us that in order to keep up interest in their growing photo- graphic business, they offer two prizes whenever there is any unusual event coming of! in their town. Recently the loi Ranch Wild West Show was in Hagerstown, and they gave two prizes, one of $5.00 for the best pictures of either the parade or the circus, and one of $2.50 for the second best. The conditions were that pictures of any size, from the smallest up to 3^ x 5)^ or 4x5 were eligible and must be made with a Kodak, Brownie or Premo,- and on Eastman N. C. Film. These contests are advertised beforehand in the newspapers, and Mr. Hays says in his letter : "The results in every case far exceed our expecta- tion, and not only sell supplies, but cameras as well." Although he does not so state, we have no doubt that the best of the pictures are used after these contests for a window display. They would certainly be effective. One thing is certain, and that is, that in endorsing this plan of publicity the Messrs. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Hays Bros, are not going by guess- work, for our books show that their business in photographic goods has increased marvelously in 1910 over 1909.^ This is one of the many good plans for keeping up interest in your photographic department. It should work in every town or city under 50,000 inhabitants. If your increase this year has not been satisfactory, try it. There's nothing too good for our customers. That's why we use VELOX in our finishing department. It is the highest quality, highest priced paper we can buy. We give the best possible print from every negative. If you do your own finish- ing, we carry a full line of all grades and sizes of Velox. Richard Roe & Co. Cni No. 334 B. FIRESIDE CALENDARS. Among the goods that many dealers are successfully pushing to nicely pad their profits on the more staple lines, are calendars for the amateur to use in mounting up his or her pictures. There has been a nice Christmas business in goods of this stamp during the past few years, a growing business, and, as will be seen from our illustration of the Fireside Calendar, we offer some- thing entirely unique for Christmas 1910 and the season of 191 1. As the prices on these goods are published to the trade only, there's no list in the hands of the consumer, and, as is no more than right on novelty goods, fat profits can easily be made. The list follows : THE. FIRE^SIDE. CALENDAR. FOR HORIZONTAL PHOTOS. No. Size of Photo Size Outside Price per 100 I-H lA-H 3-H 3A-H 4-H 4A-H 5-H 23^ xsK 3^x4^ 3^X5>^ 4 X5 4^ x6>^ 5 x7 5^X 6^/ 5^x 8X 8 X 10 7 x io)4 8 X 10 10 X 12 10 X 12 $5.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 FOR VERTICAL PHOTOS. i-V lA-V 3V 3A-V 4-V 4A-V 5-V 2/2X4}4 3% X 4X 3^X5^ 4 X5 4^ x6j^ 5 X7 5>^x 6^4 5^x 8H 8 X 10 7 X io>^ 8 X 10 TO X 12 10 X 12 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 Lots of less than 100 will apply in hundred. 100: The price per ots of less than one Discount to the Trade : 33 K^- Extra Pads: $ .75 net per 100. Velox Water Colors— 25 cents. • Best colors. Best form for use. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ^fit jFite0ilie Calentiar. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. THE LITTLE THINGS. The question that is up to every dealer is : ''How much can I sell?" not "How little must I buy?" It is upon the answer to that first question that your profits largely depend. Your rent and taxes and clerk hire and lighting expense never go up proportionately to an increased business — therefore your profits go up more than proportionately on such increase. Possibly, mind you we say posstdfy, and for the sake of the argument we will admit the point, you are selling all you can in cameras and films and papers and chemicals. But how about the little things ? Have you stocked the new flash sheet holder and flash sheets? How about Kodak Portrait Attachments ? The season for these goods is at hand. And have you albums for those vacation prints that pleased your customers so much ? Oh yes, and negative albums and calendars. How about Velox Water Colors, — and this is not a little thing in point of business, Brownie Enlarging Cameras? There's a good profit in all these things at small invest- ment and no increase of overhead expense. Take a Kodak catalogue ; go through it and see what is listed therein that you have overlooked ; go likewise through the index of your Condensed Price List for sug- gestions and then to be especially sure you haven't overlooked any of the new goods run through your Trade Circulars from last April down to date. It may take you fifteen minutes to do all this and it's likely to materially increase those net fig- ures at the end of the year. There's another side too, to all this talk about the little things. Most of them not only are a profit in themselves but add to the con- sumption of other goods in which there is a profit — films and papers and chemicals. They help to keep interest alive, help to keep the Kodaker kodaking and that's good business. How much can you sell ? There- by hangs the profit. LEATHER CASES. KODAK METAL TRIPODS. The Kodak Metal Tripod intro- duced last spring has had a large sale with the very highest class of trade — it's just the kind of a tripod that the careful tourist, who wants to take good pictures, will take with him. Therefore, there's a demand for a substantial leather case, well made and handsome, and we have met that demand. THE PRICE. Leather Case for Kodak Metal Tri- pod, specify whether No. i or No. 2, - . . . _ |i,5o Discount to the trade, 33^4%. Eastman Flash Sheet Holder makes flash light w^ork miore fascinating than ever. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. A window that not only suggests to those who have Kodaks the fact that you can interest them, but also suggests the pleasures of Kodakery to those who have never indulged. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. BROWIUES Autumn Pleasures are Doubled for the Boy who has a Brownie Camera Good Results — Small Expense — Simple to Operate. BROWNIE CAMERAS, $1.00 to $12.00. RICHARD ROE 6 CO. Double Column Cut No. 343A. Single Column Cut No. 343 B. FOR TRADE CIRCULA TJON ONL Y. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. 'FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OWNr Vol. XL. No. 12. ROCHESTER November, 1910 THE, WINNERS, AWARDS IN THE KODAK ADVER- TISING COMPETITION. The first, second and third prize winners of Class A in our Kodak Advertising Competition, went to men who have won prizes before in these competitions. Moreover, all of the five prizes in this class went to New York and Philadelphia, and the winner of the first prize, Wm. Shewell Ellis, was winner of the first prize in last year's competition. For this seeming favoritism we have no apologies to of?er. The judges did not know, until their task was finished, to whom they were making the awards, as the prints they passed upon were merely numbered. In no case did the name of the photographer appear upon the print. When the awards were completed our advertising manager, who acted as clerk to the judges, took off the numbers ; referred to his list of com- petitors and then told the judges who the winners were, with the re- mark that it was rather unfortunate to have the prizes go so regularly to so many of the same people in the same part of the country. To this remark Mr. Geo. H. Hazen, of the Century Magazine, said : ' ** It may be unfortunate, but there's one thing sure. It proves that your competitions are on the level. If you were playing politics with them you would pass the prizes around the country." In Class B, Philadelphia is again twice represented, but the first prize goes to San Francisco, second prize to Ohio, third to Illinois and fourth and fifth to Philadelphia. The only former winner to take a prize in this class was Mrs. Nancv Ford Cones of Loveland, Ohio. Mrs Cones has probably taken more photographic prizes than any other woman pho- tographer in the United States. The results in Class A are highly satisfactory to us so far as this com- petition is concerned. We foresee, nevertheless, that on account of the prizes having so often gone to the same people other contestants are likely to become discouraged. To absolutely offset this our 1911 com- petition will have a new feature — no one who has ever taken a prize in Class A will be permitted to again compete in Class A, but they will be entitled to compete in the "Grand Prize Class," which class will be open only to Class A winners of former years. The exact details KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. have not been decided upon, but they will be interesting — and fair to every competitor. The winners for 1910 were : CLASS A. First Prize — Wm. Shewell Ellis, Philadelphia, . . $500.00 Second Prize — H. E. Law- son, New York, . . . 400.00 Third Prize— Y . & C A. Maynard, West Phila- delphia, 250.00 Fourth Prize — R. T. Dooner, Philadelphia, . . . . 150.00 Fifth Prize— K. F. Bradley, New York, . . . . 100.00 CLASS B. First Prize— ^. B. Marsh, San Francisco, . . . $300.00 Second Prize — Nancy Ford Cones, Loveland, O., . 150.00 Third Prize — R. J. Barber, Blooming^ton, III., . . 75.00 Fourth Prize — Dr. Robt. Nones, Jr., Philadelphia, 50.00 Fifth Prize— Mrs, N. A. H. Bromley, Philadelphia, . 25.00 JUDGES. F. R. Barrows, ex- president of the P. A. of A.; G. W. Harris, president-elect of the P. A. of A. ; Geo. H. Hazen, advertising mana- ger Century Magazine ; Robert Frothingham, advertising manager Everybodys Magazine and the But- terick publications ; Walter R. Hine, vice-president and general manager Frank Seaman, Inc. THE, RESULTS. There are pictures in hand as a result of this contest that mean for you and for us more business. There are new view points that will help you and us in interesting new people. They will supply us with new material for magazine adver- tising, booklet covers, street car signs and store signs. The Kodak line is the best advertised and the most advertised as well as the best line of goods. These new pictures, bristling with live subjects, will help us ket- p interest awake in the witch- ery of Kodakery — will help the advertising keep up with the manu- facturing end in attractiveness. We are already planning for more busi- ness in igii. Make your plans to get the local benefit by backing our efforts with local advertising that will bring the new business to your store. START WITH KODAK. We show on the opposite page a reproduction of the Kodak adver- tisement ,on the back cover of the Christmas number of the American Boy. This advertisement is going to be read by several hundred thou- sand boys, and by their fathers and mothers, from one end of the country to the other. The picture and the story are going to set a good many lads thinking, are going to influence a good many fond parents as well, and start them toward inspecting some Kodak dealer's stock. We call your attention to the Kodak in the picture and the catch line, "If father only knew how much I want a Kodak for Christmas." Kodak, mind you, not Brownie. That was done with a purpose. If the boy or father drop in to talk Brownie with you it would not be so easy to lift them to Kodak, but if the Kodak price seems to be a little beyond the money they wish to expend, you can easily bring the Brownie family for- ward with an almost certainty of a sale. When a lad comes in start talking Kodak to him. KOKAK TRADE CIRCULAR. If Father Only KneAv How^ Much I Want a KODAK for CHRISTMAS Just think how much fun I could have taking pictures of the crowd skating and coasting and of the folks at home — little sister and mother and father and all the rest. And I could make good pictures too, as it is so easy the Kodak way, no dark-room for any part of the work, ail just as simple as can be. Kodaks don't cost much either, five dollars and up, and the Brownie cameras that work just like the Kodaks, from one to twelve dollars. I am going to ask the dealer for a catalogue to slip in father's pocket. Any dealer will supply the cafa- lojs^ite for your /at Iter's pocket, or ~ve icill send yon one by mail. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY. ROCHESTER. N. Y. The Kodak CiU, Reduced fac simile of the Kodak advertisement on the back cover of the Christ- mas number of the American Boy. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. pREMOS *^ for Christmas You can select one to please anybody from our stock. Prices S2.00 to $200.00 JOHN DOE & CO. 1234 Premo St. JVo. 820 TEAM UP WITH US. If ever an advertising campaign was planned to bring results in good dollars, that one is the Kodak cam- paign for Christmas, 19 10. The public has been educated to know that the Kodak can form a part of every recreation, that every day, every season, provides new fascinations for those who Kodak — that every day is a Kodak day. In our generous magazine adver- tising, we are playing up strong " Make somebody happy with a Kodak, Christmas, 1910." Like- wise, we are strongly featuring the pleasures the Kodak will provide for the indoor days. And in this general publicity we have not for a minute lost sight of the advantage to you in making your advertising key in with ours. New window display cards, eight Kodak and three Premo, all most attractive, will soon be sent to all dealers. In addition, we have prepared for those dealers who make use of that very effective form of publicity — Street Car advertising — four new car signs. These signs are in colors, and are bright, snappy and attrac- tive. The reproductions herewith will afford you a general idea. We have also on the press the Kodak Winter Booklet — a little con- densed catalogue that just fits the regular business envelope. The cover is striking in design, strictly photographic, and also done in colors. Likewise there will be a Premo booklet that tells entertainingly of the Premo line and of the Premo Film Pack System. And also, as told in another col- umn, there is the *'At Home with the Kodak" booklet, that just can't help but put lots of disused Kodaks back into commission, and influence the sale of countless new. ones. This new good stuff is bound to produce results, and is at your dis- posal for the asking — only you must ask for it, (except the window signs which are furnished all dealers) as it will only be sent upon request. Please remember, that in regard to the street car signs they are furnished for street car use only, and that we shall give the preference to the first dealer who applies from each city, and will not furnish him KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. Let the Children KODAK There's everything for KODAKERY at our store. RICHARD ROE 6 CO., 1001 Tripod Avenue. (PROMPT DEVELOPING AND PRINTING.) K^jSK No. 8ii All the recreations of the crisp out=doors await your KODAK. We have everything for KodaKery and do prompt Developing and Printing. RICHARD ROE & CO., 1002 TRIPOD AVHNUE. Xo. 813 Make Somebody Happy w^ith a KODAK Let us help you make your selection. Kodaks, $5 to $1 1 1, Brownies, $1 to $12 RICHARD ROE & CO., 1001 TRIPOD AVKNUE. No. 814 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. with more than one style of card until we are satisfied that the other dealers in his town are not interested. In ordering car signs, state quantity, and order by number. Send in your orders for this special publicity material now — first come first served. SPEED FILM. Its Advantages, Manipulation AND Market. Many dealers will remember that when Non- Curling Film was first put upon the market there were many objections made to it by those who did not realize its advantages. People had been in the habit of pin- ning their negatives on a board with the back of the film in actual contact with the board. The Non- Curling Film couldn't be handled that way, so some people didn't want it. To- day you couldn't give away film of the old type. Likewise we expect some opposi- tion to the red backing on the new Speed Film. Because it requires some slight attention in manipulation there will be those who will object to it. But it is worth while. The thinness of the support in connection with the black paper backing gives our regular N. C. Film marked non- halation qualities. Add to these the still further help of the red dye on the back of the support as found in Eastman's Speed Film and we have the most perfect halation resisting qualities found in any photographic film or plate. The £.xposure. Eastman Speed Film has double the speed of the regular N. C. East- man Film. Owing to the great lati- tude of both these films, no difference in the results will be observed when the exposure is approximately cor- rect. Where, however, there is a tendency to under-exposure, due either to weak light or the use of an extremely fast shutter, marked su- periority will be observed in the new film. On the other hand, care should be taken by those accustomed to the old film, to avoid over- exposure. Manipulation. Eastman Speed Film should be developed 25^ longer than the regu- lar N. C. Film. No change in manipulation is re- quired to remove the colored back- ing, as the color is removed by the action of the fixing bath. This bath should be made with Acid Fixing Powder or an acid Hypo solution prepared according to the formula given in the direction sheet enclosed with the film. The film should re- main in the fixing bath until practi- cally all color disappears. No harm comes to the developer from the discoloration caused by the red dye. Where 1 o Push It. We do not now advise that East- man Speed Film be put forward by the dealer for general purposes. We believe in the film and in its keeping qualities, but these have not yet been absolutely demonstrated under a wide variety of conditions. For these reasons we have given this film only a four month instead of a six month dating; for the same reasons we advise that you be careful not to overstock and until it has been thor- oughly tried out that you push the sale for use with Graflex cameras and Speed Kodaks only. This red backing is, we believe, one of the most important film im- provements that has ever been made. Another of our important improve- KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. ments was the Non-Curling Film and that likewise was introduced in a tentative way. It was at first put out in only a limited territory and when put on the market in this country in 1903 we continued the old film. The Trade Circular said : "We believe that the superior qual- ity of the N. C. Film will eventually cause it to entirely displace the Transparent Film, just as the latter displaced the old 'stripping film' — but that is anticipating." History repeats itself ; conditions are much as they then were. We now belifve that the improvements in speed and non-halation qualities will eventually — but that is antici- pating. The thing to do now is to push Speed Film to those people who will most appreciate its qualities — the users of high speed focal plane shutters. AT HOME WITH THE, KODAK. At home with the Kodak. There is a topic for publicity that means not merely the sale of new Kodaks, but the putting of idle Kodaks at work. ** At home with the Kodak" forms the headline of the bulk of our full page December advertising. "At home with the Kodak" is the title of one of our most ambitious advertising booklets — a booklet that we believe will run through many editions and be valuable to you and to us. The scope of the Kodak is so broad that it's hard to cover all of the field all of the time. The Kodak on the Farm and in travel abroad and among the Indians and with the motorist — all of these subjects have been bookletized. But there's no place like home and we are back there again with a new book that talks intelligently on the subject of home portraiture and is filled with charming examples of what the Kodak has done and can do in the home. It has been our aim to make the booklet both helpful and attract- ive. The pictures show the delights of home picture making, the test is simple and helpful and will assist the amateur in overcoming the little difficulties that have bothered him. We have in several previous books in the years gone by stimulated an interest in picture taking at home. This we believe is the most fertile field for you and for us to cultivate. Relatively, but few people can travel extensively or motor, but home and friends they all have and when they appreciate what Kodak can do for them in the home and how simple it all is by Kodak methods, there's business for you. Our winter advertising will ask people to ask you for "At home with the Kodak". We want you to have it so that when people ask for it you will be able to supply the demand, yet it is too expensive for us to send to you unless you ask for it. The book measures 5^x7^ inches and contains 32 pages and should be freely given to all who ask for it, but not sent out indiscriminately. We, of course, furnish these books with your imprint, but we ask that you put your orders in at once, that we may properly take care of the early rush and have the books in your hands by the time people begin to ask for them as a result of our December advertising. Let our Educational Depart- ment assist you in maintain- ing your reputation of " the best photo finisher in town." —the tuition is free. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. MORE GROWTH. ANOTHER 366 FOOT STACK NEW BUILDINGS IN LONDON AND SAN FRANCISCO. We are still growing. In June 1907 we announced the completion, at Kodak Park, of the then highest stack in America, 366 feet It looked at that time as though the great flue would have capacity enough to carry off all the smoke and all the chemical fumes that we could ever by any possibility want to get rid of. But we are already duplicating that yreat stack with another of the same height but double the capacity (11,500 horse power) on which work has already progressed so far that it stands 127 feet above ground. Kodak Park is growing; it is always growing — and there is soon to be a new and interesting story to Excavation for Our New Building tell about that. Meantime on almost opposite sides of the earth new buildings are to be erected that will help us in better serving our custo- mers. The accompanying illustra- tions show the beginnings of our new building in Kingsway, London. In one of them, a Panoram picture, we have violated the laws of photo- graphic perspective by shooting downward from the upper story of a neigboring building but it shows admirably how far the excavating had progressed on September first. The other shows the hoarding sur- rounding the site and the effective advertising, "Take a Kodak with you." When completed this build- ing will be headquarters for our European business — another mark of Kodak progress. Across the Atlantic and across a continent we are now preparing to KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. in King's Way, London, erect still another building from which we shall take care of our Pacific Coast trade. Property has been pur- chased on the corner of Battery and Sacramento streets, San Francisco, and plans are now being prepared for a modern structure that will be the future home of our San Francisco branch. This means to you, Mr. Dealer, something more than an interesting bit of news. It means that these extensions of manufacturing and dis- tributing plants are the result of a steadily growing business. It means not merely that we are constantly putting ourselves in a position to serve you better — it means also that there is a constantly increasing consumption of Kodak products. Many dealers, yes most dealers are building up their trade in these goods proportionately to the general growth. Here and there is a live wire who is developing his territory so energetically and intelligently that his growth is far ahead of the average growth. He is increasing his profits. So can you. Keep up your supply of amateur booKlets — the "Velox Book," TanR Development," ** By Flashlight," and ** Bromide Enlarging with the Kodak."— How many, please ? KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. The Site of Our New European Headquarters. PREMOS FOR CHRISTMAS. Look over your stock of Premos. Have you stocked Premo Juniors, Premoettes, Film Premos and Pocket Premo C's? We mention these particularly, for these are the Premos which are being heavily advertised in all the best holiday magazines. They are being advertised in full and half pages in Everybody's, Cosmopolitan, American. Harper's, Scribner's McClure's, Munsey, Argosy, Success, Review of Reviews, and in Hberal space in the Youth's Companion, American Boy, Saturday Evening Post, Collier's and the general photographic magazines. This great volume of advertising is going to create interest and desire for Premos all over the country, and we want you to supplement it in your own locality. To this end we have prepared an attractive line of window and store display cards, which you will receive without request in connection with the Kodak show cards. We have a very striking Premo street car sign illustrated on page 4, and your name will show to good advantage on it. These of course, must be ordered, quantity and im- print being specified. We have a handsome little Premo booklet for the holidays and Winter, a sample copy of which you will shortly receive. This is just right for mailing purposes and will be supplied on order only. Finally, we have a full stock of cuts for newspaper advertising, as illustrated in the Premo Cut Sheet, which you already have. There are some sample ads. in this issue which connect up directly with the Premo magazine advertising. We have left, some of the Premo Transfer or Decalcomania signs as described in the June Trade Circular, and dummy film packs for demonstration purposes. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. II Get the benefit of the large Premo advertising expenditure by connect- ing up with it in your town. We furnish all the matter absolutely free and prepay transportation. It's yours simply for the asking. So we say again — look over your Premo stock. Lots, of course, wont be confined to just the cameras advertised, but these will be in heaviest demand. BRADLBLY TRIMMURS On and after November first the Bradley Trimmers will be supplied to the trade at the following prices: Diamond Dandy Studio New Monarch Popular Springfield - Manufacturers You will note that with the excep- tion of the Manufacturers Trimmer, the list price remains the same as before. The list on the Manu- facturers Trimmer has been increased by the makers, as, under existing conditions it could not be profitably made at the old price. Discount to the trade on any of above in lots of less than one dozen 33^ per cent We will make a special net rate on orders for one dozen or more assorted figured on the basis of the dozen price, as follows: $ 9 00 net per dozen 12 00 6' 8" 2.00 10" 3 00 12" 4.00 15" 24" 7.25 18.00 24" 35.00 Diamond Dandy Studio New Monarch Popular Springfield 15.00 2 1 .00 ' * 54.00 " 144 00 '• Manufacturers 276.00 " The above prices are subject to the usual cash discount of 2 per cent. $5.00 will buy a gift that's sure to please anyone. PREMOETTE A dainty little daylight loading camera which will make pho- tography a pleasure for a boy or girl, a man or woman of any age. Daylight loading. Simple to operate. Makes splendid 2X x 3^ pic- tures. Other Premos from $2.00 to $200.00. Bring us your Christmas Developing and Printing. JOHN DOE & CO., 1234 Premo Street. Cut A'o 2,26. BKOWNIE ENLAKGING CAMERAS help the sale of BROMIDE AND VELOX PAPEK. 12 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. JUST THE THING FOR YOUR YOUNGSTER. PREMO JUNIOR For only $2.00, you can give your boy or girl all the pleasures of photography in this compact, simple little camera, making 2% x 3^ pictures. And it's no toy, but a substantially built camera, which will last a life time and make excellent pictures. Other sizes from $3.00 to $5.00. It w^ill be a pleasure for us to show^ you this and others of the famous Premo cameras. JOHN DOE & CO., 1234 PREMO STREET. Cut No. jo6. A DIRECT CONNECTION The dealer who handles nationally advertised goods and who keeps track of such advertising, and keeps his window displays in harmony will reap many an unexpected dollar. Here is a concrete example related by one of our own men : Recently the magazines have been carrying the advertising of a clock concern, who are marketing a new style alarm clock, called Big Ben. This man read the ad., thought the clock to be a pretty good one, and went on reading the other parts of the magazine. A day or so later his wife asked him to take the family alarm clock down town to have it fixed. This he proceeded to do, and as he was passing along the street he happened to glance in a window. All it contained was a velvet drapery, a clock and this sign, "This is Big Ben." At once the magazine advertisement and its argument came back to him, and he stepped inside, purchased a Big Ben, and left the old clock to be repaired. In all probability this clock would have escaped his mind had not the dealer compelled him to remember it by his simple window display — The dealer said he had sold eleven since putting that one lone clock in the window two days before. EASTMAN TESTED CHEMICALS— Better Kesults— More Business. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 13 J A FEW REASONS WHY in Window Trin^ming. The most effectual concealment is in a crowd. Therefore do not fill your window with a sample of every- thing your stock contains. Red, yellow and green are the colors that assail the eye most violently. Use them as backgrounds with discretion lest they overshadow the goods themselves. A man on a hill against the sky can be seen for miles — the same man on the same hill in front of a clump of trees blends into the back- ground and vanishes. To have your goods seen to the best advantage, have your background plain — and light for dark goods and dark for light goods. A loud noise will attract but not convince. Make your display prove its advantages as to quality, price and utility. A diamond displayed on a velvet cushion looks the part. For quality goods make a quality display. You can get used to a wart on a man's nose. Change your display frequently if you would sustain interest. Nature abhors a vacuum. Just because your competitor neglects his windows is no reason for your doing likewise. If yourcompetitorputsin attractive displays, go him one better. The town folks will say there are two hustlers in town and you'll both do more business. ZEISS -KODAK f6.3 The short days help to sell them. THERE IS NO CLOSED SEASON FOR KODAKING It is the " all-the-year-around " sport, and you can carry a Kodak anyw^here. Easy to use and every part of the work can be done in daylight. KODAKS. $5.00 to $1 1 1.00. BROWNIES, $1.00 to $12.00 All the new goods from Kodak City in stock. RICHARD ROE & CO. Single Col. Cut No. 208 H. Double Col. Cut No. 208 G. EASTMAN FLASH SHEET and the EASTMAN FLASH \ SHEET HOLDER— \ a self selling combination at \ this season of the year. J 14 KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. THE, PAY ENVELOPE. How to increase the amount in the vveekly pay envelope is a vital ques- tion to both employer and employee. There are mighty few employers who are not just as anxious to grant an increase as the employee is to re- ceive it. A salesman's efficiency is usually judged by the amount of his sales plus his ability to aid his employer in other ways. There are instances where the em- ployer does not, to the best of his ability, aid the employee in becoming a better salesman. For instance, not long ago, one of our traveling salesmen asked a retail salesman about certain of our new products, and he replied that he didn't know anything about them. "Why," said our man, "last month's Trade Cir- cular told all about them, haven't you read it?" ''No," replied the retail man, 'T never see the Trade Circu- lar, it goes to the boss's desk and never comes out again." Now the employer may be posted to the min- ute on everything in stock, but if the employee who usually waits on a good many more customers than the employer is uninformed, his effi- ciency is not up to high water mark — and it is not his fault. The employer, with the general care of the business on his shoulders, is apt to overlook the ordering of new goods most necessary to have in stock, and if no one but himself has knowledge of such goods, his competitor around the corner may get in a few good ones before he realizes his oversight Nothing is more discouraging to a "live wire" clerk than to find his customer better posted than he, as he then feels that it will take an ex- traordinary amount of salesmanship to again place him on an equal foot- ing with that customer. Keep your employees posted — pass the Trade Circular along to them, it will help not only in imply- ing your confidence in them, but in increasing their selling ability. Preserve your game trophies with a KODAK KODAKS $5.00 to $lll.O0. Let US sho^v you the latest models from the Kodak City — how little they cost and hoAV simple they are to operate. RICHARD ROE & CO. Double Column Cut, No. 314A. Single Column Cut, No. 314B. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. 15 POSTING THE NEW ONE^S. It is human nature to take it for granted that the things we are familiar with are likewise common knowledge. There are Kodakers being made every hour of every business day, and they have still to learn of the many good things your stock pro- vides in the way of conveniences in the pursuit of their recreation. For instance, the Eastman Film Negatives Albums have been a staple in your stock for years, yet the new Kodaker will not know of them, and may be longing for just such a necessity. Now if you don't have such things prominently displayed, with a little card calling attention to their utility, Mr. or Miss Amateur may go on putting up with home constructed makeshifts just because you have not called their attention to them. Your display cases or windows may not be large enough to per- manently display all such small- change catchers, but it will increase the amount of your annual turn over amazingly if you will but take the pains to bring all these small items to the attention of your customers in the seasons when they are most apt to need them. Just now with the indoor days at hand, and the new "At Home with the Kodak" booklet to influence, suggests the R. O. C. Tripod Truck, the Eastman Tripod Brace, the Eastman Flash Sheet Holder, Velox Water Color Stamps, and the con- venient little Den Hangers. If these timely sundries are given prominence just now, when Mr. Beginner comes in for a roll of film or some more Velox, all these things will be new and interesting to him, and practically sell themselves. Moral: The new bird will try all worms. DISCONTINUED. EASTMAN SEPIA, SPECIAL ROUGH D. W. VELOX AND REGULAR CARBON D. W. VELOX. It has always been our policy to maintain the balance— to give the dealer an ample variety to meet all demands, new goods to stimulate interest — and to remove from the market any brands the demand for which fell below normal or which had been supplanted by a newer or better product. With the amateur, Velox has the call, he understands it, finds it most convenient to manipulate, and by means of the re-development process can produce sepia tones at will. This ability to produce sepia tones on an artificial light paper has natur- ally weakened the demand for the Eastman Sepia — a daylight printing paper — hence its discontinuance, both in cut sizes and as post cards. With regard to the Special Rough Double Weight and Regular Carbon Double Weight Velox, the amateur has found the other surfaces in double weight better adapted to his needs, and while there is a small de- mand for these particular grades it is not sufficient to warrant the dealer in stocking up. A quick turn over is the best for both of us, so we shall whenever occasion arises remove from the market any product that fails to keep up with the quick profit procession. When we announce new brands of paper please remember that we have made these withdrawals. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. DEVELOPING, PRINT- ING, ENLARGING B^ Modern J\Iethods. All Films Tank Developed. All Prints on Velox. Our business is selling amateur photo- graphic supplies, and the better results we obtain from your exposures the more business we w^ill do w^ith you. Always a Complete Stock of Kodak City Products. RICHARD ROE & CO. FOR TRADE CIRCULA TION ONLY. Eastman Kodak Company Trade Circular. 'FOR YOUR INTERESTS AND OUR OJVN: Vol. XII., No. I. ROCHESTER December, 1910 ON SIZING UP. The boss and two of his best clerks stood at the back of the store. The subject under discussion was : "Size 'em up." Said the boss : "The trouble with you boys is that you don't size men 2ip, you size 'em dow7i. If he doesn't draw off a spotless pair of chamois gloves and display a two carat diamond you size a customer down for Brownies, when you should size him up for Anastigmats." The elder of the two clerks, who had been with the house for twelve years, and was sweet on the boss's wife's younger sister, spoke up with some asperity : "I can tell by a man's looks what can be had out of him. There's no use in wasting time talk- ing high grade equipments to farm- ers and mechanics." Just then the door opened and a powerful looking man in corduroy coat and top boots entered. His trousers were worn and soiled ; a gray sweater peeped out over the up- turned coat collar. A well-worn cap was on his head and the tawny beard beneath the weather-beaten face of tan denoted the out-door worker. With a vein of sarcasm the senior clerk continued, this time addressing the other clerk, "I suppose the boss would sell that man a 3 A Special." "At least I'll try," said the boss and went to the front of the store with a pleasant greeting for the "prospect." The clerks watched him. Pres- ently they saw him open the case where the highest-priced equipments were kept. Then they noticed that comparisons and explanations were being made. It was evident that the boss was interested and that the prospect was interested. Then they saw the boss falter and look a bit disappointed as he reached for a catalogue. There were a few min- utes more of earnest conversation, then the boss began to write on the order pad. And then from the "prospect's" pocket came a flannel bag with a pucker string around it and nine twenty-dollar gold pieces were counted out on the show case with only a little change going back. :;i >fc J|c ;Ii ifi ;[: * "You see," said the boss after- ward, "he had me scared for a minute. He started in by telling me what he wanted to do and I showed him a 5x7 Pony Premo No. 7 with a Zeiss Protar and a Compound Shutter. Just when I thought, by KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. comparing and explaining and en- thusing, that I had the order landed he asked for something larger and we didn't have it in stock. While I was writing his order for a 6^x8^ I was worrying for fear he would be offended when I asked for a deposit — and then those double eagles began falling on the counter. What is he? Big ranch owner. When he comes back to get the camera I'm going to try and land him for a 3A Special to send to his daughter, who is at a down East boarding school for young ladies. I think she'd like one for Christmas. As I said before, boys : Size 'em e^." Note.— The best part of this story is that the important parts are true. ELASTMAN NON=BREAK TRAYS. Here is an inexpensive tray that you can offer to your trade with full confidence. The Eastman Non- Break Trays are light, strong and more than ordinarily durable. They resemble in appearance the old style papier mache tray, but are vastly different in structure, in that they are not built up in layers, but are hydraulically pressed from one solid mass. Chemical and acid proof. THE, PRICE. OTOGRAPH C ACTUAL LIST SIZE SIZE PRICE 4X5 4^x5^ $.20 5X7 5>^x7>^ .25 5X8 5X x8X •30 7X9 7K X9>^ •50 8 X 10 8}^ X loK .75 10 x 12 •io>^xi234: 1. 00 II x 14 12 X i4}4 1.50 14 X 17 uU X 17X 2.50 16 X 20 leYz X 20;^ 3.00 18 X 22 20 X 24 4.00 20 X 24 22 X 26 5.50 Discount . 50% In gross 1 ots assorted - 50;^ and 10% THE DEPOSE SCALE. This scale is designed and fills fully the need of those desiring a simple, accurate and inexpensive scale for the compounding of photo- graphic formulas. There are no loose weights to be looked after, the scale markings are accurate, and the pan is removable. Fold compactly when not in use. The No. i has a weighing capacity of 16 drams; the No. 2, 18 ounces. Each scale neatly packed in car- ton. THE PRICE . Depos6 Scale, No. i, - . $ .40 Depose Scale, No. 2, - - I .25 Discount to the trade, 33 yi%- Lots of I dozen assorted 40%. Lots of I gross assorted, 40 and 10. Flash=Light Time KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. <L <- i THE ROUNDS PRINT WASHELR. The Rounds Print Washer can be offered to your trade with the full assurance that it is the best device yet produced for the rapid, thorough and economical washing of prints. Working perfectly with the ex- ceedingly low pressure of twelve pounds, the prints are kept in constant motion, and do not mat together. The washer has a capacity of lOO five by seven, or 150 four by five or smaller prints. This washer consists of two com- partments, one or both of which may be used at one time. The pipes supplying the water run parallel to the partition which divides the print washer, as shown in the illustration. Each pipe is provided with a row of perforations on the under side, through which water in little jets is supplied to each compartment. The shape of each compartment is such that the water entering on each side of the dividing partition takes on a swirling motion when the tank is filled, keeping the prints moving and separated until the water is turned off, thus giving them a thorough washing without danger of bruising or tearing the prints. The swirling motion also prevents the prints from leaving the tank with the overflow, and a batch of prints placed in this print washer will wash thoroughly without further attention. The print washer is to be placed in the sink and attached to the faucet with a rubber hose which slips over the supply pipe union. No detailed instructions are neces- sary for the use of the Rounds Print Washer, as its great simplicity is a feature of the device. To wash prints just slip the hose onto the faucet, turn on the water and when the tank is filled put in the prints. This washer is substantially con- structed of the best grade of zinc, with brass and galvanized piping, and will not rust'. Dimensions : Height, 9^ inches ; width, 23 inches ; Length, 20^ inches. With ordinary care it will last for many years. Thorough washing is necessary to obtain absolute permanency in prints and the Rounds Print Washer is a convenient and reliable means of ac- complishing this end. THE PRICE, Rounds Print Washer, Discount to the trade. |io.oo 33 K^ VELOX TRANSPARENT WATER COLOR STAMPS Easy to Use— Easy to Sell. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. EASTMAN PRINTING MASKS. A neat, white border around a print adds much to its attractiveness, and the majority of stock house finishers and amateurs finish their prints that way. With an opaque mask, it has been somewhat of a problem to adjust it quickly and properly. The new Eastman Transparent Printing Masks overcome this difB- culty perfectly, as they are com- posed of material resembling the transparent film base, only much heavier, and being orange in color, fully protect the white margin dur- ing adjustment and printing. The Eastman Printing Masks are made for all standard professional and amateur siz'-s, and are also sup- plied in blank sheets for use in mak- ing special size masks. THE PRICE. Outside Dimensions. 4 X5 x5 X5 Size of Opening. 2iV X"2il6 2X6 X 3lV X 5 2>^ X 4^ 4 X5 4 X 5 4 X5 5 x7 sVs ^sH 211 X 3] 3iV X 4i S'A X5^ For O-F. P. K., -Graphic negatives, - 1 Brownie negatives, - 1 F. P.K.,2 Brownie, 2^ X 3X Film Pack nega- tives, - lAF. P K., I A Graflex, lA Speed negatives, - 2 Bull's Eye negatives, - 3 F. P. K., SX X 4^ Film Pack negatives, - 3 Folding Brownie s% X 4% dry plate, - 3AF.P K., 3A Graflex negatives, - Price per Doz. .60 .60 .60 .60 .60 .60 .60 1. 00 5 X7 5 x7 6K x8>^ 5 x7 5 X7 6>^ xS/z Outside Dimensions. 31 1; X4}; 4/2 X 6, x6y2 2^ X sYs 3/2 4H X i}4 x6sX 4 F. P. K., 4 X 5 dry plate nega tives, - 4A F. P. K. 4A Speed negatives, - 5x7 Film Pack nega- tives, - 3'X X 5^ Film Pack negatives, - 4x5 Film Pack nega- tives, - 5 X 7 dry plate nega- tives, - - $1.00 1.50 5x 5x 5x 5x 8x 8 X 10 8 X 10 8x II X II X II X II X II X Size of Opening. 2 X 2^ 23<X4K 3 X sX 3H X5^ 3>^ X5X 3^x5^ 5H X 7^ 4M'x6M' 5^x7^ 6^x8^ 6% x8^ 1.50 Price )sr Doz. $1.00 1.00 1. 00 I. GO 2.00 2.00 2.00 2. 3- 3. 3- 3. 3- .00 •50 .50 .50 50 •50 EASTMAN MASKING BLANKS. 4x5 Per dozen sheets, - | .60 5x7 '• " " - i.oo 6K X 8>^ " •' " - 1.50 8 X 10 " '* " - 2.00 II X 14 " " " - 3.50 Discount to the Trade : 33/2,%. BACK UP THE SUGGESTION. Make somebody happy with a Kodak, Christmas 19 10. Thousands of people with money just aching to be spent are now receiving that suggestion through our big full page campaign in the December magazines. "Make somebody happy with a Kodak, Christmas 19 10," also appears on a beautifully lithographed KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. hanger for use in your show windows and on the walls of your store. Make the most of this suggestion — enthuse over it, for every Kodak you sell will make somebody happy. There is no recreation, other than Kodakery that so keys in with every recreation — that affords pleasure for every season. When prospective customers with that suggestion uppermost come in, enthuse, smile and make them feel that nothing else can compare with a Kodak as a Christmas remembrance. Enthusiasm carries a tremendous weight of conviction with it, and the harassed holiday shopper is in just the right frame of mind to welcome and accept the arguments of the enthusiastic salesman. The following actual incident illus- trates the value of enthusiastic sales- manship : One quiet afternoon two elderly gentlemen dropped into a Kodak shop in one of the eastern cities, and one of them asked to be shown one of the high grade anas- tigmat equipments. Neither visitor looked like ready money, but this salesman never lost an opportunity to, as he termed it, "practice a little," so he showed the outfit up one side and down the other. Finally one of the gentlemen inquired the price of the complete outfit. As the price was something over one hundred dollars the salesman expected '* Much obliged, will think it over," or something like that ; instead the gentleman pulled out a roll of bills and said, " I'll take that outfit." As the salesman was having the outfit wrapped up, the other gentleman said, " You made that sound so good that you can just duplicate that order for me." Make yourself happy by landing every customer who has the Kodak for Christmas idea. Kodak Solves the Christmas Problem for that Boy of yours. KODAKS, $5.00 to $111.00. BROWNIE CAMERAS, THEY WORK LIKE KODAKS, $1.00 to $12.00. We carry a complete line of Kodaks and Kodak City goods. RICHARD ROE 6 CO. Single Coluinii Cut No 307B. Double Column Cut No. 307A. Every Brownie Enlarging Camera you sell, sells Velox or Bron^ide paper — and de- veloper—and mounts. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. A SIMPLE CHECK. Hereafter all cases of plates pack- ed at Rochester will contain the fol- lowing card : Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, ^N. Y. If the markings on this case do not correspond with the contents, enclose this card with complaint. Packed by No. Each card will be stamped with the packer's number, and will enable us to trace any complaint, provided the card be returned with the com- plaint. It is our aim to supply only per- fect goods, in first class condition and perfectly packed, and this Itttle convenience will enable us to still more quickly and accurately locate and remedy any cause for complaint. MISLEAD. The old story they tell on a Brooklyn policeman who took the gilt letters on the show window of a bake shop as a guide to the identity of the occupants, and filed a report that *'a fire occurred this morning in the bake shop of Miss Charlotte Russe," has been equalled, accord- ing to the Brooklyn Eagle, by another policeman who, also misled by gilt letters on a window, reported that "John Kodaks was burned out, at 1 59 1 Broadway this morning." As a matter of fact, the Yonkers Sporting Goods and Novelty Com- pany was the tenant, and Kodaks were an important part of their stock. This was later explained very gendy to the erring policeman, who is now relieved from the dis- tinction of being the only man in Brooklyn who didn't know the meaning of the word * 'Kodak." KODAKS, $5.00 to $111.00 Christmas Joy lasts the whole year round when KODAK heads the gift list. We carry a complete line of Kodaks and Kodak supplies. RICHARD ROE & CO. Single Column Cut No. 206H. Double Column Cut No. 206G. During the dark days talR Zeiss=KodaK Anastig= mat f.6.3. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. HINTS TO SHOPPERS. Just think of the Kodaks that were purchased last year for Christmas gifts. This year the same problem of what to give confronts those who gave Kodaks last year. In a good many instances those who gave Kodaks are not them- selves amateur photographers, and do not know of the many handy accessories that would make a most acceptable gift to accompany the Kodak given last year. Why not devote a section of your holiday display window to just this class of people. Have printed a large card worded something like this : "If you gave a Kodak for Christmas last year, anything in this group would prove highly accept- able this year." Below this arrange an Eastman Metal Tripod in one of the handy leather cases ; an Eastman Flash Sheet Holder ; one or two Library Albums ; an Eastman Film Negative Album ; a Brownie Enlarging Camera, and a Kodak Film Tank, all properly labeled and priced. You will be surprised at the num- ber of people that will rise up and call you blessed for the suggestion, and back it up by keeping your cash register working. AUTOTIME SCALES FOR COMPOUND SHUTTERS The Autotime Scale has made good. So great a convenience has it proved with the regular equip- ment, i/ioo of a second shutters, that we have prepared to furnish it with the scale adapted to the higher speed Compound Shutter. We are now ready to supply the demand for the Autotime Scale adapted for use with the Compound Shutter as follows : Style G. for No. o Compound Shutter, - - - - 1 1.50 Style G G. for No. i Compound Shutter, - - - - 1.50 Style G. G. G. for No. 2 Compound Shutter, - - - - 1.50 Discount to the Trade 40^. ETCHING BLACK- SMOOTH. It did not take Etching Black Platinum long to establish itself firm- ly as the highest class black and white platinum paper ever produced. Every good quality a platinum paper should possess is found in Etching Black, and these qualities coupled with the delicate buff stock have afforded the profession an opportun- ity to produce eflfects heretofore un- attainable. Some photographers have found the regular stock of Etching Black a litde too rough for their smaller work, but beginning December first, even this objection has been removed, as Etching Black is now supplied also in a smooth surface stock. Same price and discount as Etch- ing Black Rough. 41 HYDROCHINON— NEW LIST. Owing to our unusual purchasing facilities we are now in a position to offer Hydrochinon, specially retested in our own laboratories, at the fol- lowing prices : I ounce bottle - - | .15 ^ lb. " - - .45 /z lb. " - - .80 I lb. " - - 1.50 Discount to the trade - 33^ percent. In lots of 10 lbs., assorted, 40 •' *• " 100 '• *' 50 " " 25 lb. can, list, - - - I27.50 Discount to the trade - 333^ per cent. KODAK TRADE CIRCULAR. If it isn't an Eastman^ it isn't a Kodak. Make somebody happy with a KODAK. Ct)i^ts!tmas, 1910. KODAKS, $5.00 to $1 1 1.00 BROWNIE CAMERAS, $1.00 to $12.00 We carry a complete line of Kodaks and Kodak Supplies. RICHARD ROE & CO,
| i don't know |
The Mills bomb, developed in Birmingham in 1915, and produced in numbers exceeding 70 million since then, is more commonly known by what term? | Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos
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WWII TYPE F FANY HEADSET, 1940's
Headset used by The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry F.A.N.Y. as part of the S.O.E. Special Operations Executive. The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry was created in 1907 by Lord Kitchener, as a link organisation between front line fighting units and field hospitals.
Early recruits were drawn from mainly upper middle classes. During WW1 the FANY ran field hospitals, drove ambulances and set up soup kitchens and troop canteens.
In 1938 they became part of Auxiliary Territorial Services (ATS). In 1940 Hugh Dalton, Minister of Economic Warfare, established the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Contact was made with the Commandant of FANY and arranged for her to provide personnel for the SOE.
At first they were used to produce passports, ration books, and other forged documents for use in occupied Europe. Also to decode, encode and transmit messages to and from the field.
In April 1942 Churchill gave his permission to send women in the SOE into Europe.
Since the war the FANY has been known mainly for it's work in the field of military and civil communications.
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HAND PEDAL GENERATOR Mk810A, 1950's
The Mk810A generator also known as 'Generating set AC 45W 110V, hand or pedal driven, No1 Mk1' was intended for powering AC powered equipment such as receiver Mk122 or Mk123. The unit can be pedal or hand operated, and is supplied with all the suitable accessories, on the top of the main unit is a meter indicating up to 150V with two red marks between which the needle should be held whilst turning the pedals. The base plate comes with a chain so it can be attached to a tree trunk or other similar object, also supplied are two clamps for table mounting. The whole unit and parts pack into the box supplied.
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WW11 CARRIER PIGEON MESSAGE TUBE
Attached to the pigeons leg and containing a small rolled paper message, sometimes as thin as a human hair.
Carrier pigeon message tubes were used during WW1 and WW11, during WW1 wireless communication was still in its infancy, and telephones in the theatre of war could only be used over limited distances.
Even microfilm could be transported by this means.
Carrier Pigeon Service (CPS)
The history of the use of carrier pigeons in warfare is indeed a varied and interesting one, with a long and illustrious history. It is believed that the use of carrier pigeons as a messenger service had it origins in antiquity � over three thousand years ago by the Egyptians, Persians and Romans; in 1150 A.D., the Sultan of Baghdad strapped capsules filled with papyrus sheets to the leg or back feathers of pigeons, and used them as messengers. They were used as recently as 1990, by the Iraqi Army during the First Gulf War.
Pigeons played a vital part in World War One as they proved to be an extremely reliable way of sending messages. Such was the importance of pigeons that over 100,000 were used in the war with an astonishing success rate of 95% getting through to their destination with their message. The British Army had a unit called the Carrier Pigeon Service (CPS) which was led by Lt. Col. A.H. Osman. Carrier pigeons were used by the British during the Second Battle of Ypres in May of 1915. The Carrier Pigeon Service was only used when telegraph and telephone communications failed and was soon overtaken by the development of Wireless Telegraphy (i.e. Radio), further limiting their usage; hence, they were only used for emergency or espionage purposes. The avian unit saw further success at the Battle of the Somme and at Verdun, often against screens of poisonous gas and heavy shelling from the opposition.
In October 1918, as the war neared its end, 194 American soldiers found themselves trapped by German soldiers. They were cut off from other Allied soldiers and had no working radios. The only chance they had of alerting anybody about their desperate situation was to send a pigeon with their co-ordinates attacked to its leg. The pigeon's name was Cher Ami. When released it flew 25 miles from behind German lines to the Americans headquarters. Cher Ami covered the 25 miles in just 25 minutes. The pigeon was, in fact, shot through the chest by the Germans but continued to fly home. With the "Lost Battalion's" co-ordinates, the Americans launched a rescue and the 194 men were saved. Cher Ami was awarded the Croix de Guerre with Palm for its astonishing flight. As with other pigeons, it would not have known where the American's nearest headquarters was - its natural homing instincts took over.
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WWII MILITARY RECEIVER RCA AR88
The AR88 is a general purpose communications receiver manufactured by RCA in the U.S.A between 1941 and 1945.
They were made in large numbers for service use. Most were sent to the U.K. and Russia for the war effort.
They came in 2 versions, the AR88D and the AR88LF (low frequency version). The R.A.F. designation was R1556A and R1556B for the LF version.
They evolved into the CR88 in 1946 with crystal phasing, and the CR88A with an S meter. Later models CR91 and CR91A have the same coverage as the AR88LF.
Model SC-88 is like the CR88 but shows only the band in use.
CR88B is the last version in 1951 and has a crystal calibrator. D89 is a triple diversity version.
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WIRELESS SET WS62 Mk2, 1945
Wireless Set No. 62 (WS62) was a general purpose, low-power, semitropical, vehicle station transmitter & receiver designed for short-range use in the high-frequency (HF) radio bands by the British Army during the Second World War. The frequency range covered was 1.6 to 10.0 MHz in two switched bands. It remained in service until the late 1960;s It was used in the Second World War by British Army infantry, the Parachute Regiment and the Special Air Service (SAS) The equipment was also used in Auster and Beaver aeroplanes and the Skeeter helicopter. It was first trialled early in 1944, postwar military production resuming in the early 1950s, and production for commercial applications continuing until 1966. See pyetelecomhistory.org The Wireless set No 62 incorporated its own Power unit and Variometer, unlike its predecessor the WS 22 which incorporated its own Variometer only, the WS 19 incorporated neither, both were additional units.
WWII BC 453 B SIGNAL CORPS RECEIVER
Part of a group of equipment known as 'Command' fitted in aircraft for general crew use.
Although the radio operator and pilot could use the communication equipment on board, the general crew could not, but they were allowed to to use 'Command' Equipment.
This particular portion of the system ( SCR1305A ) , was a beacon receiver for tracking a fixed course by following a beam from a distant transmitter, (similar to 'get you home' beams).
Other equipment of similar size and weight would be Transmitters and Receivers for R/T communication ( voice ) . The aircraft's normal Transceiver would be CW ( Morse ). Frequency 190kcs to 550 kcs
WWII NATIONAL COMPANY R106 HRO RECEIVER, 1934
National HRO receiver, circa 1938.
The HRO receiver was first announced in QST magazine in October 1934 and shipped in March 1935, incorporating many design features requested by the fledgling airline industry that were also attractive to the amateur radio community.
The HRO found widespread use during World War II as the preferred receiver of various Allied monitoring services, including Y-Service stations associated with the code-breaking group at Bletchley Park (Station X) in England. An estimated 1,000 standard HROs were initially purchased by Great Britain, and approximately 10,000 total saw use by the British in intercept operation, diplomatic communications, aboard ships and at shore stations as well as for clandestine use.
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WWII HRO RECEIVER RACK MOUNTING VERSION
The title HRO is said to have originated as a result of the initial title HOR standing for 'Ham Operators Radio' this was said to be not acceptable due to it's other interpretations, so the letters were changed to HRO.
Another story relates to the fact that it was required to be designed and developed in a very short time, and was given the nickname 'Hell of a rush' again HOR presented the same problem.
Which story is true is debatable. However the set itself with its interchangeable tuning coil sets and its superb tuning mechanism made it one of the most sort after sets by radio amateurs after the war.
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B2 SPY SET. OWNED BY MAJOR JOHN BROWN.
The B2 or Type 3 Mk2 spy set was developed by Major John Brown (then Captain) in 1942 and replaced an earlier version, the A Mk 3.
With at least 60ft. of Aerial and a good earth a range of 1000 miles was achievable. One of the features was the power supply, which could operate from 120 or 240 volt mains or a 6 volt car battery. It could be dropped by air in watertight cases (often concealed in rivers or lakes) or worn as a backpack.
This is John Brown's most famous radio set; our example was owned by John Brown himself.
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WWII BRITISH WIRELESS SET 88, 1946
Designed as a tropicalised man pack set for short range communications for the infantry. Range 1 to 2 miles using standard 4ft rod 38 to 42 Mghz using FM only. Wireless Set No. 88 was a man pack VHF-FM transceiver developed in about 1947 as a replacement for the No. 38 Set. It was the first British developed tactical VHF-FM man pack set.
The No. 88 Set could work to Wireless Set No. 31 and four channels marked A to D on its tuning dial correspond with those on Wireless Set No. 88 Type A. It was principally used for short range infantry communications.
The No. 88 set was carried in a pouch similar to a Bren gun ammunition pouch, which made carrying and operation inconspicuous. The battery is carried separately in a similar pouch.
Two versions were made of this set: Type A for infantry Company-Platoon use and Type B for infantry Mortar-Platoon use. Apart from the difference in frequencies and indication plate, they are distinguishable by their colours. Type A has an olive drab top panel and case, whilst Type B has a black top.
Wireless Set No. 88 AFV was developed for fitting in tanks and other vehicles along with Wireless Set No. 19 for the purpose of communicating with infantry personnel equipped with Wireless Sets No. 88 Type A.
The set comprised a slightly modified standard No. 88 Set Type A, powered from 12V DC by a separate Power Supply And LF Amplifier Unit No. 2. The latter also incorporated AF amplifiers raising the AF output of the No. 88 Set and vehicle harness microphones to a suitable level.
Frequency range 38.01-42.15MHz
Two versions: Type A and Type B, differing in frequency
RF output 0.25W
Range up to 2 miles
HT and LT is obtained from a combined dry battery
Set is lightweight and self contained
Case is tropicalised and immersion proof
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WWII MANCE MILITARY HELIOGRAPH 5INCH MK 5
Sir Henry Christopher Mance (1840�1926), of British Army Signal Corps, developed the first apparatus while stationed at Karachi, Bombay.
Used for signalling by reflecting the suns ray's, a second mirror is supplied for when the sun is behind the sender. This model has not changed since before the Boer War. The whole unit can be packed into the leather case with the legs strapped to the side. A Heliograph (from the Greek Helios meaning "sun"), is a wireless solar telegraph that signals using Morse code flashes of sunlight reflected by a mirror.
The flashes are produced by momentarily pivoting the mirror, or by interrupting the beam with a shutter. The Heliograph was a simple but highly effective instrument for instantaneous optical communication over 50 km or more in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Its major uses were military, survey and forest protection work. Heliograph's were standard issue in the British and Australian armies until the 1960s, and were used by the Pakistani army as late as 1975.
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WWII HYDROMETER SECONDARY CELL PORTABLE No 1 FOR WIRELESS SET No 19, 1940's
Hydrometers are used for the measurement of specific gravity.The unit can also approximate the charge of a secondary cell (chargeable type) that has a liquid electrolyte by, in this case, the floating or sinking of the plastic balls in the barrel of the tube, (the liquid is sucked up from the battery by depressing the bulb and releasing).
If all balls float the battery is fully charged.
If the white ball sinks three quarter charge.
Green ball sinks half charge.
Red ball sinks quarter charge or less.
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WWII 1155 RECEIVER, 1155
Made for the Lancaster bomber, but used in other large aircraft and also as a ground station The R1155 is an English LF and HF super heterodyne receiver covering from 75kHz to 18.5mHz in 5 bands, with D/F (Direction Finding) and homing functions.
This receiver started development in 1939 by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co and was called the AD.87B/8882B to replace the pre-war T1083 and R1082.
The R.A.F. designation was the R1155 and the corresponding transmitter was the T1154, the first units being installed in June 1940. These were still used into the 1950s. Several companies manufactured them, including Marconi, Ekco, Plessy, Philips, and the Gramophone Co. (EMI).
They were fitted to many aircraft like the Avro Lancaster and the deHavilland Mosquito. They were imported into Australia after the War to be used in Lincoln bombers. Although they were used mainly in aircraft, later in the war they were fitted to small boats (N suffix), and also to vehicles (115, 115B, 130, 131).
The receiver has 10 valves of which 3 are for the D/F and one is a Tuning Indicator (magic eye).
There are 6 used for the super heterodyne receiver. The receiver has an RF stage, a mixer/oscillator, two IF stages, an AVC and BFO stage, a detector, an audio amplifier, and a magic eye tuning indicator. The D/F circuitry has two valves as aerial switching and multi vibrator, and a meter switch.
It can have 3 aerials, a fixed wire type, a trailing aerial, and a D/F loop. It has 11 controls of which 5 are for D/F only.
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MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS LAND ROVER 90 (external view), 1986
In service mainly in Northern Ireland during the 1980's, fitted with a Clansman 353, 320 and 351 Manpack VHF Radios also Larkspur C12 and C45 Transceivers.
Military reg. number 53KG58, yellow flag indicates disabled vehicle.
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MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS LAND ROVER 90 (internal view), 1986
The vehicle is fitted with four Wireless sets plus one Manpack. The combination is to show a variety of systems that could have been used in the Land Rover range of vehicles, not all at the same time of course. The sets are -
C12 - (middle left on table) Made by PYE (forerunner to the Larkspur Range). Basically similar to the WS19 but does not include the B set, it has the same case, weight and dimensions but a wider frequency range, covering 1.6 Mhz to 10 Mhz AM, voice or CW (Morse). 5 Watts voice 8 Watts CW.
C45 - (middle right on table) Developed around 1955 working VHF Frequencies, FM from 23 Mhz to 38 Mhz, identical to the C42 which worked 60 Mhz to 36 Mhz also FM, only 15 Watts.
R351 - (middle front) Made by Racal and introduced around 1985. The R351 can be mounted in vehicle bracket ( top left ) or used as a manpack. Some of these units are still in use today (2005). Frequency range 30 to 70 Mhz FM only, power 4 watts, or 20 watts using clip on amplifier 352 as shown.
R353 - (far left) Made by Marconi or Racal, Vehicle unit same frequencies and modes of operation as the R351 but power up to 50 watts from the vehicle antennae, the large boxes on the wings are aerial tuning units for Racal FM sets.
R320 - (top left) Made by Plessey. A manpack unit mounted in a vehicle frame this set was designed to communicate with base stations or each other using AM, CW or upper sideband modes rather than FM. Frequency range 2 to 30 Mhz.
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BROWN BESS MUSKET BY KETLAND, 1790
The Brown Bess Flint Lock Musket was in use by the British Army from 1730 to 1835 when it was replaced for percussion models, starting with the Enfield 3 band pattern.
Four models were produced varying in length from 39 inches to 41 inch barrels. It was a favourite in-spite of competition from rifled models like the Baker in 1803. Most Brown Bess's were made in various workshops and Proofed by the Tower of London, this model made by William Ketland who also made high quality guns for George 111.
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BAKER RIFLE/MUSKET AND BAYONET, 1803
In February 1800 the Baker Rifle won a competition organised by the army's board of ordnance and became the first rifle officially adopted by the British army. Superseded in 1838, the patch box in the butt is used for storing the patches that prevent the ball in the barrel from falling out
Previously, rifles had been issued on a limited basis and consisted of parts made to no precise pattern, often brought in from Germany. The war against Revolutionary France had resulted in the employment of new tactics, and the British Army responded, albeit with some delay. Prior to the formation of an Experimental Rifle Corps in 1800, a trial was held at Woolwich by the British Board of Ordnance on 22 February 1800 in order to select a standard rifle pattern; the rifle designed by Ezekiel Baker was chosen. This is remarkable because he is not known to have produced military rifles before, being involved only in the repair and production of muskets. Indeed, it is not known how much of the rifle now commonly named after him was actually the result of his own work. Numerous parts used in the pattern existed before the rifle was submitted for trial.
The rifle is referred to almost exclusively as the "Baker Rifle", but it was produced by a variety of manufacturers and sub-contractors from 1800 to 1837. Most of the rifles produced between 1800 and 1815 were not made by Ezekiel Baker, but under the Tower of London system, and he sub-contracted the manufacture of parts of the rifle to over twenty British gunsmiths. It was reported that many rifles that sent to the British Army inspectors were not complete, to the extent of even having no barrel, since the rifle was sent on to another contractor for finishing. Baker's production during the period 1805-1815 was a mere 712 rifles, not even enough to be in the "top ten".
Our example is a replica made for the TV series Sharp and is a good example of one of the many variants that were made.
Also shown, the correct bayonet. The drill term at the time was fix swords not fix bayonets.
IT became the first rifle officially adopted by the British Army. Whilst still only a flintlock Musket, it was used by Rifle brigades while the bulk of the army used the Brown Bess (item A0539).
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SHARPS FALLING BLOCK CARBINE RIFLE , 1859
1848, the first models of Sharps Sporting Rifles were being made in Mill Creek, Pennsylvania by the firm of A. S. Nippes and it was in this year that the first Sharps Rifle was patented on September 12th, 1848
1850 saw manufacturing moved to Robin & Co.of Lawrence.
The Model 1851 was replaced in production by the Model 1853 which was surpassed by the Model 1859. All civil war Sharps arms were percussion cap arms, using a combustible cartridge of paper or glazed linen. The basic principle of toggle-linking guard lever and vertical sliding breech block all date from the 1848 patent. By releasing a catch a soldier could pull down the trigger guard, which dropped the breech and allowed him to insert a cartridge. Returning the trigger guard closed the breech. In the front of the breech block was set a plate, having a slight motion from front to back under the influence of gas pressure. The top edge, on closing the breech, sheared off the end of the cartridge to expose the powder. Mechanically the 1859-63 lock plates, also had the Sharps pellet primer installed, patented by Sharps on October 5th 1852 and modified by R.S. Lawrence�s pellet feed shut-off, (to conserve the pellet primers). These pellet primers or �sharps primes� as they were called were valuable but a labour to load, but when used when a fast rate of fire was required, enabled the rifle to fulfil the claim of firing 10 to 12 shots per minute, at all other times top hat caps were used and the primes kept in reserve. During the late winter of 1863 the new model was developed . Differing in only minor manufacturing changes, the biggest of these being the removal of the sharps pellet primer and the omission of the patch box in the stock.
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ENFIELD 3 BAND RIFLE/MUSKET, 1853
This is a Musket type rifle, made in 1858, 2nd Pattern,Tower marked (made by contractors) with a P53 bayonet, made in time for the American Civil War. Mass production at Enfield started in 1857, Birmingham Small Arms started in 1861.
The British Army was in the midst of a significant weapons transformation from smooth bore muskets to rifled muskets. While a number of regiments had been supplied with the pattern 1851, the majority of the army still carried the 1842 pattern smooth bore musket.
By the end of 1853, the Enfield Rifled musket, as approved by the War Department for the army and was put into production. The Enfield saw extensive action in the Crimean War which lasted from 1854-1856
This rifle replaced the Brunswick A1035 and Baker A1104 also the Victorian 'Minie' of 1851.
SNIDER ENFIELD RIFLE DATED, 1864
Made by The London Armoury Company (LACO)
The British .577 Snider-Enfield is a type of breech loading rifle. It was one of the most widely used of the Snider varieties, (the action invented by the American Jacob Snider).
It was adopted by Britain as a conversion system for its ubiquitous Enfield 1853 rifled musket muzzle loading arms. In trials, the Snider Pattern 1853 conversions proved both more accurate than original Pattern 1853s and much faster firing as well.
From 1866 on the rifles were converted in large numbers at the Royal Small Arms Factory (RSAF) Enfield beginning with the initial pattern, the Mark I.
New rifles started as Pattern 1853s, but received a new breech block/receiver assembly. Converted rifles retained the original iron barrel, furniture, locks and hammer. The Mark III rifles were newly made, with steel barrels which were so marked, flat nosed hammers, feature a latch-locking breech block. The Snider was the subject of substantial imitation, approved and questionable, including the near exact copy of the Nepalese Snider, the Dutch Snider, Danish Naval Snider, and the "unauthorised" adaptations of the French Tabatiere and Russian Krnka. It served throughout the British Empire, including the Cape Colony, India, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, until its gradual phase out by the Martini-Henry, beginning in 1874 but still being used by volunteer and militia forces until the late 1880s.
This Rifle was owned by a sportsman who won several Medals in competition.
WERNDL/HOLUB BREACH LOADING RIFLE, 1865
Marked OE WG872 Ser NO 65432
Joseph Werndl 1831-1889 manufactured these rifles in 1868 from a design developed by inventor Karel Holub. Werndl worked with Ferdinand Von Manlicher who helped to set up a factory at Steyr in Austria.
This weapon was very successful and was adopted for use with the Infantry Imperial Royal Army. It won a competition held with the Remington Rolling Block rifle, and helped Austria win over other countries still using Muzle Loaders. Firing 11mm Bottle neck rounds, which were inserted by pulling back the Hammer, rotating the block clockwise, inserting the cartridge, closing the block and firing, spent shells were pulled out manually.
This weapon was still being used in the First world War.
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REMMINGTON ROLLING BLOCK RIFLE, 1870's
The Remington Rolling Block rifle produced by E. Remington and Sons (later Remington Arms Company) was one of two rifles probably used more than any other by the buffalo hunters who hunted the American bison herds in the 1870s and 1880s. The other rifle was the Sharps Rifle. This series of rifles was made in quantities and exported to other countries. They are also in a variety of calibres some of the more common was .45-70 or 11mm, or the later model such as the Remington model 6 which was in .22 calibre. Many were used by Argentina before being replaced in 1891 by the new 7.65mm Mausers.
The rolling block is one of the strongest actions ever designed. Due to 19th century techniques, as with most vintage firearms produced for black powder cartridges, rifles and pistols manufactured using this action during the 19th and early 20th centuries may not be suitable for modern, high powered ammunition. Rolling block rifles were made for smokeless powder cartridges. A rolling block is a form of firearm action where the sealing of the breech is done with a specially shaped breech block able to rotate on a pin. The breech block is shaped like a section of a circle. The breech block is locked into place by the hammer, thus preventing the cartridge from moving backwards at the moment of firing. By cocking the hammer, the breech block can be rotated freely to reload the weapon.
MARTINI HENRY RIFLE Mk 2, 1870's
Made by Thomas Turner, Undated.
The Martini-Henry (also known as the Peabody-Martini-Henry) was a breech-loading lever-actuated rifle adopted by the British, combining an action worked on by Friedrich von Martini (based on the Peabody rifle developed by Henry Peabody), with the rifled barrel designed by Scotsman Alexander Henry. It first entered service in 1871 replacing the Snider-Enfield, and variants were used throughout the British Empire for 30 years. It was the first British service rifle that was a true breech-loading rifle using metallic cartridges.
During the Martini-Henry period in service, the British army were involved in a large number of colonial wars, most notably the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879. The rifle was used by the company of the 2nd Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot present at Rorke's Drift. During the battle, approximately 150 British soldiers successfully defended themselves against several thousand Zulus. The weapon was not completely phased out until 1904.
The weapon is partly blamed for the defeat of British troops at Isandlwana prior to Rorke's Drift (in addition to poor tactics and numerical inferiority) while the Martini-Henry was state of the art, in the African climate the action tended to overheat and foul after heavy use. It would eventually become difficult to move the breech block and reload the rifle.
After investigating the matter, the British Army Ordnance Department determined the fragile construction of the rolled brass cartridge and fouling due to the black powder propellant were the main causes of this problem.
To correct this, the cartridge was switched from weak rolled brass to stronger drawn brass, and a longer loading lever was incorporated to apply greater torque to operate the mechanism when fouled.
These later variants were highly reliable in battle.
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YATAGHAN BAYONET, 1885
Bayonet used by Sergeants on the Martini Henry Rifle Item A0549. Not used on the long Snider rifle, short and carbine version only.
The sword known as a Yataghan with its characteristic recurving blade of an extended gentle S-shape originated in Turkey. The blade form was probably first used on a bayonet in France in 1837 when an experimental sword �socket bayonet with an unfullered Yataghan blade was manufactured in small quantities. The subsequent used by the French of this type of blade, now fullered, on their Model 1840 brass hilted sword bayonet proved hugely influential as this bayonet model also pioneered the use of the very successful muzzle ring, pommel T-mortised and flat- spring fixing catch method of fixing on the firearm, and was widely copied by other nations.
The Yataghan blade is a good compromise between the curved edge, superior for cutting purposes, and the straight blade, better for thrusting with the point. For a fixed bayonet, the Yataghan blade design had the added advantage of positioning the blade point well away from the line of the rifles bore, a feature very useful in the age of muzzle-loading firearms as it reduced the chances of a soldier spiking his hand on his bayonet point when ramming home a charge in the gun barrel. This feature was obviously rendered unimportant when breech-loading military firearms became the norm from the 1860�s onwards and, by the end of the 19th century, Yataghan blades were looking increasingly old-fashioned. Most military rifles which were newly made after the late 1880�s were fitted with straight bladed knife or sword bayonets. Brazil's Model 1904 bayonet was up to date as far as its proportions and hilt design were concerned, but its Yataghan blade was definitely a somewhat anachronistic survival from an earlier era.
(The Armourer Oct 2008 R.D.C.Evans.)
AMERICAN SPRINGFIELD CADET ROD BAYONET RIFLE, 1878
Undated.
Trapdoor Springfield Rifle .45/.70 calibre dated 1891. Known as the Cadet Rod/Bayonet Rifle. Picture shows the Trapdoor up. The bayonet is retracted. When adopted June 19, 1903, Springfield Armoury's rifle had a rod bayonet, and fired a new rimless .30 calibre cartridge also designated Model 1903.
On January 11, 1905, one week after Teddy Roosevelt's letter to the Secretary of War, production on the "Rod Bayonet" Model 1903 Springfield was halted. Only 74,000 rifles had been made at Springfield at that point, and while 1600 sets of parts had been completed at Rock Island Arsenal but probably no rifles assembled.
On May 5, 1905 a new knife bayonet was adopted, similar to that previously used on the Krags. The new bayonet had a 16 inch blade, slightly less than six inches longer than the Krag bayonet. The Model 1903 rifle was about six inches shorter than the Krag rifle, so both had roughly equivalent "reach" for bayonet fighting.
In July or August 1905, new sights were adopted and work began to convert rifles to the newly approved configuration.
Accuracy problems at long range resulted in replacement of the 220 grain round nosed bullet with a 150 grain pointed bullet. This needed a shorter case neck, and the resulting "jump" before engaging the rifling caused accuracy problems. It was decided to alter M1903 Springfield barrels to better fit the new cartridge, designated "Cartridge, Calibre .30 Model of 1906." But known to shooters today simply as the .30-06.
The massive alteration program begun a few months earlier had to start anew, and it was not until about 1908 that production of the Model 1903 rifle with alterations of 1905 for knife bayonet, and chambered for the .30-06 cartridge became routine. By 1910 nearly all of the "rod bayonet' and 1905 conversions had been retrieved and updated. Those that escaped are very valuable collectors items, and many rifles have been restored to the "Rod bayonet" configuration to meet demand from collectors.
(1903.over-blog.com)
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SWISS SCHMIDT RUBIN RIFLE, 1889
Swiss production military rifle. Using the new Rubin Cartridge of 1882. The Schmidt-Rubin rifles were a series of Swiss Army service rifles in use between 1889 and 1953. They are distinguished by the straight-pull bolt action invented by Rudolf Schmidt and used Eduard Rubin's 7.5x55mm rifle cartridge.
The first in the series of Schmidt-Rubin rifles which served Switzerland from 1889-1953. Rifle Schmidt-Rubin 1889 gets its name from the creator of the rifle's action, Col. Schmidt and the creator of the ammunition the rifle used, Col. Rubin. The rifle designated as the Swiss repeater rifle model 1889 started production in 1891, and was the first straight pull bolt-action rifle.
The straight pull bolt-action of the Schmidt-Rubin allows the user to pull straight back, unlocking the bolt and ejecting the cartridge, with one motion. The action will then allow the user to push forward with one motion to chamber the next round, lock the bolt and cock the weapon for firing. The Weapon is roughly musket length with a free floating barrel, 12 round magazine and wood stock that extended almost to the tip of the barrel. The Schmidt-Rubin 1889 was one of the most revolutionary rifles of its day. The Schmidt-Rubin 1889 was one of the first to use 7.5 mm copper jacketed rounds of ammunition similar to those used today. The 7.5 x 53.5mm round designed by Col.
Rubin was revolutionary in that most of the bullets used in Europe at the time were around .50 inches as opposed to .308 inches of the Schmidt-Rubin ammunition. Strangely enough the round was "paper patched" meaning the actual bullet was surrounded by a piece of paper, much like cotton patches were placed around the bullet of a musket. Paper patching the round was suppose to aid in the lubrication of the bullet. In 1923 long after the discontinuation of the Model 1889, the 7.5x53.5mm round was produced without the paper patching. The model 1889 was eventually replaced by its many successor models such as: model 1896, model 96/11, model 1911, 1911 carbine and the famous k-31.
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WW1 LEE ENFIELD P14 RIFLE AND BAYONET, 1914
The P14 was based on an earlier P13, which used a .276inch round, it was an attempt to improve on the Enfield Mk3. The P13 had undesirable elements that were ironed out in the new weapon, its barrel being good enough to be used for Sniping and some were fitted with scope attachments.
Not adopted by the British Army ( the Enfield Mk3 was considered better than had been realised), all stocks of the weapon were sent to America where production continued by several different manufacturers to prop up production of their Springfield 1903 rifle and used by American troops during WW1, as they did not have time to prepare for more Springfield�s as they entered the War in Europe.
During WW2 some were purchased for the Local Defence Volunteers (Home Guard) after being reconditioned, taking off the Dial sights and the rear aperture sight before release (Weedon repair standard). The P13 used the .276 round and the P14 the .303inch round The P17 also supplied used the 30-06 not the standard .303 round currently in use, these rifles were marked with a red band.
The P14 is charger loading only i,e, the magazine is integral and cannot be removed, rounds are inserted straight from the clip into the top of the rifle. This weapon is the American issue with all its original sights intact, and made by Remington in the USA. Complete with Bayonet Item A0395 .
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GERMAN MAUSER KAR 98 RIFLE, 1917
Carbine version ( K) of the standard German army rifle of WW1 The Karabiner 98k was a controlled-feed bolt-action rifle. It could be loaded with five rounds of 7.92x57mm IS ammunition from a stripper clip, loaded into an internal magazine. It was derived from earlier rifles, namely the Karabiner 98b, which in turn had been developed from the Mauser Model 1898. The Gewehr 98 or Model 1898 took its principles from the Lebel Model 1886 rifle with the improvement of a metallic magazine of five cartridges. Since the rifle was shorter than the earlier Karabiner 98b from which it was derived (the 98b was a carbine in name only, being identical in length to the Gewehr 98 long rifle), it was given the designation Karabiner 98 Kurz, meaning "Carbine 98 Short". Just like its predecessor, the rifle was noted for its reliability, good accuracy and an effective range of up to 500 meters (547 yards) with iron sights.
Design details
The standard Karabiner 98k iron sights could be regulated for ranges from 100 m up to 2000 m in 100 m increments. The 98k rifle was designed to be used with an S84/98 III bayonet and to fire rifle grenades. Most rifles had laminated stocks , the result of trials that had stretched through the 1930s. Plywood laminates resisted warping better than the conventional one-piece patterns, did not require lengthy maturing and were less wasteful. Starting in late 1944, 98k production began transition to the "Kriegsmodell" ("war model") variant. This version was simplified to meet wartime production demands, removing the bayonet lug, cleaning rod, stock disk, and other features deemed to be unnecessary.
The 98k had the same disadvantages as all other turn-of-the-century military rifles in that it was comparatively bulky and heavy, and the rate of fire was limited by how fast the bolt could be operated. Its magazine had only half the capacity of Great Britain's Lee-Enfield series rifles, but being internal, it made the weapon more comfortable to carry. A trench magazine was also produced that could be attached to the bottom of the internal magazine by removing the floor plate, increasing capacity to 20 rounds, though it still required loading with 5 round stripper clips. While the Allies (both Soviet and Anglo-American) developed and moved towards standardization of semi-automatic rifles, the Germans maintained these bolt-action rifles due to their tactical doctrine of basing a squad's fire power on the unit's light machine gun and possibly their problems of mass producing semi-automatic rifles.
In close combat, however, sub machine guns were often preferred, especially for urban combat where the rifle's range and low rate of fire were not very useful. Towards the end of the war, the Kar98k was being phased out in favour of the StG44 assault rifle, which fired a rifle round that was more powerful than the pistol cartridges of sub machine guns, but that could be used like a sub machine gun in close-quarters and urban fighting. Production of the StG44 was never sufficient to meet demand, being a late war weapon, and because of this the Mauser Kar98k rifle was still produced and used as the standard infantry rifle by the German forces until the German surrender in May 1945.
WW1 LEE ENFIELD No1 MK 3* RIFLE, 1918
British No.1 Mk III* Lee-Enfield Rifle, SMLE (Short Magazine Lee Enfield) or short rifle with magazine.
Adopted by the British Military on January 26, 1907.
Adapted from an original design by James Paris Lee and the Royal Arms Factory at Enfield, England.
Mk III refers to the third incarnation of the No.1 rifle.
This rifle was also manufactured in England, Australia and India. The Mk III was used in both WWI and WW2.
Probably one of the fastest cycling bolt action rifles made for military use. The rifle pictured was manufactured at Enfield in 1918, in England
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RUSSIAN MOSIN NAGANT RIFLE, 1938
Carbine version of rifle used by the Russian Army during WW2 Dated 1944 During the Russo-Turkish War, Russian troops armed with mostly Berdan single-shot rifles engaged Turks with Winchester repeating rifles resulting in alarmingly disproportionate casualties. This emphasised to commanders a need to modernize the Imperial army. The Russian Main Artillery Administration undertook the task of producing a magazine-fed, multi-round weapon in 1882. After failing to adequately modify the Berdan system to meet the requirements, a "Special Commission for the testing of Magazine[-fed] Rifles" was formed to test new designs.
Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, a young captain in the Imperial army, submitted his "3-line" calibre (.30 cal, 7.62 mm) rifle in 1889 alongside a 3.5-line design by L�on Nagant (a Belgian). When trials concluded in 1891, all units which tested the rifles indicated a preference for Nagant's design and the Commission voted 14 to 10 to approve it. However, more influential officers pushed for the domestic design, resulting in a compromise: Mosin's rifle was used with a Nagant-designed feed mechanism. Thus the 3-line rifle, Model 1891 (its official designation at the time) came into being.
Production began in 1892 at the ordnance factories of Tula Arsenal, Izhevsk Arsenal, and Sestroryetsk Arsenal. Due to the limited capacities of these facilities and the newly formed Franco-Russian Alliance, an order of 500,000 rifles was placed with the French arms factory, Manufacture Nationale d'Armes de Ch�tellerault.
By the time of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, approximately 3.8 million rifles had been delivered to the army. Initial reactions by units equipped with the rifle were mixed, but this was likely due to poor maintenance by under-trained infantrymen used to Berdans.
Between adoption of the final design in 1891 and 1910, several variants and modifications to existing rifles were made.
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WWII LEE ENFIELD No 4 Mk2 RIFLE, 1945
The No4 Enfield rifle originally the No1 Mk6 renamed the No4, replaced the SMLE No1 Mk3 during WW11.
As a standard-issue infantry rifle, it remained in British service well into the early 1960s and is still found in service in the armed forces of some Commonwealth Nations.
The Lee-Enfield was chambered for the .303 British cartridge, and featured a ten-round box magazine which was loaded manually from the top, either one round at a time, or by means of five-round chargers. The Lee-Enfield series superseded the earlier Martini-Henry, Martini-Enfield, and Lee-Metford rifles, and although officially replaced in the UK with the L1A1 SLR in 1957, it continues to see official service in a number of British Commonwealth nations to the present day,notably with the Indian Police,and is the longest-serving military bolt-action rifle still in official service.
The rifle shown is a No4 Mk2 April 1950 made at Fazakerley Liverpool.
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BLENDKORPER 2H SMOKE GRENADE
Blendkorper 2 H Used by the Germans as a smoke screen before attaching mines to oncoming Tank tracks among other uses.
The grenade consists of a pear-shaped, glass outer flask, resembling a large electric light bulb, almost filled with a brown liquid. Inside is a long tube filled with a clear liquid; both are capped with a sulphur and plaster of Paris cement. The total weight is slightly over seven ounces.
The outer flask is a pear-shaped glass bulb, 2-1/2 inches in diameter at the widest point, 3-15/16 inches in height to the neck, where it flares out 1/8 inch and forms a collar approximately 1 inch in height and 1-1/2 inch in diameter. This flask contains 8.75 ounces of titanium tetrachloride.
The inner glass tube is 3 7/8 inches long and 7/8 inch in diameter, resembling a test tube with the upper end sealed off; the weight is a little under an ounce. The upper end has a slight shoulder which rests on a rubber-like plastic washer; this washer in turn rests on the inside shoulder of the collar of the outer flask; thus, when the cementing material was poured, the inner tube was firmly sealed within the neck of the outer flask. The inner tube contains about 1.2 ounce of a 27 per cent solution of calcium chloride.
The smoke is produced by hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride. The purpose of the inner tube of calcium chloride solution is to provide water to react with the titanium tetrachloride and produce an instantaneous smoke cloud in the desert or in cold areas, where the low humidity would cause a slow reaction. The calcium chloride is probably added to keep the water from freezing.
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WW1 BRITISH BATTYE BOMB, 1915
In late 1914 and early 1915 Captain B C Battye of the Royal Engineers designed and put in to production through the Bethune Ironworks his 'Battye' or 'Bethune' bomb.
The Battye Bomb, consisted of a cast iron mug shaped container diced for fragmentation filled with 40 grammes of high explosive. The top of the container was sealed with a wood stopper and wax with a Bickford fuze . A Nobel safety device was used to light the fuze but, as a safety measure, this was only inserted at the time of use.
William Bickford invented the safety fuse for igniting gunpowder, an invention that saved many lives. There were many miners killed by misuse of gunpowder. Early fuses were often tubes of reeds filled with powder and were unreliable. Either they exploded too early not giving miners time to get away, or took too long to ignite and killed miners who assumed the fuse had gone out. William Bickford was born in Ashburton, Devon in January 1774. He moved to Truro as a currier, preparing leather. He then moved on to Tuckingmill near Camborne in the Cornwall mining area.
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WW1 CITRON FOUG or LEMON GRENADE, 1915
The fuze body was made of wood, holding a striker, creep spring, primer and safety fuze with a detonator. The fuze was covered by a safety cap that Has several shapes, this is missing.
Before throwing, the cap was removed and the striker was to be hit on a hard surface.
Similar in operation to the Mills Bomb, Which is safer is debatable. At least if the french model was dropped without hitting the striker it would not explode, not so with the mills once the pin had been removed.
The fuze assembly has been reconstructed using information kindly supplied by, westernfront.nl. The Western Front Museum
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WWII PROXIMITY FUZE (FUSE)
During the raids of WW2 a gunner issued complaints against our methods of defence, it was said, that shooting down an aircraft at night was ��like shooting a fly in a darkened room with a pea shooter''. The Marconi Osram Valve Company amongst others, were given the task of solving the problem. Guided Missile technology was not an option at this time (the Germans astounded the world, later in the war with their V1 & V2). It was decided that a shell fuze, which triggered when an object was in the proximity of the shell (such as an aircraft), was the solution. The biggest problem was how to protect the amplifier section of the fuze from the blast of the gun. Special valves were developed to solve the problem; these can be seen in the 2nd section of the display. On leaving the gun at 20,000g and spinning at 3,000 rpm together with the vibration of the barrel, the success of these fuzes was no mean feat. Tests fired the fuze 8 miles into the sky vertically. On returning to the ground it had to be dug from under 8 feet of Salisbury Plain, amazingly it was still working. The amplifier is in the base, this was connected to the battery which was made of ring shaped plates around an ampoule of acid, upon firing of the gun the ampoule shattered and soaked the plates turning them into a charged battery. The top is a pointed cone and a plate embedded in plastic, this formed a capacitor which oscillated at 100mghz, if an object came close to this (up to 30ft) the oscillation was disturbed and the final valve triggered the detonator. The valves are oscillator, amplifier and trigger valve. Although the final product was produced and tested (over the channel so if it failed to explode it could not fall in to enemy hands), it needed to be produced in vast numbers; our manufacturing capability was saturated with weapons and planes at the time so the project was passed to the Americans. At the same time Radar was now becoming a reality and this unit was scrapped in favour of a device that used the new technology. Many of these and the new version were instrumental in bringing down the V1 ''Doodlebugs'' during the war.
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WW1 MILLS No. 5 GRENADE WITH No. 23 BASE AND LAUNCHING BRACKET
The bracket was fitted to the end of a Short Magazine Lee Enfield rifle and held a No23 Grenade which was fitted with a rod screwed into the base plate.
The No 3 Grenade Launcher was adopted to enable the launching of a No 23, or a similar bomb from a Lee Enfield Rifle, it�s base had a threaded hole into which a rod could be screwed, this was fed down the barrel of the gun after the launching bracket had been mounted. The former was then fired using a blank cartridge.
No5 Grenades had no hole in the base plate, but a No 23 base would fit a No 5 Grenade.
So it follows that many No 5 units can be found with No 23 bases.
The launchers intention was to hold the safety lever in place, after the pin had been removed, until the unit was fired.
For more information see Item A1141
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WW1 No.5 MILLS GRENADE
Designed by William Mills - a golf club designer from Sunderland - he patented, developed and manufactured the 'Mills bomb' at the Mills Munitions Factory in Birmingham, England in 1915.
The Mills bomb was adopted by the British Army as its standard hand grenade in 1915, and designated as the No. 5. It was also used by the Irish Republican Army.
The Mills bomb underwent numerous modifications. The No. 23 was a variant of the No. 5 with a rodded base plug which allowed it to be fired from a rifle. This concept further evolved with the No. 36, a variant with a detachable base plate to allow for use with a rifle discharger cup. The final variation of the Mills bomb was the No. 36M which was specially designed and waterproofed with shellac for use in the hot climate of Mesopotamia in 1917.
By 1918 the No. 5 and No. 23 were declared obsolete and the No. 36 continued in use until 1972.
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WWII BRITISH STICKY BOMB No74
Not adopted by the Army, this Bomb eventually found it's way to the Home Guard, with some sad stories of accidents. The first pin pulled would remove the covers exposing the sticky ball, the second pin pulled would arm the device requiring only that the bomb be let go.
Releasing the clip on the handle fired the fuze which would leave only seconds for the soldier to retire, after planting the bomb on it's target,thats when the accidents would happen. Packed with one and a half pounds of Nytro-Glycerine, the covering is Bird Lime over a glass flask.
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WW1 HALES No 3 MK 1 SHORT RIFLE GRENADE
The Hales Grenade was the solution to the problem of the unit exploding in front of the rifleman, if the grenade flopped out of the gun in front of you instead of being launched towards the enemy once it had been primed there was nothing you could do to stop it from exploding. Frederick Marten Hale, in 1915 designed a fuse that could not explode until it was in the air at speed, it worked by a wind vane that once turned it would prime the grenade and trigger the fuze, which had an impact graze type, if it fell out of the rifle without travelling at speed through the air it could not explode. The manufacture of these grenades was difficult and expensive at the time, but for the safety and confidence it gave the user, it was worth it.
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WW1 GERMAN POPPENBERG JAM POT OR STICK GRENADE, 1915
Known as a Jam Pot or Potato Masher because of its shape this Grenade lasted until 1917 with later versions used in the Second War. This is the original 1915 design with a lever to ignite the fuze, this was held in with a safety pin, once removed the unit was thrown. It also had a belt clip on the side of the body. This sample is badly corroded, and the wooden handle is not original.
It was used for only a short time due to its unreliable fuse, there is another type with the same handle but it has a kugal (see item A0822) instead of the can, thus the can version being an offensive item and the Ball ( Kugalkopft ) being the defensive version.
APDS ARMOUR PIERCING DISCARDING SABOT (CUT AWAY), 1970's
Armour-piercing, discarding-sabot (APDS)
APDS was developed by engineers working for the French Edgar Brandt company, and was fielded in two calibers (75 mm/57 mm for the Mle1897/33 75 mm anti-tank cannon, 37 mm/25 mm for several 37 mm gun types) just before the French-German armistice of 1940. The Edgar Brandt engineers, having been evacuated to the United Kingdom, joined ongoing APDS development efforts there, culminating in significant improvements to the concept and its realization. British APDS ordnance for their QF 6 pdr and 17 pdr anti-tank guns was fielded in March 1944.
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WW1 FRENCH F1 GRENADE, 1915
The French F1 was similar in appearance to the failed US grenade. It has a hollow cast iron body, heavily grooved in a familiar quilted "pineapple" pattern to enhance fragmentation. Although initially deployed to French forces in 1915 with a match primer it was soon replaced with a weather proof strike primer. This system required the soldier to strike a blow to the cap of the grenade after removing a safety cover to initiate the burn time fuse. Better than a match lit fuze, it still had to be thrown once the striker has been activated. The quest for a better fuze continued so that by 1917 there were a dozen or so contraptions developed as fuses for the French F1 Defensive Grenade. They included tumblers, pins, strikers, slow burn matches, each inventor claiming superiority.
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WWII GERMAN GLASS MINE 43
Information about these mines is scarce as not very many were made, in fact it is possible that the glass portion of this unit is reproduction, however the fuze and plate are genuine probably the only surviving parts of the original. Being made of glass and used as an anti personal device it would be difficult to detect by normal mine detection equipment, it worked by breaking the glass cover when trod upon. Inside this unit is a dummy charge made to look like the original explosive. The Round Coloured glass disc sat on top of the thin sheet of glass over the trip to weigh it down. Known as the Glasmine43.
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(POST) WWII BAKELITE TELLERMINE , 1950's
This model is made entirely of Bakelite to evade Mine Detectors, and was produced after the War. No other information is known.
Other models like the Tellermine 35 (T.Mi.35) was a German metal cased anti-tank mine used extensively during the Second World War. The mines case was made of sheet steel, and has a slightly convex pressure plate on the top surface with a central fuse well. Two secondary fuse wells are located on the side and bottom of the mine for anti-handling devices.
For use on beaches and underwater, the mine could be deployed inside a specially designed earthenware or concrete pot, which acted as a waterproof jacket for the mine.
A later variant of the mine, the T.Mi.35 (S) was produced with a ribbed case and a fuse cover. The ribbed case stopped sand from blowing off the top of the mine when it was used in a desert or sandy environment.
Pressure of 400 pounds (180 kg) on the centre of the mine or 200 pounds (90 kg) on the edge of the mine deforms the pressure plate compressing a spring, and shearing a retaining pin holding the striker. Once the striker is released it is driven into a percussion cap which ignites the detonator followed by the booster charge and main charge.
During 'D' Day the Germans mounted Tellermines on poles just below the waves on the beaches to stop the landing crafts that were expected in the event of an invasion.
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WWII 3.7cm RODDED ANTI-TANK BOMB
Designed during WW2 as a stopgap for an improved anti-tank weapon that would fit the 3.7cm PAK (panzerabwehrkanone) 36 anti-tank gun, which was already in service, this weapon was not effective against the Russian T-34 Tanks. It was better to developed a new projectile than a whole new gun, it was known as the 3.7cm Stielgranate 41 or the 3.7cm Aufstek Geschoss (Attached projectile). This is a hollow charge weapon designed to penetrate thick armour by exploding just above the surface of the target, and melting a hole by using a shaped charge. Fitting into the barrel of the PAK36 gun and fired using a blank charge inserted in the breach. Weighing 8.6kg (19lb) with an effective range of 300m (328yds) it could penetrate 180mm (7inch) of armour plate.
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WW1 CLARK 'D' GAS BOTTLE
A German Gas Bottle which contained toxic gas to be used in the chemical Warfare during 1917. This green glass bottle contained a fluid with a colour varying from eggwhite to brown/yellow and a smell similar to shoe polish, it was known to the Germans under the code name 'Clark' which stood for DA-gas, a Vomiting agent. The product was meant specifically to penetrate through safety measures such as gasmasks, especially treated cloths and even the anti gas ointment Item A0819. It was only loaded into projectiles of the 7.7cm model 1896 and the model 1915. These could be identified by a blue cross on the body. When the shell exploded, the glass was shattered and the fluid vaporised. Tens of these formed a vast cloud of toxic gas. This was a very rare item as it was only to be removed when opening a gas shell, something that no reasonable human being dared to do. In 2002 during earthworks in the village of Houthulst (Belgium) near to the site of the Bomb Disposal Base of the Belgium Army, a dump of inner parts of all sorts of German Shells and grenades was discovered. Research has shown that in 1919 German prisoners of war had been put to work emptying these dangerous beasts to salvage steel. The parts not wanted were simply thrown into shell holes. Only around 300 are known to have survived from that source.
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WWII INCENDIARY BOMB
Incendiary bombs, also known as firebombs, were used as an effective bombing weapon in World War II. The large bomb casing was filled with small sticks of incendiaries (bomblets), and designed to open at altitude, scattering the bomblets in order to cover a wide area. An explosive charge would then ignite the incendiary material, often starting a raging fire. The fire would burn at extreme temperatures that could destroy most buildings made of wood or other combustible materials (buildings constructed of stone tend to resist incendiary destruction unless they are first blown open by high explosives). Originally, incendiaries were developed in order to destroy the many small, decentralized war industries located (often intentionally) throughout vast tracts of city land in an effort to escape destruction by conventionally-aimed high-explosive bombs. Nevertheless, the civilian destruction caused by such weapons quickly earned them a reputation as terror weapons (e.g., German Terrorflieger) with the targeted populations, and more than a few shot-down aircrews were summarily executed by angry civilians upon capture.The Nazi regime began the campaign of incendiary bombings with the bombing of London in 1940�41, and reprisal was exacted by the Allies in the strategic bombing campaign. In the Pacific War, during the last seven months of strategic bombing by B-29 Superfortresses in the airwar against Japan, a change to firebombing tactics resulted in some 500,000 Japanese deaths and 5 million more made homeless. 67 of Japan's largest cities lost significant areas to incendiary attacks. The most deadly single bombing raid in all history was Operation Meetinghouse, an incendiary attack that killed some 100,000 Tokyo residents in one night.
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WW1 HOWITZER 4.5inch PROJECTILE WITH No83 Mk2 FUZE (FUSE)
Shell probably picked up from the original battlefield and restored. Repainted in black denotes a Shrapnell shell with various explosive fillings. It is fitted with a No 83 Mk2 timed and percussion fuse. This fuse operates as follows:- A ball is released by centrifugal force on leaving the gun, this arms the percussion portion of the fuze. The timed portion set by the adjustable ring before loading into the breach ignites on leaving the gun, if the timed portion should fail to trigger the detonator, the percussion element will trigger the charge on impact or 'Graze' (skimming an object or surface). A safety pin is removed before loading the round into the breach. The No83 Fuze is similar to a No81 Fuze. See Items A0360 and A0361
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WW1 HALES No 2 Mk 1 HAND or MEXICAN GRENADE
A variation on the Hales Patent Grenade patented by Martin Hale who worked for the Cotton Powder Co at Faversham Kent, it is a simple percussion type with internal graze fuze. It was filled with 'Tonite', an explosive made of Gun cotton and Barium Nitrate. In 1907 the Cotton Powder Co tried to sell there design to the British Army but were rejected during trials of the No1 Type. The company sold it to the Mexican Government with a 7mm rod for firing from their rifles. During WW1 shortages of the No1 grenade, the British purchased supplies from Mexico. The design was modified removing the rod and fitted a handle and tape for throwing, this was the NO2 Mk1. The Detonator is inserted, the streamer unfolded and the safety pin removed, (not shown) thrown high into the air to allow the tail to point the unit head first when hitting the ground. The No2 was introduced in Feb 1915 and declared obsolete in 1920, about 130,00 were manufactured.
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WW1 RACQUET GRENADE WITH BATTYE BOMB
The French magazine L'ILLUSTRATION 22 May 1915 shows a picture of a soldier in a trench throwing one of these and the title refers to it as a 'Racquet' bomb.
Units like these were hobbled together near the front line by the French and English alike. As new armaments became scarce during the early years of the war, men at the front improvised. Using a casing from a Battye Bomb that was usually thrown on its own, and attaching it to a handle improved the distance it could be thrown, containing Black Powder and lit by a simple fuse such devises could be quite affective.
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WWII BUTTERFLY BOMB, Sprengbombe Dickwandig 2kg or SD2A
Stored in containers within an aircraft carrying up to 108 bombs folded, when released from the container the wings opened and rotated the shaft out of the bomb thus arming it, also as the bomb fell the wings stabilized its fall and gave the appearance of a butterfly, hence the name.
Fitted with the 41 fuse, which could be delayed or detonated on impact.
Other types of Fuzes are:-
The 67 fuze was time delayed between 5 and 30 minutes.
The 70 fuze which detonated if the bomb was moved.
If a bomb was found intact it was not disarmed but destroyed on the spot as (if fitted with a 70 fuze) any movement would trigger the device.
The U.S. copied the bomb and it was used in Korea and Vietnam, designated the M83.
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WW1 DOPP 92 SP 15 GERMAN TIMED FUZE (FUSE)
Double effect fuse, this model was an evolution of the Dopp Z 91, based on the same principles, therefore having a classic percussion system in the tail and a rotating discs time system in the upper cone. The lower disc mobile was engraved with graduations from 1 to 29 seconds, and a Roman cross for the pure impact percussion function.
Entirely made of brass, it had a security pin blocking the concutor of the time system. The same specific arming system of the percussion device (with a powder grain in spite of the classical German stem system). It is not clear whether this is triggered by impact or firing.
German version of a timed and percussion fuze, it is sometimes important that a shell explodes beneath the ground, impact fuzes did not achieve this, also if a shell hits a brick wall exploding on the surface would create less damage than if it past through the wall and exploded on the inside, exploding underground may be useful for collapsing enemy tunnels. Many fuses were developed during WW1.
The time delay is set with an adjustable ring that could be changed according to the calculations by the gun observer . It worked by igniting a ring of a slow burning compound underneath the calibration ring, the time it burnt before detonation was determined by the position of the ring.
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WW1 No 106 Mk 2 IMPACT FUZE (FUSE)
Impact fuze for Howitzer 4.5'' Projectile, The original fuze did not have a safety shutter, but the 106E type did. The shutter armed the fuze by revolving at speed. At the front is a plunger to trigger the device, which is further protected by a collar and weight, which is spun off in flight.
Its main use was in early Shrapnel shells when used for cutting barbed wire, but this was abandoned in favour of high explosive shells which were more effective, as the wire attached to pickets just bounced off. This fuse was in use in many variations almost up to the Second World War. Its most important feature was its speed of triggering (essential for wire breaking), but as more safety features were added this speed was lost and the fuze rendered obsolete.
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WW1 BRITISH 100/101E FUZE (FUSE)
No101 MK2 impact or percussion fuze is fitted with a safety shutter which only opens when spinning at speed, it can also be fitted with a 'Gain' which has three more possibilities, not only does it have an additional shutter mechanism but can also be timed after impact. It also has a 'Graze' facility, which means it will still ignite if it skims a surface; the last feature is an extra charge for explosives than require more heat for ignition.
Used with high explosive shells for collapsing enemy tunnels or breaking through walls before exploding. See Item A0360 and A0361 and No101 fuze A0467
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WWII S.O.E ITEMS IN FRAME
Special Operations Executive S.O.E. items such as Time pencils. Time pencils were fuzes timed by acid corroding a thin wire , when the wire broke a spring forced a pin onto a percussion cap exploding a small charge.
Timing could be erratic in different temperatures, a colour code denoted the time period of each fuze. Used mainly by resistance movements in various Countries.
The items shown are colour time code Green. Trip wire Detonators and Trip Wire a small compass Nicknamed 'Button' because of its size, but not actually a button as in Item A1121. A Safety Fuse, and a Rail Detonator for positioning on a train line.
Rail Detonators are still used today for warning purposes.
SNIDER BOXER CARTIDGE AND PELLET, 1800
Boxer cartridge showing the internal pellet that expands the projectile when fired into the rifled barrel.
In 1867 the British war office adopted the Eley-Boxer metallic central-fire cartridge case in the Enfield rifles, which were converted to breech-loaders on the Snider principle. This consisted of a block opening on a hinge, thus forming a false breech against which the cartridge rested.
The detonating cap was in the base of the cartridge, and was exploded by a striker passing through the breech block. Other European powers adopted breech-loading military rifles from 1866 to 1868, with paper instead of metallic cartridge cases.
The original Eley-Boxer cartridge case was made of thin coiled brass - occasionally these cartridges could break apart and jam the breech with the unwound remains of the casing upon firing. Later the solid-drawn, central-fire cartridge case, made of one entire solid piece of tough hard metal, an alloy of copper, with a solid head of thicker metal, has been generally substituted. The principal on which Colonel Edward,M, Boxer, based his new idea was to solve the problem of getting the new breach loading rounds to fit snugly into the rifle barrel, but still allow easy loading of the round into the breach, if the principal of rifling was to work the projectile had to fit the barrel tightly, meaning that the round would have to be pushed hard into the breach, loading therefore could be difficult.
The problem was solved by fitting a slug of clay into the cartridge prior to the lead bullet (projectile), this slug was tapered and almost fitted into a cavity in the bullet, when the round was fired the slug was forced into the bullet expanding the rear end, thus allowing the bullet to fit loosely into the barrel until fired whereupon the end expanded fitting the rifling perfectly.
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MASDEN LIGHT MACHINE GUN OF 1902 , 1950
The Madsen was a light machine gun developed by Julius A. Rasmussen and Theodor Schoubue and proposed for adoption by Captain Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen, the Danish Minister of War and adopted by the Danish Army in 1902. It was one of the first true light machine guns produced in quantity and sold to over 34 different countries worldwide, seeing extensive combat use in various conflicts around the globe for over 80 years The Madsen was produced by Compagnie Madsen A/S (later operating as Dansk Rekyl Riffel Syndikat A/S and then Dansk Industri Syndikat A/S). The Madsen continued to be used by the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with 7.62 calibre. Although some of the Brazilian guns were captured from drug traffickers and pressed into service (mostly old weapons originating from the Argentine Army as well as some stolen from museums, the majority of Madsens used by the Brazilian police were donated by the Brazilian Army. Those guns were .30 cal weapons converted to fit 7.62 mm calibre. Official sources state that the Brazilian army retired the Madsen machine gun in 1996. The Brazilian police guns are, from 2008, being substituted by more modern guns with faster rates of fire. It was reported that the last Madsen guns were finally retired in April 2008. However, photos taken during clashes between Brazilian police and drug traffickers on October 19, 2009 clearly show the Madsen gun still in use by the Brazilian police This one is marked with Portuguese Crest and RP.
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WW1 LEWIS AUTOMATIC MACHINE RIFLE (LEWIS GUN), 1916
Designed in 1911 by U.S. Army Colonel Isaac Newton Lewis, on initial work carried out by Samuel Maclean. The Americans did not adopt the rifle and Lewis had to go to the Belgium's for help, it was manufactured here before the 1st World War but as Belgium was invaded in 1914, production was moved to B.S.A. in England, having been already adopted by the British Army before the war.
It uses the standard British .303 round and fires 550rpm.
The weapon was eventually made by the Savage Arms Company USA in 1917, known as the M1917 being 0.300 inch calibre.
Although being lighter than the Vickers gun it still requires two men to handle it, one to carry the magazines and one the weapon. The weapon was withdrawn from service in 1946.
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WWII THOMPSON MACHINE GUN M1928A, 1928
The M1928A1 was the military version of the ''Tommy Gun'' also known as ''Chopper'' ''Chicago Typewriter'' and ''Chicago Piano''.
General John. T. Thompson designed the first model in 1916 and started with the help of a financier, formed the 'Auto Ordinance Company', where the phrase ''Sub Machine Gun'' was first used.
The first weapon he produced was called ''The Annihilator'', too late for the Fist World War, the gun was renamed the ''Thomson Machine Gun'' and subsequently went into production in 1921.
In the days of American ''Prohibition'' it became popular with gangsters and grew to fame in the Hollywood movies. In 1938 the pattern was adopted by the U.S. Army with the M1928A1 entering into production just before the attack on Pearl Harbour. It has a 50 round magazine, although this had a rattle and the 20 or 30 round magazine was preferred. Early models tended to rise on firing so the 'Cutts'' compensator was fitted to the barrel to compensate for this. It fires .45inch ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol) rounds at a rate of fire of 800rpm.
The military version used the stick magazine and the forward pistol grip was changed for a barrel grip.
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WWII STEN GUN MK 2, 1941
Sten Mk2 Sub Machine Gun of 1941 (Major R.V.Shepherd & Harold John Turpin) & EN for Enfield form the name STEN.
Fired the 9mm Parabellum round at 500rpm. The gun was very cheap to produce but was disliked because of its ability to fire if dropped (when cocked), however it became used throughout the world during WW2 and after.
It was useful to resistance and terror organisations because it was light and could easily be dismantled and hidden.
It was finally withdrawn from service in the 1960's and replaced by the Sterling SMG. Shown with Bayonet.
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WWII WEBLEY FLARE PISTOL No 4 MK 1* SIGNAL PISTOL
Webley signal pistol designed to be mounted onto a bracket fixed to the walls of an aircraft or other surface ( mounting bracket missing ) the One & half inch round had to be inserted first, after firing, the gun was removed from the bracket and reloaded. The pistols fired coloured flares, Either when in distress or for identification purposes. An aircraft fired on would fire the "colours of the day" a combination of two or more colours,
changed daily - to prove that they were friendly. There is some evidence that RAF bomber crews were told the German colours of the day,
information presumably obtained via the code-breakers at Bletchley Park.
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WWII BREN GUN MK1M
In 1930 the British set out to replace the Lewis Gun, the result was based on a Czech design made by Brno the Zb26 resulting in the Bren, being the first letter of Brno and two letters from Enfield where the Royal Small Arms Factory was located.
The first gun was assembled in 1937 and Enfield maintained sole British production of the Bren. In 1940 Inglis of Canada began producing the gun as well, and by 1943 some 60% of Bren production was eventually carried out in Canada. Lithgow in Australia also built Bren Guns during the Second World War, it had a 30 round magazine, usually only holding 28 to save the spring, and fired 500 rounds per minute. Underneath the weapon is shown the Canvas Case Catcher Item No A1002. This weapon is fitted with a Mk2 barrel.
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STERLING L2A3 MACHINE GUN Mk4, 1950's
Designed by George Patchet in 1942 this was the last model of its type. firing 9 X 19 mm Parabellum rounds. Originally used by Airborne troops towards the end of the War,It replaced the earlier Sten gun.
In 1944 the British General Staff issued a specification which any new sub machine gun should conform to.
It stated that the weapon should not weigh more than six pounds, should fire 9x19mm Parabellum calibre ammunition, have a rate of fire of no more than 500 rounds per minute and be sufficiently accurate to allow five single shots to be fired into a one foot square target at 100 yards.
The Mk4 remained with the British Army from 1953 until 1988, when it was phased out with the introduction of the L85A1 assault rifle.
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WW1 DWM P08 GERMAN LUGER, 1915
Automatic hand gun first developed in 1908, manufactured by Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionsfabriken (DWM). Marked with the DWM monogram, and 'g' for Gewehr under the serial Number indicates it was made for a Rifle Company, it is also stamped with the Kiasers Mark.
The Parabellum-Pistole (Pistol Parabellum), popularly (but incorrectly)known as the Luger, is a toggle locked, recoil operated, semi-automatic pistol. The design was patented by George Luger in 1898 and produced by German arms manufacturer Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionsfabriken (DWM) starting in 1900; it was an evolution of the 1898 Hugo Borchardt designed C-93.
The Luger was made popular by its use by Germany during World War I and World War II. Though the Luger pistol was first introduced in 7.65x22mm Parabellum, it is notable for being the pistol for which the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge was developed.
In World War I, as sub-machine guns were found to be effective in trench warfare, experiments with converting various types of pistols to machine pistols (Reihenfeuerpistolen, literally "row-fire pistols" or "consecutive fire pistols") were conducted. Among those the Luger pistol (German Army designation Pistole 08) was examined; however, unlike the Mauser C96, which was converted in great numbers to Reihenfeuerpistole, the Luger proved to have an excessive rate of fire in full-automatic mode.
The Luger pistol was manufactured to exacting standards and has a long service life. Bill Ruger praised the Luger's 55 degree grip angle and duplicated it in his .22 LR pistol.
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WWII MAUSER C96 WITH STOCK AND LEATHER HOLSTER
The C96 is a semi-automatic pistol that was manufactured from 1896 to 1936 in Germany. It was one of the first semi-automatic pistols to see widespread use. It was also manufactured in direct or modified form in Spain and China in the first half of the 20th Century.
The main characteristics that distinguish the C96 are the integral box magazine in front of the trigger, the long barrel, the wooden shoulder stock which can double as a holster or carrying case, and a grip shaped like the end of a broom's handle (which earned it the nickname "Broom handle" in the English-speaking world). The Mauser C96 can be considered one of the first personal defence weapons (PDWs), as its long barrel and powerful cartridge gave it superior range and better penetration capabilities than most other standard pistols. There were many variants of the C96, notably the so-called "Bolo" version with a shorter barrel and smaller grips (which was manufactured after German handgun manufacturers were required to conform to Versailles restrictions on pistol barrel length). The Bolo earned that name due to the fact that the Bolshevik government of the Soviet Union in 1920s placed large orders for that model. There were versions with detachable magazines varying in size from 6 to 40 rounds (instead of the integral magazine seen on most pre-1930s versions), and models such as the M712 Schnellfeuer ("rapid fire") machine pistol from 1932 that was capable of fully automatic fire. All versions were made to use detachable shoulder stocks that doubled as holsters. A small number of carbine models with wooden stocks, wooden fore grips and much longer barrels were also manufactured.
During World War I the Imperial German Army contracted with Mauser for 150,000 C96 pistols chambered for the 9 mm Parabellum. This variant was named the "Red 9" after a large number "9" burned and painted in red into the grip panels, to prevent the pistols' users from loading them with 7.63 mm ammunition by mistake. Of the 150,000 pistols commissioned, approximately 135,000 were delivered before the war ended. This was the only time in which the C96 was ever used officially by the German army. The Mauser C96 was sold commercially worldwide; Winston Churchill favoured it, and used one at the Battle of Omdurman and during the Second Boer War. The pistols saw service in various colonial wars, World War I, the Spanish Civil War, the Chaco War, and World War II, among other places.
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WWII GERMAN MP 40 MACHINE GUN, 1942
The MP40 is descended from its predecessor, the MP38. The MP36, a prototype made of machined steel, was developed independently by Erma's Berthold Geipel with funding from the German army. It took design elements from Heinrich Vollmer's VPM 1930 and EMP.
Vollmer then worked on Berthold Geipel's MP36 and in 1938 submitted a prototype to answer a request from the German Armament services for a new sub machine gun, which was adopted as MP38. The MP38 was a simplification of the MP36, as the MP40 was a further simplification of the MP38, with certain cost-saving alterations, notably in the use of more pressed rather than machined parts.
Other changes resulted from experiences with the several thousand MP38s in service since 1939, used during the invasion of Poland. The changes were incorporated into an intermediate version, the MP38/40, and then used in the initial MP40 production version. Just over 1 million would be made of all versions in the course of the war.
The MP40 was often called the "Schmeisser" by the Allies, after weapons designer Hugo Schmeisser. Hugo Schmeisser himself did not design the MP40 but held a patent on the magazine. He designed the MP41, which was a MP40 with a wooden rifle stock and a selector, identical to those found on the earlier MP28 sub machine gun. The MP41 was not introduced as a service weapon with the German Army, but saw limited use with some SS and police units. They were also exported to Germany's ally, Romania. The MP41's production run was brief, as Erma filed a successful patent infringement lawsuit against Schmeisser's employer, Haenel.
This made at Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG, Steyr, Austria
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WWII MG 34 LIGHT MACHINE GUN GERMAN, 1938
MG-34 was designed in the early 1930s by the team lead by Louis Stange at Rheinmetall, leading German arms manufacturer at that time. Final design, adopted for service in 1934, incorporated numerous features from experimental prototypes built by Rheinmetall, Mauser-werke, and others. As was requested by German army, it was a truly universal machine gun, capable of different roles. It was put into production circa 1935, and remained an official MG of the Wehrmacht until 1942, when it was officially replaced my more reliable and cheap MG-42. But, despite this, MG-34 continued to serve until the end of WW2, mostly as a tank gun, because it was better suited for this role than the MG-42.
In general, MG-34 was an outstanding weapon, with very fine finish and made to tight tolerances, but this become also its biggest drawback - being too expensive and too slow to manufacture, MG-34 was less than suitable for mass wartime production. It also was somewhat sensitive to dirt and fouling, a standard attribute of the western front battles. But the most major advantage of the MG-34 was its versatility, and it set the trend for numerous latter designs.
This one made at Otto Goessel u. Co., Glashuette in Sachsen. South of Dresden.
References WWW.ModernFirearms.net
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MAXIM HEAVY MACHINE GUN OF 1910 ON WWII SOKOLOV MOUNT, 1944
Used by the Russian Army during WW1 and also the Red Army during WW2, it was imported to many countries including China, in Russian the Pulemyot Maxima na stanke Sokolova or the Pulemyot Maxima PM1910 'Maxim Machine Gun' was adopted in 1910, and was replaced by the Gorunov SG-43 in 1943, although manufacturing did not cease until the end of the second world war.
This one is dated 1944 it has a calibre of 7.62X54mm and can fire 600 rpm, the design was based on Maxims original.On the top of the barrel cooling jacket is an opening for inserting snow or water for cooling.
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WWII RUSSIAN PPSH 41 MACHINE GUN, 1942
Dated 1943 first adopted in 1942 designed by Georgii Shapagin. in Russia, many were sold to Germany whilst they were still allies, then used against them later.Calibre 7.62mm. with round magazine.
The impetus for the development of the PPSH came partly from the Winter War against Finland, where it was found that sub machine guns were a highly effective tool for close-quarter fighting in forests or built-up urban areas. The weapon was developed in mid-1941 and was produced in a network of factories in Moscow, with high-level local Party members made directly responsible for production targets being met.
A few hundred weapons were produced in November 1941 and another 155,000 were produced over the next five months. By spring 1942, the PPSH factories were producing roughly 3,000 units a day. The PPSH-41 was a classic example of a design adapted for mass production (other examples of such wartime design were the M3 Grease Gun, MP40 and the Sten). Its parts (excluding the barrel) could be produced by a relatively unskilled workforce with simple equipment available in an auto repair garage or tin shop, freeing up more skilled workers to other tasks. The PPSH-41 used 87 components compared to 95 for the PPD-40 and the PPSH could be manufactured with 7.3 machining hours compared with 13.7 hours for the PPD.
On the field, the PPSH was a durable, low-maintenance weapon that could fire 900 rpm. The weapon had a crude compensator to lessen muzzle climb and a hinged receiver which facilitated field-stripping and cleaning the bore in battle conditions.
Over 6 million of these weapons were produced by the end of the war. The Soviets would often equip whole regiments and even entire divisions with the weapon, giving them unmatched short-range fire power. Though 35-round curved box magazines were available from 1942, the average infantryman would keep a higher-capacity drum magazine as the initial load.The PPSH-41 drum magazine was a copy of the Finnish M31 Suomi magazine which held 71 rounds but in practice misfeeding of the spring was likely to occur with more than 65 or so. The standard load was probably one drum and a number of box magazines, when box magazines were available.
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WWII STERLING LANCHESTER MK1*
This weapon was a copy of the German MP28. The British version was made by George Lanchester of the Sterling Armaments Company. Intended for the Royal Air force and Navy, most went to the latter. Firing 9mm ammunition, it saw little service after the War.
In 1940, with the Dunkirk evacuation completed, the Royal Air Force decided to adopt some form of sub machine gun for airfield defence. With no time to spare for the development of a new weapon it was decided to adopt a direct copy of the German MP28, captured examples of which were at hand for examination. The period was so desperate that the British Admiralty decided to join with the RAF in adopting the new weapon, and played a key role in its design. By a series of convoluted events, the Admiralty alone actually adopted the Lanchester into service.
The British MP28 copy was given the general designation of Lanchester after George Lanchester who was charged with producing the weapon at the Sterling Armament Company, the same company that went on to produce the Sterling sub machine gun that is presently the standard sub machine gun of many nations.
The Lanchester was envisioned as a weapon that could be used for guarding prisoners and accompanying naval landing and assault parties. It was a very solid, extremely heavy sub machine gun, in many ways the complete opposite of its direct contemporary, the Sten.
The Lanchester had a heavy wooden butt and stock, a machined steel action and breech block, and a magazine housing made from a favourite naval construction material, solid brass. A few details typical for the era were added, such as a mounting on the muzzle for use of a long bladed British bayonet. The rifling differed from the German original in details to accommodate various lots of 9 mm ammunition then being acquired for service use. The Lanchester also used furniture from the Lee-Enfield SMLE.
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WWII MG 42 GERMAN LIGHT MACHINE GUN, 1942
The MG 42 (shortened from German: Maschinengewehr 42, or "machine gun 42") is a 7.92mm universal machine gun that was developed in Nazi Germany and entered service with the Wehrmacht in 1942.
It supplanted and in some instances, replaced the MG 34 general purpose machine gun in all branches of the German Armed Forces, though both weapons were manufactured and used until the end of the war.
This one possibly made at Zeitzer Eisengiesserei u. Maschinenbau-Aktien-Ges., Zeitz.
The MG 42 has a proven record of reliability, durability, simplicity, and ease of operation, but is most notable for being able to produce a stunning volume of suppressive fire. The MG 42 has one of the highest average rates of fire of any single-barrelled man-portable machine gun, between 1,200 and 1,500 rpm, resulting in a distinctive muzzle report.
There were other automatic weapon designs with similar fire power, such as the Hungarian-Gebauer single-barrelled tank MGs, the Russian 7.62mm GShak aircraft gun and the British Vickers K machine gun.
However, the MG 42's belt-feed and quick-change barrel system allowed for more prolonged firing in comparison to these weapons.
The MG 42's lineage continued past Nazi Germany's defeat, forming the basis for the nearly identical MG1 (MG 42/59), and subsequently evolved into the MG1A3, which was in turn followed by the MG 3. It also spawned the Swiss MG 51, SIG MG 710-3, Austrian MG 74, and the Spanish 5.56mm Ameli light machine gun, and lent many design elements to the American M60 and Belgian MAG. The MG 3 served with many armies during the Cold War and remains in use to this day.
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WW1 MG 08/15 MASCHINEN GEWEHR
The MG 08/15 is a lighter version of the MG 08 made probably as a result of the British using the Lewis Gun (the Germans had no light machine gun at the outbreak of WW1). It is identical in operation to the MG 08 and still has water cooling, unlike the Lewis, the French Chauchat and the Hotchkiss which were air cooled.
Adopted in 1915, 300,000 were produced during the war at the Spandau Arsenal, very few of the original units remain.
This example was found in a dugout in Belgium and has been restored. Dated 1917 it almost certainly saw active service during WW1. Also shown is an original drum magazine, a more common form of feeding the gun was via a 50 round belt.
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WW1 MG 08 MASCHINEN GEWEHR
The MG 08 was the standard heavy machine gun used by the German Army during the First World War, the 08 refers to its year of adoption and was a further development of the MG 01. It was similar to Hiram S Maxims 1884 model, and
remained in use until 1942, being replaced by the MG 34 (1934).
The sled mount was the more common form of mounting during WW1, other countries who adopted the weapon used tripods and wheeled mountings.
A water jacket was used to cool the barrel during its operation, steam from this chamber is fed into a receptacle and recycled by pouring the condensed water back into the jacket. The method of operation is by the recoil created by the fired bullets.
Before and during the war these guns were produced at the Government Arsenal at Spandau.
This example was captured in the Middle East by the South Staffordshire Regiment during WW1 and was given to the museum in 2005 by the South Staffordshire Regimental Museum, and has Turkish markings on the cover.
WWII PIAT ANTI-TANK WEAPON (Projector Infantry Anti-tank)
Effective Range 109 yds (98 mtrs). Metal Piercing Power 3.9 inch (100 mm).
When a projectile was fired a small charge fitted in the hollow tube within the bomb ignited; this re-cocked the weapon ready for the next bomb. Not only was the projectile unreliable in its effect but often the unit did not re-engage ready for the next bomb.
Consequently this weapon was not popular with the troops who used it. When it failed it was difficult to re-load as the operator had to stand on the shoulder piece and pull to compress a large spring until the trigger engaged.
Adopted by the British in 1943 and taken out of service in 1950. This unit is probably post war as it has not seen active service and is in new condition.
| Hand grenade |
An ammeter measures electrical what? | Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weaponry by Moseley Road Inc - issuu
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The Illustrated History of Weaponry also offers information on weapons innovators, including Alexander Forsyth, Eliphalet Remington, Samuel Colt, Sergei Mosin, the Mauser brothers, Hiram Maxim, John Browning, Richard Gatling, John T. Thompson, John Garand, Feodor Tokarev, Oliver Winchester, and Mikhail Kalashnikov. A variety of exceptional weapons of espionage, combination curiosa, and rarities rounds out the selection, making for a volume like no other. The Illustrated History of Weaponry is a classic in the making.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR Chuck Wills is a writer, editor, and consultant specializing in history, with an emphasis on military history. His work in this area includes books on the Battle of Little Bighorn, Pearl Harbor, and the Tet Offensive, as well as several volumes of an illustrated history of the American Civil War. He also writes on technology, music, and popular culture. He lives in New York City.
ABOUT THE IMPRIMATUR The Berman Museum of World History’s reputation and collection have grown exponentially since its inception in 1996. The core of the museum’s holdings is the vast and eclectic collection of Colonel Farley L. Berman (1910–1999) and his wife, Germaine (1908–1993), avid art and weaponry aficionados for more than fifty years.
Photography by f-stop fitzgerald Cover design by Brian MacMullen www.thunderbaybooks.com
WEAPONRY
In The Illustrated History of Weaponry, the extraordinary weapons from the Berman Museum of World History, some of which have never before been photographed, are collected in this one-of-a-kind volume. Within these pages, you’ll find weapons owned by Napoleon Bonaparte, Henrich Himmler, Catherine the Great, Benito Mussolini, Jefferson Davis, Belle Starr, Hermann Goering, Napoleon III, Kaiser Wilhelm, and Maximilian I.
the illustrated encylopedia of
See the History of Civilization Through the World’s Most Deadly and Fascinating Tools of Battle!
Wills Thunder Bay Press
An imprint of the Baker & Taylor Publishing Group 10350 Barnes Canyon Road, San Diego, CA 92121 Printed in China
the illustrated encylopedia of
WEAPONRY FROM FLINT AXES TO AUTOMATIC WEAPONS Chuck Wills In Association with the Berman Museum
the the illustrated illustrated encyclopedia encyclopedia of of
WEAPONRY From Flint Axes to Automatic Weapons
Chuck Chuck Wills Wills In In Association Association with with the the Berman Berman Museum Museum ofof World World History History
San Diego, California
Contents
Thunder Bay Press An imprint of the Baker & Taylor Publishing Group 10350 Barnes Canyon Road, San Diego, CA 92121 www.thunderbaybooks.com Publisher: Peter Norton Moseley Road Inc. 123, Main Street Irvington, New York 10533 www.moseleyroad.com Moseley Road Publisher: Sean Moore General Manager: Karen Prince Art Director: Tina Vaughan Production Director: Adam Moore
Foreword
Feature: Flintlock to percussion conversions
160
Photography Jonathan Conklin, Sean Moore, Assisted by Kira Tidmore Additional photography by Richard McCaffrey Picture research Jo Walton Berman Museum of World Hostory Adam Cleveland, Susan Doss, David Ford North American Compilation Copyright © 2012, Thunder Bay Press Copyright © 2012, Moseley Road Inc. Copyright under International, Pan American, and Universal Copyright Conventions. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage-and-retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright holder. Brief passages (not to exceed 1,000 words) may be quoted for reviews. “Thunder Bay” is a registered trademark of Baker & Taylor. All rights reserved. All notations of errors or omissions should be addressed to Thunder Bay Press, Editorial Department, at the above address. All other correspondence (author inquiries, permissions) concerning the content of this book should be addressed to Moseley Road Inc., [email protected] ISBN-13: 978-1-60710-501-5 ISBN-10: 1-60710-501-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request. Printed in China 1 2 3 4 5 16 15 14 13 12
Part II The origins of warfare ad100 –1500
26
Acknowledgments
320
of gunpowder into Europe brought radical change in weaponry and warfare. Its military use was first recorded in 919 c.e., and by the eleventh century “The root of the evil is not
the spirit of conquest.” —Ludwig von Mises
explosive bombs filled with gunpowder were fired from catapults in China. Europe’s initial use of gunpowder in the thirteenth century was recorded by the English philosopher Roger Bacon, and cannons were made in Florence, Italy, around 1326 with technology used by bell makers. By the
later fourteenth century, hand-held firearms made an appearance. When metal “The greatest joy a man can know is
projectiles could pierce armor, chain mail became a necessity, yet often was a
to conquer his enemies and drive them
poor defense against gunpowder and lead. Soon hand-to-hand combat was used
before him. To ride their horses and take
only as a last means of defense.
away their possessions. To see the faces of those who were dear to them bedewed with tears, and to clasp their wives and daughters in his arms.”
The design of new weaponry was not left to the military. Leonardo da Vinci, the great Renaissance artist and inventor who hated war was, however, fascinated by structure and function and the beauty of design and utility. This must have been
—Genghis Khan 7
why his great genius was used in inventing numerous weapons, including
in society, yet today’s weapons technology has not made firearms obsolete.
missiles, multibarreled machine guns, grenades, mortars, and even a modern-
The military use of precision guided missiles has changed the way modern
style tank. As deadly as these early weapons were, it would be several centuries
armies accomplish their goals and objectives. Yet, firearms and knives still
before technological advances allowed hand guns to fire more than one projectile
play an important role in warfare.
at a time. Guns did not cause the obsolescence of other weapons; knives, swords, and other implements were still needed in combat. To overcome the deficiency of single-fire weapons, combination weapons—those that could perform more than one function—were developed. Single-fire guns were fitted with bayonets, and the fighting ax contained a gun in the handle. If the shot missed the target, its user had an alternate defense source. Combination weapons continue to be
In addition to their intrinsic value as property and the worth of the materials of which they were composed (the Persian scimitar owned by both Abbas I and Catherine the Great being a case in point—see pages 108-109), weapons throughout history have represented status in society, communicating one’s prosperity and power. Many early weapons were costly, affordable only to the
manufactured today. A recent example would be a cellular phone that contains
“A sword is never a killer, it is
a small .22 caliber pistol that could be used for assassinations or easily smuggled
a tool in the killer’s hands.”
through security screening by terrorists.
—Seneca
wealthy. Rulers in Europe and Asia had weapons constructed of gold or silver and encrusted with precious stones to flaunt their wealth, not only in their own society, but to those visiting their country.
Multishot weapons appeared in the nineteenth century. Early examples called
Many beautiful weapons come from the area around Persia—what is present-
“pepperboxes” shot from five to twenty times. Perhaps the most famous
day Iran—and the Near East. Gold inlay, called damascene, embellished steel
multishot weapon was the Gatling gun, capable of firing up to 800 rounds per
blades; hilts were decorated with rubies, emeralds, and other precious stones.
minute, which—had it been introduced earlier—might have meant an earlier
Today, weapons reveal the status of their buyer, but in a different way. The
triumph by the Union Army during the U.S. Civil War. The twentieth century
country with the most weapons or the largest arsenal has the most military
saw its share of multishot weapons; one of the best known was the Thompson
power, and military power symbolizes superior world status.
submachine gun used by the likes of Roaring Twenties gangsters Dillinger and Bonnie and Clyde. Once it was adopted by the military, the multishooting
Aside from practical use, weapons have a unique appeal for collectors and
machine gun changed warfare. With one-shot guns, advancement toward
museums because of their technology, materials, craftsmanship, and beauty.
an enemy could be accomplished during reloading. With machine guns,
The most ordinary weapons tell the story of the time and the society in which
“Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” —Mao Zedong
movement on an open battlefield became more
they were made and used. Though they served and continue to serve deadly
deadly, and gunplay was performed from
purposes, weapons allow a glimpse into human history.
entrenchments and behind barricades. Technology changes were required to protect
battlefield soldiers. Tanks and other armored vehicles were developed in the early twentieth century to reduce battle casualties by protecting soldiers as they advanced across an open battlefield. In the modern era, technology continues to change the way weapons function 8
ROBERT LINDLEY Berman Museum of World History, Anniston, Alabama,
9
The FIRST WEAPONS
The First Weapons Between 5 million and 1.5 million years ago, the early hominids Australopithecus lived in Africa’s Olduvai Gorge. At some point, one of them chipped a small rock against another to create a crude cutting edge— the first tool. This modest event was the “big bang” for human technology—including weaponry.
When the Stone Age began around 3 million years ago, the first modern humans learned to fashion basic tools from stone. Between 600,000 and 100,000 bce, multipurpose tools like the hand-ax replaced cruder implements as humans developed techniques to “flake” blades from stone, especially flint.
Clovis Points
From Hunting to War
How and when hunting weapons began to be used against humans rather than animals, and when warfare as an organized activity developed, are controversial questions. In anthropological circles, no subject is more hotly debated than whether human aggression toward other humans is “hardwired” in our DNA or if it is imparted culturally. But it’s likely that prehistoric peoples fought over hunting territory, especially as the climatic changes that occurred throughout the period transformed landscapes. In 1964, archaeologists found the bodies of more than fifty people—both men and women—at Jebel Sahaba, a site in what is now Egypt near the Sudanese border dating from between 12000 and 5000 bce. They had been killed with stone-bladed weapons. To some archaeologists and historians, the number of bodies and the manner of their deaths seemed to be evidence that prehistoric warfare went beyond mere raiding and territorial clashes.
FLINT AX Uncovered in Denmark, this impressive example of a flint ax dates from around 10,000 bce. By the time of this early Mesolithic (middle Stone Age) era, tools such as this were vital for the hunting activities that had become well established among the primitive peoples. Note the especially detailed chiselling on the ax edges.
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In this pre-agricultural time, procuring a steady food supply was the main priority. Spears were the earliest weapons used to hunt mammals, and by 250,000– 100,000 bce hunters had hardened the ends of wooden spears or tipped them with edged stone. The development of the atlatl, or spear thrower, greatly increased the spear’s
BASIC IMPLEMENT A prehistoric stone tool from around 400,000 bce, when humans were fashioning primitive hand-axes for general cutting and chopping purposes.
range and power. The bow and arrow came on the scene around 10,000 bce, as did the knife in its modern form. The Stone Age ended in different parts of the world at varying times as copper, bronze, and then iron were discovered across the globe. These metals would lead to the birth of a whole new breed of tools and weapons. Spear and Arrowheads
MAYA WEAPONS A selection of blades from the Maya civilization, which was present in Central America from around 2,000 bce until the 17th century. Made from stone such as flint and obsidian, the Mayas would use these as knives and as tips for spears.
stone HAND-AX This Paleolithic hand-ax was discovered in gravel pits in southern England. Its near-heart shape reflects a more advanced stoneworking style than the adjacent example.
STONE ARROWHEAD Native American tribes crafted stone arrowheads such as this example for hunting. Later, the weapons would be used to defend themselves against white settlers.
EARLy HUNTers A prehistoric cave painting at the UNESCO World Heritage site in Bhimbetka, India, depicting hunters using a variety of weapons to catch their prey. The presence of a bow and arrow suggests that this particular drawing was created in the Mesolithic era, from between 10,000 and 5,000 bce.
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PREHISTORIC AND ANCIENT WEAPONS
stone and wood
Stone and Wood The characteristics of flint— predominantly the ease with which a sharp edge could be forged from it—meant that this was the stone of choice for the earliest implements. Nevertheless, as their skills developed, ancient peoples turned to other types of stone, as well as wood and even bone, to create tools and weapons.
GREENSTONE CELT Archaeologists use the term celt (from the late Latin celtis, meaning “chisel”) to describe the stone (and later bronze) ax- and adzeheads used by early peoples. These celts, from North America, are made from greenstone. A very hard rock found in riverbeds, greenstone is hard to work, but its durability is similar to that of iron. While these celts were used as woodworking tools, they and similar blades are the early ancestors of weapons like the battle-ax.
AX Head A full-grooved ax head dating from between 1000 and 1500 CE. The groove allowed the head to be mounted on a wooden handle.
STEATITE HOE A hoe blade is made from steatite, a variety of soapstone with a high chalk content. Being fairly easy to shape, steatite was used for tools, decorative objects, and weapons by many early people. This example comes from the Mississippian Native American culture (c. 1000–1500 CE) in what is now the southeastern United States.
BOLA Like the atlatl, the bola or bolas (from the Spanish boleadros, or “balls”) was a simple but elegant and highly effective weapon. First used by indigenous peoples of South America to hunt animals like guanaco, the bola, such as the one shown here, consisted of round weights— usually three, sometimes more—attached to cords. The user whirled the cords overhead and then launched the bola at the animal to entangle its legs. The bola’s ability to immobilize an animal without wounding or killing it led to its later adoption by South American gauchos (cowboys) for rounding up cattle.
JAdeite Ax This impressive Neolithic ax from 4,000–2,000 bce was discovered in Canterbury, southern England. It was fashioned from jadeite, a material that was particularly challenging to work with due to its density.
Banner stone
ATLATL One of the most effective early weapons was the atlatl, or spear thrower. This consisted of a grooved wooden shaft, into which the user placed a spear or dart; a hook-like projection at the end of the shaft held the projectile in place until the user was ready to “fire” by thrusting the atlatl toward the target. The additional force provided by the atlatl sent the spear flying with much more speed than if it had been thrown by hand, and thus increased its impact on the target. A refinement to the basic design added a small weight, or banner stone (like the one shown far right) to increase resistance.
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Ancient Metallurgy Around six thousand years ago the discovery of pure copper in Anatolia—in present-day Turkey—opened up the possibility of weapons made, or partly made, of metal. Knowledge of copper smelting passed to Mesopotamia and Egypt, and by 3500 bc use of the metal for weapons had spread to Europe, India, and China. Copper was commonly smelted alongside tin and the two molten metals combined to form bronze.
Unlike iron, which was first used around 1300 bc, copper and bronze were relatively soft metals producing arrow tips and sword blades that did not long retain their sharpness. However, casting metal did allow strongly integrated weapons to be made; for example, in the late European Bronze Age (c. 750–760 bc), bronze axheads were cast with a socket to achieve a secure bond with their hafts, which were usually made of wood.
sharper blades
Whether intended for hunting animals or for human combat, weapons made from wood were always susceptible to breakage in use, as were the tips of flint arrowheads and spearheads, which had to be laboriously knapped with rudimentary tools. Despite their relative softness, copper blades could be relied upon to remain sharp for longer than flint or wood. When copper was combined with tin, the resulting bronze produced yet sharper blades. Other metals, including aluminum and silicone were also used. All such alloys produced sharper blades than copper alone.
integrated weapons
The inherent weakness of a Stone Age weapon was the join between its sharpened stone head and its wooden haft. Stone axheads, for example, were tanged, or bound to their hafts using string or leather strips. The forces involved in chopping with an ax inevitably caused the head to loosen. Flint arrowheads were equally susceptible to such loosening and arrows would have been less reliable as a result. With the advent of casting in bronze, arrowheads and spearheads could be made with an integrated socket into which a shaped wooden arrow or spear was tightly inserted.
Some bronze arrowheads and spearheads featured a hole in the socket to enable a metal pin to further secure the join. Swords, too, were cast in a single piece, requiring only a comfortable grip to be bound to the hilt.
ORNAMENTATION
Stone Age weapons offered little scope for decoration but by the late Bronze Age craftsmen were making highly ornamented cutting weapons, shields, and helmets. The most impressive of these were wielded by chieftains, either on the battlefield or as powerful signs of office in tribal ceremonies.
BRONZE IN ANCIENT EGYPT
In this stone carving at the early New Kingdom mortuary temple (c. 1490–1460 bc) of Queen Hatshepsut at Thebes, Egypt, axmen carry axes that have socketed bronze heads.
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN COPPER AX This battle ax has a long socket for the handle. The design is typical, with holes in the blade to make it lighter and save on precious raw materials.
Half-moon blade
Copper color
Arsenic is generally gray-white
SMELTING Copper and Tin Copper is the main ingredient in bronze, with tin being the key additive. Originally, though, arsenic was used in place of tin.
CHINESE COIN Molded copper alloy coins were made in China for 2,000 years, from the third century bc.
Scriptlike ornament
Axheads This ancient copper axhead has clearly been well used and its soft blade edge has been blunted and damaged.
Lip to drink from
Three legs
CHINESE VESSELS Bronze drinking vessels were common in China from the sixteenth to eleventh centuries bc. Some were used for storing wine and could be quite large. Others were jugs or goblets. Such vessels often had ritual uses and were decorated accordingly.
early metal weapons
Early Metal Weapons The Bronze Age was a huge technological advance for humankind. During this period, people first learned how to create tools—and weapons—by refining, smelting, and casting metal ores. Because different cultures developed metalwork at different times, the term “Bronze Age” covers a wide time period. It is also
copper ore Malachite is one of several minerals from which copper can be extracted. It is broken down at temperatures above around 480°F to leave copper dioxide.
hammering and tempering them in water, iron weapons began to replace those of copper and bronze. Historians generally date the start of the Iron Age to between 1200 and 1000 bce. Around a thousand years later, Indian and Chinese metalsmiths learned how to combine iron with carbon to create an even stronger metal—steel.
AX HEADS A pair of Bronze Age copper ax heads. Such an ax was carried by “Ötzi”—a mummified man whose remains, dating from about 3300 bce, were found frozen into a glacier on the Austrian-Italian border in 1991. One theory about Ötzi’s death holds that he died of wounds sustained from an attack by a band of hunters attempting to take his prized implement.
MOLDing the material This mold was discovered near to a section of copper ax (far right) in Cát Tiên, southern Vietnam. The site was home to a civilization that dated from the 4th century ce, highlighting how copper was introduced across the world at different times.
Copper ax-head
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN COPPER AX This battle-ax has a long socket for the handle. The design is typical, with holes in the blade to make it lighter and save on precious raw materials.
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bce, and over the next millennium or so the use of copper and, later, bronze spread into Europe and also developed independently in South America. Once metalsmiths had figured out how to achieve the high temperatures needed to smelt iron ore by using charcoal, and how to fortify iron implements by
MAKING BRONZE Key to the inception of metal weapons was the discovery of the means to extract a metal from its ore. In terms of bronze, a copper ore was heated in a charcoal fire and tin ore later added, to create a strong, adaptable alloy.
A NEWFOUND STRENGTH
Copper and especially bronze weapons offered vast advantages in strength, sharpness, and durability over stone weapons. So significant were these metals that historians credit their development with spurring the growth of urban civilizations by creating a class of skilled metalworkers, and with greater contact between scattered peoples as traders traveled far abroad in search of copper and tin deposits. Bronze and copper weapons also helped ancient armies overwhelm opponents who had not mastered the new technology. Bronze, however, had some disadvantages—chiefly that while copper was a fairly common ore, deposits of its other component, tin, were concentrated in just a few locations, like Britain and Central Europe.
something of a misnomer, because in its earliest phase, copper rather than true bronze (an alloy of about 90 percent copper and 10 percent tin) was used. This period is sometimes sub-categorized as the Chalcolithic Age. Copper metallurgy was known in China and the Eastern Mediterranean by 3500–3000
NATIVE AMERICAN DAGGER A ceremonial dagger belonging to the native Kwakiutl people, who have lived in the Pacific Northwest region of British Columbia in Canada since around 7,000 bce. As well as copper, the piece is made from wood, nails, bone and twine.
DECORATED HEAD A detail of the copper head of the dagger (right), which features a depiction of a bear. The Kwakiutl have traditionally been renowned for their rituals and for ceremonies where gifts such as this would be bestowed.
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PREHISTORIC AND ANCIENT WEAPONS
bronze
Bronze As bronze began to be used by different cultures around the world, new types of weapons were fashioned. These implements also became more elaborate, with simple blades used for arrowheads and spears being followed by larger weapons such as daggers, swords, and scabbards. FROM STONE TO METAL Sickles were originally made from flint, but the advent of new metals led to sharper, more durable examples being made. This Bronze Age sickle would have been attached to a wooden handle and used for agricultural purposes such as cutting crops or clearing areas of vegetation.
SHORT SWORD A Greek short sword, with a blade made between 3200 and 1150 BCE. The decorated hilt and pommel were attached at a later point in history.
BRONZE DAGGER An extremely rare Bronze Age dagger—one of the objects found in Luristan. Dating from between 1200 and 800 BCE, it has a double-edged blade 11in/28cm long and a finely wrought handle with finger grooves.
EUROPEAN BLADE Made from bronze, this ornate blade is from the Hallstatt culture, which predominated in central Europe between the 8th and 6th centuries bce. Though it may have been used as a knife, the circular holes indicate that it might also have served as a spearhead.
EGYPTIAN FRIEZE A stone-carved frieze in the Ramesseum at Luxor depicting Ramesses II firing a bow and arrow. By the time the Egyptian Pharaoh came to power in 1279 bce, bronze weapons were commonplace in Ancient Egypt.
SPEARHEAD This is a modern replica of a late Bronze Age spearhead from the Mycenaean Era—a period named for the Greek city-state that dominated much of the Mediterranean world from 3000 to about 1000 BCE. It has a fluted, leaf-shaped blade and an overall length of 27.5in/70cm.
BRONZE AGE AX HEAD This impressive bronze ax-head was among a number of 9th–8th century bce items found at St Erth in Cornwall, southwest England. Measuring 5in/13cm, the piece would have been cast in a mold and attached to a wooden handle.
PERSIAN ARROWHEAD Made of solid bronze, this arrowhead was found in the Luristan Mountains of Persia (modern Iran) and dates from sometime between 1800 and 700 BCE. Exactly who made this weapon and similar objects is debated; they may have been brought to the site by nomadic tribes from what is now Russia, or created locally.
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PREHISTORIC AND ANCIENT WEAPONS
iron
Iron Following on from stone and bronze, iron was the last—and arguably the most important— of the three major toolmaking eras. Once the difficulties of extracting and then purifying iron from its ore had been overcome, an abundant new material was available that would eventually supersede bronze. When iron was turned into the tougher alloy of steel through the addition of carbon, it would transform the nature of weaponry and revolutionize societies around the world.
EARLY IRON AGE SWORD This 3,000-year sword features an iron blade with a bronze handle. Note the high level of corrosion of the iron component as a result of the metal’s oxidation process.
MIXTURE OF METALS As this Iranian ax-head from the 9th century bce illustrates, bronze was still being used for weaponry during the early Iron Age. Here, the iron blade is set in a bronze head decorated with feline imagery.
MULTIPURPOSE tool This iron dagger and sheath would have been carried by an individual working the land in early 16th-century Germany. With its additional smaller knife and skewer, it served a purpose as both a weapon and a general tool.
barbed TIP A barbed iron arrow point that would have commonly been seen across Medieval Europe. This example may have been an arrowhead for use with a longbow or the tip of a “javelin”-type weapon.
meteorites, Myths and Magic The first human contact with iron was through the discovery of iron meteorites. Their celestial origins gave rise to the belief that iron was a magical element, and weapons forged from meteoric iron were given a mythical significance. Initially considered more valuable than gold, astral iron was used to make one of the two daggers discovered in Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1924.
RITUAL DAGGER This elaborate Tibetan ritual dagger features a three-sided iron blade. Its handle is adorned with silver, while a mythical aquatic creature at the hilt and an opened-mouthed deity at the end of the handle are made from gold.
HAND PROTECTion A Japanese tsuba, or sword guard, made from iron. This often-ornate element of a sword was positioned at the base of the blade to protect the hands during combat.
IRON ARMOR A set of protective iron armor plates from 3rd-century Korea. At this time, the area was split into Three Kingdoms, with armies from various dynasties fighting for control of the Korean peninsula.
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WEAPONS OF WAR This selection of maces and arrows originated in the south Caucus region that covers the lower part of Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. It was the first area in Russia to begin mining iron ore on a large scale.
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Clubs and Spears In many indigenous societies, the warrior’s priorities were to prove his personal courage (thus elevating his social status) or to seize loot or to capture the enemy for enslavement or (as in the Aztec Empire in Mexico) for ritual sacrifice. Traditional weapons—club and spear, along with a bow and arrows—were used because they
Clubs and Spears
required the user to get close to his opponent, which was more honorable. Combat was often highly ritualized and subject to strict rules—in parts of Polynesia, for example, the use of the bow and arrow was apparently forbidden in warfare but permitted in ceremonial competitions. The use of traditional weapons persisted
in some places even after traders arrived with guns to sell. Still, the indigenous peoples could see the effectiveness of firearms, especially as they began to lose their lives and lands to the white newcomers. A British sailor who encountered the Tlingit people of Alaska in the 1790s summed it up: “Their former weapons, Bows
and Arrows, Spears and Clubs are now thrown aside & Forgotten. At Nootka . . . everyone had his musket. Thus they are supplied with weapons which they no sooner possess than they turn against their donors. Few ships have been on the coast that have not been attack’d . . . and in general many lives . . . lost on both sides.”
war: a way of life
For many of the indigenous peoples of what Europeans dubbed the “New World”—the Americas and the islands of the Pacific—warfare was a way of life. In some cultures, all neighboring peoples who weren’t explicitly allies were considered enemies, and no young male was considered fully a man until he’d been tested in battle. At the same time, however, warfare in these areas differed in concept from what historian Victor Davis Hanson termed “the Western Way of War,” in which the annihilation of the enemy was the goal.
NORTHWEST INDIAN CLUBS The war club was a common weapon among many North American peoples; shown here are two distinct examples from the Pacific Northwest. The carving and decoration on the upper one indicate it might have been for ceremonial use. Decorative carved outline
Drumstick
TLINGIT CLUB and DRUM A ceremonial war club and drum of the Tlingit people of southern Alaska. Tlingit clubs were made of a variety of materials, including ivory and bone, and a special type of club was used in rituals to kill enemy captives taken in battle.
PLAINS INDIAN WAR CLUB A war club of the Sioux (Lakota) people of the North American Great Plains, consisting of a stone head fixed to a wooden shaft. For the Plains warriors, there was no greater honor than getting close enough to an enemy to make physical contact with such a weapon— an act known as “counting coup.”
Stylized faces and figures
Stone head
Simple linear artwork
SIOUX DANCE CLUB Ritual music and dance played a major role in the spiritual life of many North American indigenous peoples, including the Sioux; the beaded club shown here was used in these ceremonies.
Strong color constrasts Geometric designs
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The club’s hitting surface is the animal’s snout
Hole for wrist strap
MAORI PATU The short-handled war club, or patu, was the principal weapon of the Maori people of New Zealand. It could be carved from the wood of the kauri tree, whalebone, or jade, as in the example shown here. The hole in the handle would have accommodated a leather thong attaching the weapon to the warrior’s wrist.
African Club This distinctive club is a simple representation of the head of a cow or bull. As symbols of a person’s wealth, cattle have always been very important to African tribespeople so it is likely that this club belonged to an important member of the tribe and would have been used for ceremonial purposes. It was made in the nineteenth century.
Scratched decoration with pigment coloring
Iron african Club Made in the early nineteenth century, this iron club is the work of a skilled artisan. Along with snakes on the handle, its head has an intricate plaited ribbon ornamentation.
Snakes twist up the handle
ZULU SPEAR A Zulu umKhonto (spear), which is very similar to the famous Zulu assegai. The decision by the great Zulu leader Shaka (1787–1828) to equip his warriors with these stabbing spears—replacing longer and rather ineffective throwing spears—helped the Zulu forge a vast empire.
FIJIAN WAR CLUB A Polynesian war club, made of wood and with blue decoration. In some areas, especially the Hawaiian Islands, such clubs were edged with shark’s teeth.
Saw-toothed edge
Macaw feathers
AMAZON SPEAR A ceremonial spear of the Caraja people, who live on the banks of the Araguaia River, deep in the Brazilian rainforest. These spears are usually adorned with the feathers of birds like eagles and macaws. Base of metal spear head where it would attached to wood or bamboo pole
FIJIAN CALACULA A Fijian calacula, or club, with a saw-tooth “blade.” Fijian warriors used a wide variety of clubs and sometimes decorated them with teeth taken from slain enemies.
indian Wooden Club This wooden club from India has been carefully carved with plenty of decorative detailing around the head and on the handle. Viewed from the top the head resembles a sunflower. This amount of ornamentation suggests that the club had a use beyond mere protection and warfare. It dates from the late nineteenth century.
JAPANESE SPEAR The head of a Japanese spear (yari) from the eighteenth century. The weapon first came into widespread use in the fourteenth century, and several variations subsequently developed. Generally, Japanese infantry used a long version, which could be up to 20 feet in length, while Samurai carried a shorter model. Heavy ribbed head
BOAR SPEAR This European spear was used for hunting wild boar, a favorite pastime of the European nobility: A 1547 inventory of arms at the Tower of London lists a number of “Boar speres” owned by King Henry VIII of England. They could also be used on the battlefield.
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Bows and Crossbows
Bows and Crossbows The bow and arrow date back to at least the Mesolithic Era (c. 8000–2700 BC) and the weapon is common to peoples in every part of the world. By providing a means of killing at a distance, the bow and arrow was a huge Short BOWS
Mounted archers, often fighting from chariots, were an important component of the armies of empires like the Assyrians and Egyptians in ancient times. The Greeks and Romans, however, preferred the sword and spear, and when they were at their most influential the number of
advance in hunting—and in warfare, especially after composite bows came into use around 3000 BC. Composite bows were constructed using layers of sinew and horn to reinforce the basic wooden structure, giving
archers fell in European armies. The use of the bow revived in Europe during the medieval era in the form of the longbow and crossbow. The bow and arrow remained the primary weapon of the nomadic “horse peoples” of Central Asia. Perhaps the greatest masters of the art of bow-and-arrow
it greater strength, flexibility, and overall effectiveness. The development of the recurved bow, in which the tips of the bow face in the opposite direction from the user when the bow is drawn and fired, was another technical
advance: Recurving allowed a more efficient application of energy. In addition, because recurved bows were shorter and more compact than “straight” bows, they were better suited to use on horseback.
warfare were the Mongols who, starting in the early thirteenth century, conquered vast stretches of Asia and made inroads into Europe and the Middle East. They had short, composite recurved bows with an effective range of 1000 feet and a variety of specialized arrows—some for long-range targets, some for close-in fighting.
Bows and Arrows CENTRAL AMERICAN INDIAN BOW The indigenous peoples of Central and South America made graceful bows for use in hunting, fishing, and warfare; arrows were often tipped with curare or other poisons. The bow shown here is from Panama. AFRICAN BOWS These bows reflect the geographic and ethnic diversity of the African continent. Some peoples, especially those who lived in jungle areas where hunting tended to be at short range, used relatively short bows; others, like those who lived in the highlands of what is now Kenya, used longer bows, similar to the pair made of pale wood above.
FLAMING ARROWS Once the tip was dipped in a flammable substance and set alight, flaming arrows were fired at fortifications in hopes of setting them afire, or into enemy formations. The arrow shown here came from Sempach, where Swiss and Austrian forces clashed in 1386.
Darts have cotton “vanes”
Cloth soaked in flammable substance
Rolled up signaling flag
JAPANESE SIGNAL ARROWS Arrows have been used not only as combat projectiles but for signaling as well. These eighteenthcentury Japanese arrows had a small cloth flag wound around the shaft, which opened upon firing.
Groove for bow string
INDO-PERSIAN Bow A eighteenth-century Indo-Persian bow, shown unstrung.
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Barbs helped the arrow to stay put
AFRICAN ARROWS A variety of arrows used by the Wellengulu people of Kenya’s Aberdare Mountains.
AFRICAN QUIVER An African quiver (arrow holder) from around 1900. Made of wicker and waterproofed with resin, it held arrows and poison darts. The darts were used with a blowpipe and had cotton wadding instead of feather vanes.
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longbows
Bows and Crossbows
Originally developed in Wales, the longbow was adopted by the English and used to deadly effect against the French during the battles of the Hundred Years War (1337–1453). Made of elm or yew and generally about six feet long, the weapon had a range of up to 600 feet. It was not always aimed directly at single targets; English longbowmen mastered the tactic of sending swarms of arrows raining down on the enemy from above. This proved devastating to French knights: One wrote that before the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, “The French were
boasting that they would cut off the three fingers of the right hand of all the archers that should be taken prisoners [so] neither man nor horse should ever again be killed with their arrows.” Among the longbow’s disadvantages were that it required considerable strength and training to use effectively.
Crossbows
The crossbow, chiefly used in Continental Europe, had a short bow attached at right angles to a wooden (sometimes metal) stock. It fired either arrows or metal bolts, known as
quarrels, at a range of up to 1000 feet. Prior to the introduction of firearms, the crossbow was the most technically advanced weapon in European warfare—and one of the most feared, because its bolts could pierce even plate armor. The Church, in fact, tried to ban its use (at least by Christians against Christians) in 1139. It had a slow rate of fire, however, as drawing back the bowstring either with a winch-like device or by placing a foot on a “stirrup” fixed to the stock and pulling the weapon upward required considerable time and effort.
Crossbows
sporting CROSSBOW A seventeenth-century sporting crossbow such as the one pictured proved excellent for shooting game or targets. The crossbow is still viable for military usage today, as a weapon for silent killing by special forces.
Nut to hold bowstring
CHILD’S CROSSBOW A seventeenth-century toy crossbow.
Stirrup to tension bowstring
lever crossbow Based on a medieval design, this crossbow has a stirrup. While tensioning the bowstring, the user would place a foot into the stirrup to keep the crossbow steady. The stirrup also kept the bindings off the ground.
Bowstring with looped ends
ornamented crossbow With its complex stirrup and decorative curved butt, this crossbow was probably made for hunting game as well as warfare. It has a cranequin—a toothed metal rack with a handle, used to crank the bowstring.
Firing lever Box of bolts
Wooden bolt with iron tip
CHINESE REPEATING CROSSBOW A very rare example of the Chinese repeating crossbow, or chukonu. A box mounted on top of the frame held the bolts, which were fed into firing position by operating a lever. There are accounts of its use as far back as the second century, and reportedly some were used by Chinese troops as recently as the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95). Trigger to release bolt
Crossbow Of unknown origin, this late nineteenth-century crossbow is furnished with a seventeenth-century bolt and has plain brass fittings. Butt
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maces and flails
Maces and Flails The mace—a heavy club with a broad head often studded with spikes or knobs—has its roots in prehistory; the first known examples date from the Bronze Age (see pp 20–21) and the earliest depiction of its use in battle comes from the ancient Egyptian Narmer Palette dating from around 3100 bce. While the use of mace-type
weapons in the “Old World” declined in the Classical Era, they gained a new lease on life in Medieval Europe thanks to their effectiveness against armor. A variation on the mace was the flail, which had a heavy head attached to a shaft by a chain: infantry used a two-handed design, while horsemen used a shorter, single-handed variant.
Maces The Medieval revival of the mace came in response to the increasing use of chain mail and, later, plate armor in warfare—not only in Europe, but also in Northern Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. The mace (now typically of iron or steel construction) didn’t necessarily have to penetrate armor; a strong blow was often enough to break an opponent’s limb or skull or otherwise stun or incapacitate him. Between the eleventh and thirteenth century, however, flanged maces appeared; these had heads with
bladelike metal ridges that could penetrate armor. Other versions had spikes, which also had armor-piercing qualities. Maces were most commonly used by foot soldiers, but shorter versions, more suited to mounted use, were often carried by knights. Cheap to make and simple to use, the mace was also a favorite weapon of peasant revolutionaries, like the Hussites (followers of the religious and political reformer Jan Hus) in early fifteenth-century Bohemia (now the Czech Republic).
The Ceremonial Mace The mace was also a favorite weapon of fighting clergy, because unlike a sword or other edged weapon, it could wound or kill without shedding blood, which was forbidden by the canonical law of the Roman Catholic Church. (Modern historians, however, dispute whether the mace and similar weapons were used to any significant extent by Medieval churchmen—although the Bayeux Tapestry, which chronicles the Norman invasion of England in 1066, depicts Bishop Odo of Bayeux wielding a large mace.)
Like the halberd (see pp 40–45), over time the mace went from being a combat weapon to a ceremonial object and a symbol of authority. In England and Scotland, elaborately decorated maces have long been carried in civic and academic processions by “sergeants at arms,” mayors, and other worthies. In the British Parliament’s House of Commons, for example, a mace lies on the table in front of the Speaker during debates.
Leather thong
ceremonial MACEs The mace as a real weapon went out of use with the disappearance of heavy armor. Ceremonial maces are often made from precious metals such as silver, sometimes with elaborate engravings.
Rare Bulwa A rare Caucasian Commander’s Bulwa (Russian Mace) with an oval soapstone head capped with silver and a silver-mounted wooden shaft.
Metal spring
Morning star mace This English mace from the 1400s gets its name from the shape of its spiked head. This unusual example has a metal spring neck and a wooden handle making it something of a hybrid between a mace and a flail.
Heavy metal coins
TURKISH MACE This rare Turkish mace is topped with a spear blade. The wooden head includes heavy coins attached by chains for added punch. The coins date the mace to either the late fourteenth or the early fifteenth century. The short length (22 in) indicates that it was probably intended for use on horseback.
Indian mace and pistol Dating from the mid-sixteenth century, this unusual mace is from Tanjore (Thanjavur), India. It has a hilt and a vaned head containing a percussion pistol, which was added at a later date.
Pistol flintlock
maces and flails
Maces and Flails continued . . . Flanged head
ENGLISH FLAIL An English flail from the time of King Henry VII (r. 1485– 1509). While similar to the morgenstern in design, flails usually had several lengths of chain or spiked balls attached to a shaft, although this example has only one. A major advantage of the flail was that it could be swung over or around a knight’s shield.
INDIAN MACE The Indian mace shown here dates from about 1550. It has a flanged head, designed to penetrate—or at least dent—armor.
MORGENSTERN One of the most common types of sixteenth-century European maces was the morgenstern, which had a spiked head attached to the shaft. The morgenstern was used extensively by the Habsburgs, and the name comes from either the German for “morning star,” likely a reference to its sunlike spiked head, or as a grim joke based on the fact that the weapon was often used in dawn raids on enemy encampments.
Flails
Spiked head
English flail This variation on the English flail has a wooden handle and a slender chain making it lighter to wield.
Spiked head
Slender chain
GRAIN Flails It is thought that military flails originated from farming implements used for threshing—separating grain crops into grain and straw. The striking head was attached to a handle with rope or leather.
Leather flail An unusual flail with a knotted hardwood striking head attached to a wooden handle by leather straps. A leather thong secured the weapon to its owners wrist.
Bone flail A more “primitive” flail design using knotted leather for the handle and bone for the striking heads. Leather handle
Plaited leather
These threshing flails have a short wooden striking head attached to a longer handle by a leather “hinge.”
As depicted here, threshing flails were designed to be used with two hands and had a long wooden shaft. Military flails were more frequently adapted to be held in one hand for use on horseback. Twisted iron links
Russian flails Military flails of 18th-century Russian insurgents.
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The Crusades “Deus Vult!” (“God wills it!”) proclaimed Pope Urban II at Clermont, France, in 1095. Instead of fighting each other, the Pope wanted the Christian nobility of Europe to unite in order to stem the tide of Islamic expansion in the East and restore the Holy Land to Christian rule. The result was the Crusades—a number of separate conflicts over several hundred years (the term derives from crux, or crus, Latin for “cross,” and probably
Crusader vs. Saracen
refers to the cross depicted on the cloth garment worn by the European Crusaders; eventually “Crusade” signified any “holy war”). Despite initial military successes, the Crusaders ultimately failed to achieve their objectives and fostered a deep hostility between the Western and Islamic worlds that persists today. However, they also led to a cultural exchange between West and East—an exchange that was reflected in weaponry and warfare.
The invading Crusaders and their Islamic opponents (whom they dubbed “Saracens”) had fundamentally different styles of fighting. In the words of British historian John Keegan, “Crusading warfare was a strange contest, which confronted the face-to-face warriors of the north European tradition with the evasive, harrying tactics of the steppe horsemen.” The Saracens drew on the traditions of the “horse peoples” of Central Asia, with their highly mobile armies of mounted bowmen and hitand-run tactics. Using a composite bow, a horseman could penetrate chain mail at up to
Sieges in the holy land
While on the offensive, the Crusaders laid siege to cities like Jerusalem, which fell after a relatively brief military onslaught in 1099. Within a century, however, Jerusalem had been recaptured and the Crusaders
driven into a handful of castles and other fortified positions on the Mediterranean coast. Now it was their turn to endure siege. They discovered that the Saracens were adept at this kind of warfare, particularly in their use of incendiary (flame-producing) weapons. While under siege themselves, the Saracens had used inflammable compounds to set fire to the siege towers used during Crusader attempts to scale castle walls or tunnel underneath them. Now the Saracens used trebuchets and other siege engines to hurl incendiaries. However, hunger, thirst, and disease were greater threats to the defenders.
MAmELUKE SWORD AND SCABBARD With its curved blade and simple cross-hilt, the Mameluke sword was derived from the sabers used by the Mamlukes of Eygpt. These warriors beat first the Mongols in 1260 and then the Crusaders in 1291, a success that led to the end of the Crusades in 1302.
Strengthened tip to protect sword
THE CHRISTIAN ONSLAUGHT
475 feet. In contrast, the European forces had at their epicenter a nucleus of knights—heavily loaded down with lances, swords, chain-mail armor, and metal helmets—who considered anything other than close combat with the enemy to be dishonorable, and whose preferred tactic was an all-out charge.
A stained-glass window celebrates the “heroic” Crusader forcing Saracens into retreat. In reality, the Crusades were marked by brutality and mass slaughter of civilians.
Quillon block
Brass scabbard
Ferrule
ENGLISH FLAIL Flails had one or more lengths of chain or spiked balls attached to a shaft. A major advantage of this type of weapon was that it could be swung over or around a knight’s shield, delivering a severe body blow if well aimed.
Heavy, spiked ball Head fully protected
CROSS Dagger This wooden cross from France conceals a deadly surprise: a dagger with a 9½-inch scalloped blade.
Cruciform hilt
Spikes could dent or penetrate armor
Marquetry-style woodwork
KNIGHTS OF MALTA SWORD Also known as Knights Hospitaller and Order of St. John of Jerusalem, the Knights of Malta was an order of “warrior monks” founded to protect Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land during the Crusades.
Cross attached to the visor
Blade hidden within
Helmet and armor The crusading knight was a forbidding sight with his full face helmet and chain mail body armor. However, these outfits had drawbacks: They were uncomfortable to wear and hindered movement.
Narrow slits for the eyes
Pole Arms and Axes A pole arm is a weapon with a blade or pointed tip attached to a long shaft. While pole arms have existed in various forms since prehistoric times, they gained prominence in the Medieval and Renaissance eras in Europe and elsewhere as a means of dealing with cavalry; the length of pole arms like the halberd extended the foot soldier’s “reach” by providing the means of attacking a mounted opponent while staying out of range of sword The Halberd and the Pike
While there were many different types of European pole arms, the “classic models” were the halberd and the pike. First appearing in the fourteenth century and usually about 5 ft long, the halberd was a triple-threat weapon: it was topped with a spiky point to keep mounted opponents at bay; a hook that could be used to pull an opponent out of the saddle; and an ax-head that could penetrate armor. The pike—a simple, spear-like weapon consisting of a metal head attached to a wooden shaft—came into widespread use in the twelfth century, and was originally used as a defensive weapon against cavalry. The Swiss, however, turned the pike into a formidable offensive weapon, arming phalanx-like infantry formations called Gewalthaufen with pikes as long as 22 ft.
Pole Arms Around the World
Warriors in other cultures also made extensive use of pole arms, for the same reasons as Europeans—besides their effectiveness against cavalry, they were relatively simple to manufacture and didn’t require lengthy training to use. While the Samurai of Medieval Japan, for example, are popularly associated with the sword (see pp 96–97), they were supported by foot soldiers who wielded yari (spears). The spear—whether used as a thrown weapon or as a stabbing implement in close
SWISS POLE ARM The head of a Swiss pole arm. The effectiveness of Swiss infantry equipped with pole arms, particularly the pike, made them among the most feared warriors in Europe during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
combat—remained a mainstay of warriors in many cultures until the spread of firearms around the world. Perhaps the greatest spearmen in history are the Zulu warriors of Southern Africa: formed into units called impis and armed with the short assegai spear, they conquered much of the region in the early nineteenth century. The following five pages show an interesting sampling of pole arms and axes spanning the globe and dating from the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries.
INDO-PERSIAN LANCE HEAD A twin-bladed Indo-Persian lance head, used during the Qajar Dynasty (1794–1925).
PARTISAN The partisan, or partizan, was a type of spear or pike with ax-heads below the blade—though over time, as shown here, the ax-heads became mostly decorative.
decorative ax-head
Curved blade
Slender hook
French pole arm This pole arm, which has a simple shape resembling a spear, was used by partisans in France in the eighteenth century.
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thrusts. The battle-ax was another ancient weapon that found a new usefulness when pitted against armored warriors. The introduction of firearms and the subsequent decline in the battlefield prominence of heavily armored horsemen downgraded pole arms to ceremonial use in the West, though the pike retained its usefulness—as a means of protecting firearm-equipped infantry—well into the gunpowder era.
Pole arms and axes
Engraved head
ITALIAN POLE ARM The glaive, or fouchard, is a European pole arm with a single-edged knife-like blade, usually 18 in, fixed to a shaft of up to 7 ft in length. Some versions—like the Italian examples shown here—also had one or more hooks to snag riders from the saddle. As with the halberd, glaives took on a more ceremonial role as firearms changed European warfare.
ENGLISH POLE ARMS Here are two examples of the English pike. While the introduction of the bayonet led to the decline of the pike in land battle, they were used in boarding actions in naval warfare into the nineteenth century.
Naginata POLE ARM The Japanese naginata is a curved sword blade mounted on a long handle and was used by attendants and servants of the Samurai. This one dates from the eighteenth century, during the Late Edo Period.
chinese POLE ARMS A late 18th century pole-arm head with a serrated sword base and prominent hooks that were used to dismount enemy horsemen.
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The origins of warfare
Pole Arms and Axes continued . . .
ENGLISH HALBERD A fine example of the halberd dating from the sixteenth century and probably of English origin, this weapon has a typically long, tapering blade, and a clearly defined ax-head.
Swiss HALBERD This halberd, probably made in the early seventeenth century, is a classic example of this type of pole arm. In many European armies, halberds were carried by sergeants as symbols of authority well into the era of gunpowder warfare.
Sharp spike
Gekken pole arm From the Chinese Qing Dynasty, during the late eighteenth century, this gekken (half-moon) pole arm was used by infantry against mounted soldiers.
Chinese halberd This halberd dates from the eighteenth century Qing Dynasty and is known as a ji. Nowadays, ji are used in martial arts training.
CHINESE POLE ARM A classic Chinese fu pa (tiger fork) gets its trident shape from a conjoining of the middle blade and a single curved outer component. The weapon is thought to have developed in Southern China for fighting tigers, and is still used today in certain schools of Chinese martial arts.
ax-head
INDO-PERSIAN CROWBILL The crowbill was a pole arm combining a hammer-head with a sharp spike; the hammer was used to knock an opponent from his horse, after which the spike would penetrate the opponent’s chain-mail armor or be thrust between the joints of plate armor. Shown here is an Indo-Persian example from the eighteenth century.
Hooked tip
Thorny shaft
Crescent moon A crescent-moon pole arm from the Chinese Qing Dynasty, dating from the eighteenth century and named after the shape of the blade.
Ornate blade Crescent-shaped head
Distinctive, crescentshaped hooks
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SLEEVE GRABBER In Medieval Japan, the sodegarami, or sleeve grabber, was used by police to immobilize criminals. The device was topped with three spikes designed for thrusting into a kimono; a flick of the wrist, and the suspect wasn’t going anywhere.
CHINESE yanyue dao The name of this spear is the Chinese for ”crescent moon,” which the blade resembles. This specimen dates from the middle part of the Qing Dynasty (c. 1840).
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Armor
Hoplites to Knights
The use of special clothing to protect the wearer from projectiles and blades goes back at least 10,000 years, when Chinese soldiers wore cloaks of rhinoceros hide, but warriors and hunters were probably wearing protective garments of leather and other materials long before this. Metal armor—first chain mail, and
later plate armor—was used widely in Europe from ancient times into the late medieval period (and later, in other parts of the world), until the growing effectiveness of firearms led to its decline. In more recent times, the introduction of new synthetic materials has led to a revival in body armor.
Ancient Greek infantry (hoplites) went into battle protected by a cuirass made of bronze, which protected the torso, as well as a helmet and greaves (shin protectors) of the same metal. The soldiers of Ancient Rome’s legions also wore a cuirass, although their version consisted of a sort of leather vest covered in iron hoops, and they wore iron helmets. Starting around the ninth century, European knights began to wear coats of
Long decorative spike
Inlaid with gold
Prominent crest
corinthian helmet This long bronze helmet covered the head and neck. Named for the Greek city-state of Corinth, it was common from 800 bc until the first century ad.
chain mail—thousands of small iron rings riveted or welded together. Because chain mail by itself was often insufficient to deflect an arrowhead or spear point, coats of mail were usually worn over a leather tunic. Helmets came in a variety of styles, from simple conical iron affairs to more sophisticated models with articulated visors. Chain mail was hardly lightweight (a typical coat weighed 30 pounds), but it offered the wearer relative freedom of movement. In the late medieval era, however, the introduction of weapons like the longbow and crossbow, whose arrows and bolts could penetrate mail, led European warriors to adopt armor made of overlapping plates of iron or steel. At their most sophisticated, suits of plate armor afforded the wearer full-body protection. The trade-off was their heavy weight—if a knight was knocked off his feet or his horse, he would be at a disadvantage.
INDO-PERSIAN HELMET A beautifully made IndoPersian kulah khud (helmet), topped with a spike and fringed with chain mail.
Openings for the eyes
Finely worked chain mail protects the face
Around the World
Variations on chain mail—usually consisting of overlapping metal plates—were worn by warriors in nations all over the world, from Persia and India to China and Japan. The suits of armor used by the samurai of medieval Japan were particularly fine and, like the best of European plate-armor suits, were magnificent examples of craftsmanship. In many cultures the wearing of armor was largely limited to the warrior elite (they were the only ones able to afford these expensive items, for one thing), but in India and elsewhere foot soldiers used garments of leather or heavily padded fabric for protection. Among the most interesting nonmetal forms of armor were the raw silk shirts worn by Mongol horsemen. Because of silk’s strength, if an enemy arrow pierced the horseman’s body, the silk would be driven into the wound along with the arrowhead, allowing the arrow to be more easily removed than if it had torn through another type of material.
Crest for additional strength
Narrow slits for seeing through
Smooth rounded top
Split over the chin
ENGLISH HELMET The first forged-steel helmets appeared in Europe in the tenth century. The sixteenth-century English helmet shown here is of a type known as a burgonet, which—while it did not offer the protection of earlier helmets that covered the entire head or face—gave the wearer greater visibility and freedom of movement.
Long guard for the neck
corinthian helmet This is a variation on the helmet above. It is more open at the front, so it was more comfortable for the wearer. Hoplite soldiers often pushed their helmet to the back of their head when not fighting.
thracian helmet This flamboyantly crested style of helmet is a variation of the Attic helmet, which was used in Greece from around the middle of the sixth century bc. It has hinged cheekpieces, a long nape guard, and an elaborate crest.
germanic helmet This ancient helmet from the Germanic area of Europe would have struck fear into the heart of any opponent. However, it must also have been very uncomfortable to wear with only a very narrow field of vision.
Fully protected cheeks
Scowling face on front of crest
Traditional style pith helmet
Winged monster
Rearing horse
Gordon highlander’s helmet This helmet dates from 1882. The Gordon Highlander’s were formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1994. They saw active service in many parts of the world, including India, Afghanistan, and South Africa.
Nape protector
stahlhelm The steel helmet that was used by the Germans in both world wars has a distinctive coal-scuttle shape recognizable the world over. Several versions were made for different situations.
Wide rim
Silver crest over top
italian parade helmet This heavily embossed bronze helmet was probably made purely for ceremonial use. It shows detailed scenes of mounted horsemen going into battle using clubs, pikes, and swords. Fallen soldiers lie under the horse’s hooves and a winged creature crouches on the crest. This fine work of art was made in Italy in the sixteenth century.
Medallion with standing figure
Finial on the top
Semiprecious stones
nazi helmet This Nazi helmet has a silver-colored crest over the top indicating that the wearer was either in the fire bridage or part of the fire protection police force.
Colored leather ties
Glory with thirteen stars
japanese helmet This is a Japanese helmet from World War II. It is very similar to the British Brodie helmet. Given the name type 92, it was known as a tetsubo (steel cap) in Japanese, but the soldiers also called it tetsukabuto (steel helmet). The steel was poor quality and offered little protection.
Khaki wool fabric
Leather tassels
tibetan helmet This colorful helmet was made in Tibet in the early twentieth century, but it is of traditional design. The woven outer casing is decorated with blue-green semiprecious stones and leatherwork. This would have been placed over a strong, rounded metal helmet.
us Army officer’s visor hat This visor hat dates from the Vietnam War and has the spread-eagle insignia. The eagle clutches an olive branch in one talon and thirteen arrows in the other. The oak leaves on the visor indicate that it belonged to a senior officer.
Gold braid
Shields & Gun Shields
INDIAN SHIELD WITH PISTOLS The innocuous-looking “aged” shield hides four barrels behind its bosses, which swivel away to shoot a deadly deluge of bullets. It dates from the nineteenth century and is composed of hand-hammered steel.
Pierced metalwork
Brass rim strengthens the edge
Spiked shield This Indo-Persian shield is made from woven wicker and has had twelve large brass spikes added around the edge with one even more prominent one in the center. It dates from the nineteenth century.
Percussion- cap mechanism
Spike are triangular in cross section
Each spike is attached to a brass plate
Pistol muzzle hidden in boss
Woven body of shield Polished metal surface
Hunting on horseback in center of dahl Brass boss
Dancing decorative figures
Ethiopian Shield Some Persian shields have spikes in their center to use in combat. The one piece of metal protruding from the middle of this shield looks like a spike at a distance. Only at close (shooting) range is it recognizable as a gun muzzle.
Persian shield This shield is made of brass and has a scalloped rim. Each of the seven bosses forms the center of an embossed star and the surface has fine decorative detailing. It dates from the fifteenth century.
DHAL An Indo-Persian dhal (shield), beautifully painted with court and landscape scenes. Dhal were often covered with leather (including rhinoceros hide) and embellished with precious stones.
Rich red coloring
Scenes from everyday life
TURKISH GUN-SHIELD Engraved across its surface and partly inlaid with gold and silver, this shield—16 inches in diameter—incorporates a percussion-cap gun in a wooden mount on the reverse side, with a 5-inch protruding barrel. Pulling a string would discharge the gun.
Pistol muzzle hidden in boss
Shields & Body Armor
Wooden frame Slatted wood construction
Back and front joined by two chains
Bronze boss
Castle tower
SPANISH armor Probably made around 1580, this armor—consisting of a breast and back plate—was worn in South America by a Spanish conquistador. It was found in Bolivia in the 1950s.
Narrows at the waist
thorsberg shields These comparatively plain wooden shields are decorated with bronze central bosses. Dating to the third century bc, they were found near Süderbrarup Anglia in Germany.
Aztec shield Beautifully made shield (cuauhchimalli) with turquoise stones decorating the center. Some shields would also have feathers around the lower edge.
Turquoise mozaic Simple repeated edging design
french SHIELD A French shield from the late sixteenth century—this one about 23 inches long and 16½ inches wide—is etched with battle scenes and elaborate floral scrollwork.
Fearsome central spike
Simple frame of repeated patterns Tiny pieces of colored iron
Divided into four panels
Nanyue Armor From the mausoleum of the Nanyue King, this is a reproduction of the king’s body armor. It is made up of 709 pieces of iron fastened with silk thread, which allowed the wearer to move more easily. Nanyue is on the border of China and Vietnam.
SPIKE SHIELD A sixteenth-century European shield with a spike in its center. During the medieval era, large shields gave way to the smaller, lighter buckler (apparently from an Old French word meaning “fist of metal”), which could be used to parry an opponent’s sword or a blow from a mace.
Face between two seated figures
Scenes framed by flat ribbons of metal
venetian shield This iron shield is covered in etched decorations including dragons and leaves with the emblem of Venice— the winged lion of St. Mark—within its own shield at its center.
Ship emblem
ITALIAN SHIELD A heart-shaped Italian shield from the sixteenth century, beautifully decorated with the coat of arms of three families that had intermarried. Shields of this type were not used in combat, but rather were heraldic objects made to commemorate a noble family’s history of military prowess.
Pole arms and axes
Pole Arms and Axes continued . . .
Bronze decoration
Sikh symbol hatchet This traditionally shaped hatchet with long metal socket is pierced with the Sikh Khanda symbol, which is a form of “coat of arms” for Sikhs. There is a double-edged sword in the center, surrounded by a circular Chakkar and then two single-edged swords, or kirpans.
Round blade
Long socket Bronze ax-head
Qi battle-ax This unusually shaped battle-ax was used by warriors in Yunnan Province in China. It is made of bronze and has a round blade. Near the “eye”, which is used to fix the ax to the haft, the socket is decorated with a bronze creature, perhaps for good luck.
Wide flat blade
eighteenth century battle-ax Another battle-ax from India. This one probably had a purely ceremonial role since it is highly decorated. The ax is topped with a spearhead.
turkish battle-ax This battle-ax with its traditionally shaped head and spike was made in Turkey sometime in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries, but the haft is likely to be more recent.
Spear
Shaped top
Russian pole arm This eighteenth-century pole arm has a long ax blade with a pointed and shaped top. It has to attachments, one on either side of the haft each bound with leather.
INDIAN BATTLE-AX An eighteenth-century Indian battle-ax with a beautifully etched blade, decorative fluke, and spiked tip.
Viking style ax Probably again from India, this ax has a traditionally shaped blade and is topped with a spike. The blade has an etched decoration.
INDO-PERSIAN ATTLE-AX This is an eighteenth-century IndoPersian battle-ax designed for mounted use with a long metal haft.
Metal haft
Pole arms and axes
Pole Arms and Axes continued . . . Ornate spike
CHINESE BATTLE-AX A rare Chinese battle-ax; the crescentshaped steel ax-head attaches to the handle through a brass mounting in the shape of a fish.
Brass mounting
Indo-Persian pole arm With its large blade and decorative spike, this early nineteenth century pole arm was designed to impress as well as damage. The handle is bound with leather.
AFRICAN CEREMONIAL AX This ceremonial ax was produced by the Songye people of the Congo. The head is of hand-forged iron, attached to the wooden shaft with copper nails.
Elaborate engraving
Crescent-shaped ax-head
Steel ax-head
Beheading Decapitation has long been used as a swift and effective (in the hands of a skilled executioner) means of despatching the death penalty. A large, crescentshaped ax and a block are the usual tools of the trade; specialty swords are also employed (without a block).
AFRICAN COPPER AX Sometimes called the “red gold of Africa,� copper was one of the chief materials used by African metalworkers for making weapons, like the ax shown here.
Human-face motif
Indonesian sword Thought to be a beheading sword, the blade of this late nineteenth-century weapon has a hooked and serrated tip, sharpened on the opposite side. There are four holes in the blade.
Iron handle
Brass fish motif
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cormorant motif Of Chinese origin, this decorative iron and brass ax is designed in the shape of a diving cormorant. The ax-head itself suggests the splash of water as the cormorant attacks it prey, which is represented by two fish heads.
Serated edge
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Kukri The kukri, or khukuri, is a highly celebrated fighting knife. Developed by the Ghurkha people of Nepal, it has a blade of 12 inches or longer with a distinct “kink.” Alhough relatively heavy—up to 2 pounds—the kukri is remarkably ergonomic. Said to be able to balance vertically on a finger, it is capable of taking off an opponent’s head or arm with a single blow. The weapon
first came to the attention of the West when British forces encountered it in the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16). Subsequently, Ghurkha warriors began serving with the British Army—a tradition that continues to this day. They brought with them their kukris—usually made by village craftsmen of a distinct caste—and used them to deadly effect in both world wars and in colonial conflicts.
horn handled kukri This simple kukri has a 12-inch blade and a horn handle. The simple leather sheath has a silver plaque inscribed with the words “From the Officers 2nd Battalion 5th Gurkha Rifles.”
REGIMENTAL KUKRI This nineteenth-century knife bears the hallmarks of a traditional kukri. It belonged to a soldier of the British 8th Ghurka Rifles and the heel of the handle is decorated with the crossed kukris emblem of that regiment. The leather sheath has ornate front panels.
Carved bone handle
Presentation plaque
“Kink” in blade
nasiri battalion Two Nasiri battalions—eventually the 1st Gurkha rifles—were created from Gurkhas defeated in the Anglo-Nepalese War 1816, so beginning the Gurkha’s long and loyal allegiance to the British. “Nasiri” means friendly, an allusion to the new relationship.
Polished blade
Double notch
inscription The inscription dates from the Indian Mutiny and reads “Presented to Lieutenant J.A. Johnson by all ranks 1st battalion 2nd KEO (King Edward’s Own) Goorhkas Malaya Dec 1858.”
nepalese presentation kukri This ornate kukri dates back to 1819. It has a horn hilt and a heavily decorated scabbard. The engraved panel reveals that the kukri was also given as a token of appreciation in more recent times.
Daggers and fighting knives
Daggers and Fighting Knives A dagger is simply a short-bladed knife, held in one hand and intended for stabbing. The name may come from the ancient Roman province of Dacia (now Romania) and probably originally meant “Dacian knife.” Daggerlike weapons have been in use since prehistoric times; they predate the sword, and versions are found in cultures The Dagger in the West
In medieval and Renaissance times, the dagger served a special function: It was used to penetrate armor where plates joined together or through other openings, like a helmet visor. If he was knocked off his horse or otherwise disabled, a knight became easy prey to a mere foot soldier with a dagger. One of the most famous types of dagger, the
around the world. The dagger’s small size limited its usefulness in warfare, but that same attribute—and the ease of concealment—made it a favorite of both criminals and assassins. Many cultures have also adopted knives of an intermediate size between the dagger and sword; these weapons are generally known as fighting knives.
narrow-bladed Italian stiletto, was developed specifically for this purpose. In the sixteenth century, a new style of sword fighting gained popularity in Europe, in which a dagger was held in one hand (usually the left) and the sword in the other, with the dagger being used to parry the opponent’s sword thrusts. The growing popularity of the pistol as a personal defense (or offense) weapon in the
1700s led to a decline in the dagger’s use, although some nations’ military officers and members of paramilitary and political groups continued to wear them for ceremonial purposes. Fighting knives had a resurgence during the trench warfare of World War I and later they were an important weapon for special forces—for “silent elimination” of sentries, for example.
Guacho Knife This South American gaucho knife features the indigenous Quero Quero bird on both sides of the blade. It has a horse’s head on the sheath along with a bull’s head and a sheep’s head, some cherries, and a jar with a spoon in it.
MAIN GAUCHE Another main gauche, or lefthanded dagger, this one from seventeenth-century Spain. The weapon has a 13½-inch blade with a cutout near the hilt to trap an opponent’s blade. The wire-wound grip is short because the user’s thumb would be extended to the blade itself, though the hand would be fairly protected by the large guard.
Horse’s head
Well-protected hilt
Main Gauche This is another main guache but it has a brass handguard and brass detailing on the sheath.
European
Brass handguard
LEFT-HANDED DAGGER A left-handed dagger, designed to be used in conjunction with a sword. These daggers, like the eighteenth-century French one shown, sometimes had substantial down-curved quillions that could be used to trap the opponent’s blade long enough to get in a sword thrust.
NAVAL DIRK A relatively long knife, the Scottish dirk (the word probably comes from the Gaelic sgian dearg, or “red knife,” was often used in conjunction with the claymore broadsword. This example, with a gilt brass handle with ivory grips, is a British naval model from about 1770.
Brass grip Down-curved quillons
Long quillons for dislodging opponent’s sword
Ivory grip Head with wide headdress
COSSACK KINDJAL Sometimes called the “Circassian dagger,” from its origin with the Circassian people of the Caucasus Mountains, the kindjal was adopted by the Cossacks of the Russian Empire from the eighteenth century onward. This nineteenth-century example has a 14-inch blade and a hilt inlaid with semiprecious stones. In the hands of Cossack warriors, it was used in conjunction with the shashka sword.
Iron dagger This eighteenth century European dagger has a geese or duck heads on the quillons and a head on the pommel. It looks as if would have been a ceremonial piece because the grip would have been uncomfortable to hold for any length of time.
Decorated hilt
European continued . . .
African
Dagger with bronze handle and sheath This dagger is highly decorative. The quality of the figurine on the handle suggests that it may have been made for presentation or for a specific person. It is probably eighteenth-century European.
NORTH AFRICAN DAGGER A nineteenth-century North African dagger with a sinuous blade, perhaps influenced by Malaysian kris designs. African sword A Masai seme, or lion knife, from East Africa. It has a double-edged blade that widens from the hilt until just before the tip. This item dates from the late nineteenth century. It would usually have a leather sheath dyed a traditional red color.
Highly decorated sheath Standard dagger blade
Figurine handle Red handle
Wooden African dagger An example of a twentieth-century African wooden dagger with a fur-covered handle.
SPANISH FIGHTING KNIVES This pair of nineteenth-century Spanish fighting knives feature pointed gazelle horn handles that are both decorative and practical. The natural striations allow a firm grip, and their tips can puncture almost as well as the blades.
Double-sided blades
Animal hair
Horn handle
AFRICAN RITUAL KNIFE This African knife, probably made early in the twentieth century, was used in ceremonial rituals. Its hilt is decorated with a tuft of animal hair. NIMCHA Common in North Africa, the curved-blade nimcha has a blade of varying lengths and can be either a long dagger or a short sword. Similar to the Arab saif, the nimcha’s most notable feature is its distinctively shaped hilt.
Elegant quillons
Spanish fighting knife Designed to be used as a pair, one in each hand, this nineteenth-century knife has a gazelle horn handle giving a very secure grip. The blade becomes double-sided toward its point.
The hilt has a shaped and notched top
Curved sheath
Curved blade Horn handle
AFRICAN FIGHTING KNIVES This pair of North African fighting knives have ebony handles .
Bowie-style knife The Bowie knife is named for James Bowie who was killed during the seige of Fort Alamo in Texas in 1836. It is a hunting knife with a long blade, short hilt, and a grip usually with wooden or horn sidepieces. The design is popular and frequently copied, as in the case of this late nineteenth century version from eastern Europe.
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One of many blades
African throwing blade Many African peoples made use of knives specially designed for throwing. Most had multiple blades to increase the chances of hitting an opponent; they were usually thrown horizontally, from right to left.
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Jambiya The jambiya—which may also be spelled jambia, janbiya, or janbia—is a short fighting knife of Middle Eastern origin with a curved, double-sided, steel blade. The people of South Arabia pass their jambiyas from generation to generation. Today they continue to be worn from the belt, especially by the men of Yemen, for whom the weapon is an integral part of status and
identity. Etiquette dictates that the blades are removed from their sheaths only in extreme circumstances, or for use as an accessory in traditional dance. The quality of the hilt is understood as an important indicator of the significance of the wearer. Most jambiya hilts are made of wood or the horn of various animals, but the most prestigious are made from African rhinoceros horn.
Tooled leatherwork
Curved sheath to match dagger
Slender pointed tip
Simple leather sheath
simple design This jambiya is a traditional design with a 10-inch curved blade and tooled leather cover over a wooden sheath. The handle is black horn.
sa’dah festival Jambiyas and other ornamental knives are worn on the belt as a symbol of freedom. This is a festival in Sa’dah, Yemen.
Polished blade Sheath in good condition
MODERN JAMBIYA Worn on the belt, the jambiya is mainly a decorative item, but it is also an efficient fighting knife. The sheath of this knife from the twentieth century has clearly been worn from much use. The blade has a wide fuller and an ornamental gold-colored handle
indian jambiya This rare Indian jambiya from around 1840 is all steel. The blade is forged in three pieces that spring open when the knife is drawn from its sheath. The central portion is a spike and the outer ones are the conventional curved double-edged blade.
Ball tip to protect blades
Engraved blades
Tubular metal handle Double edge to dagger
Gold handle
Indian figures
ceremonial jambiya Judging by its perfect condition and restrained but classy ornamentation, this jambiya would have been made and worn as a ceremonial piece rather than used for fighting.
Narrow handle with rounded top
Narrow, tubular handle
TRADITIONAL DESIGNS This Arabian jambiya dates from the eighteenth century and is shown with its carved leather sheath. It has a bone handle inset with gold-colored medallions.
Fuller along center of blade
The origins of warfare
Asia minor
Gold foliage design
Indo-Persian Katar This late eighteenth-century punching dagger has double blades and a double leather sheaf that fits it perfectly Arabian knife This seventeenth-century Arabian knife has a carved wood handle. Gold ornamentation at the top of the blade gives an indication of how richly decorated it must once have been.
Short, carved wood handle Long, narrow blades
Each blade tapers to a fine point
PERSIAN three-BLADEd DAGGERS Persian three-bladed daggers—in these examples, the blade is made up of three leaves that spring apart when the weapon is pulled from its sheath. The blades are decorated with silver and gold damascening.
AFGHAN This eighteenth-century pesh kabz (blade tapering to a slender point) from Afghanistan features gold inlay on the blade.
Simple undecorated handle
Indo-Persian knife Dating from the late eighteenthcentury this long bladed knife has a distinctive curved handle.
Extremely curved handle
Gold medallions typical of jambiya handles
Pommel always has two “ears”
YATAGHAN Named for a town in present-day Turkey, the yataghan was a major edged weapon of the Ottoman Empire from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries, especially in the hands of the Janissaries, the “slave-soldiers” who formed the bulwark of the Ottoman military. With saberlike blades of up to 31 inches in length, they are really more short sword than knife, but their relatively compact form allowed them to be carried on the waist by infantry. The yataghan design spread to much of Central Asia. The yataghans shown below are Turkish models from the eighteenth [below] and nineteenth [bottom] centuries.
Indian Khanjar Khanjar is Arabic for dagger or knife. This style of dagger is also known as a jambiya. This one has a golddecorated handle and dates from the eighteenth century..
Carved walrus ivory handle
Double-spiked katara Lacking the usual straight handle and with spikes instead of blades, this is nevertheless a formidable weapon that was intended to intimidate as well as to wound.
Antelope horn handle
Indo-Persian curved dagger Designed for everyday functions such as hunting and cutting, this curved dagger dates from the early nineteenth century. It utilizes an antelope horn for the handle, which has a natural ergonomic shape.
Scabbard decorated with floral motifs
Wavy narrow blade
Triple dagger set An Arabian sheath containing three daggers dating from the early nineteenth century. The daggers have ornate brass handles and are carried in a decorated scabbard.
Bronze knife Of an unknown date, this dagger is thought to have been used for display purposes and may be Celtic in origin. Beautiful decoration reveals the skill of the craftsman
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Daggers and fighting knives
Asia minor
SYRIAN DAGGER A set of three Syrian daggers, each with a blade that measures 5¼ inches; two have curved blades and one, a straight blade. The three bone-handled knives fit into a sheath of crocodile skin.
Indian dagger This early-nineteenth-century dagger comes from India. It has superb elegant and restrained engraving work on both the sheath and the handle. Bone-handles are simply carved
Trigger to release blade
Crocodile skin sheath
Indo-Persian dagger This dagger has three separate blades. The central one is decorated with gold while the outer ones are polished and sharp. The blades spring open at the press of a trigger below the decorated handle.
Two-bar handle
Metalwork decoration
Indian thrusting knife This early-nineteenth-century katara or punching dagger is comparatively plain, but has a wide short blade and strong handle.
Kukri This kukri has a wooden handle with the traditional curved, single-edged blade. The sheath is made of felt with pierced metalwork decoration. It dates from 1847.
Etched lines in blade
Curved metal “hilt” to protect the user’s hand
indian dagger This dagger has the traditional katara handle, but with a triangular hand guard added later to protect the user’s hand from his opponent’s blade.
Curved wooden handle
Highly decorated handle
PESH KABZ With its curved T-sectioned blade tapering to a slender point, the Indo-Persian pesh kabz was ideal for penetrating chain-mail armor; its effectiveness at this task led the design to spread from Persia and Northern India throughout Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. This example is from Egypt.
Kora A kora is a sword similar to a scimitar and is used in Nepal and northern India. This early nineteenth century one has fine decorative detailing including engraving on the hooked blade and a spiked pommel.
Decoration on the blade
Traditional style hilt, handle, and pommel
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Katara Also known as the suwaiya, the katara is a kind of southern Asian push-dagger. The weapon originated in Tamil Nadu, southern India, and was first used by troops of the Deccan states in the medieval period. Instead of a conventional hilt it has an H-shaped, horizontal handgrip, enabling the user to strike as though with a fist, but with the deadly extension of a blade. Usually aimed at
the head or torso, the katara was a formidable attack weapon but, unlike conventional swords, was unsuited to parrying and defense. Fighters armed with the katara had to be nimble, darting in to inflict a lethal blow, then away to avoid retaliation. Some warriors fought with a katara in each hand, and the most courageous would even hunt animals such as tigers with the weapon.
Long tapering blade tip
quality katara The level of ornamentation in the blades of this katara leads one to suspect that this weapon was at least as much for show as for defense. It also has a red leather sheath.
Ornate blades Red leather covers wooden sheath
Simple engraved ornament
indian dagger This dagger has the traditional katara handle, but with a triangular hand guard added to protect the user’s hand from his opponent’s blade. Double-bladed knife This knife has two blades and two narrow handles. Its quirky design but careful decoration suggest that it might have been made for a particular person.
Rounded, buttonlike handle tip
Double bar handle
Faint decoration on blade
hunting scene Engraved on the blade of the katar below is this scene of a lion or tiger killing a deer.
Pistol barrel
Spring-loaded katara This nineteenth-century Indian Hindu dagger is spring-loaded and was used with a punching action. Blood grooves, or fullers, allow it to be easily removed from the victim’s body.
Ornamental script
Carefully rendered engraving
Katara with two pistols Although similar to the other katars shown here, this lethal weapon also houses two percussion cap guns hidden within the spring-loaded handle. It was made in India in the nineteenth century. Prominent fuller
Pistol muzzle
Extended handle
shah jahan Painted in 1630, this Indian illustration clearly shows the katara that Shah Jahan, ruler of the Mughal Empire (1592–1666) wears as part of his royal attire.
Double-spiked katara Lacking the usual straight handle and with spikes instead of blades, this is nevertheless a formidable weapon that was intended to intimidate as well as wound.
Handle extension
Single blade made from two pieces
Wavy spikes
Bone handle
Trigger to release blade
Three-piece indo-PERSIAN DAGGER This rare and unusual Indo-Persian knife has a three-piece blade. While it appeared to be an ordinary knife to a sword-wielding attacker, the user separated the blades by means of a spring-loaded hinge in the hope of catching the attacker’s sword blade between the main blade and one of the auxiliary blades. Twisting the knife would then immobilize (or, even better, break) the sword blade, allowing the defender to use his own sword on his opponent.
Elegant, tapering blade
Colored beads
Syrian knife with sheath This Syrian blade from the late nineteeth century has a carefully shaped sheath, beaded in a style usually associated with the tribes of East Africa.
ARABIAN DAGGER Another Arabian dagger, this one made in Tunis (capital of the modern nation of Tunis) in the nineteenth century.
indian jambiya This rare Indian jambiya from around 1840 is all steel. The blade is forged in three pieces that spring open when the knife is drawn from the sheath. The central portion is a spike and the outer ones are the conventional curved double-edged blade. PIHA KAETTA The traditional knife of Sri Lanka (now Ceylon), the piha kaetta (from the Sinhalese for “resplendent”) was mainly a ceremonial weapon; as such, these weapons were often elaborately decorated, with carved hilts of bone or even coral, as in this example.
Cowrie shell
Lion’s head carved into handle
Decorated sheath
Small dagger with Ivory Handle This lion-headed Indo-Persian dagger dates from the early nineteenth century.
Etched metal sheath
Engraved blade
Curved quillon
Persian khanjar This seventeeth-century dagger has all the hallmarks of quality. The handle is inlaid with semiprecious stones of many colors while the sheath and blade have deeply etched linear and floral decorations.
Carved pommel
Clip to attach sheath to knife handle
Indo-Persian dagger The fan-shaped hilt of this dagger is not unlike that of a khanjarli, but the shape of the blade is that of a traditional jambiya.
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Asia Minor continued
Ring to attach sheath to the wearer’s belt
ceremonial knife From southern Asia and of unknown date, this knife is made of a single piece of brass. Its handle is highly decorative and would be difficult to grip and wield, suggesting that this is a ceremonial weapon.
Indo-Persian dagger in sheath This is a late-nineteenth-century classic straight and tapering Indo-Persian dagger, complete with brass sheath. The handle has some decoration in brass and semiprecious stones.
Indian bichwa dagger Made in India in the late nineteenth century, this dagger has an interesting open metalwork handle and curved blade.
Arabian horn-handled knife From the late nineteenth century, this horn-handled Arabian knife has a finely decorated blade and sheath. Slender, tapering blade Curved metal handle
Handle wraps around the hand
Bichwa The word bichwa means “sting of a scorpion,” but the curved shape of the knife blade is inspired by a buffalo’s horns. These knives were often used in conjunction with a bagh-nakh—a weapon made like a set of tiger’s claws.
Highly skilled carving
Indian Wavy blade dagger Wavy blades were another common weapon design in India, perhaps inspired by the Malayan krises, which are somewhat larger. This dagger dates from the nineteenth century.
Curved knife with ivory handle This Indian knife is remarkable for the high quality of the carving on its handle. It dates from the midnineteenth century.
Indian Thrusting knife Inspired by centuries of tradition, this earlytwentieth-century thrusting knife has three blades at right angles to each other.
Indo-Persian bichwa Similar to the bichwa above, this dagger has an open handle and curved blade. It dates from the midnineteenth century.
278 dagger 2.pdf
Blade has wide central fuller
indian jambiya This jambiya is a traditional design with a 10-inch curved blade and tooled leather cover over a wooden sheath. The handle is black horn.
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Solid silver dagger This is an ornate early twentiethcentury silver dagger made in Arabia. It has a very sharp double-edged blade and its metal sheath is decorated to match the blade.
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Fighting Implements Ingenious though Western armorers were in devising close-combat weapons for cutting and piercing the enemy, the metalworkers of Asia and Africa found other ways of providing their warriors with an unexpected edge in battle. Grappling with their enemies, the warlike Turkana people of Kenya would use wrist knives and finger knives for slashing and cutting, as well as finger
Engraved brass body
hooks for gouging out eyes. In India, the claw dagger combined a dagger blade with a form of “knuckleduster” grip armed with curved blades that was used in a raking motion. In India, an alternative to the conventional throwing knifes was a spiked circular one that was spun at the enemy. Deployed skillfully and unexpectedly, all these weapons could turn a fight to the user’s advantage.
Sharp all the way around the edge
Flat circle of metal
Claw dagger Made with a blade at both ends, this claw dagger is also intricately decorated. It has fewer blades and the finger holes are closer together than on other examples shown here.
INDIAN THROWING KNIFE An extremely rare weapon, this Indian chakram (Sanskrit for “circle”) was used by Sikh warriors. It was apparently either thrown like a Frisbee or spun on the fingers of the right hand before being released.
Finger hole Finger hole
WRIST KNIFE A wrist knife of the Turkana people, who live in what is now Kenya. Apart from some tribes in the Sudan, the Turkana are the only African people known to use this type of weapon.
Could cause damage up to 165 feet away
Hole for finger Leather sheath to cover blade
Fits over a finger
Clawlike blades
Sharp, curved blade
Katara-like weapon This is an Indian thrusting weapon of all steel construction. The cross bar is held in the fist so that the 3-inch shafts with barbed points project forward. This example was captured by the British during the Indian Mutiny in 1857.
Claw blades The rings on this weapon slip over the fingers to form a set of fearsome claws for the wearer.
INDIAN CLAW DAGGERS The bagh nakh, or “tiger claw,” was an unusual Indian fighting knife. This one has a dagger blade along with four curved blades protruding from the handle. The rings accommodated the user’s index and little fingers. Such blades were designed to rake an opponent’s throat. The name comes from the fact that they caused wounds similar to those inflicted by a tiger.
Handle fits in palm of hand
Barbed points
Blade spins through the air
FINGER KNIFE Another traditional Turkana weapon—a finger knife.
Pointed, thrusting blades
Wooden “knuckle duster” This vicious-looking weapon goes a step further than the knuckle duster in that it has blades to slash and cut rather than simply giving the fist a harder edge
Shafts are 3 inches long
Typical Indian decoration
Hole increasese aerodynamics
chinese throwing star Blades for throwing are still made today. They are sometimes called shuriken, which means “sword hidden in the hand” in Japanese.
Sharp, stabbing blade
Daggers and Fighting Knives continued . . .
Geishe-style figure carved on ivory handle Intricate ceremonial dragon design
CHINESE DAGGER A nineteenth-century Chinese dagger, with a typically curved blade and a beautifully carved bone sheath.
Figurine handle
CHINESE IMPERIAL DAGGER The scabbard and hilt of this dagger are silver, decorated with filigree and inlaid with semiprecious stones. Daggers like these were used by palace guards and officers of the old Imperial Army in the early 1800s.
Moderately curved blade
IVORY TANTO A nineteenth-century tanto, this one with a hilt and sheath of intricately carved ivory depicting dragons—a popular motif.
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TANTO Here (above and opposite) are three nineteenth-century examples of the tanto, or Japanese dagger. While often carried by samurai, the tanto later became identified with the modern yakuza, criminal gangs which (though this is subject to debate) have existed in various forms in Japan for centuries.
Heroic tale carved on sheath
Delicate cratsmanship on motifs
Daggers and Fighting Knives continued . . . Dragon-shaped handle made of ivory
Gently curved cutting edge
HORN HANDLED KUKRI This simple kukri has a 12-inch blade and a horn handle. The simple leather sheath has a silver plaque inscribed with the words “From the Officers 2nd Battalion 5th Gurkha Rifles.”
ORNATE-HANDLED CHINESE KNIFE This seventeenth-century Chinese knife has an exquisitely carved and shaped ceremonial dragon.
Sturdy leather scabbard
CHINESE BRONZE DAGGER Made in China at an unknown date this dagger consists of a single piece of cast bronze. The handle is beautifully decorated and the curved blade is 10 inches long.
Bold geometric designs
Ten-inch-long forward cureving blade
NEPALESE PRESENTATION KUKRI This ornate kukri dates back to 1819. It has a horn hilt and a heavily decorated scabbard. The engraved panel reveals that the kukri was also given as a token of appreciation in more recent times.
ORIENTAL KNIFE The handle and scabbard of this nineteenth-century Japanese knife are made from beautifully carved wood. They make a beautiful composite ‘whole’ when the blade is sealed. The blade narrows to a forward-pointing tip.
Forward curved blade
Curved shape when sheath is in place
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REGIMENTAL KUKRI This large curved knife dating from the early twentieth century has a simply decorated bone handle. The dark leather sheath bears the emblem of the British 5th Ghurka Rifles, an infantry regiment that is now part of the Indian Army. The sheath usually also contains a smaller knife, as here, for sharpening the kukri blade.
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CLOISONNÉ
Cloisonné Named for the French cloisons meaning “partitions,” cloisonné is the technique of creating designs on metal vessels—on these pages sword and dagger fittings—using colored-glass paste placed within the enclosed partitions that are made of copper or bronze wires. It is not a simple process: The partitions are bent or hammered
into the desired pattern and are then pasted or soldered onto the metal body. The glass paste (or enamel) is colored with metallic oxide and painted before the object is fired at about 1475°F. As enamels shrink after firing, the process is repeated several times to fill in the designs. China and Japan excel at these techniques.
Sheath with delicate cloisonné
Finely carved jade handle
Cloisonné eggs showing the step-by-step enamelling process Chinese cloisonné dagger
CHINESE EXPORT DAGGERS During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, skilled Chinese craftsmen produced vast numbers of knives for export to the West; most were put to no more lethal use than opening letters. The top example shown here has a cloisonné sheath and a jade hilt. Thew other examples have cloisonné hilts and sheaths.
Brass ring forms end of ornate handle Brass ring mark edge of partitions
CHINESE CLOISONNÉ SWORD Blades like this one on an eighteenth-century sword were worn with a military uniform for formal occasions. This knife dates from about 1870 and its sheath is an extremely skilled work of cloisonné. This blade was probably owned by an affluent Chinese army officer. BOX OF EGGS Early Chinese cloisonné designs date back to the Ming Dynasty and were predominantl;y objects for a lady’s boudoir. How they transformed into ceremonial amd actual weapons of war appears
not to be recorded. Once this firing process is complete, the surface of the vessel is rubbed until the edges of the cloisons are visible. They are then gilded, often on the edges, in the interior, and on the base.
Finial
Cloisonné handle
BLUE-BASED CHINESE CLOISONNÉ SWORD This turquoise dominated dagger and sheath features prominent forward facing brass quillions with large knops. The style for Chinese and Japaneses daggers was generally more restrained when it came to handle guards. A European influence is clearly evident. The two brass suspension rings for fixing to a uniform or belt also suggest a ceremonial function.
CLOISONNÉ TANTO A very dark background highlight the pale pink and white flowers that decorate this tanto. Metal clasps Finely glazed cloisonné
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CLOISONNÉ
Cloisonné continued . . .
CLOISONNÉ DAGGERS AND SHEATHS Two examples of highly decorated knives and sheathes dating from the nineteenth century. Cloisonné enamel has been used on both the hilt and sheath.
CHINESE CLOISONNÉ DAGGER. A short straight-bladed dagger again with beautiifully crafted cloisonné.
Attachment for blade to hang from silk or leather sash
CHINESE CLOISONNÉ SWORD This is a selection of swords that would have been worn with a military uniform for formal occasions. This greens and blues were popular colors. The detail in the cloisonné reveals the true skill of the craftsmen. These items would have taken many hours of work to produce.
Small ring pommel
Cloisonné continued . . .
Yellow dragon on sheath
CHINESE DRAGON DESIGN SWORD WITH CLOISONNÉ Intricate cloisonné work is a Chinese specialty and this sword is a finely-crafted example with a yellow dragon on a rich blue ground. The sword dates from the late nineteenth century and measures 39 inches long.
Lobbed quillion block
Sheath and sword showing complete cloisonné
Guard with cloisonné
LONG CHINESE SWORD A beautiful Chinese sword from the nineteenth century, with detailed cloisonné enamel decoration on both the hilt and scabbard. The long double-edged blade measures 31½ inches.
JIAN The practitioners of Chinese martial arts know the straight-edged jian as “the Gentleman of All Weapons.” This nineteenth-century model features cloisonné decoration on the hilt and on the scabbard.
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Kris
The Kris This distinctive dagger has a long-standing and honored place in Malay culture. It is believed to have originated in Java in the fourteenth century, developed by Inakto Pali, king of Janggolo. From there it spread across Malaysia, with each island having its own variation on the original
design. However, all krises are instantly recognizable with their usually wavy blades and wide gangas (top end of the blade next to the hilt). The hilts vary according to the skill of the craftsman, who often use this part of the kris as a way of showing off their artistic prowess. KRIS The design of the traditional kris spread to neighboring regions of Southeast Asia, such as the Philippines. Intended for stabbing, the blade is of variable length. In a curved-blade kris, each bend is called a luk. This is a comparatively simple design with restrained carving on the hilt and a straight brass sheath.
Wranga
Decorative hilt
KRIS scabbard The sheath is topped with an attractively grained, curved block of wood, known in Malay as a wranga. The wranga is said to symbolize a boat, representing the sea-faring history of the Malay people.
KRIS STAND A Balinese kris in its stand, which is carved in the figure of a dancer. In Malay and other cultures, the kris was considered to be a living thing, with the power to bring good or bad luck, or even to operate on its own.
traditional kris While simple in design, this kris has some fascinating details. The sheath is beautifully decorated with finely wrought leaves and floral designs and the blade is scoured with lines, emphasizing each curve. Simple carved wood hilt
Boat-shaped wranga
Dark polished stone RepoussĂŠ work
Modern Kris Made in Malaysia in the twentieth century, this dagger has the basic kris features but lacks the romance of the traditional design details. KRIS A Balinese or Malay kris with a 15-inch blade, the hilt is carved in the form of a demon and inlaid with semiprecious stones [see detail above].
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The 100 Years War The Hundred Years’ War between France and England was a series of conflicts that lasted 116 years, from 1337 to 1453. Starting with Edward III (r. 1327–1377), English kings asserted their right to the throne of France on the basis of their descent from the Normans who had conquered England in 1066, and they also sought direct rule of the French province of Aquitaine. Historians view the long struggle as marking the end of the
medieval way of war. It saw the use of devastating weapons like the longbow, and it was the first European conflict in which firearms, in the form of artillery, played a role. Also, by fueling nationalist sentiment and contributing to the rise of the centralized state in both countries, it led to the development of professional armies, replacing the earlier ad hoc mix of noble “men at arms” and peasant recruits and conscripts.
Crécy and Poitiers
In 1337 France had a population of 14 million, against England’s 2 million, and enjoyed the reputation of being among Europe’s best warriors. But the French still organized their forces in the old fashion, around heavily armored mounted knights. The English had greater tactical flexibility, less chivalrous notions of warfare—and the longbow. In the first decisive battle of the war, fought at Crécy on August 26, 1346, French knights on horseback repeatedly charged Edward III’s army, only to be cut down by volleys of arrows from English and Welsh
longbowmen and hammered by English knights fighting on foot. Casualty figures for medieval battles are notoriously unreliable, but the French probably lost at least 10,000 men at Crécy, including many nobles. Then, in 1356, Edward III’s son, Edward, “the Black Prince,” ravaged much of northern France. His forces, were surrounded by a much larger French army near Poitiers and were attacked on September 19, 1356. Poitiers was a replay of the earlier battle, ending in a huge defeat for the French, with the French King John II (r. 1350–1364) captured. A later treaty yielded a third of French territory to the English.
ARCHERS AT CRECY
In a French engraving of the Battle of Crécy in 1346, English and French archers face each other. Longbows proved more lethal than crossbows, which were slow to load.
Agincourt to Castillon
Despite the English victory, French fortunes revived. King Henry V (r. 1413–1422) crossed the channel in 1415 and, although his force was outnumbered, beset by sickness, and low on supplies, it defeated a French army at Agincourt on October 24. But the English threat united the often-fractious French nobility to resist the invaders. In the last major battle of the war (Castillon, July 17, 1453) the French used about 300 cannon to defeat an English force—the first battle in which artillery was the deciding factor. English-held Calais ultimately fell to France in 1588.
Wheel lock to ignite powder
RAMPART GUN As their name suggests, rampart guns were mounted on the walls of castles and fortifications (and, at sea, on ship’s rails) for defense. Some models were designed to be fired by “remote control” by means of a string.
Solid hardwood support for barrel and muzzle
Crossbow style trigger 18-inch blade
Mechanical cocking aid
Wooden stock coated with vasrnish
Hook to snag riders from the saddle Fine steel inlay decoration
Mechanical trigger to hold and release drawn string
String made from strong, elastic hemp
CROSSBOW The supreme hand missile weapon, the crossbow, or arbalest, had a quicker rate of fire than the longbow, could pierce chain mail, and had a range of 1,000 feet. Raised, decorative motifs on bowl
MAXIMILIAN I pallask A presentation piece for Emperor Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1493–1519), this double-edged sword was designed to penetrate the armor worn by mounted soldiers of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire.
ITALIAN PARADE HELMET This highly embossed bronze helmet, from sixteenth-century Italy, was probably made for purely ceremonial use. Streamlined and close fitting 35-inch blade
ITALIAN POLE ARM and English Halberd This European pole arm from Italy (above) has a knifelike blade, fixed to a shaft of up to 7 feet in length. As with another variant, the halberd (top), these weapons took on a more ceremonial role as firearms came to dominate European warfare.
Handholding-ball quillion
Monstershaped hilt
swords
Swords Until the advent of firearms, swords had played a vital part in warfare for many centuries. Even then, the transformation to firearms didn’t happen overnight, and the sword remained part of the warrior’s arsenal, especially among mounted knights and mercenary infantry. By the late A proud heritage
Even before the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the sword’s role as a true fighting weapon was in decline in the Western world. Swords, especially sabers, continued to be used by mounted troops, but as the nineteenth century went on, the development of revolvers and repeating carbines largely replaced swords
seventeenth century, however, firearms reliability, technology, and tactics had advanced to a point at which the sword’s battlefield usefulness was limited—but swords continued to enjoy a vogue among European men, both for dueling and as a status symbol.
in actual cavalry combat. Still, in all military branches, the sword retained its longstanding role as a symbol of authority for officers—but with the pistol now the officer’s battlefield weapon, swords were increasingly worn only with full-dress uniforms on ceremonial occasions. In the civilian world, dueling with swords continued in Europe into the
nineteenth century, evolving into the modern sport of fencing, while the growth of fraternal organizations in Europe and America created a demand for purely decorative swords to be carried in parades or used in ceremonies.
American swords
European Short swords
DANISH short sword A Danish short sword from the eighteenth century, with a D-shaped guard and a grip of wire-wrapped leather. This weapon appears to be a Model 1788 Hirshfänger.
Napoleonic short sword This is a French Sabre Briquet (model: AN IX 1800–01). It is the type of sword that would have been used by French infantry and artillery during the Battle of Waterloo 1815.
Artillery short sword This neoclassical-style sword dating from 1816 was issued to a French foot soldier for used as a sidearm and a tool for clearing undergrowth.
ROYAL COmpany OF ARCHERS short sword Originally founded in the 1670s, the Scots Royal Company of Archers was designated the “King’s Body Guard for Scotland” in the early nineteenth century. Members carried this short sword, with a 16¾-inch blade etched with both the Royal Arms of Great Britain and the thistle, a traditional symbol of Scotland. The beautifully decorated hilt is cast bronze. SHORT SWORD With a design not much different from the short swords of antiquity, this weapon is patterned after the Model 1832 U.S. Army sword issued to foot-artillery soldiers. Some sources say it was intended not as a weapon, but as a tool—mainly for chopping brush to clear fields of fire for large artillery pieces to be able to come through.
european Sword This mid-nineteenth century sword has the head of an eagle as its hilt. Eagle iconography and gladiator-style swords were very popular in Europe at this time.
Mason’s sword Belonging to Charles Comstock, who attained the 33rd degree in the Masons—the highest ranking—this nineteenth-century, American ceremonial sword is intricately decorated. The knight’s head surmounted by a lion is particularly fine.
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Sword bayonet This sword-style bayonet was designed to fit onto a rifle muzzle, but its hilt meant it could also be used as a short sword. It is French and dates from 1867.
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EUROPEAN SWORDS
European long swords Bigger and Longer
Sword design closely followed changes in armor during the period between 1500–1800. By the turn of the sixteenth century, heavy plate armor had largely replaced the chainmail armor formerly worn by knights and other warriors. This led to a movement away from shorter, easy to wield, cutting swords, which could penetrate mail, to much longer and heavier swords—generically known as longswords—with enlarged grips to permit two-handed use. The ultimate example of this
type is probably the zweihänder, which could be up to six feet in length. While the longsword was devastating, it still lacked the ability to actually pierce plate armor, so swordsmiths developed the weapon variously known as the estoc (in France), the tuck (in England), and the panzerstecher (in German-speaking Europe). These swords had blades of varying lengths, but all ended in a cutting point. While they might not pierce plate armor, they could be thrust into the joints between plates with deadly effect.
LANDSKNECHT The longest of all European swords of the Renaissance were those used by the landsknechts— mercenary soldiers recruited mostly from the Holy Roman Empire, which comprised much of modern-day Germany. Their swords, which could be as long as six feet, were known as zweihänder—“two-handers”—and they were used not only as antipersonnel weapons, but also to strike aside enemy pikes and halberds to break up infantry formations. This German example dates from the sixteenth century.
Downcurved quillons
Monster’s head
Long, narrow blade
KNIGHTS OF MALTA Also known as the Knights Hospitaller and the Order of St John of Jerusalem, the Knights of Malta was one of the orders of “warrior monks” founded to protect Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land during the Crusades. A member of the order carried this sword, with a cruciform hilt that echoes the Maltese cross, in the seventeenth century. By this time the order had been driven from the Holy Land to the Mediterranean island of Malta. The 25.5in/65cm blade is etched with a variety of religious symbols.
Blade is 16 inches long
Monster’s tail Simple sheath decoration
MAXIMILIAN I pallask Known variously as the pallasch (in Austria), the pallos (in Hungary), and the palasz (in Poland), the pallask was a double-edged sword designed to penetrate the chain-mail armor worn by mounted soldiers of the Ottoman (Turkish) empire, which menaced the frontiers of Central Europe into the seventeenth century. This magnificent example was a presentation piece for Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519) of the Hapsburg Dynasty, who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1493. The 35-inch blade is topped with a hilt in the form of a monster; the quillions take the form of a hand holding a ball and a monster’s tail.
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KNIGHT’S LONG SWORD A knight’s longsword from the fifteenth century. A slashing weapon wielded with both hands, these swords were known as langes schwert (“long swords”) in German and spadone (“big sword”) in Italian.
GREAT SWORD In the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance eras, the term “great sword” was applied to any very long sword designed to be used with two hands, like the zweihänder shown opposite, and the sixteenth-century example shown here with its scabbard. While they were relatively light in relation to their length, these formidable weapons required skill and strength: In the armies of German-speaking states, soldiers who carried them were called Doppelsöldners and received double pay.
LOUIS XIII royal guard sword This seventeenthcentury sword was carried by the King’s royal guard during the reign of Louis XIII (1601–1642)
Pillow Sword This fine sword from the late seventeenth century is etched with trophies and scroll devices. Pillow swords were so named because they were supposedly hung by the bed at night.
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The origins of warare
european swords
European long swords SCOTTISH BROADSWORD From the middle ages into the eighteenth century, Scots clansmen went into battle (both inter-clan, and against the encroaching English) armed with the fearsome claymore, a double-handed slashing weapon up to 55 inches long. (The name derives from the Gaelic word for sword, claidheamh.) The claymore name was later applied to basket-hilted swords like the one shown here, which were carried by officers in Highland Scots regiments of the British Army.
European dress swords Brass hilt
Ribbed hilt
FRENCH GUNNER SABER This French Model 1829 saber was carried by mounted artillerymen. Its design influenced the U.S. Army sabers introduced around 1840.
1886 chassepot bayonet sword The chassepot bayonet sword was crafted in the Manufactory of Châtellerault, and the initial model of the bayonet was created for the bolt-action rifle of the same name. The blade of this sword is hand-forged, as chassepot blades continued to be until 1916. The ribbed brass hilt has a curved quillion.
The Sword as Status Symbol
With firearms replacing edged weapons on the battlefield, the sword increasingly became a civilian weapon, used for self-defense, or for dueling. The narrow-bladed rapier, which evolved from the sixteenth-century Spanish espada ropera, became an especially popular dueling sword, and in turn evolved into the épée used in the modern sport of fencing. By the eighteenth century, a sword was an essential fashion accessory for all European
gentlemen—or those who wanted to look like a gentleman. The most common type of sword for everyday wear was the small sword, a lightweight thrusting weapon that first appeared in France late in the seventeenth century. Clearly there were clearly practical reasons for its popularity. The ubiquity of the sword in the eighteenth century is evidenced by a newspaper advertisement for the first performance of G. W. Handel’s oratorio Messiah in Dublin,
Ireland, in 1742; the notice politely requested gentlemen to not wear their swords to the concert in order to increase seating space in the hall. (Handel, by the way, had fought a bloodless sword duel with a fellow composer some years earlier.) By the turn of the nineteenth century, however, swords had fallen out of fashion, largely replaced by dueling pistols. These pages display a scintillating selection of blades.
Knuckle guard Face on each side of pommel
Dragon hilt
Long slender blade Extra long blade
GERMAN long sword Despite the progress of democracy in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, army officers still tended to be drawn from the aristocracy, and swords became family heirlooms. This Bavarian sword bears an aristocratic coat-of-arms and a family motto—“In firm faith.” Regimental badge
The Blades of Toledo The city of Toledo in central Spain has long been famous for its high-quality swords and other edged weapons—a tradition that dates back at least to the fifth century BC, when local swordsmiths produced a type of sword that would later be called the falcata. The first reference to Toledan weapons comes from the first century BC, in a work by the Roman writer Grattius. The swordsmiths of Toledo A Spanish small sword with Fabrica de Toledo (“Made in Toledo”) etched on the blade.
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Stylized quillon
used an excellent form of steel that was arguably better quality even than Damascus steel; the resulting swords were prized by warriors across Europe, and according to some sources at least, some Japanese samurai may have used Toledo blades. In Guns, Germs,
and Steel, historian Jared Diamond contends that weapons of Toledo steel were instrumental in the Spanish conquest of the Americas—the steel swords and other weapons of the sixteenth-century Spanish conquistadores were far superior to those wielded by the soldiers of the Aztec and Inca empires.
FRENCH SMALL SWORD This late eighteenth-century sword with a sun emblem honored the memory of the Sun King Louis XIV (1638–1715). Though Louis was long gone, the sun design was still popular until the time that Napoleon came to power.
BORDER REGIMENT This sword was carried by an officer of the King’s Own Royal Border Regiment, a regiment in the British Army that traces its ancestry back to 1680; it is so-called because it recruited from the counties of Lancashire and Cumbria on the border between Scotland and England. The hilt, of gilded brass, is modeled in the form of a dragon.
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DRESS SWORDS
Dress swords continued. . . Counterguard
SECOND EMPIRE Detail of an ornate dress sword from the French Second Empire period (1852–70). The guard is gilded brass with a mother-ofpearl grip; the extensive decoration includes the Imperial Eagle and the collar of the Legion of Honor.
Highly decorated hilt
FRENCH DRESS SWORD With a pommel, hilt, and guard encrusted with paste (artificial) diamonds, this French dress sword is typical of the decorative small swords worn by nobles and courtiers during the eighteenth century.
Fine metalwork
NINETEENTH CENTURY DRESS SWORD Showing all the elements of a typical dress sword, this ornate weapon has a hilt decorated with semiprecious stones, an elaborate pommel, and a long, narrow, tapering blade.
MASON’S DRESS SWORD This American dress sword belonged to Charles Comstock, who attained the 33rd degree in the Masons, which is the highest ranking. It was manufactured by Pettibone Brothers, Cincinnatti in the nineteenth century.
Ivory grip
FRENCH SMALL SWORD This French officer’s small sword dates from the Napoleonic era; the hilt and guard are decorated with motifs inspired by Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt. Although worn mostly for dress occasions such as visits to Napoleon’s court, they also provided protection for the wearer. The more important the officer, the more elaborate his sword hilt would be. These French models provided the pattern for military dress swords of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Egyptian motifs
PARADE SWORD Dress swords, like the nineteenth-century American model shown here, were carried by members of organizations such as the Freemasons, the Knights of Columbus, and the Grand Army of the Republic (an association of Union army veterans).
Long narrow blade
DRESS SWORDS Elephant’s head
Dress swords continued . . . Stirrup hilt
Silver hilt
Black fishskin grip
Long sword
PRESENTATION SWORD This simple sword is a European court presentation sword from the nineteenth century. It is very stylish with a long narrow blade and neat refined hilt.
Gold engraving
DRAGOON A British dragoon officer’s sword with a black fishskin grip and a straight-single-edged, spear-pointed blade (not shown). The sheath is engraved with gold battle honors commemorating Sevastopol (Crimean War, 1854–55) and Delhi (Indian “Mutiny”, 1857).
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ROYAL HORSE GUARD A cavalry sword carried by a member of the British Army’s elite Horse Guards regiment. The 33-inch, straight, singleedged blade is engraved with the regiment’s battle honors, ranging from Dettingen (Germany, 1743) to Tel-El-Kebir (Egypt, 1882).
BRITISH PRESENTATION A finely wrought British presentation sword; the hilt is made of gold-plated brass with mother-of-pearl inlay.
VICTORIAN OFFICER‘S SWORD With its “VR” cypher, curved blade, and snakeskin hilt, this is a fine example of a British sword from the nineteenthcentury Indian colonial period. The solid silver scabbard is engraved with flowers.
KING OF SIAM In 1898, the Wilkinson company made this handsome presentation sword for King Chulalongkorn (1853–1910) of Siam (now Thailand). The hilt is sterling silver with an ivory grip; the slightly curved blade is 32 inches long. Its decoration includes a silver elephant head pommel and the coat of arms of the Siamese royal family on the guard.
HUNTING SWORD European hunters have long used swords to kill wild boar, but by the nineteenth century many hunting swords were produced mainly for ceremonial use or for presentation. This German sword, made by the well-known Solingen firm of WKC (Weyersberg, Kirschbaum, & Co.), belonged to Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859–1941) and bears his coat of arms.
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THE ORIGINS OF WARARE
OFFICER’S SWORDS
Officer’s swords BRITISH PRESENTATION SWORD Dating from the nineteenth century, this presentation sword has a fine silver blade with blue enamel and bronze ornamentation. The hilt is decorated with lions and a crown on a sunburst.
NAPOLEON’S SWORD CANE A female admirer presented this sword cane to Napoleon in 1799, the year he became First Consul of France. The handle is inlaid with a mother-ofpearl shield bearing the letter “N”. The wooden scabbard housing the 30-inch blade is framed in brass and copper.
Sunburst on grip
Blade is dated 1414
Lion’s head
PRUSSIAN GENERAL’S SWORD Carried by a nineteenth-century general, this sword is highly unusual; the guard and pommel are contemporary, but the blade (which is engraved with a running wolf ) is dated “1414.” Given the aristocratic tradition of the Prussian military, the blade may have been in the general’s family’s possession for hundreds of years.
Gently curved blade
BRITISH GENERAL’S SWORD A British officer’s sword owned by a Royal Marine general. It possesses a brass 1822 Pattern hilt and a single-edged blade is engraved with the inscription “V. R.”—for “Victoria Regina.”
GUARD’S SWORD After Napoleon’s abdication as emperor in April 1814, France was restored to royal rule under Louis VIII—a restoration temporarily interrupted by Napoleon’s escape from exile on the Mediterranean island of Elba in 1815. A member of the King’s Royal Bodyguard carried this Model 1814 saber, with its a brass half-basket guard decorated with the royal crest bearing three fleurs-de-lis—a flower that had symbolized the French monarchy since the fourteenth century. The blade also displays fleurs-de-lis around its engraved lettering identifying the blade as that of the King’s Guard.
Rapier-style hilt
Fleur-de-lis decoration
YOUTH SABER A scaled-down “youth” saber from the Revolutionary period, when the French government raised mass armies to fight off invasion from other European powers.
THE WILKINSON SWORD COMPANY Although the Wilkinson name has long been associated with sword-making, the company began when gunsmith Henry Nock set up shop in Ludgate Street, London, in 1772. Nock became one of the most celebrated gunmakers of the time, later (1804) receiving a Royal Appointment as gunmaker to King George III. The company also made bayonets for its
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long arms, and following Nock’s death in 1805, his son-in-law, Henry Wilkinson, diversified the product line to include swords. Wilkinson moved the company’s production facilities to Pall Mall, and the Wilkinson Sword Company soon gained an international reputation for its high-quality swords and other edged weapons.
Later in the nineteenth century, the company began making other metal products, from typewriters to garden tools. Wilkinson Sword also became a leading manufacturer of razors after introducing one of the first “safety” razors in 1898—a position it retains today.
Straight quillons
BRITISH 1831 The British 1831 Pattern general officer’s sword was inspired by an Indian sword presented to Arthur Wellesley, the future first Duke of Wellington (1769–1852), when he was serving on the Subcontinent. The curved scimitarstyle blade was a departure from traditional British sword models, as was the so-called “Mameluke” hilt.
Ivory grip
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Royal Persian Scimitar This scimitar was commissioned by Abbas the Great, Shah of Persia (modern-day Iran) from 1588 to 1629. Abbas, who was born in Heras in what is now Afghanistan, came to the throne at the age of 16. The country was in a chaotic state, not least because of the poor leadership of Abbas’s father. Even though Abbas had been put on the throne to be a figurehead under the direction of the Qizilbash—a disaffected faction within the country—he soon proved himself an able leader. He
an artistic legacy
avenged the death of his mother, who had been killed by the Qizilbash, then he set about reducing their power in goverment and the army. Although he also had to accept the loss of some territories to neighboring powers, Abbas managed to regain land that had been lost in the time of his grandfather. Abbas was deeply interested in the arts and set about creating a new capital city, Isfahan, with mosques, colleges, baths, and caravansarais (roadside inns). Isfahan is still a major art center.
emerald in the pommel An 11-karat emerald is set into the very top of the hilt. It is surrounded by diamonds and rubies, all set in finely made filigree gold.
Abbas became a patron of the arts and supported the establishment of a school of painting in Isfahan. He also encouraged the development of ceramics by inviting Chinese potters to come to the city. Although less is known about his love of jewelry, precious stones, and metalwork, it is likely that he appreciated these as much as he did the other arts, especially because such fine arts are a very good outward display an individual’s wealth, social standing, and power. It is known that Abbas commissioned this beautiful royal Persian Court sword and it is clear that no expense was spared in its making. It is decorated with 1,295 rose-cut diamonds,
ruby quillon block The gold quillons and quillon block form a cross with a huge ruby at its center. Clusters of dimonds in leaf and floral gold settings surround the main jewel.
50 karats of rubies, and an 11-karat emerald set in the hilt—all set in three pounds of gold. The sword’s history is no less fascinating than its appearance. After the fall of the Safavid Dynasty in the eighteenth century, the sword fell into the hands of the Ottoman Turkish government, which then presented it to Empress Catherine the Great (1729–96) of Russia. It resided in the Czarist Treasury until it disappeared in the chaos of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The sword resurfaced in Europe after World War II and spent some years in a private museum before being purchased by Colonel Farley Berman in 1962. It is now one of the “crown jewels” of the Berman Collection. Gold repousse The back of the scabbard is decorated with intricate repoussé work featuring floral motifs and repeated geometric patterns.
empress catherine the great Catherine was passionate about the arts. Her personal collection formed the basis for the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. This scimitar would have been among her most cherished items.
Diamond clusters
scabbard When they were making a ceremonial sword, or one for presentation, artists used the scabbard to show off their skills. This scabbard is richly decorated at top and bottom to match the scimitar, but still has the classic sheath to protect the blade.
Large emerald
African swords
Decorative blade
AFRICAN MANDINGO SWORD Mandingo swords come in various designs, but most have highly decorative leather hilts and scabbards. Most are west African; this one dates from the early twentieth century.
INDIGENOUS SWORDS
Although often thought of as a European weapon, swords and swordmaking has flourished in Africa and Asia for many centuries. In Africa examples include the tabouka of the Tuareg, a nomadic North African people, and the Sudanese kaskara. Some of the finest swords of sub-Saharan Africa were the work of the Kuban culture, a coalition of Bantu-speaking peoples living in what is now Congo.
Elaborate decoration on sheath
ADZE Not a sword but rather a type of hatchet used (in its utilitarian role) to shape wood, the adze played a ceremonial role in many African cultures. This nineteenth-century ceremonial adze comes from the West African kingdom of Dahomey, which originated in what is now Benin.
KUBAN SWORD The name of the Kuba people of West Africa translates to “People of Lightning”—an apt description; they were one of the most warlike cultures of the region, and even sent women warriors into battle. They carried beautifully made but deadly weapons like the metal-bladed hardwoodhandled sword shown here. The larger the blade, the greater the bearer’s social status.
Short grip
Slightly curved blade
AFRICAN SWORDS A rare pair of African swords, these weapons—with 27-inch double-edged blades—have hand-carved hilts with male and female figures as pommels.
Sickle-shaped blade
No protection for hand on grip
Pierced metal knuckle guard Man’s head
NORTH AFRICAN SWORD A nineteenth-century North African ceremonial sword with a carved wooden hilt ending in a pommel shaped like a man’s head. The guard is unusual in that it includes a thumb-rest.
Simple hand guard
VICTORIAN PATTERN SWORD This 1897 pattern infantry officers’ sword has a sickle-shaped blade, based on the Ethiopian shotel. It is designed to strike around or over an enemy’s shield. The blade also has the royal cypher (“VR”) etched in the fullers.
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THE MAMELUKE SWORD
THE MONGOL INFLUENCE
From in the early thirteenth century, the mounted armies of the Mongols came out of Central Asia to conquer much of China, India, and what is now known as the Middle East. The Mongol horseman’s primary weapon was the bow, but he also carried a curved-bladed, single-edge sword designed for one-handed
slashing from horseback. This weapon, referred to by historians as the Turko-Mongol saber, had a huge influence on the development of the sword throughout much of the world. The offspring of this “parent sword” includes the Arab saif, the Indian tulwar (and its Afghani counterpart, the pulwar), the Persian shamshir, the Turkish
kilic, and eventually the European saber. In the West, curved swords of this type became generally known as “scimitars”—a designation that may derive from the Persian shamshir— although this catch-all term doesn’t do justice to the wide variety of local adaptations to the original Turko-Mongol saber.
The Turko-Mongol saber also influenced the design of swords used by the Mamluks, or Mamelukes— slave-soldiers who formed a major part of Islamic armies from the ninth century on, and who set up dynasties of their own in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries. The Mamelukes were succeeded by the Ottoman Turks in Egypt. In
1804, an Ottoman official presented a Mamelukestyle sword to U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Presley O’Bannon in recognition of his leadership of a mixed force of marines and mercenaries in an expedition to the city of Derne (in what is now Libya). There, he and his troops defeated the “Barbary pirates” of the North African coast, who
were attacking American and European shipping and enslaving captured crew and passengers. The Commandant of the Marine Corps decreed the adoption of the “Mameluke sword” for marine officers, and marines still proudly wear the sword in the twenty-first century.
Curved grip and pommel
MUGHAL An Indian sword of the Mughal Era (1526–1857), when most of the Indian Subcontinent was ruled by a dynasty founded by the Mongol conqueror Babur. The weapon’s jade hilt is decorated with two rubies.
Jade hilt
PERSIAN SWORD A Persian sword—this one with a straight blade and dating from the eighteenth century. The hilt features strips of gold in a basket pattern, and the Damascus steel blade is inlaid with gold.
Sheath covers long curved blade
Ruby in center of quillon block
Quillon block
TULWAR This Indian tulwar from the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century, is of all-steel construction. The weapon typically had a curved blade of up to 30 inches; one of its distinctive features is the disk-shaped pommel. Like the Japanese katana, the tulwar was designed to be effective as both a slashing and thrusting weapon.
Basket pattern
Disk-shaped pommel
Hole for bell Gold decoration
INDIAN RITUAL SWORD This rare ceremonial temple sword originated in Southern India in the early eighteenth century. The steel blade is double edged and peculiarly bent. It’s upper edge possesses seven minute holes used for hanging small enclosed bells that would jangle with any movement of the blade.
ROYAL PERSIAN SCIMITAR Certainly one of the most beautiful weapons in existence, this royal Persian court sword was commissioned by Abbas the Great, Shah of Persia (modernday Iran) from 1588 to 1629. It is decorated with 1,295 rose-cut diamonds, 50 karats worth of rubies, and an 11-karat emerald set in the hilt—all set in three pounds of gold.
Blade widens at end L-shaped blade Serrated curves
TALWAR The extraordinary shape of its blade makes this talwar (curved sword) stand out. From India and made around 1650, the hilt is iron and still has some of the original silver finish.
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DAO SWORD In a wooden scabbard with a woven shoulder strap and hilt, this dao sword is Indo-Asian and dates from the late nineteenth century.
Woven decoration
ASIAN SWORDS
Asian swords continued . . . JAPANESE BLADES
In Japan, the sword played a unique and important cultural role. For centuries, sword ownership was restricted to the samurai—members of the warrior class, who had pledged to follow the code of bushido and bound to serve a lord, or daimyo. Samurai typically carried a katana, a curved single-edged weapon often wielded with both hands, and the wakizashi, a shorter sword; together, the two weapons were known as daisho, which translates to “big and little.” Although samurai fought primarily with bows and spears in actual battle, the sword was considered “the soul of the warrior,” and countless hours were spent mastering it. Swordsmanship was an integral part of Japanese martial arts traditions that survive today. Swordsmiths were the most highly respected craftsmen in medieval Japan; because of the sword’s cultural significance, their work was considered as much spiritual as artisanal. The making of a katana was a long and intricate process, involving multiple hammerings and forgings of layers of steel to create blades whose sharpness and strength became legendary.
Scabbard made of laquered magnolia wood
KATANA A nineteenth-century katana, or sword. Like the tanto, the katana was primarily a slashing weapon, but one that also could be used in a thrusting role. The small needle-like spike is a thrusting knife, used to jab upward into an opponent’s heart should the fighter have the opportunity to get close enough. SAMURAI SWORD The wearing of a katana, such as the eighteenth-century one shown here, was restricted to the samurai. It is traditionally worn with its blade edge-up. With the fall of the feudal system, the warrior aristocracy was outlawed in 1868, and sword makers set to work creating their goods for export.
Blade narrows to point Traditional tsuka-ito
Square-ended scabbard
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SWORD This photo shows the tsuka (handle) and kashira (pommel) of an eighteenth-century katana. Samé (fishskin) and cord wrap tsuka-ito
Plaited and woven grip
Pommel
JAPANESE OFFICER SWORD The swords carried by Japanese officers in the invasion of China in the 1930s and, later, during World War II—like the one shown here—retained the basic katana style, but were made with modern forging techniques instead of traditional Japanese swordsmith’s methods.
MÕKO SHÜRAI EKOTOBA This is the name of a pictorial scroll painted in 1293 showing the exploits of Takezaki Suenaga. He fought in the Battles of Bun’ei and Kõan, both against the Mongols, who were invading Japan. The scroll shows swords being used among other weapons, including bows and arrows and spears.
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ASIAN SWORDS
Asian swords continued . . . THE CRAFT IN CHINA
Chinese swordmaking has a long and distinguished history, beginning with the bronze swords of the Chou Dynasty (1122– 770 BC). Through the centuries, Chinese swordsmiths progressed from bronze to iron and eventually to steel, and developed techniques—like repeated forging and folding and differential hardening of edges—that
influenced swordmaking throughout South and Southeast Asia, particularly in Japan. Some Chinese swordsmiths would leave blades exposed to the open air for years, subjecting them to all kinds of weather and extremes of temperature, as a form of “stress test”; only after blades survived this ordeal were they deemed worthy of completion.
As in Japan, swords had a cultural significance in China that went beyond mere weaponry: In the words of one historian, “Swords went on to assume multiple roles such as decoration, symbols of honor, power, and rank, and articles used in ceremonial or religious rites.”
HELMET BREAKER This Chinese helmet breaker was used like a club. Made of solid brass, this implement could knock out an opponent in battle even if he wore protective head gear.
DOUBLE SWORD A shuangjian (double sword set) probably from the eighteenthcentury. The swords were designed so that both fit in the single scabbard of blacklacquered leather.
Dragon mouth
Individual scenes from a legend
Simple quillon and knuckleguard design
Down-turned quillons
Holes to attach to armor or clothing
FANG A very rare and unusual stirrup-hilted short sword. In addition to the double-edged blade, there is a short second blade at right angles to facilitate cutting the bridle of an enemy’s horse.
Cloisonné enamelwork
Intricate carving
Close up detail
JIAN The practitioners of Chinese martial arts know the straight-edged jian as “the Gentleman of All Weapons.” This nineteenth-century model features cloisonné decoration on the hilt and on the scabbard.
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SHORT SWORD A richly decorated short sword with a hilt and scabbard of carved ivory. The carving on the latter depicts a monkeyhunting expedition.
Short additional blade
THE ORIGINS OF WARARE
ASIAN SWORDS
Asian swords continued . . . DAYAK MANDAU Traditionally used by headhunters of the Borneo Dayak tribe, this is a ceremonial sword or mandau from the midnineteenth century. The cylindrical container attached to the scabbard carried ivory knives.
Point of ferrule
TIBETAN SWORD A nineteenth century Tibetan straight sword, very similar to the Chinese jian, with a hilt embellished with turquoise and coral and a silver scabbard with precious stones.
Belt loop
MANDUA A nineteenth-century mandau—a sword used by the headhunting Dayak people who lived in the interior of Borneo (part of the modern nation of Malaysia). Despite its relatively small size and light weight, it proved a deadly weapon in the hands of an experienced user, and also functioned as an all-purpose blade in addition to its role in combat. The small knife shown beside the sheath was used to clean heads taken from the enemy.
Disk-shaped pommel Ivory handle
Animal hair decoration
Ivory handle
BORNEAN SWORD From Borneo and made in the mid-nineteenth century, this is another traditional Dayak mandau. It has an ivory hilt and a wooden scabbard decorated with hair.
Attachment to uniform
KORA The national sword of Nepal— although the design spread into India and Tibet—the kora features a curved steel blade of up to 28 inches, ending in a flared tip. It is essentially a sword version of the famous kukri knife of Ghurka warriors. As a chopping weapon, it was used both in combat and, in a heavier version, in animal sacrificing. The Indian one shown here reportedly was used as an executioner’s weapon.
Sapphire
Ruby Container for ivory knives Widens at end
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war, defense, and a changing world
18th Century & 19th Century
Wars in the United States and Europe increased the demand for reliable firearms
Repeating Weapons The period from the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 to the outbreak of World War I saw rapid advances in weapons technology. By the mid-nineteenth century, the old smoothbore musket had given way to the rifle, a weapon of much greater range and accuracy. The flintlock firing mechanism was replaced, first by the percussion cap system, and later by weapons firing fully enclosed metallic cartridges. Such cartridges made the development of repeating weapons—which could fire multiple shots without reloading—a practical proposition, and by the end of the nineteenth century, most armies would be equipped with bolt-action, magazine-fed rifles. The revolver, popularized by Samuel Colt at midcentury, gave individuals a potent pistol, and, by the end of the century, automatic handguns had become widespread and reliable. With firearms now dominating the battlefield, edged weapons like swords came to be increasingly relegated to purely ceremonial roles.
ASSAULT ON FORT SAUNDERS
During this ill-planned and short-lived battle in 1863, the Confederates failed to break the well-defended Union lines and suffered many casualties.
Repeating weapons timeline Soldiers armed with single-shot firearms were particularly vulnerable while reloading their weapons. Repeating firearms greatly reduced the risk of facing the enemy “unarmed.”
1836 Pin-fire cartridge 1835 First Colt revolver
1851 Robert Adams double-action revolver
1837 Ethan Allen pepperbox pistol
1873 Winchester rifle 1860 Spencer repeating carbine
1869 Center-fire cartridge
1892 Schönberger-Laumann semiautomatic pistol
pepperboxes and derringers
Pepperboxes and Derringers Before Samuel Colt’s revolvers gained a widespread following in the 1850s, the most popular multipleshot handgun was the pepperbox pistol. Unlike the revolver, which loads from a cylinder rotating around a single barrel, the pepperbox had multiple rotating barrels—usually four to six. Around the same time, the compact but powerful handguns known as The Pepperbox
The pepperbox was the brainchild of Massachusetts gunsmith Ethan Allen (1806–71; apparently no relation to the Revolutionary War hero of the same name), who patented the weapon in 1837 (some sources say 1834) and manufactured it first in Grafton, Massachusetts, then in Norwich, Connecticut, and finally in Worcester, Massachusetts, most of that time in partnership with his brother-in-law under the company name of Allen & Thurber. The weapon is said to have got its name
derringers also became popular, while gunsmiths around the world developed handguns suited to local requirements, like the “howdah” pistols used in British-ruled India, and the weapons made by indigenous gunsmiths in Darra on what was, in the nineteenth century, the frontier between India and Afghanistan.
from the fact that the percussion-cap firing system sometimes accidentally discharged all the barrels at once, “peppering” anything (or anyone) in front of it. The pepperbox was capable of rapid fire because of its double-action firing system— one long pull of the trigger rotated the barrel into position and fired the weapon, and it was immediately ready to fire again with the next trigger pull. Pepperboxes, however, were never renowned for their accuracy. In Roughing It, Mark Twain’s best-selling account of his Western
adventures, the author quotes a stagecoach driver’s experience with the weapon: “‘If she [the gun] didn’t get what she went after, she would fetch something else.’ And so she did. She went after a deuce of spades nailed against a tree, once, and fetched a mule standing about thirty yards to the left of it.” The pepperbox fell victim to the growing popularity of the revolver, and Allen & Thurber ceased production of the weapon in the mid-1860s.
MARIETTE A very finely made Belgian Mariette .38 pepperbox, with a ring trigger, four Damascus-steel barrels, and an ebonized grip. The Mariette system used a key to disengage all four barrels from the frame for loading.
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HOWDAH One unusual category of nineteenth-century handguns are the “howdah” pistols used by British officers and colonial officials in India. Howdahs are the passenger-carrying platforms mounted on the backs of elephants, which were a common form of transportation on hunting trips or administrative rounds in rural areas of the Subcontinent. Riders needed a hard-hitting weapon to fend off attacks by tigers, so British gunsmiths produced heavycaliber pistols (usually .50—like the one shown here—or .60), which were often doublebarreled, to give the firer a second shot if the first one missed.
Mariette Breveté D26 This attractive pistol is a 5-shot pepperbox with a handrotated cylinder. It was made by Guillaume Mariette, an armorer in Liège, Belgium, in the nineteenth century. Mariette introduced several improvements in the pepperbox design.
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War, Defense, and a Changing World
pepperboxes and derringers
Pepperboxes continued . . .
FRENCH pepperbox A French pepperbox from around 1840; like the Mariette (see previous page), it is finely made, and also richly finished with gold and silver inlay.
TURRET PISTOL This very rare and interesting American revolver design appeared around the same time as Samuel Colt’s first pistol. Patented by J. W. Cochran of New York City and made by C. B. Allen of Springfield, Massachusetts, the “turret” or “monitor” pistol had a .40, seven-shot, horizontally oriented cylinder. The percussion-cap weapon was fired by a sideways-mounted hammer. Only five or so were made.
Four individual barrels
North & Couch gameshooter This American percussion cap pistol has six barrels that fire almost simultaneously. Patented in 1959, it was used to shoot game or as a hand gun.
TURNOVER A predecessor to the derringer was the turnover pistol, which had two muzzle-loaded barrels which (as the name implies) could be unscrewed and flipped over, allowing the firer to get off two shots in (relatively) quick succession. The percussion-cap model shown here, made in Britain, features a concealed trigger. TURNOVER This is a rare turnover percussion pistol with four very short barrels, made by London gunsmith Thomas Lloyd.
ALLEN & THURBER A classic Allen & Thurber pepperbox. This six-shot, .36 model was made sometime after 1857. Allen & Thurber guns were famed for their excellent construction; for example, the barrel assembly was machined from a single piece of steel. Three-shot pistol This volley pistol bears similarities with a duckfoot pistol and shoots all three of its rounds at the same time. It has a percussion cap mechanism and was made in Europe in the nineteenth century.
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War, Defense, and a Changing World
pepperboxes and derringers
Pepperboxes continued . . . The Derringer
“Derringer” is a catch-all term for the small, short-barreled, easily concealable pistols introduced in the 1830s. The name derives from a Philadelphia gunsmith, Henry Deringer (1786–1878). (Generally, firearms historians refer to the weapons made by Deringer himself as “deringers” and those made by his imitators as “derringers.”) The original deringers were
single-shot, muzzle-loading, percussion-cap weapons, usually .41, and with barrel lengths as short as 1½ inches. Actor John Wilkes Booth used such a weapon to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., on the Saturday evening of April 15, 1865. Later weapons of the type were made by a number of manufacturers, including Colt and Remington; they typically fired
cartridges and often had two barrels in an over-and-under configuration. Derringers had widespread appeal as personal-defense weapons because they provided considerable “stopping power”—at least at close range—in a weapon that could be stowed inconspicuously in a coat pocket, or a boot, or tucked into a “lady’s” garter belt.
Pin-fire revolver Made in France in the midnineteenth century, this revolver has an unusual wrist-loop trigger and uses .30-caliber ammunition. It is cast iron with a wooden grip.
MuFF pistol This Belgian-made, ivory-handled .36 single-shot percussion “muff pistol” was designed to be carried in a woman’s hand muff. It has a concealed trigger and was made in the nineteenth century.
Mouth of powder flask
Percussion cap pistol Although not a pepperbox, this pistol is a good example of the typically small size of guns that found favor as weapons of self-defense in the nineteenth century.
boxlock pistol This tiny boxlock pistol is three inches long with an octagonal brass barrel measuring just one inch. It also has a pear-shaped copper powder flask and originally came in a small case.
Lady’s vanity case
Hidden drawer
Round steel barrel
LADIES’ case with pistol compartment The derringer’s compact size made it a popular personaldefense gun for women—whether “respectable,” by nineteenth-century standards, or otherwise. This traveling case, made by Halstaffe of Regent Street, London, has a tray for cosmetics, a hidden compartment for money—and a concealed drawer fitted for two .44, single-shot Colt Model No. 3 derringers. The Model No. 3 was manufactured between 1875 and 1912.
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ENGLISH miniatures British gunsmith John Maycock produced this cased set of miniature pepperboxes. The six-shot, 2mm pistols feature 1-inch blued steel barrels, ivory butts, and brass frames; the mahogany case also holds an ivory cartridge box, ivory-handled screwdriver and cleaning rod, and a brass flask for lubricating oil. These tiny pistols are singleaction—i.e., each barrel had to be manually rotated into place— because a double-action mechanism would have been impossible to incorporate into weapons of this diminutive size.
Pocket pistol This .22-caliber pocket-sized pistol was made in Europe in the nineteenth century. The trigger is a crude stud-style design without trigger guard.
REMINGTON While perhaps not strictly a derringer, the Remington-Rider magazine pistol, manufactured between 1871 and 1888, meets the derringer criteria of compact size (it had a barrel of 3 inches), but it fired a special short .32 cartridge. Also, it used an unusual repeating mechanism, with five rounds in a tubular magazine below the barrel. The firer pressed downward on a projection to depress the breechblock, ejecting the spent cartridge and chambering a new one.
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colt’s revolvers
Colt’s Revolvers Five-chambered barrel
While Samuel Colt didn’t invent the revolver, his name is now synonymous with the weapon—and for good reason. First, while the mechanical advances that Colt patented in 1835–36 were not a huge leap forward in innovation, they collectively made the revolver a practical weapon for both military and civilian use. Second, although it took years for Colt to win widespread acceptance for his revolvers, his skill in marketing the The revolver’s Evolution
The idea of a repeating firearm that fired successive shots from a cylinder rotating around a single barrel (the opposite of the pepperbox system) was not new in the early nineteenth century. Flintlock revolvers were made in England as early as the mid-1600s. The problem with these early revolvers was that each chamber of the cylinder needed its own pan of priming powder, and firing one round sometimes ignited the powder in the rest of the pans, leading to all the cylinders discharging at once. At the turn of the nineteenth century, an American inventor, Elisha Collier, designed a
weapon ultimately established the Colt revolver as the standard by which all similar pistols were judged. Finally, Colt’s significance to weapon history extends beyond his designs. His armory in Hartford, Connecticut, was the first to harness the technological advances of the Industrial Revolution—mass-production using interchangeable parts—and by 1861 had more than 1,000 employees and annual earnings of about $250,000.
much improved flintlock revolver that used a single priming pan. A number of these were manufactured in Britain after 1810. However, it would take the introduction of the percussion cap—and Samuel Colt’s basic design, which linked the cylinder to the firing mechanism, eliminating the need for manual rotation of the cylinder—to make a truly safe and practical revolver. Colt’s revolvers earned their good reputation because they were powerful, well made, and reliable. That reliability stemmed in large part from their relative mechanical simplicity. Until the mid-1870s, all Colt models were single-action. To fire, the user
Straight-sided octagon-barrel
Compound rammer
POCKET A .31, five-shot, octagon-barrel “Pocket Model” Colt of 1849. According to the inscription engraved on the butt, this particular revolver was presented to a Union officer by “the Ladies of Bristol [Pennsylvania]” in May 1861, shortly after the outbreak of the American Civil War. Its recipient was killed at the Second Battle of Bull Run fifteen months later. The mechanism below the barrel is the compound rammer, which was used to press the ball firmly into each chamber, so the cylinder and barrel formed a tight seal during firing.
pulled back the hammer, which rotated the cylinder and lined up the chamber with the barrel. Then the user had only to pull the trigger to discharge the weapon. This required a mechanism with fewer moving parts than the double-action revolvers developed in the early 1850s. For the same reason, Colts were also more accurate than their double-action counterparts, if slower to fire. (An experienced user could, however, discharge his Colt quickly by “fanning” the hammer with the palm of his nonshooting hand—a technique that is very familiar to viewers of countless Western movies and cowboy TV shows.)
NAVY One of Colt’s most successful revolvers was the six-shot .44 “Navy” series, the first model of which appeared in 1851. (Navy Colts weren’t specifically made for use at sea; they got their name from the naval scene engraved on their barrels.) As with several other designs, Colt produced a smaller “pocket model,” in this case .36.
The “Pocket Navy Revolver” shown here was converted from its original percussion-cap firing system to fire .38 centerfire cartridges. (Owners of cap-and-ball Colts could send their pistols back to the Hartford factory for conversion after Colt began making cartridge pistols in the early 1870s.)
Converted hammer mechanism
Five-chambered barrel
Compound rammer Muzzle pivot
PATERSON and charger The largest of the first three Colt revolvers—the five-shot .36 “Texas Paterson”—is shown here. Like all revolvers before the introduction of the metallic cartridge, it was a “cap and ball” weapon. Each chamber had to be individually loaded with gunpowder and a bullet (usually known as a ball at the time); a percussion cap was then fitted to a nipple at the rear of the chamber. The Texas Paterson was probably the first revolver to be in used in combat, during one the U.S. Army’s several wars against the Seminole Native Americans in Florida in 1835–42.
Exposed chamber for a percussive revolver showing exposed “nipples” onto which percussion cap would be placed
Simple mass-produced interchangable parts
Brass trigger guard
“Abe Lincoln may have freed all men, but Sam Colt made them equal.” Post-Civil War slogan
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Samuel Colt Born in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1814, Samuel L. Colt was—like most of the great gunmakers—something of a mechanical prodigy. As a boy, he liked to disassemble and reassemble clocks, firearms, and other devices. Bored with working in his father’s textile mill, he went to sea at age fifteen as an apprentice seaman. It was on this voyage that he conceived his initial design. The origin of Colt’s inspiration is shrouded in legend, variously attributed to his observation of the ship’s wheel; or the capstan used to raise the anchor; or a steamboat’s paddlewheel—or, more prosaically, he may have seen Collier flintlock revolvers in India, where they were used by British troops. In any event, by the time he returned to the United States, he had carved a working model out of wood. To get his gun built, Colt needed money. Billing himself as “Dr. S. Coult,” he became a traveling “lecturer” whose specialty was demonstrating the effects of nitrous
Factory in Hartford, Connecticut
The original Colt Armory was built in 1855 in the district of Hartford known as Coltsville. It was destroyed by fire in 1864, and rebuilt with its most dramatic feature of the original structure, the blue onion dome with gold stars, topped by a gold orb and a rampant colt, the original symbol of the Colt Manufacturing Company.
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oxide—laughing gas—on curious locals. With the proceeds of this work, he had two gunsmiths, Anton Chase and John Pearson, make experimental models. After receiving his U.S. Patent in 1836, Colt set up the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company in Paterson, New Jersey, to make the new weapon. The three “Paterson” revolver models that appeared that year, however, found few takers. In 1842, Colt went bankrupt. That experience—and the years of litigation that followed—might have driven a lesser personality into despairing retirement. As determined as he was ambitious, Colt made an astonishing comeback a few years later. Some early Colts had found their way into the hands of soldiers and frontiersmen, including Captain Samuel Walker of the Texas Rangers. In 1844, Walker and fifteen rangers, armed with Colts, fought off a war party of about eighty Comanche Native Americans. When the Mexican-American War broke out in 1846, Walker (now an army officer) and Colt collaborated on a design for a new revolver. The result was the huge (4.9-pound), powerful (.41), “Walker Colt.” A government order for a thousand put Colt back in business; because he no longer had his own plant, Colt contracted with Eli Whitney Jr. (son of the famous cotton gin inventor) to make them in Whitneyville, Connecticut. The success of Colt revolvers in the Mexican-
NEW NAVY Introduced in 1892 and produced through 1908, the double-action Colt “New Navy” revolver was typical of the revolvers made by Colt from the late 1880s through the 1910s. (These guns, unlike the earlier “Navy Colts,” were actually bought by the U.S. Navy and were the standard side-arm during the Spanish-American War.) Colt revolvers of this era were available in several different barrel lengths and chambered for a range of calibers. The New Navy series was made in .38 and .41—the latter version is shown here.
American War greatly raised the weapons’ profile. They began to attract international orders when Colt exhibited his guns at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, and also when they proved their worth in the Crimean War (1854–55). By 1855, Colt was so successful that he was able to build a huge and highly advanced factory in Hartford, Connecticut—soon to become the world’s largest nongovernment armory. Colt died in 1862, eleven years before his company’s most successful revolver—the single-action Army Model, and its civilian variants—came into being. Made in several calibers (including 44. and .45), this was the legendary “Peacemaker” and “Six-Shooter” of the American West.
Lanyard ring
Recessed hammer spur
FAmous colt customer Billy the Kid (1859–81) was a notorious gunfighter who started rustling horses and cattle at a very young age. His real name was Henry McCarty but after shooting a man in an argument in 1873, he changed his name to William Bonney. He joined a group of gunmen fighting a frontier feud in Lincoln County, killing yet more men, including a sheriff. His gun of choice was the Colt Single Action Army revolver and the double-action Colt Thunderer. The feud ended but Billy, unlike his fellow gunmen, was not offered a pardon. In 1880 local ranchers elected Pat Garrett sherriff to stop his continued cattle rustling. Garret trapped and shot him dead in 1881, by which time Bill had killed at least 21 men.
Trigger guard
NEW DOUBLE-ACTION REVOLVER In the mid-1870s Colt finally began to make double-action pistols, starting with the “Lightning” model. The pistol shown here—which makes use of a slide-rod ejector to push spent cartridges from the cylinder chambers—is a model .38 made for export to Britain.
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Colt’s Revolvers continued . . . “Colt DA 41” etched on barrel
colt imitation Many different firearms companies have made Colt imitations in an attempt to benefit from that company’s success. This is a .38 long, double action revolver made in Eibar, Spain. Most of these replicas were made in the 1920s. This one has some custom work on the grips—some small gems have been added around the edges.
The famous rampant colt logo of the company
Colt DA 41revolver This model, dating from 1903, is another typical Colt revolver. It has a trigger cocking, double-action allowing it to be fired with a simple pull of the trigger.
Revolving cylinder axis rod
Iron carbine butt plate Shortened barrel, originally longer
RIFLE From its beginnings in Paterson, New Jersey, Colt manufactured carbines, rifles, and even shotguns as well as pistols. Most early Colt long arms (such as the Model 1855, .56 carbine shown here) used a revolving cylinder, but later the company made lever- and slide-action guns as well. While Colt’s nineteenth-century long arms enjoyed some success in both military and civilian hands, their popularity never reached the level achieved by the company’s pistols. At some point in this particular rifle’s history, the barrel has been shortened. Sling swivel mounted on lower butt
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Colt’s Competitors Colt’s revolvers dominated the field thanks to a combination of patents, marketing, and general excellence, but gunmakers on both sides of the Atlantic started to introduce a number of competing revolver designs, many of which would be combattested in battlefields from the Crimea (1854–55) to India (the “mutiny” of 1857), and the United States Double versus Single Action
At the 1851 Great Exhibition in London— the same “world’s fair” at which Samuel Colt proudly displayed his revolvers— British gunsmith Robert Adams (1809–70) exhibited a new type of revolver. Instead of requiring the separate step of cocking the hammer before pulling the trigger, Adams’s “double-action” revolver could be cocked and fired with one pull of the trigger. This made it faster to fire than Colt’s single-
itself, in the Civil War of 1861–65, in which an amazing variety of revolvers were used by Union and Confederate troops. This period also saw a sort of civil war among gunmakers themselves over real and perceived patent infringement. However, by the 1870s, it was clear that the overall victor (whether double- or single-action) was the cartridge-firing revolver.
action revolvers, but somewhat less accurate because of the heavy pressure the firer had to exert on the trigger. Early Adams revolvers suffered from various technical problems, but based on combat experience during the Crimean War, an improved version, the Beaumont-Adams, was introduced in 1855. Revolvers of this type—which could be fired using either single- or double-action— soon became the standard British Army
sidearm, effectively shutting Colt out of the British market. Although Adams revolvers were purchased for use by both the Union and Confederate armies during the Civil War, Colt retained its dominance in both camps during this conflict, no doubt partly due to being mass-produced and therefore cheaper than the hand-crafted Adams revolvers. The simpler Colt revolvers were also better suited to conditions in the rugged American West.
Hammer
Pepperbox percussion revolver This pepperbox revolver was made in Britain in the late nineteenth century, probably by respected London gunmaker, B. Cogswell. A six-shot, 46-caliber percussion cap, it is hand-rotated with a thumb-cock hammer.
percussion cap Octagonal barrel
Bronze grip Sideways mounted hammer
Seven shot cylinder designed side-on to the gun
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TURRET PISTOL This very rare and interesting American revolver design appeared around the same time as Samuel Colt’s first pistol. Patented by J. W. Cochran of New York City and made by C. B. Allen of Springfield, Massachusetts, the “turret” or “monitor” pistol had a .40, seven-shot, horizontally oriented cylinder. The percussion-cap weapon was
COGSWELL TRANSITION GUN A major maker of pepperbox pistols, the London gunmakers Cogswell & Harrison also produced this revolver—known to firearms historians as a “transition gun”—in the early 1850s. The single-action weapon had a six-shot cylinder firing .44 rounds.
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Colt’s Competitors continued . . . The Cartridge Pistol
MASSACHUSETTS ARMS COmpany .28 In 1851, Colt sued the Massachusetts Arms Company of Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, for patent infringement. The Massachusetts Company claimed that its revolvers—which used a bevel-gear system to rotate the cylinder, rather than the pawl-and-ratchet system used by Colt—were significantly different than Colt’s, but the court eventually ruled in favor of Colt. The Massachusetts Arms Company, however, stayed in business and produced some popular pistols, like the .28 six-shot revolver shown here, which was unusual in that it could use either single percussion caps or the Maynard tape-primer system.
Another potential challenge to Colt came from the introduction of fully enclosed metallic cartridges. In the mid-1850s, Americans Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson, who had pioneered both the metallic cartridge and the repeating rifle, developed a revolver firing rimfire cartridges that was based on a cylinder design purchased from a former Colt employee, Rollin White. (According to some sources, White first offered his innovative design to Samuel Colt, but with an
uncharacteristic failure of foresight, Colt didn’t think metallic cartridges had any potential.) Smith & Wesson put their pistol, in a .22 model, on the market in 1857, after Colt’s patents had expired. The combat advantages of a revolver that could load cartridges quickly—as opposed to the slow-loading cap-and-ball system used by Colt and others—were obvious, and a .32 version proved popular with Union forces during the Civil War. But again, Colt’s dominance was not seriously challenged,
SLOCUM In 1863, the Brooklyn Arms Company of New York introduced a .32 five-shot revolver, the “Slocum,” named apparently for a New York-born Civil War general. The pistol loaded from the front; the chambers were actually sliding tubes that moved forward over a fixed ejecting mechanism. The Slocum was another attempt to circumvent the patent controlled by Smith & Wesson.
MASSACHUSETTS ARMS CASED SET Between about 1849 and 1851, Massachusetts Arms also made Wesson & Leavitt revolvers, like the .31, six-shot model one shown here cased with its accessories.
because S&W’s production was not fast enough to keep up with demand, both in pistols and in ammunition. In the last years of the conflict, Colt revolvers did face a serious competitor in the form of the Remington Model 1863 Army revolver. While still a cap-and-ball weapon, many soldiers found it to be easier to load and fire than its Colt counterparts. When S&W’s patent expired in 1872, Colt and a host of other gunmakers rushed to get their own cartridge revolvers on the market.
Sliding sleeve moves forward
A few later guns of this model had a loading lever Varnished rosewood grips
Stud trigger
Brass rammer
Bullet mold
MOORE In an effort to get around Smith & Wesson’s patent on cartridge revolvers, Moore’s Patent Firearms Company of Brooklyn made a number of revolvers based on a design by Daniel Moore and Daniel Wilson in the 1860s. Instead of loading from the rear of the cylinder, these revolvers loaded from the front; the cartridge’s priming charge was contained in a “teat” in its base, and so these revolvers became known as “teat,” or “tit,” guns. On the patent issue the courts eventually found for Smith & Wesson.
Powder flask
Caps
REMINGTON NEW ARMY The .44 six-shot “New Army” revolver was (after the Colt Model 1860) perhaps the second most widely issued revolver for Union troops during the American Civil War (1861–65). At least 130,000 were manufactured at Remington’s Ilion, New York, factory.
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Colt’s Competitors continued . . . Smith & Wesson Horace Smith (b. Cheshire, Massachusetts; 1808–93) and Daniel Wesson (b. Worcester, Massachusetts; 1825–96) both entered the gunmaking trade in their youth: Smith as an employee of the federal armory at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Wesson as an apprentice to his elder brother Edwin, a leading New England gunsmith. The two first joined forces in Norwich, Connecticut, in the early 1850s, when they collaborated to produce a repeating rifle that could fire metallic cartridges. As with Samuel Colt, their technological innovation didn’t meet with commercial success at first, and they had to sell out to Oliver Winchester. But also like Colt, they persevered, patenting a revolver firing a rimfire cartridge (1854) and reconstituting their company (1856). The success of their designs during the Civil War and in the
years that followed—especially the Model 3 revolver, introduced in 1870—laid the foundations of a company that remains one of the foremost gunmakers in the twenty-first century. While Smith & Wesson today manufactures automatics, revolvers continue to be the firm’s signature product, and long after the death of its founders, their tradition of innovation continued in such weapons as the .38 Model 1910 “Military & Police” revolver (introduced in 1899 and still in production through numerous variations, and probably the most popular pistol ever made for lawenforcement use); the .357 (1935) and .44 (1956) magnums (beloved by Hollywood—Clint Eastwood’s character “Dirty Harry” wielded the latter); and the Model 60 (1965), which ushered in the era of the stainless steel pistol.
Williams and Powell revolver This is a five-shot double action revolver made by Williams & Powell of Liverpool, England in the late nineteeth century. It is similar to the Tranter.
Spike for pushing out spent cartidges
SMITH & WESSON The six-shot, .32 Smith & Wesson No. 2 revolver, which saw much use in the Civil War and on the Western frontier, was— like other early Smith & Wessons—known as a “tip-up” revolver from the system it used for loading and extracting cartridges: Manipulating a catch released the barrel to swing upward, allowing the cylinder to be removed completely from the frame; the firer used the spike below the barrel to push out the spent cartridges; the cylinder was then reloaded, replaced, and
the barrel swung downward into firing position. Later Smith & Wesson revolvers pioneered the “break-open” system, in which the barrel swung downward and an extractor mechanism in the cylinder (which remained attached to the frame) ejected all the spent cartridges at once.
Belgian Revolver Made in Belgium in the mid-nineteenth century, this early six-shot revolver is .38-caliber with a
Engraved lock plate
Stud trigger
ALLEN & WHEELOCK Another interesting early cartridge pistol was the .32 “lipfire” revolver made by the Allen & Wheelock Company of Worcester, Massachusetts. First made in 1858, these pistols not only fired a unique cartridge, but also utilized a lever-operated, rack-and-pinion ejection system.
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Snakecharmer This is the popular Handy Gun made by Harrington & Richardson Arms Co. of Worcester, Massachusetts from 1921 until short-barreled shotguns were outlawed by the National Firearms Act in 1934.
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Colt’s Competitors continued . . . Five-shot cylinder Decorative grip
TRANTER Based in Birmingham, England, British gunsmith William Tranter (1816–90) produced a variety of revolver designs in his long career. His pistols had a good reputation for quality, and large numbers were purchased by the Confederate government for issue to its forces in the American Civil War (1861–65), while others (like the five-shot .54 pistol shown here) were bought privately by British officers. This model used a double-trigger firing system; the lower trigger cocked the weapon, the upper one fired it. This is a cap-and-ball pistol, but after the Civil War, Tranter produced many cartridge-firing designs.
Triggers
Firing trigger
Belgian double-barrel pistol Made in Belgium in the nineteenth century, this .38-caliber pistol is broken open to load in the same way as a modern shotgun. It has a center-fire mechanism, with exposed firing pins, and two triggers.
Cocking trigger
Trigger sits behind hammer
Ejector mechanism
Williams and Powell revolver This is a five-shot double-action revolver made by Williams & Powell of Liverpool, England, in the late nineteeth century. It is similar to the Tranter.
Manual revolver Made in the early nineteenth century, the chamber on this revolver is hand-cocked. It has some fine decorative detailing, including a fox chasing birds engraved on the chamber.
Staggered chambers
Ejector rod
Folding trigger
Lefaucheux revolver This is a double-barrel 20-shot revolver with staggered chambers, firing one at a time. It has a pinfire mechanism and was made in France in the nineteenth century.
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Belgian revolver This interesting example of a percussion cap revolver with six barrels was made in the early nineteenth century.
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Colt’s Competitors continued . . . Octagonal barrel
European six-shot revolver Dating from 1887, this six-shot Reichsrevolver M1879 has classic styling. It was made by a consortium of three companies— Spanenburger & Sauer, V. C. Schilling, and C. G. Haenel in Suhl, Germany—who often made Reischsrevolvers together.
Latch for hinged frame
Belgian revolver This Belgian copy of the French Chamelot-Delvigne Model 1872 revolver dates from the nineteenth century.
Danish double action pistol Made by J. B. Ronge & Fils of Liège, Belgium, this revolver has a half-round, half-octagonal barrel and takes a 9mm cartridge. It was issued to units in the Danish navy from 1891 to 1941.
Front sight Six-shot cylinder
Lever in off position
Belgian pistol This percussion cap .32-caliber revolver dates from the early 1800s and takes six shots via an unusual side-loading lever; most other revolvers of the time have their levers on the underside of the barrel.
Belgian Revolver Made in Belgium in the mid-nineteenth century, this early six-shot revolver is .38-caliber with a pinfire mechanism. Side-loading lever
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Cylinder
Ejector rod
Rast & Gasser Revolver Made in Europe in the late nineteenth century, this is an eight-shot, 8mm, single- and double-action revolver. The Model 1898 has an ejector rod under the barrel and is loaded through a gate that has a safety device to prevent accidental firing. The L-shaped grip is a drawback, making accurate aim difficult.
Black metal revolver This is a large caliber cast-steel revolver with an octagonal barrel inscribed “John Clarke, Newton Abbot,” which is a town in England. This is a “Thomas’s Patent #158” design and these guns were made by Tipping & Lawden until around 1877.
L-shaped grip
Trigger guard Front of trigger guard
Center pin Hammer spur
Hinge
Original position of barrel
Cast steel Revolver #9990 This is a Belgian .44-caliber revolver made for the British market in the 1870s. Its unusual feature is that the trigger guard moves to the side, allowing the gun to break open and backward in the middle. Further movement of the guard ejects the cartridges.
Husqvarna 1433 revolver Made in the late nineteenth century by the wellknown Swedish firearms manufacturer Husqvarna Vapenfabriks Aktiebolag, this is a standard, highquality, six-shot revolver.
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Release button Release button
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The American Civil War The American Civil War (1861–65) is often described, with much justification, as the first modern war. The conflict saw the introduction (or at least the first widespread use) of innovations like photography, the telegraph, aircraft (balloons were used for observation of enemy forces), submarines, armored ships, breechloading artillery, and infantry weapons, repeating rifles, and rapid-fire guns. Almost a century and a half later, PITCHED BATTLE
On those occasions when Union and Confederate forces met at close quarters, a deadly combination of cannons, rifles, pistols, and swords was mercilessly deployed.
the American Civil War remains both the largest civil war fought in the Western Hemisphere and America’s deadliest conflict, with a combined death toll estimated at 700,000—more than in all other American wars combined. While disease claimed twice as many men as combat, the high casualty rate owed much to technical advances in weaponry, including the first use in combat of the Gatling gun.
Technology and tactics
The years before the Civil War had seen a revolution in infantry weapons. The old smoothbore musket had given way to the rifle, which was the standard infantryman’s weapon on both sides. These fired a heavy lead bullet (usually .58 caliber) to an effective range of up to 500 yards. While still muzzle-loaders, these rifles used a new type of bullet, the Minié ball, which expanded upon firing to fit snugly the grooves of a rifled barrel. The introduction of the rifle shifted the advantage from the offensive to the defensive on the battlefield. Riflemen,
“dug in” behind cover and, firing several shots a minute, could mow down several times their number attacking in the open.
Experiments and Innovation
The Civil War also saw the introduction of weapons that were “high-tech” for their time. Because it was virtually impossible to use a muzzle-loading weapon in the saddle, Union cavalry rode into battle armed with breechloading weapons like the Burnside and Sharps carbines. Especially effective was the repeating Spencer carbine, which had a seven-shot magazine—Confederate soldiers
called it “That damned Yankee gun that can be loaded on Sunday and fired all week.” Both sides also raised units of marksmen, or “sharpshooters,” to engage in what would later become known as sniping. Although the technology of the time was unable to develop machine guns in the modern sense, both sides experimented with manually operated rapid-fire weapons. The Confederacy used a crank-operated light cannon during the Peninsular Campaign, and the Union deployed a multiple-barreled bullet-firing weapon, the Requa-Billinghurst battery gun, mainly to defend bridges and other positions.
Barrel band retains barrel in stock
“A rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight ...” Southern opposition slogan, in The Civil War by Shelby Foote
Barrel reduced from three to two bands
Austrian Steel This socket bayonet fit the Model 1854 Austrian Infanteriegewehr, also known as the Lorenz rifled musket. Despite being purchased in large numbers by both sides, the Lorenz, according to one historian, was “universally loathed by many of the soldiers who used them.” In fact, the Union government bought thousands of these guns simply to keep them from being bought by the Confederacy.
SPRINGFIELD MUSKET Early in the war, many Union troops were issued with a version of the old .69 flintlock musket converted to the percussion-cap firing system, like the gun shown here, though this one has been cut down to two bands from the usual three. The Springfield rifled musket would largely replace these obsolete weapons, although many of the conversions stayed in use by state militias.
Triangular stabbing blade
CSA (Confederate States of America) engraved on blad Double trigger in guard
Homemade BladeS Confederate privates carried these crude knives, which may well have been made from a saw or farm-implement blade. The design of this and similar Southern knives was inspired by the famous Bowie knife, the long-bladed weapon popularized by the frontiersmen Jim and Rezin Bowie in the 1830s.
Circular magazine holder
SAVAGE-NORTH REVOLVER Manufactured by the Savage Revolving Arms Co. of Middletown, Connecticut, the 1859 “Navy Model” revolver—a six-shot, .36 weapon—had an unusual firing system. The trigger guard enclosed not one but two triggers: The lower ring trigger rotated the cylinder and cocked the hammer, while the conventional upper trigger fired it. Despite its designation as a “Navy” revolver, the Union Navy apparently purchased only about a thousand, while the Union Army bought ten times that number.
GATLING GUN The original Gatling gun of 1861 had six barrels and fed from a hopper containing paper cartridges; a later model took metallic cartridges, greatly increasing the rate of fire, and post–Civil War models— like the one shown here—had ten barrels and used a drum magazine. The Gatling is often cited as the world’s first machine gun, but this is an inaccurate description: the weapon was manually operated, rather than functioning by means of recoil or gas energy. Still, Gatlings could achieve a rate of fire in excess of 1,000 rounds per minute.
Lever on hammer to select bullets or buckshot
LeMat Pistol A favorite sidearm of Confederate officers, the LeMat pistol had two barrels: The upper discharged .40 bullets via a nine-shot cylinder, the lower, a single charge of buckshot. This powerful hybrid of revolver and shotgun was first made in New Orleans in 1856 by a French-born doctor, Jean Alexander Francois LeMat, who later moved production to Europe when the war broke out.
Ten barrels Polished walnut grip
weapons of the civil war
Weapons of the Civil War In terms of weapons production, the Union was much more fortunate than the Confederacy during the Civil War. The northern states contained not only most of the government arsenals, but the region was also much more heavily industrialized than the South. Although the Union, like the Confederacy, had to scramble for
weapons to equip its troops early in the war, by 1862 the Union had largely settled on a few standardized firearms whose manufacture could be contracted out to private firms. By 1864, the Union was self-sufficient in weapons production, while the Confederacy still relied on imports for many of its firearms.
Both “Johnny Reb” and “Billy Yank,” the ordinary infantrymen of the American Civil War (1861–65), carried essentially the same weapon—a muzzle-loading rifled musket, usually .58 or .577 caliber. While the workshops and factories of the North kept the Union armies relatively well supplied with weapons (despite
shortages early in the war), the South lacked industry and had to import most of its arms from Europe, something that became increasingly difficult as the war went on and the Union Navy’s blockade of Southern ports cut the Confederacy off from its sources of supply.
Union Weapons The closest thing to a standard long arm for the Union infantry was the Springfield rifled musket. The weapon got its name from the federal government’s arsenal at Springfield, Massachusetts, which had been founded in 1794. Many Springfields were actually manufactured here, but during the war, more than thirty companies produced Springfields under contract, making a total of about 1.5 million pieces. The most common version of the weapon was the Model 1861. However, the first of
the .58 Springfield series had appeared in the 1840s, when the U.S. Army began to replace .69 flintlock muskets with percussioncap weapons. After 1855 these incorporated a rifled barrel as well. The greater accuracy of the rifle over its smoothbore predecessors led to the introduction of a ladder-style rear sight, and it also came with a spike bayonet. It was a heavy piece, weighing in at 9¼ pounds, with an overall length of about 58 inches— which meant that with bayonet fixed, the Springfield was about as tall as the average
SPRINGFIELD MUSKET In the first year or so of the war many Union troops were issued with a version of the old .69 flintlock musket converted to the percussion-cap firing system, like the gun shown here, though this one has been cut down to two bands from the usual three. The Springfield rifled musket would largely replace these obsolete weapons over time, although many of the conversions remained in service with state militias.
Civil War soldier. Springfields were also widely used by the Confederacy—some were seized when the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, fell to Stonewall Jackson’s troops during the campaign that culminated in the Battle of Antietam (September 1862), and many others were obtained through scavenging on the battlefield.
GATLING GUN The original Gatling gun of 1861 had six barrels and fed from a hopper containing paper cartridges; a later model took metallic cartridges, greatly increasing the rate of fire, and post-Civil War models—like the one shown here—had ten barrels and utilized a drum magazine. The Gatling is often cited as the world’s first machine gun, but this is an inaccurate description, as the weapon was manually operated, rather than functioning by means of recoil or gas energy. Still, Gatlings could achieve a rate of fire in excess of 1,000 rounds per minute.
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The Union was also fortunate in being able to take advantage of the designs of gunmakers like Christian Sharps, Christopher Spencer, and Benjamin Tyler Henry, who produced innovative breechloading (and, in the case of Spencer and Henry, repeating) rifles and carbines. However, these weapons were never issued in
large numbers by the Union’s Ordnance Department; many of them were purchased by state governments for issue to their regiments, or were personally bought by individual soldiers. In the opinion of some historians, the Union might have defeated the Confederacy more quickly had it been less conservative in adopting these kinds of weapons. As for the Union Army’s pistols, these, too were a mix
Six-shot cylinder
of government-issue and privately purchased weapons. The .44 Colt Model 1860 was probably the most popular single revolver among Union officers, but a wide variety of revolvers were used, including the Starr (also .44), British-made Adams revolvers, and the .36 Savage-North “Navy” model shown below.
Octagonal barrel
Trigger guard
Richard Gatling Ironically, Richard Jordan Gatling (1818–1903), the inventor of the Gatling gun—which first saw action with the Union Army in the siege of Petersburg, Virginia, in 1864—was a North Carolinian by birth and (according to some historians) a Confederate sympathizer. In another irony, Gatling (a doctor by training) claimed that his inspiration in developing the weapon—considered to be the first successful rapid-fire gun—was the desire to lower the number of men needed to fight battles in order to reduce the spread of disease: “It occurred to me that if I could invent a machine—a gun—
Carbines and Pistols
which could by its rapidity of fire, enable one man to do as much battle duty as a hundred, that it would, to a large extent supersede the necessity of large armies, and consequently, exposure to battle and disease [would] be greatly diminished.” In 1861, Gatling designed a multiple-barreled, hand-cranked weapon, which he demonstrated to the U.S. Ordnance Bureau a year later. The weapon was rejected in 1862 as too complicated and heavy, and it was not officially adopted until 1866, after the war’s end—but some commanders purchased Gatlings on their own initiative and these saw service toward the end of the conflict. In later decades, Britain’s Royal Navy adopted guns based on the Gatling design, and Gatlings were used to good effect by the U.S. Army in Cuba during the Spanish-American War (1898). After World War II, the multiple-barrel Gatling concept was revived by the U.S. military—in an electrically operated form—in aircraft weapons such as the M1961 Vulcan 20mm cannon and the 7.62mm “minigun” machine gun.
SAVAGE-NORTH REVOLVER Manufactured by the Savage Revolving Arms Co. of Middletown, Connecticut, the 1859 “Navy Model” revolver—a six-shot, .36 weapon—had an unusual firing system. The trigger guard enclosed not one but two triggers: The lower ring trigger rotated the cylinder and cocked the hammer, while the conventional upper trigger fired it. Despite its designation as a “Navy” revolver, the Union Navy apparently purchased only about a thousand, while the Union Army bought ten times that number.
Falling-block breech
SPENCER CARBINE The Spencer rifle, model 1860, has the distinction of being the first magazine-fed repeating rifle officially adopted by a major army. The gun, designed by Christopher Spencer (1833–1922), utilized a falling-block breech, operated by a lever that doubled as a trigger and was fed by a tubular magazine of seven .56 copper-jacketed cartridges located in the stock. After the war started, both the Union army and
navy placed orders for the weapon. However, this gave Spencer’s company impossible delivery deadlines, and unfortunate accidents in testing led the government to have second thoughts. Spencer personally called on President Abraham Lincoln in August 1863, and the president test-fired the weapon to his satisfaction. The Union ultimately bought more than 100,000 Spencers, including the carbine model shown here.
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weapons of the civil war
Confederate Weapons Early in the war, the severe Southern arms shortage forced many Confederate soldiers to arm themselves with shotguns and hunting rifles brought from home. Contemporary historian Andrew Leckie writes that “When the 27th Alabama [Regiment] marched off to war it was said the men carried a thousand double-barreled shotguns and a thousand homemade Bowie knives.” The situation improved somewhat when arms began arriving from overseas, and when Confederate forces captured the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, in 1861. Some of the machinery from Harper’s Ferry was used to set up arms factories throughout the South, but these small manufacturers
could produce only a fraction of the rifles, artillery pieces, and other weapons needed by the Confederacy.
Imports and Imitations
The closest thing to a standard infantry weapon in the Confederate armies was the British-made .577 Enfield rifled musket. Despite the name, the Enfields used in the Civil War were not made at the Royal Arsenal located at Enfield in England, because Great Britain was officially neutral in the conflict; instead, private manufacturers produced rifles to the Enfield pattern and it was these that were exported. The Confederate government purchased about 400,000 Enfields over the
Jefferson Davis Unlike Abraham Lincoln—whose only military experience was a brief stint in the Illinois militia—Jefferson Davis spent many years as a professional soldier before assuming the presidency of the Confederate States of America in February 1861. Born in Kentucky in 1808, Davis graduated from West Point and saw service on the frontier before resigning his commission in 1835. He
course of the war, and the rifle was also widely used by the Union forces. Besides the Enfield, the Confederacy bought around 50,000 Model 1854 Infanteriegewehr (infantry rifles) from Austria. Throughout the war, the Confederate cavalry lacked an effective breech-loading saddle weapon like the Sharps carbine used by Union horsemen. Confederate gunsmiths tried to copy the Sharps, but the result—the so-called “Richmond Sharps,” named for the Confederate capital, where it was manufactured—performed so poorly that Confederate General Robert E. Lee described the gun as “so defective as to be demoralizing to our men.” Only about 5,000 were made.
later fought with distinction—and was wounded—in the Mexican-American War (1846–48). Entering politics as Secretary of War in President Franklin Pierce’s cabinet, he pushed through significant reforms like the adoption of the rifled musket. Davis was a U.S. Senator from Mississippi when the war broke out. He was imprisoned for two years after the Confederacy defeat in the spring of 1865 and died in Louisiana in 1889.
Confederate States of America Crudely fashioned sheath
Homemade BladeS Confederate privates carried these crude knives, which they may well have made themselves from a saw or farmimplement blade. The design of this and similar Southern knives was inspired by the famous Bowie knife, the longbladed weapon popularized by the frontiersmen Jim and Rezin Bowie in the 1830s.
jefferson Davis’ Pistols This magnificent set of cased pistols was made in Belgium in 1861 for presentation to the newly appointed president of the Confederate States of America. They feature Damascus steel barrels, grips of fluted, carved ivory, and gold inlay on the frames and other parts. Davis never got to enjoy this gift, however; the ship carrying them to the Confederacy was captured as it tried to run the Union blockade.
Hammer spur
HARPER’S FERRY Made at the Harper’s Ferry arsenal for Union infantry, percussion muskets like this one often found their way into Confederate hands via the battlefield. In 1841 Harper’s Ferry began production of this Model 1842 smoothbore; a rifled version was introduced in 1855. Although it was possible to return Model 1842s to the arsenals to have their barrels rifled, it is likely that smoothbore versions continued to be used by Confederates, who were very short of firearms.
LeMat Pistol A favorite side-arm of Confederate officers, the LeMat pistol had two barrels: The upper discharged .40 bullets via a nine-shot cylinder, the lower a single charge of buckshot. This powerful hybrid of revolver and shotgun was first made in New Orleans in 1856 by a French-born doctor, Jean Alexander Francois LeMat, who later moved production to Europe when the war broke out.
Slender bayonet blade
Confederate CONVERSION Early in the war the Confederacy managed to obtain a small quantity of converted muzzle-loaders made by the Massachusetts Arms Company, like the one shown here. The carbine used the Maynard Percussion Tape Primer system, rather than the more common percussion cap.
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AUSTRIAN STEEL This socket bayonet fit the Model 1854 Austrian Infanteriegewehr, also known as the Lorenz rifled musket. According to one historian, the Lorenz was “loathed by
many of the soldiers who used them.” In fact, the Union government bought thousands of these guns simply to keep them from being bought by the Confederacy.
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Weapons of the american west
Weapons of the American West Few eras in history are more identified with the widespread use of firearms than the settling of western United States in the nineteenth century: The phrase “Wild West” instantly conjures up images of cowboys, outlaws, and lawmen wielding “six-shooters;” scouts and buffalo-hunters with their lever-action “repeaters” and high-powered single-shot rifles; Cavalrymen and Native
On the Frontier
Americans skirmishing with carbines and revolvers pitted against knives, tomahawks, and bows and arrows. Countless books and movies have established this romantic period in the popular imagination—not always accurately—but the fact is that on the frontier, having a reliable gun (or two, or three) to hand often meant the difference between life and death.
The original Sharps was a single-shot weapon, but in 1860 Christopher Spencer (1833–1922) introduced a falling-block rifle with a tubular seven-round magazine under the barrel—a true “repeater”—which also saw widespread use in the West. Around the same time, the Winchester Repeating Arms Co. was developing a leveraction magazine rifle, which went into production in 1866; its successor, the Model 1873, proved immensely popular and has
often been called “the gun that won the West.” The U.S. Army’s main task from the end of the Civil War until the “end of the frontier” in 1890 was fighting the Native Americans. Although repeaters had proved their worth in the Civil War, the army had so many Springfield muzzle-loaders left over from that conflict that they fought the Indian Wars largely with “trap-door” Springfields—so-called because they’d been converted to single-shot breech-loaders. Another category of Western weapon was
the high-powered (usually .50 caliber) rifles used by professional buffalo hunters. Killed for their hides, to keep them from blocking railroad construction, or just for sport, the buffalo—whose herds had once ranged across the Western plains in hundreds of thousands—had almost been hunted out of existence by the mid-1880s. As for pistols, those on either side of the law used a wide variety, but Colts— especially the 1873 single-action Army model—were favorites.
Across the Mountains
At the start of the nineteenth century, the frontier was just over the Appalachian Mountains; westward-moving pioneers from the states of the Eastern Seaboard brought with them their long Kentucky rifles both to bag game for the pot and to fight the Native Americans who resisted the tide of settlement. When the Louisiana Purchase (1803) pushed the frontier to the Rocky Mountains and the land beyond, the legendary “Mountain Men” went into the wilderness in search of furs, often armed with the heavy caliber rifles manufactured by the brothers Samuel and Jacob Hawken of St. Louis. In the 1850s, during the run-up to the American Civil War, the western territory of Kansas became a battleground as antislavery settlers from the North clashed with proslavery settlers from the South, each side hoping to gain a majority when the time came for the territory to apply for statehood. Many of the Northern settlers were armed with a new and technically advanced weapon—the carbine designed by Christian Sharps (1811–74) in 1848. The breech-loading Sharps had a fallingblock action; a lever (which doubled as the trigger guard) dropped the breechblock for loading. Rifles and carbines based on the Sharps design remained popular in the West for decades.
“Wild West” Revolver Gun manufacturers attempted to cash in on the romance of the West as late as the 1920s. This extraordinary revolver, made by Henrion, Dassy & Heuschen, has a 20-round cylinder. Other examples were called “Redoubtable” and “Terrible.”
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Brass back strap Rammer lever Rammer pivot pin
ADAMS REVOLVER The revolvers made by the British gunsmith Robert Adams (1809–70) were a serious competitor to Colt’s products both during the Civil War and on the Western frontier. As doubleaction revolvers, they were faster firing, but Colts were generally more accurate and powerful. The finely crafted Adams pistols were also more expensive. Colonel George Armstrong Custer of the U.S. Seventh Cavalry, which was famously wiped out by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors at the
Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, is said to have carried an Adams pistol similar to the one shown here—although in that fateful battle Custer apparently went to his death firing a pair of Schofield revolvers.
PUSH DAGGER Described as a “gambler’s push dagger,” this nasty little weapon, made in San Francisco around 1870, was presumably useful in settling disputes about where that fifth ace came from. It has a bone grip and a 5-inch blade.
Octagonal barrel
Cylinder stores twenty bullets
Double barrel Powder flask with dispenser nozzle Ejector rod
BELLE STAR REVOLVER The famous female outlaw Belle Star (1848–89) carried this five-shot, .36, single-action “Navy Model” revolver, which was manufactured by the Manhattan Firearms Co. of Newark, New Jersey, between 1859 and 1868. Known in her time as “the female Jesse James,” Starr is said to
have liked to ride through the streets of Western towns firing her revolver in the air. After a career that included a stint in prison for horse theft (and the violent deaths of most of the men in her life) Starr herself was killed by a shotgun blast in Eufaula, Oklahoma.
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Weapons of the american west
The American West: Rifles Massachusetts Arms Company carbine A breech-loading percussion .50 caliber carbine made by the Massachusetts Arms Company; this type of rifle, accurate up to 600 feet, was known as a Maynard Carbine because it used Maynard primer tape for igniting the powder. The carbine was popular with the military as well as sportsmen. It was patented in 1851 and later saw wide use in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. However, this particular rifle, with its silver cartouche and the Napoleonic emblem, was actually owned by Napoleon III (1808–73; r. 1852–70), Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew.
Breech opening lever
Gold-plated lock plate
Oliver Winchester Born in Boston in 1810, Oliver Fisher Winchester made his first fortune as a manufacturer of men’s shirts in Baltimore, New York City, and New Haven. As his clothing business prospered, he invested in the Volcanic Repeating Arms Company, taking control of that firm in 1856 and renaming it the New Haven Arms Co., and, later, the Winchester Repeating Arms Co. The Volcanic Company had produced a briefly popular repeating rifle, and Winchester hired gunsmith Benjamin Tyler Henry (1821–98) to refine the design. The result, in 1860, was the so-called Henry rifle, a lever-action repeater, which saw service in the American Civil War (1861–65), even though the Union Army never officially adopted it. After the war Winchester introduced the Model 1866, followed by the Model 1873, and their successors. Winchester was also a politician, serving as lieutenant governor of Connecticut (1866-67). Oliver Winchester died in 1881 and control of the company passed to his son, William Winchester. William died the following year, but the company went on, and it remains one of the great American armsmakers, producing a wide range of rifles and shotguns for the sporting market. In a curious footnote to the Winchester story, William’s widow, Sarah Pardee Winchester, was supposedly told by a Spiritualist medium that she had to build a home for the souls of those killed by Winchester weapons, or else the family would be forever cursed. Whether this incident and the ghostly tale is true or not is still debated, but in 1884 Sarah moved to San Jose, California, where she bought a modest house, which she proceeded to expand, at enormous cost, until her death in 1922. By that time the dwelling had 160 rooms and a host of bizarre features like staircases that went nowhere and doors that opened onto walls. The Winchester “mystery house” is now a major tourist attraction.
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WINCHESTER M1866 MAXiMILIAN RIFLE This Model 1866 rifle was created by the Winchester Arms Company as a gift to Spanish-appointed Mexican ruler Emperor Maximilian. Maximilian’s weapon has a solid ivory stock, gold-plated lock mechanism, and is engraved with the Mexican eagle.
Spent cartridge case is ejected downward
Trigger guard and cocking lever Rear sling swivel Rear sight above forestock
WINCHESTER 66 The Winchester Model 1866 was nicknamed “the Yellow Boy,” because of the color of its receiver. A direct descendant of the Henry rifle, the gun fired the same .44 rimfire cartridge, but its tubular magazine more than doubled the Henry’s capacity, from seven to fifteen rounds. This model (converted to centerfire) was owned by Czar Alexander II of Russia (1818–81) and is engraved with the czar’s royal cipher and other symbols of the Russian monarchy.
Exposed hammer showing if rifle cocked
WINCHESTER 73 In 1873 Winchester produced an improved version of the Model 1866 chambered for a new, centerfire version of the .44 round. The “Winchester ’73” became the most famous of the Winchester rifles and one of the most celebrated guns of the West, period. The gun shown here was owned by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII (1841–1910); the silver medallion inset into the stock is engraved with imperial symbols including the Star of India. The rifle received a special blued vision by the gunsmith James Kerr at the London Armoury Co.
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Weapons of the american west
The American West: Rifles
Eliphalet Remington Born in Connecticut in 1793, Eliphalet Remington moved—like many New Englanders of the time— to upstate New York, where he worked as a blacksmith alongside his father. In his early twenties, he decided that he could make a better gun than those available for commercial purchase. The resulting weapon impressed local users so much that he entered into gunmaking full-time, establishing what would become E. Remington & Sons (later the Remington Arms Co.) in Ilion, New York. By the time Remington died in 1861, the small firm was on its way to becoming one of the nation’s leading gunmakers—a status that, like Winchester, it retains today. Although Remington diversified to produce products ranging from typewriters to bicycles, it’s said that the Remington Arms Co. is the oldest American company still making its original product.
Sliding breech block Tape primer compartment
Long, lightweight barrel Graceful buttstock
kentucky rifle For more than 100 years, the Kentucky, or American long rifle, played a key role in the push West from the Eastern seaboard of the U.S. Initially developed by German gunsmiths in Pennsylvania, probably in the 1730, it continued to be upgraded until the mid-nineteenth century, when it fell from fashion. However, these rifles could be made by hand, making them popular among frontiersmen and they were still common in small rural communities well into the twentieth century. Barrel band with front sling swivel
Rear sight Hammer
REMINGTON RIFLE The single-shot, rolling-block Remington rifles of the 1860s and 1870s were of extremely rugged construction. In America they remained mainly a civilian weapon, although the U.S. Army and Navy purchased some rifles and carbines in small numbers. Remington, however, sold hundreds of thousands of the weapons to foreign governments—some of which remained in service well into the twentieth century.
“Man gets shot that’s got a gun, there’s room for reasonable doubt. Man gets shot that hasn’t got a gun, what would you call it?” Sherrif John T. Chance (John Wayne)—Rio Bravo, 1959
Breech opening lever
Pump action
SHARPS 1859 The rolling-block carbines and rifles designed by Christian Sharps (1811–74) were popular with hunters, scouts, and other Western outdoorsmen. Shown here is the 1859 Sharps New Model carbine, with a pair of colored “sharpshooter’s glasses” used to cut down on glare. Perhaps the most famous Sharps model was the .50 rifle—known as the “Big Fifty”—which was widely used by buffalo hunters. The weapon could reportedly drop a buffalo at 200 yards with a single shot.
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Anti-glare sharpshooters’ glasses
COLT LIGHTNING RIFLE In the early 1880s Colt introduced its “Lightning” series of rifles, based on a patent by William Elliott. Unusual for the time, the rifles used a pump, or slide, action, and they were never as popular as the lever-action guns of competitors like Winchester. The several models in the series were chambered for .32, .38, and .44.
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Mausers
The Mausers
In the late nineteenth century and into the twentieth, the high quality of the German Mauser company’s boltaction rifles led to scores of nations adopting Mauser designs for their armed forces. According to company figures, some 100 million Mauser rifles were made in factories worldwide, from the single-shot M1871 through to the Karabiner 98k, which was still in production at czechoslovakian vz24 mauser This high-quality Mauser was a version designed and made in Czechoslovakia soon after the end of World War I. When Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in World War II, its army adopted the Mauser, which was similar to the KAR 98K, already used by German forces and firing the same 7.92mm ammunition.
Straight bolt pull
the end of World War II. Many of the countries that ordered large quantities of rifles from the German company did so to their own specifications. Some required calibers to accommodate the ammunition they manufactured, others opted for specific magazines or ammunition-feed arrangements. Shown here are just a few of the many early Mauser variants.
Receiver
Wilhelm (1834–1882) and Paul Mauser (1838–1914) followed in their father’s footsteps as gunsmiths at the royal armory in the German kingdom of Württemberg. When the government of the newly unified Germany sought an improved rifle in response to the performance of the French chassepot in the Franco-Prussian War, the brothers developed a single-shot bolt-action weapon, the Gewehr (rifle) Model 1871, which Germany adopted that same year. After Wilhelm’s death, Paul came up with a new 7mm design based on the newly developed box magazine. In Models 1893, 1894, and 1895, the rifle proved hugely successful and orders poured in from around the world. While the Mauser’s straight-pull
bolt didn’t allow for as rapid a rate of fire as, say, the British SMLE, it was strong, safe, and effective. In 1898 Mauser introduced the 7.92mm Gewehr 98—the finest bolt-action rifle ever made, in the opinion of many weapons historians. The G98 remained in service with the Germany Army until the mid1930s, when it was replaced by a shorter version, the Karabiner (KAR) 98. The three principal Mauser factories were destroyed during World War II; today, the company— now owned by Rheinmetall—makes mostly hunting rifles. Several former Mauser engineers, however, were instrumental in founding Heckler & Koch, Germany’s greatest weapons-maker of the post-World War II era.
african struggles Mausers played a part in the many bitter wars fought in South Africa in the late nineteenth century. Here Afrikaner Commandos are armed with Mausers and Martini-Henry rifles.
Blood groove
Bayonet attachment Buttstock Blade tip
PErSIAN MAUSER An 8mm Persian (later Iranian) Army Mauser with bayonet. Many of these were manufactured at the Brno Arms Works in Czechoslovakia.
Stocky medium-length blade Trigger guard
Clip to attach to leather sheath
ARGENTINE MAUSER In 1891, Argentina’s army replaced its antiquated .43 Remington rolling-block action rifle with the 7.55mm Mauser shown here, together with its bayonet and scabbard.
SWEDISH MAUSER Sweden adopted the Mauser in 1893—although chambered for 6.65mm, a small round by the standards of military rifles of the era. The Swedes also insisted that while made in Germany, their Mausers be manufactured using Swedish steel.
ARGENTINE MAUSER BAYONET AND SCABBARD Bayonets were designed according to the manufacturers wishes and varied from country to country.
Tapering barrel
Leather sling
Box magazine
Broomhandle mauser Mauser’s first foray into automaticpistol production came in 1896, with the introduction of a 7.63mm model which (along with its improved successor, the Model 1898) was popularly known as the “Broomhandle Mauser” from the distinctive design of its grip.
Bolt-action magazine rifles
Bolt-Action Magazine Rifles The bolt-action, magazine-fed rifle, firing a completely enclosed metallic cartridge of substantial caliber and firepower, was the principal infantry weapon of modern armies for about seventy-five years, from the 1860s until the era of the World War II, when it was largely replaced,
first by self-loading rifles, and later by selective-fire assault rifles. However, it continues to have a strong following among civilians for hunting and target shooting, thanks in the main to its reliability and the robust simplicity of its straightforward mechanism.
Short, carbine-style barrel
BELGIAN CARBINE Firing a .45 centerfire cartridge, this single-shot, breech-loading Belgian carbine is typical of the cavalry weapons developed in the 1860s and 1870s. Following the introduction of bolt-action magazine rifles, weapons designers sought to “split the difference” between carbines and infantry rifles with general purpose weapons like the British SMLE (Short Magazine Lee Enfield) and the U.S. Springfield Model 1903.
British martini-henry Rifle This Mark II, model 1876 rifle is a single-shot, breech-loading, lever-action rifle. The lever-action mechanism was developed around the same time as the bolt-action, the intention of both being to produce a repeating shotgun. Lever-action rifles are still popular with sportshooters today, but were never as popular as the bolt-action with the military because they were difficult to shoot from a prone position.
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Needle-gun
Although the gun battles of the American Civil War (1861–65) demonstrated the effectiveness of rapid-fire, breech-loading rifles and carbines, the powerful German state of Prussia had already adopted such a weapon for its army in 1848. Their version was the so-called “needle gun” developed by Nikolaus von Dreyse (1787–1867). This 15.4mm gun got its name because it used a needlelike firing pin to explode a primer cap that was embedded in a paper cartridge which also comprised the main powder charge and bullet. The needle gun’s
great innovation, besides the incorporation of a self-contained cartridge, was the introduction of a bolt-handle firing mechanism. Together, these advances made it faster to load and fire than the muzzleloading, percussion-cap muskets and rifles in use at the time. The weapon had two chief disadvantages: The explosion of the primer cap tended to weaken and eventually corrode the needle firing pin, and the design of the breech was poor and allowed much propellant gas to escape in firing. The needle gun first saw action against revolutionary mobs in 1848–49 and then in
Prussia’s wars against Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870–71).
ChassepoT
In the Franco-Prussian War, Prussian troops with needle guns faced French infantry armed with a similar weapon, the chassepot, named for its inventor, Antoine Chassepot (1833–1905), which the French army had adopted in 1866. The 11mm chassepot was technically superior to the needle gun in several respects and had a longer range, but Prussian superiority in artillery and tactics countered its advantages.
BEAUMONT “MOUSQUETON” In the early 1870s, a Dutch engineer named Beaumont developed a turnboltaction, single-shot rifle based on the French chassepot. The rifle was unusual in that its action used a V-spring placed inside a hollow, two-piece bolt handle, rather than the coil mainspring found in other bolt-action rifles. This particular model, an experimental carbine for use by artilleryman, was made at the French arsenal at St. Etienne in 1874.
Belgian police CARBINE This Belgian police carbine is a percussion-cap weapon manufactured in 1858.
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Bolt-action magazine rifles
Bolt-Action Magazine Rifles continued . . .
GEWEHR 1888 Afraid of falling behind the French in rifle development, the German army set up a commission in 1888 to spur innovation. One result was the Gewehr Model 1888, aka the 7.92mm “commission rifle,” which incorporated elements from both Mauser and Austrian Mannlicher designs. One unusual feature was that a metal sleeve, rather than the usual wooden forestock, surrounded the barrel—it was thought that this would be a more effective means of keeping the barrel from overheating during rapid fire.
Ten-round magazine
SMLE During the Boer War (1899–1902) the British army decided that modern combat conditions demanded a shorter infantry rifle that could double as a carbine, greatly reducing the logistical hassles of
supplying two types of parts and ammunition. The result, introduced in 1907, was the .303 SMLE (Short Magazine Lee Enfield), which would remain in service, in various models, for more almost a half-century. Shown here is the Mark III model, with its 18
Enter the Magazine
The success of the needle gun and the chassepot led to the adoption of the bolt-action rifles by other Western armies. The needle gun and chassepot, however, were single-shot weapons; the next step forward was the development of multiple-shot magazine weapons utilizing the new firing system. In 1868, for example, the Swiss Army adopted a rifle developed by Freidrich Vetterli (1822–82), which was fed from a tubular magazine located under the barrel. Most of this new generation of rifles, however, used a fixed or detachable box magazine holding five or more cartridges, charged either with individual rounds or by means of a stripper clip, which held several cartridges in a metal frame and which was inserted into the magazine from either the top or bottom. The British army adopted its first magazine bolt-action rifle, the Lee-Metford, in 1877. In 1889, Denmark started to use the Krag-Jorgensen, which was later also taken on by Norway and the United States. The most successful of the new-style rifles, however, were the designs produced by the German brothers Wilhelm and Paul Mauser.
German army rifle This model 71/84 army rifle was developed by Mauser during World War I and manufactured at Spandau, Germany. It has an eight-round, tubular magazine.
Italian model 1871 Vetterli Made in Switzerland in the late nineteenth century, probably around 1880, this model 1871 Vetterli is a single-shot, bolt-action short artillery rifle, modified for the Italian army. The maker’s mark is Giisenti Brescia.
Torino Rifle with bayonet This is a model 1871 Vetterli cavalry saddle gun carbine. It has the mark “Torino” and year 1882 on it. This indicates that it was made in the arms factory at Turin, presumably for the Italian army. The P.P. mark just behind the sight stands for “parti permutabili,” and refers to the fact that the parts were all changeable.
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Magazine receiver
VETTERLI model 1878 Preceding the more famous Mauser by several years, Switzerland’s .41 Model 1869 Vetterli infantry rifle was the first multiple-shot, bolt-action rifle adopted by a major army—although it fed from a twelve-round tubular magazine, in a manner similar to the Winchester and Henry rifles, rather than from a box magazine. The model 1878 had a few minor improvements, but was basically the same rifle as the M1869.
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Bolt-action magazine rifles
Bolt-Action Magazine Rifles continued . . .
Side-mounted magazine with hinged cover
French volley gun Called a “Buffalo” mitraille (grapeshot), this is a bolt-action, .22 caliber rifle with three barrels that fire simultaneously. It is a sporting gun that was manufactured in France in the 1930s.
Webbing sling
Steyr Mannlicher M1895 rifle This bolt-action rifle has a straight-pull bolt rather than the rotating bolthandle of other rifles. This allowed for very rapid firing, but it had to be used with care, because this same feature was easy to damage. It had a 5-round en-bloc clip system with a fixed magazine and was made in Austria between 1895 and 1921.
KRAG Developed in the 1880s by two Norwegians, army officer Ole Krag and gun designer Erik Jorgensen, the Krag-Jorgensen rifle was unusual in that it had a side-mounted “capsule” five-round magazine. The Krag-Jorgensen went through a variety of models and calibers in Danish and Norwegian service. The U.S. Army adopted it, in “30-40 Krag” caliber, in 1892, although few reached troops until later in the decade. The superior performance of the Mausers used by Spanish forces in Cuba during the SpanishAmerican War (1898), however, would eventually lead the United States to adopt a Mauser-type rifle—the Springfield Model 1903—five years later. In the meantime, the Krag was also widely used by American forces in the Philippines during the proindependence “insurrection” that followed the U.S. seizure of the islands from Spain.
Leaf-style sight Spike bayonet
MOSIN The bolt-action Mosin-Nagant is a bolt-action rifle with a fixed 5-round magazine loaded individually or by stripper clips. Few service rifles have had a longer active life than the Russian 7.62mm Model 1891 Mosin-Nagant; with variations, it served with Russian and Soviet forces through the late 1940s. Prior to the Russian Revolution, many Mosin-Nagants were manufactured in the U.S., including this one, shown with its spike bayonet, which was made by the Westinghouse Corporation in the 1890s.
Nondetachable magazine
Very long barrel
Homemade rifle This is an unusual bolt-action rifle from the twentieth century. It was homemade by a Viet Cong fighter and customized by a Vietam veteran.
Custom decoration
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the automatic pistol
The Automatic Pistol Automatic pistols are, strictly speaking, semiautomatic weapons because they fire once with every trigger pull, rather than continuously, like a machine gun (although fully automatic pistols have been developed). Nevertheless, automatic pistols are self-loading and are considered related to the machine gun. After Hiram
Eight-inch barrel
Maxim figured out how to use a weapon’s recoil to load, fire, eject, and reload a cartridge in the 1880s, weapons designers in several countries worked to scale down the system to the handgun level. Early automatics had technical problems such as with cartridge size, but designers like John Browning made the weapon viable.
ARTILLERy LUGER Toward the end of World War I, the German Army introduced an interesting Luger variant—the so-called Artillery Model. The Artillery Luger had an eight-inch barrel instead of the standard model’s four-inch barrel, and was intended for use as a carbine with a wooden shoulder stock and a 32-round drum magazine. As the name implies, it was originally issued to gun crews as a defensive weapon, but it proved useful in the hands of trench-raiding infantry units.
Borchardt, Bergmann, and Luger The first successful automatic pistol was the brainchild of a German-born American inventor, Hugo Borchardt (1844–1924), who worked for several U.S. arms manufacturers, including Colt and Winchester. In 1893 Borchardt designed a pistol that used the Maxim recoil principle to send a toggle backward and upward to eject the spent cartridge and chamber a new one, fed from a magazine in the grip. (Reportedly, Borchardt’s design was inspired by the movement of the human knee.) Borchardt found no takers for his pistol in America, so he moved to Germany, where
the firm of Ludwig Loewe & Company brought the pioneering pistol to the market. Also in Germany, Austrian-born entrepreneur Theodor Bergmann (1850– 1931) and German weapons designer Louis Schmeisser (1848–1917) began developing a series of blowback-operated automatics, although these fed from a magazine in front of a trigger guard instead of from the grip— as did the “Broomhandle” Mauser developed around the same time. Deutsch Waffen & Munitions Fabriken (DWM), the successor to Ludwig Loewe & Co., failed to sell the Borchardt pistol to the
BORCHARDT Hugo Borchardt essentially designed his pistol, the first successful autoloader, around a new 7.65mm cartridge, which eventually became known as the 7.65 Mauser. The firing system was based around a locked breech; when fired, the barrel recoiled, unlocking the breechblock and activating a toggle that moved the barrel away from the breechblock, ejected the spent cartridge, and loaded a new one from the eightround magazine in the grip. The awkward layout of the Borchardt, however, made it difficult to fire with one hand, so (like several other early automatics) it was supplied with a detachable stock.
U.S. Army in the 1890s, but one of its employees, Georg Luger, improved on its design and eventually developed the first version of the famous pistol that would bear his name. The Swiss Army’s adoption of the Luger in 1900 marked a major step forward in military acceptance of the automatic pistol. The German Army, however, still considered the original Luger’s 7.65mm round too weak. Luger then developed a new 9mm round (the parabellum, from the Latin “for war”). Germany adopted the 9mm version in 1908.
Toggle doubles as cocking grip
4inch barrel
Magazine catch
Ten-round removable magazine
LUGER The Luger model adopted by the Swiss Army (like the one shown here) fired 7.65mm ammunition; the German P08 model, adopted in 1908, fired the 9mm parabellum round, which remains, almost a century later, the most popular caliber for automatic pistols and submachine guns. Designer Georg Luger adopted several features of Borchardt’s gun but placed a leaf recoil spring inside the butt. While the Luger was undoubtedly an excellent weapon, its legendary status—it was a coveted souvenir among Allied troops in both world wars—exaggerates its overall performance.
Recoil spring housing with rear sight on top Tangent (sliding) rear sight Hammer Blade fore sight
Butt holds moveable eightround magazine
Ten rounds held in box magazine
Distinctive “broomhandle’” design of grip
BERGMANN The blowback-operated Bergmann automatics developed in the mid-1890s (the Model 1894 is shown here) were unusual in that they didn’t incorporate an extraction mechanism to eject spent cartridges; instead, the spent rounds were blown out of the gun by gas pressure from the cartridge’s firing. The so-called “gasextraction” mechanism made these pistols somewhat prone to jamming. The Bergmann series were chambered for various calibers. Later Bergmann models included the “Mars” and “Simplex” automatics, which saw widespread military service before and during World War I.
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Revolver-style grip
Rounds fed from magazine forward of trigger guard
BROOMHANDLE MAUSER Mauser’s first foray into automatic-pistol production came in 1896, with the introduction of a 7.63mm model that (along with its improved successor, the Model 1898), was known as the “Broomhandle Mauser” from the distinctive design of its grip. Like the Borchardt and the Artillery Luger, the Broomhandle doubled as a carbine and came with a wooden stock that also served as a holster. One of
the weapon’s innovations was that the bolt remained open after the last of the ten rounds held in the box magazine was fired, facilitating reloading from a stripper clip. Broomhandles were a popular choice for private purchase by officers in several armies— among them a young British Army cavalryman named Winston Churchill, who used one in action at the Battle of Omdurman in the Sudan in 1898.
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the automatic pistol
the Automatic Pistol continued . . . Enter John Browning
The main objection military customers had to the early automatics was the perceived lack of “stopping power” of their cartridges. (Automatic mechanisms couldn’t function using the heavy revolver cartridges of the era.)
In the early 1900s, the U.S. Army, however, found that even its .38 revolver was insufficient when used against determined Muslim insurgents in the Philippines (then an American colony). John Browning met the challenge with a pistol that, while automatic,
John M. Browning Browning was certainly the most influential and versatile gunmaker of all time. His work encompassed both civilian and military weapons and included shotguns, machine guns, automatic rifles, and automatic pistols. Indeed, many of his designs are still in production today. John Moses Browning was born in Ogden, Utah, in 1855. Browning’s father, a gunsmith, was among the Mormon pioneers who had trekked westward to Utah, and it was in his father’s shop that he built his first gun at the age of thirteen. In 1883 Browning went to
fired an extremely powerful .45 round; the cartridge was called .45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol). Officially adopted by the U.S. Army in 1911, the Colt M1911 automatic went on to become one of the world’s most successful and long-serving handguns.
work for Winchester, where he designed several legendary shotguns and rifles in the 1890s and early 1900s. His interest in automatic weapons led to the development of a machine gun in 1895 and several automatic pistols, which ultimately included the .45 M1911A1 Colt. His .30 and .50 machine guns became standard throughout the U.S. military, as did the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR). He died in Belgium in 1926 while working on the handgun that would eventually be produced as the Browning Hi-Power (see below) and would be used by the armed services of 50 countries.
Browning Patent Pistol Browning left Winchester gun-makers, where he had produced the first pump-and self-loading shotguns, to begin an alliance in 1895 with Fabrique Nationale d’Armes de Guerre, (FN) Herstal (near Liège in Belgium). Here he produced designs for self-loading pistols, including the model shown here, which were to develop into the world-class Colts.
Browning hi-power This is another handgun Browning started designing in 1914 while working with Fabrique Nationale d’Armes de Guerre (although Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized). It is a single-action 9mm semiautomatic and one of the most widely-used military pistols of all time. The Hi-Power comes from the 13-round magazine which at the time was nearly double that of competitors like the Luger or Mauser.
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“Tough, reliable, and packing a punch, [Colt .45’s] have endeared themselves to soldiers of all nations.” Firearms historian Craig Philip
COLT .45 At least 3 million of these pistols have been produced in the United States, and an unknown number made under license (or simply copied) worldwide since its introduction in 1911. The original “government” model was slightly modified, based on combat experience in World War I, to become the M1911A1, which remained in U.S. military service until the mid-1980s. The weapon’s main drawbacks were its heavy weight (2½ pounds) and that, as a double-action weapon, it had to be carried with the slide pulled back to be ready to fire the first round quickly—something that could lead to accidental discharge in the hands of an inexperienced user.
GLISENTI First produced in 1910, the 9mm Glisenti (so-called by its manufacturer, Real Fabbrica d’Armi Glisenti) was the standard sidearm of the Italian Army in World War I. An overly complex firing system, combined with an unusual trigger mechanism, undercut its effectiveness.
SCHWARZLOSE Named for its designer, German Andreas Schwarzlose, the 9mm Schwarzlose Model 1908 automatic is virtually unique in that it uses a blow-forward operating system, with the slide moving forward rather than backward to load and eject each round. It was an effective system, but the novel experience of a pistol that recoiled away from, and not toward the firer surely took some getting used to. Schwarzlose also designed a wellregarded water-cooled machine gun, which was used by the AustroHungarian Army in World War II.
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personal defense weapons
Personal Defense Weapons Despite advances in public safety, including the introduction of organized police forces, crime remained a major problem in Europe and the Americas in the nineteenth century. As a result, wealthy people armed themselves with small, easily concealable firearms for defense against robbers and villains—although the same types of weapons were frequently used by criminals
themselves. Short-barreled pistols became the gentlemen’s preferred weapon of self-defense, replacing the sword, while the use of dueling pistols was well established to settle affairs of honor. Women also used small pistols for defense. Dueling, pocket, and blunderbuss pistols were readily available to anyone— on either side of the law—who could afford them.
Pair of MuFF pistols These Belgian-made, ivory-handled .36 single-shot percussion “muff pistols” were designed to be carried in a woman’s hand muff, so were often also called muff pistols. They have concealed triggers and were made in the nineteenth century.
Ivory handle
Trigger extended
The Personal Pistol
The most famous were the derringers (named after their inventor Henry Deringer—where the extra ‘r’ came from, nobody is sure), which were “pocket pistols.” As that name implies, they were meant to be carried clandestinely on the owner’s person. Typically, these were shortbarreled revolvers firing very small caliber rounds, often specially manufactured for a particular model of pistol. In order to be as
compact as possible, many of these pistols had folding triggers and/or a completely enclosed hammer to reduce the danger of accidental discharge. The pocket-pistol concept continued into the twentieth century with the introduction of compact small-caliber automatics. A subset of these weapons were “lady’s pistols” or “muff pistols.” These were extremely small guns intended for use by women, which could be concealed in a handbag or in the
Bayonet released on spring
thick fur muffs many women of the era wore as hand-warmers. An unusual weapon was the “palm” or “squeezer” pistol, introduced in the late nineteenth century. They were horizontally oriented and could be concealed in the user’s palm, with a “squeeze” firing mechanism replacing the standard trigger. The best-known models were the Belgian/ French Le Merveilleux and Gauloise series and the American “Chicago Protector.”
Trigger folded away
Muff gun This small weapon was made in France in the nineteenth century. It is a simply designed percussion cap pistol (see inset) with a decorative ivory grip.
COACHING CARBINE This nineteenth-century British percussion “coaching carbine”—so called because it would have been carried by a stagecoach driver or guard to ward off highwaymen—is double-barreled and incorporates a short spring bayonet.
Ornate barrel
Stud trigger
BICYCLE PISTOL The development of the modern “safety” bicycle in the 1880s touched off a craze for bicycling in Europe and North America. Then as now, dogs did not always appreciate the presence of these vehicles on their territory. This .22 pistol, made in France around 1900, was intended for use by bicyclists to frighten dogs; it can fire both blanks and live rounds.
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Pocket pistol This small-bore pocket pistol was made in France in the nineteenth century. It has some interesting engraving on the frame and is notable for the lack of trigger guard.
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Personal Defense Weapons continued . . .
Rotatable double barrel
Pocket pistol This .22-caliber pocket-sized pistol was made in Europe in the nineteenth century. The trigger is a crude stud-style design without trigger guard. Round steel barrel
Double-barrel pocket pistol Probably American and dating from the late nineteenth century, this small percussion pistol works by twisting the barrel through 180 degrees after firing the first shot.
PATTI PINFIRE REVOLVER This single-shot, .30 pin-fire pistol with a folding trigger was owned by Adelina Patti (1843–1919). Born in Spain to Italian parents, Patti was one of the great operatic sopranos of her era.
Hammer
Compartments for ammunition
LADY’S PISTOL Another example of the so-called “lady’s pistol,” this .22 revolver has a folding trigger and pearl grips. Such compact pistols were usually no more than four to five inches in length, fitting snugly inside a hand for concealment. Folding trigger
Hammer
Trigger
Single shot pocket pistol This tiny percussion cap pistol was designed for easy concealment. It was made in the late nineteenth century in France.
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BABY REVOLVER Starting in the late 1800s, Philadelphia gunmaker Henry Kolb produced a series of ultra-compact, hammerless “Baby” revolvers. This .22 foldingtrigger model is nickel-plated with pearl grips.
Pearl grips
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personal defense weapons
Personal Defense Weapons continued . . . “Harmonica”-style barrels
Gaulois gun Manufactured in 1894–1912, this French pistol was made to fit into the palm of the hand. Squeezing the sliding handle moves a cartridge from the magazine in the handle into the barrel and fires it. Safety catch
Four-barrel pocket pistol This nineteenth-century French repeating pocket pistol is sometimes called a harmonica pistol after the arrangement of the barrels. The barrel rises into firing position after each shot until all four barrels are empty.
FRENCH PALM PISTOL In the mid-1880s French gunmaker Jacques Rouchouse developed a palm pistol called Le Merveilleux. The design was triggerless; to fire, the user squeezed the frame, which activated the side-mounted hammer and discharged a specially made 6mm round. The same system was later used in pistols such as the Gaulois guns.
Short 1¼-inch barrels
Brevete Reform Pistole Consisting of four stacked barrels, this tiny .25 caliber repeater pistol was made in France in the nineteenth century.
PROTECTOR PALM PISTOL In 1882, French gunsmith Jacques Turbiaux patented a pistol designed to fit snugly in the palm; the cartridges (either ten 6mm rounds or seven 8mm) were contained in a horizontal radial cylinder. The design was licensed in the U.S. (firing a special short .32 round) by the Minneapolis Arms Company, and, later, by the Chicago Firearms Company, which marketed it as the “Chicago Protector.”
Colt pocket pistol This neat little automatic pistol is known as the Vest Pocket Hammerless. It takes .25 caliber ammunition and was made in the United States in 1908–48.
Tribuzio pistol Invented in 1890 by Catello Tribuzio of Turin, Italy, this is a highly collectable squeeze pistol. Cartridges are loaded through the top of the gun into a vertical magazine. It has a ring trigger and is as flat as a notebook. BELGIAN PALM PISTOL This rare Belgian five-shot revolver has a grip designed to fit between the thumb and index finger like a wedge. In addition to the eccentric design, the pistol’s folding trigger and double-action hammer are made of gold.
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1¾-inch half octagonal barrel
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Weapons of deception
Weapons of Deception While canes and walking sticks concealing daggers or sword blades were commonplace by the nineteenth century, the introduction of the percussion-cap firing system in the 1810s and 1820s made the idea of a
“cane gun” a practical proposition. In 1823, British gunsmith John Day patented a mechanism in which a downward pull on a hammer, concealed in the cane, dropped a trigger; thereafter, “Day’s Patent” cane guns
became the industry standard. According to firearms historian Charles Edward Chapel, nineteenth-century cane guns were “made in large quantities for naturalists, gamekeepers, and poachers.” Later in the century, cane
guns firing the new fully enclosed metallic cartridge came into use. Most cane guns were single-shot no matter which firing system they used, but apparently some cane revolvers were manufactured.
SWAGGER-STICK GUN A .22 wood-covered swagger-stick gun.
Trigger
Hiking-stick GUN This British gentleman’s nineteenthcentury hiking stick does double duty with its detachable percussion-cap single shot.
LANE CANE GUN One of the rarest examples of this type of weapon is the nineteeth-century percussion-cap British Lane Cane Gun. The upper part of the cane, which contained the gun, was detached from the lower part and could be fired from the shoulder. Gun muzzle
American machine gun shell Carefully hidden inside this .50-caliber machine gun shell is a minute, spring-loaded .22-caliber gun dating from the mid-twentieth century.
walking-STICK GUN A nineteenth-century English walking-stick that contains a single-shot percussion-cap gun—the system devised by British gunsmith John Day. Hammer
Muzzle
UMBRELLA GUN A nineteenth-century percussion-cap gun disguised as an umbrella. A modern version of the umbrella gun—in this case, firing a projectile coated with Ricin—was used to assassinate a Bulgarian dissident in London in 1978.
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Weapons of deception
Weapons of deception continued . . . Zip guns These zip guns are improvized weapons made with a piece of steel tubing and a small spring to propel the hammer against the firing pin. They date from the Cold War era just after World War II.
Indian walking stick gun This fine walking stick gun has a ferrule that is unscrewed to reveal a 2-inch lance blade, which in turn unscrews to expose the gun muzzle. The jointed ramrod hides another blade. Signed “Molabuks,” it dates from the nineteeth-century.
Indian walking stick gun Made of steel with a gold koftgari monster’s head on the top, this nineteenth-century three-piece walking stick conceals a gun. It has a screw-in ramrod that loads to a central internal nipple operated by a spring plunger.
Dragon’s head hand grip Ferule is removed to fire gun
Shotgun cane This European-style cane contains a centerfire shotgun, triggered by a tiny knot in the handle. It dates from the nineteenth century. Key pistol Shaped like a key, this is an early nineteenthcentury, 29-bore pistol with a boxlock percussion mechanism. It was made in Europe.
Mechanism hidden in handle
Day’s cane gun Patented by John Day in 1823, this is an underhammer percussion cap gun. A British poacher’s rifle, it comes apart quickly and easily and the stock can be concealed, while the barrel is carried openly as a walking stick.
Brass top converts to a blowpipe
Walking stick blowpipe Despite its neat brass top and wooden cane, this walking stick is a well-disguised and very rare, twentieth-century blowpipe from southeast Asia.
Trigger and firing mechanism
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Weapons of deception
Wallet and coin storage
Tiny revolver
Indian cane gun This complex percussion gun from the nineteenth century is made in two sections, the lower being the barrel and the upper containing the mechanism. The leopard head handle slides back to cock the action and expose the trigger.
Walking stick stiletto Made from knotty wood, this is an unusual early nineteenth-century American walking stick with stiletto blade that is extended from the top of the handle by a flick of the wrist. It locks with a spring.
Pocket book revolver This petite revolver is concealed in a case intended to look like a pocket book. Made in France, it was used by women for self-defense and dates from the mid-nineteenth century. Flick knife blade
Japanese sword cane The wooden scabbard and hilt of this sword are carved to look like a branch. The tang is signed by Kyushu Higo Do (Danuki), swordsmith to the great general Kato Kiyomasa in the 1550s.
Tourist dagger This twentieth-century flick knife is cased in an innocuous-looking piece of wood to allow for easier concealment.
Dagger in wooden sheath An intricately carved wooden baton contains a narrow blade. Thought to be from the western Pacific and made in the twentieth century, this weapon is reputed to have been used by a priest to free a wrongly convicted man.
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Bark-covered branch
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Alarm and Trap Weapons Not all guns are made to kill. From the introduction of gunpowder, various firearms have been used for purposes like signaling, timekeeping, and sounding alarms. The number of these special-purpose guns grew after the introduction of the percussion cap in the first half of the nineteenth century. These pages present some interesting examples from the era.
GRENADE LAUNCHER An interesting eighteenth-century British naval weapon, this “hand mortar” was used to fire a kind of incendiary grenade. A flaming wooden projectile was fired from the barrel onto the deck or into the rigging of an enemy ship.
NAYLOR TRAP GUN An English gunsmith, Isaac Naylor, patented this “Alarm Gun or Reporter and Detector” in 1836. The chambers were loaded with gunpowder; a percussion-cap mechanism was activated by a leaf-spring striker when triggered by a trip wire.
Percussion cap firing mechanism
Firing mechanism
Alarm and Trap Guns
The alarm gun developed to give homeowners a means of warding off burglars. Usually they were attached to windows or doors. If someone tried to open these, a trip wire would activate a percussion cap and fire a powder charge, alerting the homeowner and, presumably, sending the intruder fleeing. Later versions fired a blank cartridge. Another variation consisted of a small-caliber, blank-firing pistol attached via a screw to a door or window frame, which would discharge when the door or window was opened. Trap guns—also known as spring guns— were most commonly deployed in rural
areas against poachers. Like many alarm guns, they were activated by trip wires, but unlike alarm guns, some of them were intended to fire bullets or shot instead of powder charges or blanks.
Line-throwing and Signal Guns At sea it was often necessary for one ship to get a line onto the deck of another, whether to take a damaged vessel in tow or to send across messages or supplies. This led to the development of line-throwing guns, like the pistol version shown below. Coast Guards and lifeboatmen also used line-throwing cannon—like the famous U.S. Lyle Gun,
used from the late nineteenth century until the 1950s—to fire lines onto wrecked ships in order to be able to bring passengers and crew safely ashore. Before the introduction of radio, it was customary for both merchant vessels and warships to announce their arrival in port by firing a signal gun, and it was also often necessary for ships to signal to one another with guns when fog and other weather conditions made visual signaling with flags impossible. Because firing a ship’s “big guns” for such purposes was impractical, many ships carried small signal cannons to be used instead.
Muzzle
Hook for attaching wire
Muzzle
TRAP GUN Percussion Made for hunting rather than for offense or defense, cap this nineteenth-century European percussion-cap trap gun utilizes a blunderbuss-style barrel. Trap guns were connected by wire to a baited trap; when the animal took the bait, the string or wire tripped the trigger.
Blunderbuss barrel Wide-mouth muzzle
Chain link to wire
Trigger link
spring-loaded trap gun This trap gun was used by the U.S. military in World War II. It is set up so that anyone tripping over it with enough force will fire the gun and wound themselves.
Spike for sticking into the ground
Trigger
Hand grip Gun hand grip Fixing point Percussion cap mechanism
Cannon barrel
Cannon trap gun This Brevetto Delio alarm gun was made in Italy. It would have been fastened above a door with about 18 inches of slack wire. If anyone walked through the door, they would trigger it and receive a blast from its 12-guage shotgun.
Gun body
WALLIS ALARM GUN This nineteenth-century alarm gun was manufactured by the gunsmithing firm of John Wallis in Hull, England. The hammer was cocked by a doubleended trip bar; when this bar was tripped by an intruder, the device set off a percussion cap.
LINE-THROWING PISTOL A Royal Navy line-throwing pistol from 1860. A line was attached to the brass rod in the barrel and fired from one ship to another; once the line was secured, it would be used to pull across a thicker rope or cable.
Six barrels fire at the same time
north & couch trap gun This American percussion cap pistol has six barrels that fire almost simultaneously. Patented in 1959, it was used to shoot game either directly or via a wire trap system. It could also be used as a hand gun.
combination Weapons
Combination Weapons Weapons that combine a firearm with a blade or a club—or all three—have a pedigree that goes back to the sixteenth century. Until the advent of practical repeating firearms toward the middle of the nineteenth century, guns (unless they were multiple-barreled) could only fire one shot before reloading. As a result, weapons makers were concerned with giving the user an additional means of dispatching an opponent (or defending himself against said opponent). The introduction of repeating arms didn’t completely end this trend; in the late nineteenth century, there was a vogue for revolver/dagger or knife combinations, and the famous (or infamous) French “Apache” managed to combine a revolver with a knife blade, in addition to a set of brass knuckles, in a single weapon. More recent combination weapons include “drillings” (a double-barreled shotgun with a rifle barrel—usually of European manufacture); combination guns (one shotgun barrel, one rifle barrel), and the survival guns (incorporating a small-caliber rifle and a shotgun) developed by the air forces of several nations as hunting weapons for downed aircrew stranded in remote areas awaiting rescue.
Koftgari decorated hammer
INDIAN COMBO Talk about multitasking: this nineteenth-century weapon— custom-made for an Indian prince—incorporates a sword; a shield; a single-shot, percussion-cap pistol; and a 12-inch needle dagger. It is made of steel with gold inlay and brass embellishments.
Blade folds against sword sheath
TURKISH GUN-SHIELD Engraved across its entire surface and partly inlayed with gold and silver, this shield, which is 16 inches in diameter, incorporates a percussion-cap gun in a wooden mount on the reverse side, with a 5-inch protruding barrel. Pulling a string discharged the gun.
One of four muzzles
Phoenix-head club
INDIAN MACE/PISTOL In the nineteenth century, an Indian gunsmith fitted this mace—which may have been made more than two centuries earlier—with a percussion-cap gun.
Gun Barrel
Ethiopian Shield Some Persian shields have spikes in their center to use in combat. The one barrel protruding from the middle of this shield looks like a spike at a distance. Only at close (shooting) range is it recognizable as a gun barrel.
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INDIAN SHIELD WITH PISTOLS The innocuous-looking “aged” shield hides four barrels behind its bosses, which swivel away to shoot a deadly deluge of bullets. It dates from the nineteenth century and is composed of hand-hammered steel.
NINETEENTH-CENTURY COMBO Another unusual nineteenth-century multiuse weapon—this one of European origin— includes a knife blade, a single-shot pistol, and a shaft reinforced with metal for use as a club.
Exposed percussion-cap mechanism
TRUNCHEON GUN This nineteenth-century British weapon combines a truncheon (club) with a decorated head with a percussioncap pistol. It uses the firing system devised by British gunsmith John Day for his celebrated cane guns.
Trigger with trigger guard
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Combination Weapons continued . . .
Indian Mahout Cornac Gun This rare matchlock Cornac gun dates from around 1800 and was used in elephant warfare. The short barrel and butt design allowed the mahout to continue to direct the elephant while firing.
Curved bayonetlike spike
Arab slave whip This nineteenth-century slave whip has a shaft inlaid with mother-of-pearl, which contains a screw-in spike dagger. Royal Navy boarding ax Dating from the late eighteenth century, this British weapon combines an ax and a percussion pistol. The handle contains the gun mechanism and the bullet is fired through the top of the ax head.
Baton-dagger This lethal weapon is just less than 19 inches long and combines a baton with a concealed spikelike dagger. It was made in China in the nineteenth century. Neat, spike-bladed dagger
Flick-dagger life-preserver This combination weapon has a malacca cane shaft, with weighted ends decorated with a decorative cord binding. The dagger is retained by a spring catch and released with a flick of the wrist. It was made in Britain around 1850.
Flintlock pistol ax Probably made in France in the late eighteenth century, this navy pistol has a small ax head on the end of the barrel, which would have been used for boarding enemy ships. It is often called a “rat-tail.�
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combination Weapons
Combination Weapons continued . . . DIRK PISTOL The Belgian-French gunmakers Dumonthier & Sons produced several knife-pistol combinations. This one has a 13½-inch blade mounted above double barrels. Dumonthier also manufactured a number of cane guns.
Persian Pistol Dagger This Persian pistol doubles up as a dagger—the blade is hidden in the grip. Its gently angled shape would have made it difficult to aim accurately, but also easy to conceal. It has a percussion-cap mechanism and some brass decoration
Slit tor crossbow band Dagger hidden in the grip
Matchlock crossbow combination This rare example of an eighteenth-century matchlock gun combined with a crossbow is Indo-Persian. There is a slot below the barrel for the bowstring, which is released by the same trigger that operates the gun.
Crossbow and rifle combination This is a Hodges catapult gun, made in England in the mid-ninteenth century. The weapon worked both as a rifle and a catapult. The two brass projections on the muzzle allow for attachment of the elastic band to fire the crossbow. It was intended to be used for hunting.
Percussion-cap mechanism Trigger
DAGGER PISTOL While disguised as a dagger, this Japanese weapon is actually a single-shot percussion-cap pistol.
Pocket-knife percussion pistols Examples of an American pocket-knife pistol (above) and one made by the London firm of Unwin & Rodgers (at right). Pocket-knife pistols were popular in the late nineteenth century. Folding blades
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Knife pistol This late nineteenth-century French knife-gun combination has a carved ivory handle and 10-inch blade. Concealed in the handle is a .32 centerfire gun. The trigger opens when the gun is cocked.
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combination Weapons
Combination Weapons continued . . . Revolver cylinder
Pistol barrel
CUTLASS PISTOL Dumonthier (see previous page) also made this single-shot, .31 percussion-cap pistol with a cutlass blade; the pistol barrel and blade are forged from the same piece of metal. KNIFE REVOLVER Another European combination weapon features a six-shot, double-action revolver with folding, curved-blade knife.
Folding trigger
Trigger guard doubles as a hilt
Revolver cylinder
Dagger pistol This Spanish .65-caliber, percussion cap pistol has a spring-loaded bayonet, which is released by pulling back the trigger guard. It dates from the nineteenth century.
COMBO PISTOL DAGGER This Belgian pistol (in formidable .80) includes not one but two knife blades—a 6½-inch straight blade that slides forward from the frame, and an 8-inch curved blade concealed in the buttstock. In addition, the trigger guard is lengthened and reinforced to parry the sword or knifethrust of an attacker.
APACHE One of the rarest and yet most famous combination weapons of the nineteenth century was the “Apache,” so-called because it was supposedly used by Parisian gangsters who took the name of the warlike Native American nation. (Firearms historian Charles Edward Chapel considered its name “a gross libel on American Apache Indians.”) The “Apache” combined a revolver (usually 7mm pinfire), a folding blade of about 3½ inches, and a “brass knuckle” grip. Given the shortness of the blade and the fact that the pistol component didn’t even have a barrel, it’s effectiveness as either a firearm or a knife is pretty doubtful.
Pistol-knife A tiny pistol-knife combo that was made in the U.S. in the nineteenth century.
Bayonet blade
MARBLE “GAME GETTER” Introduced in 1908 by the Marble Safety Axe Company (later Marble’s Arms & Manufacturing) of Michigan, the “Game Getter” was a folding-stock, over-and-under double-barreled weapon, with the upper barrel chambered for .22 cartridges and the lower barrel chambered for .44 (later .410) shotgun shells. The idea was to give hunters a single compact weapon suitable for dealing with both birds and four-legged game.
Folding stock
Le Centenaire Also reputedly popular with the criminal Apache gangs of Paris, this combination knuckleduster and single shot .22 pistol was made in France in 1889. It was also called a Coup-de-poing pistolet “Walh.”
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THE WORLD AT WAR 20th Century & Beyond Mass conflict led to the development of a wide range of new weapons
Modern Warfare World War I (1914–18) saw deployment of modern automatically firing machine guns alongside primitive trench-fighting knives. To a great extent World War II (1939–45) was fought with similar weapons. Automatic pistols, already in widespread use during the earlier conflict, replaced the revolver as the standard military sidearm. Submachine guns, such as the German MP40 “Schmeisser” and the cheap and simple Ppsh 41 used by the Soviet Red Army, joined the infantry’s arsenal. The years preceding World War II had seen experimentation with semiautomatic, or self-loading, rifles to replace bolt-action models, but only the U.S. Army made such a weapon—the M1 Garand—its standard rifle during the war itself. Germany developed the MP44 Sturmgewehr (assault rifle), an innovative weapon that combined the rapid-fire capabilities of the submachine gun with the range and power of the rifle. Tanks and armored vehicles became increasingly important, too, with developments accelerating after World War I.
US TANKS ADVANCING
Sherman tanks lead this World War II cavalcade. These tanks were initially intended as a support for infantry rather than as offensive weapons.
Automatic weapons timeline Arms makers long dreamed of a weapon that fired continuously at the touch of a trigger. Manually operated rapid-fire weapons first appeared in the nineteenth century.
1885 Maxim machine gun 1861 Gatling gun
1941 MP41 assault rifle
1932 Vickers heavy machine gun 1917 Thompson submachine gun
1936 M1 Garand semiautomatic rifle
1938 MP40 submachine gun
1957 M14 selective-fire semiautomatic rifle
weapons of world war I
Weapons of World War I World War I was a conflict of mass firepower, with the recently developed machine guns and other artillery capable of dealing death from long distances. But when orders were given to leave the trenches of the Western Front and advance on the enemy, infantrymen soon
became engaged in episodes of desperate close-quarters combat. Famous battles such as those of the Somme (1916) and Passchendale (1917) consisted of many infantry advances, where edged weapons and pistols would have found a place along with rifles.
Metal scabbard
Solid brass “knuckle-duster” handle
Edged weapons By the outbreak of the “Great War,” swords were mostly considered ceremonial weapons in European armies—except for sabers, which were still issued to cavalrymen. However, the mounted forces of the warring armies didn’t have much opportunity to wield their sabers. Although the first clash between the British and German forces—at the Battle of Mons, in August 1914—was a cavalry action, the war on the Western Front in France and Belgium quickly settled into static trench warfare in which cavalry played little part. (The British Army, however, kept large
reserves of cavalry in hopes that it could exploit breaches in the German lines.)
bayonets and trench knives
Every infantrymen had a bayonet for his rifle—hence the classic images of soldiers going “over the top” and advancing, bayonets fixed, into the no-man’s-land that separated opposing trenches. Even if the World War I infantryman survived a hail of machine-gun fire to reach the enemy’s lines, however, using the bayonet was an awkward business in the close confines of a trench. So soldiers
increasingly turned to knives in hand-to-hand fights, and several armies developed purposebuilt “trench knives” or “trench daggers” like those shown on these pages. World War I soldiers also improvised edged weapons to meet trench-fighting conditions— weapons that would have been recognizable to medieval warriors. Some sharpened the edges of spades to a bladelike sharpness. Others attached knives to poles to create twentiethcentury versions of the pike or halberd.
Well-worn leather scabbard
US 1918 TRENCH KNIFE The original 1917 U.S. trench knife was found to be too fragile and was replaced with the model shown here, which had a handle of solid brass.
“Skull-crusher” pommel
Triangular stiletto-style blade
Leather scabbard
US 1917 TRENCH KNIFE In 1917, the U.S. Army developed a small fighting knife designed especially for close combat. It was a triple-threat weapon, featuring a triangular stabbing blade, a handle that doubled as a set of “brass knuckles,” and a heavy “skull-crusher” pommel cap.
Handle shaped like a “knuckle-duster”
Leather belt hook
Wood and buffalo horn handle
Metal sheath
Gurkha kukri Made in the early twentieth century, possibly 1903, this large kukri was used in both world wars by a soldier of the 9th Gurkha Rifles. It has a leather scabbard and is accompanied by two small knives.
German Imperial saber This traditionally styled cavalry saber dates from World War I. It is lightweight with a stirrup hilt, simple grip, and long slender steel blade.
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GERMAN COMBAT KNIFE The compact grabendoch (trench dagger) was widely issued to frontline German troops during World War I. This model has a blade of about 5¾ inches and an overall length of about 10 inches.
Strong blade with a single cutting edge
Small sharpening knife
The world at war
weapons of world war I
Edged Weapons of World War I continued . . . LEBEL BAYONET This bayonet was produced in 1916 for use with the 8mm French Lebel Model 1886 bolt-action rifle. The metal grip was produced in both nickel and brass, as supplies of the metals dictated.
Sawtooth blade
Artillery short sword This neoclassical-style sword dating from 1816 was issued to a French foot soldier for used as a sidearm and a tool for clearing undergrowth.
Long, triangular blade
Strong, protective sheath
Uniform tassel
Mauser pioneer bayonet Dating from World War I and before, this bayonet was made for use with a Mauser rifle. It has a sawtooth blade and a scabbard made from leather and silver.
“They shall not pass.”
—General Pétain, Battle of Verdun, 1916 Protective quillon
Glass lenses
Canvas mask
Charcoal filter
US GAS MASK Poison gas was one of the special horrors of World War I. Both the French and the German armies used irritant gases (i.e., tear gas) early in the war, but gas warfare entered a more deadly phase during the Battle of Ypres in April 1915, when the Germans wafted chlorine gas toward British trenches. Soon both sides used gases, mainly delivered by artillery shells. Some gases (like mustard gas) disabled victims; others (like phosgene) were often immediately fatal. Early countermeasures were crude— such as holding urine-soaked cotton wadding over the nose and mouth—but as the war went on, increasingly effective gas masks, or “respirators,” were developed. The one shown here was issued to U.S. troops.
Bayonet and sheath Weyersberg, Kirschbaum & Co. (WKC) began making swords in Solingen, Germany, over two hundred years ago. They made this bayonet in the late nineteenth century, and it went on to be used during World War I.
Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time, But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And flound’ring like a man in fire or lime. Dulce et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen (1917) Instruction booklet
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Steyr-Mannlicher bayonet This wooden-handled bayonet was made for the Steyr-Mannlicher M1895 bolt-action rifle. It is marked “FG GY” indicating it was made in Hungary; bayonets for this rifle were also made in Austria.
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The world at war
weapons of world war I
Handguns of World War I In World War I, pistols were carried chiefly by officers and noncommissioned officers (NCOs). They remained a standard cavalry weapon and were prized for use in close combat by frontline infantry. They also were carried by tank crews, aircrew, and support troops as a defensive weapon in conditions that made the use of a rifle impractical. From the early years of the
twentieth century, other handguns also found a role as police weapons and for home defense. Many designs had been around for years.
THE REVOLVER
By the time World War I began in 1914 the automatic pistol was finally winning acceptance among the world’s armed forces.
Switzerland and Germany, for example, had adopted the 9mm Luger, while the United States (which would enter the war in 1917) adopted the Colt .45 automatic in 1911. Many military officers, however, believed (with some justification) that automatics weren’t reliable or rugged enough to withstand the rigors of muddy, dusty, and damp combat conditions. The British Army remained strongly devoted to the revolvers made by the Birmingham firm of Webley & Scott, which first entered service in the 1880s; the French used the Lebel revolver, and the Russians, the Nagant.
GLISENTI M1910 AUTO Manufactured by the firm of Real Fabbrica d’Armi Glisenti, the Model 1910 automatic was a mainstay of Italian forces in World War I. The M1910, however, had an overly complicated firing system that required the use of a weaker version of the 9mm round, which limited its range and stopping power.
GleseNti 1884 revolver This Italian10.35mm revolver has a folding trigger that unfolds when the hammer is cocked. The more common variant models have a trigger guard and fixed trigger.
2nd Model Nambu pistol Named for its inventor, Colonel Nambu Kirijo, Japan’s foremost weapons designer at the time, the Nambu pistol was pefected in 1915. It was widely used by Japanese officers but was never officially adopted by the military. Although it looks very like the German Luger, there is no similarity in the way it works.
GERMAN REVOLVER Despite the official adoption of the Luger, many German cavalrymen of World War I carried the more reliable six-shot, .44 revolvers like the one shown here.
Short recoil, slide exposed
Slide moves back to load cartridges
Ring attached to trooper’s clothing via lanyard
STEYR The Steyr 9mm automatic was the standard pistol of the Austro-Hungarian armies in World War I and many later found their way into the Wehrmacht in World War II. Like the “snail drum” Luger, this particular pistol was captured during the Allied campaign against German and Italian forces in North Africa.
.455 Eley caliber, six-shot cylinder.
Contract colt new service revolver This was the largest swing-out cylinder, double action revolver produced by Colt. It is estimated that 356,000 were manufactured in many different variations in the 46 years (1897–1943) they were produced. .
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8mm 8 round detachable box magazine.
BERGMANN-BAYARD M1910 Designed by Danish gunmaker Theodore Bergmann and his associates, the BergmannBayard M1910 was a 9mm automatic that could take either a six- or ten-round magazine. Besides being the official Danish sidearm, it was adopted by the armies of Belgium, Greece, and Spain. This handgun model was also widely used by the Danish resistance movement during the German occupation of that country in World War II.
swiss army LUGER The Luger model adopted by the Swiss Army were 7.65mm-caliber while the German P08 model, adopted in 1908, fired the 9mm parabellum round, which remains, almost a century later, the most popular caliber for automatic pistols and submachine guns. The Luger was undoubtedly an excellent weapon, but its legendary status—it was a coveted souvenir among Allied troops in both world wars—exaggerates its overall performance.
Detachable 7.65mm magazine
weapons of World war I
Pistols to the End of WWI
Cylinder takes twelve rounds
Chinese pistol Dating from the early twentieth century, this is a 7.63 caliber automatic with a Mauser-type hammer. The Chinese made several copies of Mausers, one of the most famous being the Hanyang C96.
Folding trigger without a safety guard
Scheintod Hahn gas revolver Dating from the late nineteenth century, this German revolver has five barrels and a folding trigger. It shoots 410 shotgun shells.
Ribbed grip
L’Explorateur mitraille Made in France by Francaise d’Arms & Cycles de Saint Etienne, this “Explorer” double-barrel 6mm revolver takes twelve rounds and shoots two at a time. It was made for the colonial market between 1900 and 1913.
Browning Patent Pistol This is the M1910 or “New Model” Browning. It is a six-shot 9mm. It was made very early in the twentieth century and its hard rubber grip, decorated with fine checkering, indicates it was made prior to World War II. The FN stands for Fabrique National d’Armes de Guerre.
Sliding ramrod
European six-shot revolver An early twentieth century example of a six-shot revolver with a sliding ramrod on the side.
Lanyard hook
Wooden grip
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German army revolver Made in 1893 for use as a service weapon, this single action, six-shot, .44 revolver is marked “Erfurt,” which is the location of the German government’s arsenal at the time.
Husqvarna m1907 pistol Made by the Swedish firearms manufacturer Husqvarna Vapenfabriks Aktiebolag in the early twentieth century, this is a .38 caliber self-loading, semiautomatic service pistol. It is marked as pistol number1549, issued to Infantry Regiment No. 17.
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Trench Warfare In 1897, a Polish-Jewish financier named Ivan Bloch (c. 1832–1902) published a book titled The War of the Future. Bloch contended that given the combination of mass conscript armies and weapons like machine guns and quick-firing artillery using explosive shells, any European conflict would degenerate into a war of attrition fought by soldiers burrowing into the earth for protection. His theory was ignored or scoffed at. scant protection
The shallow, hastily excavated trench of these Allied soldiers would be useless in the event of a direct hit by artillery but offered some protection from sniper fire.
Not much more than a decade after his death, he was proved a prophet. Yet trench warfare was not new in 1914. During the American Civil War (1861–65), the effectiveness of the rifled musket was such that both sides learned the value of “digging in.” Photographs of the Union Army’s lines around Petersburg, Virginia, in 1864–65 are eerily similar to photographs of the Western Front in France and Belgium fifty years later.
The Western Front
When World War I broke out in Europe in August 1914, the French Army still believed that a spirited offense over open ground would always overwhelm the enemy. In the opening months of the conflict, the French managed to hold the German attackers on the Marne River and save Paris from capture, but their tactics cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Thereafter the French and their British allies established a line of trenches that stretched nearly 500 miles from the English Channel to the Swiss border, separated from the German trenches by a no-man’s-land that in places
Weapons of Trench Warfare
Previously, infantry had generally been the decisive factor on European battlefields, but in World War I artillery achieved preeminence. At the Third Battle of Ypres in 1917, for example, British artillery fired 4.7 million shells over three weeks. Intended to “soften” the enemy in preparation for an infantry assault across no-man’s-land, the bombardment was ineffective. Dug deep into the ground, the Germans were able to emerge with their
Top of receiver
“...NO PEACE FOR MEN, ONLY MURDER, CRUELTY, BRUTALITY”
extended no more than a few hundred feet or even less between the opposing forces.
James T. Farrell, Studs Lonigan: A Trilogy Magazine Buttstock
Lowered back sight
periscope rifle This Enfield rifle has been fitted with a periscope to allow for remote firing over the top of the trench. A system of rods and mirrors allows the operator to fire without having to reveal himself to the enemy artillery.
Raised lever sight
machine guns intact and ready to scour the advancing Allied infantry. In an effort to break the deadlock on the Western Front, the British developed a new weapon—the tank, a tracked, armored “land battleship.” Tanks had some success, especially at the Battle of Cambrai (November 20–December 7, 1917), but did not prove a decisive factor in the war. For their part, the Germans sought to break the deadlock by developing tactics based around small groups of strosstruppen (literally, “storm troops”) armed with new weapons such as flamethrowers and submachine guns for use in clearing Allied troops from their bunkers. Front sight
GRENADE Grenades are filled with explosives that are activated when the pin is pulled. This gives the user a few seconds to throw it at the enemy.
Barrel with protective wrapping
lewis light machine gun Developed in 1911, this .303, gas-operated weapon was fed by a tubular 50-round top-mounted magazine, and it had a distinctive “shroud” to cool the barrel. It was widely used to arm Allied aircraft, and a .30 version was developed for U.S. forces.
Barrel shroud
Pistol grip
Barrel slide
BERGMANN-BAYARD M1910 This Danish 9mm automatic could take either a six- or ten-round magazine. Besides being the official Danish sidearm, it was adopted by the armies of Belgium, Greece, and Spain. It was later used by the Danish resistance during the German occupation in World War II. Mauser pioneer bayonet Dating from World War I and before, this bayonet was made for use with a Mauser rifle. It has a sawtooth blade and a scabbard made of leather and silver.
“Pineapple” design
MORTARS Sometimes called “the infantryman’s artillery,” compact, mobile mortars were developed during World War I to give supporting fire to riflemen in both offense and defense operations.
Bipod support
“Knuckle-duster” handle
US 1917 TRENCH KNIFE In 1917, the U.S. Army developed a knife for close combat. This triplethreat weapon had a triangular blade, a “knuckle-duster” handle, and a skull-crushing pommel cap.
Mortar tube
Firing pin at base of tube
Footplate
weapons of world war I
Bolt system named after its designer James Paris Lee
Infantry Rifles of World War I From the turn of the twentieth century, military rifle technology advanced at a slower pace than that of other weapons. The World War I infantryman in most armies went into battle carrying a rifle with a design pedigree dating back to the mid-nineteenth century.
if it ain’t broke . . .
There were valid reasons for this relative conservatism. Bolt-action rifles were sturdy, and mechanically simple, and they were also accurate over long distances—typically up to 500–600 yards. The main trend in rifle development before World War I was simply to make infantry rifles shorter and lighter. This meant there was a blurring of the nineteenth-century distinction between rifle and carbine; examples include the U.S. Springfield M1903, British SMLE (Short Magazine Lee-Enfield) and German KAR-98. Although a well-trained soldier could get off about 15 shots per minute with bolt-
action rifles at this time, weapons designers had also begun to work on semiautomatic rifles to increase the volume of infantry firepower. (Operating by means of recoil or from the energy of the gas created as a fired cartridge left the barrel, semiautomatic rifles—also known as autoloading rifles— fire once for every pull of the trigger.) From the mid-1890s onward, the military establishments of Denmark, Mexico, Germany, Russia, and Italy experimented with semiautomatic rifles, but none of those developed at the time saw widespread use. Experimentation continued, but adoption of the semiautomatic rifle was slowed by the same concerns over replacement of revolvers with automatic pistols—the relative complexity of semiautomatic rifles compared to bolt-action rifles, and the fact that most semiautomatics fired a lighter, shorter cartridge. In addition, officers worried that troops armed with rapid-fire rifles would expend their ammunition too quickly.
british lee-ENFIELD M1917 Mark III With a design incorporating lessons learned in the Boer War (1899–1902), the first version of the .303 SMLE (Short Magazine Lee-Enfield), the Mark III, entered service with the British Army in 1907. The SMLE’s action gave it a high rate of fire relative to other rifles of the time, and it had a 10-round magazine. When German troops came under British fire early in World War I, the British put up such a sustained, rapid fire that the Germans believed they were under attack by machine guns.
Bolt action
Eddystone Enfield When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, it adopted a rifle based on the British Enfield. This was the U.S. Rifle Model 1917—an Enfield with an action and magazine modified for U.S .30 cartridges. Often called an Eddystone model rifle, it was one of many made at the Remington Arms Eddystone Rifle Plant, Pennsylvania, during World War I.
6-round magazine
VETTERLI-VITALI During World War I, the Italian Army modified numbers of its elderly Model 71 carbines—originally single-shot, 10.4mm weapons—into more feasible 6.5mm rifles fed by the same 6-round magazine used by the Mannlicher-Carcano M1891.
Bayonet
MANNLICHER-CARCANO Although they bear the name of the Austro-German gun designer Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher, the Mannlicher-Carcano series of 6.5mm carbines and rifles—the mainstay of the Italian armed forces from 1891 through World War II—were actually based on a Mauser
Steyr-Mannlicher M.95 rifle This bolt-action rifle has a straight-pull bolt, allowing for very rapid firing. It was made in Austria between 1895 and 1921 and was nicknamed “Ruck Zuck” (“right now” or “very quick”) by German troops.
design. (The “Carcano” designation is for Salvatore Carcano, a designer at the Italian government arsenal at Turin.) The Model 1941 rifle is shown here. The Mannlicher-Carcano gained postwar notoriety in 1963, when Lee Harvey Oswald used a ML carbine he’d purchased through the mail to assassinate U.S. president John F. Kennedy.
KAR-98 The 7.92mm KAR-98 (for karabiner, model 1998) was the standard German infantry rifle in both world wars. It used the classic forward-locking Mauser bolt action, weighed 8½ pounds, and had an integral 5-round box magazine.
Straight-pull bolt Muzzle sight
Attachment for sling Long-distance elevator sight
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weapons of world war I
Infantry Rifles of World War I continued . . . Elevator sight
German army rifle This model 71/84 army rifle was developed by Mauser during World War I and manufactured at Spandau, Germany. It has an eight-round, tubular magazine.
Camel rifle A camel gun, or jezail, from the Middle East and used during World War I. This highly decorated gun has the very long barrel typical of jezails.
MOSIN-NAGANT M91/30/59 Drawing on design elements provided by the Russian Colonel Sergei Mosin and Belgian Leon Nagant, the 7.62mm, bolt-action Mosin-Nagant would, in various models and upgrades, remain the standard Russian (and later Soviet) infantry rifle from the early 1890s until around 1950.
Magazine holds five cartridges
Lever to draw back and release the sling
Mirror to reflect image to mirror below
Grenade in place on sling
Grenade Catapult Catapults were first used in Greece in the first century BC and were often used to defend castles during medieval times. This simple but effective grenade catapult was used by troops in the trenches in World War I to hurl hand grenades at their opponents.
Magazine
Periscope rifle A system of mirrors and linked rods made a periscope and remote firing mechanism that allowed this rifle to be used without the operator having to put his head above the top of the trench. It is not clear who developed periscope rifles, but they were widespread by the end of 1914. Other developments included a periscope for a machine gun.
Powerful springs
Mirror to reverse the image
Trigger operated by a series of linked rods
Two hundred yards away he saw his head; He raised his rifle, took quick aim and shot him. Two hundred yards away the man dropped dead; The Sniper by Scottish poet W. D. Cocker
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The world at war
waepons of world war I
Machine Guns of World War I Although first used in large numbers in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), it was during World War I that the machine gun changed warfare forever. It remains a principal military weapon in the twenty-first century. The concept of an automatic weapon—one that would fire continuously for as long as the operator pulled back the trigger—goes back to at least 1718, when Englishmen James Puckle proposed a multicylinder “defense gun.” Several manually operated rapid-fire guns were introduced in the mid-nineteenth century. Some, like the U.S. Gatling gun were relatively successful. Others, like the French Mitrailleuse, were not. The first modern machine gun, the Maxim gun, appeared in 1885 (see also sidebar). Despite
competition from weapons like the British Gardner gun and the Swedish Nordenfeldt gun, the Maxim design was adopted by a number of nations from the 1880s through the early 1900s. Appearing at the high point of European imperialism, the Maxim and other rapid-fire guns proved useful in slaughtering indigenous peoples in colonial conflicts, prompting British writer Hilaire Belloc to rhyme sardonically: “Whatever happens, we have got The Maxim gun, and they have not.” Then came World War I. Although the British Army had been among the first to adopt the machine gun, it went into action underequipped with the weapon and underestimating its effects, while the French were convinced that “the spirit of the attack” would overcome automatic fire. The
Sir Hiram Maxim
German Army did not labor under these misapprehensions, however, and the Allies suffered accordingly—but would rapidly catch up in the firepower sweepstakes. As many historians have noted, most brilliantly John Ellis in The Social History of the Machine Gun, the devastation wrought by the machine gun in World War I had a psychological as well as a physical aspect. The machine gun reduced killing to an industrial process. It represented the nexus of the Industrial Revolution and the age of mass warfare. Future British Prime Minister Winston Churchill—who spent ninety days as an infantry officer in the trenches of the Western Front—was certainly thinking of the machine gun when he wrote, in a postwar memoir, “War, which used to be cruel and magnificent, has now become cruel and squalid . . .”
french chauchat
Muzzle attachment
One of World War I’s worst weapons, France’s Chauchat automatic rifle was poorly made from substandard components, and it was fed by 8mm Lebel rifle cartridges from a crescent-shaped magazine—an inaccurate and unreliable system for an automatic weapon. When U.S. troops arrived on the Western Front, they were equipped with large numbers of this weapon rechambered for the American .30 round. In addition to its inherent faults, most of these guns were mechanically clapped-out from years of service. American soldiers and marines—who called it “Cho-Cho”—considered it worse than useless, and usually left the it behind when going into action.
Pistol grip
Crescent-shaped magazine
Drum magazine
Born in Maine in 1840, Hiram Maxim became a prolific inventor at an early age, patenting—among other items—the proverbial “better mousetrap.” While attending an industrial exhibition in Paris in 1881, a friend told him that if he really wanted to make a fortune, he should “invent something that will enable these Europeans to cut each other’s throats with greater facility.” Maxim took these words to heart, and a few years later he unveiled the gun that would bear his name. Fed by a continuous belt of ammunition (initially .45, later .303), the Maxim gun was recoil-operated; the operator cocked and
fired the weapon, and the recoil ejected the spent cartridge and chambered a new round. Because the rapid rate of fire—up to 600 rounds per minute— could melt the barrel, he surrounded it with a jacket filled with water. (Later “air-cooled” machine guns would use a perforated metal jacket.) The Maxim design was soon adopted by several nations, including Britain, and reportedly, turn-of-thetwentieth century Maxims were being used by the Chinese Army in the Korean War more than a halfcentury later. Maxim took British citizenship and, in 1901, was knighted for his services.
colt vickers Shortly before World War I, the British Army adopted the Vickers gun as its standard heavy machine gun. A .303 watercooled gun based on the basic Maxim design, the weapon’s
biggest drawback was its weight, which was 83 pounds with its tripod. This meant it typically required a crew of six to eight men to carry and operate it.
marlin machine gun When the U.S. entered World War I in April 1917, the U.S. Army contracted Marlin Arms to produce a version of the .30 Colt-Browning Model 1895 machine gun, which was already in use by the Navy. Designed by the John Browning (see page 00), the gun had a big disadvantage in infantry combat: The gas system used a piston that moved back and forth below the barrel, so it could be fired only from a fairly high tripod mount—thus exposing the crew to enemy fire. Because of the piston’s tendency to hit the ground below, troops nicknamed it the “potato-digger.”
Sights Barrel mouthpiece Tripod back foot High tripod mounting Stand
lewis light machine gun The British Army went into World War I using a couple of American machine-gun designs, including the Lewis Light Machine Gun. Developed by U.S. Army officer Noah Lewis in 1911, the .303, gas-operated weapon
was fed by a tubular 50-round top-mounted magazine, and it had a distinctive “shroud” to cool the barrel. It was widely used to arm Allied aircraft, and a .30 version was developed for U.S. forces.
Upper part of cartridge receiver
This version takes .303 cartridges
german spandau maxim Officially the Maxim LMG 08/15, the “Spandau” got its nickname from one of Imperial Germany’s arsenals. The 7.92mm, water-cooled, belt-fed weapon was the standard armament for German aircraft from 1915 on, after the development of the “interrupter gear,” which synchronized the weapon’s firing rate with the revolution of the aircraft’s propeller, allowing the gun to shoot safely through the plane’s propeller arc.
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Regulator piston
Hotchkiss portative machine gun Produced by the French in the early twentieth century, the Hotchkiss M1909 was a light machine gun that used 8mm Lebel cartridges. Many other countries adopted it, including Britain, where a version was produced for .303 rounds. Known as the Mark 1, this machine gun was also used in the U.S.
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Gangster Warfare In January 1920, Prohibition—a federal ban on the “manufacture, sale, or transportation” of alcohol—went into effect in the United States. Intended to stop the crime and social ills associated with drinking, this “noble experiment” backfired badly. People still wanted to drink, “bootleggers” were willing to make or smuggle alcohol, and organized crime, seeing a chance to make rich profits, stepped in to control the trade in illicit GANGSTER PAYBACK
Commanding an estimated annual income of $100 million a year, Chicago gangster Al Capone could afford to set up this soup kitchen for the unemployed in 1929.
hooch. Through the 1920s and beyond, gangsters fought each other and the authorities using a variety of powerful weapons, forcing law-enforcement agencies to catch up in the firepower stakes. Prohibition ended in 1933, but the Great Depression saw the rise of a new breed of outlaw, “motorized bandits” such as the Barker Gang, John Dillinger, and “Pretty Boy” Floyd, who roamed the roads of the Midwest and Southwest committing crimes.
“I have built my organization upon fear”
The Tommy Gun
The most iconic weapon of the 1920s is surely the Thompson Submachine Gun. Much to the embarrassment of its inventor, John T. Thompson, who had developed it for military use, the weapon was eagerly taken up by gangsters in Chicago and other cities and put to deadly use in their battles with rival gangs and with the authorities. (Given the lax guncontrol laws of the era, criminals could easily obtain weapons—even automatic ones.) The Thompson soon earned a variety of nicknames, including the “Tommy Gun,” the “Chicago typewriter,” and the “chopper.”
Magazine holds 20 rounds
Perhaps the Thompson’s most notorious application came in the “St. Valentine’s Day Massacre” of 1929, when members of Al Capone’s gang murdered seven associates of a rival concern in a Chicago garage. The power of the Thompson’s .45 ACP rounds at close range was such that several of the victims’ bodies were reportedly cut nearly in half. The success of the Thompson in outlaw hands led many law-enforcement agencies, including the FBI, to purchase the weapon themselves; the Thompson would be part of the “G-Men’s” arsenal for decades. Most local police forces, however, remained armed solely with revolvers
Trigger guard
and shotguns, and so were at a distinct disadvantage when gangsters came to town.
Pistols in Pockets
Another weapons development of the 1920s was the widespread adoption of “pocket pistols” by criminals. These were small automatic pistols, usually in .22 or .25 caliber, which, as the name implies, could be easily concealed in a coat pocket, an ankle holster, or tucked behind the belt in the small of the back. They were handy weapons in case a bootlegging deal went bad, or in last-ditch struggles to escape the police.
browning automatic rifle The gas-operated, .30 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) was introduced in 1918 and did limited duty in World War I. It was used by the FBI against gangsters in the 1920s as well as by the criminals themselves, sometimes in cut-down form.
Al Capone, June 23, 1926
THOMPSON The Thompson submachine used a delayedblowback operation developed by U.S. Navy officer John Blish. It fired the same .45 ACP cartridge as the Colt M1911 pistol and fed either from a 50-round drum magazine or a 20- (later 30) round box magazine. Hollywood forever linked the “Tommy Gun” with U.S. gang wars of the 1920s in the public mind, but the weapon also first saw military service during the decade.
Leather holster
Box magazine
Additional front grip
LILIPUT PISTOL The Liliput series of automatic pistols made by Waffenfabrik August Menz in Germany was aptly named—this one measures 3½ inches long and was made in 1927. To keep the weapon as small as possible, Menz chambered it for the rare 4.25mm round. (Other, slightly larger Liliput models used a 6.35mm round.)
Six-shot cylinder
COLT POLICE POSITIVE By the 1920s many U.S. policemen and private armed guards carried .32 or .38 Colt “Police Positive” revolvers. The name came from a new safety feature, introduced in 1905, which separated the hammer from the firing pin, thus preventing accidental discharge.
Handgrip
GAS BILLY CLUB Federal Laboratories Inc. of Pittsburgh produced this combination billy club/teargas launcher for police use in the mid-1920s.
Diminuitive pistol
Cylinder takes 24 rounds
Long barrel
MITRAILLEUSE This defensive weapon was fitted to a window or barricade, and the firer pulled a string attached to the lever to fire and advance each of the 24 bullets. Al Capone’s gang are said to have mounted it on boats used to bring in illegal booze from Canada in case they encountered U.S. Customs patrols.
weapons of world war II
Weapons of World War II The weapons of World War II (1939–45) were broadly similar to those of World War I in that they were all devices for launching projectiles at high speed. However, infantrymen as stationary sharpshooters largely gave way to highly mobile, self-sufficient assault troops armed with self-loading, automatic assault rifles. Submachine guns, too, were widely distributed and produced a storm of fire
on the battlefield, even though some, such as the British Sten gun, were somewhat crude weapons developed for mass manufacture. In the context of these maneuverable, rapid-fire weapons, it is perhaps surprising that hand guns, both revolvers and the more recent automatic pistols, remained in high demand on all sides and were used on an unprecedented scale during the conflict.
W. E. Fairbairn and Eric Sykes While serving as a police officer in Shanghai, China, in the early 1900s, William Ewart Fairbairn became one of the first Westerners to achieve proficiency in Asian martial arts. (Ironically, in light of later events, he initially trained with a Japanese instructor.) Fairbairn eventually rose to command the Shanghai Municipal Police, and together with his colleague Eric Sykes, began training his officers in hybrid hand-to-hand fighting techniques they named the “Defendu
System.” With the coming of World War II, Sykes and Fairbairn were recalled to Britain, where they began teaching their system to the newly formed Commandos. During this time, the duo designed the famous dagger-style knife that bears their names. With the U.S. entry into the war, Fairbairn left for America to train the OSS; Sykes stayed on to work with SOE and SIS (Secret Intelligence Service). Who Dares Wins
The motto of the British Special Air Services, the phrase has been adopted by other elite units, including those in France and Australia.
Edged weapons In World War II, edged weapons were used most widely in the Allied struggle to push back the tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific. The Japanese military’s code of Bushido placed great emphasis on close-in fighting, and U.S. troops fighting on the Pacific islands often faced Japanese Banzai charges—wild onrushes of infantry led by officers brandishing swords, which were
inevitably referred to as “Samurai swords” by their American opponents. (In fact, some Japanese did carry swords that had been passed down in their families for generations.) Japanese troops were also expert at infiltrating American positions at night. This usually led to grim hand-to-hand fights in which the Marine Corps fighting knife, the legendary Ka-Bar, proved its worth. Knives were
also utilized in all theaters of the war by Commandos and other special forces, and by operatives of agencies such as the U.S. OSS and the British SOE for assassinations and “silent elimination” of sentries. Undoubtedly the most famous of these weapons was the Sykes-Fairbairn Commando Knife.
SYKES-FAIRBAIRN One of the most famous knives of World War II, the Sykes-Fairbairn Commando Knife was widely used by U.S. and British special forces. Developed by two experts in hand-to-hand combat (see above) it was a lightweight, stainless-steel weapon. The slender 7½-inch blade was designed especially to slip between the ribs of an opponent.
The army commandos 1940–45 United we conquer
“Ka-Bar was there.” —advertising slogan of the Union Cutlery Company’s branded USMC knife
COLLINS MACHETE U.S. Marines and soldiers hacked their way through the dense jungles of the Pacific islands with the M1942 Collins machete. With an 18-inch blade, it replaced the 22-inch model previously issued to American forces in tropical areas.
Blunted tip adds screwdriver feature
GERMAN HEWING KNIFE Not a combat weapon but rather a utility knife made for use by medical personnel, this German knife from World War II has a double row of saw teeth on the top of the blade, and the blade tip functions as a screwdriver.
Shovel with pick attachment
KA-BAR Officially the “USN Fighting Knife, Mark 2” but universally known as the Ka-Bar after an advertising slogan of its manufacturer, the Union Cutlery Co., the Ka-Bar was the official fighting knife of the U.S. Marine Corps in World War II. Its famously tough construction made it an excellent utility knife as well as a fighting weapon.
Jagged edge for sawing
Entrenching tool bayonet Issued to British troops in World War II, this tool enabled soldiers to entrench themselves speedily into a self-made foxhole using the sturdy spade and pick. The weapon was designed to be transportable in an infantry soldier’s standard backpack.
Spike bayonet
RUSSIAN FIGHTING KNIFE This is a Russian fighting knife typical of those used during World War II. Like most Soviet weapons, Red Army knives were simple, sturdy, and designed to be manufactured cheaply and in large quantities.
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Edged weapons of World War II continued . . . Mauser bayonet This Belgian Mauser bayonet dates from 1949. The steel flash guard on the top of the hilt is clearly visible in this inset picture.
German Knife Made in Germany and dating from World War II, this utilitarian knife has a simple wooden handle and plain sheath. The blade is steel.
Elegant slightly curved blade
Bayonet dagger and sheath This bayonet dagger was made in France for Nazi troops in 1944, during the time that Germany occupied France. It has a wooden handle and a 10-inch blade with a flat spine tapering into a double-edged tip. A blood groove is carved just below the spine. The smooth metal scabbard has a small ball at its tip—a ball finial—to protect it from denting as a result of constant knocking.
argentinian mauser bayonet This Model 1891 bayonet was made to be used with an Argentinian Mauser. Bayonet designs varied according to the taste of the manufacturer. This one has elegant curved quillons.
MKII BAYONET This spike-type bayonet, in which the bayonet and socket were one solid forging, was made for use with the Short Magazine Lee-Enfield rifle (SMLE) Mark IV, during World War II. It was manufactured by the U.S. firm of Stevens-Savage. Over 3 million were made. The sheath is not the standard version and was probably manufactured separately.
Plain metal sheath
Metal hinged hook
German Mauser bayonet This bayonet was made by Simpson & Co. Suhl in Germany in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. However, its accompanying sheath is an E.u.F. Hörster and dates from the 1940s.
Triangular blade
Johnson bayonet Military Issue M1941 Johnson Rifle bayonet from the U.S. is produced from a single billet of steel that is forged into shape. It has no defined handle or grip, just a flat extension. The leather scabbard tapers to a point.
Hook to attach bayonet to leather belt holster Flat spring clip riveted to “handle”
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Axis Pistols of World War II With little room for improvement in revolver design, the interwar years saw automatics become the standard sidearm in most armies. The Soviet Union adopted the Tokarev, which the great weapons writer Ian Hogg
The House of Beretta
described as a “[Colt] M1911 with a distinctive Russian accent.” In Japan, the Nambu series of automatics (named for Colonel Nambu Kirijo, the nation’s foremost weapons designer), chambered for 8mm, came
NAMBU M14 The Nambu Type 14 was first produced in 1925, the fourteenth year in the reign of the Emperor Yoshito—a naming convention used for some other Japanese military weapons. This 8mm automatic was the principal Japanese military pistol of World War II, but because Japanese officers were required to personally purchase their sidearms, a variety of pistols saw service.
into use. The Walther P38 gradually replaced the Luger in the Wehrmacht (German Army) during World War II.
Enlarged trigger guard
In 1526 the Venetian Republic contracted with gunsmith Bartolomeo Beretta of Gardone for a quantity of arquebuses. That deal was the start of a gunmaking dynasty that has endured for nearly half a millennium; the modern firm of Fabbrica d’Armi Pietro Beretta is still largely owned and run by Bartolmeo’s descendants. The firm’s reputation for high quality and excellence in design has made it one of the world’s foremost manufacturers of weapons for military, police, and sporting use. While it produces every kind of gun from shotguns to assault rifles, Beretta’s pistols are held in especially high regard. This respect was dramatically underscored by the U.S. Army’s 1985 adoption of the 9mm Beretta M92SB/92F as its standard sidearm, replacing the venerable Colt .45 M1911.
NAMBU M94 Many experts consider this Japanese automatic to be the worst military pistol of modern times. The poorly designed cocking mechanism allowed the weapon to fire accidentally if any pressure was put on it.
Spanish pistol This 9mm pistol is a copy of an Astra 600 and was also made in Spain, probably during World War II or soon afterward. “Astra” is the trademark of the Spanish firearms company Astra-Unceta y Cia. The 600 was made in Spain for the Germans during World War II.
Safety catch
BERETTA M1934 AUTO The blowback-operated 9mm Beretta M1934 was Italy’s standard sidearm in its wars in Africa in the 1930s and in World War II. The M1934 was mainly army-issue; a 7.65mm version, the M1935, was used principally by the Italian navy and air force.
Magazine release
Jointed arm in closed position Single-action trigger with concealed hammer
Safety catch Magazine release button
Raised sights
Long barrel
Scale and cursor sights
Artillery Luger The German Artillery Luger was developed from 1900 as a weapon for self-defense. Some later versions had very long barrels. This one from the 1930s has a barrel 12 inches long.
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LUGER With DRUM MAGAZINE Although the Walther P38 largely replaced the Luger as the standard German service pistol, the latter still saw much service in World War II. This particular pistol—fitted with a 32-round drum magazine—was taken from a German general following the Allied capture of the North African city of Tunis in May 1943. The so-called “snail drum” magazine was never popular because it had a tendency to jam.
Trommel-Magazine 08
weapons of World war II
Axis Pistols of World War II continued . . .
Slide
Manual safety lever
Trigger guard
Japanese Type 26 Revolver Adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army in the twenty-sixth year of the reign of the Meiki emperor (1893), this 9mm, sixshot revolver borrowed many elements of Western design and bears similarities to both Smith & Wesson and Webley revolvers. It remained in service into World War II, when it was issued to reserve and home defense units.
walther P-38 pistol This semiautomatic German military and police sidearm is of a type used from 1938 up until the reunification of Germany in the 1980s. It was made in February 1944 at the Spreewerke plant.
WALTHER P38 A military adaptation of the PP (Polizei Pistole, or Police Pistol) series of pistols developed by Carl Walther Waffenfabrik in the 1920s, the 9mm P38 was adopted by the German Wehrmacht in the 1930s to
replace the more expensive and complicated Luger. The P38’s action was designed so that as long as the safety was on, it could be carried while cocked and ready to fire when the safety was disengaged—a highly desirable feature in a service pistol.
CZ27 auto A refinement of a German design, the Ceska Zbrojovoka Model 1927 (CZ27) was a straight blowback-operated 9mm with a 9-round magazine. Following its occupation of Czechoslovakia, Germany diverted the production of that nation’s excellent arms industry, including the Ceska Zbrojovoka plant at Strakonice, for its own use.
Magazine release
Allied Pistols of World War II Throughout World War II, U.S. forces continued to carry the Colt M1911—and would do so for four decades after the war’s
end. Having used Webley revolvers during World War I, the British continued to use them in World War II, although quantities of
the Browning High Power 9mm automatic were issued to British forces.
Detachable box magazine
Swedish M40 Pistol When the outbreak of World War II led Germany to suspend export of the Walther HP pistol, which neutral Sweden had just adopted as its service pistol, the Swedish government licensed a 1935 design from Finnish designer Almo Lahti. The 9mm M40, as it was known in Swedish service, looked like a Luger but used a firing system closer to that of a Bergmann-Bayard, with an added kick to ensure proper action movement in cold temperatures.
Muzzle is hinged
Magazine release
Slide is removable
Czech CZ VZ38 Pistol Manufactured in 1939 by Ceska Zbrojovka in Strakonice, Czechoslovakia, this is a semiautomatic, double-action pistol with an eight-round feed mechanism. The original was designed as a 6.35mm, but it was somewhat unsuccessfully altered to take the 9mm Short round, which made it large and unwieldy.
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Manual safety lever
TOKAREV TT-33 Developed by Feodor Tokarev, a former Czarist officer turned Soviet gun designer, the Tokarev pistol was introduced in the late 1920s and adopted as the standard Red Army sidearm a few years later. Known as the TT (from “Tula-Tokarev,” Tula being one of the principal Soviet arsenals), the pistol’s firing system was essentially a copy of the one used in John Browning’s Colt M1911 .45, chambered for the 7.62 round. The original model, the TT30, was later replaced by the TT-33.
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Allied Pistols of World War II continued . . .
Spurless hammer
enfield no. 2 Mark 1* revolver This revolver is based on the No. 2 Mark 1 but with the hammer spur and single-action lockwork removed to enable it to be used in small spaces, such as inside a tank. It was made between 1938–57 and has a .38-caliber, six-shot cylinder. Enfield No. 2 Mark 1* Revolver This version of the Mark 1* revolver has a barrel measuring only 1¾ inches. It only operates as a double-action gun and is only suitable for close-range firing. It is a very limited edition, commando model.
WEBLEY 7.65 AUTO While Webley & Scott was best known for revolvers, it produced several fine automatics over the years. This 7.65mm model was one of fifty especially made for the City of London Police (who traditionally do not carry firearms) for use in case of invasion during the dark days of 1939–41, when Britain fought Nazi Germany virtually alone.
Spurless hammer
Enfield No. 2 MKII Revolver This spurless, .38-caliber, double-action six-shot revolver is intended for close combat. It is very similar to the Mark 1* and only varies in that its grip is plastic rather than wood to make it easier to grasp when firing rapidly.
WEBLEY MARK VI This variant of the Webley Mark VI (introduced in 1916) is chambered for the .22 round and fitted with a special cylinder. It was used to train British troops in pistol shooting during World War II. (The use of the .22 cartridge allowed firing on relatively compact shooting ranges.)
webley mark iv Introduced in 1899, the Webley Mark IV revolver remained popular with British forces—especially the aircrew of the Royal Air Force—during World War II. Originally .455-caliber, World War II–era Mark IV’s were more commonly of .38 caliber. The pistol here is shown in subdued “wartime” finish.
Plastic grip
Removable side plate
Czech CZ VZ45 Pistol Produced between 1948 and 1952, in the postwar communist Czechoslovak Republic, this is a modernized version of the VZ36–a personal protection pistol. The intention of the update was to make manufacturing the pistol more straightforward and to improve the trigger action.
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“there was never a good war, or a bad peace.” —Benjamin Franklin
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World War II Rifles John C. Garand When World War II broke out only one nation, the U.S., had already adopted a semiautomatic rifle—the M1 Garand (see sidebar)—as its standard infantry arm. The tempo of rifle design quickened, however, when the militaries of other nations realized that in modern warfare, a high
rate of fire at short range was often more important than long-range accuracy. In 1942, Germany developed the 7.92mm Fallschirmgewehr (Paratroop rifle) for its airborne forces. This could fire in both singleshot and fully automatic modes. Two years later came the MP44. This was another 7.92
selective-fire weapon, but it was intended to combine the functions of the rifle, submachine gun, and light machine gun. A truly revolutionary piece of technology, the MP44’s alternate designation, Sturmgewehr, would provide the name for an entirely new class of weapon—the assault rifle.
Bayonet extended
Born in Quebec in 1888, John Cantius Garand (pictured at left) moved to New England with his family as a child. Here he worked in textile mills and machine shops. His passion was for weapons design, however, and during World War I he submitted a design for a light machine gun to the U.S. Army. It was adopted, but put into production too late to see service. His obvious talents led to a position as an engineer with the U.S. government arsenal at Springfield, Massachusetts. There, in the early 1930s, he developed a gas-operated, 8-shot, .30 semiautomatic rifle that beat competitors to win adoption by the U.S. Army in 1936. (The Marine Corps also adopted the rifle, but shortages led the marines to fight their first battles of World War II with bolt-action M1903 Springfields.) The M1 Garand gave U.S. forces a big advantage in firepower during that conflict; General George S. Patton described the rifle as “the greatest battle implement ever devised.” The M1 Garand remained the standard U.S. infantry weapon through the Korean War (1950–53); the rifle that replaced it in the mid–1950s, the M14, was essentially a selective-fire version of the M1. As a government employee, Garand
earned no royalties on his design, although almost 6 million were eventually produced. A resolution to grant Garand a special bonus of $100,000 failed to pass Congress. He died in Massachusetts in 1974.
RUSSIAN CARBINE M1944 The Mosin-Nagant Carbine M944, introduced toward the end of World War II, was the final iteration of the Mosin-Nagant series. Its most distinctive feature was an integral bayonet that folded into the stock. M1 GARAND Despite its undoubted success on the battlefield, the M1 Garand was not without its drawbacks. The rifle’s magazine fed only from an eight-round stripper clip, so in combat it could not be topped off by inserting individual rounds into the magazine. And when the clip was emptied, it was ejected upward with a distinctive “clang!” sound that could betray the firer’s location to the enemy.
Rear sight
JAPANESE PARATROOP RIFLE Because the standard 7.7mm Arisaka rifle was too long for use in airborne operations, the Japanese military developed a special version for paratroops that could be broken down into two pieces for the jump and then reassembled on landing. However, relatively few of these rifles saw service.
“You cannot invade the mainland United States. There would be a rifle behind each blade of grass.” Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Rotating bolt Folding stock
JAPANESE TYPE 38 Introduced in 1905—the thirty-eighth year of the Emperor Meiji’s reign, and thus named the Type 38—this 6.5 bolt-action rifle was the standard Japanese service rifle until the introduction of the Type 99 thirty-four years later. It was also produced in a carbine version.
Bolt handle Webbing sling
Integral wire monopod
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JAPANESE TYPE 99 RIFLE Firing a more powerful round (7.7mm) than the earlier 6.5 Type 38 Arisaka rifle, the Japanese Type 99 rifle first entered service in 1939. The Type 99’s most distinctive features are an integral wire monopod and a set of rear sights that (very optimistically) were intended for use against aircraft.
M1 CARBINE In the run-up to World War II, the U.S. decided to develop an “intermediate” weapon for use by officers and NCOs, armored crews, truck drivers, and support personnel—one that would be more compact than the M1 Garand rifle but more effective in combat than the M1911 pistol. The result was the M1 carbine, a lightweight (5½-pound), semiautomatic weapon firing a special .30 cartridge. The M1 was followed by the M2, which was capable of full-auto as well as
semiauto fire, and a folding-stock version of the M1 (the M1A1, shown here) was developed for airborne troops. Although more than 6 million such carbines were issued before production ceased in the 1950s, the combat verdict was mixed; the weapon proved handy in street fighting in Europe and in jungle fighting in the Pacific, but many thought that it was too delicate and that the pistol-strength .30 carbine cartridge was too weak.
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Rifles of World War II continued . . .
Mortars of World War II Magazine of steel-cored bullets
Sometimes called “the infantryman’s artillery,” compact, mobile mortars were first developed during World War I to give supporting fire to riflemen in both offense and defense operations, and they remain in service in many armies today.
Boys Mark I Anti-Tank Rifle Named for Captain Boys, who was one of its designers, this British rifle was introduced in 1937. It fired a .55-caliber, steel-cored bullet at a speed of 3,250 feet per second and was capable of piercing ¾ inch of tank armor from 250 feet away. It has a five-round detachable box magazine. It was used in France, Norway, and the Far East until it was replaced by the PIAT.
Typically produced in 60mm, 80mm, and 120mm versions, the mortar is just a tube that delivers plunging fire by launching a grenadelike projectile with a propelling charge in its base.
Lever trigger
Breda PG Automatic Rifle The Breda is a 7mm gas-operated automatic rifle with a 40-round detachable magazine. It has the distinction of being the first automatic rifle to have a selector, enabling the operator to choose to fire a burst of four rounds, as well as single shots or longer bursts. Less than 300 of these rifles made it into production and 200 of them went to Costa Rica. The one shown here was made in Rome in 1935.
Detachable magazine
model 35 brixia mortar This Italian mortar has a pad for sitting on and protecting the soldier’s back when it is being carried. It launched a tiny 2½-ounce explosive less than 600 yards and was far too complex, so it was not much used.
Philippine huck gun Used extensively by Philippine guerrillas during World War II, this gun is fired by pulling the barrel back against the firing pin. It was made by Richardson Industries Inc., Connecticut.
Folding sight
mannlicher-carcano CARBINE/GRENADE LAUNCHER A true rarity from World War II, this weapon was a combination 6-shot carbine and grenade launcher. While most infantry rifles of World War I and World War II could fire grenades from a cup fitted into the barrel, this gun had a permanently attached grenade launcher on its right side.
Grenade launcher
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airborne mortar This British 2-inch Mark 8 Mortar has a 14-inch barrel and a small baseplate for use by airborne troops. Based on a Spanish 5 centimeter model, it was put into production in 1938.
rifle grenades A selection of rifle grenades that would be fired from a launcher attached to a rifle.
Small baseplate
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weapons of World war II
Mortars of World War II continued . . . british piat Standing for projector, infantry, antitank, this weapon when into production in 1942. An internal spring drove a spigot into the projectile, launching it and recocking the mortar. It was an effective weapon: A British soldier was awarded the Victoria Cross after using it to stop two German Tiger tanks in Italy.
Explosive in container
Standard “pineapple” casing
Bright red casing
Grenades This selection of grenades includes a Mills bomb style grenade (far left), a Breda model 39 (left), and a storm trooper’s stick grenade (above).
granatwerfer 36 mortar This mortar used a trigger to fire the 50mm round, rather than relying on drop fire. It was widely used during the early years of the war and became the standard equipment of every Nazi rifle platoon, until superseded by a larger mortar.
French model 37 mortar Used by French infantry, this model 37 has the usual sights, baseplate, and front bipod. It fires 50mm mortars.
“knee mortar” This is a Japanese model 89 grenade launcher, which got its nickname due its unfortunate habit of shattering the thighbones of unwary users. It fires a 50mm shell or a type 91 hand grenade and has a rifled barrel.
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FINNISH MORTAR This is a small hand-held 47mm mortar used by the Finns against the invading Soviet forces in 1939–40. It would have had a strap for slinging it over a soldier’s back.
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Ceremonial Weapons of WWI & WWII By the turn of the twentieth century, the sword had ceased to have any real usefulness on the battlefield (in the Western world at least) and was increasingly relegated to a ceremonial role, remaining—as it had for many centuries—a symbol of the officer’s authority. Other purely ceremonial weapons that endured into the twentieth century include the officer’s swagger stick and
the field marshal’s baton. Another custom that endured into the era of the World Wars was the presentation of ceremonial weapons—usually richly decorated swords or pistols—to honor victorious commanders. In the buildup to World War II until 1945, all Japanese officers were required to wear a sword. However due to high demand, the swords were not made by traditional swordsmiths.
Weapons of WWI Decorations on hilt
Totalitarian Symbols
Both Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, who seized power in Italy in 1922, and Adolph Hitler, head of the Nazi Party that gained control of Germany in 1933, had an intuitive understanding of popular psychology and the uses of propaganda. Along with mass rallies, rousing films, and other propaganda elements, both Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany used the symbolism of weaponry as a tool to cultivate fervent militaristic spirit in their citizens and to bind them more closely to an all-powerful state. One such practice was the widespread distribution of elaborate ceremonial blades, especially daggers. In Nazi Germany, each branch of the military, paramilitary groups, party organizations like the Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth), and even civilian organizations like police and
firefighting formations had its own unique knives or daggers to be worn with dress uniform. Often these weapons were engraved with “patriotic” mottos—such as the Hitler Youth knives, which bore the inscription Blut und Ehre (“Blood and Honor”). While the alliance that eventually defeated Italy and Germany—the Soviet Union, the U.S., and Great Britain—did not fetishize the blade, their leaders also, on occasion, recognized its role as a symbol of courage and martial prowess. During the Teheran Conference in November 1943, for example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill presented Soviet leader Josef Stalin with a magnificent custom-made presentation sword—the “Sword of Stalingrad”—on behalf of King George VI and the British people in commemoration of the Soviet victory in that epic battle.
Engraved steel pommel
GERMAN POLICE BAYONET The hilt of this German Police bayonet is in the form of an Eagle, symbol of the Weimar Republic, Germany’s government from the end of World War I until the establishment of the Third Reich in 1933.
Curved quillion
Steel-edged blade with wide single fuller
Forward-facing quillion Finely curved blade
U.S. OFFICER SWORD The U.S. Army adopted the saber shown here as the official ceremonial sword for officers and senior NCOs in 1902. Stirrup hilt design Rattan or cane
Metal tipped (often silver)
SWAGGER STICK Officers and sometimes NCOs of various armies (and the U.S. Marine Corps) often carried swagger sticks like the one shown here. Typically about 2 feet or less in length, they were short canes, often covered in leather and metal-tipped. The swagger stick’s origin is obscure; they may have derived from the “pacing sticks” used to space out soldiers in marching ranks—or to mete out corporal punishment. By the twentieth century the item became merely a symbol of rank.
GERMAN ARMY OFFICER’S SWORD With a single-edged 32¼-inch blade, the Heer Mannschaftsabel (officer’s sword) was the standard dress sword of the German Army from around the turn of the twentieth century through World War II. Most were manufactured by firms in the Westphalian city of Solingen, a city renowned for its fine-edged weapons since the late fourteenth century.
Wood-lined steel scabbard
Rings for securing to uniform
Very finely pointed tip
Ceremonial tassle or embroidered wrist strap
Single edged curving blade Hilt has D-shape ring with two branchea
Heavy barrel to reduce swaying motion
Weapons of WWII LUFTWAFFE SWORD Made in Solingen, this Luftwaffe officer’s dress sword bears the Nazi swastika on both its pommel and the base of its hilt. It is shown here with its scabbard.
Firing mechanism
Swastika engraved on blade
Swiss style buttstock angled downwards
HIMMLER RIFLE This Schuetzen rifle was custom-made for Heinrich Himmler, head of the Schutzstaffel (SS), the troops of the Nazi party, and one of the most powerful Nazi leaders. Patterned on a traditional German hunting rifle, the lever-action weapon fired a 7.7mm cartridge.
LUFTWAFFE/ARMY DAGGERS These daggers were worn by officers of the Luftwaffe [above, the 1937 Model] and Wehrmacht [right]. Some naval daggers had a pommel decorated with both the eagle of Imperial Germany and the Nazi swastika.
GÖRING BATON The baton is the traditional symbol of the field marshal, the highest military rank in many countries. This baton is topped with a bust of Field Marshal Hermann Göring, head of the German Luftwaffe (air force) and one of Adolph Hitler’s principal deputies. The exceptionally vain Göring treasured his collection of highly decorated batons.
Golden endcaps Lead counterbalance to offset heavy barrel Extremely sensitive trigger
‘All for Germany’ engraved on blade
Scrolling forwardfacing quillions
Velvet cover, originally showing
SA DAGGER Bearing the inscription “Alles for Deutschland” (“All for Germany”) on the blade, the dagger shown here was worn by members of the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazi Party’s paramilitary security force.
Third Reich eagle
Steel doubleedged blade leading from narrow fuller Doubleedged blade
Göring’s miniature bust (close up)
ITALIAN FASCIST PARTY KNIFE Only members of Italy’s Fascist Party, in power from 1922 until the overthrow of dictator Benito Mussolini during World War II, possessed this blade. It is shown with its steel scabbard.
NAZI LABOR CORPS KNIFE Nazi Germany organized the German Labor Service (the Reichsarbeitsdienst, or RAD) in 1934 to provide labor for public-works projects; the organization later became an auxiliary service of the Wehrmacht. RAD officers carried a smaller, decorated version of the hewer knife issued to enlisted laborers. The staghandled version shown here was made by the famous Eickhorn firm of Solingen.
Inlaid gold
Islamic-inspired design
Scimitar style blade design
MUSSOLINI SWORD This Shotel—the traditional curved sword of Ethiopia—was presented to Benito Mussolini following Italy’s conquest of Ethiopia (or Abyssinia, as it was alternatively known at the time) in 1936. The dictator was in fact an enthusiastic swordsman who liked to fence and who reportedly fought duels as a young man.
the world at war
weapons of World war II
Machine Guns of World War II Not only were machine guns used by infantry during World War I, they were also developed to be fitted to aircraft (and used against them from the ground), armored cars, and tanks. In the interwar years, weapons designers developed even more powerful machine guns, like John Browning’s .50 M2, which fired a cartridge the size of an old-fashioned Coca-Cola bottle. Even before World War I had ended,
however, several nations sought to package the punch of the machine gun in a weapon that could be carried by an individual infantryman. By World War II, this policy had led to the development of the British Bren gun and the U.S. BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle). These weapons were typically magazine-fed. The German Wehrmacht, however, made a belt-fed light machine gun, the 7.92mm MG42.This
formed the foundation of Germany’s infantry squad in World War II. Following the war, the concept of the “squad automatic weapon” evolved into guns like the U.S. military’s Vietnam-era M60 and the M249, the latter based on a Belgian design.
RPD machine gun The Ruchnoy Puleyot Degtyaryova (Degtyaryova’s hand-held machine gun) was developed from 1943 to replace the DP (opposite). A 7.62mm light machine gun, it became the standard weapon for the Vietcong during the Vietnam War and is still widely used in Africa and some Asian nations.
Foregrip
100-round belt stored in a drum
“Gramophone”-shaped drum led to its nickname of “record player”
browning automatic rifle Another Browning design, the gas-operated, .30 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) was introduced in 1918, too late to perform more than limited duty in World War I. However, it remained in U.S. service, with some modifications,
Soviet Degtyarev DP Model 1928 This light machine gun was adopted by the Soviet Army in 1926 and became one of their most important weapons in World War II. Manufactured at Tula Arsenal in the USSR, it features a 42-round detachable drum and takes 7.62-caliber cartridges.
browning m1919 During World War I, John Browning designed this .30 machine gun for aircraft use; designated the M1919, it arrived too late to see World War I service. However, the weapon was used by the U.S. Army Air Corps (later the U.S. Army Air Forces) into the early days of World War II, when it was largely replaced by the formidable .50 M2.
30-round curved magazine
250-round belt feed
Vickers-Berthier Mark 3 The Vickers-Berthier was a light machine gun, designed by the Frenchman Adolphe Berthier in Britain and licensed by Vickers. The first version was built in 1928, with improvements made in 1929 and 1931. The Mark 3—a slightly heavier weapon—was built specifically for the Indian Army in 1933.
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through the Korean War (1950–53). In most respects it was an excellent weapon, capable of fully automatic fire and, in the hands of an experienced user, single shots. Disadvantages included its weight (19½ pounds) and its magazine capacity of only 20 rounds—low for a full-auto weapon.
“Why does the soul always require a machine gun?” —E.M. Foster, from What Has Germany Done to the Germans? 1940
The length of the barrel is just under 24 inches
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the world at war
Machine Guns of World War II continued . . .
Submachine Guns of World War II
japanese aircraft cannon While the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) armed their fighters and bombers mostly with machine guns, the air forces of other nations preferred automatic cannons, usually 20mm weapons firing explosive shells rather than bullets. Such as this 20mm Japanese aircraft cannon.
As World War I ground to a bloody stalemate on the Western Front, soldiers of the warring nations began to acknowledge the many inadequacies of the standard infantry rifle— its length, weight, and above all its relatively slow rate of fire. As a result—and inspired by the success of the machine gun—weapons designers developed the submachine gun. This infantryman’s firearm sacrificed the rifle’s long-range accuracy in favor of a smaller weapon that could be fired from the hip or shoulder, and which could unleash a rapid volume of fire in close combat. Refined in the interwar years, the submachine gun
The barrel is 51 inches long
figured prominently in World War II, and even today—when the assault rifle has largely subsumed its functions—submachine guns retain a role in antiterrorism and various other specialized operations.
The Submachine Gun’s Origins
The Italian Army introduced a proto-typical submachine gun in 1915, but pride of place in the weapon’s development really goes to Germany, which, three years later, adopted the Bergmann MP18/1 designed by Hugo Schmeisser. This was a blowback-operated
weapon that fired a slightly modified version of the 9mm parabellum round used in the Luger pistol. The MP18/1 originally used the 32-round “snail drum” magazine also developed for the Luger, but postwar versions used a side-mounted box magazine. The MP18/1 arrived too late and in too few numbers to change Germany’s fortunes on the Western Front. Around the same time the Bergmann was being developed, U.S. Army colonel J.T. Thompson designed the now-legendary gun that bears his name
German Solothurn S18-1000 This 20mm anti-tank gun was produced in Switzerland by the German-owned Rheinmetall Company. It was considered for adoption by the U.S. Army, but was eventually used by Italy, Hungary, Finland, and Germany during World War II. Quick change barrel
Integrated cooling fins
Japanese Type 96 Light Machine Gun Designed by Japanese General Nambu, this was based on the Hotchkiss used in World War I, and intended to replace the Japanese Type 11 machine gun. However, production proved slow and it never completely lived up to expectations. It has a 30-round detachable box magazine of 6.5mm cartridges.
Bent barrel for shooting around corners
Front sight
Barrel shroud
Curved magazine
german mg42 One of World War II’s most effective weapons, the 7.92mm, belt-fed German MG34 and its wartime replacement, the MG42, were distinguished by their versatility. Equipped with a bipod, they went into action in an infantry support role. Tripod-mounted, they proved an excellent defensive weapon; and they could be fitted on tanks and other vehicles as well. The MG series’ high rate of fire—up to 1,200 rounds per minute—and their distinctive sound led Allied troops to nickname the weapon “Hitler’s Zipper.”
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MP44 Officially the MP (Machinenpistole) Model 1944, aka the Sturmgewehr (Storm, or Assault, Rifle) Model 1944, this gun represented the cutting edge of small-arms technology as World War II headed to its bloody close. Gas-operated, the selective-fire weapon used a short (kurtz) version of the standard 7.92 German
cartridge, feeding from a detachable 30-round magazine. (Although designated “44,” the first models were issued in 1943.) The Soviet AK-47 design,, the world’s most popular assault rifle, is a direct descendant. The MP44 shown here was issued with a special curved barrel—useful for shooting around corners in street fighting.
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weapons of World war II
Submachine Guns of World War II continued . . .
Stock folds over the top of the receiver
Curved magazine
PPs submachine gun Developed by the Russian weapons designer Alexei Sudayev, this machine gun and its various versions were used extensively by Soviet Union troops during World War II. It was particularly favored by reconnaissance units and support service personnel. It has a curved, 35-round box magazine and a perforated barrel jacket.
World War II and After
Most nations had adopted some form of submachine gun before the advent of World War II, although military conservatives often derided the weapon as “cheap and nasty” and lamented its relative lack of accuracy and “stopping power” (most submachine guns fired a pistol-strength cartridge rather than a rifle round, the latter being too powerful for the submachine gun’s firing system.) The
weapon proved its worth, however, in all theaters of World War II, especially in streetfighting in Europe and in close-quarter battle in the Pacific islands. The Soviet Union in particular liked the weapon so much so that it produced millions of PPSh41/42/43 models, and even equipped whole battalions with them. While technically crude compared to German submachine guns like the MP40,
the PPSh series (short for Pistolet-Pullemet Shpagin) were rugged and reliable in the brutal conditions of the Eastern Front, easy to use even by minimally trained Red Army soldiers, and could be produced quickly and cheaply. Chinese copies of the Russian design, like the Type 50, saw extensive service in the Korean War (1950–53), in which U.S. troops dubbed them “burp guns” from their distinctive sound.
Folding stock Bolt recoils into buttstock
Simple tube barrel
STEN Simple and cheap to manufacture and easy to use, the STEN submachine gun and its numerous variants were a mainstay of British and Commonwealth forces throughout World War II. Its name derived from the initials of its designers, R.V. Shepard and H.J. Turpin, combined with those of Britain’s Enfield National Arsenal. The 9mm, blowback-operated submachine gun—which fed from a 32-round, sidemounted detachable magazine—saw service everywhere from Normandy to New Guinea. The Australian version was known as the AUSTEN, from “Australian STEN.”
FRENCH MAS The 7.65mm MAS (from Manufacture d’Armes de St. Etienne) Model 1938 submachine gun was the French army’s principal World War II submachine gun. It was an unusual weapon in that the trigger had to be pushed forward to put the weapon in safety mode and the bolt recoiled into a tube inside the buttstock.
Barrel lacks insulation
Stock folded against body Magazine
REISING The U.S. .45 Reising gun (named for its designer, Eugene Reising) was a selective-fire, delayed blowback-operation weapon used by the U.S. Marine Corps early in World War II. Issued in a full-length, wooden-stock version as
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Trigger guard
well as the folding wire-stock model shown here, the Reising’s locked-breech firing system was susceptible to fouling from dirt and moisture, so it proved ineffective and unpopular in the jungle campaigns on Guadalcanal and other islands.
MP40 Although popularly known as the “Schmeisser,” this German submachine gun, officially the MP (Machinenpistole) Model 1940, was not developed by the great German weapons designer Hugo Schmeisser. More than one million were manufactured for Wehrmacht use during World War II, and the 9mm, blowback-operated, metal-and-plastic MP40 is generally considered the first standard-issue infantry weapon to use no wood in its construction. Its excellent reputation is reinforced by the fact that many Allied troops used captured MP40s in preference to their own issue submachine guns.
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Specialized Weapons of WWII The special battlefield conditions of World War II required specialized infantry weapons. The appearance of the tank as a major battlefield presence led to the development of rocket-propelled weapons to allow infantrymen to deal with enemy armor. In the brutal conflict between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany on the Eastern Front, both armies
fielded sniper units armed with specially adapted rifles. While World War II saw the widespread use of radios for communication, the venerable flare pistol continued to be used for signaling when radio silence had to be observed. A grimmer type of weapon were the brutal devices used in Nazi Germany’s POW and concentration camps. Elevation adjustment
GERMAN SNIPER RIFLE During World War II, the German Wehrmacht adapted prewar Mauser rifles, made originally as civilian hunting and target weapons, for use by snipers. The 8mm Mauser shown here is fitted with a Hensolt single-post telescopic sight. An American officer took this particular rifle from a dead German sniper during the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944–45.
Snipers
Many World War II armies made use of snipers to kill at long ranges. Most of these shooters used conventional bolt-action service rifles or civilian hunting rifles fitted with telescopic sights. The Soviet Red Army especially took to sniping; the “highest-scoring” snipers (some of them women) became national celebrities. The most famous Soviet sniper, Vasily Grigoryevich Zaitsev (1915– 1991), had 225 confirmed kills. During the Battle of Stalingrad, Zaitsev reportedly killed one of the Wehrmacht’s top snipers, who had been sent to the city specifically to hunt Zaitsev down. This duel was the basis for David L. Robbins’s 1999 novel War of the Rats
Leaf sight
Barrel foresight
and the 2001 movie Enemy at the Gates. Zaitsev and his fellow snipers used the standard Mosin-Nagant, which remained in service in the Soviet Union and its satellites until the 1960s.
Anti-tank Weapons
During World War I and in the interwar years, the principal anti-tank weapon was the anti-tank rifle—high-powered weapons firing heavy, armor-piercing rounds. The best-known weapons of this type are the British Army’s .55 Boys and the German 13.2mm Mauser Panzerbusche. Because tank armor was made thicker after the outbreak of World War II, anti-tank rifles
proved increasingly ineffective. The U.S. Army was the first to develop a rocketpowered anti-tank weapon. Introduced in 1942, the M1A1 “Bazooka” was a shouldermounted tube, operated by a two-man team, that fired a 2.36-inch HEAT (High Explosive Anti-Tank) projectile. (The Bazooka was named after a spoof musical instrument played by a popular comedian.) The Germans copied the weapon— upgrading its caliber to 3½ inches—as the Panzerschreck. The Wehrmacht also used large numbers of a simple, one-shot rocketlauncher, the Panzerfaust, while the British Army adopted the rather unique Projector, Infantry, Anti-Tank (PIAT).
RUBBER TRUNCHEON This was used by the German secret police (Gestapo) and the SS (Schultzstaffel, special Nazi Party forces). This type of weapon was known as a “cosh” or “billy club” in British and American terminology, respectively.
Folding foresight
Shoulder pad (missing) would be attached to stock
3-inch octagonal chamber
WHIP Based on the classic “cat o’ nine tails,” this whip was used by guards at German concentration and prisoner-of-war (POW) camps. A liberated Polish POW seized this. Cast-iron serrated body
Downward pull on triggerr guard opens breech
specialized grenades Hand-thrown or rifle-launched grenades are not just explosivepacked for maiming and maximum damage. Modern stun grenades for example produce a “flash-bang” to disorient hostage-takers in a siege.
Trigger assembly and grip
Chain with guide tube stopper
GERMAN FLARE PISTOL Made of zinc, this World War II Walther German flare pistol (leuchtpistol) could fire flares or teargas cartridges. Rare versions with rifled steel barrel liner fired explosive shell as anti-tank weapons.
PIAT First used in combat in 1943, the British Army’s PIAT (Projector Infantry Anti-Tank) was an unusual weapon in that it used a spring-loaded firing system to ignite a relatively small propulsion charge, which in turn sent a HEAT (High-Explosive Anti-Tank) round to a maximum of 330 feet.
Rifle grenades A selection of grenades that would be fired from a rifle. With the advent of safe and reliable primer-detonated grenades during World War I, it was not long before grenades were being adapted to fit standard infantry rifles. Later developments included fitting the grenade with its own propellant charge.
Double barrel
Firing mechanism
RIFLE GRENADE BOOBY TRAP PISTOL This is a dual-purpose British weapon: the bullet projects from one end and is fired by being pressed against the user’s body. Used as a booby trap it fires when stepped on.
Stabilizing fin
SHAPED GRENADE
“Hammerless” design (weapon cocks when broken open for loading)
Sicherheitspolizei truncheon This “Green Police” all-metal German truncheon dates from the twentieth century. A flick of the wrist throws out a coiled steel spring extension.
DOUBLE-BARREL GERMAN FLARE PISTOL Flares were used not only for signaling on the ground, but also from the air—for example, to alert ground crews to be prepared for on-board casualties before landing, or to indicate changes in formation while in flight.
Shrouded stabilizer
GRENADE FOR M-1 RIFLE
Weapons of espionage
Weapons of Espionage Some of the most innovative and intriguing weapons have been tailored for use by spies, special units, and intelligence agents. Because concealment is so often necessary, many of these OSS and SOE
In June 1942, six months after its entry into World War II, the United States set up the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), an agency whose missions included not only gathering intelligence but also carrying out sabotage and aiding resistance movements in areas occupied by the Axis powers
weapons (including many shown here) are disguised as ordinary objects. The real heyday for specialized espionage weapons was during World War II and the decades of the Cold War after that.
(Germany, Italy, and Japan). The OSS worked in close cooperation with its British counterpart, the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Drawing many of its operatives from Ivy League universities and other bastions of the East Coast “establishment” (detractors claimed its initials stood for “Oh So
Social”), the OSS used a variety of unusual weapons in its clandestine operations, many developed by the National Defense Resource Council (NDRC). Such weapons included the famous “Liberator” single-shot pistol (see special panel, opposite), or borrowed from the British, like the SykesFairbairn Commando Knife.
Lozenge-case Gun An agent of Italy’s Fascist government reportedly used this pistol, disguised as a tin of throat lozenges, to assassinate an American intelligence operative in Switzerland during World War II. (As a neutral nation, Switzerland was a hotbed of espionage and intrigue throughout the conflict.) To fire the weapon, the assassin opened the lid and pressed on one of the “lozenges,” which served as a trigger.
Lozenge strip disguising trigger
Concealed barrel .22 round discharged from here
Trigger and cocking mechanism
dart and dagger Two OSS/SOE weapons of World War II: The dart (above) could be fired by a pistol-style crossbow using rubber bands, while the easily concealable wrist dagger was widely issued to Allied operatives.
Dart
Deadly Tools The tire gauge and screwdriver shown here are replicas of actual weapons produced for Allied operatives in World War II. Each is a single-shot .22 pistol. Brass screw trigger
Dagger
Coffin-nail dagger This hollow steel blade was designed to fit into tiny spaces, such as pens, pencils, or the seams of clothes. It was used by OSS employees during World War II.
Deadly Music Made in 1965, this fully functional silver flute was adapted to fire a .22 round. A brass screw on one of the keys functions as a trigger. Hollow steel
The Liberator
Gas Gun Patented in 1932 as a “disabling gas-firing weapon” by the Lake Erie Chemical Corporation of Ohio, this pen-shaped device was designed to discharge tear gas. Although intended for use by law-enforcement agencies, similar devices discharging more deadly chemical compounds have been used in espionage by various secret services.
Chamber taking a .22 round
Mightier Than the Sword This German pen gun from World War II fired a .22 round. The weapon was cocked by pulling back on the top and fired by pressing a small button on the side.
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Although not produced especially for the OSS, the “Liberator” pistol has—rightly or wrongly—long been associated with that organization. The Liberator was simplicity itself: A single-shot pistol firing a .45 ACP round through a smoothbore barrel. Made of 23 pieces of stamped metal, it came in a cardboard box with ten cartridges (five of which could be stored in a compartment in the grip), a wooden rod for ejecting spent cartridges, and a wordless, comic strip-style sheet with assembly instructions. About a million of these guns were made by the Guide Lamp Division of the General Motors Corporation in 1942. The weapon was nicknamed “the Woolworth gun” after the discount store where all items sold for five or ten cents. (The actual unit cost was about U.S. $2.00.) With an effective range of about six feet, the Liberator was really a weapon designed to allow the user (if he or she were brave and lucky) to obtain better weapons. This gun was apparently intended for mass distribution to resistance fighters in Axis-
occupied Europe and Asia, the idea being that they would be used on stragglers and sentries, whose weapons would then be captured and added to the guerrilla group’s arsenal. In keeping with its clandestine nature, the gun had no manufacturer’s stampings or other telltale markings and it weighed about one pound. While they may have been originally intended mainly for distribution in Nazi-occupied Europe, there is not much evidence many were actually used there, but guerrillas fighting Japanese forces in the Philippines apparently used some Liberators to good effect. In the early 1960s, the CIA revived the idea of a no-frills, single-shot pistol in the form of the so-called “deer gun,” or “zip gun,” a successor to the Liberator and a 9mm weapon the U.S. distributed to anticommunist guerillas in Southeast Asia.
Hollow butt can store ten rounds
Sliding sheet metal cover prevents rounds falling out
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Weapons of espionage
Weapons of Espionage continued . . . The Cold War
Belt-buckle pistol Made for a Nazi soldier during World War II, this belt buckle conceals a miniature 22-caliber pistol. Another variation comprised two 7.65mm barrels with lockwork hidden behind a Nazi Party belt buckle. The barrels were two inches long and such tiny weapons meant the wearer needed to get very close to the victim to have any hope of success..
When World War II gave way to the Cold War, the OSS gave way to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The CIA continued to use one the most effective OSS weapons, the .22 Hi-Standard automatic pistol. With a design similar to the civilian Colt Woodsmen pistol, the Hi-Standard was equipped with a silencer developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories. In keeping with the agency’s doctrine of “plausible deniability” in
covert operations, the Hi-Standards in the CIA’s arsenal were manufactured without any markings that would indicate their American origin. The CIA also developed a range of highly unusual weapons; reportedly, the agency worked on an exploding seashell in an unsuccessful attempt to kill Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, who was an avid skin-diver. The KGB, the postwar version of the Soviet Secret Police, had its own arsenal of unusual weapons, including a 4.5mm gun
disguised as a lipstick. Issued to female agents, this was nicknamed “the Kiss of Death.” KGB agents also used poison pens, and wallets concealing gas-firing cartridges. The KGB also developed for Bulgarian agents the umbrella with a pointed end laced with poison (ricin) that was used to jab and assassinate Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov in London in 1978. So devious was this method of murder that only when Markov’s body was exhumed did Western intelligence discover the truth.
Silver Pen Dagger Writing implements, such as this American silvercased pen, were used in espionage during the World War II and Cold War eras for hiding weapons. Blade
Pen exterior forming a handle
American machine gun shell Carefully hidden inside this .50-caliber machine gun shell is a minute spring-loaded .22-caliber gun dating from the mid-twentieth century.
Spring Gun This easily concealed weapon is typical of those used by the U.S. OSS in World War II.
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the world at war
Weapons of espionage
Weapons of Espionage continued . . . Palm Guns A selection of so-called palm guns were designed to be concealed and operated in the palm on the hand. They were often used as covert assassinations weapons as well as self-defense firearms by agents during World War II and into the Cold War era as well.
Razor pistol The handle of this American twentieth-century safety razor has been used to conceal a small pistol.
Lipstick gun This highly decorative lipstick case conceals a tiny weapon designed for self-defense. This is an American version fired by twisting its knurled ring a quarter-turn. The most famous lipstick pistol was the KGB’’s “kiss of death” for female agents, which contained a 4.5mm singleshot pistol encased in rubber.
Zippo lighter pistol There are various different designs for pistols hidden within lighters. They were usually fired by fully opening the case. Zippos were often chosen because their popularity as lighters meant they were unlikely to attract special attention. They were also better made than other lighter models.
Pipe pistol Another variant on the ”smoking gun“ is this American pipe containing a spring pistol. It is a simple device with a spring-operated firing mechanism. The mouthpiece is removed for loading and firing.
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Chemical & Biological War The use of chemical and biological agents in warfare— whether against enemy forces, animals, or civilian populations—stretches back to early use of poisons. But despite the fear that they inspire, such weapons have proved difficult to use effectively, then and now, because spores (like those that cause anthrax) and toxins (like botulin, which causes botulism), and other agents often disperse unpredictably and can be just as deadly to the GAS ATTACK
In World War I, mustard gas, phosgene, and chlorine were all released on the battlefield to incapacitate the enemy. Primitive gas masks could offer some protection but only if conditions were otherwise favorable.
“attackers” as to the “defenders.” Because they are relatively inexpensive to produce, chemical and biological weapons are sometimes called the “poor man’s weapons” and as such they are attractive to terrorist organizations. The possibility of a chemical or biological attack by a terrorist group or “rogue state”— with theoretically countless deaths—remains terrifying in the twenty-first century.
“AS UNDER A GREEN SEA, I SAW HIM DROWNING” Wilfred Owen, “Dulce et Decorum Est,” 1917
EARLY examples
Arrows have long been tipped with poisons, and there are plenty of medieval accounts of attackers using catapults to hurl the dead bodies of diseased humans, horses, or other animals into castles or fortified towns to spread disease. But one of the most notorious episodes of deliberate biological warfare came in the aftermath of the French and Indian War (1754–63, known as the Seven Years’ War in Europe), which gave Britain control of most of North America. When the Native American leader Pontiac led a revolt against the new British overlords, the British commander at
Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), Sir Jeffrey Amherst, arranged for blankets used by smallpox patients at the base to be given to local Native Americans. A smallpox epidemic quickly spread throughout the region.
MODERN TIMES
In World War I, both sides resorted to chemical warfare in the form of gases, and German agents are also known to have tried to introduce anthrax among cavalry horses in Romania. In World War II, a secret unit of the Japanese Army, Unit 731, attempted to spread diseases like cholera and plague among
Chinese civilians. While the facts are in dispute, some historians believe Unit 731’s activities caused hundreds of thousands of deaths in China. In the Cold War, both sides stockpiled biological agents like anthrax and ricin (an extremely deadly poison derived from the castor bean). In 1972, concern over the dangers of germ warfare led to an international treaty forbidding their manufacture and use. However, in the 1980s, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons against Iraq’s own minority Kurdish population. In one documented episode, as many as 5,000 Kurds may have died in one 1988 chemical attack.
Launcher mounts onto forestock
Folding rear sight for grenade launcher
Rifle foresight
Rifle trigger [grenade trigger to right] Rifle grenade launcher tube
M4 RIFLE with grenade Launcher This U.S. Army asssault rifle has a mounted grenade launcher fired by a propellant charge. Such models were designed to replace stand-alone launchers. Bulb-shaped body
chemical GRENADE Hand grenades with chemicals are used for incendiary, screening, signaling, training, or riot control.
Inner mask decreases fogging
AGENT ORANGE used to flush out viet cong The U.S. military sprayed millions of gallons of Agent Orange and other herbicides on trees and vegetation during the Vietnam War. Several decades later, concerns about the health effects from these chemicals continue. Nuclear, biological, chemical suit This NBC suit is designed to enable the military to fight while exposed potentially to hazardous materials
Offers several days’ protection
Filter allows air and sweat to pass through
Impermeable rubbercoated canvas
post-world war ii weapons
Post–World War II Weapons The most significant development in firearms in the decades after World War II was the proliferation of rugged and versatile assault rifles, especially the Soviet Kalashnikov (AK47). With over 70 million dispersed globally, these cheap but deadly weapons fuelled ongoing geo-political, civil, and ethnic conflict in the world’s most unstable regions, including Afghanistan. Recent decades have seen civilian and military engineers experimenting Handguns
Pistol design stayed somewhat static until the 1970s, when the rise of global terrorism led to the development of a new generation of automatics, most chambered for 9mm. Designed to meet the changing needs of law-enforcement agencies and antiterrorist military units, these pistols could be carried safely, used in close confines (such as airplane passenger cabins) with minimal danger to hostages or bystanders, and had a high magazine capacity. One of the first pistols that met these criteria was Germany’s
Russian MAKAROV Another version of the Russian standard side-arm issued in the 1950s. This has a 3-inch barrel and weighs one pound. It took powerful ammuntion that tested the blowback design of the time.
with “caseless” ammunition and even rocket propulsion to replace conventional ammunition and firing systems, but most contemporary firearms remain based (albeit in highly evolved forms) on designs and systems introduced decades ago or even in the nineteenth century. Selfloading pistols from the 1950 (including those shown here) gained popularity with security forces combating the growing threat of international terrorism.
Heckler & Koch VP70. It was also the first pistol that had plastic in its construction. In 1983 the Austrian firm Glock AG introduced the first of its extremely successful Glock series of automatic pistols,
PM (Pistolet Makarova) semiautomatic This self-loading pistol (Pistolet Makarova or Makarov’s Pistol) is a semiautomatic. The result of a design competition to replace the Tokare TT-33 and Nagant M1895 revolver, it was produced by a team led by Nikolay Fyodorovich Makarov and became the standard side-arm for the Soviet Union’s military from 1951–91.
with magazine capacities of up to 19 rounds. Glocks are composed mostly of plastic, which led to fears they could pass through metal detectors, but these fears have proven unfounded. Cylinder holds six rounds of ammunition
Vent holes for combustion gases released within barrel
Butt holds eight-round removeable magazine
Small (“Microject”) rocket
GYROJET PISTOL Americans Robert Mainhardt and Art Biehl developed one of the most unusual and innovative firearms of recent decades, the Gyrojet pistol, in the early 1960s. The Gyrojet was actually a pistolscale rocket launcher, firing a 12mm (later 13mm) projectile burning a solid propellant. MBA Associates, the company Mainhardt and Biehl set up to manufacture the weapon, also
Eastern European Revolver This revolver dates from post World War II. Revolver design by then was fairly universal: there is not much developmental difference between this and the classic British service revolver introduced back in World War I. No removable magazine (rounds pushed down from open “bolt”)
produced a carbine version. According to some sources, the U.S. military became interested in the Gyrojet concept because it seemed to promise a “jam-free,” recoilless infantry weapon, but it proved impractical in tests under combat conditions. Gyrojet weapons never found much of a civilian buyership because of the expensive ammunition.
Slide mounted safety catch
One cent coin to indicate scale of Weston pinfire pistol
2 ¼inch Belmex rim fire pistol
WESTON MINIATURE Although Tom Weston is perhaps the best-known twentieth-century maker of miniature guns, the details of his life are sketchy. The Mexico City resident was apparently a leading collector and seller of antique firearms when, in the 1930s, he engaged Mexican craftsmen to make tiny but fully functioning guns. These unique weapons, produced mainly in the 1950s and 1960s, are prized by collectors of firearms curiosa. Shown here is a 2mm “Reforma” single-shot pistol.
302
Beretta M9 semiautomatic The Beretta is a conventional short-recoil design and has been the U.S. Military’s official side-arm since the 1980s. The slide top is cut away to allow single rounds to be inserted by hand in the event of the magazine being damaged or lost.
303
post-world war ii weapons
Post-World War II Handguns continued . . .
Taurus PT92 semiautomatic pistol Made in the old Beretta factory in São Paulo, Brazil, this shortrecoil pistol with a double-stack magazine is a reproduction of the Beretta 92. Like the Beretta, it has an open-slide design where the upper portion of the slide is cut away exposing much of the barrel.
Walther P99 semiautomatic pistol The Walther PP (short for police pistol) series pistols are blowback-operated handguns. Energy comes from the movement of the spent cartridge case pushed out of the chamber by rapidly expanding powder gases. The PP dates back to 1929 with German and Nazi forces being issued with them. Hitler killed himself with his PPK variant.
SIG P226 service pistol This is a full-sized, service-type pistol made by SIG Sauer. It is chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, .357 SIG, and .22 Long Rifle. It is essentially the same basic design of the SIG P220, but developed to use higher capacity, staggered-column magazines in place of the single-column magazines of the P220. 92FS Beretta semiautomatic pistol This was the version that replaced the Colt M911A1 as the official handgun of the U.S. military in the 1980s. This particular model was also the gun wielded to such dramatic effect by actor Bruce Willis in the highly charged “Die Hard” movie franchise.
304
Glock 9mm duty pistol This semiautomatic pistol was produced for the Austrian army just after World War II and had to fulfill 17 criteria, including having fully interchangeable components. Called the Glock 17, it has undergone some changes since, but remains widely used and well-respected.
Heckler & Koch USP This Universal Self-Loading Pistol was Heckler & Koch’s answer to the Glock. Heckler & Koch is a German defense manufacturing company that produces various small arms. Another handgun that was built to be easily modified , it could be configured in several different ways, making it popular as a modern special forces pistol.
Desert Eagle Made by Magnum in the U.S. this is a semiautomatic pistol capable of handling very powerful ammunition. It is gasoperated (unlike most other self-loading pistols, which use short recoil or blow-back systems) and has a modular design, which means it can accept sets of components for different ammunition as well as barrels of varying lengths. The Desert Eagle was designed by Bernard C. White of Magnum Research, who filed a U.S. patent application for a mechanism for a gas-activated pistol in January 1983.
305
post world war II weapons
Post-World War II Weapons continued . . .
M. T. Kalashnikov Born in Kurya, Siberia, in 1919, Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov had no formal technical education; instead, he received hands-on training as a railroad “technical clerk.” Seriously wounded in 1941 while serving as a tank commander with the Red Army, Kalashnikov began working on weapons designs during his convalescence. He designed a couple of submachine guns, but as the Red Army already had successful submachine guns in production, they weren’t adopted. Kalashnikov then turned his talents toward the development of a weapon known, in Soviet terminology, as an “Automat”—the same assault-rifle concept
Infantry Weapons
The most successful infantry weapon of the post–World War II era is the AK47 assault rifle, often called the Kalashnikov after its chief designer (see sidebar). Simple construction with few moving parts made this rifle easy to maintain and use, even by relatively untrained troops or guerrilla fighters. The AK47 remains ubiquitous in the twenty-first century, with probably more than 100 million units of the weapon and its variants produced as of this writing. The postwar years saw the armies of most nations adopt selective-fire assault rifles. The majority of such rifles were chambered for the 7.62mm round; for example, the Belgian FN FAL, introduced in 1950 and adopted by more than 50 nations. An exception was the M16, adopted by the United States. It took 5.56mm rounds and was based on the Armalite rifle designed by Eugene Stoner in the 1960s. In recent years, many armies have adopted rifles with smaller cartridges, often in “bullpup” designs, which place the magazine and action behind the trigger guard. Just as the assault rifle was an outgrowth of the World War II German Sturmgewehr, the belt-fed squad automatic weapons now used by many armies are an evolution of the German MG42.
pioneered by the Germans with the MP44. (The German weapons designer Hugo Schmeisser and some of his associates, who had been captured and pressed into Soviet service at the end of World War II, may have contributed to Kalashnikov’s work; this is still debated.) In 1947 the Automat Kalashnikov (AK) Model 47, debuted, and the Red Army adopted the weapon in 1951. Kalashnikov rose to the post of chief weapons designer for the Soviet military, produced other weapons (such as the 5.54mm AK-74). He won every award possible in the Soviet Union and, later, the Russian Federation. In 2004, he endorsed his own brand of vodka. He is still alive at this writing.
Curved magazine
AK47 Perhaps the AK47’s greatest virtue is its reliability under tough combat conditions: During the Vietnam War, Vietcong guerrillas reportedly retrieved AK47s that had been hidden for days in muddy rice paddies, but which fired perfectly. In contrast, the U.S. M16—while a technically superior and, in some respects, more lethal rifle—has to be kept meticulously clean to avoid jamming. The model shown here is a Chinese version.
German bayonet This rare bayonet was designed to be used with the Stoner 63 assault rifle, an American modular weapons system designed by Eugene Stoner in the early 1960s. The rifle was used by the American army from the 1960s to the late 1980s.
Wood forestock
Winchester Model 70 Produced in a variety of calibers (from .22 to .458 magnum) and configurations from 1936 to the present day, the bolt-action Winchester Model 70 is considered one of the finest sporting rifles of all times. Bayonet folds into the forestock
I wanted to invent an engine that could run for ever. I could have developed a new train, had I stayed in the railway. It would have looked like the AK-47 though. –Mikhail Kalashnikov
SKS CARBINE During World War II, Soviet weapons designer Sergei Simonov worked to develop a semiautomatic rifle firing a “short” version of the standard 7.62mm Soviet round. The result was the SKS-45 carbine, a gas-operated weapon that fed from a 10-round box
306
magazine and featured an integral bayonet that folded into the forestock. The SKS was a highly successful weapon and it was produced in large numbers in China and other nations until it was largely replaced by the AK47.
307
post world war II weapons
Post World War II Weapons continued . . . Telescoping buttstock
Integral bipod
M4A1 Carbine This version of the M4 family of carbines has a tactical grip and a holographic sight. The M4s are a development of the M16 rifle but are generally shorter and lighter. The M4A1 is gas-operated with a telescoping buttstock. It is capable of fully automatic fire, as well as the selective fire and three-round bursts of the standard M4.
M249 light machinegun This is the U.S. version of the world-renowned Minimi, made in Belgium. Gas-operated and air-cooled, it also features a quick-change barrel, which is a useful option in case of overheating, jamming, or other problems.
Box magazine
Selector makes it easy to change the firing rate
MP5 submachine gun The MP5 is made by famous gunsmiths Heckler & Koch. It was designed in the 1960s and has since appeared in many different versions. It is a 9mm fed from a box or curved magazine containing up to 30 rounds.
M4 carbine Until recently the M4 carbine was built solely by Colt, but the U.S. army have taken ownership of the design, which will allow other companies to make new improved versions. The military makes much use of these weapons in operations worldwide.
MP5k This shortened version of the MP5 was introduced in 1976 with the intention of producing a weapon for close-quarters combat and special services. It lacks a buttstock and the bolt and receiver are shortened. The barrel is also much shorter, stopping after the foresight.
Magazine and action are behind the trigger guard
308
Steyer Aug Designed in the early 1970s, the AUG (ArmeeUniversal-Gewehr or universal army rifle) is the standard small arm of the Austrian army and police. It is a 5.56mm assault rifle with a bullpup design and an interchangeable barrel.
Vertical foregrip
the world at war
Post World War II Weapons continued . . .
uzi submachine gun The first UZI was designed by Major Uziel Gal of the Israeli army and it gave rise to a family of similar weapons, some known as machine pistols. The UZI was the first submachine gun to use a telescoping bolt. It has found widespread use as a personal defense weapon as well as in armies of all nations.
Stock folds under body
Sterling submachine gun The British Sterling submachine gun was brought into service late in World War II and continued to be used by the British army until 1994, when it was replaced by the L85A1 assault rifle. Initially called the Patchett after its designer, George William Patchett, it proved itself a reliable and accurate weapon, performing well in difficult conditions.
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About the Berman Museum
Glossary
Since the Berman Museum of World History opened its doors to the public in April of 1996, thousands of visitors have enjoyed its unique and varied collection of art, historical objects, and weapons. Located in the Appalachian foothills in Anniston, Alabama, and next door to the seventy-five-year-old Anniston Museum of Natural History, which is affiliated with the Smithsonian, the Berman Museum’s reputation and collection have grown exponentially since its inception. The Berman Museum’s holdings number 8,500 objects and it has 3,000 items related to world history exhibited in its galleries. Among the many rare and fascinating objects from around the world, there are items such as an air rifle from Austria, military insignia from German and Italy, a scimitar from the Middle East, and graphically carved kris holders from Indonesia. The Museum attracts both a global and regional audience. All who visit can appreciate the historic significance of the collection and gain greater awareness and respect of other cultures.
a
action Generally speaking, the overall firing mechanism of a gun atlatl A spear-throwing device arquebus Shoulder-fired matchlock musket assegai A South African throwing spear, most
famously used by Zulu warriors
b
bagh nakh Indian claw daggers with three to
five curved blades
ball A synonym for bullet blunderbuss A short, smoothbore musket
Its five galleries—Deadly Beauty, American West, World War I, World War II, and Arts of Asia—exhibit items spanning a period of 3,500 years. A focal point of the Deadly Beauty gallery is the elaborate Royal Persian Scimitar, circa 1550, created for Abbas the Great, King of Persia. The American West gallery covers approximately 200 years (c. 1700– 1900), emphasizing the United State’s political, economic, social, and cultural structures, and their influences on settling the West. The World War galleries use objects from the Museum collection to explore the causes and conditions of both wars, the historical significance of the countries involved, and the resulting political, economic, cultural, and social changes brought about by each war. A rare piece of equipment in the World War I gallery is the Tanker’s Splinter Goggles, used by tank personnel to protect their eyes and faces from metal splinters from machinegun fire. Exhibited in the World War II gallery is the M1942 “Liberator” Pistol, as well as a large collection of Adolf Hitler’s tea
and coffee service, purported to have come from the last bunker that the Führer occupied. The Arts of Asia exhibit features an extensive and ever-growing collection of Asian textiles, ceramics, sculpture, jade, and metal. The Berman Museum of World History is home to the vast and eclectic collection of Colonel Farley L. Berman and his wife, Germaine. Farley Berman, a lifelong resident of Anniston, Alabama, served in the European theater during World War II, and in the occupation force afterward. There he met Germaine, a French national. They were married and spent the next fifty years traveling the world acquiring historic weapons and artifacts, paintings, bronzes, and other works of art. Berman’s selftrained collector’s eye recognized the importance of items that were perhaps seen as ordinary, and he made it his mission to preserve a few. The Bermans established contacts—and a reputation—in numerous auction houses and among antique dealers in Europe and America.
The Bermans freely shared their collection with the public long before the City of Anniston constructed the Museum facility. Hundreds of military dignitaries and others were invited to their home for personal tours of their collection. Colonel Berman could best be described as a colorful storyteller and was notorious for firing blank rounds from his collection of spy weapons when guests least expected. He advised aspiring collectors to purchase good reference books, spend some years reading, and visit a range of museums before acquiring. During the early 1990s, several large museums expressed interest in receiving the Bermans’ collection. They were disappointed when Germaine proposed that the collection remain in Anniston. Colonel and Mrs. Berman’s collection stands as the core of Berman Museum. Since the Museum’s opening, many have recognized its importance and have contributed their own personal treasures to this impressive collection.
(occasionally a pistol) with a flared muzzle
bolt In reference to crossbows, a short dartlike
projectile, also known as a quarrel bolt-action A gun (typically a rifle) whose
action is operated by manipulating a bolt, either by drawing it back (“straight pull”) or on a rotational axis
840 Museum Drive, Anniston, AL 36206 mail: P.O.Box 2245, Anniston, AL 36202-2245 USA phone: 256-237-6261
material to reinforce wood.
crossbow Type of bow using laterally fixed
“limbs”
d
c
calacula A Fijian club with a saw-toothed blade caliber The diameter of a cartridge, expressed in
fractions of an inch (e.g., .38, .45) or millimeter (e.g., 7.62mm, 9mm)
carbine A short-barreled, compact musket or
rifle, originally carried by mounted troops or, in modern times, by soldiers whose primary jobs (vehicle crews, for example) made it impractical to carry a full-size rifle cartridge The cased combination of bullet,
powder, and primer used in modern firearms; prior to the introduction of the metallic cartridge, the term referred to bullet and powder wrapped in paper for ease of loading muzzle-loading weapons sealed in a cavity in the center of its base chain m ail Personal armor made of many links
of iron or steel riveted together chamber The part of a gun in which the
cartridge is seated before firing chassepot Nineteenth-century French bolt-
“caliber,” in this case expressed as fractions of a pound, e.g., 12-gauge; synonymous with bore gr abendoch German term for “trench dagger” grip General term for the handle of a sword or
knife
h
handgun Originally used to refer to any firearm
that could be carried and used by an individual; in modern usage it refers solely to pistols
dagger Short knife used for stabbing Darr a guns Guns produced by the gunsmiths
of Darra Adem Khel (then part of India, now part of Pakistan)
Deringer The original weapons made by Henry
Deringer; the imitation was spelled with an additional r
hilt The portion of a sword grasped by the user,
usually consisting of the guard, grip, and pommel hoplite Armed artillery soldier of Ancient Greece howdah pistol A powerful British pistol used
by elephant riders to fend off tigers
derringer Short, extremely compact and
concealable pistol
dha hymyung A Burmese dagger dha lwe A Burmese sword
double-action A pistol (either revolver or
against the shoulder for firing
gauge For shotguns, the equivalent of the term
composite bow A bow using bone or other
buckshot Lead pellets fired by shotguns
action rifle
for insertion into a gun
dhal A Persian shield
center-fire A type of cartridge with the primer
www.bermanmuseum.org
clip A metal strip holding a number of cartridges
bore See gauge
butt, or buttstock The part of a gun braced
crossguard
chukonu Chinese repeating crossbow
automatic) in which a single, long trigger pull both fires the weapon and brings a cartridge into the chamber in readiness for firing. See also single-action
dyak Sword used by the Dyak people of Borneo
f
fighting knife, or combat knife Edged
weapon intended for use in hand-to-hand combat rather than as a tool
j
jambiya An Arabian curved dagger that was
mostly decorative but it was also an effective fighting knife jian A Chinese short sword
k
k atana Traditional sword of the Japanese samurai kindjal A curved double-edged fighting knife of
the Cossacks koftgari A form of decoration consisting of
gold-inlaid steel kor a The national sword of Nepal
firing pin The part of a gun’s firing mechanism
kris, or keris A traditional knife of Malaysia
flintlock Gun-firing system utilizing a piece of
kuba Deadly weapon of the Kuba people from
that strikes the cartridge’s primer
flint striking against a piece of steel to strike sparks for ignition
fu pa (Chinese “tiger fork”) Three-pronged head
metal head on a shaft
g
gas-oper ated Term used to describe a gun that
taps excess gas from the weapon to operate the action
Gatling gun A multi-barreled gun fed from a
hopper, developed during the American Civil War and still in use in an eletctrically operated version
guard Vertical projections on a sword or knife,
and Indonesia West Africa kukri, or khukuri A Nepalese fighting knife kulah khud Indo-Persian helmet
l,m,n
lever-action A gun that uses a lever, pushed
downward and then upward by the firer, to load and eject cartridges luk Bend in a kris m agazine The part of a gun containing
cartridges in readiness for firing; in rifles, the magazine is often charged (loaded) by a clip
separating the hilt from the blade. Also known as
313
em ain-gauche A dagger held in the left hand,
used in conjunction with a sword in European swordfighting during the Renaissance
M ameluke sword A curved sword used by the
slave-soldiers of Islamic armies, its pattern later adopted for ceremonial use in the West
m atchlock Early firearms which used a slow-
burning match to provide ignition
mere See patu musket Generally, a smoothbore, shoulder-fired
infantry weapon, in use in the West up until the widespread introduction of rifles in the midnineteenth century
musketoon A short-barreled musket muzzle The opening of a gun’s barrel
index
receiver Generally speaking, the part of a gun
incorporating the action, as distinct from the stock and barrel
recoil The backward pressure exerted when a
gun is fired
recoil-oper ated A type of semi- or fully
automatic gun that uses recoil to operate the action
rifling The process of boring cylindrical grooves
into a gun barrel to stabilize the bullet in flight, thus increasing accuracy
rimfire A type of cartridge in which the primer is
evenly distributed around the rear of the base
muzzle-loading Used to refer to a gun that
round Synonym for cartridge, usually used to
nimcha A curved, North African blade of varying
s
pallask A double-edged sword designed to
penetrate the chain-mail armor worn by mounted soldiers of the Ottoman Empire
partisan See patu patu A short-handled war club that was the
principal weapon of the Maori people of New Zealand
percussion cap A capsule containing a
fulminating agent
pesh-k abz A curved Persian knife used to
penetrate chain-mail armor
piha k aetta A traditional knife of
Sri Lanka (now Ceylon); mainly a ceremonial weapon
pinfire An early type of self-contained cartridge,
no longer in common use
plate ar mor Personal armor made of
overlapping plates of iron or steel
pommel The often knoblike projection atop a
sword or knife
primer The part of a cartridge which, when
struck by the firing pin, ignites and fires the main charge
pump-action A gun whose action is operated by
a sliding mechanism, usually mounted below the barrel
quarrel See bolt quillion Sword separator between blade and hilt
that can be either straight or curved; see guard
quiver Basketlike container for carrying arrows
314
refer to magazine capacity, e.g., twenty-round.
saber, or sabre Curved sword typically used by
cavalry
safety The part of a gun’s action designed to
prevent accidental firing
salampusa An iron-bladed sword used by the
warriors of the Salampasu people of Africa
scabbard Receptacle for carrying a sword scimitar Catch-all term for curved-bladed
swords of Middle Eastern origin
self-loading Used to refer to guns that will fire
once with each trigger pull without the need to reload; the term is synonymous with semiautomatic
semiautom atic See self-loading snaphance, snaphaunce A type of lock, an
ancestor of the flintlock
sheath Receptacle for carrying a knife shotgun Smoothbore, shoulder-fired weapon,
typically firing buckshot; most commonly used in hunting but also in combat
single-action A revolver that has to be
manually cocked before each shot; single-action automatics require cocking only before the first shot is fired; see also double-action
smoothbore A gun with an unrifled barrel. See
rifling
sodegar ami The Japanese sleeve grabber that
was used by police to immobilize criminals
stock Any part of a gun which is gripped with the
hand before firing, e.g., forestock; see also butt
t,u
tor ador An matchlock musket that was used in
India for hundreds of years tanto A Japanese dagger used by the Samurai thumbscrew A torture device that compressed
the thumb or other fingers using a screw trebuchet Medieval catapult trigger The part of a gun’s action pulled back
by the firer’s finger to discharge the weapon tulwar, or talwar All-steel Indian curved
saber umKhonto South African spear
w,y,z
wheel lock Firing mechanism that used the
friction of a spring-powered metal wheel against iron or flint for ignition yari A Japanese straight-headed spear yataghan A major blade weapon of the
Ottoman Empire from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries zweihänder The longest sword of the
European Renaissance; from the German for “two-hander”
Index a
machetes, 266 machine guns, 256–257, 262–263, 286– 287, 308 Abbas the Great (shah of Persia), 108–109, 112 mitrailleuse, 265 ACP .45 (Automatic Colt Pistol), 220 muskets, 199, 200–201, 202 Adams, Robert, 186, 205 Native American, 15–16, 21, 30–31 Adams revolvers, 201, 205 pepperboxes, 168, 169, 176 adzes, 16, 110 percussion, 161, 163, 165–169 Afghan knives and daggers, 68 pistols, 225, 226, 255 African slave trade guns, flintlock, 149 pistol-scale rocket launcher, 303 African weapons: revolvers, 186, 188, 190, 199, 201, 203– axes, 20, 58, 59 205 bows and arrows, 35 rifles, 204, 206–209, 259, 277, 306 clubs, 33 semiautomatic pistols, 305 flintlocks, 149 submachine guns, 265, 290 knives and daggers, 65, 78 swords, 96, 102–103, 282–283 Mausers, 211 trench knife, 257 shields, 53, 236 turret pistol, 186 swords, 65, 110–111 Union, 200–201 Afrikaner Commandos, 211 of World War I, 249, 250, 252, 255, 257, Agent Orange, 301 259, 263 Agincourt, Battle of, 95 of World War II, 266, 269, 277, 286, Aircraft Cannon, Japanese, 288 287, 290, 297, 299 AK47 (Kalashnikov) assault rifle, 302, 306, American West, weapons of, 204–209 307 Amherst, Jeffrey, 301 AK-74 assault rifle, 307 Anglo-Nepalese War, 60 alarm guns, 234–235 anthrax, 300–301 Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, 207 anti-tank weapons, 278–279, 288, 293 Alexander II (czar of Russia), 207 “Apache” combination weapon, 242 Allen, Ethan, 174 Arab weapons: C. B. Allen Company, 176, 186 in the Crusades, 43 Allen & Thurber, 174, 176 flintlocks, 148–149 Allen & Wheelock .32 “lipfire” cartridge jambiya, 66–67, 68, 75, 76 revolver, 190 knives and daggers, 66–68, 74–77 Amazon spear, 33 slave whip, 239 American Civil War, 198–203 Argentinian weapons, 210–211, 269 American Indians, weapons and tools, Armalite rifle, 306 15–16, 21, 30–31 armor, 48–55 American long (Kentucky) rifle, 149, 209 advantages of, 49 American weapons: helmets, 48–51 alarm and trap weapons, 235 iron, 25 American West, 204–209 Nanyue, 54 army officer’s hat, 51 shields and gun shields, 52–55, 236–237 automatic pistols, 220, 221, 265 Spanish, 55 automatic rifles, 265, 301 Army Model Colt revolver, 182, 183 bayonets, 269 arquebuses, 126 blunderbuss, 155 arrowheads, 14, 19, 22, 25 bolt-action magazine rifles, 217 Artillery Luger, 219, 270 carbines, 201, 202–203, 207, 308 Asia Minor, knives and daggers from, cartridge pistols, 189–191 68–71, 74–77 cased pistols, 203 Asian swords, 112–119 ceremonial, World War I, 282–283 Bornean, 118–119 chemical and biological warfare, 301 Chinese, 85–87, 90–91, 116–117 Colt revolvers, 180–185, 252, 265 Indian, 71, 113, 151 combination weapons, 242, 243 Japanese, 80, 84, 114–115, 232–233 concealed weapons, 228, 232–233 Mameluke, 43, 113 Confederate, 199, 200, 202–203 Mongol, 112–113 derringers, 179 Persian, 112–113 of espionage, 294, 295, 297, 299 Tibetan, 118 flintlock-percussion conversions, 158– Assyrian weapons, 35 159 asteroids, iron from, 24 flintlocks, 146–147, 149 atlatls, 12, 16–17 gas billy clubs, 265 Australopithecus, 14 gas mask, 250 Austrian weapons: Gatling guns, 199, 200 bayonets, 199 grenades, 301 flaming arrows, 34 knives and daggers, 199, 202, 204, 249, rail guns, 145 256, 257 rifles, 216–217, 258–259, 308
semiautomatic pistols, 252, 305 of World War I, 258–259 Automatic Colt Pistol (.45 ACP), 220 automatic pistols, 218–221 American, 220, 221, 252 Austrian, 252, 305 British, 275 Chinese, 255 Czech, 272, 273 German, 211, 218, 219, 221, 253, 270– 271, 272 Italian, 221, 253, 271 Japanese, 270, 271 Swedish, 255 Swiss, 218, 219, 253 automatic weapons timeline, 246–247. See also automatic pistols; machine guns; submachine guns axes: African, 20, 58, 59 Balkan ax-pistol, 137 boarding ax and gun, 145, 238 British, 23, 145 Chinese, 56, 58 copper, 19, 20–21 flintlock pistol ax, 239 German ax-pistol, 137 Indian, 56, 57, 59 iron and bronze, 18, 23, 24 Persian, 24, 57, 59 stone, 14, 16, 17 Turkish, 56 Aztec shield, 54
B
Baby revolvers, 225 bagh-nakh, 76 Balinese krises, 92–93 Balkan weapons, 137 Bastille, storming of the, 150 baton-dagger combo, 238 bayonets: Belgian, 268 blunderbusses with, 156 entrenching tool, 267 French, 250, 268 German, 251, 283, 306 Johnson, 269 Lebel, 250 Mauser, 210–211, 251, 257, 268–269 MKII, 269 socket, 199, 203 sword-style, 97 Torino rifle with, 214–215 WKC, 251 Bazooka M1A1, 293 Beaumont-Adams revolver, 186 Beaumont Mousqueton, 213 Belgian weapons: bayonets, 268 bolt-action magazine rifles, 212, 213 combination weapons, 241, 242 derringers, 178 dueling pistols, 152 flintlocks, 140, 145 pepperboxes, 168, 174
percussion, 165, 166–167, 193, 195 pistols, 140, 145, 166–167, 193, 223, 227 revolvers, 191, 193, 194–195, 197 rifles, 213, 261 of World War I, 261 of World War II, 268 Belle Star revolver, 205 belt-buckle pistol, 296 belt pistols, flintlock, 132 Beretta, 271 92FS semiautomatic pistol, 304 MAB38A submachine gun, 289 M1934 Auto pistol, 271 M92SB/92F, 9mm, 271 M9 semiautomatic pistol, 303 Bergmann: Model 1894 automatic pistol, 218 MP18/1 submachine gun, 289 Bergmann, Theodor, 218 Bergmann-Bayard M1910, 253 Berman, Col. Farley and Germaine, 109, 312 Berman Museum of World History, 312 Bermann Mars automatic pistol, 218 Bermann Simplex automatic pistol, 218 bichwas knives, 76 bicycle pistol, 222 Biehl, Art, 303 Billy the Kid, 183 biological warfare, 300–301 blind rifling, 153 Bloch, Ivan, 256 blunderbusses, 142, 154–157 boarding parties, 145 boar spear, 33 bolas, 12, 17 bolt-action magazine rifles, 212–217, 258–259 bombardment machine design (Leonardo), 139 bone flail, 41 booby trap pistol, British, 292 Booth, John Wilkes, 178 Borchardt, Hugo, 218 Borchardt 7.65mm automatic pistol, 218 Border Regiment sword, 101 Bornean swords, 118–119 “The Boston Massacre” (Pelham), 122–123 botulin, 300 Boutet, Nicholas, 159 Boutet converted flintlock, 159 Bowie knives, 64, 199, 203 bows and crossbows, 30, 34–36 Boys Mark I, .55 Anti-Tank Rifle, 278–279, 293 brass flintlock pistols, 136 brass knuckles, 242, 249 Brazilian weapons, 304 Breda PG automatic rifle, 278 Bren gun, 286 Brevete reform pistole, 226 Brevetto Delio alarm gun, 234 British Model 1796 holster pistols, 135 British 1976 Pattern light cavalry saber, 151 British weapons: alarm and trap weapons, 234, 235 anti-tank rifles, 278 axes, 23, 145
blunderbusses, 156 boarding ax and gun combination, 145 bolt-action magazine rifles, 212–213, 215 combination weapons, 237, 238, 240 concealed weapons, 228–229 derringers, 171, 178 dirks, 62, 145 dueling pistols, 153, 163, 165 entrenching tool bayonet, 267 flails, 41, 43 flare guns, 163 flintlocks, 129, 133, 134–135, 137, 141, 145, 148, 151 helmets, 49 key guns, 130 knives and daggers, 62, 145, 267 longbows and crossbows, 36–37 maces, 38 machine guns, 262–263, 286–287 mortars, 279 pepperboxes, 170, 175, 177 percussion, 163, 164–165, 166–167 PIAT, 281, 293 pistols, 135, 222, 274–275, 292–293 pole arms, 44, 46, 95 revolvers, 186, 191, 192, 196, 274, 275 rifles, 256, 259 submachine guns, 290, 310 swords, 101, 104–107, 145, 151 of World War I, 257, 259, 262–263 of World War II, 267, 274, 275, 278– 279, 281, 290, 292–293 Brixia Model 35 mortar, 279 broadsides, 144–145 broadsword, Scottish, 100 bronze, ancient, 12–13, 18–20, 22–23 Bronze Age, European, 18 bronze artillery cannon, 151 Brooklyn Arms Company, 189 Broomhandle Mauser, 211, 218, 219 Browning: Automatic Rifle (BAR), 265, 286, 287 Patent M1910 “New Model” pistol, 255 patent pistol, 220 Browning, John Moses, 218, 220 Brunswick percussion rifle, 168–169 buffalo guns, 205 Buffalo mitraille volley gun, 216 Burnside carbine, 199 “burp guns,” 291
C
calacula, Fijian, 32 calivers, 126 camel rifle, 260–261 cane guns, 228–233 cannon-barrel pistol, flintlock, 134 cannon igniter, flintlock, 129 cannon trap gun, 234 caplock (percussion cap) system, 159, 160–161 Caraja spear, 33 Caron, Alphonse, 152 Caron dueling pistols, 152 carriages, as weapons (Leonardo), 139 cartridge pistols, 189
315
Index
cast steel revolver, Belgian, 197 Catherine the Great (empress of Russia), 109 Caucasian mountaineer’s blunderbuss, 142, 156 Celtic bronze knife, 68 Le Centenaire, 242 Central American bows, 34 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 297 ceremonial weapons: knives, 65, 66–67 maces, 39 swords, 108–109, 111, 113 of World War I, 282–283 of World War II, 284–285 Ceska Zbrojovoka (CZ): CZ27 automatic pistol, 273 CZ VZ45 pistol, 274 CZ VZ38 semiautomatic pistol, 272 chain mail, 43, 48–49 chakram, Indian, 79 Chalcolithic Age, 20 Chase, Anton, 182 Chassepot, Antoine, 213 chassepot bayonet sword, 100 chassepot magazine rifle, 213, 215 Chauchat automatic rifle, 262 chemical and biological warfare, 250, 265, 294, 300–301 Chicago Protector palm pistol, 222, 227 Chinese weapons: battle-axes, 56, 58 cloisonné, 85, 86–87, 90–91, 116 combination weapons, 238 flintlock-percussion conversions, 158– 159 knives and daggers, 80, 81, 82, 85–89 Nanyue armor, 54 pistols, 255 pole arms, 45, 46, 47 repeating crossbow, 37 rhinoceros hide armor, 48 signal gun, 124 swords, 85–87, 90–91, 116–117 throwing star, 78 of World War I, 255 cholera, used as a weapon, 301 Churchill, Winston, 219 Circassian dagger, 62 Civil War. See American Civil War claw blades, 78, 79 Clermont pistol, 132 cloisonné, 84–91 Chinese edged weapons, 85–91 eggs, 84 Japanese tanto, 84 Clovis points, 15 clubs and spears, 30–33 cluster bomb design (Leonardo), 139 coaching carbine pistol, 222 coat pistols, flintlock, 132, 141 Cochran, J. W., 176, 186 Coehorn, Menno van, 138 Coehorn mortar, 138 coffin-nail dagger, 294 Cogswell & Harrison transition gun, 187 coin, Chinese copper, 19 Cold War weapons, 297 Collier, Elisha, 180 Colt, Samuel L., 182 Colt’s, 182 Adams revolvers vs., 186 Army Model revolver, 182, 183, 205 .45 automatic, 221, 252 Contract New Service revolver, 252 DA 41 revolver, 185 imitations and competitors, 184, 186–
316
Index
197 Lightning double-action revolver, 183 Lightning rifle, 209 mass production with interchangeable parts by, 180 M1911 automatic pistol, 220 metallic cartridges and, 189 .44 Model 1860, 201 Model 1855, .56 carbine, 184–185 Model No. 3 derringers, 178 Navy .44 revolver, 181 New Navy double-action revolver, 183 Peacemaker revolver, 182 Pocket Model revolver (1849), 181 Police Positive revolver, 265 Six-Shooter revolver, 182 “Texas Paterson” .36 revolver, 180, 182 Thunderer double-action revolver, 183 Vest Pocket Hammerless, 226 Vickers machine gun, 263 Walker .41 revolver, 182 Colt’s competitors, 184, 186–197 combination weapons, 236–243 “Apache,” 242 Arab slave whip, 239 baton-dagger, 238 boarding ax and gun, 145, 238 Le Centenaire, 242 cutlass pistol, 242 dagger pistols, 241, 243 dirk pistol, 241 Ethiopian shield, 236 flick dagger life-preserver, 238 flintlock pistol ax, 239 Hodges catapult gun, 240–241 Indian combo, 236, 237, 239 katara with pistols, 72 knife pistol, 241 knife revolver, 243 matchlock crossbow, 240–241 over-and-under weapon, 243 pistol daggers, 240, 242 pistol knife, 242 pocket-knife percussion pistols, 240 truncheon gun, 237 Turkish gun-shield, 236 Comstock, Charles, 96 Confederate weapons, 199, 200, 202–203. See also American Civil War Congolese ax, 59 copper, 18–20, 58 cormorant motif, 58 Cornac gun, 239 Cornwell, Bernard, 148 Cossack kindjal, 62 Coup-de-poing pistolet “Walh,” 242 Crécy, Battle of, 94–95 Crimean War, 155 crossbows, 36–37, 95, 139, 240–241 cross dagger, 43 crowbill, Indo-Persian, 47 Crusades, 42–43, 99 cuirass, 49 cuirassiers, 151 culverins, 126 Custer, George Armstrong, 205 cutlasses, 145 cutlass pistol, 242 Czech weapons, 210–211, 272–273
D
DA 41 Colt revolver, 185 dagger pistols, 241, 243 daggers. See knives and daggers daisho, 114
Danish weapons, 97, 195, 253, 256, 257 dao sword, Indo-Asian, 113 Darra pistols, 126–127, 165. See also Indian weapons darts, for crossbows, 294 Da Vinci, Leonardo, 138–139 Davis, Jefferson, 203 Day, John, 228, 230 Dayak mandaus, 118–119 death organ design (Leonardo), 138–139 decapitation, 59 deception, weapons of, 228–233 cane guns, 228–233 dagger in wooden sheath, 232 hiking-stick gun, 228 key guns, 125, 130–131, 231 machine gun shell gun, 228, 297 pocket book revolver, 233 shotgun cane, 230 swagger-stick gun, 228–229 sword cane, 232–233 tourist dagger, 233 umbrella gun, 228–229 walking-stick blowpipe, 230 walking-stick guns, 228, 230–231 walking-stick stiletto, 232–233 zip guns, 231 See also espionage weapons “Defendu System,” 267 Degtyarev DP Model 1928 machine gun, 286 Deringer, Henry, 178, 222 derringers, 164–165, 178–179, 222. See also pepperbox pistols Desert Eagle, Magnum, 305 Deutsch Waffen & Munitions Fabriken (DWM), 218 dhal (shield), 52 dirks, 62, 145, 241 dog head pistol, flintlock, 141 Doppelsöldners, 99 double-trigger firing system, 192 dragoon officer’s sword, 104 dress swords, 101–105. See also ceremonial weapons drum, Tlingit, 30 drummer boy rifle, 151 dual-ignition weapons, 160 Dublin Castle pistol, flintlock, 133 duckfoot pistols, flintlock, 134, 137 dueling pistols, 152–153, 162, 165 dueling swords, 101 Dumonthier & Sons, 241, 242 Dutch weapons, 213
E
early firearms, timeline of, 122–123 Eddystone Enfield rifle, 259 edged weapons: of World War I, 249–251 of World War II, 249, 251, 266–267, 269 See also knives and daggers; swords Edward VII (king of England), 207 eggs, cloisonné, 84 Egyptian axes, 20 Elliott, William, 209 Ellis, John, 262 Enemy at the Gates (film), 293 Enfield: No.2 Mark 1* revolver, 274 No.2 MKII revolver, 274 periscope rifle, 257 rifle (1870), 166–167 .577 rifled musket, 202
English weapons. See British weapons entrenching tool bayonet, 267 épée, 101 espada ropera, 101 espionage weapons, 222, 294–297, 299 estoc, 98 Ethiopian shields, 53, 236 European weapons: alarm and trap, 234 arrow points, 25 axes, 23 blunderbusses, 154, 155 bows and arrows, 36–37 combination, 237, 243 concealed, 230–231 daggers and fighting knives, 62–64 derringers, 179 dress swords, 101–105 flintlocks, 140, 142, 143, 146–147 key guns, 131, 231 long swords, 98–100 maces, 40–41, 42 matchlocks, 127 mortars, 138 pepperboxes, 169, 175, 177 percussion, 160, 166–169 personal pistols, 224 pole arms, 44 revolvers, 195, 197, 254 short swords, 97, 250–251 spears, 33 wheel locks, 128 See also specific countries L’Explorateur Mitraille, 254
F
Fairbairn, W. E., 267 falling-block breech, 201, 204, 205 Fallschirmgewehr 7.92mm (Paratroop) rifle, 276 fang (Chinese sword), 116 Fijian war clubs, 32 finger knives, 78 Finnish mortar, 281 flails, 38, 40–41, 43 flaming arrows, 34 flare gun, British, 163 flare pistols, German, 292, 293 flick dagger life-preserver, 238 flint axes and blades, 14, 15 flintlocks: African slave trade guns, 149 American mountain man trade gun, 146–147 Arab flintlock miquelet, 148 blunderbusses, 142, 154–157 cannon igniter, 129 dueling pistols, 152 four-barrel pepperbox pistol, 175 French, 132, 136, 141, 148, 151, 158 granade launchers, 141, 145 matchlock conversions, 124, 158 mechanism of, 129, 133 in the Napoleonic Wars, 151 Nock volley gun, 148 pistol ax, 239 pistols, 129, 132–137, 141–142, 147, 175 pistol-sword, 137 revolvers, 180 snaphance pistols, 134, 148 tinder lighter, 137 flint weapons, 14–15 flute gun, 295 FN FAL assault rifle (Belgian), 306
Forsyth, Alexander, 159, 160 Forsyth-type priming system, 160, 161 Fort Saunders, assault on, 172–173 fouchard, 44 four-barrel pepperbox pistols, 146, 175 Francaise d’Arms & Cycles de Saint Etienne, 254 French weapons: bayonets, 250, 268 blunderbusses, 154 bolt-action magazine rifles, 216–217 cannons, 151 combination weapons, 239, 241, 242 concealed weapons, 233 daggers, 62 derringers, 179 dress swords, 101, 102, 103 dueling pistols, 152, 153, 162 flintlock-percussion conversions, 159 flintlocks, 132, 136, 141, 148, 151, 158 handheld gunpowder weapons, 124, 125 machine guns, 262, 263, 286–287 mortars, 280 pepperboxes, 169, 170, 177 percussion, 162, 165, 166–167 personal pistols, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227 revolvers, 192, 254 rifles, 216–217 shield, 55 submachine guns, 291 swords, 97, 99, 100–103, 106–107, 151, 250–251 of World War I, 250–251, 254, 262, 263 of World War II, 268, 280, 286, 291 fu pa, 46
G
Gal, Uziel, 310 gambler’s push dagger, 204 Game Getter over-and-under weapon, 243 gangster warfare, 264–265 Garand, John C., 277 Garrett, Pat, 183 gas billy club, 265 gas gun, 294 gas masks, 250, 301 gas warfare, 250, 265, 294, 300–301 Gatling, Richard Jordan, 200 Gatling guns, 199, 200, 262 gaucho knife, 63 Gaulois squeeze pistol, 227 gekken pole arm, 47 General Motors Corporation, 295 German/Germanic weapons: anti-tank gun, 288 automatic pistols, 211, 218–219, 221, 253, 270–271, 272 ax-pistol, 137 baton, 285 bayonets, 268, 283, 306 bolt-action magazine rifles, 214–215 ceremonial, World War I, 282–283 ceremonial, World War II, 284–285 of espionage, 294, 295, 296 flintlocks, 137 iron dagger, 25 knives, 249, 266, 269 longswords, 98 machine guns, 262, 288–289 mausers, 210–211, 214–215, 268, 293 mortars, 281 organ gun, 138 percussion, 166–169 pistols, 270–271, 272, 292, 293, 302,
304 revolvers, 252, 254 rifles, 168–169, 214–215, 258–261, 278, 292–293 semiautomatic pistols, 305 shields, 54 submachine guns, 289, 291, 309 swords, 100, 105–106, 248, 282–285 truncheons, 292–293 wheel locks, 128 whips, 292 of World War I, 248–249, 251, 252, 254, 257–262 of World War II, 266, 268, 269–272, 278, 281, 288–289, 291, 292, 294– 295 German Imperial saber, 248 German Police bayonet, 283 germ warfare, 300–301 Gewalthaufen, 44 Gewehr Model 1888 magazine rifle, 214 gladiator-style sword, 97 glaive, 44 Glisenti (Real Fabbrica d’Armi Glisenti): M1910 Automatic revolver, 253 9mm automatic pistol, 221 1884 revolver, 253 Glock automatic pistols, 302, 305 glossary of terms, 312–314 Goering baton, 285 Goodwin & Co. duckfoot flintlock pistols, 137 Gordon highlander’s helmet, 50 grabendoch, 249 grain flails, 40 Granatwerfer 36 mortar, 281 great sword, 99 Greek weapons, 23, 34, 48 greenstone celt, 16 grenade launchers: carbine, 278, 301 catapult, 260 flintlock, 141, 145 hand mortar, 234 pistol-scale, 303 grenades: Breda model 39, 280 chemical, 301 Mills bomb style, 280 in naval warfare, 145 “pineapple design,” 257 rifle, 279 specialized, 292 storm troopers stick, 280 guard pistols, flintlock, 135 gunner saber, French, 100 gunpowder, introduction of, 122 gun shields. See shields Gurkha Kukri, 60–61, 71, 83, 248 Gyrojet pistol, 303
H
hackbuts, 126 C. G. Haenel, 195 hair triggers, 153 halberds, 44, 46, 95 Hallstatt bronze blade, 23 hand-axes, 14 hand cannon, 125 hand gonnes, 124–125 handheld gunpowder weapons, 124–129 Handy Gun (Harrington & Richardson Arms), 191 Harper’s Ferry Model 1842 musket, 168– 169, 202
Harrington & Richardson Snakecharmer Handy Gun, 191 Hawken, Samuel and Jacob, 204 HEAT (High-Explosive Anti-Tank) rounds, 293 Heckler & Koch, 211 MP5 submachine gun, 309 Universal Self-Loading Pistol (USP), 305 VP70 pistol, 302 helmet breaker sword, 117 helmets, 48–51, 95 Henry, Benjamin Tyler, 201, 206 Henry rifle, 206, 207 hiking-stick gun, 228 Himmler Scheutzen rifle, 285 Hi-Standard .22 automatic pistol, 297 Hodges catapult gun, 240–241 hoe blade, steatite, 17 holster pistols, 132, 135, 151 hoplites, 49 Horse Guards sword, 104 horse pistols, flintlock, 132 Hotchkiss Portative machine gun, 263 howdah pistols, 175 Hundred Years War, 36, 94–95 Husqvarna: M1907 pistol, 255 1433 revolver, 196 Hussites, 38
I
incendiary weapons, 43 Indian mahout Cornac gun, 239 Indians, American, weapons and tools, 15–16, 21, 30–31 Indian torador, 126–127 Indian weapons: battle-axes, 56, 57, 59 blunderbusses, 155, 157 bows, 34 claw daggers, 79 clubs, 32 combination weapons, 236, 237, 239 concealed weapons, 230–233 flintlock-percussion conversions, 159 flintlocks and flintlock combinations, 146–147, 159 jambiya, 66, 68, 75, 76 katara, 68, 69, 70, 72–73, 79 knives and daggers, 68, 70, 74–77, 79 “knuckle duster,” 79 leather armor, 49 maces, 38–39, 40, 237 matchlocks, 126–127 percussion, 164, 165 pole arms, 45, 47 shields, 53, 236 swords, 71, 113, 151 throwing knife, 79 Indonesian sword, 59 Infanteriegewehr Model 1854 socket bayonet, 199, 203 Iranian iron and bronze ax-head, 24. See also Persian weapons Irish weapons, 133. See also British weapons Iron Age, 21 iron weapons, 24–25, 28–29, 33 Islamic weapons, in the Crusades, 43. See also Arab weapons Israeli submachine guns, 310 Italian weapons: alarm and trap, 234 anti-tank rifles, 278
automatic pistols, 221, 253 ceremonial, World War II, 284–285 of espionage, 295 flintlocks, 135 helmets, 50, 95 knives, 284 mortars, 279 pistols, 221, 227, 253, 303–304 pole arms, 44, 95 revolvers, 253 rifles, 214–215, 259, 278 shields, 55 stiletto, 62 submachine guns, 289 swords, 284–285 of World War I, 253, 259 of World War II, 271, 278, 279, 289, 295 ivory handles, 74, 77, 80–82
J jailer’s key gun, 130 jambiya, 66–67, 68, 75, 76 Janissaries, 69 Japanese weapons: chain mail, 49 combination weapons, 241 concealed weapons, 228, 232–233 helmets, 51 iron sword guard, 24 knives and daggers, 80, 82, 84 machine guns, 288 matchlocks, 127 mortars, 280 naginata, 45 pistols, 127, 270–271 revolvers, 253, 272–273 rifles, 276 signal arrows, 34 spears, 33 swords, 80, 84, 114–115, 232–233 of World War I, 253 of World War II, 270–271, 273, 280, 288 Jefferson Davis’s pistols, 203 ji, Chinese, 46 jian, Chinese, 90–91, 116 Johnson bayonet, 269 Jorgensen, Erik, 217
K
Ka-Bar fighting knife, 266 Kalashnikov (AK47), 302, 306, 307 Kalashnikov, M. T., 307 KAR-98 rifle, 210, 211, 258, 259 kaskara, 110 katanas, 114–115 kataras, 68–69, 70, 72–73, 79 Kentucky rifle, 149, 209 Kenyan weapons, 35, 78. See also African weapons Kerr, James, 207 key guns, 125, 130–131, 231 KGB, 297 khanjar, 68, 74, 75. See also jambiya kindjal, Cossack, 62 “the Kiss of Death” lipstick gun, 297, 299 “Knee Mortar,” 280 knife pistol, 241 knife revolver, 243 knight’s longsword, 99 Knights of Malta sword, 43
knives and daggers: African, 65, 78 American, 199, 202, 204, 256–257 Asia Minor, 68–71, 74–77 Bowie knife, 64, 199, 203 British, 62, 145, 267 bronze, 23, 82 Chinese, 80, 81, 82, 85–89 coffin-nail dagger, 294 Confederate, 199 dagger, origin of term, 62 dagger in wooden sheath, 232 dagger with bronze handle, 64 French dagger, left-handed, 62 gambler’s push dagger, 204 gaucho knife, 63 German, 249, 266, 269, 284–285 iron daggers, 25, 63 Italian Fascist Party knife, 284 jambiya, 66–67, 68, 75, 76 Japanese, 80, 82, 84 katara, 68–69, 70, 72–73, 79 Kenyan wrist and finger knives, 78 krises, 92–93 kukri, Gurkha, 60–61, 71, 83, 248 Native American copper dagger, 21 pen dagger, silver, 297 Russian/Soviet, 62, 266 Spanish, 63, 64 Sykes-Fairbairn Commando Knife, 266 tantos, 80, 84 throwing blade, 65 Tibetan ritual iron dagger, 24 tourist dagger, 233 Turkish, 69 wooden cross dagger, 43 wrist daggers, 78, 294 knuckle dusters, 79, 242, 249, 257 Kolb, Henry, 225 kora sword, 71, 118 Korean iron armor, 25 Krag, Ole, 217 Krag-Jorgensen magazine rifle, 215, 217 krises, 92–93 Kuban sword, 110 kukri (khukuri), 60–61, 71, 83, 248 Kwakiutl copper dagger, 21
Lorenz rifled musket, 199, 203 Loron single shot pistol, 162 Louis XIII royal guard sword, 99 Louis XIV (king of France), 101 lozenge-case gun, 295 Luftwaffe/Army daggers, 284 Luftwaffe sword, 284 Luger: Artillery, 219, 270 with drum magazine, 271 9mm, 218 Swiss Army, 218, 219, 253 Luger, Georg, 218, 219 luk, 92
M
M4A1 carbine, 308 maces, 25, 38–40 machete, Collins, 266 machine guns, 286–288 American, 256–257, 262–263, 286– 287, 308 British, 262–263, 286–287 development of, 286 German, 262, 288–289 Japanese, 288 Russian/Soviet, 286, 287 submachine guns, 246, 265, 289–291 water-cooled, 221 machine gun shell gun, 228, 297 Magnum Desert Eagle, 305 main gauche, 63 Mainhardt, Robert, 303 Makarov, Nikolay Fyodorovich, 303 PM semiautomatic pistol, 303 standard side-arm, 303 malachite, 20 Malay krises, 92–93 Mameluke swords, 43, 113 mandaus, Dayak, 118–119 Mandino sword, 111 Manhattan Firearms Co., 205 Mannlicher-Carcano: carbine/grenade launcher, 278 rifle, 258 Manton, John and Joseph, 169 dueling pistols, 153 percussion cap system, 160 Maori patu, 32 Marble Safety Axe Company, 243 lady’s pistols, 178, 225 Mariette .38 pepperbox, 174 Lancaster pistol, 164 Marin le Bourgeoys, 158 landsknecht, 98 Mark II, model 1876 Martini-Henry rifle, Lane cane gun, 228 212 Lebel bayonet, 250 Mark 8 Mortar, airborne, 279 Lee-Enfield M1917 Mark III rifle, 259 Markov, Georgi, 297 Lee-Metford magazine rifle, 215 Mark V Smalls No. 4029, 163 Lefaucheux revolver, 192 Marlin machine gun, 263 Lemans of Lancaster County, 149 LeMat, Jean Alexander Francois, 199, 203 Martini-Henry rifles, 211, 212 Masai seme, 65 LeMat pistol, 199, 203 MAS 7.65mm submachine gun, 291 Leonardo da Vinci, 138–139 Mason’s swords, 96, 102, 103 lever crossbow, 36 Massachusetts Arms Company: Lewis Light machine gun, 257, 262 Confederate muzzleloaders, 202 “Liberator” pistol, 295 Maynard carbine, .50 caliber, 207 lighter pistol, zippo, 299 Lightning Colt double-action revolver, 183 .28 six-shot revolver, 188 .31 six-shot revolvers, 188 Lightning Colt rifle, 209 sued by Colt, 188 Liliput pistol, 265 M16 assault rifle, 306 line-throwing pistol, 235 matchlock guns: lion knife, Masai, 65 conversions, 124, 158–159 lipstick pistol, 297, 299 crossbow combination, 240–241 Lloyd, Thomas, 177 flintlock vs., 124 long-barreled percussion cap pistol, 167 Indian, 126–127 longbows, 36, 94–95 Japanese, 127 longswords, 98–100
L
317
Index
mechanism in, 124, 126 Mauser: Argentinian, 210–211, 269 bayonet and scabbard, 211 Belgian, 268 Broomhandle, 211, 218, 219 Czechoslovakian, 210–211 German, 211, 214–215, 268, 293 Persian, 210–211 pioneer bayonet, 251, 257 Swedish, 210–211 Mauser, Wilhelm and Paul, 211 Maxim, Hiram, 218, 263 Maximilian I pallask, 95, 98 Maxim machine gun, 262–263 Maya weapons, 15 Maycock, John, 178 Maycock miniature pepperbox pistols, 178 Maynard, 161 carbine, 207 Percussion Tape Primer system, 161, 188, 202 MBA Associates, 303 M1 Carbine, 277 M4 carbine, 308 Le Merveilleux palm pistol, 222, 227 Mesolithic Era, 34 metal cartridges, 159 metallurgy, ancient, 18–25 bronze, 18–20, 22–23 copper, 18–19, 20 integrated weapons, 19 iron, 24–25 ornamentation in, 19 timeline of ancient weapons, 12–13 meteors, iron from, 24 Mexican pistols, 302 M1 Garand rifle, 246, 276, 277 MG42 machine gun, 288–289, 306 Military & Police .38 Smith & Wesson, 190 miniature key pistol, 131 Minié ball, 199 miquelet, 148 miquelet lock, 142 Mitrailleuse, 262, 265 MKII bayonet, 269 M249 light machine gun, 309 Möko Shürai Ekotoba, 114–115 Mongol raw silk shirts, 49 Mongol swords, 112–113 monitor pistol (C. B. Allen), 186 Moore, Daniel, 189 Moore’s Patent Firearms Company, 189 Morat gun, 125 morgenstern, 40 morning star mace, 38 mortars, 138, 257, 279–281 Mosin-Nagant: carbine M944, 276 7.62mm Model 1891 bolt-action rifle, 217 M91/30/59 rifle, 261 Mountain Men, 146–147, 204 MP (Machinepistole): Model 1940, 291 Model 1944, 289 MP5 submachine gun, 309 MP5K submachine gun, 309 MP40 “Schmeisser” submachine gun, 246 MP44 Sturmgewehr assault rifle, 246, 276 M-1 rifle, grenade for, 293 M4 rifle with grenade launcher, 301 muff pistols, 178, 222, 223 Mughal sword, 112
318
Index
Paterson revolvers, 180, 182 Patti, Adelina, 224 Patti pinfire revolver, 224 Peacemaker Colt revolver, 182 Pearson, John, 182 Pélissier, Aimable-Jean-Jacques, 155 pen dagger, silver, 297 pen gun, German, 294 pepperbox percussion revolver (Cogswell), 187 pepperbox pistols, 174–179, 186, 187 percussion cap system, 159, 160–161 percussion weapons, 160–169 conversions, 158–159, 166–167, 181 flare gun, 163 key guns, 130–131 pistols, 160, 162–167 naginata, Japanese, 45 Nambu: revolvers, 163 M14 pistol, 270 rifles, 166–169 M94 pistol, 271 periscope rifle, 257, 261 pistol, 2nd model, 253 Persian weapons: Nanyue armor, 54 arrowhead, bronze, 22 Napoleonic Wars, 145, 148, 150–151 axes, 24, 57, 59 Napoleon’s sword cane, 106 bows, 34 Nasiri battalions, 60 combination weapons, 240–241 National Defense Resource Council flintlocks, 129 (NDRC), 294 helmets, 49 Native American weapons and tools, khanjar, 68, 69, 70, 75 15–16, 21, 30–31 knives and daggers, 68–69, 70, 74, 77, naval dirk, Scottish, 62 240 naval warfare, 144–145 mausers, 210–211 Navy .44 Colt revolver, 181 pole arms, 45, 47 Navy Model .36 single-action Manhattan royal scimitar, 108–109, 112 revolver, 205 shields, 52 Nazi Labor Corps knife, 285 swords, 112–113 NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) suit, personal defense weapons, 222–227 301 Baby revolvers, 225 NDRC (National Defense Resource bicycle pistol, 222 Council), 294 Brevete reform pistole, 226 needle gun, 213, 215 Chicago Protector palm pistol, 222, Neolithic cave paintings, 12–13, 15 227 Nepalese weapons: coaching carbine pistol, 222 kora, 71, 118 Gaulois squeeze pistol, 227 kukri (khukuri), 60–61, 83, 248 lady’s pistol, 225 New Army .44 six-shot revolver, 189 Le Merveilleux palm pistol, 222, 227 New Haven Arms Company, 206 muff pistols, 178, 222, 223 New Land Pattern .65 holster pistol, 151 palm guns, 222, 227, 299 New Navy Colt double-action revolver, 183 pinfire revolver, 224 nimcha, 65 pocket pistols, 222–226 Nock, 106 Tribuzio squeeze pistol, 227 blunderbusses, 155 pesh kabz, 68, 70 volley gun, flintlock, 148 Philippine weapons, 92, 278 North & Couch: phosgene, 250 gameshooter, 176 PIAT (Projector, Infantry, Anti-Tank), 281, trap gun, 235 293 Norwegian weapons, 217 piha kaetta, 74 pikes, 44, 151 pillow sword, 99 pin-fire revolver, 179 pipe pistol, 299 pistol dagger, 242 obsidian weapons, 15 Pistolet Makarova (PM) semiautomatic organ gun design (Leonardo), 138–139 pistol, 303 ornithopter design (Leonardo), 139 pistol knife, 242 OSS (Office of Strategic Services), 294 pistols: Ötzi, 21 blunderbusses, 142, 154–157 Pachmayr, Emil, 169 derringers, 164–165, 178–179, 222 Paleolithic stone weapons, 14–15 development of, 128, 302 pallask, 95, 98 dueling, 152–153, 162, 165 palm guns, 222, 227, 299 palm, 222, 227, 299 Panzerfaust, 293 pepperbox, 174–179, 186, 187 panzerstecher, 98 percussion-cap, 160, 162–167 parade swords, 103 post-World War II, 302–305 partisan/partizan pike, 45 of World War I, 252–253, 255 patch box compartments, 168 of World War II, 270–275, 292 Patent Arms Manufacturing Company, See also automatic pistols; individual 182 muskets: American, 199, 200–201, 202 Austrian, 199, 203 French, 148 German wheel-lock, 128 in naval warfare, 145 Mussolini Shotel sword, 284–285 mustard gas, 250 Mutzig French cavalry rifle, 166–167 muzzleloaders, 199, 202. See also blunderbusses Mycenaean spearhead, bronze, 22
N
O,P
pistols pistol-sword, flintlock, 137 plague, as a weapon, 301 Plains Indian clubs, 31 pocket book revolver, 233 pocket-knife percussion pistols, 240 Pocket Model Colt revolver (1849), 181 pocket pistols, 222–226 poisons, 250, 265, 294, 300–301 pole arms, 44–47, 59, 95 Post-World War II weapons, 302–310 handguns, 302–305 infantry weapons, 306–310 PPS (Pistolet-Pullemet Shpagin) submachine guns, 246, 290, 291 presentation swords, 104, 107 Prohibition, gangster warfare in, 264–265 Projector, Infantry, Anti-Tank (PIAT), 281, 293 Prussian general’s sword, 106 push dagger, 204
Q,R Qizilbash, 108 quillon block, ruby, 108 rail guns, 144–145 rampart guns, 95, 128, 138–139 rapiers, 101 Rast & Gasser Model 1898 revolver, 197 raw silk shirts, Mongol, 40 razor pistol, 299 red gun, flintlock, 146–147 Redoubtable revolver (Henrion, Dassy & Heuschen), 204 Reichsrevolver M1879, 195 Reising submachine gun, 290 Remington, Eliphalet, 208 Remington Arms Company: Model 1863 Army revolver, 189 model 24 semiautomatic .22 sporting rifle, 168–169 “New Army” .44 six-shot, 189 Remington-Rider magazine pistol, 179 single-shot, rolling block rifle, 209 repeating crossbow, 37 repeating weapons, timeline of, 172–173 revolvers: American, 186, 188, 190, 199, 201, 203–205 Belgian, 191, 193–195, 197 British, 186, 191, 192, 196, 274–275 Colt, 180–183, 186, 205, 252, 265 double- vs. single-action, 186 European six-shot, 254 French, 192, 254 gas, 254 German, 252, 254 Italian, 253 Japanese, 253, 272–273 Swedish, 196 Swiss, 253 See also Colt’s; Colt’s competitors; specific revolvers Rheinmetall hunting rifles, 211 rhinoceros horn, 66 ribauldequin design (Leonardo), 139 Richmond Sharps, 202 ricin, 297, 301 rifle-barrel percussion pistols, 165 rifle grenades, 279, 293 rifles: American, 204, 206–209, 259, 277, 306 anti-tank, 278
assault, 246, 276, 302, 306–308, 307 Austrian, 216–217, 258–259, 308 automatic, 265, 301 Belgian, 213, 261 bolt-action magazine, 212–217 British, 256, 259 Browning, 265, 286, 287 Dutch, 213 French, 216–217 German, 168–169, 214–215, 258–261, 278, 292–293 Italian, 214–215, 259, 278 Japanese, 276 percussion, 166–169 Philippine Huck gun, 278 Russian/Soviet weapons, 261, 276, 306–307 Swiss, 215 Vietnamese, 216–217 See also specific rifles rifling, 127 Roman weapons, 34, 49, 62 J. B. Ronge & Fils, 195 Rouchouse, Jacques, 227 Royal Company of Archers short sword, 97 Royal Naval boarding ax and gun combination, 145, 238 Royal Persian scimitar, 108–109, 112 RPD (Ruchnoy Puleyot Degtyaryova) machine gun, 287 rubber truncheon, German, 293 Russian/Soviet weapons: blunderbusses, 156 flails, 41 flintlocks, 142 knives and daggers, 62, 266 maces and arrows, 25, 39 machine guns, 286, 287 pistols, 303 pole arms, 56 rifles, 261, 276, 306–307 submachine guns, 290 of World War I, 261 of World War II, 266, 276, 286–287
S
sabers, 100, 106, 151, 248. See also swords SA dagger, 285 Sa’dah festival, 67 Saddam Hussein, 301 samurai swords, 114–115 Saracens, 43 Savage Revolving Arms Co., 199, 200 “scent bottle” lock, 159, 160 Scheintod Hahn gas revolver, 254 V. C. Schilling, 195 Schmeisser, Hugo, 307 Schmeisser, Louis, 218 “Schmeisser” (MP40) submachine gun, 291 Schwarzlose, Andreas, 221 Schwarzlose Model 1908 automatic pistol, 221 scimitar, royal Persian, 108–109, 112 Scottish weapons: broadsword, 100 dirk, 62 flintlocks, 136 handheld gunpowder weapons, 125 helmets, 51 key guns, 131 short sword, 97 See also British weapons screwdriver gun, 295
seashell, exploding, 297 set triggers, 153 Shah Jahan, 73 Sharps, Christian, 201, 204, 208 Sharps carbines, 199, 202, 208 sharpshooters’s glasses, 208 Shaw, Joshua, 159, 161 Sherman tanks, 246–247 shields and gun shields, 52–55, 236–237 short swords, 97, 117, 250–251. See also knives and daggers; swords shotgun cane, 230 shuangjian, 116 Siam, sword for king of, 105 Sicherheitspolizei truncheon, 292 sickle, bronze, 22 signal arrows, 34 signal guns, 124, 235 SIG P226 service pistol, 304 Sikh hatchet, 57 silk shirt armor, Mongol, 40 Simonov, Sergei, 306 Simpson & Co., 268 Sioux (Lakota) clubs, 31 Six-Shooter Colt revolver, 182 SKS-45 carbine, 306 sleeve grabber, 47 Slocum revolver (Brooklyn Arms), 189 smallpox, as a weapon, 301 Smith, Horace, 189, 190 Smith & Wesson, 190 cartridge pistols, 189 .357 magnum (1935), 190 .44 magnum (1956), 190 Model 60 (1965), 190 .38 Model 1910 “Military & Police” revolver, 190 No. 2, .32 six-shot revolver, 190 SMLE (Short Magazine Lee-Enfield) rifle, 215, 258 Snakecharmer Handy Gun, 191 snaphance flintlock pistols, 134, 148 sniper rifle, 292–293 snipers, 199, 292–293 The Social History of the Machine Gun (Ellis), 262 sodegarami, 47 SOE (Special Operations Executive), 294 Solothurn S18-1000 anti-tank gun, 288 South American weapons: Amazon spear, 33 Argentinian, 210–211, 269 bows and arrows, 34 Brazilian, 304 gaucho knife, 63 Southeast Asian weapons, 92–93, 216–217, 230 Soviet weapons. See Russian/Soviet Spandau Maxim machine gun, 262 Spanenburger & Sauer, 195 Spanish weapons: armor, 155 blunderbuss, 158 combination weapons, 243 flintlock-percussion conversions, 158 flintlocks, 134, 142 hand cannon, 125 knives and daggers, 63, 64 percussion, 160 pistols, 142, 160, 195, 270–271 of World War II, 270 spearheads, 15, 19, 22 spears. See clubs and spears Special Operations Executive (SOE), 294 Spencer, Christopher, 201, 205 Spencer and Henry Model 1860 rifle, 201
Spencer repeating carbine, 199 Springfield: Model 1861 rifle, 200 M1903 rifle, 258 rifled musket, 199, 200 “trap-door” breech-loaders, 205 spring guns, 234–235, 297 spring-loaded katara, 73 square barrel pistol, flintlock, 133 squeeze pistols, 227 Sri Lankan piha kaetta, 74 stahlhelm (German helmet), 51 Starr .44 revolver, 201 steatite hoe blade, 17 steel swords, 100 STEN submachine gun, 290 Sterling submachine gun, 310 J. Stevens Arms & Bicycle Co., 167 Steyr: AUG assault rifle, 308 9mm automatic, 252 Steyr-Mannlicher: bayonet, 251 M.95 rifle, 258 M1895 rifle, 216–217 Stoner, Eugene, 306 Stoner 63 assault rifle, 306 stone weapons and tools atlatls, 12, 17–18 axes, 14, 16, 17 bolas, 12, 17 hand-axes, 14, 17 hoeblade, 16 spear and arrowheads, 15 timeline of, 12–13 strosstruppen, 257 Sturmgewehr Model 1944, 289 submachine guns, 246, 265, 289–291 Sudayev, Alexei, 290 sundial gun, 139 superimposed charge gun, 139 suwaiya (katara), 72–73 swagger stick, 282–283 swagger-stick gun, 228–229 Swedish weapons: mausers, 210–211 pistols, 255, 273 revolvers, 196 of World War I, 255 of World War II, 273 Swiss Army infantry rifle, 215 Swiss Army Luger, 218, 219, 253 Swiss weapons: automatic pistols, 218, 219, 253 bolt-action magazine rifles, 215 flaming arrows, 34 flintlock-percussion conversions, 159 pole arms, 44, 46 revolvers, 253 rifles, 215 of World War I, 253 swords, 96–101 African, 65, 110–111 American, 96, 102–103, 282–283 Bornean, 118–119 British, 101, 104–107, 145, 151 bronze, 23, 250–251 Chinese, 85–87, 90–91, 116–117 cloisonné, 85, 86–87, 90–91 Collins machete, 266 European dress, 101–105 European long, 98–100 European short, 97, 250–251 French, 97, 99, 100–103, 106–107, 151, 250–251 German, 100, 105–106, 248,
282–283, 284 Gurkha Kukri, 248 Indian, 71, 113, 151 Indonesian, 59 iron, 24–25 Italian, 284–285 Japanese, 80, 84, 114–115, 232–233 Knights of Malta, 43 Lebel bayonet, 250 Mameluke, 43, 113 Maximilian I pallask, 98 Mongol, 112–113 Nepalese kora, 71, 118 Persian, 112–113 Tibetan, 118 See also bayonets; knives and daggers Sykes, Eric, 267 Sykes-Fairbairn Commando Knife, 266 Syrian knives and daggers, 71, 75
T
talwar, Indian, 112 Tamil daggers, 72–73 Tanker’s Splinter Goggles, 312 tanks, 139, 246–247 tantos, Japanese, 80, 84 tape-primer system, 161, 202 target rifle, percussion-cap, 168–169 Taurus PT92 semiautomatic pistol, 304 tear gas gun, 294 “teat” guns, 189 Temple Cox - Bromley Kent, 163 temple sword, Indian, 113 Terrible revolver (Henrion, Dassy & Heuschen), 204 Texas Paterson .36 Colt revolver, 180, 182 Texas Rangers, 182 Thomas’s Patent #158 revolver, 196 Thompson Submachine Gun “Tommy Gun,” 265 Thorsberg shields, 54 Thracian helmet, 48 throwing blades, 65, 78, 79 Thunderer double-action Colt revolver, 183 Tibetan weapons, 24, 50, 118 “tiger claw,” 79 timelines: automatic weapons, 246–247 early firearms, 122–123 early weapons, 12–13 iron weapons, 28–29 repeating weapons, 172–173 tinder lighter, flintlock, 137 tin smelting, 19 Tipping & Lawden black metal revolver, 196 “tip-up” revolvers, 190 tire gauge gun, 295 “tit” guns, 189 Tlingit weapons, 30, 31 Tokarev TT-33 pistol, 273 Toledo, swords of, 100 Tommy Gun, 265 Torino model 1871 rifle with bayonet, 214–215 tourist dagger, 233 transition gun (Cogswell & Harrison), 187 Tranter, William, 192 trap guns, 154, 234–235 traveler’s pistols, flintlock, 132 trebuchets, 43 trench knives, 249, 257 trench warfare, 256–257
Tribuzio, Catello, 227 truncheon, German “Green Police,” 292 truncheon gun, 237 tsuba, iron sword guard, 24 Tuareg sword, 110 tuck, 98 tulwar, 113, 151 Turbiaux, Jacques, 227 Turkana (Kenya) wrist and finger knives, 78 Turkish weapons: battle-axes, 56 blunderbuss, 155 gun-shields, 53, 236 knives and daggers, 69 maces, 38 turn-off flintlock pistols, 134–135 turn-over flintlock pistols, 134–135 turn-over percussion pistol, 177 turret pistol (C. B. Allen), 176, 186 Twigg, John, 165
umbrella gun, 228–229 umbrella with ricin, 297 Union weapons, 200–201. See also American Civil War U.S. weapons. See American weapons UZI submachine gun, 310 Venetian shield, 55 Vest Pocket Hammerless, Colt, 226 Vetterli: .41 model 1878 infantry rifle, 215 model 1871 magazine rifle, 214–215 Torino model 1871 rifle with bayonet, 214–215 Vetterli-Vitali rifle, 259 Vickers-Berthier Mark 3 machine gun, 286–287 Victorian officer’s sword, 105 Viet Cong bolt-action magazine rifles, 216–217 Viking-style ax, 57 Volcanic Repeating Arms Company, 206 volley guns: Buffalo mitraille, 216–217 Leonardo design, 138–139 Nock, 148 three-shot pistol, 177 von Dreyse, Nikolaus, 213
Weston 2mm “Reforma” single-shot pistol, 302 Weyersberg, Kirschbaum & Co. (WKC) bayonet, 251 wheel-lock pistols, 128 whip, German, 292 White, Bernard C., 305 White, Rollin, 189 Whitney, Eli, Jr., 182 Wild West, 204–209 Wild West revolver (Henrion, Dassy & Heuschen), 204 Wilkinson Sword Company, 106 Williams & Powell revolver, 191, 192 Wilson, Daniel, 189 Winchester, Oliver Fisher, 190, 206 Winchester, Sarah Pardee, 206 Winchester, William, 206 Winchester Arms Co., 205 lever-action magazine rifle, 205, 206 Model 1873 magazine rifle, 205, 206–207 Model 1866 Maximilian rifle, 207 Model 70 rifle, 306 Model 1866 “Yellow Boy” rifle, 206, 207 Winchester Mystery House, 206 WKC (Weyersberg, Kirschbaum & Co.) bayonet, 251 Wogdon, Robert, 153 Wogdon dueling pistol, 153 wood weapons, 16–17 “Woolworth” gun, 295 World War I: ceremonial weapons, 282–283 edged weapons, 248–251 handguns, 252–255 infantry rifles, 258–261 machine guns, 262–263 trench warfare weapons, 255–256 World War II: Allied pistols, 273–275 Axis pistols, 270–273 ceremonial weapons, 284–285 edged weapons, 266–269 espionage weapons, 294–297 machine guns, 286–287 mortars, 279–281 rifles, 276–278 specialized weapons, 292–293 submachine guns, 289–291 wranga, 92 wrist dagger, 294 wrist knives, 78
W
Y, Z
U,V
Walker, Samuel, 182 Walker Colt .41 revolver, 182 walking-stick blowpipe, 230 walking-stick guns, 228, 230–231 walking-stick stiletto, 232–233 wallet guns, 297 Wallis alarm gun, 234 Walther: P-38 pistol, 272 P99 semiautomatic pistol, 305 The War of the Future (Bloch), 256 War of the Rats (Robbins), 293 wavy blade dagger, 76 Webley: 7.65 automatic revolver, 275 Mark VI revolver, 275 Wesson, Daniel, 189, 190 Wesson, Edwin, 190 Wesson & Leavitt revolvers, 188 Weston, Tom, 302
yanyue dao, 47 yataghan, 69 youth saber, 106 Zaitsev, Vasily Grigoryevich, 293 zip guns, 231 zippo lighter pistol, 299 Zulu spear, 33 zweihänder, 98
319
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments Moseley Road Inc would like to thank the following people for their assistance and patience in the making of this book— Thunder Bay Press: Peter Norton, Lori Asbury, Ana Parker, JoAnn Padgett, True Sims, Dan Mansfi eld, and Melinda Allman; The Berman Museum of World History: Adam Cleveland, David Ford, Susan Doss, Evan Prescott, Sara Prescott, Quinton Turner and Kira Tidmore; the design and editorial teams for being enthusiastic and creative under intense pressure, and last but not least Tina Vaughan’s husband and children, Tim Streater, Dylan, and Tomos, who put up without their wife and mother for three long months; and Dill, for coping so admirably without Adam.
PICTURE credits
Unless otherwise noted, all silhouetted weaponry images are from the Berman Museum of World History, Anniston, Alabama, with the exception of the following: KEY : a=above; al=above left; ar=above right; b=below; bl=below left; br=below right; c=center; cl=center left; cr=center right 1 Shutterstock/zimand; 2-3 Shutterstock/Adam Michal Ziaja; 10-11 Shutterstock/Rohit Seth; 12-13 Shutterstock ; 14al Shutterstock/Diego Barucco; 14ar Courtesy Wikipedia; 14b Shutterstock/E Petersen; 15a istockphoto/Mark Kostich; 15bl Shutterstock/arindambanerjee; 15br Shutterstock/I Pilon; 18 Shutterstock/mountainpix; 19a © BrokenSphere/Wikimedia Commons ; 19cl Shutterstock/Zelenskaya; 19c Shutterstock/Terry Davis; 19cr Shutterstock/Yuriy Boyko; 19b Shutterstock/chungking; 20a Shutterstock/Nastya Pirieva; 20cr istockphoto/Henning Mertens; 20b Courtesy Wikipedia; 21b Courtesy Wikipedia; 22-23bg Shutterstock/Rohit Seth; 22al Shutterstock/BasPhoto; 22ar Shutterstock/azzzim; 23cr Courtesy Wikipedia; 24-25bg Shutterstock/Rohit Seth; 24a The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore; 24-25c Shutterstock/Dja65; 24cl Courtesy Wikipedia; 24cr & b The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore; 25a The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore; 25cra Shutterstock/ADA_Photo; 25br Courtesy Wikipedia; 26-27 Shutterstock/Edward Bruns; 28-29 Courtesy Wikipedia/Musée du Château de Versailles, France; 30-31, 32-33, 34-35, 36-37bg Shutterstock/ Edward Bruns; 36al Shutterstock/ermess; 36ar Shutterstock/Ruben Pinto; 38-39, 40-41bg Shutterstock/Edward Bruns; 43br Shutterstock/William Attard McCarthy; 44-45bg Shutterstock/Edward Bruns; 46-47bg Shutterstock/Edward Bruns; 48cl Courtesy Wikipedia/John Antoni/The British Museum, London; 48b Courtesy Wikipedia/ Sailko/National Archaeological Museum of Athens; 49c Courtesy Wikipedia/Thomas Quine; 54al Courtesy Wikipedia/Bullenwächter; 54ar Courtesy Wikipedia/Simon Burchell/The British Museum, London; 54bl Courtesy Wikipedia/deadkid dk/Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King, Guangzhou; 56-57bg Shutterstock/Edward Bruns; 56a Courtesy Wikipedia/Daderot/Yunnan Provincial Museum, Kunming, Yunnan, China; 56cb Shutterstock/Olemac; 57a Shutterstock/ermess; 57cb Shutterstock/ CreativeHQ; 58-59bg Shutterstock/Edward Bruns; 59c Courtesy Wikipedia/McLeod/National Museum, Copenhagen; 62-63, 64-65, 68-69, 70-71, 74-75, 76-77, 80-81, 82-83, 84-85, 86-87, 88-89, 90-91, 92-93bg Shutterstock/Edward Bruns; 94 istockphoto/Duncan Walker; 96-97, 98-99, 100-101, 102-103, 104-105, 106-107bg Shutterstock/ Edward Bruns; 109ar Courtesy Wikipedia/Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow; 110-111, 112-113bg Shutterstock/Edward Bruns; 114-115b Courtesy Wikipedia; 116-117, 118119bg Shutterstock/Edward Bruns; 120-121 Shutterstock/Elen 418; 122-123 Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-01657; 124-125, 126-127, 128-129, 130-131, 132-133, 134-135, 136-137, 140-141, 142-143, 144-145, 146-147, 148-149, 150-151, 152-153, 154-155, 156-157, 158-159, 160-161, 162-163, 164-165, 166-167, 168-169, 170-171, 174-175, 176-177bg Shutterstock/Elen 418; 178-179 Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 180-181 Library of Congress, LC-DIG-pga-01839; 182-183bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 184-185bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 184a Courtesy Cedar Hill Cemetery, Connecticut; 184bl Library of Congress, HAER CT-189-A-4; 184br Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-110403; 185bl Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-136377; 186-187, 188-189, 190-191, 192-193, 194-195, 196-197bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 198 Library of Congress, LC-DIG-pga-01855; 200-201bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 200cl Courtesy Wikipedia; 202-203bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 203a Courtesy the Berman Museum of World History, Anniston, Alabama; 206-207bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 206a Courtesy Wikipedia; 208-309bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 208a Courtesy Wikipedia; 214-215, 216-217bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 219br Jupiterimages; 220-221bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 220a Courtesy Wikipedia; 224-225, 226-227, 239-231, 232-233, 238-239, 240-241, 242-243bg Shutterstock/IntraClique LLC; 244-245, 248-249, 250-251, 252-253, 254-255, 258-259, 260-261, 262-263 Shutterstock/James Thew; 263al Courtesy Wikipedia; 264 Courtesy NARA; 265a Jupiterimages; 266-267, 268-269, 270-271, 272-273, 274-275, 276-277bg Shutterstock/ James Thew; 277a Courtesy Wikipedia; 278-279, 280-281, 286-287bg Shutterstock/James Thew; 286-287b Shutterstock/Marafona; 287 top Shutterstock/Olemac; 287c Jupiterimages ; 288-289, 290-291bg Shutterstock/James Thew; 290a Shutterstock/Zimand; 294-295, 296-297, 298-299bg Shutterstock/James Thew; 300 Library of Congress; 301a Shutterstock/RCPPhoto; 301c The Vietnam Center and Archive, Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr. Collection; 301cr Shutterstock/Konstantnin; 301br Shutterstock/Aaron Amat; 302-303bg Shutterstock/James Thew; 303al Shutterstock/Tereshchenko Dmitry; 303ar Shutterstock/zimand; 303br Shutterstock/Vartanov Anatoly; 304-305bg Shutterstock/James Thew; 304al Shutterstock/Vudhikrai; 304c Shutterstock/Michael Coddington; 304bl Shutterstock/Jaroslaw Grudzinski; 305al Shutterstock/MISHELLA; 305ar Shutterstock/Vartanov Anatoly; 305c Shutterstock/Nomad_Soul; 305b Shutterstock/zimand; 306-307bg Shutterstock/James Thew; 307ar Courtesy Wikipedia; 307c & b Shutterstock/vadim kozlovsky; 308-309bg Shutterstock/James Thew; 308a Shutterstock/Vartanov Anatoly; 308c & cr Shutterstock/Sergii Figurnyi; 308b Shutterstock/Rodionov; 309a Shutterstock/zimand; 309c Shutterstock/Vartanov Anatoly; 309bl & br Shutterstock/zimand; 310bg Shutterstock/James Thew; 310 Shutterstock/CreativeHQ; 311 Shutterstock/Adam Michal Ziaja
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Tokyo electricity
Facts about Tokyo
Tokyo is a vast metropolis, and it would take more than a lifetime to properly get to know it. Here is a collection of basic facts about Tokyo for a 5-minute overview of Japan's capital city.
Unless otherwise stated, all statistics are as of 2012.
Tokyo geography
Tokyo is the capital city of Japan, and the biggest city in Japan in terms of population and area. Tokyo is located roughly in the middle of the Japanese archipelago facing the Pacific Ocean. Tokyo is on the Kanto plain, bordering Tokyo Bay, 35 degrees 41 minutes north latitude and 139 degrees 46 minutes east longitude.
The Tokyo Megalopolis Region, or Greater Tokyo Area, comprises Tokyo and the three adjacent prefectures of Chiba , Saitama , and Kanagawa . The Tokyo region contains about 26% of Japan's total population. The National Capital Region comprises Tokyo and seven surrounding prefectures: Chiba, Saitama, Kanagawa, Gunma, Tochigi, Yamanashi, and Ibaraki.
Two major rivers flow through Tokyo, the Sumida River, running north-to-south into Tokyo bay, and the Tama River, running west-to-east, and forming the border between Tokyo and Kawasaki. Other rivers include the Edo, Arakawa, Sumida, Tama and Kanda rivers.
Tokyo has a total land area of 2187.42 square km and is home to about 10% of the population of Japan. Including the neighboring prefectures of Saitama, Chiba and Kanagawa, the Tokyo conurbation has a total population of over 33 million inhabitants, the largest population concentration in the world.
The Tokyo Sky Tree is Tokyo's and Japan's tallest structure at 634 meters
Tokyo climate and weather
Tokyo has an average temperature of about 16.5 degrees Celsius (62 degrees F), an average minimum temperature of about 13 degrees Celsius (55 degrees F), and an average maximum temperature of about 20 degrees Celsius (68 degrees F). Average humidity is about 60%.
January and February are the coldest months in Tokyo with an average of 5 degrees Celsius (41 degrees F) and average humidity of 44%. It is the sunniest month with an average of 55% sunshine hours.
July is the hottest month in Tokyo with an average of about 26 degrees Celsius (79 degrees F) and average humidity of 74%. It is the cloudiest month, with an average of 13% sunshine hours.
Tokyo's total rainfall in 2013 was 1900.5 mm. September and October often form the wettest period, with April not far behind. February is usually the driest month. Tokyo has generally milder weather than the large cities of Nagoya and Osaka to the south.
Tokyo time
Tokyo's time zone is 9 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. Tokyo does not have daylight saving.
Tokyo earthquakes
Tokyo experiences numerous earthquakes . Before the March 11 2011 Tohoku earthquake, 2005 was the year when Tokyo had had the most earthquakes of over 1 on the Richter scale, with 85 earthquakes. The Tohoku earthquake was an upper 5 on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) scale and the aftershocks over the next two months were innumerable. The yearly average for earthquakes over 1 on the Richter scale in Tokyo is about 50.
Tokyo history and politics
Tokyo is the seat of the Emperor of Japan, the figurehead of Japan's constitutional monarchy, who lives in the Imperial Palace (Kohkyo) in the heart of Tokyo.
Tokyo became a major city, and one of the world's most populous, from the beginning of the 17th century (then known as Edo, which had been founded in the 12th century) after 1603 when Tokugawa Ieyasu made it the seat of his feudal government. Tokyo became the capital of Japan (at the expense of Kyoto ), and had its name changed from "Edo" to "Tokyo," in 1868 with the modernizing Meiji Restoration.
In 1964, Tokyo hosted the summer Olympic Games and will stage the Olympics again in 2020.
Tokyo's flower: Somei Yoshino (Yoshino cherry blossom, Prunus × yedoensis)
Tokyo's tree: Gingko (Ichoh in Japanese, Ginkgo biloba)
Tokyo's bird: Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus)
Tokyo's official symbol, adopted in June 1989, comprises three green arcs forming the letter T in the shape of a ginkgo leaf. It is a symbol of Tokyo's growth, its prosperity, and tranquility.
Tokyo government and administration
Tokyo's status is on a par with the prefectures that make up Japan, but is known as a metropolis, or to (都), rather than a prefecture, or ken (県).
Tokyo consists of 62 municipalities: 23 wards, 26 cities, 5 towns, and 8 villages, the villages mostly consisting of the Izu Islands and the Ogasawara Islands off the coast of Tokyo, the furthest being 354 km away from the Tokyo Metropolitan government headquarters. The area of Tokyo to the west is known as the Tama Region.
The present Governor of Tokyo is Yoichi Masuzoe (b.1948), a famous politician even before his election to Tokyo governor, a renowned political economist and expert on the problem of Japan's aging society. He was once a Diet member for the Liberal Democratic Party. The Governor is elected by direct citizen vote, and represents the Metropolis of Tokyo for a renewable term of 4 years.
Tokyo is administered by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which has its headquarters, known in Japanese as Tocho , in Shinjuku ward, west of Shinjuku Station . It is governed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly made up of 127 members directly elected by Tokyo citizens to serve a term of four years.
As of April 1, 2007, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government employed a total of 168,134 persons.
In fiscal year 2007, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government's budget represented 14% of the total budget of all the prefectural governments in Japan.
Tokyo Tourist Information Center locations
Main Office at Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building
2-8-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku (1st floor of TMG building No.1)
Open year-round: 9:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. (except the year-end and New Year holiday period)
Tel: 03-5321-3077
Haneda Airport Office (Terminal 1)
3-3-2 Haneda Kuko, Ota-ku
Open year-round: 9:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
Tel: 03-5757-9345
1-60 Ueno Koen, Taito-ku (in front of the ticket gate of Keisei Ueno Station)
Open year round: 9:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.
Tel: 03-3836-3471
The 23 wards of Tokyo
The 23 wards of Tokyo are:
Adachi-ku, Arakawa-ku, Bunkyo-ku, Chiyoda-ku, Chuo-ku, Edogawa-ku, Itabashi-ku, Katsushika-ku, Kita-ku, Koto-ku, Meguro-ku, Minato-ku, Nakano-ku, Nerima-ku, Ota-ku, Setagaya-ku, Shibuya-ku, Shinagawa-ku, Shinjuku-ku, Suginami-ku, Sumida-ku, Taito-ku, Toshima-ku
Complete list of place names and postcodes
The 23 wards at the center of Tokyo make up about 28% of the area of the metropolis (i.e. 621.81 km2 of 2187.42 km2), and are home to about three-quarters of its population, i.e. about 8.65 million residents, with an average population density of 13,913 people per km2.
Tokyo's largest ward in terms of area is Ota ward with 59.46 square km. Tokyo's smallest ward in terms of area is Taito ward with 10.08 square km.
The Tokyo ward with the most inhabitants is Setagawa ward, with 850,576 people. The Tokyo ward with the fewest inhabitants is the largely business- and administrative-related Chiyoda ward, with 43,124 people.
The 26 cities of Tokyo
The 26 cities of Tokyo are:
Akiruno-shi, Akishima-shi, Chofu-shi, Fuchu-shi, Fussa-shi, Hachioji-shi, Hamura-shi, Higashikurume-shi, Higashimurayama-shi, Higashiyamato-shi, Hino-shi Inagi-shi, Kiyose-shi, Kodaira-shi, Koganei-shi, Kokubunji-shi, Komae-shi, Kunitachi-shi, Machida-shi, Mitaka-shi, Musashimurayama-shi, Musashino-shi, Nishitokyo-shi, Ome-shi, Tachikawa-shi, Tama-shi
Tokyo's largest city is Hachioji city with 186.31 square km. Tokyo's smallest city is Komae city with 6.39 square km.
Tokyo's most populous city is Hachioji city with 563,077 people. Tokyo's least populous city is Hamura city, with 56,808 people.
The 5 towns of Tokyo
The 5 towns of Tokyo are:
Hinode-machi, Mizuho-machi, Okutama-machi, Hachijo-machi, Ohshima-machi
The 8 villages of Tokyo
The 8 villages of Tokyo are:
Aogashima-mura, Hinohara-mura, Kouzushima-mura, Mikurajima-mura, Miyake-mura, Niijima-mura, Ogasawara-mura, Toshima-mura
The largest island in Tokyo is Oshima-shicho with 141.82 square km. It also has the largest island population, at 14,166. The Tokyo island with the smallest population is Aogashima with only 212 people (and only 77 of them women!)
Tokyo population and demographics
The population of Tokyo is 13,296,517 (2014), with an average population density of 6,075 people per square km. After a decade of slight year-on-year decline, Tokyo's population has been expanding since 1996. The rate of annual population increase since the year 2000 has been just under 1%, i.e., an annual increase of about 100,000 people. Tokyo's population in 1907, one hundred years before, was 2,585,300. The biggest fluctuation in Tokyo's population happened in 1945, the last year of the Pacific War, when it dropped by 3,782,717 people, or minus 52%.
Tokyo's daytime population is about 14.978 million people, and its nighttime population about 12.416 million, a difference of 2.562 million people. The most extreme example is the three wards of Minato, Chiyoda, and Chuo with a daytime population of 2.41 million and a nighttime population of 326,000.
Tokyo's largest foreign community is Chinese, with 126,498 people, followed by Korean with 109,824 people, then Philippine with 31,365, and American with 18,409. Shinjuku ward has the largest foreign population, with 30,337, almost half of them Korean and about a third of them Chinese.
Tokyo social statistics
The number of marriages in Tokyo per 1000 people is in general decline, with 12.8 in 1966, 8.8 in 1976, 6.8 in 1986, 7.3 in 1996, and 7.2 in 2006.
The number of divorces in Tokyo per 1000 people is generally increasing, with 0.93 in 1966, 1.3 in 1976, 1.55 in 1986, 1.92 in 1996, and 2.12 in 2006.
The average lifespan of Tokyoites in 2005 was 79.02 years for males, and 85.53 for females.
Tokyo has over 100 universities and colleges, hundreds of museums and over 200 parks and gardens .
Tokyo's most notorious nightlife district is Kabukicho in Shinjuku ward. Roppongi ward is known for its more glamorous nightlife and large numbers of foreigners. Shinjuku Ni-chome in Shinjuku ward is known for its gay quarter.
Tokyo internationally
Tokyo has eleven sister cities/states: New York City (since February 29, 1960), Beijing (since March 14, 1979), Paris (since July 14, 1982), New South Wales (since May 9, 1984), Seoul (since September 3, 1988), Jakarta (since October 23, 1989), Sao Paulo State (since June 13, 1990), Cairo (since October 23, 1990), Moscow (since July 16, 1991), Berlin (since May 14, 1994), and Rome (since July 5, 1996).
Tokyo transportation
Tokyo is linked to the rest of Japan by road, rail, and air.
Tokyo's major airports are Haneda Airport in Ota ward, and Narita International Airport in neighboring Chiba prefecture, 60 km from downtown Tokyo.
The high speed railway shinkansen (bullet train) network is an alternative to flying that generally takes no longer than by air. Tokyo is served by numerous train, subway and bus lines. The most efficient way to move around the 23 wards is by the JR East train lines and the subway lines.
The five main JR lines in Tokyo are:
the Yamanote Line (green trains), a loop line that is the best known of all Tokyo lines
the Chuo Rapid line (orange trains), also very well known, running east-west through the Yamanote line, linking Tokyo and Shinjuku stations and extending west
the Chuo-Sobu line (yellow trains), running parallel to most of the Chuo Rapid line and stopping at more stations
the Keihin Tohoku Line (silver trains with a light blue stripe), running parallel to the eastern half of the Yamanote line, and extending down to Yokohama and beyond
the Saikyo-Rinkai Line (silver trains with a dark green stripe), technically two lines that converge at Osaki station, the Saikyo line running parallel to the western half of the Yamanote line and the Rinkai line continuing to the east of Tokyo south of, then east of, the Yamanote Line.
the Nippori-Toneri Liner , an automated train system serving the north-eastern part of greater Tokyo.
Tokyo has two subway companies, the Toei Subway with 4 lines with a total of 107 km (66.5 miles), and the Tokyo Metro with 9 lines with a total length of 195.4 km (121.4 miles), a grand total Tokyo subway length of 302.4 km (187.9 miles). They serve mainly the area inside the Yamanote line.
Toei lines are the Asakusa line (pink), the Mita line (navy blue), the Shinjuku line (bright green), the Oedo line (purple).
Tokyo Metro lines are the Ginza line (bright orange), the Marunouchi line (red), the Hibiya line (gray), the Tozai line (bright blue), the Chiyoda line (dark green), the Yurakucho line (yellow), the Hanzomon line (purple), the Namboku line (teal), the Fukutoshin line (dark orange).
Private railway companies in Tokyo are:
Tokyu Railways: serving south-western Tokyo and Kanagawa prefecture
Tobu Railways: linking Tokyo with Saitama and Tochigi prefectures, including Nikko
Seibu Railways: linking Tokyo to the Tama Region (i.e. west of Tokyo) and Saitama prefecture
Keio Railways: linking Tokyo's central and Tama (western) regions
Odakyu Railways: linking Tokyo to Kanagawa prefecture, including Hakone
Keisei Railways: linking Tokyo to Chiba prefecture, including Narita International Airport
Keikyu Railways: linking Tokyo to Kanagawa prefecture, as well as going to Haneda Airport
Tsukuba Express: linking Akihabara with Tsukuba City in Ibaraki prefecture.
Tokyo has six monorail systems, 3 in Tokyo proper: Yurikamome Waterfront Line, Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit (AKA Rinkai Line), and the Tokyo Monorail; and 3 in Greater Tokyo: Chiba Monorail, Tama Intercity Monorail, Shonan Monorail.
Tokyo is also served by an extensive bus network , and numerous taxi companies.
In 2005, the average speed of cars in travelling in the Tokyo 23-ward area during peak hours was 18.8 km/h (11.5 mph).
Tokyo money and economy
The currency of Tokyo is the Japanese yen. Tokyo, like the rest of the Japan, is mainly a cash environment, and credit cards are not accepted as widely as they are in other developed countries.
For the 14 years between 1992 and 2006 Tokyo was rated at the city with the highest cost of living in the world.
Tokyo's gross domestic product is the largest of any city in the world. It was 85.2 trillion (85,200,000,000,000) yen in 2010, down from a 2007 peak of 94 trillion yen.
Tokyo electricity
Tokyo electricity: 100 volts AC, 50Hz (as is the whole of eastern Japan, and 60Hz in western Japan). Plugs are flat two-pin.
| Tokyo |
Anthracite is a type of what? | Catalyst: Tokyo Flood Prevention - ABC TV Science
Thursday, 23 October 2014
Tokyo Flood Prevention
Fifty metres beneath the teeming megacity of Tokyo is an underworld river system - 6.4km of tunnels, colossal water tanks, massive pillars, giant pumps that remove 200 tonnes of floodwater every second. It�s an engineering marvel built to protect Tokyo against the increasing threat of flooding.
download video: mp4
Narration
Few capital cities have been shaped by water as much as Tokyo. Its densely populated suburbs are criss-crossed by rivers and canals.
Mark Horstman
In the 1950s and '60s, these streets of old, downtown, low-lying Tokyo were the scene of a terrible disaster - a string of heavy typhoons and severe wet seasons created floods that destroyed large parts of the city.
Narration
Residents who were kids back then remember floods as a regular part of life.
Haruhisa Yamashita
There would be escaped koi carp about this big just swimming about here and there. We kids would catch them and take them back to the petshop.
Narration
Over the last few decades, the world's richest and largest megacity has built a new resilience against the forces of nature. A coordinated system of massive structures keeps the metropolis of more than 30 million people safe from floods, without anybody really noticing.
Tadashi Arai
I suspect that there is little awareness among Tokyo residents that a major disaster may occur.
Narration
And below the ground, the scale of the engineering is stupendous, beyond anything else in the world. Even the echoes are incredible.
Mark Horstman
Coo-ee!
Narration
I've come to Tokyo to learn how a city of rivers defends itself in a land of flooding rains. This is a geologically challenging place to build a megacity - a flat floodplain of soft, alluvial soil, in a monsoonal climate with frequent typhoons, on active earthquake and volcanic belt. I've joined Toru Sueoka of the Japanese Geotechnical society for a cruise along the Sumida River, one of eight running through the city. More than 100 square kilometres of the city basin is below sea level. Rapid industrialisation made it even lower.
Dr Toru Sueoka
In the 1960s and '70s, underground water was extracted. So the area around Koto-ku continued to sink about 60 to 70cm. The reality is that the fear of floods increased.
Narration
Tokyo has an average annual rainfall of 1,530mm - more than any Australian capital city, except Darwin. Sueoka-san believes that rising average temperatures, plus the additional heat-island effect of the city are changing the patterns of rainfall.
Dr Toru Sueoka
This is the main reason that the Tokyo climate is becoming more subtropical, even though it is currently in the temperate zone, and massive and sudden downpours of rain are increasing in incidence.
Narration
Intense localised downpours regularly dump more than 100mm of rain in an hour. The occurrence of these so-called guerrilla rain storms has increased by around 50% over the last century. At the end of the Sumida River stands a symbol of this greater flood risk.
Tadashi Arai
The idea that there is a predictable 'flood period' when most floods occur is being abandoned and due to the onset of sudden rain in the form of 'guerrilla rainstorms', flooding can now occur any time. So the blue sluice gate's main function is to control these unpredictable flood events.
Narration
This is the junction with the Arakawa River - an artificial waterway constructed more than 80 years ago. The original red sluice gates were built in 1924. As the need to prevent flooding has increased, so has the size of the gates.
Tadashi Arai
In the case of Arakawa, the design flood discharge has doubled from when the discharge channel was first built.
Narration
Its purpose is to divert flood waters away from Eastern Tokyo, which has allowed urbanisation to spread across the lowlands and the city to grow.
Tadashi Arai
By controlling the floodwaters that arise in Arakawa, we are protecting 5.4 million Tokyo residents.
Narration
That this long, wide channel was excavated early last century is an extraordinary feat. It takes at least an hour, travelling downstream at speed, to reach the last bridge before Tokyo Bay.
Mark Horstman
The rivers of Tokyo must be an amazing thing to see when they're in full flood, because it's only when you're on them that you can truly appreciate how much space and volume they have to fill.
Narration
The channel is walled in concrete and lined by levee banks, built 30 times as wide as they are high. Like doorways in the levee banks, locks allow us to step several metres down into lower parts of the city. But urbanisation itself creates its own flooding hazards - there's much less ground able to absorb water than in agricultural landscapes. Excess water has to be drained rapidly, but in crowded Tokyo there's no room to build more discharge channels.
Eiichi Oosu
Because there is a high population density, the acquisition of land was a problem. So to show immediate results, we chose to build underground.
Narration
Eiichi Oosu manages the metropolitan outer area underground discharge channel. Or, in other words, the largest storm water drain in the world.
Eiichi Oosu
The main objective of this facility is to reduce the damage caused by regular flooding by diverting river overflow via a tunnel to this facility and channelling it into the Edo River.
Narration
It took 13 years to build, at a cost of $3 billion.
Mark Horstman
It's impressive enough what Tokyo is doing to make room for water above the ground. But it's what's below the ground that will really take your breath away. Down here is one of the engineering wonders of the world.
Narration
This cathedral-like chamber is what it takes to cope with a flood emergency. It's sheer size is testament to the scale of the challenge - five storeys deep, this surge tank is the length of two football fields. Just one of these pillars weighs 500 tonnes.
Eiichi Oosu
The purpose of this area is to break the momentum of the water as it comes down from the tunnels.
Narration
This giant system is designed so that the tank never fills up and always discharges to the Edo River.
Eiichi Oosu
On average, we experience overflow in this facility about seven times a year. Last year, water flowed into this tank 12 times.
Mark Horstman
This surge tank is the largest in the world, but even this massive structure is just the tail end of a flood control system that stretches another 6.3km underground.
Narration
Bypassing a low-lying basin, it connects five watercourses to the main river. When they flood, the overflow from each river drains into a series of five giant cylinders joined by 6km of tunnels. Tokyo has, in effect, built a new river underground - 50m beneath the city - just for flood water. Powered by turbines modified from jet aircraft engines, these pumps are the heart of the system.
Eiichi Oosu
One of these pumps can pump out 50 cubic metres per second. There are four of these so we can discharge 200 cubic metres per second of water from this facility.
Narration
We're several kilometres upstream from the pumps and the surge tank. It's been raining steadily and, at the surface, the river is rising. More than 20 storeys below is something like a submarine hatch. The scale of what's inside is overwhelming.
Mark Horstman
Unbelievable.
Narration
This is just one of the five giant cylinders that funnel flood waters into the tunnels.
Eiichi Oosu
The width is 30 metres and the height is 70 metres. So it's big enough for a space shuttle to fit snugly.
Narration
In a time of flood, where we're standing would be the bottom of a mighty waterfall. Water spills off the overflowing rivers above into this tunnel to be diverted towards the surge tank on the Edo River.
Eiichi Oosu
Today, the rain is quite heavy, so the river's water level is already quite high. So if it gets any higher, water will begin to flow into here so if you wouldn't mind, please film quickly.
Narration
The silo reduces the impact of crashing water, by running the flow around the side in a vortex. The whole system is designed to withstand a once-in-200-year flood event. After six years in operation, the artificial river of Tokyo's underworld is proving effective.
Eiichi Oosu
If we compare the situation before this facility was built to afterwards, under the same rainfall conditions, the the flood damage today has about halved.
Narration
And above ground, the soil excavated from the tunnels and silos has been used to build bigger levee banks along the rivers.
Mark Horstman
Over the last few decades, the levees that hold back the flooding rivers have been broadened and strengthened to turn them into superlevees, like the one I'm standing on now. These enormous dykes have been designed so they won't break apart when the flood comes over the top, if they're waterlogged, or even if they're shaken by an earthquake.
Narration
However, the rest of the city's infrastructure, like roads and pipes, is built to a flood design standard that copes with just 50mm of rain an hour.
Dr Toru Sueoka
Many people recognise that this figure is inadequate. The reason for this is that rainfall exceeds this rate more than a few hundred times per year. So the design specifications are not adequate.
Narration
For Tokyo, the cost of flood-proofing a megacity is astronomical. But the costs of not adapting to changing rainfall are a million times greater.
Camera: Kevin May, ABC Tokyo Bureau
Sound: Steve Ravich
| i don't know |
Luke Rinehart's cult 1971 novel is called The 'what?' Man? | · March 10, 2012 ·
THE DICE LIFE
The world was introduced to the dice life in 1971 with the publication of Luke’s novel The Dice Man. In the last decade the book has been rediscovered by a whole new generation of young people and is now published in more than 25 languages and selling more copies than ever. Plays, TV series, documentaries, films, blogs and dozens of pieces of music by well-known rock groups have been inspired by the book. In 1995 a BBC production named it “One of the fifty mos...t influential books of the last half of the twentieth century.” In 1999 Loaded magazine called The Dice Man “the novel of the century.”
Such an unusual publishing phenomenon has occurred not just because the book is entertaining, but also because it challenges its readers to look at the way we live our lives.
The concept of the dicelife is simple: create options of things to do, roles to play, acts to perform and let chance choose what you by the roll of a die.
Diceliving is a form of psychological Ludhism. In the ninetheenth century the Ludhites physically destroyed the new industrial machines that they sensed were ruining their lives. Today the machines have been planted inside us, planted there every day by the corporate media whose every emission is to spread the values of consumerism. The only way these internal machines can be destroyed is within each individual. Our mental structures are enslaved to a world view that can only lead to personal and societal unhappiness.
Diceliving is away to begin to destroy these mental structures. By listing options that are different from our habitual way of doing things, we begin, even before casting a die, to realize the degree to which we are enslaved to patterns of behavior that are repetitious paths to boredom and non-fulfillment. Casting a die to choose among fresh options sends us off on new paths, some of which will open us further to the way we have become habit-ridden and enslaved. Sooner or later we will begin to become free.
The Dice Life app is a playful introduction to the dice life, one that combines the fun of playing games with a radical new approach to life. Begin as a dice “trainee” and, by opening parts of your life to new options and successfully following the rolls of the dice, which choose from among more and more adventurous options, advance up through six increasingly difficult levels to that of Dice Master.
Few app games will change people’s lives: this one can. And let you have fun on the way.
| Dice |
What is the Italian word, meaning 'head', for the clamp-like gadget used on guitars and other fretted stringed instruments to change key and tuning? | Summer page-turners | Vogue Paris
VOGUE HOMMES CULTURE
Summer page-turners
Whether you'll be lying by the side of the pool, sitting on an airplane or simply relaxing at home, delve into our selection of ten of the best books to get you through the Summer.
See the 10 IMAGES
1/10
From murders in Hollywood villas to whisky-loving, trench coat-wearing private investigator and host of femmes fatales, Ray Chandler's addictive crime novel collection, including The Big Sleep and Goodbye, My Lovely, transports you to a world of glamour, with all the perverseness of the very best films noirs.
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Raymond Chandler: The Philip Marlowe novels (Quarto Gallimard).
2/10
The second collection of articles from the rock god of of Gonzo journalism between 1969 and 1982. Travel to a world of rock'n'roll as the passionate talent scout talks you through his crazy life, from his discoveries to his disillusions about The Rolling Stones.
Lester Bangs: Main Lines, Blood Feasts and Bad Taste (Tristam)
3/10
Before delving into his new novel in September, revisit the first extraordinary work from a French master of prose. Influenced by Houellebecquien literature, Bellanger takes inspiration from Xavier Niel, the founder of the telecommunications company Free, writing about the age of hyper communication and our obsession with the media.
Aurélien Bellanger : La Théorie de l’information (Folio)
4/10
In 1973, Don DeLillo wrote his cult novel Great Jones Street about a haggard rock star and his greedy entourage. Writing from the perspective of the protagonist, DeLillo places the reader in the centre of the paranoia, for a truly dark atmosphere.
Don DeLillo : Great Jones Street (Babel)
5/10
One of the strangest novels ever written: exiled to Jersey, Victor Hugo spent three years transcribing conversations between his friends and family and spirits. Although mainly encountering unknown spirits, the work also includes musings with Shakespeare and Jesus along the way. With moments of true poetry and farcical elements, you will find yourself changing between feelings of total fascination and the desire to laugh.
Victor Hugo : Le Livre des tables (Folio)
6/10
From a time when journalists could spend hours, even days and nights interviewing a rock star, English journalist Jonathan Cott publishes his interviews with John Lennon between 1968 and 1980. Days That I'll Remeber invites you into the intimate world of John Lennon and Yoko Ono, as Jonathan Cott writes a chapter of the great love story.
Jonathan Cott: Days That I'll Remember: Spending Time with John Lennon and Yoko Ono (10/18)
7/10
Having just made the film, starring Chloë Sévigny , director Whit Stillman adapted his screenplay into a book. The Last Days of Disco follows a group of young people in the early 1980s at the Club in Manhattan, an alter ego of Studio 54. With intertwining love lives and existential doubts, Whit Stillman's portrays a changing time when disco symbolizes the innocence of a city and a new generation that will soon be lost. A gripping book, both as funny as it is melancholy
Whit Stillman : The Last Days of Disco (Tristram)
8/10
First published in 1971, it's unquestionably the most punk book ever written. Enter the world of a crazed psychoanalyst who makes decisions by rolling a dice, playing with life and death and committing murders along the way. First he develops theory, then comes up with a therapy, and ultimately becomes a sort of prophet, preaching a disturbing game against the absurdity of the world.
Luke Rinehart: The Dice Man (Editions de l’Olivier)
9/10
An ultimate Summer page-turner, Joyland follows a young man working at a funfair who discovers it's haunted by a young girl who was murdered in the haunted house years earlier. Throw in a few clowns, a psychic, a boy with supernatural powers and an assassin and you have a true King classic. What could be better?
Stephen King: Joyland (Albin Michel)
10/10
| i don't know |
The Pacific Ocean covers approximately what percentage of the Earth's surface? | 8(o) Introduction to the Oceans
5,426,000
The spatial distribution of ocean regions and continents is unevenly arranged across the Earth's surface. In the Northern Hemisphere, the ratio of land to ocean is about 1 to 1.5. The ratio of land to ocean in the Southern Hemisphere is 1 to 4. This greater abundance of ocean surface has some fascinating effects on the environment of the southern half of our planet. For example, climate of Southern Hemisphere locations is often more moderate when compared to similar places in the Northern Hemisphere. This fact is primarily due to the presence of large amounts of heat energy stored in the oceans.
The International Hydrographic Organization has divided and named the interconnected oceans of the world into five main regions: Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and the Southern Ocean. Each one of these regions is different from the others in some specific ways.
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is a relatively narrow body of water that snakes between nearly parallel continental masses covering about 21% of the Earth’s total surface area (Figure 8o-1). This ocean body contains most of our planet’s shallow seas, but it has relatively few islands. Some of the shallow seas found in the Atlantic Ocean include the Caribbean, Mediterranean, Baltic, Black, North, Baltic, and the Gulf of Mexico. The average depth of the Atlantic Ocean (including its adjacent seas) is about 3300 meters (10,800 feet). The deepest point, 8605 meters (28,232 feet), occurs in the Puerto Rico Trench. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, running roughly down the center of this ocean region, separates the Atlantic Ocean into two large basins.
Figure 8o-1: Atlantic Ocean region (Image Source: CIA World Factbook ).
Many streams empty their fresh water discharge into the Atlantic Ocean. In fact, the Atlantic Ocean receives more freshwater from terrestrial runoff than any other ocean region. This ocean region also drains some of the Earth’s largest rivers including the Amazon, Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and Congo. The surface area of the Atlantic Ocean is about 1.6 times greater than the terrestrial area providing runoff.
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world’s five ocean regions, covering about 3% of the Earth’s total surface area. Most of this nearly landlocked ocean region is located north of the Arctic Circle (Figure 8o-2). The Arctic Ocean is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Greenland Sea, and the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait. The Arctic Ocean is also the shallowest ocean region with an average depth of 1050 meters (3450 feet). The center of the Arctic Ocean is covered by a drifting persistent icepack that has an average thickness of about 3 meters (10 feet). During the winter months, this sea ice covers much of the Arctic Ocean surface. Higher temperatures in the summer months cause the icepack to seasonally shrink in extent by about 50%.
Figure 8o-2: Arctic Ocean region (Image Source: CIA World Factbook ).
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean covers about 14% of the Earth’s surface area. This ocean region is enclosed on three sides by the landmasses of Africa, Asia, and Australia (Figure 8o-3). The Indian Ocean’s southern border is open to water exchange with the much colder Southern Ocean. Average depth of the Indian Ocean is 3900 meters (12,800 feet). The deepest point in this ocean region occurs in the Java Trench with a depth of 7258 meters (23,812 feet) below sea level. The Indian Ocean region has relatively few islands. Continental shelf areas tend to be quite narrow and not many shallow seas exist. Relative to the Atlantic Ocean, only a small number of streams drain into the Indian Ocean. Consequently, the surface area of the Indian Ocean is approximately 400% larger than the land area supply runoff into it. Some of the major rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean include the Zambezi, Arvandrud/Shatt-al-Arab, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and the Irrawaddy. Sea water salinity ranges between 32 and 37 parts per 1000. Because much of the Indian Ocean lies within the tropics, this basin has the warmest surface ocean temperatures.
Figure 8o-3: Indian Ocean region (Image Source: CIA World Factbook ).
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean region (Figure 8o-4) covering about 30% of the Earth’s surface area (about 15 times the size of the United States). The ocean floor of the Pacific is quite uniform in depth having an average elevation of 4300 meters (14,100 feet) below sea level. This fact makes it the deepest ocean region on average. The Pacific Ocean is also home to the lowest elevation on our planet. The deepest point in the Mariana Trench lies some 10,911 meters (35,840 feet) below sea level as recorded by the Japanese probe, Kaiko, on March 24, 1995. About 25,000 islands can be found in the Pacific Ocean region. This is more than the number for the other four ocean regions combined. Many of these islands are actually the tops of volcanic mountains created by the release of molten rock from beneath the ocean floor.
Figure 8o-4: Pacific Ocean region (Image Source: CIA World Factbook ).
Relative to the Atlantic Ocean, only a small number of rivers add terrestrial freshwater runoff to the Pacific Ocean. In fact, the surface area of the Pacific is about 1000% greater than the land area that drains into it. Some of the major rivers flowing into this ocean region include the Colorado, Columbia, Fraser, Mekong, Río Grande de Santiago, San Joaquin, Shinano, Skeena, Stikine, Xi Jiang, and Yukon. Some of larger adjacent seas connected to the Pacific are Celebes, Tasman, Coral, East China, Sulu, South China, Yellow, and the Sea of Japan.
Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean surrounds Antarctica extending to the latitude 60° South (Figure 8o-5). This ocean region occupies about 4% of the Earth’s surface or about 20,327,000 square kilometers (7,846,000 square miles). Relative to the other ocean regions, the floor of the Southern Ocean is quite deep ranging from 4000 to 5000 meters (13,100 to 16,400 feet) below sea level over most of the area it occupies. Continental shelf areas are very limited and are mainly found around Antarctica. But even these areas are quite deep with an elevation between 400 to 800 meters (1300 to 2600 feet) below sea level. For comparison, the average depth of the continental shelf for the entire planet is about 130 meters (425 feet). The Southern Ocean’s deepest point is in the South Sandwich Trench at 7235 meters (23,737 feet) sea level. Seas adjacent to this ocean region include the Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Ross Sea, Scotia Sea, and the Weddell Sea. By about September of each year, a mobile icepack situated around Antarctic reaches its greatest seasonal extent covering about 19 million square kilometers (7 million square miles). This icepack shrinks by around 85% six months later in March.
Figure 8o-5: Southern Ocean region (Image Source: CIA World Factbook ).
| 30 |
New France was the name given to French colonized lands in which continent from the 16th-18th centuries? | Surface Area of the Earth
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Surface Area of the Earth
This chart shows total surface area of earth.
Total surface area of earth: 510,072,000 sq km
Total water surface area: 70.8% (361,132,000 sq km)
Total land surface area: 29.2% (148,940,000 sq km)
There are a total of 5 oceans, and they are the Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and the Antarctic Ocean. Out of these five, there are three major oceans, the Atlantic, Pacific, and the Indian Ocean. They account for 90 percent of the area covered by oceans.
Water covers approximately 70 percent of our world's surface. Yet only 2.5 percent of the Earth's water is fresh and thus suitable for consumption. Not only that, but of that 2.5 percent, more than two-thirds is locked away in glaciers and not particularly able to help meet the growing demands of society. By far, the most abundant and available source of fresh water is underground water supplies or wellsprings known as aquifers.
The percentages of earth's land surface can be divided into different types: 20% covered by snow land, 20% mountains, 20% dry land, 30% good land that can be farmed, 10% land doesn't have topsoil.
The highest point on land is Mount Everest (8,848 metres or 29,029 ft) and the deepest known part on ocean is The Mariana Trench (11,034 metres or 36,200 ft).
Last updated:
| i don't know |
Sabena was which country's national airline? | history of Sabena
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the history of Sabena
1923-1939
SABENA is short for Soci�t� autonyme belge d'exploitation de la navigation a�rienne, or Belgian company for exploiting aerial navigation. It began operations on May 23, 1923 as the Belgian national carrier. It was created by the Belgian government after its predecessor, SN�TA (Syndicat national pour l'�tude des transports a�riens), which was formed in 1919 as a sort of testbed to investigate commercial aviation in Belgium, ceased operations. SABENA Airlines' first paying flight was from Rotterdam to Strasbourg via Brussels on April 1, 1924 (an example of the hub-and-spoke system.) Regular flights to Amsterdam and Basle via Strasbourg were initiated by 1923 with further routes to London, Bremen and Copenhagen by 1924.
Belgian Congo
When SABENA was created, it was partly funded by Belgians in the Belgian Congo colony who had lost their air service - an experimental passenger and cargo company (L.A.R.A.) between Kinshasa, Lisala and Stanleyville - a year earlier, and expected the new Belgian national airline to fill this gap. So from 1925 SABENA pioneered a route to Africa and to Belgium's interests in the Belgian Congo. Throughout its history, SABENA has had a long tradition with Africa flights. In fact, for a long time, these were the only profitable flights.
SABENA chose to use landplanes for its Congo operations and a program of aerodrome construction in the Congo began. This was finished in 1926 and SABENA immediately began flights within the Congo, the main route being Boma-L�opoldville-�lisabethville, a 2,288 km (1,422 mi) route over dense jungle. First, flights were with De Havilland d.h. 50 aircraft, although these were quickly replaced with the larger Handley-Page W8f airliners, which had three engines and ten seats.
By 1931 SABENA's fleet, including the aircraft used on the Congo network, totalled 43 aircraft. Its mainstay type was the Fokker 7B with a lesser number of the smaller Fokker 7A and 14 Handley-Page types. It also used the British Westland Wessex (1930) aircraft.
SABENA flew aircraft out to Tropical Africa, its Congo colony, occasionally but mostly these aircraft were shipped out. There was no direct flight yet between Belgium and its colony. As the 1930s progressed, SABENA cooperated with Air France and Deutsche Lufthansa (who also had interests in routes over Africa and the Congo) on over-flight rights.
SABENA's first long-haul flight to the Congo occurred February 23, 1935 and took five and a half days. It was flown by a SABENA Fokker F7b on a direct service. The following year, SABENA purchased the Savoia-Marchetti S.M. 73. At a speed of 300 km/h (200 mph), it reduced this route to only four days, and the SABENA service ran on alternate weeks with Air Afrique.
Expansion in Europe
In Europe, SABENA opened services to Copenhagen and Malm� in 1931. A route to Berlin was initiated in 1932. The mainstay pre-war airliner that SABENA used in Europe was the successful Junkers Ju-52/3m airliner. The airline's pre-war routes covered almost 6,000 km within Europe alone. While the Brussels Haren airport was Sabena's main base, the company also operated lines from other Belgian airports, and even had a domestic network that was mainly used by businessmen who wanted to be in their coastal villas for the weekend.
In 1938, the airline purchased the new S.M. 83, a development of the S.M. 73 with a speed of 435 km/h (270 mph), although it flew services at a cruising speed of about 400 km/h (250 mph.)
1939-1946
At the dawn of World War Two in Europe in 1939, SABENA's fleet totalled 18 aircraft. Its mainstay fleet type was the Savoia-Marchetti SM-73 airliner (it had 11 of the type) and the Junkers Ju-52/3m airliner (it had 5.) SABENA also had two Douglas DC-2s.
During World War Two, the airline managed to maintain its Belgian Congo routes, but all European services were stopped.
1946-1960
After the Second World War in 1946, SABENA's fleet consisted of Douglas DC-3s (There were tens of thousands of surplus C-47 Dakotas available to help airlines restart operations after the war.) The airline now flew under the name SABENA - Belgian World Airlines.
SABENA started its first transatlantic route to New York on June 4, 1947, initially using Douglas DC-4s which were quickly replaced by Douglas DC-6Bs. These 'fours' and 'six-Bs' also restarted the airline's historic route to the Belgian Congo.
Convair 240s were introduced in 1949 to replace the DC-3 twins, which had flown all European services.
As of 1956, Convair 440 'Metropolitan' twins started to replace the Convair 240 twins and were used successfully well into the 1960s across European regional destinations.
In 1957, the long-haul Douglas DC-7C, the 'Seven Seas', was introduced for long-haul routes but this plane would be supplanted after only three years by the jet age.
1960-1990
1960 saw the introduction of the new Boeing 707-320 intercontinental jet for long-haul trans-Atlantic flights to New York. SABENA was mainland Europe's first airline to operate a jet across the Atlantic (BOAC - now British Airways - had been flying transatlantic services before 1960, using the De Havilland Comet 4 jet.)
Sud-Est SE-210 Caravelle 6 jetliners were introduced on all medium-haul routes in Europe from February 1961 and were flown on most European routes, alongside the Convair 440s, until the early 1970s.
1961 also saw a major upheaval for SABENA in the Congo colony. Rioting occurred frequently in the months leading up to and after the independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These riots against the old colonizers, caused thousands of Belgians to flee the country. The Belgian government commandeered SABENA's entire long haul fleet to get the refugees back to Europe. The independence of Congo also meant the end of the impressive regional network of routes and airports that the airline had built up there since 1924. When the new Republic began its own airline, Air Congo, in June 1961, SABENA held 30 percent of that airline's shares.
Douglas 'Super DC-6B' aircraft were still in use with SABENA in the mid 1960s despite the airline introducing a fleet of modern Boeing 707 jets. These aircraft were no longer used on SABENA's main schedules though; the Boeing 707s and Caravelles were the mainstay types during this decade.
Boeing 727-100s were introduced important European routes from 1967 and the jet was introduced in a colour scheme of its own; the fin markings incorporated bare-metal rudder and white engine colours. The only other aircraft to have its own special markings was the Douglas DC-10.
Fokker F-27 'Friendships' were also introduced at this time and they were used from regional Belgian airports to European destinations such as Heathrow.
1971 saw Boeing 747-100s introduced on the transatlantic routes flying alongside the Boeing 707-320Cs. SABENA, like many other trans-Atlantic airlines was happy with the Boeing 707s but for commercial reasons it had to buy the new jumbo-jets for its prestige services like New York City and as of the mid-seventies, Chicago. SABENA purchased only two first generation jumbo-jets and continued to fly the 707 into the late 1970s.
As of 1973, the Boeing 727s on the European network were replaced by Boeing 737-200. The Douglas DC-10-30 was taken into service in 1974. In total, SABENA purchased four of these convertible wide-body jets.
In 1984 Airbus A310s were introduced on routes that had high passenger-density. This aircraft type also introduced a modernisation of the 1973 SABENA livery, in which a lighter blue was used and the titles on the fuselage were in a more modern style.
1990-1995
A new name, SABENA World Airlines, and livery were introduced for the 1990s. The new colours had an overall white colour and the white circle tail logo in blue on the fin. A large 'sabena' title covered the fuselage in very light blue and at times was barely visible although the title was also painted on the fuselage in small clear letters. The 1990s saw further fleet type renewal; the DC-10-30s were replaced with MD-11 jets.
Ever since the European Union had decided that by the mid-nineties the European skies were to be considered a common market, meaning that airlines of a European member state would no longer be bound to their own country, it became apparent that SABENA had little chances to survive on its own in this very competitive market. The Belgian government, the main shareholder of the company, began searching for a fit partner.
In 1993, Air France purchased a large minority stake in SABENA, which it sold soon after. In 1995, Swissair purchased a 49 percent stake in SABENA, a move that would bring the airline down in 2001.
In 1994, Paul Rusesabagina, a manager for Sabena-owned hotels in the former Belgian colony of Rwanda, sheltered over 1,200 Tutsis and moderate Hutus at the H�tel des Mille Collines of Kigali, saving them from being slaughtered by the Interahamwe militia during the Rwandan genocide (this is depicted in the motion picture Hotel Rwanda).
1995-2001
The Boeing 747-100s that had entered service in the 1970s were replaced with the new Airbus A340 long-haul jet. By the late 1990s, the airline colours were changed again.
1999 saw the new colours on the latest Airbus equipment to be used by SABENA, the Airbus A321. One of the latest fleet types that SABENA has introduced is the Airbus A319 which saw service in 2000. These new planes were part of a record-order of 36 Airbusses, imposed on SABENA by SWISSAIR.
After an airline recession and the effects on the airline industry of September 11, 2001, all airlines that flew across the Atlantic suffered badly. Interesting to note, however, was the unwillingness of the board to enter into talks with Dutch flag carrier KLM because of the language difference between KLM and the bosses at SABENA, which until the end remained one of the last bastions of French domination in Belgium.
Swissair had pledged itself to invest millions into SABENA, but failed to do this, partly because the airline had financial problems itself, and partly because of new management. Sabena operated its final flight on November 7, 2001. The company filed for legal protection against its creditors on October 3, and went into liquidation on November 6, 2001.
A group of investors managed to take over DAT, one of SABENA's subsidiaries, and transformed it into SN Brussels Airlines. The Belgian parliament started a committee to investigate the reasons behind the bankruptcy and the involvement of the Swiss. At the same time, the company's administrator investigated possible legal steps against Swissair, and its successor Swiss International Airlines, the new name of Swissair's subsidiary Crossair.
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✈ Sabena - Belgian World Airlines - Historic 1923-2001
SABENA
Base: Brussels (Haren, Melsbroek, Zaventem)
IATA: SN
ICAO: SAB
Fleet pre 1945:
4x Airco de Havilland DH9, 1x Airco de Havilland DH4, 3x Rumpler C-IV, 3x Farman F-60 Goliath, 1x Ansaldo A 300-C, 4x Blériot Spad 33, 1x Handley Page W.8b, 4x SABCA-Handley Page W.8b, 10x SABCA-Handley Page W.8f, 1x SABCA-De Havilland DH .50A, 1x SABCA SD.2 Sport, 2x Fokker F II, 1x Fokker F VIIa/3m, 1x Fokker F-VIIb/3m, 28x SABCA Fokker VIIb/3m, 4x Westland P-1 Wessex, 1x Savoia Marchetti S.73P, 4x Savoia Marchetti S.73, 4x Savoia Marchetti S.83, 2x SABCA-Savoia Marchetti S.73, 5x SABCA-Savoia Marchetti S.73P, 1x Junkers F-13L, 9x Junkers Ju-52/3mge, 7x Lockheed Lodestar, 2x Lockheed Super Electra, 2x DC3.
Fleet post 1945 helicopters:
9x Sikorsky S-55, 10x Sikorsky S-58, 4x Bell 47, 1x SE Alouette II, 3x Westland-Sikorsky WS-51 + 1x WS-52 leased from Westland, 2x Vertol 44A leased from Vertol, 1x Sikorsky S-62 leased from Sikorsky.
Fleet post 1945 piston and props:
47x DC3/C-47 (of which four leased from Sobelair + four from Belgian Air Force), 14x DC4/C-54 (of which one leased from T.A.I. and one from Sobelair), 19x DC6 (of which one leased from Belgian Air Force + three from T.A.I.), 10x DC7, 7x CV240, 12x CV440, 3x L-1049 Constellation leased from Seaboard & Western, 1x Avro 652 Anson, 6x DH 104 Dove, 1x DH 114 Heron, 3x Caudron C.449 Goeland (presumable never operational), 3x Bristol 170 Freighter leased from Air Charter/Channel Air Bridge, 2x Fokker F27 of which one leased from BIAS via Sobelair, 3x ATR72 of which two leased from Schreiner Airways and one from Gill Airways, 12x Dash 8 of which nine leased from Schreiner Airways + one from Hamburg Airlines + two from Tyrolean Airways.
Fleet post 1945 jets:
11x Caravelle (of which one leased from Air France), 20x B707 (of which one leased from Sobelair + one from Trans Air + one from Zaïre Express + one from Occidental Airlines), 5x B727-100, 16x B737-200, 6x B737-300, 3x B737-400, 6x B737-500, 6x BAC 1-11 of which two leased from British World and four from European Aircharter, 1x BAe146-300 leased from British World, 4x B747-100 (of which two leased from Air France), 3x B747-200 leased from Air France, 3x B747-300 of which one leased from Corsair, 13x DC10 (of which four leased from Lufthansa + one from Air Zaïre + two from Alitalia + one from World Airways), 7x A310 (of which two leased from Airbus and two from Lufthansa), 15x A319, 6x A320, 3x A321, 10x A330, 5x A340 (of which one leased from Airbus), 2x MD11 leased from City Bird.
History: Société Anonyme Belge d' Exploitation de la Navigation (SABENA) was formed by the Belgian government on May 23 1923 to succeed SNETA and act as the national flag carrier. They inherited part of their fleet: 4x Airco DH9, 1x Airco DH4, 3x Rumpler C-IV, 1x Farman Goliath, 4x Blériot Spad and 1x Ansaldo. On the day of its foundation the inaugural flight with a load of freight & mail went from Haren via Ostend to Lympne in the U.K. A couple of days later the first passengers flew with these ex bombers, but soon it was found that the airplanes were not suited for commercial pax transport and new equipment was found with the purchase of an Handley Page W8, later on more airframes were build in license by SABCA. With these machines the first scheduled pax service was established on April 1 1924 linking Brussels with Strasbourg, followed by Rotterdam (June 1), Basle (June 10) and Amsterdam (September 1). More license build aircraft followed, like the Fokker VII and Savoie Marchetti. With these airplanes and other new equipment an intra European and intra Belgian Congolese network was established. On February 23 1935 a once weekly scheduled link was established between Belgium and Belgian Congo. During the War European services were halted, but continued within the Belgian Congo. The postwar network expanded with war surplus DC3 and new DC3, DC4, de Havilland Dove and Convair 240 equipment, covering most of Europe, later extended to the Middle East and even as far as Johannesburg. Transatlantic services to New York started on June 4 1947 with the DC4. A big shadow came with the independence of the Belgian colony in 1960: the entire long haul fleet evacuated ten thousands Belgian citizens in July and afterwards Sabena had to withdrawn from its profit making services within Africa.
Intra Belgian airmail helicopter services were started on August 21 1950. With these experiences, Sabena did open on September 1 1953 the world's first international scheduled pax helicopter service, linking the city of Brussels with Lille, Maastricht and Rotterdam. Later on more international destinations were added like Cologne, Bonn, Dortmund, Duisburg, Eindhoven and Paris. On November 1 1966 these money losing helicopter operations were suspended as conventional airport-to-airport services improved. A total of 400.000 pax were carried in 77.000 flying hours over a distance of 11.373.000 km . Afterwards contracts with smaller companies like BIAS, DAT, Publi Air, EAT were signed to operate on their "Common Market Commuter" services. DAT would become a major player in the history of Sabena: in 1968 the first regional services on their behalf; in 1986 taking a stake of 49,66%, in 1991 increasing to 76%. From 1996 on they became a wholly owned subsidiary and all aircraft ended up in the colors of the flag carrier. In 1949 Sabena took a major stake in Sobelair which gradually evolved into a subsidiary operating the non-IATA charters and IT flights. Their color scheme was always closely related to the mother company. Both "takeovers" were a smart move to liquidate internal competition.
New piston equipment was bought in form of DC6 (1953), Convair 440 (1956), DC7 (1956). During the expo year of 1958 foreign equipment was leased: besides some helicopters, a DC4 and a couple of DC6's, the most interesting fact was the appearance of three Lockheed Constellations receiving the colors of Sabena. In December 1959 Sabena entered the jet age with delivery of their first new B707. On January 19 1960 first commercial service went from Brussels to Leopoldsville, four days later followed by transatlantic services to New York. Sixteen airframes saw life with the Belgian carrier, playing for twenty years a major role in the development of its medium to long haul network. From 1961 on the piston planes on its European network were replaced with ten Caravelles, accompanied with five B727-100 from 1967 on. Both jetliners were replaced with B737's from 1974 on, which formed the backbone on its European network till the late nineties when replaced with the Airbus A320 family. On the long haul sectors, two B747-100 were delivered in 1970, during the mid eighties replaced by two B747-300. Additional capacity for the medium to long haul sectors came by the purchase of five DC10 (three in 1973, + two in 1980) accompanied by three A310's (two in 1984 + one in 1986). The entire long haul fleet was replaced by A330/340s from 1996 on.
Postwar color scheme changed six times. During 1951 the initial pure metallic colors with a blue cheatline evolved into a scheme with a white top. Afterwards the changes coinciding with the purchase of new equipment like the order of its first Boeing jet aircraft on December 28 1955 and delivery of its first Airbus A310 in 1984, or anniversaries like 1973 and 1998. During 1993 an updated livery was introduced, after SABENA became officially an N.V. adopting "Sabena" titles with the small characters.
Sabena became a relative strong player in Europe and Africa, but remained rather small in the overseas sectors and the Far East. Throughout its existence Sabena was mostly confronted with poor financial results. Lack of enough capital and the influence of the State made it impossible to create healthy yields. On the other hand the same State would sponsor the company if needed, and this was in fact its entire life. Additional financial injection was sought by making alliances with stronger foreign carriers. During 1957 there were contacts with KLM, Lufthansa, Air France and Alitalia to create "Air Union". In the mid seventies there were talks with KLM and Luxair to form "Benelux Air". With an eye for privatization more attempts for alliances were tried. The one with SAS (1987) never materialized. With the second attempt during December 1989, paper company Sabena World Airlines came into being with support from KLM/British Airways (40%) & Sabena (60%). SWA would operate a hub and spoke system from Brussels. It lasted one year and disastrous financial results ended this contract already by December 31 1990. A third attempt came with Air France: on April 10 1992 a contract was signed and the French company took a stake of 37,5%. This would last two years, as Air France withdrew due to their own poor financial situation. On May 5 1995 a contract was signed with Swissair, taking a stake of 49% which would be increased to 85% by 2000, but time would tell this wasn't to happen. During 1997 it became a full member of the "Qualiflyer Group", meanwhile the network and fleet grew dramatically and an expensive contract was signed with City Bird to operate on some of the longer sectors. Overgrowth, persistent poor financial situation, mismanagement, recession in the aviation industry after the tragedy of September 11 2001 and financial troubles with Swissair led to concordat on October 5 2001 and finally to the bankrupt of Sabena on November 7 2001. Subsidiary DAT, later renamed to SN Brussels Airlines would be the ultimate successor taking over most of the slots of Sabena.
(Source: "skystef")
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SABENA was the former national airline of Belgium, which mainly operated from Brussels National Airport and has now been replaced by SN Brussels Airlines. The airline operated from 1923 to 2001.
History
1923-1939
SABENA is short for Société Anonyme Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation Aérienne, or Belgian company for exploiting aerial navigation. It began operations on May 23, 1923 as the Belgian national carrier. It was created by the Belgian government after its predecessor, SNÉTA (Syndicat national pour l'étude des transports aériens), which was formed in 1919 as a sort of testbed to investigate commercial aviation in Belgium, ceased operations. SABENA Airlines' first paying flight was from Rotterdam to Strasbourg via Brussels on April 1, 1924. Regular flights to Amsterdam and Basle via Strasbourg were initiated by 1923 with further routes to London, Bremen and Copenhagen by 1924.
Belgian Congo
When SABENA was created, it was partly funded by Belgians in the Belgian Congo colony who had lost their air service - an experimental passenger and cargo company (L.A.R.A.) between Kinshasa, Lisala and Stanleyville - a year earlier, and expected the new Belgian national airline to fill this gap. So from 1925 SABENA pioneered a route to Africa and to Belgium's interests in the Belgian Congo. Throughout its history, SABENA has had a long tradition with Africa flights. In fact, for a long time, these were the only profitable flights.
SABENA chose to use landplanes for its Congo operations and a program of aerodrome construction in the Congo began. This was finished in 1926 and SABENA immediately began flights within the Congo, the main route being Boma-Léopoldville-Élisabethville, a 2,288 km (1,422 mi) route over dense jungle. First, flights were with De Havilland d.h. 50 aircraft, although these were quickly replaced with the larger Handley-Page W8f airliners, which had three engines and ten seats.
By 1931 SABENA's fleet, including the aircraft used on the Congo network, totalled 43 aircraft. Its mainstay type was the Fokker 7B with a lesser number of the smaller Fokker 7A and 14 Handley-Page types. It also used the British Westland Wessex (1930) aircraft.
SABENA flew aircraft out to Tropical Africa, Belgium's Congo colony, occasionally, but mostly these aircraft were shipped out. There was no direct flight yet between Belgium and its colony. As the 1930s progressed, SABENA cooperated with Air France and Deutsche Lufthansa (who also had interests in routes over Africa and the Congo) on over-flight rights.
SABENA's first long-haul flight to the Congo occurred February 23, 1935 and took five and a half days. It was flown by a SABENA Fokker F7b on a direct service. The following year, SABENA purchased the Savoia-Marchetti S.M. 73. At a speed of 300 km/h (200 mph), it reduced this route to only four days, and the SABENA service ran on alternate weeks with Air Afrique.
Expansion in Europe
In Europe, SABENA opened services to Copenhagen and Malmö in 1931. A route to Berlin was initiated in 1932. The mainstay pre-war airliner that SABENA used in Europe was the successful Junkers Ju-52/3m airliner. The airline's pre-war routes covered almost 6,000 km within Europe alone. While the Brussels Haren airport was Sabena's main base, the company also operated lines from other Belgian airports, and even had a domestic network that was mainly used by businessmen who wanted to be in their coastal villas for the weekend.
In 1938, the airline purchased the new S.M. 83, a development of the S.M. 73 with a speed of 435 km/h (270 mph), although it flew services at a cruising speed of about 400 km/h (250 mph.)
1939-1946
At the dawn of World War Two in Europe in 1939, SABENA's fleet totalled 18 aircraft. Its mainstay fleet type was the Savoia-Marchetti SM-73 airliner (it had 11 of the type) and the Junkers Ju-52/3m airliner (it had 5.) SABENA also had two Douglas DC-2s.
During World War Two, the airline managed to maintain its Belgian Congo routes, but all European services were stopped.
1946-1960
After the Second World War in 1946, SABENA's fleet consisted of Douglas DC-3s (There were tens of thousands of surplus C-47 Dakotas available to help airlines restart operations after the war.) The airline now flew under the name SABENA - Belgian World Airlines.
SABENA started its first transatlantic route to New York on June 4, 1947, initially using Douglas DC-4s which were quickly replaced by Douglas DC-6Bs. These 'fours' and 'six-Bs' also restarted the airline's historic route to the Belgian Congo.
The Convair 240 was introduced in 1949 to replace the DC-3 twins, who until then flew all European services.
As of 1956, Convair 440 'Metropolitan' twins started to replace the Convair 240 twins and were used successfully well into the 1960s across European regional destinations.
In 1957, the long-haul Douglas DC-7C, the 'Seven Seas', was introduced for long-haul routes but this plane would be supplanted after only three years by the jet age.
1960-1990
1960 saw the introduction of the new Boeing 707-320 intercontinental jet for long-haul trans-Atlantic flights to New York. SABENA was mainland Europe's first airline to operate a jet across the Atlantic (BOAC - now British Airways - had been flying transatlantic services before 1960, using the De Havilland Comet 4 jet.). Tragically, one of Sabena's aircraft became the first Boeing 707 to crash while in commercial service. Sabena Flight 548 went down in flames while preparing to land at Brussels on February 15, 1961. The United States Figure Skating Team was aboard the jet, on their way from New York to Brussels and on to Prague to attend a figure skating championship.
Sud-Est SE-210 Caravelle 6 jetliners were introduced on all medium-haul routes in Europe from February 1961 and were flown on most European routes, alongside the Convair 440s, until the early 1970s.
1961 also saw a major upheaval for SABENA in the Congo colony. Rioting occurred frequently in the months leading up to and after the independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These riots against the old colonizers, caused thousands of Belgians to flee the country. The Belgian government commandeered SABENA's entire long haul fleet to get the refugees back to Europe. The independence of Congo also meant the end of the impressive regional network of routes and airports that the airline had built up there since 1924. When the new Republic began its own airline, Air Congo, in June 1961, SABENA held 30 percent of that airline's shares.
Douglas 'Super DC-6B' aircraft were still in use with SABENA in the mid 1960s despite the airline introducing a fleet of modern Boeing 707 jets. These aircraft were no longer used on SABENA's main schedules though; the Boeing 707s and Caravelles were the mainstay types during this decade.
Boeing 727-100s were introduced important European routes from 1967 and the jet was introduced in a colour scheme of its own; the fin markings incorporated bare-metal rudder and white engine colours. The only other aircraft to have its own special markings was the Douglas DC-10.
Fokker F-27 'Friendships' were also introduced at this time and they were used from regional Belgian airports to European destinations such as Heathrow.
1971 saw Boeing 747-100s introduced on the transatlantic routes flying alongside the Boeing 707-320Cs. SABENA, like many other trans-Atlantic airlines was happy with the Boeing 707s but for commercial reasons it had to buy the new jumbo-jets for its prestige services like New York City and as of the mid-seventies, Chicago. SABENA purchased only two first generation jumbo-jets and continued to fly the 707 into the late 1970s.
As of 1973, the Boeing 727s on the European network were replaced by Boeing 737-200. The Douglas DC-10-30 was taken into service in 1974. In total, SABENA purchased four of these convertible wide-body jets.
In 1984 Airbus A310s were introduced on routes that had high passenger-density. This aircraft type also introduced a modernisation of the 1973 SABENA livery, in which a lighter blue was used and the titles on the fuselage were in a more modern style.
1990-1995
A new name, SABENA World Airlines, and colours were introduced for the 1990s. The new livery had an overall white colour and the white circle tail logo in blue on the fin. A large 'sabena' title covered the fuselage in very light blue and at times was barely visible although the title was also painted on the fuselage in small clear letters. This livery soon got the nick name "ghost colours". The 1990s saw further fleet type renewal; the DC-10-30s were replaced with MD-11 jets.
Ever since the European Union had decided that by the mid-nineties the European skies were to be considered a common market, meaning that airlines of a European memberstate would no longer be bound to their own country, it became apparent that SABENA had little chances to survive on its own in this very competitive market. The Belgian government, the main shareholder of the company, began searching for a fit partner.
Sabena remained in a catastrophic financial state. Year after year, the government had to fill the losses. In a rapidly changing European Union, it became clear this government funding was unsustainable. Consecutive governments charged themselves with looking for a fit partner for the airline. Interesting to note was the unwillingness of the board to enter into talks with Dutch flag carrier KLM. There was a fear in the French speaking part of Belgium that the Dutch would not care about the fragile language division between Dutch and French, always an issue in Belgian politics.
In 1993, Air France purchased a large minority stake in SABENA, which it sold soon after. In 1995, Swissair purchased a 49 percent stake in SABENA, a move that would bring the airline down in 2001.
In 1994, Paul Rusesabagina, a manager for Sabena-owned hotels in the former Belgian colony of Rwanda, sheltered over 1,200 Tutsis and moderate Hutus at the Hôtel des Mille Collines of Kigali, saving them from being slaughtered by the Interahamwe militia during the Rwandan genocide (this is depicted in the motion picture Hotel Rwanda).
1995-2001
The Boeing 747-100s that had entered service in the 1970s were replaced with the new Airbus A340 long-haul jet. By the late 1990s, the airline colours were changed again.
1999 saw the new colours on the latest Airbus equipment to be used by SABENA, the Airbus A321. One of the latest fleet types that SABENA has introduced is the Airbus A319 which saw service in 2000. These new planes were part of a record-order of 36 Airbusses, imposed on SABENA by Swissair.
After an airline recession and the effects on the airline industry of September 11, 2001, all airlines that flew across the Atlantic suffered badly.
Swissair had pledged itself to invest millions into SABENA, but failed to do this, partly because the airline had financial problems itself, and partly because of new management. Sabena operated its final flight on November 7, 2001. The company filed for legal protection against its creditors on October 3, and went into liquidation on November 6, 2001.
A group of investors managed to take over Delta Air Transport, one of SABENA's subsidiaries, and transformed it into SN Brussels Airlines.
The Belgian parliament started a committee to investigate the reasons behind the bankruptcy and the involvement of the Swiss. At the same time, the company's administrator investigated possible legal steps against Swissair, and its successor Swiss International Airlines, the new name of Swissair's subsidiary Crossair.
2006-present
SN Airholding announced on March 31, 2006, that SN Brussels Airlines and Virgin Express, both owned by the holding will be merged into one company. Rumours persist that this airline could be re-branded Sabena, marking a return to the skies of the famous name, but this by now seems unlikely.
In 2006, the Belgian governement, a major shareholder of SABENA, filed criminal charges against the former Swissair management, the outcome is still pending.
Why did SABENA go bankrupt?
The reasons for SABENA's bankruptcy are numerous. The direct cause was Swissair not living up to their contractual obligations and failing to inject necessary funds into the company. During the so called "Hotel agreement", signed juli 17, 2001, Belgian prime minister Guy Verhofstadt met with Swissair boss Mario Corti, who agreed to inject €258 million into SABENA. The sum was never paid. Also the purchase of 34 new Airbus planes, imposed by the Swiss, was a burden SABENA could not cope with.
SABENA also had the disadvantage that, being a government company for so long, lots of politicians considered them to be an ideal mean to give lucrative management jobs to loyal party-members. These politically appointed managers or members of the board, didn't always have the necessary skills to lead an airline. It should also be mentioned that as an extension of this, the airline was not professionally run from a business point of view, and a "civil servant" (as opposed to "customer service") mentality prevailed throughout the company, which translated to passenger-unfriendly factors such as unprofessional and even rude ground and flight staff, frequent delays, unprofessional handling of problems and complaints etc. Also, goverment officials and (perceived) VIP's were often allowed to travel for free, even when there was no official business involved, which of course undermined operating income.
SABENA had always been a financial disaster, ever since its creation. The Belgian government had to cover the losses year after year. For prestige reasons, the Belgian government wanted to have a flag carrier, and was willing to pay for it. But the financial injections only covered the losses and were never enough to really give the airline a chance for a second start. With the European Union cutting back on government support and the dwindling support from the population for a flag carrier, the government was less and less willing to pay for the ever mounting losses. So an investor had to be found. There were negotiations with numerous airlines, such as KLM, Air France and British Airways. Eventually, Swissair bought a stake in the airline. But Swissair wanted to grow too fast and too big. As a majority stakeholder Swissair forced Sabena to completely renew their fleet with new Airbus aircraft and at the same time tried to gain funds from Sabena to make up for their own losses (e.g. switching the Sabena on-board catering services by their own, hugely overpriced ones). When Swissair collapsed late 2001, SABENA proved too weak to continue on its own. An ultimate rescue plan did not get the approval of a Brussels court, which ruled that the plan was going to lead to nothing more than a controlled bankruptcy of the airline, only to create a new company. By Belgian law this is considered as fraud. The judge had no choice to reject the plan, denying SABENA legal protection against its creditors. The board saw no other option then to file for bankruptcy, leading to the biggest bankruptcy in the history of Belgium. 7586 employees lost their job at SABENA, and thousands of other jobs are threatened at the companies that were dependant of the airline.
After the bankruptcy, a parliamentary commission in Belgium was established to investigate the demise of the airline. The commission came to the conclusion that Swissair took the major part of the blame for the bankruptcy of Sabena. The Swiss "plundered" the airline, according to the commission. But the Belgian politicians got part of the blame as well. The commission failed to call any minister by name, but for those willing to read between the lines, the conclusions were clear. According to the report, minister of transportation Elio Di Rupo didn't search actively enough for a partner for SABENA and ended up with Swissair; Minister for Government Companies Rik Daems failed to act properly during the last crisis year of SABENA and prime minister Guy Verhofstadt failed to secure enough assurances from the Swiss when he signed the "Hotel Agreement".
After the bankruptcy, nostalgia abounded in Belgium, especially amongst former staff who tearfully began referring to themselves as "Sabeniens" and wanted to revive the defunct airline, but from a business point of view, the bankruptcy was the only option that made sense.
Fleet
Sabena's fleet consisted of the following planes at the time of the bankruptcy:
Airbus A319-100 - 15 Planes
BAe 146 - 6 Planes (Operated by DAT)
Avro RJ100 - 12 Planes (Operated by DAT)
Avro RJ85 - 14 Planes (Operated by DAT)
ATR-72 200 - 2 Planes (Operated by Schreiner Airways)
Dash-8 300 - 4 Planes (Operated by Schreiner Airways)
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Sabena NV ( Société Anonyme Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation Aérienne) was tot november 2001 de nationale luchtvaartmaatschappij van België. Luchthaven Brussel in Zaventem werd gebruikt als thuisbasis.
Geschiedenis
Het vooroorlogse SABENA, 1919 tot 1939
Op 23 mei 1923 werd SABENA door de Belgische Staat opgericht om de SNETA (Syndicat National pour l'Etude des Transports Aeriens) die in 1919 werd opgericht, over te nemen. SNETA was een organisatie die de commerciële luchtvaart onderzocht in België.
De eerste betalende vlucht uitgevoerd door SABENA was van Rotterdam naar Straatsburg via Brussel op 1 april 1924. Frequente vluchten naar Amsterdam en Basel via Straatsburg werden uitgevoerd vanaf 1923 met verdere routes naar Londen, Bremen en Kopenhagen in 1924.
SABENA na de Tweede Wereldoorlog, 1945 tot 1960
Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog bestond de vloot van SABENA in 1946 uit Douglas DC-3 toestellen, na de oorlog werden tienduizenden extra C-47 Dakota vliegtuigen die tijdens de oorlog een militaire functie hadden ter beschikking gesteld om luchtvaartmaatschappijen te helpen heropstarten. Sabena vloog nu onder de naam SABENA - Belgian World Airlines. Sabena begon haar eerste transatlantische route op 4 juni 1947, waarbij de Douglas DC-4 werd gebruikt. Deze vliegtuigen werden al snel door de DC-6B. Deze twee types hernamen ook de historische routes naar Belgisch Congo.
De Convair 240 werd in 1949 geïntroduceerd op de Europese lijndiensten, ter vervanging van de oudere DC-3s die alle Europese diensten verzorgden. In 1949 nam Sabena de in 1946 opgerichte concurrent Sobelair (Société Belge des Transports Aériens) over. Onder de vleugels van SABENA ontwikkelde Sobelair zich tot een chartermaatschappij. In 1956 de Convair 440 ‘Metropolitan’ begon de Convair 240 te vervangen, en werden tot in de jaren zestig gebruikt op Europese regionale routes. In 1957 werd de Douglas DC-7C ‘Seven Seas’ voor het eerst gebruikt op langeafstandsvluchten. Maar dit vliegtuig werd al na drie jaar achterhaald door de komst van de eerste straalvliegtuigen.
De komst van de eerste straalvliegtuigen, 1960
De maatschappij ontwikkelde zichzelf tot een trendsetter in de luchtvaart. Door haar vernieuwend beleid schafte Sabena zich steeds het modernste materiaal aan, tegen elke prijs. Daarmee trok ze ook de aandacht van de vliegtuigconstructeurs. Zo nam Sabena als eerste Europese maatschappij de Douglas DC-6 in dienst, en later in de gouden jaren 60, was ze opnieuw trendsetter op Europees vlak met bestelling van in totaal 20 Boeing 707-320 vliegtuigen in januari 1956, die in 1960 in dienst zouden verschijnen op de vluchten naar New York. Sud-Est SE-210 Caravelle VI jets werden in gebruik genomen op middellange-afstandsvluchten in Europa vanaf februari 1961, samen met de Convair 440s, tot de vroege jaren zeventig.
De situatie escaleert in Belgisch Congo na de onafhankelijkheid
In die periode braken er ook verschillende opstanden uit in de Democratische Republiek van Congo, dat sinds 1960 onafhankelijk werd. Duizenden Belgen sloegen op de vlucht of werden gedwongen het land te verlaten door rellen gericht tegen de Belgische ‘bezetters’. Het was de taak van SABENA alle Belgische vluchtelingen te evacueren naar België. De onafhankelijkheid van Congo betekende ook het einde van het uitgebreide netwerk van routes en vliegvelden van SABENA in de oude kolonie.
Jaren zeventig
SABENA kocht twee eerste-generatie Jumbojets, De Boeing 747-100, en zette deze in 1971 in voor de transatlantische prestige-vluchten, naar New York en Chicago, samen met de Boeing 707-320C. In 1973 werden de oudere Boeings 727 vervangen door de Boeing 737-200 op het Europese netwerk. De Douglas DC-10-30 werd in 1974 in gebruik genomen, in totaal zal SABENA vier van deze toestellen aankopen.
SABENA in de problemen, jaren tachtig - 2001
Aan het eind van de jaren tachtig kwam Sabena in financiële moeilijkheden. In mei 1995 werd 49,5% van de aandelen verkocht aan Swissair om het bedrijf er weer financieel boven op te helpen. Na een korte opleving verslechterde de situatie weer. Na de aanslagen van 11 september 2001 stortte de luchtvaartbranche in en als gevolg hiervan werd op 7 november 2001 Sabena failliet verklaard. Sabena is tot op heden het grootste faillissement dat de Belgische geschiedenis ooit gekend heeft.
Na een lange doodsstrijd valt uiteindelijk het doek voor SABENA op 7 november 2001. Een Airbus A340, de vlucht SN 690 uit Cotonou en Abidjan zal de laatste vlucht zijn die SABENA zal uitvoeren.
Na SABENA, 2001 - heden
De winstgevende Sabena-dochter DAT is overgenomen door de SN Air Holding en is omgedoopt in SN Brussels Airlines. Op 19 januari 2004 is Sabena-dochter Sobelair failliet verklaard, welke is overgenomen door de TUI-groep en nu TUI Airlines Belgium heet.
Op dit moment is een onderzoek bezig naar de oorzaak van het faillissement van Sabena. Swissair wordt verweten dat het Sabena heeft 'leeggezogen'. Christian Van Buggenhout, de curator van Sabena, eist 1,9 miljard euro terug van de nog bestaande Swissair-bedrijven.
Het piloten opleidingscentrum van Sabena, SFA (Sabena Flight Academy) is in 2004 weer opgestart en er worden weer nieuwe piloten opgeleid.
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La Sabena, acronyme pour Société anonyme belge d'exploitation de la navigation aérienne, était la compagnie aérienne nationale belge (code AITA : SN ; code OACI : SAB).
Histoire
Les Pionniers
Elle a été créée en 1923 et déclarée en faillite en 2001. A cette date, elle constituait l'une des plus anciennes compagnies aériennes, juste derrière KLM créée en 1919. Au niveau historique, il convient de revenir à la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, une période durant laquelle le SNETA (Syndicat national pour l'étude du transport aérien) envisage la création de lignes commerciales en Europe et en Afrique. Une initiative qui passe du projet à la réalité dès 1920, avec le lancement d'une flotte aérienne constituée d'appareils militaires reconvertis en transporteurs civils, qui sillonnent l'Europe (liaisons Bruxelles-Londre et Bruxelles-Paris) mais aussi la colonie du Congo (ouverture d'une section Léopoldville-Stanleyville). Fort des succès engendrés lors de cette première étape, le SNETA favorise l'adoption par le gouvernement belge d'un projet de création d'une compagnie nationale chargée de reprendre l'héritage aérien présent et de le développer. Une initiative qui se matérialisera sous le nom de SABENA à laquelle on assigne une nouvelle mission: assurer des liens aériens entre la Belgique et le Congo.
A cet égard, le 12 février 1925, les aviateurs Edmond Thieffry et Joseph De Brycker réussissent l'exploit de convoyer leur biplan surnommé "Princesse Marie-Josée", de Bruxelles à Léopoldville. Une opération aérienne qui sera l'antichambre du développement futur des liaisons aériennes très importantes entre la Belgique et le continent africain. En 1929, la SABENA se voit équipée notamment d'appareils de type Fokker pour l'exploitation européenne de son réseau, ainsi que des Savoia-Marchetti pour ce qui concerne l'Afrique.
L'ère des Jets
Avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle étend sa flotte avec l'introduction du célèbre DC-3 Dakota. Toutefois, il faudra attendre la fin du conflit pour que ses activités reprennent et ce, dans le schéma d'une évolution très importante du transport aérien commercial. En sus de la généralisation des hôtesses à bord, la compagnie se dote tour à tour de DC-6 puis entre dans l'ère des moteurs à réaction avec le Boeing 707, suivi du Boeing 747 et du DC-10. Depuis 1946 jusqu'à sa déclaration en faillite, la compagnie nationale belge n'aura cesse d'étendre son réseau sur les 4 continents, avec un accent particulier sur les liaisons africaines (Kinshasa, Dakar, Entebbe, Douala, Kano, etc.) qui ont constitué sa marque de référence et une part très importante de son marché.
Le début de la fin
Toutefois, en dépit de ses nombreuses activités, la SABENA n'a jamais été une entreprise commerciale véritablement rentable. Afin d'assurer sa survie (situation de crise et de concurrence sévère dans le domaine aérien) et de désengager les finances publiques des comptes de l'entreprise, sous la houlette du Ministre compétent Elio Di Rupo, le gouvernement belge cède 49% du capital de la société à l'actionnaire Swissair (SAIRGroup). En sus de la reprise du contrôle des activités par un groupe privé, cette période est aussi marquée par l'introduction complète d'une flotte d'appareils Airbus au sein de la compagnie ainsi que l'inscription de celle-ci dans le réseau stratégique nommé "Qualiflyer" (TAP, Swissair, Sabena, etc.).
En dépit des nombreux efforts pour redresser la situation économique de la SABENA, en réalisant des coupes budgétaires et en termes de ressources humaines, l'entreprise sera incapable de résorber ses dettes et sera déclarée en faillite le 17 novembre 2001. Plus tard, son principal partenaire, la compagnie Swissair, sombrera également. À la défunte compagnie a succédé en 2002 SN Brussels Airlines, qui a repris sa désignation AITA et son logo en forme de « S » stylisé.
Flotte Historique
L'appellation Sabena possède plusieurs rétro-acronymes plus ou moins amusants :
En français
Sauf Accident, Bien Entendu, Nous Arrivons
Swissair A Bien Exploité Notre Argent
Système Avec Bagages Egarés Non-trouvables Antérieurement
En anglais
Such A Bad Experience Never Again (une aussi mauvaise expérience, plus jamais ça !)
Such A Bloody Experience Never Again (quelle expérience affreuse, plus jamais ça !)
Such A Beauty Even Not Allowed (en référence à la beauté des hôtesses, engagées avant les années 1960, mais encore en service vers 1990)
En néerlandais
Seks Aan Boord En Niets Anders (sexe à bord et rien d'autre)
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Die Sabena war von 1923 bis 2001 die staatliche Fluggesellschaft Belgiens mit Hauptquartier am Flughafen Brüssel. Nach ihrem Konkurs im Jahr 2001 wurde sie durch die heute operierende SN Brussels Airlines ersetzt.
Geschichte der Gesellschaft
1923-1939
SABENA - Akronym für Société Anonyme Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation Aérienne - ging am 23. Mai 1923 als belgische Staatslinie in Betrieb. Sie war aus der SNETA (Syndicat Aériens pour l'Etude des Transports Aériens), der 1919 gegründeten staatlichen Fluggesellschaft, hervorgegangen.
Der erste kommerzielle Flug der SABENA ging am 1. April 1924 von Rotterdam aus mit einem Zwischenstopp in Brüssel nach Straßburg. Schon bald wurde das Streckennetz auf Amsterdam und Basel (über Strasbourg), später nach London, Bremen und Kopenhagen ausgeweitet.
Zum Teil war die SABENA auf Initiative von Belgiern im Kongo gebildet worden, die erst im Jahr zuvor ihre erste eigene Passagier- und Fracht Gesellschaft L.A.R.A mit Verbindungen zwischen Leopoldville (heute Kinshasa), Lisala und Stanleyville (heute Kisangani) verloren hatten. Die neue nationale Airline sollte diese Lücke nun füllen - und tatsächlich nahm sie schon 1925 eine Verbindung in den belgischen Kongo in Betrieb - eine abenteuerliche Unternehmung in dieser frühen Phase der Luftfahrtgeschichte.
Für ihre Kongo-Kampagne entschied sich die SABENA für den Einsatz von Überlandflugzeugen und begann an mehreren Stellen der Kolonie, Flugplätze zu bauen. Dieses Programm war 1926 abgeschlossen und man begann, ausgehend von der Hauptroute Boma-Leopoldville-Elisabethville (Lubumbashi) (eine 900 km lange Strecke über dichten Dschungel) den kommerziellen Betrieb. Zuerst wurden Maschinen von de Havilland eingesetzt, später dreimotorige Flugzeuge des Typs Handley Page W8f mit zehn Sitzen.
Bis zum Jahr 1931 war die Flotte der SABENA, inklusive ihrer Afrika-Tochter, bereits auf 43 Maschinen angewachsen. Auf den meisten europäischen Strecken kamen Fokker-7B und -7A-Flieger zum Einsatz. Die für das Kongo-Flugnetz vorgesehenen Flugzeuge wurden nur in den seltensten Fällen ab Werk nach dort ausgeflogen; zumeist erfolgte die Lieferung auf dem Wasserweg. Ein Flug von Belgien aus in den Kongo dauerte anfangs noch 51 Tage, doch im Laufe der 1930er Jahre konnte die SABENA bessere Überflugrechte mit Air France und Lufthansa aushandeln und diese Dauer erheblich abkürzen: erst auf fünfeinhalb, später (unter Benutzung des damals schnellsten Langstreckenfliegers, einer Savoia-Marchetti 73) auf nur noch vier Tage.
In Europa wurde das Streckennetz in den 1930ern beständig ausgebaut (am Vorabend des zweiten Weltkrieges betrug es beinahe 6000 Kilometer) und größtenteils mit der damals erfolgreichen Junkers Ju 52 bedient.
1939-1946
Mit dem Ausbruch des zweiten Weltkrieges kam beinahe der gesamte zivile Luftverkehr in Europa zum Erliegen, viele Maschinen wurden zu Kriegszwecken eingesetzt. Dennoch gelang es den Belgiern, während des gesamten Krieges ihre Kongo-Route, eine der Hauptschlagadern des Verkehrs von und nach Zentralafrika, beinahe unterbrechungsfrei aufrecht zu erhalten.
1946-1960
Als der Krieg und die Besetzung Belgiens beendet waren, nahm die SABENA auch innerhalb Europas ihre Strecken wieder in Betrieb - zunächst mit Douglas DC-3 ("Dakota"), die den europäischen Fluggesellschaften von den USA zur Verfügung gestellt wurden. Der offizielle Name der Gesellschaft wurde in SABENA - Belgian World Airlines geändert.
Am 4. Juni 1947 überquerte ein SABENA-Flieger erstmals den Atlantik und erreichte New York.
Die 1950er Jahre standen ganz im Zeichen der Modernisierung - die Flotte der SABENA wurde durch neue Maschinen von Douglas und Convair für ein weltweites Streckennetz ausgebaut. Die Kongo-Route blieb jedoch eines der wichtigsten Standbeine der Belgier.
1960-1990
Das Jahr 1960 bedeutete einen radikalen Umbruch für die SABENA: Die Kolonie Belgisch-Kongo wurde in die Unabhängigkeit entlassen, was unweigerlich auch Auswirkungen für das Afrika-Engagement der Gesellschaft hatte. Während der "Kongo-Wirren" der Jahre 1960 und 1961 flohen die meisten Belgier in überfüllten SABENA-Maschinen aus dem Krisengebiet Zaire, und das engmaschige Streckennetz, das seit den 1920ern mit großem Eifer in der Kolonie errichtet worden war, wurde nun von der neuen Air Congo übernommen - an der die SABENA nur noch eine 30%-ige Minderheitsbeteiligung hielt.
Ein Umbruch anderer Art wurde durch das Aufkommen der Jet-technologie herbeigeführt: mit der neuen Boeing 707 war die SABENA die erste Fluggesellschaft des europäischen Festlandes, die eine Jetverbindung nach Amerika anbot.
1961 wurden die Mittelstreckenflüge fast vollständig auf die neue Sud-Est 210 umgestellt, wovon man sich einen Effizienzgewinn versprach. In den 1970er-Jahren dominierten Boeing-Maschinen die belgische Flotte, 1984 kamen die ersten Airbus-Maschinen hinzu.
1990-2001
Für die Herausforderungen der 1990er Jahren legte sich die SABENA wieder einen neuen Namen - SABENA World Airlines - und neues Design zu. Doch die Belgier waren längst kein großer Spieler am Markt mehr und mehr denn je auf Kooperationen angewiesen. 1993 erwarb die Air France eine Minderheitsbeteiligung an der Gesellschaft, veräußerte diese jedoch kurz darauf wieder.
Zwei Jahre später stieg die Swissair mit 49 Prozent bei der SABENA ein - dieses Manöver sollte beiden schließlich zum Verhängnis werden.
Die Boeing 747-200, die seit den 1970er Jahren in Betrieb waren, wurden durch neue Airbus A340 Langstreckenjets ersetzt. In den späten 1990ern wurde das Design erneut geändert. Bis 2001 wurde die Flotte fast vollständig auf Airbus umgestellt, als die gesamte Luftfahrtbranche im Zuge der Anschläge vom 11. September in eine tiefe Krise geriet. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt schuldete die Swissair der SABENA 84 Millionen US-Dollar, erklärte sich aber am 2. Oktober für zahlungsunfähig. Daraufhin waren die Belgier gezwungen, ihre Maschinen am Boden zu behalten und beantragten nur einen Tag später Gläubigerschutz. Man hatte nun lediglich drei Wochen Zeit, neue Finanzquellen zu erschließen, jedoch zeigte in dieser Situation keine andere Fluggesellschaft Interesse daran, bei der SABENA einzusteigen.
So war man am 6. November 2001 gezwungen, die Liquidation zu eröffnen, und was als ehrgeiziges Projekt einer weltweiten Luftlinie begonnen hatte, endete als größte Firmenpleite in der belgischen Geschichte.
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Sabena (Société Anonyme Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation Aerienne) foi a empresa aérea nacional da Bélgica. Operou entre 1923 e 2001.
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Сабена (Sabena) је била национална авио-компанија Белгије базирана у Бриселу. Компанија је основана 1923. а банкротирала је 2001.
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Sabena, Societe Autonyme Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation Aerienne , Belgiens statliga flygbolag 1923-2001
Sabena gick i konkurs 2001 och ersattes av sitt dotterbolag SN Brussels Airlines som nationellt Belgiskt flygbolag.
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What is Spanish for heart? | Spanish Word for heart | heart in Spanish
Spanish Word for heart
Now you know how to say heart in Spanish. :-)
Translated sentences containing 'heart'
Don't you guys be without a heart!
¡No seáis sin corazón!
Have you had congestive heart failure?
¿Ha tenido insuficiencia cardíaca?
Patients with heart problems need to go to the hospital frequently.
Es necesario que los pacientes cardiacos vayan al hospital con frecuencia.
He sat in front of me and my heart stopped beating.
Se sentó enfrente de mí y mi corazón dejó de latir.
You have heart failure.
Usted tiene falla en el corazón.
learning something by heart
I continue to have heart problems.
Yo continúo enfermo del corazón.
with heart and soul
Did any member of you family die of heart trouble before being 50?
¿Algún miembro de su familia murió del corazón antes de los 50?
Have you ever had a heart attack or infarct in the past?
¿Ha tenido ataque del corazón o infarto en el pasado?
I am going to examine your heart.
Le voy a examinar el corazón.
You had a heart attack.
Usted tuvo un ataque cardiaco (infarto).
Yes, open heart surgery.
Sí, una cirugía de corazón abierto.
(If) the eyes do not see, the heart does not feel. (Out of sight, out of mind).
Ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente.
I love you with all my heart.
Te quiero con todo mi corazón.
Speak your mind! Don’t keep resentments growing in your heart.
¡Desahógate! No guardes resentimientos en tu corazón.
by heart / from memory
He's having a heart attack, call an ambulance.
Está sufriendo una parada cardíaca, llama a urgencias.
He speaks from the heart.
Me habla desde el corazón.
That is the heart of the matter.
Ésta es la esencia del problema.
This is at the heart of our resolution.
Ése es el punto central de nuestra resolución.
That is the very heart of the matter.
Precisamente aquí se encuentra el punto clave.
That is the heart of the matter.
Este es el fondo de la cuestión.
That is the heart of the problem.
Aquí radica todo el problema.
What is at the heart of the Bene?
No es otra la esencia de los Decretos Bene?.
Our heart is with them at this time.
En estos momentos, estamos a su lado de corazón.
That is at the heart of the problem.
Este es el núcleo del problema.
This is sincere and from the heart.
Se lo digo sinceramente y de todo corazón.
That is the heart of the matter here.
Ese es el meollo de la cuestión.
That is at the heart of your prospectus.
Y eso es lo que proponen sus Señorías.
'Where there is righteousness in the heart
"Donde hay rectitud en el corazón,
My heart bleeds for them.
Les compadezco profundamente.
That is the heart of the matter.
Ese es el verdadero problema.
This is at the heart of the IGC.
Eso está en el centro de la CIG.
That should be at the heart of our discussions.
Ésta debería ser nuestra preocupación en el marco del debate.
We should take that to heart.
Deberíamos ser conscientes de ello ahora y en el futuro.
That is, after all, the heart of the matter.
¡Esto es lo importantel!
They should be at the heart of all our policies.
Deben ser el núcleo de todas nuestras políticas.
That is the heart of the matter.
Éste es el fondo de la cuestión.
That is the heart of the matter.
Éste es el aspecto principal de la cuestión.
That is the heart of the matter.
Este es el punto central.
That is the heart of the problem.
Ahí está el problema.
They were at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy when it was launched and remain at its heart today.
Eran la esencia de la Estrategia de Lisboa cuando se presentó y siguen siéndolo.
And, in this regard, we approach the heart of the matter.
That woman was sobbing her heart out.
Aquella mujer estaba gimiendo desconsoladamente.
At the heart of this project is the school curriculum.
El programa escolar constituye el núcleo de ese proyecto.
The heart of the problem is political, however.
El fondo del problema es, no obstante, político.
And that is a lesson that we have to take to heart.
Y ésa es una enseñanza que debemos tomarnos muy en serio.
That, ladies and gentlemen, is the heart of the matter.
He aquí, mis queridos colegas, la esencia del asunto.
It gets to the heart of the matter.
Va directo al meollo de la cuestión.
I thank them from the bottom of my heart.
Se lo agradezco de todo corazón.
That is why safety must be at the heart of this system.
Por tanto, la seguridad debe ser el centro de este dispositivo.
That is really at the heart of this question.
Eso es realmente el fondo de la cuestión.
This is the heart of the matter, this is what we must have the courage to do.
Éste es el núcleo de fondo, éste es el valor que debemos tener.
There are two perspectives at the heart of this.
Hay dos perspectivas que son esenciales.
This lies at the heart of the principle of subsidiarity.
Esta actitud está en el núcleo del principio de subsidiariedad.
The environment is at the heart of the institution's mandate.
El medio ambiente es esencial para el mandato de la institución.
It is at the heart of development the world over.
Es esencial para el desarrollo del mundo.
I think that this is at the heart of the matter.
Opino que este es el quid de la cuestión.
Benefits to patients are at the heart of G10.
El beneficio para los pacientes es lo que mueve al G-10.
It is also the heart of the directive.
También es la parte esencial de la directiva.
This has been an issue especially close to my heart.
Esta ha sido una cuestión que me preocupa especialmente.
It cuts through the very heart of Bethlehem.
Pasa por el corazón de Belén.
My country should take this to heart.
Mi país debe tomarse esto muy en serio.
I very much take to heart what you said.
Me tomo muy en serio lo que han dicho.
This is the heart of the matter, and you have not addressed this in any way.
Este es el origen del problema planteado, el cual no ha abordado en modo alguno.
This should be put at the heart of our bilateral relations.
Esto tendría que ser el núcleo de nuestras relaciones bilaterales.
Politics lies at the heart of the debate.
La política se encuentra en el centro del debate.
| Corazón |
Saint Pega is said to be England's first female? | Spanish Word for heart-attack | heart-attack in Spanish
Spanish Word for heart-attack
Now you know how to say heart attack in Spanish. :-)
Translated sentences containing 'heart attack'
Have you ever had a heart attack or infarct in the past?
¿Ha tenido ataque del corazón o infarto en el pasado?
You had a heart attack.
Usted tuvo un ataque cardiaco (infarto).
He's having a heart attack, call an ambulance.
Está sufriendo una parada cardíaca, llama a urgencias.
He died of a heart attack.
Se murió de un infarto.
His symptoms indicate that he has suffered a heart attack.
Sus síntomas indican que ha sufrido un ataque cardíaco.
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What is the name of the mount on which the Hollywood sign sits in California? | Hollywood Sign Built | World History Project
1923
Hollywood Sign Built
The Hollywood Sign is a famous landmark in the Hollywood Hills area of Mount Lee, Santa Monica Mountains, in Los Angeles, California, spelling out the name of the area in 45-foot (13.7 m) tall and 350 ft (106.7 m) long white letters.
It was created as an advertisement in 1923, but garnered increasing recognition after the sign was left up. The sign was a frequent target of pranks and vandalism but has since undergone restoration, including a security system to deter vandalism. The sign is protected and promoted by the Hollywood Sign Trust, a nonprofit organization whose purpose is to physically maintain, repair and secure the sign, to educate the world about its historical and cultural importance, and to raise the funds necessary to accomplish these projects.
| Mount Lee |
In which country is the Nafud Desert? | Mount Disappointment - Review of Hollywood Sign, Los Angeles, CA - TripAdvisor
Review of Hollywood Sign
Los Angeles, CA 90068 (Central L.A)
Website
Hollywood Sightseeing Tour from Orange County
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Attraction details
Owner description: Perched atop Mount Lee, this global symbol of Hollywood glamour measures 450 feet in length with mammoth white letters, each standing 45 feet high, spelling out the name of the city.
There are newer reviews for this attraction
“Mount Disappointment”
Reviewed April 12, 2013
I lived in Hollywood for years. Every day I looked up to see the LETTERS. The sign is in a private residential area. It is not in a public space. The sign sits on very private property. It is not flood lit nights. There is no parking up there. And the streets in the Hollywood Hills north of Franklin Avenue are narrow, winding and lack parking. The sign is best seen from afar. Another reason why Hollywood is the most disappointing tourist destination extant.
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Ask Roy W about Hollywood Sign
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
4,760 reviews from our community
Visitor rating
Reviewed April 11, 2013 via mobile
It was actually exciting to actual see the sign in person its a ways up the hill but u can stop & zoom ur camara to take a pic. This is to funny my aunt stays in L.A. so she took me sight seeing traffic is very heavy but when we got to the area where the sign was i was like please stop so i can soak this in i always see this on tv but i can scream i made it.
Visited August 2012
Ask mz_Washington about Hollywood Sign
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
sjsanchez
“An Icon”
Reviewed April 10, 2013
Its the Hollywood Sign, go take a picture. Its pretty visible from most places but if you want to see it up close it is located up on Hollywood Hills. Its a nice drive up the mountain and cool way to spend a part of the afternoon.
Visited April 2013
Ask sjsanchez about Hollywood Sign
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
Jan K
“You can get reasonably close”
Reviewed April 10, 2013
Another one that we had to do on our Western USA road trip. Went to the observatory first for great panoramic views over Los Angeles, could see the sign in the disctance.
Used the Garmin Sat nav on the Iphone, Put in the sign under attractions, or use Deronda Drive/Mount Lee drive. You can get reasonably close for some good pictures. It is driving through a lot of narrow and sharp corner lanes, but the area is very nice,almost unlike the rest of Los Angeles
Visited August 2012
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Which gemstone is associated (traditional UK/US) with a 45th wedding anniversary? | 45th Anniversary - Forty-Fifth Wedding Anniversary
Most Popular Song 45 Years Ago: "THE FIRST TIME EVER I SAW YOUR
FACE" - Roberta Flack
Price of Gasoline when you were married: $.36 / gallon
TRADITIONAL/MODERN GIFT: Both traditional and modern gifts for the 45th wedding anniversary are sapphire. As with most stones, sapphires can be incorporated into various sorts of jewelry or vases. Here are a few ideas: ring, pendant, money clip, tie clip, bracelet or cuff links. Some non-jewelry gift ideas are: blue home decor, blue crystal bowl or vase or blue lingerie or clothing.
GEMSTONE: Sapphire is a very hard stone and its history dates back to biblical times. It is thought that the tablets containing the Ten Commandments were made from sapphire. It was also thought that the earth rested on a huge piece of sapphire which in turn reflected the sun and gave the sky its bluish color. Royalty has worn sapphire to symbolize wisdom, holiness, virtue and good fortune. Sapphire was used in Princess Diana’s engagement ring. Used in an engagement ring, sapphire is particularly meaningful because it symbolizes faithfulness and sincerity. It is an alternative to the traditional engagement ring.
FLOWER: There isn’t a particular flower associated with the 45th wedding anniversary. This leaves the decision to you. You could get a bouquet of 45 of your spouse’s favorite flowers and put them in a sapphire colored vase or tie them with a sapphire colored ribbon.
We invite you to visit us for your 50th anniversary and we will give you ideas for your golden anniversary.
| Sapphire |
Anthomania refers to a great love of? | 45th wedding anniversary gift ideas | Perfect 45th anniversary gifts
LUCKY SIXPENCE FOR 45H SAPPHIRE WEDDING ANNIVERSARY
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
45th Sapphire Wedding Anniversary gift ~ Reminisce 1972 with DVD and Card in one
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
45th Sapphire Wedding Anniversary gift ~ Hit Music of 1972 CD and Card
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Personalised Anniversary Candle
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
A pair of Cut Crystal Brandy Glasses
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
On your 45th Wedding Anniversary Personalised Bone China Plate
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
On your 45th Anniversary Personalised Candle
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Sapphire Wedding Anniversary Personalised Champagne
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Sapphire Wedding Champagne and Newspaper Gift Set
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Sapphire Wedding Personalised Champagne and Red Rose Gift Set
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Sapphire Wedding, 45th Anniversary gifts - Armagnac from year of marriage.
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
On your Wedding Anniversary Personalised Bone China Plate
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Personalised 6" x 4" Wooden Photo Frame Engraved Free
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
On your Anniversary Personalised Candle
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
47th Anniversary or Birthday gifts ~ Booklet , Music & Card; 1970 in one present
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
45th Anniversary or Birthday gifts ~ Booklet , Music & Card; 1972 in one present
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Artisan Cheese Board Set
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Two Hearts beat as one, Wedding Anniversary China plate
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
A Pair of Cut Crystal Champagne Flutes
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Anniversary Celebration Newspaper Book
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Original Wedding Day Newspaper in a Full Size Book
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Personalised Sapphire Wedding 45th Anniversary Red Wine
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Personalised Sapphire Wedding 45th Anniversary Rose Wine
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Personalised Sapphire Wedding 45th Anniversary White Wine
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
A pair of Cut Crystal Whisky Tumblers
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
Happy Anniversary Champagne Flutes
Idea for 45th Anniversary Gifts
45th Anniversary or Birthday gifts CD & DVD ~ Revisit the Music & News of 1972
Gift Idea Home & Garden
ERYNGIUM SAPPHIRE BLUE-Sapphire Wedding Anniversary, 45th Sapphire Anniversary Gifts
Gift Idea Jewelry
Miore UNI007P2W 9ct White Gold Ladies Created Sapphire Peardrop - Diamond Pendant And 45Cm Chain
Gift Idea Jewelry
Sterling 925 Silver Stud Earrings Blue Sapphire & Cubic Zirconias
Gift Idea Kitchen & Housewares
LUCKY SIXPENCE KEYRING 1966 COIN WITH POUCH, SAPPHIRE ANNIVERSARIES, 45TH BIRTHDAYS ETC
Gift Idea Jewelry
Miore UNI004P2W 9ct White Gold Created Sapphire Wrapped Pendant And 45Cm Chain
Gift Idea Jewelry
Silver Personalised Bookmark - Sapphire Dragonfly
Gift Idea Jewelry
Miore UNI003P2W 9ct White Gold Created Sapphire - Diamond Pendant And 45Cm Chain
Gift Idea Books
The Sapphire Rose: Book Three of the Elenium
Gift Idea Jewelry
Miore UNI004E2W 9ct White Gold Created Sapphire Wrapped Earrings
Gift Idea Jewelry
Sterling Silver Cluster Ring with Sapphire and Cubic Zirconias
Gift Idea Jewelry
10k Gold Cushion Square Created Sapphire Necklace
Gift Idea Jewelry
Miore UNI005P2W 9ct White Gold Ladies Created Sapphire Cradle Pendant And 45Cm Chain
Gift Idea Watches
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A mummichog is what type of creature? | Animals or Creatures That Can Survive the Cataclysmic Effect of an Asteroid
Animals or Creatures That Can Survive the Cataclysmic Effect of an Asteroid
February 22, 2013 by Fiboni 1 comment
Asteroids- This word is not an unfamiliar term, after all it is what we have all been studying in our science classes, have been watching in our sci-fi movies and also coming across the spine-chilling news that are making headlines this year.
Asteroids pass by earth every now and then, the most recent being the asteroid 2012- DA14 which had a close brush with earth on 15th Feb 2013. They are small planetoids that pose a great threat to earth and have immense potential of inadvertently destroying life on this planet.
Cretaceous Paleocene Extinction Event
About 65 million years ago, an asteroid striking earth destroyed all the dinosaurs, which ultimately attributed to their extinction. This miserable ending of these huge beasts by an asteroid strike is today known as the Cretaceous-Paleocene extinction event . The impact hurled huge amounts of igneous rocks and toxic particles into the atmosphere, eventually blanketing the whole planet in heat and further in cold. Fascinatingly, there were other animals, creatures and the stunners who managed to survive this apocalypse. But the question is who of todays animals can survive and HOW?
Scientists have agreed that the three basic things that a creature needs to survive the cataclysmic effect of asteroid are:
They have to be small,
They should be extensively dispersed across the world and most importantly
They must live underground
Researchers were curious as to what kind of creatures had the potential to survive the cataclysmic effect of asteroids. Read to know which organisms are on the list.
Subterranean Animals:
Don’t underestimate these cute fellows. They have the best chances of surviving an asteroid hit. They live underground for almost all their life, and that’s the reason they are saved from the cataclysmic events like asteroid shower. A habitat underground can keep them protected from predators, extreme temperatures and dry climates.
Animals like Aardvark, armadillos, badgers, bilby, chipmunks, desert tortoise, fennex fox, hamster, jerboa, kangaroo rat, meerkat, mole, nutria, mongoose, rabbits, rodents, tarantulas, wood chucks, shrews, worms and ants are some of the animals who come into this category.
Marine Animals:
Crocodiles-
They are cold-blooded and can survive for very long without food, stay in pitch darkness and in chilling cold. They are lucky enough to pursue an amphibious lifestyle and have an ability to burrow which can easily save them from any cataclysmic attack. Lucky croc!
Mummichog-
Now, this is really not “fishy” as you think. This 15-cm long fish can survive any habitat, whether they are kept in warm or cold, freshwater or salty, polluted or clean water. Their adaptability is quite powerful by which they can readily activate and de-activate their genes according to the environment.
Micro-Organisms-
Oceanic Algae- They can survive darkness, cold, heat and acidification of the ocean too. They can survive a period of almost non-active phase and then revive when the conditions are suitable.
Cyanobacteria- This is ocean-dwelling bacteria which survive via photosynthesis. All they need to live is the light from the sun. They have a great capacity to survive in high acidic conditions even without oxygen.
Mixotrophs- They have a great ability to consume matter in absenteeism of sunlight. They can survive in any crucial situation and can be found in dust and debris. They can also continue to live in low-light conditions. They consume other organisms and rebound quiet quickly. All the above organisms can easily survive the ruinous effect of asteroids.
Other Species:
Cockroaches-
That one menace which can make any girl scream her head off. One such insect that can face any catastrophic climate change, a viral pandemic, a comet collision or a nuclear war, is this petite cockroach. They can also hold their breath for 40 minutes and can survive without water for several weeks.
Lingula-
This unusual looking animal with hinged shell has survived every catastrophic event since the beginning of all times. Their main trick is to make burrows with their long stalk and tongue-shaped shell whenever they find themselves in trouble.
Tardigrade-
Last, but not the least, here comes the popular critter- The tardigrades or the famously known water bear. This is the toughest animal alive on the planet which can definitely survive an asteroid impact effect. They are tiny and just 1 mm long and can be found anywhere, right from the deepest ocean trenches to the backyards of your garden. They travel all over the world through winds.
They can survive the vacuum of outer space, solar radiation, gamma radiation, ionic radiation— at doses hundreds of times higher than would kill a person, but it doesn’t end here.
They can also survive extreme pressures, and temperatures from just above absolute zero to well above the boiling point of water. They can go without food or water for nearly 10 years, drying out to the point where they are 3% or less water, only to rehydrate, forage, and reproduce…
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| Fish |
Tahiti is the largest of which group of islands? | Bottlenose Dolphin - Chesapeake Bay Program
Chesapeake Bay Program
Bottlenose Dolphin
Tursiops truncatus
Bottlenose dolphins can swim nearly 18 miles per hour, although they usually swim 2-4 miles per hour. (NASA/Wikimedia Commons)
The bottlenose dolphin is a large, grayish aquatic mammal that visits the lower and middle Chesapeake Bay in summer.
Appearance:
The bottlenose dolphin has a slender, streamlined body that is grayish in color. Its sides and belly are slightly paler. It has a short, beak-like snout with a slightly longer lower jaw than upper jaw. It has a blowhole on the top of its head. Bottlenose dolphins can grow to 12 feet in length and weigh 300 to 400 pounds.
Habitat:
Found mostly in warm, salty open waters, but visits the lower reaches of rivers and harbors. Travels in small schools, or “pods,” of 2 to 15 dolphins. Can feed in fresh waters for short periods of time.
Range:
Visits the Chesapeake Bay in summer, and is most often seen in the lower Chesapeake Bay near Cape Charles and the James and Elizabeth rivers. Some dolphins may venture as far north as Baltimore Harbor, the Chester River and Washington, D.C.
Feeding:
Bottlenose dolphins feed mostly on fish such as spot, croakers, menhaden and silver perch, but will also eat shrimp, squid, crabs and other invertebrates. They uses their teeth to grasp prey, then swallow it whole.
Predators:
Sharks, such as bull sharks, are dolphins’ greatest predators. Humans threaten dolphins through pollution and recreational fishing gear.
Voice:
Dolphins use sound to communicate with other dolphins, navigate through the water, watch for predators and find prey. Sounds include clicking, creaking, squeaking and whistling. Each dolphin is believed to have its own unique whistle. Puffing and hissing sounds can be heard when they exhale through their blowholes.
Reproduction and Life Cycle:
Mating occurs throughout the year. Females give birth to one calf every 3 to 6 years, with a gestation period of about 12 months. Calves are born in the water. During the birth, an assisting dolphin (which may be either male or female) remains close to the mother. This assisting dolphin is often the only other dolphin allowed near the newborn calf. Calves begin nursing within several hours of birth and will feed on their mother’s milk for 18 months. Females reach sexual maturity between 5 and 12 years old, while males mature at 10 to 12 years old. Bottlenose dolphins usually live about 20 to 25 years, but some may live longer than 40 years.
Other Facts:
The bottlenose dolphin is the most common dolphin found along the Atlantic coast.
Dolphins are extremely social, intelligent mammals. But even though they look friendly, bottlenose dolphins can be aggressive. They have been known to attack sharks and porpoises.
They spend about one-third of each day sleeping, usually just below the surface of calm waters.
Dolphins come up for air 1 to 2 times per minute, although some bottlenose dolphins have been known to stay underwater for more than four minutes.
They usually swim 2 to 4 miles per hour, but can swim nearly 18 miles per hour.
Sources and Additional Information:
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In which year was the National Health Service established in Great Britain? | About the National Health Service (NHS) in England - NHS Choices
Learn more about the structure of the NHS in England .
In 2014, the Commonwealth Fund declared that in comparison with the healthcare systems of 10 other countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the US) the NHS was the most impressive overall. The NHS was rated as the best system in terms of efficiency, effective care, safe care, co-ordinated care, patient-centred care and cost-related problems. It was also ranked second for equity.
Scale
The NHS employs more than 1.5 million people, putting it in the top five of the world’s largest workforces, together with the US Department of Defence, McDonalds, Walmart and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army.
The NHS in England is the biggest part of the system by far, catering to a population of 54.3 million and employing around 1.2 million people. Of those, the clinically qualified staff include 150,273 doctors, 40,584 general practitioners (GPs), 314,966 nurses and health visitors, 18,862 ambulance staff, and 111,127 hospital and community health service (HCHS) medical and dental staff.
The NHS in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland employs 161,415; 84,000 and 66,000 people respectively.
Funding
Funding for the NHS comes directly from taxation. Since the NHS transformation in 2013, the NHS payment system has become underpinned by legislation. The Health & Social Care Act 2012 moves responsibility for pricing from the Department of Health , to a shared responsibility for NHS England and NHS Improvement . When the NHS was launched in 1948, it had a budget of £437 million (roughly £15 billion at today’s value). For 2015/16, the overall NHS budget was around £116.4 billion. NHS England is managing £101.3 billion of this.
You can also read The NHS budget and how it has changed – a study by the King’s Fund.
| 1948 |
In 1919, which country became the first to legalise abortion? | How Does Britain's National Health Service Work? - TIME
Follow @TIME
In recent weeks, opponents of Barack Obama's health-care-reform plans have criticized Britain's National Health Service (NHS) in an effort to counter the President's proposals for greater government involvement in health care. Republican Senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa suggested that his Democratic colleague Edward Kennedy would have been left to die in Britain because doctors would have refused the 77-year-old treatment for his brain tumor, and former House of Representatives Speaker Newt Gingrich wrote in an article that British health care is run by "Orwellian" bureaucrats who put a price tag on life. Meanwhile, the lobby group Conservatives for Patients' Rights (CPR) has been running scare ads with horror stories from British patients on its website. TIME takes a look at what the NHS is really all about.
What is the NHS?
The NHS is a rare example of truly socialized medicine. Health care is provided by a single payer the British government and is funded by the taxpayer. All appointments and treatments are free to the patient (though paid for through taxes), as are almost all prescription drugs. The maximum cost of receiving any drug prescribed by the NHS is $12.
(Read "The Year in Medicine 2008: From A to Z.")
How was it formed?
The NHS officially came into being in July 1948, in the wake of World War II, to replace an inadequate system of volunteer hospitals that had, during the war, come to rely on government funding. Doctors and conservative politicians vehemently opposed the NHS in the run-up to its formation, using many of the arguments that opponents of greater government involvement in the U.S. cite today. According to Geoffrey Rivett, author of From Cradle to Grave The First 60 Years of the NHS, the then head of doctor's body the British Medical Association (BMA), Charles Hill, gave a radio address in 1948 in which he asked, "Do you really want the state to be your doctor?" Today, the BMA is a champion of the NHS and resists any privatization initiatives. In a statement on Aug. 14, BMA chairman Dr. Hamish Meldrum said, "The NHS is not perfect. But the market-style philosophy of the U.S. is a lesson we could do well without."
How does NHS health care compare with U.S. health care?
Like most developed countries, Britain ranks above the U.S. in most health measurements. Its citizens have a longer life expectancy and lower infant mortality, and the country has more acute-care hospital beds per capita and fewer deaths related to surgical or medical mishaps. Britain achieves these results while spending proportionally less on health care than the U.S. about $2,500 per person in Britain, compared with $6,000 in the U.S. For these reasons, the World Health Organization (WHO) ranked Britain 18th in a global league table of health-care systems (the U.S. was ranked 37th). However, there are measures by which the U.S. outperforms Britain: for instance, the U.S. has lower cancer mortality rates.
(See how to prevent illness at any age.)
Does private health insurance exist in Britain?
Yes, and it works in a similar way to health insurance in the U.S. Many employers offer private health-insurance plans as a perk to workers a minority of patients opt out of the NHS system to receive their medical treatments privately. Private patients can choose their specialists and avoid waiting lists for non-emergency procedures; NHS patients wait an average of about eight weeks for treatments that require admission to a hospital, four weeks for out-patient treatments and two weeks for diagnostic tests. While NHS patients have a choice of hospitals, they cannot always choose their specialist.
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