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What is the capital of Iraq?	What is the Capital of Iraq? - Capital-of.com Dates of religious and Civil holidays around the world. www.when-is.com Capital of Iraq The Capital City of Iraq (officially named Republic of Iraq) is the city of Baghdad. The population of Baghdad in the year 2007 was 29,267,000. Iraq is an Arabic and Kurdish speaking country on the coasts of the Persian Gulf ( The Indian Ocean. Additional Information	Baghdad
In which English County can you find 4 towns with the suffix Regis?	Iraq: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities Prime Minister Calls for Overhaul of Government Geography Iraq, a triangle of mountains, desert, and fertile river valley, is bounded on the east by Iran, on the north by Turkey, on the west by Syria and Jordan, and on the south by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. It is twice the size of Idaho. The country has arid desert land west of the Euphrates, a broad central valley between the Euphrates and the Tigris, and mountains in the northeast. Government The dictatorship of Saddam Hussein collapsed on April 9, 2003, after U.S. and British forces invaded the country. Sovereignty was returned to Iraq on June 28, 2004. History From earliest times Iraq was known as Mesopotamia—the land between the rivers—for it embraces a large part of the alluvial plains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. An advanced civilization existed in this area by 4000 B.C. Sometime after 2000 B.C. , the land became the center of the ancient Babylonian and Assyrian empires. Mesopotamia was conquered by Cyrus the Great of Persia in 538 B.C. and by Alexander in 331 B.C. After an Arab conquest in 637–640, Baghdad became the capital of the ruling caliphate. The country was pillaged by the Mongols in 1258, and during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries was the object of Turkish and Persian competition.	i don't know
In which ocean is the island group the Maldives?	Maldives Map / Geography of Maldives / Map of Maldives - Worldatlas.com Print this map The Maldives, a group of about 1,200 islands, separated into a series of coral atolls, is just north of the Equator in the Indian Ocean . Only 200 of the islands are inhabited. It has a population of 393,988 and celebrates their National Day on July 26th. Many of these tropical atolls and islands are simply gorgeous, with swaying palms, white sandy beaches and deep-blue lagoons; none of the islands rise higher than 7.8 ft. above sea level. These low-lying specs of coral are subject to erosion, and stand at the mercy of any sea level rise. Some were severely damaged during the December 2004 Tsunami . The culture of the Maldives as we know it today, developed and flourished sometime around the 3rd century BC, as a 1,400 year-long Buddhist period cemented a foundational importance in the island's history. Due to its strategic location, the Maldives aroused the interest of Middle Easterners , and by the 10th century AD trade routes were established and Islam was introduced to the region. Despite being ruled by an independent Islamic sultanate for centuries, the Maldives were taken over by the Dutch in the mid-17th century, and later, were driven out by British forces some years later. As a British protectorate, the Maldives were given military protection, and non-interference in local administration. At the emergence of a proposed constitutional monarchy, conflicts erupted, and the people of the Maldives pushed for independence. The Maldives successfully gained their freedom from the United Kingdom in 1965, and three years later, declared itself an independent republic. In 1978, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom was elected president, and a period of political stability flourished along with an increase in tourism and increased foreign contact. In spite of the booming economy, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's presidency was seen as controversial, and a series of coup attempts throughout the 1980s were attempted. Additional riots in the capital city of Malè during August 2004 garnered worldwide attention, and prompted the president and his government to pledge much needed democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Prev Page 1/2 Next Page See Also	Indian Ocean
Which river runs through the Grand Canyon?	Sinking States: Climate Change and the Pacific \| The Diplomat Image Credit: REUTERS/Reinhard Krause Sinking States: Climate Change and the Pacific Pacific Island states are some of the most vulnerable in the world to the devastating effects of climate change. By Gemima Harvey for The Diplomat May 22, 2014 Looking to the canary in the climate change coal mine — low-lying island states that are slowly being swallowed by the sea — offers a clear warning of the perils associated with a warming planet. With sea levels steadily rising, spurred by melting glaciers and ice sheets and thermal expansion of the ocean as the water warms, small island developing states (SIDS) are increasingly besieged, their shores nibbled away by a swollen tideline. Latest reports by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) project a sea level rise in the range of 26 to 82 cm by 2100. The rate of rise is dependent on whether the temperature increase is kept to a minimum forecast of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, or whether it reaches worst-case projections of 4.8 degrees Celsius by the end of the century. Climate change has been declared “ unequivocal “ by the IPCC, the leading international advisory body, with more than 800 scientists from all over the world saying with 95 percent certainty that climate change is anthropogenic (caused by human activity). Climate change is happening because heightened amounts of heat-trapping gases are working like a blanket and warming the globe. The main culprit in the group of man-made greenhouse gases (GHG) fuelling global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2), released into the atmosphere primarily by burning fossil fuels — such as coal, oil and natural gas — for energy. Deforestation also plays a key role because with fewer trees to absorb GHG, more heat-trapping gases freely pollute the air. Enjoying this article? Click here to subscribe for full access. Just $5 a month. If we continue contaminating the atmosphere at the current rate, according to the IPCC, the world will continue its trajectory toward the most catastrophic temperature scenario. Put simply — business-as-usual cannot continue without disastrous consequences. One of those consequences will be the death of small island states. The Maldives is the world’s lowest-lying country, with more than 80 percent of its scattered islands less than one meter above sea level. It will be one of the first nations submerged. In 2009, then-President Mohamed Nasheed (the subject of a documentary called “ The Island President ” that deals with the subject of climate change) staged a cabinet meeting underwater to raise awareness about the future of the country if anthropogenic global warming was left unchecked. This archipelago in the Indian Ocean is not alone in gradually drowning: as many as 1,500 of Indonesia’s islands could be underwater by 2050. United States Secretary of State John Kerry, told students in Jakarta that climate change poses a threat to their “entire way of life” and that it was “perhaps the world’s most fearsome weapon of mass destruction.” Pacific Island states— such as Kiribati, Tuvalu and the Marshall Islands — are also suffering the effects of climate change and while eventually being engulfed by the sea is a slow-evolving peril, immediate threats include more intense storm cycles and seawater intrusion of ground water and crop soil. Kiribati President, Anote Tong told Bloomberg Businessweek that his country, a necklace of coral islands, has fewer than 20 years to live. “If nothing is done, Kiribati will go down into the ocean. By about 2030 we start disappearing. Our existence will come to an end in stages. First, the freshwater lens will be destroyed. The breadfruit trees, the taro, the saltwater is going to kill them.” SIDS in the Pacific region contribute just 0.3 percent of global GHG emissions yet these island communities are on the frontlines of climate change. The United Nations has dubbed 2014 as the International Year of SIDS. With a critical climate treaty to be negotiated in Paris next year — which is supposed to agree on binding measures to reduce emissions and limit warming to 2 degrees Celsius — the designated year of SIDS is central in raising the profile of those nations particularly vulnerable to a warming world. At the UN launch of the International Year of SIDS, the president of Nauru, Baron Waqa said : “No people or country has faced the risk of total inundation from rising seas before. Yet, that is exactly what we must contend with — losing entire languages, cultures, histories, and all the progress that came at such a high cost for those who came before us. We celebrate this special year with the sombre knowledge that unless action is taken soon some islands won’t make it to the end of the century.” While SIDS face unique challenges, no country or region is untouched by climate change — global warming knows no boundaries. All over the world, extreme weather events such as floods and droughts are expected to become more frequent and severe, with wide-reaching effects on food and water security. Meanwhile, the Earth’s oceans, which act as a carbon sink, are becoming more acidic as they absorb increased amounts of CO2 from the air. This has significant impacts on biodiversity, such as corroding the shells of sea creatures and causing alarming behavioral changes in some fish. Earlier this year the IPCC released two major draft reports. One, “ Impacts, Adaption and Vulnerability ” paints a grim picture of how societies will be afflicted by climate change and states that, “Responding to climate-related risks involves decision-making in a changing world, with continuing uncertainty about the severity and timing of climate-change impacts and with limits to the effectiveness of adaptation.” Climate Change Versus Capitalism The other IPCC draft report, “ Mitigation of Climate Change ,” was launched in Berlin last month. It detailed a range of climate change mitigation tactics with emphasis on a transition to renewable energy. It notes that the world needs to at least triple clean energy sources (zero and low carbon) by 2050 in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to 2 degrees C above preindustrial levels. Moving toward clean energy sources may seem an obvious path toward cutting C02 emissions, but this transition requires taking on some large and powerful interests on the well-established energy stage. Investment in fossil fuels must start falling by tens of billions of dollars a year; limiting the severity of warming means leaving these resources, and the profit they represent, in the ground — an unattractive prospect for the conventional energy sector. Last month Archbishop Desmond Tutu, in an article for The Guardian, appealed for the abandonment of fossil fuel investment and called for focus on finding sustainable solutions to save the planet. “We live in a world dominated by greed. We have allowed the interests of capital to outweigh the interests of human beings and our Earth. It is clear [the companies] are not simply going to give up; they stand to make too much money.” A transition toward renewable energy sources, namely wind, water and solar power, requires political will and ethical prioritizing. In 2011, global investment in renewable energy overtook investment in fossil fuels for the first time, and hit $228 billion in 2012; the market is expected to account for 25 percent of all energy generation by 2018. Still, in 2012, global fossil fuel subsidies totaled $544 billion, while renewable energy sources got just $101 billion in government support. Last month, CO2 levels in the atmosphere exceeded 400 parts per million for the first time in human history. This means we are fast approaching our “ acceptable ” threshold; it’s not too late to put a cap on climate change but concrete action is needed now. Author and journalist, Naomi Klein, articulated the underlying challenges of concrete action perceptively in a recent article . She wrote that climate change “entered mainstream consciousness in the midst of an ideological war being waged on the very idea of the collective sphere.” Klein points out that this mistiming deeply affects our ability to decisively act. Addressing climate change requires collective, prudent action, action that goes against the grain of shortsighted, self-serving capitalism. “It has meant that corporate power was ascendant at the very moment when we needed to exert unprecedented controls over corporate behaviour in order to protect life on earth. It has meant that we are ruled by a class of politicians who know only how to dismantle and starve public institutions, just when they most need to be fortified and reimagined.” Australia: ‘Sleepwalking Toward Catastrophe’ Australia is one country that has been busily dismantling its climate change institutions. Elected last September, the conservative coalition government swiftly axed the Climate Commission — Australia’s independent authority on climate change. Environmentalist, David Suzuki, labeled this “wilful blindness” or a tactic to “deliberately suppress or ignore information that is vital to the decisions they’re making.” (With financial support from the public it has since been re-established as the Climate Council ). The government, led by Prime Minister Tony Abbott, then moved to dismantle the Climate Change Authority, which advises on emission reduction targets, and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, which supports private investment in renewable energy. These efforts have, so far, been blocked in the Senate . Also, notably, for the first time since 1931 , when the science portfolio was created, Australia does not have a designated Science Minister. Leading social scientist, Bruno Latour, describes this approach of wilful ignorance championed by the Abbott government as the: “Australian strategy of voluntary sleepwalking toward catastrophe.” Abbott said his country should be the “ affordable energy capital of the world ” given its vast coal and gas assets; it has the fourth-largest share of proven coal reserves in the world. “Australia is open for business,” goes the government’s mantra . After the election, coalition finance spokesman, Andrew Robb, told The Australian that the government would reboot the mining boom. “We can get Australia open for business, we will restore an appetite for risk and investment.” The first item of business in being “open for business” was taking steps to repeal the carbon tax, which puts a price on carbon by taxing the biggest polluters (the move has been blocked for now). Axing the carbon tax was one of the coalition government’s key campaign pledges. Abbott blames this tax, along with the Renewable Energy Target (RET) — which seeks to source 20 percent of the country’s energy from renewables by 2020 — for a massive surge in electricity prices. Chairman of the government’s Business Advisory Council, Maurice Newman, has echoed these sentiments, in addition to calling climate change a “scientific delusion” and a “gigantic money tree.” Australian electricity prices have reportedly doubled over the last several years. However, an investigative report by Jess Hill at Radio National cuts through the spin, finding that the lion’s share of the price spike is linked to network costs associated with updating the energy grid. In reality , more renewable energy entering the mix will mean more supply and more competition, lowering wholesale energy prices. But in an already oversupplied energy market, introducing more clean energy will require displacing conventional providers. And while this should be seen as a good thing for the planet and its inhabitants — given that dirty coal is currently used to generate 76 percent of Australia’s energy needs (natural gas and renewables account for 12 percent each) — unsurprisingly, conventional energy providers are lobbying for the RET to be rolled back. Earlier this year, the government appointed Dick Warburton , who has openly expressed doubts that global warming is caused by human activity, to head a review of the renewables scheme. Foreign Minister of the Marshall Islands, Tony de Brum recently expressed concern that Australia risks going backwards on climate change under the new government. “We are having difficulty understanding Australia’s climate change policies and their new environmental regime. We don’t understand what they are thinking…It is as if our big brother doesn’t understand us. The same message is going to Australia from other countries in the Pacific forum. Little brother is saying, ‘Big brother should get up and smell the flowers.’” Will Australia also turn its back if islands drown and newly stateless Pacific islanders come knocking? Climate Refugees “Climate refugee” is a term that grabs headlines, although it has no legal meaning. Last year, a man from Kiribati, living in New Zealand with his family on an expired visa, applied for asylum based on the threats climate change posed to his shrinking, former island home. His claim was rejected because environmental hazard is not a legally valid reason to be considered for refugee status — the 1951 UN Refugee Convention is restricted to those fleeing persecution, for instance, on the basis of race or religion. And yet, as the sea overwhelms islands, people with no option but to retreat to higher ground in their home countries will need refuge. Migration is a measure of last resort. Adaptation is the priority and while the government of Kiribati is taking steps like building seawalls and improving freshwater management, it has also begun preparing for the harsh prospect that its islands will be completely uninhabitable by the end of the century. It has purchased 6000 acres (24.3 square kilometers) of land in nearby Fiji as an insurance policy, to ensure future food security and possibly even to use as a resettlement site. The government’s website notes that some villagers have already been forced to move inland because of flooding and with land in short supply, “We are in danger of falling off if we keep moving back.” There is also focus on the concept of “ migration with dignity ,” which aims to create opportunities for people to migrate now, before they are forced to, and to ensure young people are given a high standard of education and are equipped with sought-after skills so they can get jobs in neighboring countries such as Australia and New Zealand. Noteworthy is that each of Kiribati’s atolls (ring-shaped coral islands) has a unique underlying geology and while some are rising, others are subsiding as a result of tectonic shifts beneath them. A swollen sea will more swiftly swallow those that are already sinking. Climate change acts as a threat accelerator, exacerbating existing issues. Kiribati already has problems associated with overcrowding. Half of its population of 100,000 people is packed into the capital of South Tarawa, which covers an area of about 16 square kilometers, just 950 meters at its widest point. Because of the multi-causal nature of migration, the difficulty in differentiating “natural disasters” from “climate disasters” and the lack of an international legal framework, forecasts of future “climate refugees” vary markedly. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) puts the range of environmental migrants, those moving both within their countries and across borders, between 25 million and 1 billion people by 2050, with 200 million being the most widely cited figure. IOM author of “ Migration and Climate Change ,” Oli Brown, commented: “There has been a collective, and rather successful, attempt to ignore the scope of the problem… so far there is no ‘home’ for forced climate migrants in the international community, both literally and figuratively.” Climate change migration is a subject that will capture growing attention. The governments of Switzerland and Norway are leading the way forward with the Nansen Initiative , a process intended to build consensus on a protection agenda for people displaced across borders in the context of climate change. And while solutions are sought, the president of Fiji has assured the people of Kiribati that: “Fiji will not turn its back on our neighbours in their hour of need…In a worst case scenario and if all else fails, you will not be refugees.” World Environment Day , on June 5, follows the small island developing states theme, featuring the slogan “Raise your voice, not the sea level.” This World Environment Day brings into focus the fact that, while island states may be on the frontlines of climate change — “ Planet Earth is our shared island .” Topics	i don't know
What country had the Roman name Hibernia?	Ireland not the Hibernia of the Ancients Notes on the Early History of Scotland Ireland not the Hibernia of the Ancients It is a well-known fact that most of the writers who have dealt with the early history of Scotland state that Scotia, the ancient name of this country, was a name applied to Ireland only till the eleventh century. A few writers have maintained that Scotland was the only Scotia; but the opinion seems to be gradually gaining ground, and is now almost universally adopted, that when Scotia is mentioned in the works of writers who lived before the eleventh century, the country they refer to is Ireland. Incredible as it may seem to some persons, the foundation for this belief is very unsatisfactory. It almost entirely rests upon the assumption that Ireland was always called Hibernia; but this is not the case. It is doubtless asserted to have been always so called in a few works of questionable authenticity; but there is, fortunately, plenty of trustworthy testimony to establish the fact that before the eleventh century the island now known with the name of Ireland, and Hibernia were different countries. In addition to this we have the distinct statement of the only early English annalist whose work has apparently escaped the ravages of manipulatinq monks, Ethelwerd, that Ireland was first so called at the beginning of the tenth centnry, and that since the time of Julius Caesar till then it was known by the name of Bretannis. It might be granted that Hibernia and Scotia were names ajplied to one country before the eleventh century without believing that Ireland was ever called Scotia, but there is no trustworthy evidence to show that even this was the case. The writings in which they are made to appear as synonymous names for Ireland, such as Adamnanï¿½s "Life of St. Columba," and Bedeï¿½s "Ecclesiastical History," can be shown to have been manipulated for this purpose. When Ireland first became known by the name of Hibernia it may now be impossible to ascertain but there are good reasons for believing that it was not so called till the twelfth century, when the Roman Church first obtained supremacy there. In the work ascribed to Richard of Cirencester entitled "De Situ Britaunhe," it is certainly distinctly stated that Hibernia was an ancient nanic of Ireland, thus :ï¿½" Having now finished our survey of Albion, we shall describe the neighbouring country, Hibernia or Ireland, with the same brevity. Hibernia is situated more westerly than any other country except England," &c. It was at first believed, on the authority of the compiler, that this was the work of a monk of the fourteenth century, compiled from materials left by a Roman general but it was not published till the year 1757, and it seems never to have been heard of during the 400 years since it was said to have been written. On account of the late date at which it was made known, Pinkerton in his " Enquiry" received it with distrust, but he sometimes quoted it as an authority. Many other writers accepted its information without the shadow of a doubt as to its authenticity. Burton, the author of the "History of Scotland," seems to have been among the first to expose its real character; and it is now generally believed to be a fabrication of the eighteenth century. Dr. Skene considers it an impudent forgery; and he adds, that Horsleyï¿½s Britannia Romana" was published in 1732, before this imposition was practised on the literary world, but the Roman part of Pinkertonï¿½s Enquiry, "Royï¿½s Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain," published in 1793, and Stuartï¿½s Caledonia Romana," are all tainted by it. The reason for publishing the "De Situ Britannia" may have been because Sibbaldï¿½s "Essay on the Thulo of the Ancients," which identified Claudianï¿½s lerne with Strathearn in Scotland, and raised some awkward questions as to how the early history of Scotland had been manipulated, was published sonie time before it. The essay may be seen at the end of Gibsonï¿½s edition of Camdenï¿½s "Britannia," and the arguments produced there in favour of the identification referred to will be found to be sound and to the point. But although the untrustworthy character of Richard of Cirencesters work has been thoroughly exposed, it is still believed that lerne, Hibernia, and Scotia were ancient names of present Ireland, and that the Scots came from that country to Scotland. These beliefs are strongly supported by the "De Situ Britannia;" and it is remarkable that they were not looked upon with suspicion when the work was found to be a forgery. Ancient Scottish history has been otherwise unfairly treated. It has been seized upon by the anrialists of England, Ireland, and Wales, and even the historians of the Continent of Europe have apparently nibbled now and again at this inviting morsel. This is not all. The best of the early historians of Scotland, Fordun, or his continuator Bower, and Boece, or an authority whom he frequently quotes, Veresnund, have surrounded the history of their native country with such a mist of fiction and perverted names, that it is difficult to get at the clear and unclouded truth. There is a possibility, however, of reaching many of the fragments which have been taken hold of by other countries, and after divesting them of the falsehood in which they are generally embedded, to place them in their right position. It is also possible to eliminate much of the fiction from the pages of the native historians, and to identify many of the Perverted names which appear in their works; and thus the early history of Scotland can in some degree be reconstructed on a more sound foundation. Thomas Innes, in his Essay on the "Ancient Inhabitants of Scotland," was the first who effectually assailed the fabulous history put into shape by Fordun or Bower, and Boece or Veremund, and exposed its real character. Pinkerton in his "Enquiry" was the first to attempt a reconstruction, and he was followed by Chalmers in his "Caledonia," but both these works were still partly founded on untrustworthy materials. The latest and most successful attempt will be found in Robertsonï¿½s "Scotland under her Early Kings," Burtonï¿½s History of Scotland," vols. i. and ii., new edition, and especially in Dr. Skeneï¿½s "Celtic Scotland." The last writer has perhaps done more than all the other writers named put together to place the early history of Scotland on a sounder basis; and his opinion on some of the difficulties connected with the task, on the spurious materials which have been circulated as Scottish history, and on the way in which the works of the ancient annalists have been manipulated, is valuable and interesting. Some of these opinions are given below:- What may be called the Celtic period of Scottish history has been peculiarly the field of a fabulous narrative of no ordinary perplexity; but while the origin of these fables can be very distinctly traced to the rivalry and ambition of ecclesiastical establishments and church parties, and to the great national controversy excited by the claim of England to a feudal supremacy over Scotland, still each period of its early history will be found not to be without sources of information, slender and meagre as they no doubt are, but possessing indications of substantial truth, from which some perception of its real character can be obtained! The following passage seems to indicate that the Continental historians have appropriated a part of the early Scottish history. The statement by Gildas that the Saxons came on the invitation of a leader of the Britons, who is called Guorthegirn by later writers, "seems to find its counterpart in the invitation given to the barbarians to invade Gaul and Britain by Gerontius, a Count of Britain in the service of Constantine, in the year 407; and in the later form of the tradition they are certainly identifled." Gaul was the ancient name of a part of the country to the north of the wall of Antonine; and when Constantine revolted, or usurped the command of the Roman troops in Britain, he is said to have been besieged by one of Stilichoï¿½s generals in Valentia, which is supposed to have been on the Continent. But there was a Valentia in Britain also; and there is good reason for believing that it was the name for the district north of the wall of Antonine, and that it included Gaul, where Constantine is said to have landed after his revolt. Is it not more likely, then, that this was the Gaul and Valentia where Constantineï¿½s exploits were carried on? There can be no doubt regarding Gildasï¿½ statement about the invasion of the Saxons; it is corroborated by every later writer who touches upon the subject. And therefore it may be reasonably concluded that this episode in the history of Scotland has been appropriated by the Continental historians, unless we are to believe that the same series of events was happening at the same time on the Continent and in the neighbourhood of the Firth of Forth. The following passages show how the early Scottish history has been manipulated:- By all the chronicles compiled subsequent to the eleventh century, Alpin, son of Eochaidh, is made the last of the kings of Dalriada; but the century of Dalriadic history which follows his death in 741 is suppressed, and his reign is brought down to the end of the century by the insertion of spurious kings. The true era of the genuine kings who reigned over Dalriada can be ascertained by the earlier lists given by Flann Mainistroch and the Albanic Duan in the eleventh century, and the annals of Tighernac and of Ulster, which are in entire harmony with each other. . . . There is, unfortunately, a hiatus in the Annals of Tighernac from the year 765 to the year 973.ï¿½ The list of Pictish kings in the later chronicles bears marks of having been manipulated for a purpose also. In his work on "Celtic Scotland," Dr. Skene usually quotes the "Annals of the Four Masters" for the events in Irish history which concern the history of Scotland, as it is the most complete chronicle which Ireland possesses; but as it was compiled as late as the seventeenth century, and the authority for some of the events is not given, he does not accept it as an independent authority, and considers the events which are not found elsewhere open to suspicion. As an instance of the latter, he says, The Annals record the death of Somhairle MacGiliadomnan, Ri Innsigall, at 1083. This was Somerled, Hegulus of Argyll, whose death really took place in 1166." Several instances are also given of the appropriation of early Scottish history as Irish history by this work. One of the best is the battle between Aedh and Ciniod, recorded by the Ulster Annals to have taken place in Fortrenn in Scotland. The Annals of the Fonr Masters record this as a battle between Aedh and Cinaedh, son of Flann, Leinster men, where Aedh was slain; but there was no place called Fortrenn in Leinster." Another instance of the perversion of Scottish history by this work may be given from Reevesï¿½ edition of "Adamnanï¿½s Life of St. Columba." It is as follows:- "The earliest authentic account of anything like diocesan episcopacy in Scotland is the entry in the Four Masters at 961: ï¿½Fothadh, son of Bran, scribe, and bishop of Innsi-Alban;ï¿½ that is, of the Isles of Scotland." This entry is supplied by the Four Masters only. The Pictish Chronicle has, 'Fothadh episcopus pausavit.ï¿½ In the supplement to Fordun is an account of the bishops of Kilreymonth or St. Andrews, where we find the following: ï¿½Primus, ut reperi, qui Fothad,ï¿½" &c. Which are we to believe? the "Four Masters," an Irish work of the seventeenth century, on the one side, or " Fordunï¿½s Annals," an earlier and a Scottish work, and the Pictish Chronicle, a still earlier authority, on the other side ? PINKERTONï¿½S PROOFS IN FAVOUR OF IRELAND BEING CALLED SCOTLAND REVIEWED. In most of tHe histories of Scotland, it is affirmed that the name of Scotia or Scotland originally belonged to Ireland, as already stated, and that present Scotland was not so called till the eleventh century. Most of the historians are content with the simple statement that such was the case, without giving any proofs in support of the assumption. One recent writer on the early history of Scotland does indeed give a few proofs; bUt the best array of them is found in Pinkertonï¿½s "Enquiry into the History of Scotland Preceding the Reign of Malcolm ill.;" and it is possibly on the basis supplied by him that the writers who believe that Ireland was once called Scotia rest their faith. Examined by the light of recent research, however, these proofs do not hear the interpretation put upon them; and it is necessary in the interests of justice that their fallacious character should be exposed. In doing so, each proof will be examined by itself. The proofs are brought forward in the "Enquiry" in a chapter devoted to the origin of the name Scotland.ï¿½ They all proceed upon the assumption that Hibernia was the ancient name of Ireland, although only one of the authors cited, Orosius, identifies the western island with the country he designates Hibernia. But this writer cannot be taken as an authority on such a matter unsupported by more reliable evidence. Pinkertonï¿½s first duty was to prove that Hibernia was the ancient name of the country now known by the name of Ireland, before he undertook to prove that Scotia was an ancient name for the same country. In the first volume of the "Enquiry," when speaking of the references in early Greek and Roman writers to Britain, he does attempt to do this, but the proofs he brings forward in support of it are by no means clear; in fact, they are contradictory, as will be shown below, when an endeavour will be made to prove that Iceland or Scotland was the ancient Hibernia. There is apparently reason for believing that Hibernia was sometimes called Scotia, or vice versa, by early writers; but it is quite a different assertion to say that present Ireland was also called Scotia. The chapter containing the proofs begins thus :ï¿½ "That the name Scotia or Scotland originally belonged to Ireland, and continued to belong to that country alone till a late period, begins now to be acknowledged even by the most prejudiced Scottish writers. This fact clearly appears from the following numerous authorities, while that the names Scoti, Scotia, were ever applied to the present Scots and Scotland before the reign of Malcolm II. or beginning of the eleventh century, not one authority can be produced. The first mention of the name Piks is by Eumcnius the panegyrist, who says, as fully quoted, part iii. chap. i., that before the time of Julius Ceasar, Britain, that is, the part of Britain south of the Forth and Clyde, or Roman Britain, was only invaded by the Piks and Irish, Pictio mode et Hibevitia. This was written in the year 296 and the name of Scots was still unknown. For as the Britons, before they knew the indigenal appellation of the Picts, termed them Caledonians: so before they knew the indigenal name of that superior people in Ireland whose warlike spirit burst upon them, they called them Hiberni or Irish, from the name of the island. So in later times the pirates of Scandinavia were all called Normans before the indigenal names of Danes, Norwegians. Swedes came to be known." This opening passage requires several comments. In the first place, it shows that his arguments are based upon false premises. That the Irish were known by the name of Hiberni, or that their country was called Hibernia, when Eumenius wrote, is assumed to have been the case without any good authority, Of course in the interpolated writers and the legends of the bards it is made to appear that Ireland was called Hibernia soon after the creation, but no reliable authority can be got for the fact earlier than the twelfth century. Besides, we have the distinct assurance of a writer of the eleventh century, Ethelwerd, that Ireland previously to that period was called Bretannis. With regard to the name Hibernis being an indigenal name for the Irish at the time Enmenius wrote. Pinkerton is wrong also. In most, if not all, the ancient Irish MS., when the natives are alluded to, they are called men of En or Erin. Hibernis was not even a foreign name for the Irish before the twelfth century. Several Roman, Spanish, and English writers appear to use it in this connection, but their works have evidently been tampered with; and they are contradicted on this point by writers who escaped that plague, who all place Hibernia to the north of Britain. Continuing his proofs, Pinkerton adds:- "But the name of Scots is first mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus at the year 360, and not as belonging to most ancient times, as Eumenius mentions that of Picti but as present and immediate under that year. In Britaniis com Scotorum, Pictorumqu, gentiam ferarum cecurus, &c. Thus on the very first mention of the name Scotti, it is joined with that of Picti, just as Hiberni had been sixty-four years before by Eumenius. This, cornpared with the subsequent authorities, affords a clear inference that, from the very first, Hiberni and Scotti were synonymous; that Ireland was Scotia, and the Irish Scoti. Indeed it is risible to see some of our writers suppose that such a small country as Scotland could suffice for two grand nations, the Piks and Scots while England had but one, the Britanni; Gaul but Galli; Spain only Hispani. Do they imagine that the noble island of Ireland, a country superior in size, and far more in fertility and population to Scotland, was quite invisible to the Romans, or that by another miracle the inhabitants of a country so very near Britain never invaded this island? At 364 Ammianus mentions Picti Saxonesque et Scotti et Attacotti. At 368, Picti, Attacotti, and Scotti. The former passage no more implies the Scots to have been settled in Britain than the Saxons. And the Attacotti, or, as shown above, those Scots who settled in Pictland, are specially distinguished from tho Scotti proper, or those of Ireland." Here again we have a fine example of arguing in a circle. The inference from the passages cited, compared with later writersï¿½ sayings, that Hiberni and Scotti were synonymous names for the same people, is just and true; but neither the words of Emenius nor those of Amminnus give any ground for concluding that "Ireland was Scotia, and the Irish Scoti." It is scarcely worth while to notice the nonsense that follows about the grand nations. Nobody surely irnagines that Ireland was unknown in the time of Ammianus, but some people believe and say that ancient Irish history has been so obscured by a mass of fables that the true name and condition of its inhabitants at that period have been lost sight of, Ammianusï¿½ mention on the Saxons at 364 might certainly give colour to the suggestion that is thrown out regarding it; but it might also imply that the Picts were not settled in Britain either. As he mentions both Picts and Scots together at 360, 364, and 368, while he only names the Saxons once, this goes far to support the belief that the Picts and Scots were both settled in North Britain at the time of which he is writing. Our authorï¿½s second proof is easily disposed of. It is as follows :ï¿½"Ethicus, the cosmographer, or whoever wrote the work in his name, belongs to time same period; and says, Hibernia a Scotorum. gentibus Colitureï¿½, ï¿½Ireland is inhabited by the nations of the Scots." This is open to the same objection as the preceding. Although there is no reason to disbelieve Ethicusï¿½ assertion that Hibernia was inhabited by Scots at the time he wrote, this does not necessarily imply that Ireland was also peopled by them. It is very likely that Iceland was inhabited by Scots at the time Ethicus wrote, as an opportunity may afterwards be taken to show, and that this was the Hibernia of that writer. His third proof tells against; rather than in favour of, his theory:- Claudian also, about the year 390, has this line,Scotorum cumulos flevit glacialus Ierne,ï¿½ Icy Ireland wept the slaughtered heaps of Scots.ï¿½ And again, ï¿½ Totum cum Scotus lernum movit,ï¿½ When the Scot moves all Ireland.ï¿½ No reader needs to be told that Ierne is the Greek name of Ireland; and all interpreters, Barthius, Gesner. &c., agree in this. Noteï¿½Claudian errs in supposing Ireland a very cold country. He only judged from its northern situation. Those among us who have dreamed of Strath-Erne, a valley in Scotland, only show that national prejudice, like that overweening self-love from which it really springs, is a species of fanaticism." It has to be remarked here that an author living in the eighteenth century convicts an author of the fourth century of a mistake in describing lerne as icy or cold. Writers of Claudianï¿½s time no doubt made mistakes like other people, but it is probable that many of those attributed to them are only erroneous conclusions of people who cannot possibly have anything approaching to the opportunities of knowing the names and condition of countries in ancient times which they had. But let us try to find out whether Claudian was really mistaken when he called lerne cold. Strabo, a contemporary of Julius Ceasar, and an eminent Greek geographer, says, as quoted below, that the temperature of lerne was so cold that it was scarcely possible to exist in it, and that the people who lived there "lived miserably and like savages on account of the cold." We learn from" Chambersï¿½s Encyclopedia" (Art. Strabo) that Strabo makes copious use of his predecessors, and quotes Julius Ceasar. If he had dissented from that writer regarding the temperature of Hibernia, which was the Roman name of the island known to the Greeks as lerne, he would have said so, as he does when speaking of the situation assigned to Thule by Pytheas. It may be taken for granted, therefore, that Strabo and Julius Ceasar and other writers who place Ierne and Hibernia north of Britain considered it a cold country, and that Claudian was right in calling lerne icy. Whether Claudian was refering to Iceland or to Scotland by the name of lerne is somewhat uncertain. Iceland answers better to the term icy and to Straboï¿½s description of lerne, while Scotland would harnronise better with the context of Clandianï¿½s narrative. Perhaps both countries were called lerne by the Greeks and Hibernia by the Romans. There is direct and reliable testimony to prove that Scotland was once called Eyryn, a name still surviving in Strath-Earn, and, notwithstanding Pinkertonï¿½s jesting remarks, this is evidently the district which would be moved by the Scots, and which wept over them when killed by the Romans, probably in this very valley of the Earn. The following proof is the only one in favour of Pinkertonï¿½s theory, but it will be found to he worthless ;ï¿½" In the next century Orosius has Hibernia insula inter Britannium et Hispaniam.... a Scotorum gentibus colitur. Ireland, an island between Britain arid Spain, . . . is inhabited by the Scotch nations.ï¿½ The letters of St. Patrick, published by Usher, also clearly mark the Scoti in Ireland only. The Scots to whom Patrick was sent are perfectly known to have been the Irish.ï¿½ The quotation from the works of Orosius is the only instance cited which clearly identifies Ireland with the Hibernia of the ancients. As it is contradicted by several more authentic arid reliable writers, it is probably an interpolation of the monks. Orosiusï¿½ work is said to be a trivial, inaccurate, uncritical miscellany of facts, culled from such second-rate authorities as Justin and Eutropius. The letters of St. Patrick mark the Scoti in Hibernia not in Ireland, and that the Scots to whom he was sent were the Irish, there is no evidence of a satisfactory nature to show, as an opportunity may afterwards be taken to prove. It is significant to find that Orosius and Eusebius are the only two writers who state that the wall built by Severus was 132 miles long. To those acquainted with the subject it is well known what an amount of controversy this statement has caused. Many writers have even identified Hadrianï¿½s wall as the one built by Severus on the strength of it; but Dr. Skene, founding upon the older authorities, Aurelius Victor, Eutropius, and especially Spartian, fixes its site near the wall of Antonine. It is only by ignoring the testimony of Orosius and Eusebius that he has been enabled to fix upon its true site.ï¿½ It is worth remarking that if the passage of Spartian referring to Severusï¿½ wall had been lost, it would have been impossible to have done this, and it may thus be seen how the history of Scotland could otherwise be tampered with than by fabrication. Large portions of the works of ancient authors referring to Britain are said to have been lost, but when account is taken of the extensive manipulation which the early history of Scotland has undergone, is it not more likely that they have been destroyed? There is a part of Amniianusï¿½ work lost which Pinkerton believed would have done a great deal to elucidate the early history of Scotland. Pinkertonï¿½s next proof is as follows :ï¿½"In the sixth century, Cogitosus, author of the Life of St. Brigid, as quoted by Usher, sufficiently evidences in different places the Scots to be Irish. Gildas marks the Picts as invading the Britons ab aguilone, ï¿½from the north,ï¿½ the Scots, a circio, ï¿½from the north-west.ï¿½ For they always passed from the north of Ireland to join the Picts; but no part of present Scotland is on the north-west of Roman Britain, latterly extending to the Clyde." Not having seen Usherï¿½s quotations front the Life of St. Brigid it is impossible to deal with this sentence further than by saying, that had the evidences there given been stronger than those already produced, they would have been transcribed by Pinkerton. The west of Scotland is sometimes represented as the place where the Scots first settled in Scotland, but no trustworthy evidence in favour of such a view is forthcoming; and if the words a circio refer to the north-west, this is not the only place where Gildasï¿½ works present an appearance of having been tampered with. There is some uncertainty, however, as to what direction a cireco points, and it is therefore not improbable that it was an ancient term for the north-east, to which part of Scotland all the reliable evidence points as being the first settlement of the Scots in that country. The next proof is as follows:ï¿½"In the seventh age Isidorus is most explicit, Scotia cadem et Hibernia proxima , Britannia insula. Scotia, the same as Ireland, an island very near Britain.ï¿½ Adamnan, in his Life of Columba, confirms the same throughout, for Columba sails from Scotia to Britain and Hyona and from thence to Scotia, &c., &c., &c." The same unwarranted identification of Ireland with Hibernia is here repeated, and it is needless to do more than notice it. This passage of Isidorus might be taken to refer to Iceland, as Hibernia is there called an island. But it will be afterwards shown that Scotland, north of the firths of Forth and Clyde, was considered to be an island at a much later period than Isidorusï¿½ time; and it is clearly separated by water from the country south of these firths, which comprehended the Britain of the ancients, in maps of the sixteenth or seventeenth century. Hibernia is said to be first mentioned as being called Scotia by Isidore of Seville in 580; but the following quotation will show that there is a probability of the statement being an interpolated passage, especially when taken in conjunction with the fact that no author of any repute confirms it. Of course it would not affect the point at issueï¿½that present Ireland was called Scotiaï¿½even if it were the case, but the silence of all the best of the ancient writers, who would have been acquainted with such a fact had it been true, is remarkable. It is a significant fact that a spurious compilation called Isidorian Deeretals was introduced under the name of Isidore of Seville as a part of the genuine collection known as his. In all these Decretals there is a strong and systematic assumption of the Papal supremacy, Although the author, the place, and the date of this singular forgery are still matter of uncertainty, ï¿½ It is impossible,ï¿½ says Dean Milnian, ï¿½to deny that, at least by citing without reserve or hesitation, the Roman pontiffs gave their deliberate sanction to this great historic fraud.ï¿½ It would be what might be expected that Isidore as well as Orosius, another Spanish historian, should identify Scotia and ancient Hibernia with present Ireland, for their works could easily have been manipulated to suit the views of those who tampered with the ancient history of Ireland and Scotland.	Ireland
Which superhero has a butler named Alfred?	Celtic tribes of the Britain and Ireland Blood of the Celts (2015). S. Schiffels et al., Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomesfrom East England reveal British migration history, bioRxiv preprint 17 July 2015. Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters , J. L. Berggren and A. Jones (2000), pp. 3, 23-24. Pliny the Elder, , book 4, chapter 30; J.B. Harley and D.Woodward, The History of Cartography Cartography in prehistoric, ancient, and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (1987), p.192; D.W. Roller, Through the pillars of Herakles: Greco-Roman exploration of the Atlantic (2006), p. 28; P. Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World (2001). For Britain Pytheas via Strabo uses Bretannikē as a feminine noun, although its form is that of an adjective. Pliny uses Britannia, with Britanniae meaning all the islands, the Britains . Diodorus, writing in Greek, has Brettanikēnēsos, the British Island , and Brettanoi, the British . Ptolemy, also writing in Greek, has Bretania and Bretanikai nēsoi. However manuscript variants offer an intial P- alternating with B-. The name learned by Pytheas was probably Pretania or Pritannia, corresponding to the Welsh Ynys Prydein, the island of Britain , and the Irish Q-Celtic Cruithen. A. Woolf, From Pictland to Alba 789-1070 (2007), pp. 122, 125-6. T. Moore, Detribalizing the later prehistoric past: concepts of tribes in Iron Age and Roman studies, Journal of Social Archaeology , vol. 11, no. 3 (2011), pp. 334-360. D. Harding, Redefining the Northern British Iron Age, Oxford Journal of Archaeology , vol. 25, no. 1 (2006), pp. 61-82. J. T. Koch, An Atlas for Celtic Studies (2007), pp. 110-1. C. Waddington et al., Excavations at Fin Cop, Derbyshire: An Iron Age Hillfort in Conflict?, Archaeological Journal , vol. 169, no.1 (2012), pp. 159-236. A. Pickstone and R. Mortimer, War Ditches, Cherry Hinton: Revisiting an Iron Age Hillfort, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society , vol. 101 (2012), pp. 31–59. A. Konstam, illus. P. Bull, The Forts of Celtic Britain (2006), p. 14; D. ï¿½ Crï¿½inï¿½n (ed.), A New History of Ireland, vol 1: Prehistoric and early Ireland (2005), pp. 162-3. The Ecclesiastical History of the British People , ed. J. McClure and R. Collins (1994), p. 10. J.T. Koch (ed.), Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia (2006), p. 831. Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia (2006), pp. 1444-8, 1592-3; Alex Woolf, From Pictland to Alba: 789 - 1070 , (2007), pp. 320-340; Vï¿½clav Blažek, On the position of Gaulish within Celtic from the point of view of glottochronology, Indogermanische Forschungen J. T. Koch, An Atlas for Celtic Studies (2007), p. 18; Paul Russell, chapter 12 in D. ï¿½ Crï¿½inï¿½n (ed.) , A New History of Ireland , vol 1: Prehistoric and early Ireland (2005), pp. 410-11. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, Linguistically Celtic ethnonyms: towards a classification, In Juan Luis Garcia Alonso (ed.), Celtic and Other Languages in Ancient Europe , pp. 101-118. Ediciones Universidad Salamanca 2008. P. Dark, Climate deterioration and land-use change in the first millennium BC: perspectives from the British palynological record, Journal of Archaeological Science , vol. 33, no. 10 (October 2006), pp. 1381-1395. J. T. Koch, An Atlas for Celtic Studies (2007), p. 21 and maps 15.2-8.	i don't know
What is Hypnophobia the fear of?	The Phobia List Amaxophobia- Fear of riding in a car. Ambulophobia- Fear of walking. Amychophobia- Fear of scratches or being scratched. Anablephobia- Fear of looking up. Ancraophobia- Fear of wind. (Anemophobia) Androphobia- Fear of men. Anemophobia- Fear of air drafts or wind.(Ancraophobia) Anginophobia- Fear of angina, choking or narrowness. Anglophobia- Fear of England or English culture, etc. Angrophobia - Fear of anger or of becoming angry. Ankylophobia- Fear of immobility of a joint. Anthrophobia or Anthophobia- Fear of flowers. Anthropophobia- Fear of people or society. Antlophobia- Fear of floods. Anuptaphobia- Fear of staying single. Apeirophobia- Fear of infinity. Aphenphosmphobia- Fear of being touched. (Haphephobia) Apiphobia- Fear of bees. Apotemnophobia- Fear of persons with amputations. Arachibutyrophobia- Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. Arachnephobia or Arachnophobia- Fear of spiders. Arithmophobia- Fear of numbers. Cainophobia or Cainotophobia- Fear of newness, novelty. Caligynephobia- Fear of beautiful women. Cancerophobia or Carcinophobia- Fear of cancer. Cardiophobia- Fear of the heart. Carnophobia- Fear of meat. Catagelophobia- Fear of being ridiculed. Catapedaphobia- Fear of jumping from high and low places. Cathisophobia- Fear of sitting. Cenophobia or Centophobia- Fear of new things or ideas. Ceraunophobia or Keraunophobia- Fear of thunder and lightning.(Astraphobia, Astrapophobia) Chaetophobia- Fear of hair. Cheimaphobia or Cheimatophobia- Fear of cold.(Frigophobia, Psychophobia) Chemophobia- Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals. Cherophobia- Fear of gaiety. Chiraptophobia- Fear of being touched. Chirophobia- Fear of hands. Cholerophobia- Fear of anger or the fear of cholera. Chorophobia- Fear of dancing. Chrometophobia or Chrematophobia- Fear of money. Chromophobia or Chromatophobia- Fear of colors. Chronophobia- Fear of time. Cibophobia- Fear of food.(Sitophobia, Sitiophobia) Claustrophobia- Fear of confined spaces. Cleithrophobia or Cleisiophobia- Fear of being locked in an enclosed place. Cleptophobia- Fear of stealing. Climacophobia- Fear of stairs, climbing, or of falling downstairs. Clinophobia- Fear of going to bed. Clithrophobia or Cleithrophobia- Fear of being enclosed. Cnidophobia- Fear of stings. Decidophobia- Fear of making decisions. Defecaloesiophobia- Fear of painful bowels movements. Deipnophobia- Fear of dining or dinner conversations. Dementophobia- Fear of insanity. Demonophobia or Daemonophobia- Fear of demons. Demophobia- Fear of crowds. (Agoraphobia) Dendrophobia- Fear of trees. Dermatophobia- Fear of skin lesions. Dermatosiophobia or Dermatophobia or Dermatopathophobia- Fear of skin disease. Dextrophobia- Fear of objects at the right side of the body. Diabetophobia- Fear of diabetes. Didaskaleinophobia- Fear of going to school. Dikephobia- Fear of justice. Dinophobia- Fear of dizziness or whirlpools. Diplophobia- Fear of double vision. Dipsophobia- Fear of drinking. Dishabiliophobia- Fear of undressing in front of someone. Disposophobia- Fear of throwing stuff out. Hoarding. Domatophobia- Fear of houses or being in a house.(Eicophobia, Oikophobia) Doraphobia- Fear of fur or skins of animals. Doxophobia- Fear of expressing opinions or of receiving praise. Dromophobia- Fear of crossing streets. Dutchphobia- Fear of the Dutch. Dysmorphophobia- Fear of deformity. Hagiophobia- Fear of saints or holy things. Hamartophobia- Fear of sinning. Haphephobia or Haptephobia- Fear of being touched. Harpaxophobia- Fear of being robbed. Hedonophobia- Fear of feeling pleasure. Heliophobia- Fear of the sun. Hellenologophobia- Fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology. Helminthophobia- Fear of being infested with worms. Hemophobia or Hemaphobia or Hematophobia- Fear of blood. Heresyphobia or Hereiophobia- Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation. Herpetophobia- Fear of reptiles or creepy, crawly things. Heterophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Sexophobia) Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia- Fear of the number 666. Hierophobia- Fear of priests or sacred things. Hippophobia- Fear of horses. Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia- Fear of long words. Hobophobia- Fear of bums or beggars. Hodophobia- Fear of road travel. Hormephobia- Fear of shock. Homophobia- Fear of sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual. Hoplophobia- Fear of firearms. Hydrargyophobia- Fear of mercurial medicines. Hydrophobia- Fear of water or of rabies. Hydrophobophobia- Fear of rabies. Hyelophobia or Hyalophobia- Fear of glass. Hygrophobia- Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture. Hylephobia- Fear of materialism or the fear of epilepsy. Hylophobia- Fear of forests. Hypengyophobia or Hypegiaphobia- Fear of responsibility. Hypnophobia- Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized. Hypsiphobia- Fear of height. Iatrophobia- Fear of going to the doctor or of doctors. Ichthyophobia- Fear of fish. Illyngophobia- Fear of vertigo or feeling dizzy when looking down. Iophobia- Fear of poison. Isolophobia- Fear of solitude, being alone. Isopterophobia- Fear of termites, insects that eat wood. Ithyphallophobia- Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis. Metrophobia- Fear or hatred of poetry. Microbiophobia- Fear of microbes. (Bacillophobia) Microphobia- Fear of small things. Misophobia or Mysophobia- Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs. Mnemophobia- Fear of memories. Molysmophobia or Molysomophobia- Fear of dirt or contamination. Monophobia- Fear of solitude or being alone. Monopathophobia- Fear of definite disease. Motorphobia- Fear of automobiles. Musophobia or Muriphobia- Fear of mice. Mycophobia- Fear or aversion to mushrooms. Mycrophobia- Fear of small things. Myctophobia- Fear of darkness. Mythophobia- Fear of myths or stories or false statements. Myxophobia- Fear of slime. (Blennophobia) Nebulaphobia- Fear of fog. (Homichlophobia) Necrophobia- Fear of death or dead things. Nelophobia- Fear of glass. Neopharmaphobia- Fear of new drugs. Neophobia- Fear of anything new. Nephophobia- Fear of clouds. Noctiphobia- Fear of the night. Nomatophobia- Fear of names. Nosophobia or Nosemaphobia- Fear of becoming ill. Nostophobia- Fear of returning home. Novercaphobia- Fear of your step-mother. Nucleomituphobia- Fear of nuclear weapons. Nudophobia- Fear of nudity. Nyctohylophobia- Fear of dark wooded areas or of forests at night Nyctophobia- Fear of the dark or of night. If you appreciate the Phobia List, please help support it. Obesophobia- Fear of gaining weight.(Pocrescophobia) Ochlophobia- Fear of crowds or mobs. Ochophobia- Fear of vehicles. Octophobia - Fear of the figure 8. Odontophobia- Fear of teeth or dental surgery. Odynophobia or Odynephobia- Fear of pain. (Algophobia) Oenophobia- Fear of wines. Oikophobia- Fear of home surroundings, house.(Domatophobia, Eicophobia) Olfactophobia- Fear of smells. Ombrophobia- Fear of rain or of being rained on. Ommetaphobia or Ommatophobia- Fear of eyes. Omphalophobia- Fear of belly buttons. Oneirophobia- Fear of dreams. Oneirogmophobia- Fear of wet dreams. Onomatophobia- Fear of hearing a certain word or of names. Ophidiophobia- Fear of snakes. (Snakephobia) Ophthalmophobia- Fear of being stared at. Opiophobia- Fear medical doctors experience of prescribing needed pain medications for patients. Optophobia- Fear of opening one's eyes. Ornithophobia- Fear of birds. Osmophobia or Osphresiophobia- Fear of smells or odors. Ostraconophobia- Fear of shellfish. Peladophobia- Fear of bald people. Pellagrophobia- Fear of pellagra. Pentheraphobia- Fear of mother-in-law. (Novercaphobia) Phagophobia- Fear of swallowing or of eating or of being eaten. Phalacrophobia- Fear of becoming bald. Phallophobia- Fear of a penis, esp erect. Pharmacophobia- Fear of taking medicine. Phasmophobia- Fear of ghosts. Phengophobia- Fear of daylight or sunshine. Philemaphobia or Philematophobia- Fear of kissing. Philophobia- Fear of falling in love or being in love. Philosophobia- Fear of philosophy. Photoaugliaphobia- Fear of glaring lights. Photophobia- Fear of light. Phonophobia- Fear of noises or voices or one's own voice; of telephones. Phronemophobia- Fear of thinking. Phthiriophobia- Fear of lice. (Pediculophobia) Phthisiophobia- Fear of tuberculosis. Sarmassophobia- Fear of love play. (Malaxophobia) Satanophobia- Fear of Satan. Scatophobia- Fear of fecal matter. Scelerophibia- Fear of bad men, burglars. Sciophobia Sciaphobia- Fear of shadows. Scoleciphobia- Fear of worms. Scopophobia or Scoptophobia- Fear of being seen or stared at. Scotomaphobia- Fear of blindness in visual field. Scotophobia- Fear of darkness. (Achluophobia) Scriptophobia- Fear of writing in public. Selachophobia- Fear of sharks. Selaphobia- Fear of light flashes. Selenophobia- Fear of the moon. Seplophobia- Fear of decaying matter. Sesquipedalophobia- Fear of long words. Sexophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Heterophobia) Siderodromophobia- Fear of trains, railroads or train travel. Siderophobia- Fear of stars. Sinistrophobia- Fear of things to the left or left-handed. Sinophobia- Fear of Chinese, Chinese culture. Sitophobia or Sitiophobia- Fear of food or eating. (Cibophobia) Snakephobia- Fear of snakes. (Ophidiophobia) Soceraphobia- Fear of parents-in-law. Social Phobia- Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations. Sociophobia- Fear of society or people in general. Somniphobia- Fear of sleep. Soteriophobia - Fear of dependence on others. Spacephobia- Fear of outer space. Spectrophobia- Fear of specters or ghosts. Spermatophobia or Spermophobia- Fear of germs. Spheksophobia- Fear of wasps. Stasibasiphobia or Stasiphobia- Fear of standing or walking. (Ambulophobia) Staurophobia- Fear of crosses or the crucifix. Stenophobia- Fear of narrow things or places. Stygiophobia or Stigiophobia- Fear of hell. Suriphobia- Fear of mice. Taeniophobia or Teniophobia- Fear of tapeworms. Taphephobia Taphophobia- Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries. Tapinophobia- Fear of being contagious. Taurophobia- Fear of bulls. Teleophobia- 1) Fear of definite plans. 2) Religious ceremony. Telephonophobia- Fear of telephones. Teratophobia- Fear of bearing a deformed child or fear of monsters or deformed people. Testophobia- Fear of taking tests. Tetanophobia- Fear of lockjaw, tetanus. Teutophobia- Fear of German or German things. Textophobia- Fear of certain fabrics. Thaasophobia- Fear of sitting. Thalassophobia- Fear of the sea. Thanatophobia or Thantophobia- Fear of death or dying. Theatrophobia- Fear of theatres. Theophobia- Fear of gods or religion. Thermophobia- Fear of heat. Tocophobia- Fear of pregnancy or childbirth. Tomophobia- Fear of surgical operations. Tonitrophobia- Fear of thunder. Topophobia- Fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright. Toxiphobia or Toxophobia or Toxicophobia- Fear of poison or of being accidently poisoned. Traumatophobia- Fear of injury.	Sleep
What famous person has the real name of Eldrick Woods?	Hypnophobia \| Define Hypnophobia at Dictionary.com hypnophobia hypnophobia hyp·no·pho·bi·a (hĭp'nə-fō'bē-ə) n. An abnormal fear of falling asleep. hyp'no·pho'bic adj. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.	i don't know
What is Fred Flintstone's wife called?	Fred Flintstone \| The Flintstones \| Fandom powered by Wikia Personality and occupation Fred and Barney in Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas. Fred's personality was based on that of Ralph Kramden of the 1950s television series The Honeymooners and Chester A. Riley from The Life of Riley. Thus, much like Ralph, Fred tends to be loud-mouthed, aggressive, and constantly scheming ways to improve his family's working class lot in life, often with unintended results. Archie Bunker of All in the Family & Archie Bunker's Place and George Jefferson of The Jeffersons also have similar personalities based on Fred Flintstone. Fred is a typical blue-collar worker, who works as a "bronto crane operator" at Slate Rock and Gravel Company (also known as Rockhead and Quarry Cave Construction Company in the earliest episodes). However, when their children become teenagers, Fred and Barney join the Bedrock police force. Fred and Barney even coached two baseball teams as well. The Flintstone family came from "Arkenstone" where they had been engaged in a feud with the "Hatrock" family which had been caused by an ancestor of Fred's making a wisecrack of a Hatrock family portrait ("I don't know what the artist got for doing that painting but he should have gotten life"). In " The Bedrock Hillbillies ", the feud is ended when Fred helps save a Hatrock baby (and Pebbles) from going over a waterfall only to start up again when Fred makes the very same wisecrack. In " The Hatrocks and the Gruesomes ", when the "Hatrock" family visited the Flintstone family and being friends, until when Bug Music was played & the Hatrocks can't stand the Bug Music. The last of the Arkenstone Flintstones was Fred's Great-uncle Zeke Flintstone. Other Flintstone relatives were Giggles Flintstone - a rich eccentric practical joker whose jokes drive Fred into a mad rage; an "Uncle Tex" and his sister "Aunt Jamima". Fred in Flintstones the Movie. Fred's interests include bowling, playing pool, poker and lounging around the house, and playing golf. At the first two of these, he is very skilled, as seen in one of the episodes where he plays against Wilma's unsuspecting mother. Fred has won championships with his incredible bowling skills. In " Bowling Ballet ", he goes so far as to take ballet lessons in order to improve his game which led to his nickname "Twinkletoes". The nickname of "Twinkletoes" stuck with him when Fred attended a local college and became eligible to play on their football team, and it became his call sign. Fred is also an excellent golfer. In " The Golf Champion ", he wins the championship only to have Barney repossess the winning trophy cup because Fred is behind in his dues. Fred, like Barney, was also a member of the Loyal Order of Water Buffalos Lodge (named "the Loyal Order of Dinosaurs" in an early episode). Fred also has a serious gambling problem; the mere mention of the word "bet" causes Fred to stammer "bet" over and over again and go on gambling binges. The original series had several stories regarding TV with Fred as a dupe. In one, Fred makes a fool of himself trying to give Wilma acting lessons after she wins a TV appearance – only for the only part of her to appear on TV is her hands. In another, when Fred wins a TV appearance he tries to act like a "Stage parent" - until he comes down with stage fright. A third time Fred appears on a TV commercial in a non speaking role as a "before" picture of a person before going on a diet. Once, Fred even appeared in a movie, but merely as a stunt double. Fred's catchphrase "Yabba-Dabba-Doo!" (originally derived from the Brylcreem advertising jingle motto "A Little Dab'll Do Ya!"), becomes the subject of a song by Hoagy Carmichael that the singer-songwriter performs in an episode of The Flintstones. Fred's ability to carry a tune was quite good in his younger years. One early episode was where he did a jam with his musician friend " Hot Lips Hannigan ", (with Barney, who is apparently a skilled drummer) where his singing caused teenage girls to swoon over him. In fact, in one of the earliest episodes, " The Girls Night Out ", he recorded a demo record at a carnival of the song "Listen to the Mockingbird", which ended up making him a star whereupon he took the stage name of "Hi Fye" and toured for two weeks with Wilma, Barney, and Betty. Fred, as Hi Fye, was a hit until Wilma and Betty tired of road life and told teenagers the truth, that Fred was actually a square. As the series progressed, however, his voice became worse and worse, eventually to the point that his housekeeper quit rather than having to hear Fred sing. It was also referenced in the refrain of the 1989 George Jones song, "The King is Gone (And So are You)." Also in the Flintstones show credits, Fred would beat on the door and scream, "WILMA!" Due to his impulsive and short-tempered behavior and stubborn and naive nature, Fred Flintstone seems to be accident-prone. He is able to create the biggest confusion, even with the most innocent and mundane action. Fred is mainly a kind man, although he gets angry quite a lot, usually when Barney teases and annoys Fred, or even laughs at him by going. Ah heh heh heh heh heh heh. Other than that, Fred can have other emotions too. His laugh is Ho heh he he he he. He starts crying in some episodes, like The Babysitters, when Barney tears up the tickets, in Dino Dissappears, when Dino runs away, and The House that Fred Built, when Fred discovers that 1,000 bucks down the drain wasn't funny anymore. Positive Qualities Despite his apparently anti-social character, Fred's actions are shown to be usually free of any malice. And, although he almost constantly shouts and irritates the people around him, Fred proves to be a friendly person; often going out of his way to help someone. Although Fred often annoys Wilma with his immaturity, he proves to be a very caring and loving husband and father. Flintstone is even known to go to great lengths to please his family or apologize when he goes too far. Fred is also devoted to his daughter and cares for her more than Wilma herself. He can be overprotective with her at times though. Family According to " The Flintstone Kids " (which is non-canon), he is shown to be the son of Ed and Edna Flintstone . In its TV special, it is shown that he has a cool cousin from HollyRock who has a band of his own and not only doesn't use drugs, he is in a "Just Say No" club, eventually inspiring Wilma to start one of her own. Physical Appearance Fred is a portly caveman. He has black hair and a large nose. He wears an orange loin cloth with black spots and a blue tie. Appearances	Wilma
What is the collective noun for a group of monkeys?	The Flintstones (Western Animation) - TV Tropes The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones (1987, Syndication)- As the title implies, The Jetsons meet the Flintstones (and the Rubbles). I Yabba-Dabba Do! (1993, ABC)- Pebbles and Bamm Bamm get married. Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby (1993, ABC)- Pebbles becomes a mother. A Flintstones Christmas Carol (1994, Syndication). As the title implies, the cast stars in a Christmas Carol parody, with Fred in the Ebenezer Scrooge role. This special marked the final time Jean Vander Pyl voiced Wilma. The Flintstones: On the Rocks (2001, Cartoon Network)- A prime time feature poking fun at the first season of the original series. In it, Fred and Wilma face marital problems. The Flintstones Stone Age Smack Down (Scheduled for 2015). A WWE Studios collaboration guest-starring John Cena and Vince McMahon . Television specials A Flintstone Christmas (1977, NBC)- A 60-minute special in which Fred and Barney fill in for a sick Santa Claus . Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (1978, CBS). Live-action Crossover of various Hanna-Barbera characters, with Fred as the host. The Flintstones: Little Big League (1978, NBC)- A 60-minute special in which Fred and Barney coach rival Little League baseball teams. Features pre-teen versions of Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm. The Flintstones Meet Rockula And Frankenstone (1980, NBC)- As the title implies, the gang meets parodies of Dracula and Frankenstein's monster. The Flintstones' New Neighbors (1980, NBC)- A half-hour special in which the Flintstones put up with their strange new neighbors, the Frankenstones. The Flintstones: Fred's Final Fling (1980, NBC)- A half-hour special in which Fred mistakenly thinks he only has 24 hours to live and tries to enjoy life as much as possible. The Flintstones: Wind-Up Wilma (1981, NBC)- A half-hour special in which Wilma becomes a pitcher for the Bedrock Dodgers. The Flintstones: Jogging Fever (1981, NBC)- A half-hour special in which Fred takes up jogging. Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper (1982, CBS)- 30-minute Crossover with other characters. Fred and Barney briefly appear, interacting with Snagglepuss. At one point, the duo are asked how they managed to travel to a different century . The Flintstones' 25th Anniversary Celebration (1986, CBS)- A live-action 60-minute special commemorating the franchise's 25th birthday. Hosted by Tim Conway and Harvey Korman. The Flintstone Kids' "Just Say No" Special (1988, ABC)- Half-hour Anti-Drug Special featuring the Flintstone Kids and a Stone Age version of Michael Jackson . Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration (1989, TNT)- A documentary/television special honoring Hanna-Barbera 's 50th anniversary. Hosted by Tony Danza and Annie Potts and featuring multiple animated HB characters . This special marked the last time Mel Blanc voiced Barney. A Flintstone Family Christmas (1993, ABC)- A half-hour special in which the Flintstones adopt an abandoned child. Live-Action Films The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000)- A theatrical live-action prequel to the previous film. Pinballs The Flintstones (1994). Based on the first live-action film. Video Games Inverted in the first live action movie with regards to Betty. Played straight with Barney and Wilma's mother. Adjective Noun Fred : In Japan the series was called Primitive Family Flintstone. Ageless Birthday Episode : Had several such episodes for Fred (such as "The Swimming Pool"), but averted in the episode where Pebbles has her first birthday. All Animals Are Dogs : Dino is a dinosaur that acts just like a big dog. Anachronism Stew : There are dinosaurs and large mammals living at the same time, along with modern-esque technology and culture. And they celebrate Christmas thousands of years before Christ. Apparently, Fred knows the words to "When the Saints Go Marching In". And can sing it in someone else's voice. The Artifact : Ads for the aforementioned vitamins, being marketed to parents, haven't featured the characters in any form other than what appears on the packaging or the product itself in years (preferring to feature footage of active, healthy-looking kids). Aside Comment : The animals used as part of the Bamboo Technology are likely to do this. Attractive Bent-Gender : There are at least two episodes where Fred dresses as a woman, and in both someone inexplicably finds him irresistably attractive. (Well, inexplicably if you discount "because it complicates the plot" as a viable reason.) Babysitting Episode : In the Gruesomes' debut episode, Fred and Barney agree to babysit Goblin, whose antics and pets make it near life-threatening. Back to School : When a law has been passed stating Fred's job could not be held by people who didn't finish High School, Fred had to finish it because he owed two weeks of class. Then, in another episode, it's revealed Fred went to college but didn't graduate because he spent most (if not all) of the time playing football. He returned to college but ended up playing football again. Badass Adorable : Bamm-Bamm Rubble could shake an entire house with his club even as a toddler. At times he even got Barney and Uncle Fred out of a pinch with his super strength. Bamboo Technology : What makes The Flintstones any different from just setting it in 1960s America, this trope provides much of the humor after the standard sitcom plots and all the silly names. Cars? Telephones? Airplanes? They had 'em. Radio? Television? The only reason they didn't have any electronics more advanced than that was because of when the show was made. Later spinoffs and TV movies usually update the technology equivalents to match when the spinoff/movie was made. Thus the late 1970s The New Fred and Barney Show featured CB radios, 80s spinoff The Flintstone Kids featured video games, while the 90s TV movies I Yabba Dabba Do and Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby feature desktop computers, VCRs, CDs and car alarms, and if one takes the Fruity Pebbles commercials as canon , then they actually have not only all that, but also Humongous Mecha . Bedtime Brainwashing : Wilma and Betty tried this on Fred and Barney. In the teenage years spinoffs, Pebbles uses "Yabba-dabba-doozy!" Befitting, as her schemes usually were. "Wiiiiiiiilllmaaaaaaa!!!" (In the cereal commercials) "Barney!!!!! My Pebbles!!!!" (Followed by Barney making a lame pun based on his latest scheme) Christmas Episode : "Christmas Flintstone". Fred gets a second job at the mall and eventually becomes a Mall Santa . He loves it, but then he gets approached to stand in for a very real, very sick Santa Claus . Childhood Friend Romance : If you go by historic timelines, it could be said that Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm were the very first pair for this trope. Upon first meeting as babies, they were the best of friends and had many adventures as they grew up together, eventually falling in love, getting married, and having children of their own. It was even lampshaded by Bill and Joe themselves during a cameo appearance at their wedding. Closer to Earth : Wilma is much more mature and level-headed than Fred, who borders on Man Child . Cosmetically Advanced Prequel : The Flintstone Kids compared to the original series. Cousin Oliver : The Gruesomes. They appeared in only two episodes of the original series before disappearing and didn't come back until an episode of The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show . Early Installment Weirdness : The show in its original run did not feature its famous "Meet the Flintstones" theme song until the third season. Instead, it used an instrumental piece of music that sounded very much like the theme from the concurrent The Bugs Bunny Road Runner Show . Which may explain why for decades the syndicated version of the series transplanted the later theme song. Betty had a different hairstyle in the original pilot ("The Flagstones"; itself an example), and in the first episode. In the first season, Mel Blanc played Barney with a nasal, high-pitched lilt that was sort of a cross between Bugs Bunny and his normal speaking voice. When he returned to playing the role after being incapacitated in a car accident ( Daws Butler filled in during his recovery), Mel began playing Barney with a deeper, dopier voice, similar to how Art Carney played Ed Norton on The Honeymooners . Fred was more of a Jerkass in the first few episodes (especially "The Flintstone Flyer"). Fortunately, he mellowed out pretty quickly. Every Proper Lady Should Curtsy : Betty in the Stony Curtis episode. She's playing maid for Wilma who is putting on airs for Stony's arrival. Everything's Better with Dinosaurs : Because a Flintstones which only used creatures that lived during the Paleolithic wouldn't be nearly as interesting, although those kinds of animals are around as well. Evolving Credits : From the third season onward, with the completely revised "Meet the Flintstones" opening sequence. It began with Fred taking Wilma and the pets for a night out on the town. As the cast continued to grow, Pebbles, Barney, Betty, and Bamm-Bamm (the second and third of whom earned a Promotion to Opening Titles in the process) joined their activities. Expository Theme Tune : "Meet the Flintstones", beginning in the third season. They're the modern Stone Age family... Fan Disservice : Fred and Barney in speedos in the Flintstones: On The Rocks special. Getting Crap Past the Radar : Betty apparently kept her pledge paddle, when asked what it was used for she simply took a big swing and said "Whacko"... Make of that what you will. Wilma is pregnant, so Fred takes her to the hospital, with Barney helping. The two of them semi-carry her to the hospital entrance, which is a revolving door. Barney is even more nervous than Fred, and takes Wilma through the revolving door so fast that Fred is spun out, and across the street through the revolving door of a hotel. Slamming into the counter, Fred thinks he's in the hospital, so he innocently says to the desk clerk, "I'm looking for my wife, she just came in here with my best friend." Hilarity Ensues . The very fact the Flintstones procreated was a case of this trope, given that this was the early 1960s. The fact they even slept together in the same bedroom was groundbreaking enough; the fact it is implied they had a sex life was unheard of. Remember, when I Love Lucy had Lucy Ricardo become pregnant, this was only because Lucy herself was pregnant and they couldn't stop the show for several months. With an animated series, there was no need other than for story reasons to have Wilma become pregnant. The episode in which Bamm-Bamm is adopted by the Rubbles all but explicitly indicates that either Barney is impotent/sterile, or Betty is unable to conceive children. Try to name one other animated TV series ever that addressed this issue, and this was at a time when discussing such topics in live-action programs was simply not allowed so don't go looking for a live-action example of such a storyline in this era, either. Meanwhile, there was also the episode in which Dino fell in love with a neighbour's pet dinosaur and by the end of the episode she's pregnant with his puppies... A scene in 70s primetime special "Fred's Final Fling" has Fred at the doctor's office. When the doctor examines his x-ray, Fred jokes "How 'bout that, Doc? Flintstone in an x-ray-ted picture !" And probably the most baffling, blatant and awesome moment ever: Fred and Barney enter a costume store to look for costumes. Fred asks Barney what costume he's gonna get, in which he replies he wants something to make him look tall. Fred suggests another head, cue audience laughing. Barney answers: "A head? What do I need THREE of them for?" Cue (canned) audience laughing louder. When Fred and Barney accidentally enlist in the army, Wilma asks "How do they always manage to bollocks things up?" (Note: this one is an error. In US slang the word "bollox" - note spelling - meant "mess". It is not related to the later slang term for testicles.) One episode opens with Fred and Barney discussing their television watching. At one point, Fred asks Barney: "How's your antenna?" Barney smirks and says: "Just fine, Fred! How's yours?" Fred looks fairly offended afterwards. Make of that what you will... See Accidental Pervert above. Gilligan Cut : Happened quite a lot, and like F Troop before it, uses here also predate the Trope Namer. God for a Day : Well, more like "Boss For A Day" when Fred is envious of his boss and the Great Gazoo turns him into a boss. He finds that it's actually a burden, since he has to deal with higher-ups, stay late in meetings, etc. Gravity Is a Harsh Mistress : So many of Fred's schemes end in him falling or having things fall on him. Hair Reboot : In the episode featuring Stony Curtis , when Wilma quickly gets herself cleaned up to meet the celebrity, four quick strokes of her brush are all that is needed to bring her hair to its usual style. Happily Adopted : Bamm-Bamm is notable for being one of the first examples on a cartoon. Happily Married : Both couples, but Barney and Betty are portrayed more often this way than Fred and Wilma, especially when the latter have marital issues. Helping Granny Cross the Street : There's an episode where they and the Rubbles end up camping with a group of Boy Scouts. In one scene, a pair of boys "help" (she didn't need it) walk Betty across the camp. When Betty tells the second boy he already walked her, he tells her she only counts half as much as an old lady. Henpecked Husband : Put it this way: don't make Wilma and Betty (or every other wife on the show) angry! Hypocritical Humor : "Wilma, I've told you a million times, don't exaggerate!" In the episode The Sweepstakes ticket Wilma and Betty don't tell the boys about it, for fear that they will go and charge everything in town...when they had done the exact same thing when Fred bought a sweepstakes ticket the previous year. Identical Stranger : Fred's lookalikes J.L. Gotrocks (in "The Tycoon") and Rock Slag (in The Man Called Flintstone movie). Plus there's his robot doppelgangers in "Ten Little Flintstones". Incessant Chorus : The end of "The Hot Piano" involves Barney and a troupe of policemen who keep singing "Happy Anniversary" to Fred and Wilma, much to Fred's annoyance. Incessant Music Madness : Fred and Wilma find the perfect maid/cook, and everybody's happy—except that Fred keeps singing (badly) an inane song he made up. The hired help finally quits. Fred: Oh, Lola Brigada/Your food I dig-ada! Inexplicably Awesome : It's never explained why Bamm-Bamm has super strength—at least, not in any of the animations ( The Movie with John Goodman explained it as a Raised By Mastadons situation). Injury Bookend : In an early episode, Fred gets hit in the head with a bottle. When he comes to, he becomes a "formal" personality who insists on being called "Frederick", but who ends up of being a bit too sickeningly sweet. Eventually, Wilma and the others decide We Want Our Jerk Back , so he is hit in the head again. Ink-Suit Actor : James Darren, Tony Curtis, Ann-Margret, Elizabeth Montgomery and Dick York gave voice to their cartoon likenesses on the show. Shameful Shrinking : Happened quite often: In one episode, Fred goes to Mr. Slate's office after attending a masquerade party where he thinks he was schmoozing up to Slate, expecting a pay raise. Instead, Fred discovers that Slate was the guy at the party to whom he was bad-mouthing the boss, and as Slate hurls back the insults he gave him, Fred gets smaller and smaller. This after he had told Barney to "Think big and be big." In another episode (titled "My Fair Freddy"), Fred, under the tutelage of the Great Gazoo (who for once isn't using magic to help him), does ballet in a tutu. He unknowingly attracts attention from various people throughout Bedrock, even those from the Loyal Order of Water Buffaloes . Fred finishes and discovers he had been watched the whole time, and promptly shrinks. Another example: after Fred and Barney go behind Wilma and Betty's backs, quitting their jobs, opening their own drive-in restaurant, and hiring cute waitresses, neither Wilma nor Betty let them live it down, and embarrass them by re-enacting the waitress' song-and-dance routine at dinner, causing Fred and Barney to shrink in humiliation. Fred: Well, Barney, it's like you said, some wives will find a way to make a guy feel small. Barney: Yeah, ain't it the truth. for The Man Called Flintstone is a parody of the Our Man Flint poster ◊ . The movie in general is a shout out to various spy movies and tropes. Show Within a Show : Several; none particularly important or prominent — just parodies of then-current shows. Captain Caveman comes to mind , in Flintstone Kids. Sincerest Form of Flattery : Hanna-Barbera openly admitted that the show was inspired by The Honeymooners . Naturally, Jackie Gleason, who starred in The Honeymooners, thought the resemblance was too close for comfort so he almost filed a plagiarism suit against Hanna-Barbera. His lawyers actually talked him out of it, knowing that he'd win and fearing Gleason would thereafter be known only as "the guy who killed The Flintstones". Sleeping Single : The early seasons; although the show was the first animated show to portray a married couple sharing a bed later on. Smoking Is Cool : During the first couple of seasons, Winston Cigarettes sponsored The Flintstones (the show itself, although always family friendly, was originally meant to appeal to adult audiences), and the commercials had the four lead characters extolling the virtues of said cigarettes. In the actual show, there was rarely any smoking (usually cigars, which are easier to animate), and never by any of the main characters. The only time this occurred was in a few rare animated commercials for Winston which could easily be snipped out from reruns. Spinoff Babies : The Flintstones Kids, the largely forgotten Cave Kids Spin-Offspring : The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show. The Sponsor : Fred Flintstone once joined Eaters Anonymous, and his sponsor would grab whatever food Fred got a hold on while giving the group's secret call, "Gobble, gobble, gobble!" Stay in the Kitchen : Like a lot of men at the time this show first aired, Fred believes a woman's place is in the home (mainly so he can have someone to cook for him when he gets home). He even shows dissatisfaction with more women working and having equal rights to men in the 1980s special Wind Up Wilma. There Is Only One Bed : Subverted in "A Haunted House Is Not a Home" in which involved Fred and Barney having to share a bed. After Barney complains about it, the bed is split in half. Averted in "The House Guest" with the Rubbles staying at Fred's house for a few nights. The women sleep in the double bed without comment, but Fred and Barney keep quibbling over who gets the couch and who has to struggle lying across two side chairs. Title Sequence Replacement : The famous "Meet the Flintstones" theme song and title sequence was not introduced until the third season. Early seasons featured an instrumental theme called "Rise and Shine". In syndication, the opening and closing credits were standardized to "Meet the Flintstones" — even if the actual credits themselves were erroneous. The original Title Sequence was not widely circulated again until it appeared on the Cartoon Network reruns and the series was subsequently released on DVD. Syndicated versions of some later episodes substitute a closing credits sequence featuring Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm singing "Let the Sunshine In" in lieu of the regular closing. Ugly Guy, Hot Wife : Both couples. Except in the 1994 Live-Action Adaptation where Betty was played by Rosie O'Donnell.note And only because she was able to do Betty's trademark laugh, which is admittedly a difficult vocal tic to pull off. Every couple to appear on the show, really, with the exception of the second generation of the leads. Unto Us a Son and Daughter Are Born : Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm eventually got married and had fraternal twins... much to the surprise of Fred and Barney who were expecting them to have only one child (Fred wanted a boy, Barney a girl). Uptown Girl : When Fred and Barney first met Wilma and Betty, the four of them were holding summer jobs at a hotel but a series of misunderstandings caused Fred and Barney to think the girls were wealthy guests and the girls to think the boys were wealthy guests. , a Pac-Man clone. Weirdness Censor : The human characters rarely acknowledge that the animal appliances talk, though this may simply be that they're so used to it that they barely notice. There are a couple of rare occasions where Fred, Wilma or one of the regulars actually do talk back to the animals. What the Hell, Hero? : When Fred loses his patience with Betty and Barney coming around every night since Pebbles came and yells at them, Wilma angrily chews him out for being possessive of Pebbles and points out that the Rubbles have not been blessed with a child, prompting him to go and apologize. Wild Child : Bamm-Bamm, in the live action film, was found with wild mastadons. Wraparound Background : One of the most famous examples, and is cited whenever the technique is lampshaded.	i don't know
Which film about Vietnam won the best picture at the 1978 Oscars?	1978 Academy Awards® Winners and History An Unmarried Woman (1978) Actor: JON VOIGHT in "Coming Home", Warren Beatty in "Heaven Can Wait", Gary Busey in "The Buddy Holly Story", Robert De Niro in "The Deer Hunter" , Laurence Olivier in "The Boys From Brazil" Actress: JANE FONDA in "Coming Home", Ingrid Bergman in "Autumn Sonata", Ellen Burstyn in "Same Time, Next Year", Jill Clayburgh in "An Unmarried Woman", Geraldine Page in "Interiors" Supporting Actor: CHRISTOPHER WALKEN in "The Deer Hunter" , Bruce Dern in "Coming Home", Richard Farnsworth in "Comes a Horseman", John Hurt in "Midnight Express", Jack Warden in "Heaven Can Wait" Supporting Actress: MAGGIE SMITH in "California Suite", Dyan Cannon in "Heaven Can Wait", Penelope Milford in "Coming Home", Maureen Stapleton in "Interiors", Meryl Streep in "The Deer Hunter" Director: MICHAEL CIMINO for "The Deer Hunter" , Woody Allen for "Interiors", Hal Ashby for "Coming Home", Warren Beatty and Buck Henry for "Heaven Can Wait", Alan Parker for "Midnight Express" Two of the three front-runners in the 1978 awards race were anti-war films that reflected the nation's divided attitudes toward the war. Both films were set in the year 1968, though they differed in their filmatic style and political stance. [Coppola's Vietnam treatise Apocalypse Now (1979) was delayed in its release, thereby leaving Cimino's war film to take top honors in 1978]: younger generation producer/director Michael Cimino's second film - the grandiose The Deer Hunter (with nine nominations and five wins - Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor, Best Director, Best Sound, and Best Film Editing), the gripping drama about how the violence of war permanently altered the lives of three Pennsylvania steel-working and hunting friends who served in Vietnam and were forced to play Russian Roulette by the Vietcong; the meteoric rise of Cimino as a result of this film was soon dashed by the financial disaster of his next film, Heaven's Gate (1980) Hal Ashby's more left-wing, anti-Vietnam war film Coming Home (with eight nominations and three wins - Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Original Screenplay). It told about the sorrowing effects of the Vietnam War on the homefront, and won the major acting awards. The film was produced by actress Jane Fonda's new film production company The other three Best Picture nominees were: Warren Beatty and Buck Henry's comedy remake of Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941), with a film titled Heaven Can Wait (with nine nominations, tying the winner with the most nominations, and only one win - Best Art/Set Direction) director Alan Parker's Midnight Express (with six nominations and two wins - Best Screenplay Adaptation by Oliver Stone (his first nomination and first win), and Best Score by Giorgio Moroder, with its hit tune "Chase"), the true, graphic story of Billy Hayes (played by an un-nominated Brad Davis) and his brutalized ordeal in a Turkish prison for a drug smuggling offense Paul Mazursky's early feminist film An Unmarried Woman (with three nominations and no wins), the story of the consequences of a shattered marriage of seventeen years for a betrayed wife who must deal with the changes Mazursky was the only director of a Best Picture nominee who was not included in the Best Director nominees. His place was taken by Woody Allen for his serious, cold tribute to Ingmar Bergman with a film about a fragmenting family of three neurotic adult sisters, Interiors (with five nominations and no wins). Co-directors Warren Beatty and Buck Henry (with their directing debuts) of Heaven Can Wait were the first dual nominees for Best Director since Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins were nominated (and won) for West Side Story (1961) . The individuals caught in a Vietnam war-tangled romance in the melodramatic Coming Home were nominated in lead and supporting acting categories. The four nominations, one in each of the acting categories, made Coming Home one of about a dozen films in Oscar history with the same distinction: Jon Voight (with his second nomination and first Oscar) won the Best Actor award for his role as Luke Martin - a bitter but sensitive paraplegic veteran paralyzed from the Vietnam war. He falls in love with a volunteer rehabilitation hospital worker (Jane Fonda) and chains himself to the Marines recruiting center when his buddy commits suicide controversial activist and anti-war protestor Jane Fonda (with her fourth nomination and second Oscar win) won the Best Actress award as Sally Hyde - the bored middle-class wife of chauvinistic Marine officer Capt. Bob Hyde (Bruce Dern), who volunteers in a Vietnam veterans hospital where she meets a disabled Voight and eventually becomes his romantic partner Bruce Dern (with his sole career nomination) was nominated in the Best Supporting Actor category as returning gung-ho, wounded Marine officer Captain Bob Hyde, Fonda's husband Penelope Milford (with her sole nomination) was also nominated in the Best Supporting Actress category for her role as Viola Munson - Fonda's friend and co-volunteer in the veteran's hospital In the other anti-Vietnamese war film of the year, two of the three Pennsylvania steelworkers who went off to the Vietnam War in the documentary style The Deer Hunter were nominated or won acting awards: Robert De Niro (with his second Best Actor nomination in the role of a Vietnam-era veteran) was nominated as Best Actor for his role as Michael Vronsky - an ace deer hunter who is brutalized by his experiences in Vietnam Christopher Walken (with his first nomination) won the Best Supporting Actor award for his performance as a disintegrating, war-scarred Nikanor ('Nick') Chevotarevich who carries on with the suicidal Russian Roulette gambling games in Vietnam Meryl Streep (with her first nomination in her second film role) was also nominated as Best Supporting Actress for playing Robert De Niro's girlfriend Linda in a small role The remaining Best Actor nominees included the following: Warren Beatty (with his second acting nomination) as Los Angeles Rams quarterback Joe Pendleton who died and went to heaven prematurely in Heaven Can Wait. [Beatty's nomination made him only the second Oscar nominee to receive simultaneous nominations in four categories: Best Picture producer, Best Actor, Best Director (shared with Buck Henry), and Best Screenplay (shared with Elaine May). He lost in all four categories too. The other nominee was Orson Welles for Citizen Kane (1941) . Beatty also became the fifth person in Oscar history to be nominated in a single year as both an actor and screenwriter. Others before were Charlie Chaplin -1940-, Orson Welles -1941-, Sylvester Stallone -1976-, and Woody Allen -1977. Beatty repeated this same feat in 1981 for writing and acting in Reds.] Gary Busey (with his sole career nomination) as the title character in the rock and roll bio in director Steve Rash's The Buddy Holly Story (with three nominations and one win - Best Original Song Score) about the legendary, 1950s pioneering singer with the Crickets who prematurely died in a tragic plane crash; Busey sang his own tracks in the amazing impersonation Laurence Olivier (with his tenth and last career nomination) was nominated for his role as fictional Nazi hunter Ezra Lieberman (based on real-life Simon Wiesenthal) in pursuit of his Nazi target - geneticist Josef Mengele (Gregory Peck) in director Franklin Schaffner's compelling The Boys From Brazil (with three nominations and no wins). [Olivier's previous nomination was for a reverse portrayal - as an evil Nazi in Marathon Man (1976) .] The remaining Best Actress nominees were: Ingrid Bergman (with her seventh and last career nomination and in her final film performance) as concert pianist Charlotte in director Ingmar Bergman's talkative Swedish film (with English subtitles) of a mother-daughter conflict, Autumn Sonata (with two nominations and no wins) Ellen Burstyn (with her fourth nomination) as Doris - a young California housewife - and one of two married strangers (the other is accountant Alan Alda) who meet only one weekend each year for a twenty-five year period in Robert Mulligan's Same Time Next Year, the filmed version of the popular play Jill Clayburgh (with her first of two unsuccessful and consecutive nominations) in the title role as Erica Benton - a Manhattan art gallery worker who is deserted in her marriage in An Unmarried Woman Geraldine Page (with her sixth unsuccessful nomination) as the mentally-disturbed, depressively-suicidal mother Eve who spiraled downward when her husband Arthur (E.G. Marshall) asked for a separation, in Woody Allen's starkly unfunny Interiors The remaining Best Supporting Actor nominees included: ex-stuntman Richard Farnsworth (with his first of two career nominations) as ranch foreman Dodger in Alan J. Pakula's western drama Comes a Horseman (the film's sole nomination) John Hurt (with his first nomination) as an Englishman named Max - one of Billy Hayes' fellow inmates tortured in a Turkish jail in Midnight Express Jack Warden (with his second of two unsuccessful career nominations) as Max Corkle - Joe Pendleton's puzzled football coach/trainer in Heaven Can Wait The victor in the Best Supporting Actress category was English actress Maggie Smith (with her fourth nomination - and with her second Oscar win) for her role as Diana Barrie - a neurotic, bitchy, hard-drinking and fussy Oscar-nominated British actress waiting for the Oscar awards night in Hollywood and being helped to dress by bi-sexual husband Michael Caine in director Herbert Ross' film California Suite (with three nominations and one win - Best Supporting Actress). Curiously, Smith won her Oscar for the role of an Oscar-loser. She became the only performer to win an Academy Award for playing an actor who lost at the Academy Awards. This was Neil Simon's version of Grand Hotel (1932) - and an attempted rewrite of Plaza Suite (1971) in a California setting. The remaining Best Supporting Actress nominees were: Dyan Cannon (with her second of two unsuccessful career nominations) as Julia Farnsworth - an unfaithful, adulterous and murderous wife who can't successfully kill her husband (Warren Beatty) in Heaven Can Wait Maureen Stapleton (with her third of four unsuccessful Best Supporting Actress career nominations) as Arthur's (E.G. Marshall) replacement wife Pearl, in Interiors Sir Laurence Olivier was presented with an Honorary Award this year "for the full body of his work, for his unique achievements of his entire career and his lifetime of contribution to the art of film." He had won only one competitive Oscar award in his career (for Best Actor for Hamlet (1948)), received eight other Best Actor nominations (stretching from 1939 to 1978), and one Best Supporting Actor nomination (in 1976). He was also nominated as Best Director for Hamlet (1948) - and became the only performer in Oscar history to direct himself (and act) in an Academy Award-winning performance. Legendary animator/cartoonist Walter Lantz, creator of Woody Woodpecker, received an Honorary Academy Award in 1979 (at the ceremony honoring films of 1978) for "bringing joy and laughter to every part of the world through his unique animated motion pictures." The award was "presented" by Lantz's most famous creation, Woody Woodpecker, using combined live-action and animation. For the first time in Oscar history, all of the nominated songs in the Best Original Song category were sung by their original performers: "Hopelessly Devoted to You" from Grease - Olivia Newton-John "The Last Time I Felt Like This" from Same Time, Next Year - Johnny Mathis with Jane Olivor "Last Dance" from the forgettable film Thank God It's Friday - Donna Summer - THE WINNER "When You're Loved" from The Magic of Lassie - Debby Boone "Ready to Take a Chance Again" from Foul Play - Barry Manilow Scared Straight!, narrated by Peter Falk, won the Oscar for Best Documentary - Features, for its graphic portrayal of Rahway (NJ) State Prison's "Lifer's Program" - to deter juvenile delinquents from a life of crime. Oscar Snubs and Omissions: Overshadowed as Best Picture nominees in the year of The Deer Hunter were Ted Post's anti-Vietnam war film Go Tell the Spartans with Burt Lancaster as Major Asa Barker in a marvelous performance, and writer/director Woody Allen's somber, Ingmar-Bergmanesque Interiors. Ingmar Bergman's adult-drama Autumn Sonata was nominated only twice: for Best Actress (Ingrid Bergman) and Best Original Screenplay (Ingmar Bergman), but not for Liv Ullman's performance as Eva, or for Bergman's direction. Brad Davis was ignored for his role as Turkish prison inmate Billy Hayes in the much-praised Midnight Express as was John Belushi for the year's third-biggest moneymaker Animal House (with no nominations). Tim McIntire's remarkable performance as pioneering rock DJ Alan Freed in Floyd Mutrux's American Hot Wax was un-nominated. Dustin Hoffman was not among the nominees for his role as violent and explosive ex-convict/thief Max Dembo trying to go 'straight' in Straight Time. And John Savage was overlooked for his quiet yet intense role in The Deer Hunter . Stand-up comedian Richard Pryor (in his sole dramatic film role) was snubbed for his performance as struggling and desperate blue-collar worker Zeke Brown in a mismanaged, corrupt and miserable Detroit auto-factory, opposite performances by his friends Jerry (Harvey Keitel) and Smokey (Yaphet Kotto), in Paul Schrader's (his directorial debut) political labor film Blue Collar. And Melanie Mayron was also un-nominated for her performance as married Jewish woman/photographer Susan Weinblatt in Claudia Weill's debut film Girlfriends. To make up for the glaring omission (and avoid further criticism) by ignoring the BeeGee's soundtrack of Saturday Night Fever (1977) the year before, the Academy awarded a Best Song Oscar ("Last Dance") to an inferior disco film, Thank God It's Friday (1978), featuring Donna Summer's film debut. The win for the film's signature tune beat out Grease's sole nominee: "Hopelessly Devoted to You," and probably further denied other Grease songs from being nominated (i.e., "You're the One That I Want," or the title song "Grease"). Also, Leonard Rosenman's Golden Globe-nominated stirring score for Ralph Bakshi's animated feature The Lord of the Rings was overlooked. The year's biggest blockbuster, Grease was entirely overlooked in many potential nomination categories: Best Picture, Best Director (Randal Kleiser), Best Actor and Actress (John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John), Best Supporting Actress (Stockard Channing), Best Adapted Screenplay (Allan Carr), and Best Original Song Score (John Farrar). The classic whodunit Death on the Nile (which won its sole nomination for Best Costume Design) was also seriously overlooked in acting nominations amongst its star-studded cast, including Peter Ustinov for Best Actor for his first rendition of Agatha Christie's famously fussy Belgian sleuth Hercule Poirot, and supporting nods for Angela Lansbury as eccentric trashy novelist Salome Otterbourne and Maggie Smith as an elderly socialite's cynical traveling companion named Miss Bowers, as well as famed cinematographer Jack Cardiff's stunning on-location work in Egypt.	The Deer Hunter
What became the tallest building in the world when it opened in 1931?	Rewind: The Oscar-winning best pictures - CNN.com Rewind: The Oscar-winning best pictures By Todd Leopold and Lee Smith, CNN Updated 3:08 PM ET, Fri February 28, 2014 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Spotlight' (2015) – "Spotlight" -- a film about Boston Globe investigative reporters digging into a sex abuse scandal involving Catholic priests -- won best picture at the 88th annual Academy Awards. Here's a look back at all of the past winners for best picture: Hide Caption 1 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Wings' (1927) – The first Academy Awards were given out at a dinner on May 16, 1929. The best picture winner was 1927's "Wings," a film about World War I pilots starring Clara Bow, right, Charles "Buddy" Rogers, left, Richard Arlen and Gary Cooper. Even today, the silent film's aerial sequences stand out as some of the most exciting ever filmed. Another film, "Sunrise," was given an Oscar as most "unique and artistic production," an honor that was eliminated the next year. The academy didn't begin using a calendar year for awards until movies made in 1934 (with ceremonies held in 1935). Hide Caption 2 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Broadway Melody' (1929) – The musical "The Broadway Melody" was the first sound film to win best picture. The film stars Charles King, Anita Page and Bessie Love. Hide Caption 3 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'All Quiet on the Western Front' (1930) – "All Quiet on the Western Front," best picture of 1929-30, was the film adaptation of Erich Maria Remarque's classic novel. The film stars Lewis Wolheim and Lew Ayres and was directed by Lewis Milestone. Hide Caption 4 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Cimarron' (1931) – "Cimarron," based on the Edna Ferber novel, is best remembered for its portrayal of the 1889 Oklahoma Land Rush, which literally featured a cast of thousands. Richard Dix and Irene Dunne star in the film. Hide Caption 5 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Grand Hotel' (1932) – The all-star cast of "Grand Hotel," including Greta Garbo and John Barrymore (pictured), portrayed characters in a mix of plot lines at a Berlin hotel. The film won just the one Oscar, but has been immortalized for one of Garbo's lines of dialogue: "I want to be alone." Hide Caption 6 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Cavalcade' (1933) – "Cavalcade," based on a Noel Coward play, won the 1932-33 prize for best picture. The film follows a London family from 1899 to 1933 and stars, left to right, Una O'Connor, Diana Wynyard and Clive Brook. Hide Caption 7 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'It Happened One Night' (1934) – "It Happened One Night" was one of the great underdog winners. Its studio, Columbia, wasn't considered one of the majors at the time, and neither Clark Gable nor Claudette Colbert, its stars, were excited about the project. But it became the first film to sweep the five major categories of picture, actor, actress, director and screenplay. To this day, only two other films -- "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975) and "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991) -- have pulled off the same trick. Hide Caption 8 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Mutiny on the Bounty' (1935) – Clark Gable was in the best picture winner the next year as well, playing Fletcher Christian in the 1935 version of "Mutiny on the Bounty." Charles Laughton plays Captain Bligh. Hide Caption 9 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Great Ziegfeld' (1936) – Luise Rainer stars in "The Great Ziegfeld." She picked up an Oscar for best actress, though William Powell, who played the title figure, came up empty (although he was nominated for another movie, "My Man Godfrey"). Hide Caption 10 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Life of Emile Zola' (1937) – "The Life of Emile Zola" won three Oscars, including best picture. The film is a biography of the famed French author. Star Paul Muni was nominated for best actor but lost to Spencer Tracy ("Captains Courageous"). Hide Caption 11 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'You Can't Take It With You' (1938) – "You Can't Take It With You" is one of the rare comedies to win best picture. The film, based on the George Kaufman and Moss Hart play, stars James Stewart, Jean Arthur and Lionel Barrymore. It also won a best director Oscar for Frank Capra, Capra's third in five years. Hide Caption 12 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Gone With the Wind' (1939) – Still considered one of the great Hollywood epics, 1939's "Gone With the Wind" won 10 Oscars, including best picture and best actress for star Vivien Leigh, right. Though Clark Gable was nominated for best actor, he lost to Robert Donat ("Goodbye, Mr. Chips") in one of the great Oscar upsets. Hide Caption 13 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Rebecca' (1940) – After "Gone With the Wind," producer David O. Selznick scored again with another adaptation of a best-seller, Daphne du Maurier's "Rebecca." He brought Alfred Hitchcock from Britain to direct Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine in a tale of a shy young woman living in the shadow of her husband's first wife. "Rebecca" was not only Hitchcock's first American film, but also his only one to win a best picture Oscar. Hide Caption 14 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'How Green Was My Valley' (1941) – The movie many critics regard as the greatest American film didn't win the best picture Oscar for 1941. Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane" lost to a film directed by another classic director, John Ford, who helped re-create a Welsh mining village in California for "How Green Was My Valley." Roddy McDowall, left, and Walter Pidgeon starred. Hide Caption 15 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Mrs. Miniver' (1942) – Hollywood's war effort went full throttle with William Wyler's "Mrs. Miniver" starring Walter Pidgeon and Greer Garson as a heroic couple whose family endures German air raids during the Battle of Britain. Garson also won the best actress award and received much flak for a lengthy acceptance speech that became the stuff of Hollywood legend. Hide Caption 16 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Casablanca' (1943) – We'll always have Bogart and Bergman, aka Rick and Ilsa, in Michael Curtiz's "Casablanca." Nobody at Warner Bros. expected this movie, based on an unproduced play, "Everybody Comes to Rick's," to be a classic when it came out, but the American Film Institute ranked this best picture winner as the third-greatest U.S. film more than 60 years later. Hide Caption 17 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Going My Way' (1944) – Hollywood's favorite crooner became its favorite priest. Bing Crosby, left, won the best actor award as Father Chuck O'Malley in "Going My Way." He encountered resistance from a crusty old priest (Barry Fitzgerald) when he tried to help an impoverished church parish. Hide Caption 18 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Lost Weekend' (1945) – With World War II coming to an end, Hollywood turned to dark subject matter, such as alcoholism in Billy Wilder's "The Lost Weekend." Star Ray Milland, left, won the best actor award as a writer on a binge. Howard Da Silva was the bartender. Hide Caption 19 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Best Years of Our Lives' (1946) – Veterans Fredric March, pictured, Dana Andrews and Harold Russell returned home to adjust to life in post-war America in this William Wyler classic. Myrna Loy, Teresa Wright and Cathy O'Donnell were the women in their lives who also found the world much more complicated with the war's end. Russell, a real vet, lost both hands in World War II. Hide Caption 20 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Gentleman's Agreement' (1947) – Elia Kazan's "Gentleman's Agreement" continued Hollywood's exploration of more serious subject matter, this time anti-Semitism. Gregory Peck, right, plays a reporter who goes undercover posing as a Jew, making his girlfriend (Dorothy McGuire) face uncomfortable truths about her upper class WASP life. A young Dean Stockwell played Peck's son. Hide Caption 21 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Hamlet' (1948) – A British film took home the best picture Oscar when Laurence Olivier directed himself in an Oscar-winning role as Shakespeare's famous Danish prince who cannot make up his mind. Olivier trimmed the play's text and chose to do Hamlet's famous soliloquy ("To be, or not to be, that is the question") as a voice-over. Jean Simmons was Ophelia. Hide Caption 22 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'All the King's Men' (1949) – Unlike the 2006 remake with Sean Penn, this adaptation of Robert Penn Warren's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel was a critical and box-office success. Star Broderick Crawford also won the best actor award for his role as Willie Stark, a cynical politician who rises to become governor. Any resemblance to Louisiana's Huey Long was mere coincidence. Hide Caption 23 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'All About Eve' (1950) – Director Joseph L. Mankiewicz's screenplay about an aging actress (Bette Davis, right) battling a scheming newcomer (Anne Baxter) remains one of the most quotable movies ever almost 65 years after its release. "All About Eve" held the record for a movie with the most Oscar nominations (14) until "Titanic" tied it in 1997. A young Marilyn Monroe, center, also attracted attention in an early role. As Margo Channing (Davis' character) would say, "Fasten your seat belts, it's going to be bumpy night!" Hide Caption 24 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'An American in Paris' (1951) – This MGM musical with Gene Kelly as an aspiring artist who falls for Leslie Caron in the City of Light faced stiff competition at the Oscars. But "An American in Paris" scored a major upset when it beat dramatic heavyweights "A Place in the Sun" and "A Streetcar Named Desire" for best picture. Hide Caption 25 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Greatest Show on Earth' (1952) – Producer-director Cecil B. DeMille had been making epics since the silents, but none had won best picture until "The Greatest Show on Earth," a 1952 circus spectacular with Betty Hutton, pictured, and Charlton Heston. Many critics and fans dismiss the movie as one of the worst best picture Oscar winners. "Singin' in the Rain," considered Hollywood's greatest movie musical , wasn't even nominated that year. Hide Caption 26 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'From Here to Eternity' (1953) – Facing the strict movie censorship of the 1950s, director Fred Zinnemann's version of "From Here to Eternity" considerably toned down James Jones' tough and profane novel about military life in Hawaii on the eve of the Pearl Harbor attack. But Burt Lancaster and Deborah Kerr's sexy tryst on the beach made waves among moviegoers. Hide Caption 27 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'On the Waterfront' (1954) – Marlon Brando, right, went up against corrupt union boss Lee J. Cobb in Elia Kazan's "On the Waterfront." In one of moviedom's most famous scenes that inspired countless future actors, Brando confronts his brother, a union lawyer played by Rod Steiger, in the back seat of a car: "I coulda been a contender. I coulda been somebody, instead of a bum, which is what I am." Hide Caption 28 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Marty' (1955) – Hollywood studios saw television as the enemy in the 1950s as Americans stayed home in droves to watch series such as "I Love Lucy." But live TV plays soon were providing material for movies, including 1955's best picture winner, "Marty." Ernest Borgnine won stardom and the best actor award as a lonely butcher in the Paddy Chayefsky drama. Hide Caption 29 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Around the World in 80 Days' (1956) – Responding to the competition from TV, the movies turned increasingly to epics in the 1950s such as producer Mike Todd's "Around the World in 80 Days." The picture was based on Jules Verne's novel and starred Shirley MacLaine, David Niven and Cantinflas as well as dozens of other celebrities in cameo roles, such as Noel Coward, Marlene Dietrich, Red Skelton and Frank Sinatra. Hide Caption 30 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Bridge on the River Kwai' (1957) – Director David Lean proved filmmakers could make intelligent epics such as "The Bridge on the River Kwai." Already a star in British films, Alec Guinness won international fame and a best actor Oscar as a British colonel held prisoner with his men in a Japanese camp during World War II. Hide Caption 31 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Gigi' (1958) – For one of its last great musicals, MGM turned to Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe after their success with "My Fair Lady" to create a musical based on Colette's "Gigi." The Vincente Minnelli film with Louis Jourdan, center, and Leslie Caron, right, won every Oscar it was nominated for (nine), including best picture and director. Legendary French star Maurice Chevalier had a memorable song with "Thank Heaven for Little Girls." Hide Caption 32 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Ben-Hur' (1959) – Biblical epics were all the rage in the 1950s, and none more so than William Wyler's "Ben-Hur." The movie won a then-record 11 Academy Awards, including best picture, director (Wyler) and actor (Charlton Heston, right). The chariot scene undoubtedly helped ensure "Ben-Hur's" No. 2 ranking on the American Film Institute's list of greatest epics. Hide Caption 33 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Apartment' (1960) – Long before "Mad Men," Billy Wilder's "The Apartment" skewered corporate life of the early 1960s. Up-and-comer Jack Lemmon stays busy loaning his apartment key to company men who need a place to cheat on their wives. He falls for Shirley MacLaine, center, who is having an affair with one of the bosses ("My Three Sons' " Fred MacMurray in an unsympathetic role). Hide Caption 34 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'West Side Story' (1961) – "West Side Story" used the streets of New York as backdrops for this musical version of "Romeo and Juliet." The Jets and Sharks replaced the Montagues and Capulets as rival gangs ready to rumble, leading to tragedy for young lovers Tony (Richard Beymer) and Maria (Natalie Wood). The film took home 10 Oscars, including best supporting actor (George Chakiris), supporting actress (Rita Moreno) and direction (Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins, the first time the award was shared). Hide Caption 35 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Lawrence of Arabia' (1962) – David Lean created the epic of all epics with "Lawrence of Arabia." Peter O'Toole , left, with Omar Sharif, became a superstar with his portrayal of T.E. Lawrence, the legendary British officer who helped lead the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in World War I. The movie won seven Oscars, including for Lean's direction. Hide Caption 36 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Tom Jones' (1963) – Albert Finney tackled the amorous title role in "Tom Jones," a British comedy based on Henry Fielding's novel about a foundling raised by a wealthy landowner. Diane Cilento, right, was one of his conquests. Tony Richardson also won the Oscar for his direction of the film. Hide Caption 37 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'My Fair Lady' (1964) – Julie Andrews' fans were upset when the original Broadway star of "My Fair Lady" wasn't chosen for the film of the Lerner-Loewe musical. Audrey Hepburn may not have been convincing as a guttersnipe in the opening scenes of George Cukor's best picture winner, but no one could deny she was ravishing in Cecil Beaton's costumes once Eliza Doolittle had been transformed into a swan. Hide Caption 38 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Sound of Music' (1965) – Forget the recent live broadcast of the Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein musical on NBC with Carrie Underwood. For many movie fans, Julie Andrews remains the one and only Maria, governess to the von Trapp children in Austria on the eve of World War II. Marni Nixon, who dubbed the singing voices of Natalie Wood in "West Side Story," Deborah Kerr in "The King and I" and Audrey Hepburn in "My Fair Lady," had her first on-screen role as a nun. Not only did "The Sound of Music" win best picture, it was also for a time the biggest moneymaker ever. Hide Caption 39 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'A Man for All Seasons' (1966) – Paul Scofield re-created his stage role as Sir Thomas More in Fred Zinnemann's film version of the Robert Bolt drama "A Man for All Seasons." The film portrayed More as a man of conscience who refused to recognize King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England because of his denial of the Pope's authority. Scofield and director Zinnemann both won Oscars for their work. Susannah York, right, co-starred. Hide Caption 40 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'In the Heat of the Night' (1967) – Youth-oriented movies began taking over Hollywood by 1967, the year of "Bonnie and Clyde" and "The Graduate." But the best picture winner went to Norman Jewison's "In the Heat of the Night," an old-fashioned crime drama in which an African-American detective (Sidney Poitier, left) goes South to solve a murder, working with a reluctant redneck sheriff (Rod Steiger). Poitier played the role of Virgil Tibbs in two sequels, and the movie later spawned a hit TV series with Carroll O'Connor. Hide Caption 41 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Oliver!' (1968) – This best picture winner was a musical adaptation of Charles Dickens' "Oliver Twist" with Mark Lester as an orphan who teams up with other young pickpockets led by an old criminal. Carol Reed also took home the Oscar for best director. Two of 1968's best-remembered movies, Stanley Kubrick's "2001: A Space Odyssey" and Roman Polanski's "Rosemary's Baby," weren't even nominated for best picture. Hide Caption 42 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Midnight Cowboy' (1969) – John Schlesinger's "Midnight Cowboy" was the first best picture Oscar winner to be rated X, reflecting the easing of censorship in the late '60s. The movie established Jon Voight, right, as a star for his portrayal of a dumb, naive Texan who fancies himself a gigolo to rich women in New York but ends up a hustler. Fresh from "The Graduate," co-star Dustin Hoffman as con man Ratso Rizzo proved he was one of the top actors of his generation. Hide Caption 43 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Patton' (1970) – George C. Scott made Oscar history when he became the first actor to refuse the award. Scott played the title role in this biography of volatile World War II Gen. George S. Patton Jr. The film, directed by Franklin J. Schaffner, reportedly was one of President Richard Nixon's favorite films. Hide Caption 44 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The French Connection' (1971) – Gene Hackman as Detective "Popeye" Doyle goes after hit man Marcel Bozzuffi in William Friedkin's "The French Connection." This best picture winner about New York cops trying to stop a huge heroin shipment from France features one of the movies' most memorable chase scenes. Hide Caption 45 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Godfather' (1972) – With his career in decline for nearly a decade, Marlon Brando scored a comeback as Don Vito Corleone, the aging patriarch of a crime family, in Francis Ford Coppola's "The Godfather." Brando won his second Oscar for best actor (which he refused), and the movie made a superstar of Al Pacino as the son who takes over the "family business." The movie ranked No. 2 on the American Film Institute's list of the top 100 U.S. films. Hide Caption 46 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Sting' (1973) – Teaming up again after "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" (1969), Paul Newman and Robert Redford in best picture winner "The Sting" helped make the buddy film one of the key movie genres of the '70s. The two played con men in 1930s Chicago in the George Roy Hill movie, which featured the music of ragtime composer Scott Joplin. Hide Caption 47 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Godfather: Part II' (1974) – Al Pacino returned as Michael Corleone in "The Godfather: Part II," which became the first sequel to win the best picture Oscar. Francis Ford Coppola received the best director award this time, and newcomer Robert De Niro won the best supporting actor Oscar playing Vito Corleone as a young man. Coppola's "The Godfather: Part III," released in 1990, did not repeat the success of the first two films. Hide Caption 48 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest' (1975) – "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" captured all four top Academy Awards, a feat that had not been accomplished in more than 40 years (not since "It Happened One Night.") Besides best picture, the movie took home Oscars for best director (Milos Forman), actor (Jack Nicholson) and actress (Louise Fletcher). It won a fifth for best adapted screenplay. In this film of Ken Kesey's novel, Nicholson, second from left, struck a chord with audiences as McMurphy, a rebellious inmate in a mental institution who faces off against the ultimate authority figure, Nurse Ratched (Fletcher). Hide Caption 49 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Rocky' (1976) – Sylvester Stallone, left, as struggling boxer Rocky Balboa, gets his shot at the championship against Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed in this best picture winner. Like its hero, "Rocky" was an underdog, a low-budget film written by Stallone, then an unknown actor, that became one of the decade's biggest sleeper hits. Stallone would go on to make five sequels. Hide Caption 50 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Annie Hall' (1977) – Moviegoers fell in love with Diane Keaton in her Oscar-winning role as the ditsy, insecure heroine of Woody Allen's autobiographical "Annie Hall." Her thrift-store fashions and offbeat sayings ("La-di-da, la-di-da") became hallmarks of the late '70s. Allen won Oscars for best director and original screenplay (with Marshall Brickman) for the film. Hide Caption 51 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Deer Hunter' (1978) – Hollywood began to explore the Vietnam War in the late '70s. Michael Cimino's "The Deer Hunter" examined the effects on steelworkers, from left, John Cazale, Chuck Aspegren, Robert De Niro, John Savage and Christopher Walken. Cimino and Walken also won Oscars for best director and best supporting actor, respectively. Hide Caption 52 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Kramer vs. Kramer' (1979) – Dustin Hoffman played a bewildered dad who had paid little attention to family life until his wife leaves him and he has to raise their son (Justin Henry, right) alone in "Kramer vs. Kramer." A bitter custody battle ensues once the wife (played by Meryl Streep) decides she wants her son back. Both Hoffman (best actor) and Streep (best supporting actress) won Oscars for their roles, and Robert Benton took home direction and writing honors for the film. Hide Caption 53 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Ordinary People' (1980) – Timothy Hutton, right, played a suicidal young man struggling to cope with the death of his brother in "Ordinary People," the first film directed by actor Robert Redford. Donald Sutherland, left, was his helpless father, and Mary Tyler Moore surprised audiences with her portrayal as Hutton's icy, controlling mother. Hide Caption 54 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Chariots of Fire' (1981) – In another Oscar sleeper, "Chariots of Fire," a small British film about two English runners competing in the 1924 Olympics, beat Warren Beatty's epic film "Reds" for best picture. "Chariots" won four Oscars, including one for its stirring score by Vangelis. The theme music also hit No. 1 on the pop charts. Beatty wasn't entirely shut out: He picked up the Oscar for best director. Hide Caption 55 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Gandhi' (1982) – Director Richard Attenborough's epic, three-hour film about the life of Mohandas K. "Mahatma" Gandhi won eight Oscars. Ben Kingsley, here with Candice Bergen, played the inspiring leader who used nonviolent tactics to help establish the modern country of India. Among the films it beat for best picture: "E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial" and "Tootsie." Hide Caption 56 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Terms of Endearment' (1983) – Debra Winger, Shirley MacLaine and Jack Nicholson starred in James L. Brooks' adaptation of Larry McMurtry's novel about an up-and-down mother-daughter relationship. Brooks produced, directed and wrote the film and won Oscars for all three (best picture goes to the producer); to this day, he's the only person to pull off the trick solo. Hide Caption 57 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Amadeus' (1984) – Another epic, "Amadeus" was based on Peter Shaffer's award-winning play about composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Tom Hulce) and his rival, Antonio Salieri. The film won eight Oscars, including awards for director Milos Forman -- his second, after "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" -- and star F. Murray Abraham, who played Salieri. Hide Caption 58 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Out of Africa' (1985) – Isak Dinesen's autobiographical book was turned into a movie that won seven Oscars. Meryl Streep stars as the independent-minded Danish author who spent part of her married life in British East Africa, later Kenya. She falls for a big-game hunter, played by Robert Redford, while her fragile marriage falls apart. Hide Caption 59 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Platoon' (1986) – "Platoon" made headlines in 1986 for its blunt and unsparing look at the U.S. experience in Vietnam. It follows a small group of men, including leaders Willem Dafoe, pictured, and Tom Berenger, who play on the loyalties of raw recruit Charlie Sheen. The film made director and writer Oliver Stone, himself a Vietnam veteran, a household name. "Platoon" won four Oscars, including best picture and best director. Hide Caption 60 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Last Emperor' (1987) – Director Bernardo Bertolucci's film about the life of Chinese emperor Puyi won nine Oscars -- quite an achievement, considering it was nominated for zero awards in the acting categories. Besides best picture, it also won best director, best adapted screenplay and best cinematography, among others. Hide Caption 61 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Rain Man' (1988) – Though "Rain Man" is ostensibly about the relationship between Dustin Hoffman's autistic Raymond Babbitt and his brother, Charlie (Tom Cruise), it's probably best remembered for Hoffman's performance as a savant who can do complicated calculations in his head, count cards in Las Vegas and never miss an episode of Judge Joseph Wapner's "People's Court." The film won four Oscars, including a best actor award for Hoffman and a best director trophy for Barry Levinson. Hide Caption 62 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Driving Miss Daisy' (1989) – Stage actress Jessica Tandy finally became a movie star at age 80 as an Atlanta Jewish matriarch who develops a close relationship with her driver, Hoke, played by Morgan Freeman, in Bruce Beresford's film of Alfred Uhry's Pulitzer Prize-winning play. "Driving Miss Daisy" didn't compete for best picture against some of the year's most acclaimed movies -- "Sex, Lies, and Videotape," "Do the Right Thing" and "Drugstore Cowboy" weren't nominated for the top award. Hide Caption 63 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Dances With Wolves' (1990) – In what was essentially a two-horse race, Kevin Costner's three-hour "Dances With Wolves" faced off against one of Martin Scorsese's best, "Goodfellas." "Dances With Wolves," about a Civil War soldier who falls in with a Lakota tribe in the American West, was the decisive winner, earning best picture, best director for Costner and best adapted screenplay for Michael Blake, three of its seven Oscars. "Goodfellas" won just one: Joe Pesci's best supporting actor trophy. Hide Caption 64 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Silence of the Lambs' (1991) – It's rare that a film released early in the year manages to even get nominated for best picture, not to mention winning the award, but "Lambs" -- based on the Thomas Harris novel about a serial killer helping an FBI agent to catch another killer -- took home best picture, best actor (Anthony Hopkins, who plays Hannibal Lecter), best actress (Jodie Foster), best director (Jonathan Demme) and best adapted screenplay. Hopkins' performance had relatively little screen time -- less than 20 minutes -- but was so commanding he can be credited for the continuing fascination with Lecter, who now headlines an NBC series. Hide Caption 65 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Unforgiven' (1992) – "It's a hell of a thing, killing a man," says Clint Eastwood's gunfighter, William Munny, in "Unforgiven" -- and, indeed, the Western can be seen as one of Eastwood's many meditations on the impact of violence in society. The actor and director plays Munny, a retired outlaw who is drawn back into his old role to avenge himself on a brutal sheriff (Gene Hackman). "Unforgiven" was just the third Western to win best picture, after "Cimarron" (1931) and "Dances With Wolves" (1990). Hide Caption 66 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Schindler's List' (1993) – By 1993, Steven Spielberg was already known as one of the great directors in Hollywood history, but an Oscar had eluded him. That changed with "Schindler's List," a gripping story about a German industrialist who saved more than 1,000 Jews during the Holocaust. The film earned honors for picture, director, adapted screenplay and cinematography. Hide Caption 67 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Forrest Gump' (1994) – Tom Hanks plays a Southern bumpkin who always seems to be in proximity to great events, whether they be the Vietnam War, U.S.-Chinese ping-pong diplomacy or the writing of "Imagine." Though some critics hooted, the film was a popular success and also won Oscars for Hanks, director Robert Zemeckis and adapted screenplay -- six in all. Hide Caption 68 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Braveheart' (1995) – Mel Gibson directed and starred in the story of Scottish warrior William Wallace, who led the Scottish army against English invaders led by King Edward I. The film won five Oscars, including best picture and best director, and has led to countless sports teams yelling "Freedom!" as they go up against opponents. Hide Caption 69 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The English Patient' (1996) – Some found it lyrical. Others, such as an episode of "Seinfeld," mocked it as boring. Either way, "The English Patient," with Ralph Fiennes and Kristin Scott Thomas, was a huge hit with audiences and critics -- and with the academy, which bestowed nine Oscars on the film about a burned British soldier and a loving nurse. Among the winners: director Anthony Minghella and supporting actress Juliette Binoche. Hide Caption 70 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Titanic' (1997) – In the months leading up to its release, "Titanic" was rumored to be as big a disaster as the ship on which its story was based. But director James Cameron had the last laugh: When the final results were tallied, "Titanic," with Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet, had become the biggest box-office hit of all time (since surpassed by another Cameron film, "Avatar") and winner of 11 Oscars in 1997 -- the most of any film since 1959's "Ben-Hur." Cameron took home a trophy for best director, too. Hide Caption 71 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Shakespeare in Love' (1998) – Was the film really that good or had Harvey Weinstein, its co-producer and head of studio Miramax, done an exceptionally good job at lobbying? Either way, there were gasps when best picture went to "Shakespeare" and not to favorite "Saving Private Ryan." Still, "Shakespeare" had plenty going for it, including an Oscar-winning best actress performance by Gwyneth Paltrow (here with Joseph Fiennes) and a clever script by Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard. It won seven Oscars total. Hide Caption 72 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'American Beauty' (1999) – Kevin Spacey stars as a frustrated middle manager who develops a crush on one of his daughter's friends (Mena Suvari) in "American Beauty." Besides the big prize, the film won best director for Sam Mendes and best actor for Spacey as part of its five Oscars. Also immortalized: a plastic bag blowing in the breeze. Hide Caption 73 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Gladiator' (2000) – Russell Crowe stars as Maximus in "Gladiator," the hugely successful Ridley Scott film about a warrior in ancient Rome. The film took home five Oscars, including best actor for Crowe. Hide Caption 74 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'A Beautiful Mind' (2001) – "A Beautiful Mind," the story of troubled mathematician John Nash (Russell Crowe) and his battle with mental illness, won four Oscars. Hide Caption 75 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Chicago' (2002) – For years, musicals had had a rough time at the Oscars -- indeed, they'd had a rough time in Hollywood, period -- until 2002's "Chicago" won best picture. The movie, which stars Renee Zellweger as a wily murderess in 1920s Chicago, won six Oscars. Hide Caption 76 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King' (2003) – The final film in Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy, "The Return of the King," swept all 11 categories in which it was nominated -- including best picture. From left, Elijah Wood, Andy Serkis and Sean Astin play three of J.R.R. Tolkien's characters: Frodo Baggins, Gollum and Samwise Gamgee. Hide Caption 77 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Million Dollar Baby' (2004) – "Million Dollar Baby" is about an old trainer (Clint Eastwood, left, with Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank) who takes on a female boxer, with unforeseen consequences. The film won four Oscars, including a directing prize for Eastwood, best actress for Swank and best supporting actor for Freeman. Hide Caption 78 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Crash' (2005) – Few best pictures have been as polarizing as "Crash," about the criss-crossing lives of several Los Angeles residents. The film touches on issues of race and justice and stars -- among many others -- Thandie Newton and Matt Dillon. Hide Caption 79 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Departed' (2006) – Director Martin Scorsese's films were often well-reviewed but couldn't win the big prize, until "The Departed," about a Boston gangster and some corrupt cops. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, left, Ray Winstone, and Jack Nicholson, right. Hide Caption 80 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'No Country for Old Men' (2007) – The Coen brothers' grim "No Country for Old Men," about a Texas drug deal gone wrong, won four Oscars. Javier Bardem received a best supporting actor award for his portrayal of the brutal enforcer Anton Chigurh, who carries around a lethal bolt gun and doesn't hesitate to use it. Hide Caption 81 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Slumdog Millionaire' (2008) – Another little movie that paid off big, "Slumdog Millionaire" was slated to go straight to video until its American distributor found a partner. The sleeper film, about a poor Indian man (Dev Patel, left) whose success on "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire" is questioned by a suspicious detective, won eight Oscars. Hide Caption 82 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Hurt Locker' (2009) – In a David-vs.-Goliath scenario, "Avatar," James Cameron's big-budget box office king, was pitted against "The Hurt Locker," a low-budget film about a bomb disposal unit in the Iraq War. "The Hurt Locker" won six Oscars, including best picture and best director (Kathryn Bigelow, one of Cameron's ex-wives). Hide Caption 83 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The King's Speech' (2010) – "The King's Speech," about England's King George VI and how he overcame his stutter, won four Oscars, including a best actor trophy for star Colin Firth. Hide Caption 84 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'The Artist' (2011) – Jean Dujardin and Bérénice Bejo star in "The Artist," the first (mostly) silent film to win best picture since 1927's "Wings." The film, about the fall and rise of a silent film star, won five Oscars. Hide Caption 85 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Argo' (2012) – "Argo," based on a 1980 operation to free some of the American hostages during the Iran hostage crisis, won three Oscars: best picture, best adapted screenplay and best film editing. Ben Affleck, right, directed and starred. Hide Caption 86 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures '12 Years a Slave' (2013) – Benedict Cumberbatch, left, and Chiwetel Ejiofor appear in "12 Years a Slave," which won the Oscar in 2013. The story of Solomon Northup (Ejiofor), a free African-American man who was kidnapped and sold into slavery, won three awards: best picture, best supporting actress (Lupita Nyong'o) and best adapted screenplay (John Ridley). Hide Caption 87 of 88 Photos: Oscar-winning best pictures 'Birdman' (2014) – "Birdman" won the Academy Award for best picture in 2016. The film also won three other Oscars: best director, best cinematography and best original screenplay. Hide Caption	i don't know
In what year did Percy L. Spencer invent the microwave?	Microwave Oven Microwave Oven Greetings, The Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communication and Computation is seeking : artifacts, books, papers, personal recollections, funny stories, newspaper clipping, magazines, catalogs, articles torn out of magazines, cartoons, prototype magnetrons, really early microwave ovens etc ANYTHING Is Fair Game! The purpose is two-fold which consists of construction the display in the museum in Glendale Arizona and also as an addition to our web site. thanks Ed Sharpe archivist for SMECC Please check our web site at to see other engineering fields, communications and computation stuff we buy, and by all means when in Arizona drop in and see us. address: thanks Ed Sharpe archivist for SMECC The microwave oven was invented as an accidental by-product of war-time (World War 2) radar research using magnetrons (vacuum tubes that produce microwave radiation, a type of electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength between 1 mm and 30 cm). In 1946, the engineer Dr. Percy LeBaron Spencer, who worked for the Raytheon Corporation, was working on magnetrons. One day at work, he had a candy bar in his pocket, and found that it had melted. He realized that the microwaves he was working with had caused it to melt. After experimenting, he realized that microwaves would cook foods quickly - even faster than conventional ovens that cook with heat. The Raytheon Corporation produced the first commercial microwave oven in 1954; it was called the 1161 Radarange. It was large, expensive, and had a power of 1600 watts. The first domestic microwave oven was produced in 1967 by Amana (a division of Raytheon). In 1967, Amana, a division of Raytheon, introduced its domestic Radarange microwave oven, marking the beginning of the use of microwave ovens in home kitchens. Although sales were slow during the first few years, partially due to the ovenï¿½s relatively expensive price tag, the concept of quick microwave cooking had arrived. In succeeding years, Litton and a number of other companies joined the countertop microwave oven market. By the end of 1971, the price of countertop units began to decrease and their capabilities were expanded. Spencer, born in Howland, Maine, was orphaned at a young age. Although he never graduated from grammar school, he became Senior Vice President and a member of the Board of Directors at Raytheon, receiving 150 patents during his career. Because of his accomplishments, Spencer was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the U.S. Navy and has a building named after him at Raytheon. Percy Spencer, while working for the Raytheon Company, discovered a more efficient way to manufacture magnetrons. In 1941, magnetrons were being produced at a rate of 17 per day. Spencer set out to create a simpler magnetron that could be mass produced. The result was a magnetron that replaced precision copper bars with lamina and replaced soldered internal wires with a simple solid ring. These improvements and others allowed for the faster production of 2,600 magnetrons per day. In 1945, Spencer created a device to cook food using microwave radiation. Raytheon saw the possibilities of this, and after acquiring Amana Refrigeration in 1965, was able to sell microwave ovens on a large scale. The first microwave oven was called the Radarange, and today, there are over 200 million in use throughout the world. A Brief History of the Microwave Oven By J. Carlton Gallawa , author of THE COMPLETE MICROWAVE OVEN SERVICE HANDBOOK Like many of today's great inventions, the microwave oven was a by-product of another technology. It was during a radar-related research project around 1946 that Dr. Percy Spencer, a self-taught engineer with the Raytheon Corporation, noticed something very unusual. He was testing a new vacuum tube called a magnetron (we are searching for a picture of an actual 1946 magnetron), when he discovered that the candy bar in his pocket had melted. This intrigued Dr. Spencer, so he tried another experiment. This time he placed some popcorn kernels near the tube and, perhaps standing a little farther away, he watched with an inventive sparkle in his eye as the popcorn sputtered, cracked and popped all over his lab. The next morning, Scientist Spencer decided to put the magnetron tube near an egg. Spencer was joined by a curious colleague, and they both watched as the egg began to tremor and quake. The rapid temperature rise within the egg was causing tremendous internal pressure. Evidently the curious colleague moved in for a closer look just as the egg exploded and splattered hot yoke all over his amazed face. The face of Spencer lit up with a logical scientific conclusion: the melted candy bar, the popcorn, and now the exploding egg, were all attributable to exposure to low-density microwave energy. Thus, if an egg can be cooked that quickly, why not other foods? Experimentation began... Dr. Spencer fashioned a metal box with an opening into which he fed microwave power. The energy entering the box was unable to escape, thereby creating a higher density electromagnetic field. When food was placed in the box and microwave energy fed in, the temperature of the food rose very rapidly. Dr. Spencer had invented what was to revolutionize cooking, and form the basis of a multimillion dollar industry, the microwave oven. (Click HERE to learn even more about Dr. Percy Spencer) Nearly 6 Feet Tall, Weighing 750 Pounds Engineers went to work on Spencer's hot new idea, developing and refining it for practical use. By late 1946, the Raytheon Company had filed a patent proposing that microwaves be used to cook food. An oven that heated food using microwave energy was then placed in a Boston restaurant for testing. At last, in 1947, the first commercial microwave oven hit the market. T hese primitive units where gigantic and enormously expensive, standing 5 1/2 feet tall, weighing over 750 pounds, and costing about $5000 each. The magnetron tube had to be water-cooled, so plumbing installations were also required. Initial Reactions Were Unfavorable Not surprisingly, many were highly reluctant about these first units, and so they found only limited acceptance. Initial sales were disappointing...but not for long. Further improvements and refinements soon produced a more reliable and lightweight oven that was not only less expensive, but, with the development of a new air-cooled magnetron, there was no longer any need for a plumber. The microwave oven had reached a new level of acceptance, particularly with regard to certain industrial applications. By having a microwave oven available, restaurants and vending companies could now keep products refrigerator-fresh up to the point of service, then heat to order. The result? Fresher food, less waste, and money saved. New and Unusual Applications As the food industry began to recognize the potential and versatility of the microwave oven, its usefulness was put to new tests. Industries began using microwaves to dry potato chips and roast coffee beans and peanuts. Meats could be defrosted, precooked and tempered. Even the shucking of oysters was made easier by microwaves. Other industries found the diverse applications of microwave heating quite advantageous. In time, microwaves were being used to dry cork, ceramics, paper, leather, tobacco, textiles, pencils, flowers, wet books and match heads. The microwave oven had become a necessity in the commercial market and the possibilities seemed endless. The First "Radarange" In 1947, Raytheon demonstrated the world's first microwave oven and called it a "Radarange," the winning name in an employee contest. Housed in refrigerator-sized cabinets, the first microwave ovens cost between $2,000 and $3,000. Sometime between 1952-55, Tappan introduced the first home model priced at $1295. In 1965 Raytheon acquired Amana Refrigeration. Two years later, the first countertop, domestic oven was introduced. It was a 100-volt microwave oven, which cost just under $500 and was smaller, safer and more reliable than previous models. By 1975 Sales of Microwave Ovens Exceeded that of Gas Ranges Technological advances and further developments led to a microwave oven that was polished and priced for the consumer kitchen. However, there were many myths and fears surrounding these mysterious new electronic "radar ranges." By the seventies, more and more people were finding the benefits of microwave cooking to outweigh the possible risks, and none of them were dying of radiation poisoning, going blind, sterile, or becoming impotent (at least not from using microwave ovens). As fears faded, a swelling wave of acceptance began filtering into the kitchens of America and other countries. Myths were melting away, and doubt was turning into demand. By 1975, sales of microwave ovens would, for the first time, exceed that of gas ranges. The following year, a reported 17% of all homes in Japan were doing their cooking by microwaves, compared with 4% of the homes in the United States the same year. Before long, though, microwave ovens were adorning the kitchens in over nine million homes, or about 14%, of all the homes in the United States. In 1976, the microwave oven became a more commonly owned kitchen appliance than the dishwasher, reaching nearly 60%, or about 52 million U.S. households. America's cooking habits were being drastically changed by the time and energy-saving convenience of the microwave oven. Once considered a luxury, the microwave oven had developed into a practical necessity for a fast-paced world. An expanding market has produced a style to suit every taste; a size, shape, and color to fit any kitchen, and a price to please almost every pocketbook. Options and features, such as the addition of convection heat, probe and sensor cooking, meet the needs of virtually every cooking, heating or drying application. Today, the magic of microwave cooking has radiated around the globe, becoming an international phenomenon. Inventor Spencer Doctor Spencer continued at Raytheon as a senior consultant until he died at the age of 76. At the time of his death, Dr. Spencer held 150 patents and was considered one of the world's leading experts in the field of microwave energy, despite his lack of a high school education. On September 18, 1999, Dr. Percy LaBaron Spencer was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame and took his place in history alongside such great inventors as Thomas Edison, the Wright Brothers and George Washington Carver. More to come on the fascinating history and development of the microwave oven... Note: Photo of Percy Spencer and Patent provided courtesy of The Spencer Family Archives Picture of the earliest microwave oven provided courtesy of The Lemelson-MIT Awards Program's Invention Dimension web site, http://web.mit.edu/invent Picture of Original Microwave Oven Patent by Doctor Percy L. Spencer Courtesy Rod Spencer and the Spencer Family Archives Copyright Information Unless otherwise noted, all materials at this cite (including without limitation all text, html markup, graphics, and graphic elements) are copyrighted ï¿½, 1989-2001 by J. Carlton Gallawa. The material available through this site may be freely used for attributed noncommercial educational purposes only. We ask that due credit and notification be given the author. Amana Radarange Amana Refrigeration, a subsidiary of Raytheon Manufacturing Company, in 1967 introduced this first compact microwave oven, called the Radarange. It was a 115 V countertop model, retailing for $495, and cooked hamburgers in 35 seconds. The compact size was made possible by a small, efficient electron tube, developed in 1964 by the Japanese, which replaced older, bulkier tubes called magnetrons. In 1968, tests by Walter Reed Hospital confirmed many fears that microwaves did, in fact, leak out of the ovens, but Federal standards set in 1971 resolved the problem. By 1994, ninety per cent of all US homes had such an appliance. The first microwave ovens for home consumer use were introduced by Tappan in 1955, but few purchased them due to their large size (about like an electric stove) and high cost. Microwave ovens were a spin-off of wartime RADAR, and invented accidentally by Percy LeBaron Spencer of Raytheon while working on a magnetron (radar tube) near the end of the war. As he passed the device, which generated microwaves, he noticed that a candy bar in his pocket began to melt. He experimented with eggs (they exploded) and popcorn (it popped). So, a "high frequency dielectric heating apparatus" was patented in 1945 by Raytheon, and a prototype built. The first microwave oven for commercial purposes (ships and hotels) was introduced in 1947 by Raytheon, and named the Radar Range. It stood five and a half feet tall, weighed 750 pounds, and cost $3000 30th Anniversary of Microwave Oven Marks Revolution in Americaï¿½s Home Kitchens	one thousand nine hundred and forty seven
Which famous character was created by Michael Bond in a series of books for children?	Inventor Percy L. Spencer Biography 100 Inventions That Shaped World History by Bill Yenne, Morton, Dr. Grosser (Editor) / Paperback - 112 pages (1983) / Bluewood Books This book contains inventions from all around the world from microchips to fire. This is a really good book if you are going to do research on inventions. Accidents May Happen: 50 Inventions Discovered by Mistake by Charlotte Foltz Jones, John O'Brien (Illustrator) / Hardcover - 86 pages (1996) / Delacorte Fifty inventions discovered by mistake receive entertaining cartoon embellishment but are actually serious subjects which will delight and entertain kids. The Kid Who Invented the Popsicle: And Other Surprising Stories About Inventions by Don L. Wulffson / Paperback - 128 pages (1999) / Puffin Brief factual stories about how various familiar things were invented, many by accident, from animal crackers to the zipper. Raytheon: A History of Global Technology Leadership Raytheons discovery of microwave cooking in 1945 was initially an accident, but its development, like so many others, can be credited to Percy Spencer. Spencer was the first, however, to discover that one could cook food using microwave radio signals. (URL: www.raytheon.com/about/history.htm) Located at Inventure Place, the online home of creative minds. Inducted Percy Lebaron Spencer in 1999 for his invention of the High Efficiency Magnetron (Patent Number 2,408,235). (URL: www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/136.html) Celebrates inventor/innovator role models through outreach activities and annual awards to inspire a new generation of American scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs. Featured Percy Spencer in May, 1966 for his invention of the Mictowave Oven. (URL: web.mit.edu/invent/iow/spencer.html) In 1967, the company revolutionized the way America cooks with the introduction of the Amana Radarangeï¿½ the first countertop microwave oven for the home. (URL: www.amana.com/) Like many of today's great inventions, the microwave oven was a by-product of another technology. (URL: www.gallawa.com/microtech/history.html) WORDS OF WISDOM: "He has the respect of every physicist in the country, not only for his ingenuity but for what he has learned about physics by absorbing it through his skin. He is not merely a good experimenter and a good designer; he has become, in his own right, one of the recognized individuals in a very difficult field." - Vannevar Bush DID YOU KNOW?: In 1947, Raytheon demonstrated the worlds first microwave oven and called it a "Radarange," the winning name in an employee contest. 1947 - Raytheon builds its first microwave oven. Weighing over 750 pounds and standing over five feet tall, the oven is limited to commercial use. 1967 - Using Raytheons microwave cooking technology, Amana introduces the worlds first successful 115-volt countertop microwave oven for the home. Microwave ovens are now found in over 90% of US homes The first microwave oven weighed over 750 pounds and stode over five feet tall. Housed in refrigerator-sized cabinets, the first microwave ovens cost between $2,000 and $3,000 and were sold by Raytheon primarily to the commercial marketplace. Reference Sources in BOLD Type This page revised October 20, 2006. FEATURED	i don't know
Which of the Bronte sisters wrote Wuthering Heights?	SparkNotes: Wuthering Heights: Context Wuthering Heights Table of Contents Plot Overview Wuthering Heights, which has long been one of the most popular and highly regarded novels in English literature, seemed to hold little promise when it was published in 1847, selling very poorly and receiving only a few mixed reviews. Victorian readers found the book shocking and inappropriate in its depiction of passionate, ungoverned love and cruelty (despite the fact that the novel portrays no sex or bloodshed), and the work was virtually ignored. Even Emily Brontë’s sister Charlotte—an author whose works contained similar motifs of Gothic love and desolate landscapes—remained ambivalent toward the unapologetic intensity of her sister’s novel. In a preface to the book, which she wrote shortly after Emily Brontë’s death, Charlotte Brontë stated, “Whether it is right or advisable to create beings like Heathcliff, I do not know. I scarcely think it is.” Emily Brontë lived an eccentric, closely guarded life. She was born in 1818, two years after Charlotte and a year and a half before her sister Anne, who also became an author. Her father worked as a church rector, and her aunt, who raised the Brontë children after their mother died, was deeply religious. Emily Brontë did not take to her aunt’s Christian fervor; the character of Joseph, a caricature of an evangelical, may have been inspired by her aunt’s religiosity. The Brontës lived in Haworth, a Yorkshire village in the midst of the moors. These wild, desolate expanses—later the setting of Wuthering Heights—made up the Brontës’ daily environment, and Emily lived among them her entire life. She died in 1848, at the age of thirty. As witnessed by their extraordinary literary accomplishments, the Brontë children were a highly creative group, writing stories, plays, and poems for their own amusement. Largely left to their own devices, the children created imaginary worlds in which to play. Yet the sisters knew that the outside world would not respond favorably to their creative expression; female authors were often treated less seriously than their male counterparts in the nineteenth century. Thus the Brontë sisters thought it best to publish their adult works under assumed names. Charlotte wrote as Currer Bell, Emily as Ellis Bell, and Anne as Acton Bell. Their real identities remained secret until after Emily and Anne had died, when Charlotte at last revealed the truth of their novels’ authorship. Today, Wuthering Heights has a secure position in the canon of world literature, and Emily Brontë is revered as one of the finest writers—male or female—of the nineteenth century. Like Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights is based partly on the Gothic tradition of the late eighteenth century, a style of literature that featured supernatural encounters, crumbling ruins, moonless nights, and grotesque imagery, seeking to create effects of mystery and fear. But Wuthering Heights transcends its genre in its sophisticated observation and artistic subtlety. The novel has been studied, analyzed, dissected, and discussed from every imaginable critical perspective, yet it remains unexhausted. And while the novel’s symbolism, themes, structure, and language may all spark fertile exploration, the bulk of its popularity may rest on its unforgettable characters. As a shattering presentation of the doomed love affair between the fiercely passionate Catherine and Heathcliff, it remains one of the most haunting love stories in all of literature.	Emily
Becky Sharp is the name of a character in which famous novel, which is also the title of a famous magazine?	Emily Bronte - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss. Emily Bronte Biography of Emily Bronte Emily Bronte (1818-1849), English author and one of the famed Bronte sisters wrote Wuthering Heights (1847); Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living! You said I killed youï¿½haunt me, then! The murdered do haunt their murderers. I believeï¿½I know that ghosts have wandered on earth. Be with me alwaysï¿½take any formï¿½drive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh God! it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul! First published under Emilyï¿½s pseudonym Ellis Bell, the combination of its structure and elements of passion, mystery and doomed love as well as social commentary have made Wuthering Heights an enduring masterpiece. Set in 18th Century England when social and economic values were changing and land ownership did not always the man make, it is a world of patriarchal values juxtaposed with the natural elements. Bronte explores themes of revenge, religion, class and prejudice while plumbing the depths of the metaphysical and human psyche. Bronteï¿½s own home in the bleak Yorkshire moors provides the setting for the at-times other-worldly passions of the Byronic Heathcliff and Catherine. Also having written much poetry, Emily Bronteï¿½s works did not receive wide acclaim until after her death at the age of thirty. Wuthering Heights is still in print today and has inspired numerous television and feature film adaptations. As with most of the Bronte sisterï¿½s popular novels, people have tried to find biographical parallels in them. Emily has been characterised to mythic proportions as deeply spiritual, free-spirited and reclusive as well as intensely creative and passionate, an icon to tortured genius. Emily Bronte was born on 30 July 1818 at 74 Market Street in Thornton, Bradford, Yorkshire, England. She was the fourth daughter of Maria Branwell (1783-1821), who died of cancer when Emily was just three years old, and Irish clergyman Patrick Bronte (1777-1861). After her youngest sister Anne (1820-1849) was born the Bronteï¿½s moved to the village of Haworth where Patrick had been appointed rector. Emily had four older siblings; Maria (1814-1825), Elizabeth (1815-1825), Charlotte (1816-1855) and Patrick Branwell ï¿½Branwellï¿½ (1817-1848). Emilyï¿½s ï¿½Aunt [Elizabeth] Branwellï¿½ (1776-1842) had moved in to the Parsonage after her sister Mariaï¿½s death to help nursemaids Nancy and Sarah Gars raise the six young children. In 1824, Emily, with her four sisters entered the Clergy Daughterï¿½s School at Cowan Bridge, near Kirkby Lonsdale. When Maria and Elizabeth died there a year later of tuberculosis, she and Charlotte returned home to Haworth. Their father was a quiet man and often spent his spare time alone, so, the motherless children entertained themselves reading the works of William Shakespeare , Virgil , John Milton , and the Bible and played the piano, did needlepoint, and told each other stories. The four often ï¿½paired upï¿½; Charlotte and Branwell started writing of their imaginary world ï¿½Angriaï¿½, Emily and Anne writing of its rival, ï¿½Gondalï¿½. Penning their kingdomsï¿½ histories and developing characters to populate them, the young Bronte girls found a creative outlet in writing stories and poetry. Emily was becoming an independent and opinionated young woman as her poem ï¿½The Old Stoicï¿½ reveals; And if I pray, the only prayer That moves my lips for me Is, ï¿½Leave the heart that now I bear, And give me liberty!ï¿½ In 1835 Emily enrolled at Miss Wooler's school at Roe Head, Mirfield where Charlotte was teaching, but she soon returned home when she became profoundly homesick and ill. After a few years as governess at Law Hill Hall in Halifax, West Yorkshire, Emily and her sisters Charlotte and Anne travelled to Brussels, Belgium in 1842. There at the Pensionnat Heger under teacher Constantin Heger they immersed themselves in the study of French, German and literature with the aim of starting their own school someday. When their Aunt Branwell died Emily alone returned to Haworth for her funeral and stayed on there, just her and her father. She helped around the home and continued writing and editing her poems. By 1845 her sisters had given up their dream of starting their own school and the three were together at Haworth again. It was Charlotteï¿½s idea to publish the poems of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell in 1846. The following year Wuthering Heights was published to mixed reviews, although it was soon lauded as an original and innovative tragic romance. Tragedy loomed large in Emilyï¿½s life as well: her brother Branwell had become an alcoholic and addicted to opium and the family were constantly dealing with his depressions and at times mad ravings. He died in 1848 and while at his funeral Emily caught a cold and died soon after, on 19 December 1848. She now rests with her mother and father and sisters Charlotte, Maria, and Elizabeth and brother Branwell in the family vault at the Church of Saint Michael and All Angels in Haworth, West Yorkshire, England. Yet, still, in eveningï¿½s quiet hour, With never-failing thankfulness, I welcome thee, Benignant Power; Sure solacer of human cares, And sweeter hope, when hope despairs!ï¿½ï¿½To Imaginationï¿½ Biography written by C. D. Merriman for Jalic Inc. Copyright Jalic Inc. 2007. All Rights Reserved. The above biography is copyrighted. Do not republish it without permission. Forum Discussions on Emily Bronte Recent Forum Posts on Emily Bronte I have a question for you......... why Heathcliff decided to tak his revenge upon the others???????????... Posted By dilandilan in Bronte, Emily \|\| 0 Replies A few notes on Wuthering Heights I just finished rereading Wuthering Heights. I first read the book about forty years ago. In my opinion, Wuthering Heights is an unique novel. No other novel approaches it in character, plot and theme. It is a great novel, no doubt about it. Emily Bronte was ahead of her time. Considering that she wrote Wuthering Heights in the late 1840s, it's amazing what she does with character. All of the main characters are anti-social and far from being admirable. It is a pessimistic novel. It stands head and shoulders above all the other novels written during that time. Wuthering Heights must be considered one of the great novels of all time.... Posted By Jassy Melson in Bronte, Emily \|\| 0 Replies Diagnosing Heathcliff & Cathy I'm doing a speech on Wuthering Heights in a few weeks & I thought the topic of my speech would be the modern diagnosis of Heathcliff & Cathy. I'm a literature fan but also am an Abnormal Psychology Major, so of course, I come up with a topic like this. :ihih: I want to know what your guys' opinions on my diagnosis is. I believe that Cathy has Histrionic Personality Disorder. Here is the Diagnostic Criteria: Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, u... Posted By Homers_child in Bronte, Emily \|\| 7 Replies Sex in Wuthering Heights I was told by a teacher that there were two different sex scenes or sex references in Wuthering Heights before chapter 21. This teacher has yet to tell our class what they are yet, I was wondering if anyone already knew what she might be talking about? I have yet to find them myself and I have searched multiple forums and articles online and none of them mention anything about two "sex scenes" before chapter 21.... Posted By NakimandEmustan in Bronte, Emily \|\| 12 Replies hi my doctor asked us to make a research about the tune of WH i need help please:rolleyes5:... Posted By samo in Bronte, Emily \|\| 4 Replies Wuthering Heights and class conflict I was thinking about this novel the other day, and thought that maybe the characters of Heathcliff and Cathy represent different sides of the economic spectrum. Heathcliff is a gypsy, at the very bottom of the social ladder, almost a pariah. He is an orphan/abandoned child, and gets a chance to raise his social status after being adopted by the Earnshaws. However, he becomes angry when the rich, represented by Cathy, remain just as aloof and indifferent to him after he becomes wealthy as before. Then, Cathy dies, thus symbolizing the destruction of the upper class, leaving Heathciff lost in grief. After Heathcliff's death the two are reconciled; implying that the only way the upper lower cl... Posted By Stendhal in Bronte, Emily \|\| 2 Replies Master pls come in plsss!!! 1. How are the revolutions in France and America in 1771- 1801 portrayed in the novel? 2. How did the revolutions in France and America in 1771-1801 portrayed the attitude of people during that time? 3. How did the romantic period in England affect the theme of the novel Wuthering Heights? please answer guys i need it badly... thanks!... Posted By JoshuaLandicho in Bronte, Emily \|\| 1 Reply Dear everyone, Help me to find the answer of question Do you agree that Heathcliff is a tragic figure who evokes sympathy? Give reasons in support of your answer. Waiting for reply Jasvinder... Posted By Rupal in Bronte, Emily \|\| 3 Replies guys can you help me in the answer here? How did the romantic period in england affect the theme of the novel Wuthering Heights? i need your answer as soon as possible pls....:bawling::bawling::bawling::bawling: ... Posted By JoshuaLandicho in Bronte, Emily \|\| 2 Replies what did he mean? (heathcliff) hey there, before heathcliff died he said he had to reach something (talked of struggling to reach a shore..metaphore thing) and that he was close to his aim... but what was this aim.. this chases me since I've finished the story. did he want to die to be united with cathy in death or did he want something else?? help me, take a look at the end of the story, remember the facts and tell me what you think .. thx:wave:... Posted By inbetween in Bronte, Emily \|\| 3 Replies (hey girls)ain't heathcliff hot? hey girls... this is no sublime topic and no intellectual discussion .. I just want to know if I'm the only one who wished she could have jumped into the story to console heathcliff (or perhaps quarrel with him)... tell me if my taste in men is strange or if you share my opinion (I do apologise to all boys for most of them won't be able to say anything about this)... Posted By inbetween in Bronte, Emily \|\| 20 Replies Did any one catch Wuthering Heights on ITV over the bank holiday? It showed once again how good the BBC is at costume Drama. ITV should stick to soaps, game shows and the X factor.... Posted By prendrelemick in Bronte, Emily \|\| 7 Replies	i don't know
In George Orwell's Animal Farm what type of animal was Napoleon?	SparkNotes: Animal Farm: Character List Character List Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Napoleon - The pig who emerges as the leader of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Joseph Stalin, Napoleon uses military force (his nine loyal attack dogs) to intimidate the other animals and consolidate his power. In his supreme craftiness, Napoleon proves more treacherous than his counterpart, Snowball. Read an in-depth analysis of Napoleon. Snowball - The pig who challenges Napoleon for control of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Leon Trotsky, Snowball is intelligent, passionate, eloquent, and less subtle and devious than his counterpart, Napoleon. Snowball seems to win the loyalty of the other animals and cement his power. Read an in-depth analysis of Snowball. Boxer - The cart-horse whose incredible strength, dedication, and loyalty play a key role in the early prosperity of Animal Farm and the later completion of the windmill. Quick to help but rather slow-witted, Boxer shows much devotion to Animal Farm’s ideals but little ability to think about them independently. He naïvely trusts the pigs to make all his decisions for him. His two mottoes are “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right.” Read an in-depth analysis of Boxer. Squealer - The pig who spreads Napoleon’s propaganda among the other animals. Squealer justifies the pigs’ monopolization of resources and spreads false statistics pointing to the farm’s success. Orwell uses Squealer to explore the ways in which those in power often use rhetoric and language to twist the truth and gain and maintain social and political control. Read an in-depth analysis of Squealer. Old Major - The prize-winning boar whose vision of a socialist utopia serves as the inspiration for the Rebellion. Three days after describing the vision and teaching the animals the song “Beasts of England,” Major dies, leaving Snowball and Napoleon to struggle for control of his legacy. Orwell based Major on both the German political economist Karl Marx and the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Ilych Lenin. Read an in-depth analysis of Old Major. Clover - A good-hearted female cart-horse and Boxer’s close friend. Clover often suspects the pigs of violating one or another of the Seven Commandments, but she repeatedly blames herself for misremembering the commandments. Moses - The tame raven who spreads stories of Sugarcandy Mountain, the paradise to which animals supposedly go when they die. Moses plays only a small role in Animal Farm, but Orwell uses him to explore how communism exploits religion as something with which to pacify the oppressed. Mollie - The vain, flighty mare who pulls Mr. Jones’s carriage. Mollie craves the attention of human beings and loves being groomed and pampered. She has a difficult time with her new life on Animal Farm, as she misses wearing ribbons in her mane and eating sugar cubes. She represents the petit bourgeoisie that fled from Russia a few years after the Russian Revolution. Benjamin - The long-lived donkey who refuses to feel inspired by the Rebellion. Benjamin firmly believes that life will remain unpleasant no matter who is in charge. Of all of the animals on the farm, he alone comprehends the changes that take place, but he seems either unwilling or unable to oppose the pigs. Muriel - The white goat who reads the Seven Commandments to Clover whenever Clover suspects the pigs of violating their prohibitions. Mr. Jones - The often drunk farmer who runs the Manor Farm before the animals stage their Rebellion and establish Animal Farm. Mr. Jones is an unkind master who indulges himself while his animals lack food; he thus represents Tsar Nicholas II, whom the Russian Revolution ousted. Mr. Frederick - The tough, shrewd operator of Pinchfield, a neighboring farm. Based on Adolf Hitler, the ruler of Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, Mr. Frederick proves an untrustworthy neighbor. Mr. Pilkington - The easygoing gentleman farmer who runs Foxwood, a neighboring farm. Mr. Frederick’s bitter enemy, Mr. Pilkington represents the capitalist governments of England and the United States. Mr. Whymper - The human solicitor whom Napoleon hires to represent Animal Farm in human society. Mr. Whymper’s entry into the Animal Farm community initiates contact between Animal Farm and human society, alarming the common animals. Jessie and Bluebell - Two dogs, each of whom gives birth early in the novel. Napoleon takes the puppies in order to “educate” them. Minimus - The poet pig who writes verse about Napoleon and pens the banal patriotic song “Animal Farm, Animal Farm” to replace the earlier idealistic hymn “Beasts of England,” which Old Major passes on to the others.	Pig (disambiguation)
What rock did Graham Greene write about?	SparkNotes: Animal Farm: Analysis of Major Characters Analysis of Major Characters Themes, Motifs & Symbols Napoleon From the very beginning of the novella, Napoleon emerges as an utterly corrupt opportunist. Though always present at the early meetings of the new state, Napoleon never makes a single contribution to the revolution—not to the formulation of its ideology, not to the bloody struggle that it necessitates, not to the new society’s initial attempts to establish itself. He never shows interest in the strength of Animal Farm itself, only in the strength of his power over it. Thus, the only project he undertakes with enthusiasm is the training of a litter of puppies. He doesn’t educate them for their own good or for the good of all, however, but rather for his own good: they become his own private army or secret police, a violent means by which he imposes his will on others. Although he is most directly modeled on the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, Napoleon represents, in a more general sense, the political tyrants that have emerged throughout human history and with particular frequency during the twentieth century. His namesake is not any communist leader but the early-eighteenth-century French general Napoleon, who betrayed the democratic principles on which he rode to power, arguably becoming as great a despot as the aristocrats whom he supplanted. It is a testament to Orwell’s acute political intelligence and to the universality of his fable that Napoleon can easily stand for any of the great dictators and political schemers in world history, even those who arose after Animal Farm was written. In the behavior of Napoleon and his henchmen, one can detect the lying and bullying tactics of totalitarian leaders such as Josip Tito, Mao Tse-tung, Pol Pot, Augusto Pinochet, and Slobodan Milosevic treated in sharply critical terms. Snowball Orwell’s stint in a Trotskyist battalion in the Spanish Civil War—during which he first began plans for a critique of totalitarian communism—influenced his relatively positive portrayal of Snowball. As a parallel for Leon Trotsky, Snowball emerges as a fervent ideologue who throws himself heart and soul into the attempt to spread Animalism worldwide and to improve Animal Farm’s infrastructure. His idealism, however, leads to his downfall. Relying only on the force of his own logic and rhetorical skill to gain his influence, he proves no match for Napoleon’s show of brute force. Although Orwell depicts Snowball in a relatively appealing light, he refrains from idealizing his character, making sure to endow him with certain moral flaws. For example, Snowball basically accepts the superiority of the pigs over the rest of the animals. Moreover, his fervent, single-minded enthusiasm for grand projects such as the windmill might have erupted into full-blown megalomaniac despotism had he not been chased from Animal Farm. Indeed, Orwell suggests that we cannot eliminate government corruption by electing principled individuals to roles of power; he reminds us throughout the novella that it is power itself that corrupts. Boxer The most sympathetically drawn character in the novel, Boxer epitomizes all of the best qualities of the exploited working classes: dedication, loyalty, and a huge capacity for labor. He also, however, suffers from what Orwell saw as the working class’s major weaknesses: a naïve trust in the good intentions of the intelligentsia and an inability to recognize even the most blatant forms of political corruption. Exploited by the pigs as much or more than he had been by Mr. Jones, Boxer represents all of the invisible labor that undergirds the political drama being carried out by the elites. Boxer’s pitiful death at a glue factory dramatically illustrates the extent of the pigs’ betrayal. It may also, however, speak to the specific significance of Boxer himself: before being carted off, he serves as the force that holds Animal Farm together. Squealer Throughout his career, Orwell explored how politicians manipulate language in an age of mass media. In Animal Farm, the silver-tongued pig Squealer abuses language to justify Napoleon’s actions and policies to the proletariat by whatever means seem necessary. By radically simplifying language—as when he teaches the sheep to bleat “Four legs good, two legs better!”—he limits the terms of debate. By complicating language unnecessarily, he confuses and intimidates the uneducated, as when he explains that pigs, who are the “brainworkers” of the farm, consume milk and apples not for pleasure, but for the good of their comrades. In this latter strategy, he also employs jargon (“tactics, tactics”) as well as a baffling vocabulary of false and impenetrable statistics, engendering in the other animals both self-doubt and a sense of hopelessness about ever accessing the truth without the pigs’ mediation. Squealer’s lack of conscience and unwavering loyalty to his leader, alongside his rhetorical skills, make him the perfect propagandist for any tyranny. Squealer’s name also fits him well: squealing, of course, refers to a pig’s typical form of vocalization, and Squealer’s speech defines him. At the same time, to squeal also means to betray, aptly evoking Squealer’s behavior with regard to his fellow animals. Old Major As a democratic socialist, Orwell had a great deal of respect for Karl Marx, the German political economist, and even for Vladimir Ilych Lenin, the Russian revolutionary leader. His critique of Animal Farm has little to do with the Marxist ideology underlying the Rebellion but rather with the perversion of that ideology by later leaders. Major, who represents both Marx and Lenin, serves as the source of the ideals that the animals continue to uphold even after their pig leaders have betrayed them. Though his portrayal of Old Major is largely positive, Orwell does include a few small ironies that allow the reader to question the venerable pig’s motives. For instance, in the midst of his long litany of complaints about how the animals have been treated by human beings, Old Major is forced to concede that his own life has been long, full, and free from the terrors he has vividly sketched for his rapt audience. He seems to have claimed a false brotherhood with the other animals in order to garner their support for his vision.	i don't know
All children, except one, grow up is the opening line from which famous story?	Peter Pan is the book with the nation's favourite opening line \| Daily Mail Online Peter Pan's opening line of 'All children, except one, grow up', is the nation's most memorable Peter Pan is the book with the nation's favourite opening line, according to a new poll. 'All children, except one, grow up,' wrote JM Barrie in his children's classic which scooped 20per cent of the vote in a poll commissioned to mark World Book Day next month. But it's not just childhood fairytales that adults have fond memories of, as the opening lines from classic 19th Century novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens came second place, while George Orwell's 1984 completed the top three. However, the first words of 50 Shades of Grey did little to inspire as just one in 20 (five per cent) were wooed by EL James' opening line. One in five of those polled admitted they will put a book down if the first line isn't engaging. However, one in four (25per cent) said they will continue reading a novel to the end even if they don't enjoy it and, with complete disregard for the opening line, 15per cent admit jumping to the last chapter first to find out a book's ending. When it comes to reading with their children, one in eight parents (12per cent) say youngsters will switch off if a book doesn't capture their imagination quickly, and one in 10 are forced to adopt the characters' voices to make reading more enjoyable. Parents know when they deserve an Oscar, as one in seven children (14per cent) will enjoy a book so much that they will read it again and 21per cent of people admit they've used a line from a book as their own in order to impress a member of the opposite sex. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share The poll was commissioned by Asda. Laura Grooby, Asda's book buyer, said: 'First impressions are everything, and even though hundreds of new books are released every week, it is clear the nation never forgets a famous opening line. 'This year, we hope by encouraging everyone to pick up and persevere with a book on World Book Day, children and adults alike will enjoy the pleasures reading can bring.' THE NATION'S TOP 10 MOST MEMORABLE OPENING LINES George Orwell's 1984 (left) and J.R.R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring both feature on the top ten list 1. 'All children, except one, grow up.' - Peter Pan 2. 'It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.' - A Tale of Two Cities 3. 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.' - 1984 4. 'When Mr Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence, there was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton.' - The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring 5. 'Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, "and what is the use of a book," thought Alice "without pictures or conversation?"' - Alice in Wonderland 6. 'It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of good fortune must be in want of a wife.' - Pride and Prejudice 7. 'Mr and Mrs Dursley, of number four Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much.' - Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone 8. 'Here is Edward Bear, coming down the stairs now, bump bump, on the back of his head, behind Christopher Robin.' - Winne-The-Pooh 9. 'My father got the dog drunk on cherry brandy at the party last night.' - Adrian Mole 10. 'The sun did not shine, it was too wet to play, so we sat in the house all that cold, cold wet day.' - The Cat in the Hat	Peter Pan
Who wrote the novel The 39 Steps?	The best opening lines in literature to grab your attention - Telegraph Book news The best opening lines in literature to grab your attention With claims from authors that the opening lines in novels must now "grab readers by the throat" to prevent them becoming distracted or bored, here Hannah Furness offers her selection of the best first lines in literature Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar was published in 1963 Photo: AP “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice (1813) "All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." Leo Tolstoy: Anna Karenina (1878) Related Articles 30 great opening lines in literature 27 Oct 2015 "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way." Charles Dickens: A Tale Of Two Cities (1859) "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen." George Orwell: Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) "All children, except one, grow up." J.M. Barrie: Peter Pan (1911) "Mother died today. Or maybe, yesterday; I can't be sure." Albert Camus: The Stranger (1946) "It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted the Rosenbergs, and I didn't know what I was doing in New York." Sylvia Plath: The Bell Jar (1963) "If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you'll probably want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like, and how my parents were occupied and all before they had me, and all that David Copperfield kind of crap, but I don't feel like going into it, if you want to know the truth." J. D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye (1951) * Do you have your own favourite opening lines? Let us know in the comments below or by tweeting @TelegraphBooks	i don't know
Which famous book, published in 1816, is sub-titled The Modern Prometheus?	Why Is Frankenstein Subtitled or, the Modern Prometheus? Essay - 486 Words Frankenstein the Modern Prometheus Essay ...Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus In Marry Shelly's book Frankenstein, she tells the story of a man named Victor Frankenstein. The character of Frankenstein contains traits that parallel Prometheus from Greek mythology. Through his actions and emotions Victor Frankenstein becomes the modern Prometheus by producing ill-fated actions that carry tragic... 812 Words \| 3 Pages Is Frankenstein the Modern Day Prometheus? Essay ...Running head: IS FRANKENSTEIN THE MODERN DAY PROMETHEUS? Is Frankenstein the modern day Prometheus? Irvin M. Beacham Jr. ENC 1101 Dr. Gaspar Is Frankenstein the modern day Prometheus? When Mary Shelly wrote her 1818 classic Frankenstein, she subtitled it “The Modern... 1317 Words \| 4 Pages Frankenstein as the Modern Prometheus Essay ...Victor Frankenstein as the Modern Prometheus I. Introduction Victor is referred to as the “Modern Prometheus” because, like the titan, Victor disobeys natural law by creating life, brings knowledge through creation, and faces severe punishment for his actions. II. Disobedience A. Prometheus does as he is forbidden 1. Prometheus directly disobeys Zeus, the supreme power in Greek mythology, to... 503 Words \| 3 Pages Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus Essay ... The Modern Prometheus When Mary Shelley’ “Frankenstein” rose to fame, literary critics sparked fierce debates concerning whether the main character, Victor Frankenstein, was influenced by the Greek myth of Prometheus. While Victor and Prometheus both created their own version of humans, their methods and overall affection for their creation is startling different. Some critics argue that Victor is in... 983 Words \| 3 Pages Is Victor Frankenstein the Modern Prometheus? Essay ...Is Victor Frankenstein the modern Prometheus? Mary Shelley’s purpose in the subtitle of her book, Frankenstein; or, the modern Prometheus is to compare Victor Frankenstein and Prometheus, son of Zeus. By showing many similarities between the two, she has solid reasoning that Dr. Frankenstein is, in many ways, the “modern Prometheus.”... 1084 Words \| 3 Pages Frankenstein, the Modern Prometheus? Essay ...FRANKENSTEIN, THE MODERN PROMETHEUS? In order to illustrate the main theme of her novel "Frankenstein", Mary Shelly draws strongly on the myth of Prometheus, as the subtitle The Modern Prometheus indicates. Maurice Hindle, in his critical study of the novel, suggests, "the primary theme of Frankenstein is what happens to human sympathies and relationships when men seek... 1367 Words \| 5 Pages Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus Essay ...2013 Period 1: Language Arts The Modern Day Prometheus A modern day Prometheus is somebody that defies the Gods and does something that only they can do. Victor Frankenstein, from ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley, is considered to be a modern day Prometheus at that time. Prometheus, a Titan, was the first person that started this modern day... 538 Words \| 2 Pages Essay on Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus is ... Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley about eccentric scientist Victor Frankenstein, who creates a grotesque creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was eighteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty. The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in... 3577 Words \| 10 Pages	Frankenstein
When was the nobel prize for literature first awarded?	Frankenstein - Bookmarks - Book Drum Detail from 'Prometheus creating man in the presence of Athena', Jean-Simon Berthélemy (1802) The titan Prometheus is most readily pictured chained to a rock with an eagle gnawing daily at his immortal insides - his theoretically eternal punishment for defying Zeus on humanity's behalf. However, the most obvious reference for Frankenstein's subtitle is his depiction in some versions of the Greek myth as mankind's creator as well as its benefactor; Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, has him crafting the bodies of men from clay, before stealing for them the life-giving fire of heaven. The figure of Prometheus is often invoked with a mixture of meanings. Frankenstein's title echoes that applied to Benjamin Franklin in the previous century by German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who hailed him as a " Prometheus of modern times " for his famous experiments with electricity (See note to page 24). George Cruikshank cartoon, 'The Modern Prometheus, or Downfall of Tyranny', (1814) - Credit: AN169608001© The Trustees of the British Museum The myth of Prometheus has inspired the works of artists and writers for millenia, including the English Romantics. The figure of a heroic rogue, struggling against an oppressive established order in pursuit of divine truth, allowed poets like Shelley and Byron to express their mixed feelings towards the bloody aftermath of the French Revolution. The connection between Prometheus and Napoleon Bonaparte was made not only by Byron himself (see below), but by several satirical cartoonists depicting the leader's downfall (as pictured). Online text of ' Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte ' (1814), and ' Prometheus ' (1816) by George Gordon Byron Online edition of ' Prometheus Unbound ', by Percy Bysshe Shelley, (1820) Page 3. " The circumstance on which my story rests was suggested in casual conversation " Incoming storm over Lake Geneva, (2010) - Credit: Danimal1802 The book's preface, by Percy Shelley writing from Mary's perspective, originates the legendary 'ghost-story competition' account of Frankenstein's conception. In 1816 the couple had travelled to Switzerland to summer with celebrated philanderer and poet George Byron, along with and at the urging of Mary's stepsister Claire Clairmont who was pregnant with his child. Byron rented one 'Villa Diodati' on the scenic shores of Lake Geneva, but worldwide atmospheric disturbance from the volcanic eruption of Mt. Tambora in Indonesia caused an abnormally "cold and rainy" (p.4) season which forced the party to stay indoors and amuse themselves by composing ghoulish horror stories. Although the preface describes Shelley's novel as the only completed product of the contest, a year later Byron's physician John William Polidori expanded his patron's fragment into a novella of his own - one of the first works to depict The Vampyre as a suave, myserious aristocrat. A more elaborate account of the contest is given in Mary Shelley's ' Introduction ' to the 1831 edition of 'Frankenstein' Online edition of Lord Byron's ' Fragment of a Novel ', (1816) Online edition of John William Polidori's expansion of it ' The Vampyre ', (1819) Google Map Page 6. " you cannot contest the inestimable benefit I shall confer on all mankind to the last generation " 'Ship in the ice-sea', Caspar David Friedrich, (1798) Walton's grand ideas concerning the far north are exactly those of his time - the early nineteenth-century saw a surge of speculation and exploration into possible Northern sea-routes allowing swift travel between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In one of the great examples of wishful thinking clouding scientific judgment, it was argued by some that successful navigation into the region around the North Pole might reveal an open Arctic sea, relatively free of ice, which would provide safe passage along the northern coasts of America and Asia, revolutionising global trade routes. Covered by shifting ice for much of the year (See note to page 174), the Arctic Ocean's use for commercial shipping was extremely limited, a fact gradually revealed by numerous voyages like Walton's over the years – the Northeast Passage was not fully traversed until Finnish explorer Adolf Nordenskiöld's expedition of 1878. However, some observers claim that global warming is responsible for the Arctic ice-reduction which, in recent years, has made continuous trade through the Northwest and Northeast Passages a realistic possibility. The British Library's online exhibition of historic attempts to navigate the Northwest Passage Recent ice-reduction data at geology.com BBC report on the Northeast Passage's commercial prospects , (2009) Page 10. " I am going to unexplored regions, to 'the land of mist and snow;' " Illustration by Gustave Doré, Plate 6 - 'The ice was all around', (1876) A quote from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's darkly allegorical Rime of the Ancient Mariner; the tale of a wizened seafarer, whose voyage into the unknown regions of the Antarctic leaves him with a unique insight into the secrets of nature, and a heavy burden of guilt for disturbing them. Coleridge was among the literary men who had visited Mary Shelley's father William Godwin when she was a young girl and, although quoted directly only twice, the poem's influence runs throughout Frankenstein. Online edition of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's ' Rime of the Ancient Mariner' , (D. Appleton & Co., 1866) Page 20. " a desire to bind as close as possible the ties of domestic love, determined my mother to consider Elizabeth as my future wife; a design which she never found reason to repent " by chaconne Frankenstein's arranged marriage to his first-cousin Elizabeth Lavenza would not have raised as many eyebrows in 18th-century Switzerland as it does among today's readers, such matches having a long history within noble bloodlines. Their possible degenerative result only became a serious topic of concern towards the end of the 19th century, and remains hotly contested in some quarters . However, the fact that the two are also raised as siblings from a young age makes their relationship socially as well as genetically incestuous. Even in the 1831 edition , in which Shelley severs the lovers' blood ties, the domestic introversion of Victor's relationship with Elizabeth suggests the misguided, self-destructive egotism which defines his character. Page 21. " these favourite books, the principle characters of which were Orlando, Robin Hood, Amadis, and St George " Robin Hood statue near Nottingham Castle, James Woodford, (1952) - Credit: Olaf1541 Online edition of Ariosto's ' Orlando Furioso ' as translated and abridged by John Hoole (1791) Online edition of various ballads concerning ' Robin Hood ', compiled and edited as a history by Joseph Ritson (originally published 1795) Online edition of Montalvo's ' Amadis de Gaula' , as translated and abridged by Robert Southey (1803) Online edition of St. George's entry in Jacobus de Voragine's ' The Golden Legend, or Lives of the Saints ', as translated by William Caxton (1483) Page 23. " Ah! Cornelius Agrippa! My dear Victor, do not waste your time upon this; it is sad trash " Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, Holzschnittportrait Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486-1535) was a German scholar whose writings blended theology and astrology with an interest in the occult. By the time of the Enlightenment his ideas had been discredited, and his post-mortem reputation tainted by rumours of Faustian occultist practices. Yet, despite his later condemnation by skeptical rationalists, Agrippa's best known work De Occulta Philosophia constitutes an early attempt to explore the same questions of mortality that concerned early nineteenth-century scientists. Of particular relevance to Frankenstein's experiments are those passages which explore the connections between body and mind, theorising the soul as a force which charges the physical frame; "first infused into the middle point of the heart, which is the center of mans body, and from thence it is diffused through all the parts and members of his body" (Book Three: Chapter xxxvii). Even more suggestive is his theoretical contemplation of necromancy, speculating on the impossible, godlike knowledge which would be needed to discover "by what influences the body may be knit together again for the raising of the dead" (Book Three: Chapter xlii). Online edition of Cornelius Agrippa's ' De Occulta Philosophia ', originally translated by "J.F." (1651) Online edition of ' The Poetical Works of Robert Southey ', containing his 'Cornelius Agrippa' (first published 1799) Online edition of Mary Shelley's ' The Mortal Immortal ', featuring Agrippa as a character (1833) Page 24. " he made also a kite, with a wire and a string, which drew down that fluid from the clouds " by chaconne The experiment performed by Frankenstein's father, and his description of electricity as a 'fluid', are references to the work of American polymath Benjamin Franklin. He conducted a similar experiment in the 1750's to prove that lightning was electrical in nature, his research leading not only to the widespread use of protective lightning rods for tall buildings, but to an explosion of popular interest in the possible applications of electric power. In later editions of the book Frankenstein's electrical education is provided by an anonymous scientific visitor, and this passage includes a telling mention of 'galvanism' (See note to page 38). 'Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon', François-Hubert Drouais, (18th-century) Pliny the Elder's 1st-century 'Natural History' is one of the largest ancient Roman works to have survived intact into the modern day. Covering art, zoology, botany and minerology, it constitutes one of the earliest attempts at an encyclopedic catalogue of scientific knowledge. Georges-Louis Leclerc (1707 – 1788), the Comte de Buffon, published his own Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière in thirty-six volumes over four decades. Hugely influential for turn-of-the-nineteenth-century natural philosophy, his work highlighted areas, such as the divisions between species, and enormous age of the earth, which would go on to play an important role in the development of evolutionary theory.	i don't know
What major war began on 10 October, 1899?	Boer War begins in South Africa - Oct 11, 1899 - HISTORY.com Boer War begins in South Africa Share this: Boer War begins in South Africa Author Boer War begins in South Africa URL Publisher A+E Networks The South African Boer War begins between the British Empire and the Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State. The Boers, also known as Afrikaners, were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of southern Africa. Britain took possession of the Dutch Cape colony in 1806 during the Napoleonic wars, sparking resistance from the independence-minded Boers, who resented the Anglicization of South Africa and Britain’s anti-slavery policies. In 1833, the Boers began an exodus into African tribal territory, where they founded the republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The two new republics lived peaceably with their British neighbors until 1867, when the discovery of diamonds and gold in the region made conflict between the Boer states and Britain inevitable. Minor fighting with Britain began in the 1890s, and in October 1899 full-scale war ensued. By mid June 1900, British forces had captured most major Boer cities and formally annexed their territories, but the Boers launched a guerrilla war that frustrated the British occupiers. Beginning in 1901, the British began a strategy of systematically searching out and destroying these guerrilla units, while herding the families of the Boer soldiers into concentration camps. By 1902, the British had crushed the Boer resistance, and on May 31 of that year the Peace of Vereeniging was signed, ending hostilities. The treaty recognized the British military administration over Transvaal and the Orange Free State and authorized a general amnesty for Boer forces. In 1910, the autonomous Union of South Africa was established by the British. It included Transvaal, the Orange Free State, the Cape of Good Hope, and Natal as provinces. Related Videos	The Boer War (1914 film)
The words Czar and Kaiser are both derived from which famous person in history?	South African War \| British-South African history \| Britannica.com British-South African history Alternative Titles: Anglo-Boer War, Boer War, Second Boer War, Second War of Independence Related Topics Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of Salisbury South African War, also called Boer War, Second Boer War, or Anglo-Boer War; to Afrikaners, also known as the Second War of Independence, war fought from Oct. 11, 1899, to May 31, 1902, between Great Britain and the two Boer (Afrikaner) republics—the South African Republic ( Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State —resulting in British victory. Boer troops lining up in battle against the British during the South African War (1899–1902). DeA Picture Library Although it was the largest and most costly war in which the British engaged between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I (spending more than £200 million), it was fought between wholly unequal protagonists. The total British military strength in Southern Africa reached nearly 500,000 men, whereas the Boers could muster no more than about 88,000. But the British were fighting in a hostile country over difficult terrain, with long lines of communications, while the Boers, mainly on the defensive, were able to use modern rifle fire to good effect at a time when attacking forces had no means of overcoming it. The conflict provided a foretaste of warfare fought with breach-loading rifles and machine guns, with the advantage to the defenders, that was to characterize World War I. Underlying causes Southern Africa: The South African War The causes of the war have provoked intense debates among historians and remain as unresolved today as during the war itself. British politicians claimed they were defending their “suzerainty” over the South African Republic (SAR) enshrined in the Pretoria and (disputably) London conventions of 1881 and 1884, respectively. Many historians stress that in reality the contest was for control of the rich Witwatersrand gold-mining complex located in the SAR. It was the largest gold-mining complex in the world at a time when the world’s monetary systems, preeminently the British, were increasingly dependent upon gold. Although there were many Uitlanders (foreigners; i.e., non-Dutch/Boer and in this case primarily British) working in the Witwatersrand gold-mining industry, the complex itself was beyond direct British control. Also, the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886 allowed the SAR to make progress with modernization efforts and vie with Britain for domination in Southern Africa. Similar Topics Crimean War After 1897 Britain—through Alfred Milner , its high commissioner for South Africa—maneuvered to undermine the political independence of the SAR and demanded the modification of the Boer republic’s constitution to grant political rights to the primarily British Uitlanders, thereby providing them with a dominant role in formulating state policy that would presumably be more pro-British than the current policy of the SAR. In an effort to prevent a conflict between Britain and the SAR, Marthinus Steyn , president of the Orange Free State, hosted the unsuccessful Bloemfontein Conference in May–June 1899 between Milner and Paul Kruger , president of the SAR. Kruger did offer to make concessions to Britain, but they were deemed insufficient by Milner. After the conference, Milner requested that the British government send additional troops to reinforce the British garrison in Southern Africa; they began arriving in August and September. The buildup of troops alarmed the Boers, and Kruger offered additional Uitlander-related concessions, which were again rejected by Milner. The Boers, realizing war was unavoidable, took the offensive. On Oct. 9, 1899, they issued an ultimatum to British government, declaring that a state of war would exist between Britain and the two Boer republics if the British did not remove their troops from along the border. The ultimatum expired without resolution, and the war began on Oct. 11, 1899. War Initial Boer success The course of the war can be divided into three periods. During the first phase, the British in Southern Africa were unprepared and militarily weak. Boer armies attacked on two fronts: into the British colony of Natal from the SAR and into the northern Cape Colony from the Orange Free State. The northern districts of the Cape Colony rebelled against the British and joined the Boer forces. In late 1899 and early 1900, the Boers defeated the British in a number of major engagements and besieged the key towns of Ladysmith , Mafeking (Mafikeng), and Kimberley . Particularly of note among Boer victories in this period are those that occurred at Magersfontein, Colesberg, and Stormberg, during what became known as Black Week (Dec. 10–15, 1899). The Boer siege of Ladysmith, 1900, during the South African War (1899–1902). Photos.com/Thinkstock Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Kitchener responded with barbed wire and blockhouses along the railways, but when these failed he retaliated with a scorched-earth policy. The farms of Boers and Africans alike were destroyed, and the inhabitants of the countryside were rounded up and held in segregated concentration camps, often under horrific conditions; several thousand died during their incarceration. The plight of the Boer women and children in the carelessly run, unhygienic camps became an international outrage, attracting the attention of such humanitarians as British social worker Emily Hobhouse . The commandos continued their attacks, many of them deep into the Cape Colony, with Gen. Jan Smuts leading his forces to within 50 miles (80 km) of Cape Town . But Kitchener’s drastic and brutal methods slowly paid off. Boer resistance was worn down and led to divisions between the bittereinders (“bitter-enders”), who wanted to continue fighting, and the hensoppers (“hands-uppers”), who voluntarily surrendered and, in some cases, worked with the British. Peace The Boers had rejected an offer of peace from the British in March 1901, in part because it required that the Boers recognize the British annexation of their republics. Fighting continued until the Boers finally accepted the loss of their independence with the Peace of Vereeniging in May 1902. In the end, pragmatic Boer leaders such as Louis Botha and General Smuts trumped the will of the bittereinders and opted to negotiate for peace on the basis of British suzerainty, promises of local self-government, the swift restoration and efficient management of the gold mines, and, crucially, the alliance of Boers and Britons against black Africans. Assessment In terms of human life, nearly 100,000 lives were lost, including those of more than 20,000 British troops and 14,000 Boer troops. Noncombatant deaths include the more than 26,000 Boer women and children estimated to have died in the concentration camps from malnutrition and disease; the total number of African deaths in the concentration camps was not recorded, but estimates range from 13,000 to 20,000. On both sides the war produced heights of national enthusiasm of a type that marked the era and culminated in frenetic British celebrations after the relief of the Siege of Mafeking in May 1900. (The word mafficking, meaning wild rejoicing, originated from these celebrations.) Despite attempts at rapid healing of the wounds after 1902 and a willingness to cooperate for the purpose of uniting against black Africans, relations between Boers (or Afrikaners, as they became known) and English-speaking South Africans were to remain frigid for many decades. Internationally, the war helped poison the atmosphere between Europe’s great powers, as Britain found that most countries sympathized with the Boers. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Reflective of the discriminatory climate that permeated South Africa during much of the 20th century, it was not until the 1980s that studies of the war’s impact on Africa’s black peoples were made. In addition to the thousands who died in the concentration camps, innumerable black Africans were caught up in the sieges, lost their jobs (for example, when the gold mines were closed down during the conflict), or were evicted from their land in areas overrun by war. Both sides recruited black Africans, though various euphemisms were sometimes used for “black soldier.” On the other hand, some segments of the black African population benefitted from the conflict by some measure. Black farmers in some areas prospered, owing to the wartime demand for food. In some regions, such as the western Transvaal, black Africans took advantage of the war and reoccupied lands previously seized from them by white settlers. Swaziland , which had previously been administered by the SAR, was taken by the British during the war and administered by them afterward; this is why it would be excluded from the Union of South Africa in 1910. The most astonishing aspect of the war, perhaps, is that it was a war between groups of white peoples in a subcontinent with a largely black African population that both sides generally sought to exclude from the fighting, although research in the later decades of the 20th century indicated that black Africans became heavily involved in the war both as combatants and as victims of the armies. During the conflict the British hinted and sometimes promised that in return for support, or at least neutrality, black Africans would be rewarded with political rights after the war. Nevertheless, the Treaty of Vereeniging specifically excluded black Africans from having political rights in a reorganized South Africa as the British and Boers cooperated toward a common goal of white minority rule. More about South African War 33 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References	i don't know
Which British monarch was on the throne at the beginning of the 20th Century?	British Monarchy in the 20th Century \| The Classroom \| Synonym British Monarchy in the 20th Century by Dell Markey Queen Elizabeth II was the reigning monarch of Great Britain at the close of the 20th century. Related Articles What Political Groups Had the Most Power in Britain in the 1800s? Queen Victoria ascended to the throne of Great Britain in 1837 at the age of 18 and remained queen through the beginning of the 20th century. From a young age, she loved to draw, paint and write personal journals. Her reign is associated with the British industrial age and the expansion of the British Empire. During the Victorian Era, the role of the monarchy became increasingly symbolic as the power and roles of democratically elected officials increased. King Edward VII Edward was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Because of his mother's long reign, he was heir apparent to the British throne for 60 years -- longer than any prince in British history. Edward's social life and philandering were the source of much scandal before he became king in 1901. King Edward VII spoke German and French fluently and was actively involved in foreign affairs. His diplomatic work is credited with helping forge a lasting alliance with France. Edward VII was also influential in the modernization of the British military. King George V King George V succeeded to the British throne upon the death of his father, Edward VII, in 1910. In 1911, he visited India, the only British Emperor to do so. A veteran of the Royal Navy, he dedicated much of his time during the First World War -- 1914 to 1918 -- to visiting troops in the field and in hospitals. In 1917, owing to anti-German sentiment in Britain, the king changed his family name from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor, named in honor of the royal residence Windsor Castle. In politics, George V often served as a conciliatory mediator. He began the lasting tradition of presenting a royal radio address to the British at Christmas. King Edward VIII Edward VIII became King of Great Britain in January, 1936 on the death of his father and abdicated the throne in December of the same year to marry American Wallis Simpson. He is the only British monarch to willingly abdicate. Although given the title Duke of Windsor in 1937, he lived abroad for most of the remainder of his life. King George VI George VI became King of Britain upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in December, 1936. He was known for his devout religious faith, for working closely with Prime Minister Winston Churchill through World War II and for his role in helping transform the British Empire into the more loosely associated Commonwealth of Nations in the post-war years. A veteran of the British Navy and Royal Air Force, he made regular visits to the troops on several battlefronts, including France and North Africa. Recognizing the heavy toll war took on civilians, George VI regularly visited bombed portions of London and established the George Cross and George Medal to honor civilians who had displayed bravery during war time. Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II became Queen of England upon her father's death in February, 1952. Prior to becoming queen, she served as a truck driver in the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service during World War II. Her 1953 coronation ceremony was the first to be televised and broadcast throughout the British Commonwealth and the world. The reign of Queen Elizabeth II continued through the turn of the century to the present. During her reign, she oversaw significant changes to the monarchy, including opening the royal residences to the public, offering to pay income and capital gains taxes in 1992 and supporting changes to policy on male primogeniture and the ban on British royals marrying Roman Catholics. She is known for instituting the "walkabout," in which she informally meets and greets large numbers of British citizens in public. References	Queen Victoria
Which American President ordered the dropping of the first atomic bomb?	The British Royal Family in the 20th Century \| Queen Victoria The British Royal Family in the 20th Century Comic essay on the British Royal Family. Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC) The British Royal Family in the 20th Century There are certain institutions of which every person who hopes to be considered educatedand cultured should have a basic understanding. One of these is the British royal family.Today’s topic is the history of that gang since 1901.Why 1901? Because that is when Queen Victoria, very conveniently for our purposeshere, died. Because she died at the beginning of the century in which most of us havelived much of our lives, we need not deal at length here with the Victorian era, which wasvery long, which was Victoria’s fault because it was named for her and she ruled from1837 to 1901 and that long interval is called the Victorian era for obvious reasons, unlessyou are a little dense and don’t pick up on these things very quickly.Before she died, Victoria gave birth to several children. That is to say, she gave birth well before she died and to only one child at a time, as far as I know. She had several children,many of them daughters. I won’t go into the daughters here because I have to move alongto Victoria’s son Edward VII and also because I don’t really know very much aboutVictoria’s daughters except that there were quite a few of them and that of them one wasthe mom of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany who ended up in Holland after losing WWIand was Edward’s nephew. I know that because in magazines writers are always sayingthat Wilhelm was related to Edward in some way or other that is not correct and later some historian or well read reader writes in to say that no, no Edward was Wilhelm’suncle.Anyway, with Victoria conveniently dead and mourned by her people and other people’s people to some extent, Edward assumed the throne. At least I am assuming that heassumed the throne. He may have ascended to it--or both. The terminology of royalty ishard for Americans and other non-Britons to master. That is why this essay will be sovaluable to you.Edward was king from 1901-1910 and stopped being king when he died, except in thehistory books. The Edwardian era was much shorter than the Victorian era. That is because Edward had bad health habits and Victoria did not. Edward drank, smoked, ateand philandered too much, which of course was all his mother’s fault--go figure. But hespoke French quite well, which endeared him to the French, thereby helping to causeWWI. So it is a good thing that President Bush doesn’t speak French. Neither do I, somaybe I shall be president someday.Edward was succeeded by his son George V who reigned from 1910-1936. Edward mighthave been succeeded by his eldest son Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence andAvondale but Eddy, as he was known (to really confuse people the British royal familycalls some of its members by names different from what historians call them after theyare dead—the royal family members, not the historians—although, on second thought, Idon’t think that the royal family does this to confuse people on purpose or eveninadvertently—I should have said to confuse matters, which they also don’t do on purpose, only inadvertently—Edward VII being called Bertie and George’s son Edward being called David), had died years earlier. I mention the Duke of Clarence because thereare nutsy theories that he was Jack the Ripper. That’s a bunch of hooey. But I mention the Jack the Ripper thing because people who do a Google search on Jack the Ripper (whichis a potentially large number of people, as people are interested in gruesome subjects)will come across this blog, to which I hope to attract millions of readers someday soonalthough not necessarily the kind of people who like reading about Jack the Ripper.Anyway, George V was a very stern father, very much like his grandmother Victoria whowasn't a father but who was stern. That made it hard for his sons such as Edward VIIIwho became king and who had the bad taste to fall hopelessly in love with an American,which might have been okay, maybe, kind of, except that she was a divorced Americanwhich was a double no no (actually a triple no no because she had been divorced twicefrom two different men--actually only once from each--although being divorced twicefrom the same man probably wouldn’t have been acceptable to Edward's relatives either or to the Church of England), so Edward had to give up being king and spent a lot of timethereafter being the Duke of Windsor in France and the Bahamas and other places. His brother succeeded to the throne and reigned as George VI 1936-1952.You have been very patient up to this point. We have almost made it to the juicy parts inour grave and somber survey of the British monarchy in the last roughly 104 years.George VI was the father of the present Queen of England Elizabeth (and of her sister and that was it, as far I know), who is roughly my mom’s age and we both admire QueenElizabeth, as she seems like a lady who takes duty very seriously, as does my mom.George VI was a very gentle, decent man and his wife, the Queen Mum (the sweetlooking pudgy lady in all those photographs) lived a long, long time as did Victoria andas Elizabeth II seems set to do, which is why there’s all this talk of Charles never gettingto be king at least not for very long and maybe even deferring to his son William who is acute blond and doesn’t have all that baggage of a turbulent marriage at least not so far, being single.George VI died in 1952 and Elizabeth became queen as a very young woman. She’smarried. But her husband is not the king of England and there isn’t one right now or of the rest of Britain for that matter. Elizabeth’s hubbikins is known as the Duke of Edinburgh and is Prince of the United Kingdom but known mostly as the Duke of Edinburgh and is a royal highness, which I am sometimes called when people think I am putting on airs.There are quite a few dukes in the royal family and some of them are also royalhighnesses. Maybe all of them. Charles’ younger sister Anne is a royal highness and a princess royal but is obviously not a duke. I think most women, even hardcore feminists,have thought about how nice it would be to be princesses. I think I would prefer to be acountess, as you would have more privacy and maybe more money. A countess is marriedto an earl, apparently. I know that because Queen Elizabeth’s son Edward is the Earl of Essex and his wife is the Countess of Essex (or maybe Wessex). Actually, I know that because I read it not because of to whom the queen’s son is married. More From This User	i don't know
Florence Nightingale was a nurse during which war?	Florence Nightingale - Women’s History - HISTORY.com Florence Nightingale A+E Networks Introduction Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy on May 12, 1820. During the Crimean War, she and a team of nurses improved the unsanitary conditions at a British base hospital, reducing the death count by two-thirds. Her writings sparked worldwide health care reform. In 1860 she established St. Thomas’ Hospital and the Nightingale Training School for Nurses. She died August 13, 1910, in London. Google Early Life Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy. She was the younger of two children. Nightingale’s affluent British family belonged to elite social circles. Her mother, Frances Nightingale, hailed from a family of merchants and took pride in socializing with people of prominent social standing. Despite her mother’s interest in social climbing, Florence herself was reportedly awkward in social situations. She preferred to avoid being the center of attention whenever possible. Strong-willed, Florence often butted heads with her mother, whom she viewed as overly controlling. Still, like many daughters, she was eager to please her mother. “I think I am got something more good-natured and complying,” Florence wrote in her own defense, concerning the mother-daughter relationship. Florence’s father was William Shore Nightingale, a wealthy landowner who had inherited two estates—one at Lea Hurst, Derbyshire, and the other in Hampshire, Embley Park—when Florence was five years old. Florence was raised on the family estate at Lea Hurst, where her father provided her with a classical education, including studies in German, French and Italian. From a very young age, Florence Nightingale was active in philanthropy, ministering to the ill and poor people in the village neighboring her family’s estate. By the time she was 16 years old, it was clear to her that nursing was her calling. She believed it to be her divine purpose. When Nightingale approached her parents and told them about her ambitions to become a nurse, they were not pleased. In fact, her parents forbade her to pursue nursing. During the Victorian Era, a young lady of Nightingale’s social stature was expected to marry a man of means—not take up a job that was viewed as lowly menial labor by the upper social classes. When Nightingale was 17 years old, she refused a marriage proposal from a “suitable” gentleman, Richard Monckton Milnes. Nightingale explained her reason for turning him down, saying that while he stimulated her intellectually and romantically, her “moral…active nature…requires satisfaction, and that would not find it in this life.” Determined to pursue her true calling despite her parents’ objections, in 1844, Nightingale enrolled as a nursing student at the Lutheran Hospital of Pastor Fliedner in Kaiserwerth, Germany. Career In the early 1850s, Nightingale returned to London, where she took a nursing job in a Middlesex hospital for ailing governesses. Her performance there so impressed her employer that Nightingale was promoted to superintendant within just a year of being hired. The position proved challenging as Nightingale grappled with a cholera outbreak and unsanitary conditions conducive to the rapid spread of the disease. Nightingale made it her mission to improve hygiene practices, significantly lowering the death rate at the hospital in the process. The hard work took a toll on her health. She had just barely recovered when the biggest challenge of her nursing career presented itself. In October of 1853, the Crimean War broke out. The British Empire was at war against the Russian Empire for control of the Ottoman Empire. Thousands of British soldiers were sent to the Black Sea, where supplies quickly dwindled. By 1854, no fewer than 18,000 soldiers had been admitted into military hospitals. At the time, there were no female nurses stationed at hospitals in the Crimea. The poor reputation of past female nurses had led the war office to avoid hiring more. But, after the Battle of Alma, England was in an uproar about the neglect of their ill and injured soldiers, who not only lacked sufficient medical attention due to hospitals being horribly understaffed, but also languished in appallingly unsanitary and inhumane conditions. In late 1854, Nightingale received a letter from Secretary of War Sidney Herbert, asking her to organize a corps of nurses to tend to the sick and fallen soldiers in the Crimea. Nightingale rose to her calling. She quickly assembled a team of 34 nurses from a variety of religious orders, and sailed with them to the Crimea just a few days later. Although they had been warned of the horrid conditions there, nothing could have prepared Nightingale and her nurses for what they saw when they arrived at Scutari, the British base hospital in Constantinople. The hospital sat on top of a large cesspool, which contaminated the water and the hospital building itself. Patients lay on in their own excrement on stretchers strewn throughout the hallways. Rodents and bugs scurried past them. The most basic supplies, such as bandages and soap, grew increasingly scarce as the number of ill and wounded steadily increased. Even water needed to be rationed. More soldiers were dying from infectious diseases like typhoid and cholera than from injuries incurred in battle. The no-nonsense Nightingale quickly set to work. She procured hundreds of scrub brushes and asked the least infirm patients to scrub the inside of the hospital from floor to ceiling. Nightingale herself spent every waking minute caring for the soldiers. In the evenings she moved through the dark hallways carrying a lamp while making her rounds, ministering to patient after patient. The soldiers, who were both moved and comforted by her endless supply of compassion, took to calling her “the Lady with the Lamp.” Others simply called her “the Angel of the Crimea.” Her work reduced the hospital’s death rate by two-thirds. In additional to vastly improving the sanitary conditions of the hospital, Nightingale created a number of patient services that contributed to improving the quality of their hospital stay. She instituted the creation of an “invalid’s kitchen” where appealing food for patients with special dietary requirements was cooked. She established a laundry so that patients would have clean linens. She also instituted a classroom and a library, for patients’ intellectual stimulation and entertainment. Based on her observations in the Crimea, Nightingale wrote Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army, an 830-page report analyzing her experience and proposing reforms for other military hospitals operating under poor conditions. The book would spark a total restructuring of the War Office’s administrative department, including the establishment of a Royal Commission for the Health of the Army in 1857. Nightingale remained at Scutari for a year and a half. She left in the summer of 1856, once the Crimean conflict was resolved, and returned to her childhood home at Lea Hurst. To her surprise she was met with a hero’s welcome, which the humble nurse did her best to avoid. The Queen rewarded Nightingale’s work by presenting her with an engraved brooch that came to be known as the “Nightingale Jewel” and by granting her a prize of $250,000 from the British government. Nightingale decided to use the money to further her cause. In 1860, she funded the establishment of St. Thomas’ Hospital, and within it, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses. Nightingale became a figure of public admiration. Poems, songs and plays were written and dedicated in the heroine’s honor. Young women aspired to be like her. Eager to follow her example, even women from the wealthy upper classes started enrolling at the training school. Thanks to Nightingale, nursing was no longer frowned upon by the upper classes; it had, in fact, come to be viewed as an honorable vocation. Later Life While at Scutari, Nightingale had contracted “Crimean fever” and would never fully recover. By the time she was 38 years old, she was homebound and bedridden, and would be so for the remainder of her life. Fiercely determined, and dedicated as ever to improving health care and alleviating patients’ suffering, Nightingale continued her work from her bed. Residing in Mayfair, she remained an authority and advocate of health care reform, interviewing politicians and welcoming distinguished visitors from her bed. In 1859, she published Notes on Hospitals, which focused on how to properly run civilian hospitals. Throughout the U.S. Civil War, she was frequently consulted about how to best manage field hospitals. Nightingale also served as an authority on public sanitation issues in India for both the military and civilians, although she had never been to India herself. In 1908, at the age of 88, she was conferred the merit of honor by King Edward. In May of 1910, she received a congratulatory message from King George on her 90th birthday. Death and Legacy In August 1910, Florence Nightingale fell ill, but seemed to recover and was reportedly in good spirits. A week later, on the evening of Friday, August 12, 1910, she developed an array of troubling symptoms. She died unexpectedly at 2 pm the following day, Saturday, August 13, at her home in London. Characteristically, she had expressed the desire that her funeral be a quiet and modest affair, despite the public’s desire to honor Nightingale—who tirelessly devoted her life to preventing disease and ensuring safe and compassionate treatment for the poor and the suffering. Respecting her last wishes, her relatives turned down a national funeral. The “Lady with the Lamp” was laid to rest in a family plot at Westminster Abbey. The Florence Nightingale Museum, which sits at the site of the original Nightingale Training School for Nurses, houses more than 2,000 artifacts commemorating the life and career of the “Angel of the Crimea.” To this day, Florence Nightingale is broadly acknowledged and revered as the pioneer of modern nursing. Biography courtesty of Bio.com	Crimean War
What were the surnames of Bonnie and Clyde?	Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale May 12, 1820 - August 13, 1910 Written by Cynthia Audain, Class of 1998 (Agnes Scott College) Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her ninety years, Nightingale pushed for reform of the British military health-care system and with that the profession of nursing started to gain the respect it deserved. Unknown to many, however, was her use of new techniques of statistical analysis, such as during the Crimean War when she plotted the incidence of preventable deaths in the military. She developed the " polar-area diagram " to dramatize the needless deaths caused by unsanitary conditions and the need for reform. With her analysis, Florence Nightingale revolutionized the idea that social phenomena could be objectively measured and subjected to mathematical analysis. She was an innovator in the collection, tabulation, interpretation, and graphical display of descriptive statistics. Florence Nightingale's two greatest life achievements--pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals--were amazing considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers. It was her father, William Nightingale, who believed women, especially his children, should get an education. So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics. She in particular received excellent early preparation in mathematics from her father and aunt, and some references also claim she was tutored in mathematics by James Sylvester (although there seems to be no documentary evidence of this). In 1854, after a year as a unpaid superintendent of a London "establishment for gentlewomen during illness," the Secretary of War, Sidney Herbert, recruited Nightingale and 38 nurses for service in Scutari during the Crimean War. During Nightingale's time at Scutari, she collected data and systematized record-keeping practices. Nightingale was able to use the data as a tool for improving city and military hospitals. Nightingale's calculations of the mortality rate showed that with an improvement of sanitary methods, deaths would decrease. In February, 1855, the mortality rate at the hospital was 42.7 percent of the cases treated (Cohen 131). When Nightingale's sanitary reform was implemented, the mortality rate declined. Nightingale took her statistical data and represented them graphically. She invented polar-area charts, where the statistic being represented is proportional to the area of a wedge in a circular diagram (Cohen 133). As Nightingale demonstrated, statistics provided an organized way of learning and lead to improvements in medical and surgical practices. She also developed a Model Hospital Statistical Form for hospitals to collect and generate consistent data and statistics. She became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858 and an honorary member of the American Statistical Association in 1874. Karl Pearson acknowledged Nighingale as a "prophetess" in the development of applied statistics. Read about the mathematical education in the life of Florence Nightingale in an article by Sally Lipsey that appeared in the Newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics. Watch a video on "The Lady With a Data Visualization" from the "Joy of Stats", The Open University, England. References Cohen, I. B. "Florence Nightingale," Scientific American, 250 (March 1984),128-137. Cohen, I.B. The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life, W. H. Norton, 2006. Chapter 9 is devoted to Florence Nightingale. [Read excerpts from Google Book Search ] Sandra Stinnett. "Women in Statistics: Sesquicentennial Activities," The American Statistician, May 1990, Vol 44, No. 2, 74-80. Kopf, E.W. "Florence Nightingale as a Statistician," J. Amer. Statist. Assoc., 15 (1916), 388-404. Nuttall, P. "The Passionate Statistician," Nursing Times, 28 (1983), 25- 27. Grier, M.R. "Florence Nightingale and Statistics," Res. Nurse Health, 1 (1978), 91-109. Lipsey, Sally. " Mathematical Education in the Life of Florence Nightingale ," Newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics, Vol 23, Number 4 (July-August 1993), 11-12. Wadsworth Jr., Harrison, Kenneth Stephens and A. Blanton Godfrey, Modern Methods for Quality Control and Improvement, Wiley & Sons, 1986. Discusses the history of graphical methods in quality control and F. Nightingale's contributions.	i don't know
Which brothers invented the airplane in 1903?	History of the Airplane - Orville and Wilbur Wright History of the Airplane - Orville and Wilbur Wright The history of the airplane and flight Studio 504/ Stone/ Getty Images By Mary Bellis Updated October 24, 2016. "Flight is possible to man...[and] I feel that it will soon cost me an increased amount of money if not my life". - Wilbur Wright Co-Inventor of the first engined airplane . Orville and Wilbur Wright were the inventors of the first airplane. On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers launched the era of human flight when they successfully tested a flying vehicle that took off by its own power, flew naturally at even speed and descended without damage. Before we get into the history of human flight, let's first understand what an airplane is. While we've seen airplanes in the sky and many of us have even experienced air travel by flying to places that would have taken much longer by any other means of transportation , airplanes can take many forms. By definition, an airplane is simply any aircraft with a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets. However, before that fateful takeoff, other inventors made numerous attempts to make like the birds and fly. continue reading below our video Profile of the Wright Brothers Among these earlier efforts were contraptions such as kites, hot air balloons, airships, gliders and other types of aircraft. And while some progress was made, everything changed when the Wright brothers decided to tackle the problem of manned flight. Orville Wright (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) had requested a patent application for a " flying machine " nine months before their first successful flight. They were that confidant. As part of the Wright Brothers' systematic practice of photographing every prototype and test of their various flying machines, they had persuaded an attendant from a nearby lifesaving station to snap Orville Wright in full flight. The aircraft soared to an altitude of 10 feet, traveled 120 feet, and landed 12 seconds after takeoff. After making two longer flights that day, Orville and Wilbur Wright sent a telegram to their father, instructing him to inform the press that manned flight had taken place. This was birth of the first real airplane. After the Wright Brothers, inventors continued to improve airplanes. This led to the invention of jets, which are used by both the military and commercial airlines. A jet is an airplane propelled by jet engines . Jets fly much faster than propeller-powered aircraft and at higher altitudes, some as high as 10,000 to 15,000 meters (about 33,000 to 49,000 feet). Two engineers, Frank Whittle of the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain of Germany, are credited with the development of the jet engine during the late 1930s. Since then, some firms have developed electric aircrafts that runs on electric motors rather than internal combustion engines. The electricity comes from alternative fuel sources such as fuel cells, solar cells, ultracapacitors, power beaming and batteries. While the technology is in its infancy, some production models are already on the market. Another area of exploration is with rocket-powered aircraft. These airplanes use engines that run on rocket propellant for propulsion, allowing them to soar at higher speeds and achieve faster acceleration. An early rocket-powered aircraft called the Me 163 Komet was deployed by the Germans during World War II. The Bell X-1 rocket plane was the first plane to break the sound barrier in 1947. Currently, the the North American X-15 holds the world record for the highest speed ever recorded by a manned, powered aircraft. More adventurous firms have also begun experimenting with rocket-powered propulsion. Examples include SpaceShipOne, designed by American aerospace engineer Burt Rutan and Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo.	Wright brothers
How many funnels did the Titanic have?	1903 Wright Flyer I 1903 Wright Flyer I If this is your first visit, please stop by: Available in Franï¿½aise, Espaï¿½ol, Portuguï¿½s, Deutsch, Россию, 中文, 日本, and others. fter a failed attempt on 14 Dec 1903 by Wilbur, the Wrights flew the world's first powered airplane at Kitty Hawk on 17 Dec 1903. Beginning at 10:35 AM, Orville flew it about 120-feet or 36.5 meters (in about 12 seconds. Then Wilbur flew for about 175 feet or 53.3 meters, followed by Orville who flew about 200 feet or 60.9 meters. Finally about 12:00 PM, Wilbur flew 852 feet or 259.7 meters in 59 seconds. The Flyer I had a wooden frame in which the straight parts were spruce and the curved parts ash. The frame was covered with a finely-woven cotton cloth and was sealed with "canvas paint" similar to what sailors in Kitty Hawk used on their sails, probably paraffin dissolved in kerosene. The metal fittings were made from mild steel and the aircraft was rigged with15-gauge bicycle spoke wire. The engine block was cast from a hard aluminum alloy, 92% aluminum and 8% copper. The other parts of the engine were made from steel or cast iron, with the exception of the spark points which contained tiny bits of platinum. Like the 1902 Glider, the Flyer I had three-axis control and was the first powered aircraft to be so equipped. The wings twisted or "warped" to roll the aircraft from side to side. The elevator (in front of the wings) pitched the aircraft nose-up and nose-down, The rudder (behind the wings) yawed the aircraft right and left. As in the 1902 Glider, the roll and yaw controls were interconnected -- when the pilot moved a cradle in which his hips rested from side to side, the wings warped and the rudder pivoted. The elevator was actuated by a lever to the pilot's left. The Flyer I specifications: 40.3 ft (12.2 m) wingspan 0.83 ft (25 cm) anhedral 6.5 ft (198 cm) chord 6.2 ft (189 cm) separation 510 sq ft (47.4 sq. m) wing area 1:20 camber 48 sq ft (4.6 sq m) double front elevator (referred to as "horizontal rudder" by the Wrights 21 sq ft (1.9 sq m) twin movable vertical rear rudders 21.1 ft (6.4 m) overall length 605 lb (274.4 kg) total weight (without pilot) 4 cylinder engine, 12 hp at 1150 rpm Two contra-rotating propellers, 8 ft (244 cm) long, turning at 350 rpm The engine (on the right side of the centerline) weighed 170 lbs. or 77.1 kg. The pilots (who lay on the left side of the centerline) weighed just 145 lbs. or 65.8 kg. To compensate for this imbalance, they made the right wing 4 inches (10 cm) longer so that it would produce slightly more lift than the left. This was the only aircraft the Wrights tried to preserve. Damaged by wind after 4th flight, they returned it to Dayton; Orville restored it in 1916 and sent it to the Kensington Science Museum in London, England in 1928. It was returned to the United States in 1948 and since 1949 the Smithsonian has displayed it as the world's first piloted powered airplane. The plaque reads: "THE ORIGINAL WRIGHT BROTHERS AEROPLANE: The world's first power-driven, heavier-than-air machine in which man made free, controlled and sustained flight, invented and built by Wilbur and Orville Wright flown by them at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina December 17, 1903. By original scientific research the Wright Brothers discovered the principles of human flight as inventors, builders, and flyers they further developed the aeroplane, taught man to fly, and opened the era of aviation." References: McFarland, 1953, pp , 394-397, 1183, plates 60, 63-78. McFarland, Marvin W. (ed) The papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1953, pp 394-397, 1183, plates 60, 63-78. [Submitted by Joe W. McDaniel] Wibur and Orville assembling the 1903 Fyler I at their camp in Kitty Hawk, NC. A front view of the Flyer. Ready for the first flight test on 14 December 1903. Rarely seen in its entirety, this is a print of the complete photograph taken of the first flight on 17 December 1903. On its fourth flight, the Flyer traveled 852 feet (259.7 meters) from its starting point and remained aloft for 59 seconds. The Wright brothers considered this the only completely successful flight of the day. The entry in Orville's diary for 17 December 1903. Want to see a detailed digital model of the Flyer from any angle? CLICK HERE to download the WBAC Wright Flyer I 3D PDF (about 11.8 Mb). (Your browser must have an up-to-date Adobe Reader plug-in to view the model.) After loading the PDF file, choose "Enable all features" to display the Flyer and the viewing tool bar. The assembled Flyer outside its hangar. Wilbur is looking out of the door. The Flyer from the right side. Although the airplane left the ground on December 14, the pilot (Wilbur) never had the airplane under control and the flight ended in a crash that broke the front elevator. The wing dips during the third flight on 17 December 1903. The Flyer landed hard at the end of the fourth flight and broke the front elevator again. Top view, font view, and side view drawings of the Flyer I. For more drawings, click HERE . For an illustration (in PDF format) that identifies and explains the parts of the 1903 Wright Flyer, click HERE .	i don't know
In what year was highwayman Dick Turpin hanged?	Dick Turpin - The Legendary Highwayman and his horse Black Bess Dick Turpin Dick Turpin, much-romanticised through legend, was in fact an infamous highwayman, murderer and convicted horse-thief. He was tried and executed in York, assuring his place in English history and being forever linked with the city. The Only Way is Essex Richard ‘Dick’ Turpin was born in 1705 in Hempstead, Essex. His father John was an innkeeper and a butcher; Turpin became an apprentice butcher. He married at twenty and five years later, then with his own butcher’s shop, he aided the prolific deer-poaching Gregory Gang, disposing of carcasses. Landlord in Gangland London By 1734 Turpin had become landlord of a pub at Clay Hill. His association with the gang was such that he joined them in brutal attacks and robberies in the outer London area. In 1735 after three gang members were arrested the youngest betrayed his fellows, Turpin being named by The London Gazette. Foolishly Turpin and the gang immediately committed further shocking assaults in the Essex area with three more gang members arrested and executed at Tyburn on 10 March. Turpin was named on the indictments for burglary. Dick Turpin’s Grave lies in St. George’s Graveyard in a mainly residential part of York Wanted Man Turning to highway robbery from April 1735, he plagued Epping Forest, Southwark and other London areas. On 10 July, identified and named as ‘Turpin the butcher’, along with Thomas Rowden with a bounty of £100 on their heads, the duo’s crimes continued throughout 1735. Next referred to in February 1737 Turpin reportedly spent the night at Puckeridge with his wife, her maid and another man. Turpin’s letter arranging the meeting (for horse stealing) was intercepted by the authorities. Turpin escaped while the others were arrested and imprisoned. Undeterred Highwayman The following month Turpin took up with highwaymen Matthew King and Stephen Potter, committing a series of robberies, culminating in an incident at Whitechapel when either King or Turpin stole a horse near Waltham Forest. Joseph Major, along with Richard Bayes, identified his animal, found tethered at The Red Lion, Whitechapel, and waited, along with the local constable, for the ‘owner’. King’s brother eventually arrived leading them to his brother Matthew who received serious, but possibly accidental, gunshot wounds, dying the following month. Reports varied, stating Turpin or Bayes had shot King. Turpin fled into Epping Forest and on being spotted by Thomas Morris, who was armed, shot and killed him on 4 May with a carbine. ‘The Gentleman’s Magazine’ named Turpin as the suspect – a £200 reward was offered. Turpin a.k.a John Palmer comes to Yorkshire In June 1737, Turpin, under the alias John Palmer, lodged in Brough , East Yorkshire, posing as a horse trader. He regularly crossed the Humber committing crimes, stealing a horse from Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire, and riding it to his father’s at Hempstead. Leaving the horse behind, implicating his father who was subsequently committed to gaol, Turpin returned to Brough having stolen three more horses from a Thomas Creasy. Creasy finally tracked down and recovered his horses in autumn 1738, thefts for which Turpin was eventually tried. His gravestone is the only one in the yard upstanding from the ground (top left) Locked up in York Castle After a minor incident in October 1738 Turpin threatened to shoot someone; three JPs attended and committed Turpin to the House of Correction at Beverley . The JPs’ suspicions of ‘Palmer’s’ lifestyle proved right when JPs from Long Sutton, Lincolnshire, confirmed Palmer was known there as a sheep-thief and suspected horse-thief who had evaded custody. Turpin was consequently transferred to York Castle on 16 October 1738, for the Assizes. Turpin’s final undoing came when his intercepted letter to his brother-in-law revealed his handwriting to James Smith who had taught Turpin to write. Smith travelled to York Castle identifying Turpin on 23 February 1739 and received the £200 reward originally offered following Morris’s murder. Found Guilty On 22 March York Assizes declared Turpin guilty on two charges of horse theft, passing the death sentence. Turpin bought a new frock coat and shoes, and hired five paid mourners. On 7 April 1739 Turpin and John Stead (also a horse-thief) were paraded through York by open cart to Knavesmire, York’s equivalent of London’s Tyburn. Following the hanging, by a pardoned fellow highwayman, Turpin’s body was taken to an inn in Castlegate and buried next day in the graveyard of St George’s Church, Fishergate. It was shortly reportedly as stolen; however, the body-snatchers together with Turpin’s corpse were soon apprehended. The body was reburied, possibly with quicklime, and is alleged to lie in St George’s graveyard. Black Bess and the Legendary Journey to York In legend, Dick Turpin and Black Bess, his faithful mare, are synonymous for their supposed 200-mile ride from London to York, a tale originating in Rookwood (1834), a novel by William Harrison Ainsworth. It was in fact highwayman John ‘Swift Nick’ Nevison who, in 1676, after committing a robbery in Kent and urgently needing an alibi set off on the ride of his life reaching York in around 15 hours. Through folklore Turpin’s violent character has become that of a romantic and dashing highwayman. Related posts: sadie · July 4, 2014 on 4:04 pm ridiculous they killed him by hanging him Bob · May 6, 2015 on 9:51 am No it’s not, he deserved it, he was evil sadie, killing loads of people. JAKE · June 23, 2015 on 7:22 pm i know we been leaning about highwaymen JAKE · June 23, 2015 on 7:23 pm i leaned i lot from this so its epic Paul · July 4, 2015 on 11:58 pm Yes it’s true he was a baddie and got what he deserved really I guess.	1739
Maximus Decimus Meridius was the main character in which film?	Dick Turpin for kids 21 September 1705 - 7 April 1739 Page Under Construction On 7th April, 1739, Dick Turpin was hanged at the Tyburn, which is on the modern day York Race Course otherwise known as the Knavesmire. Who was Dick Turpin? Dick Turpin was a butcher's son, born in Hempstead, Essex in 1705. He was also a violent highwayman who was executed in York, after being charged for murder. Why is Dick Turpin famous? Turpin is one of the most infamous highwaymen in the world. Amost a hundred years after his death, he became the subject of legend. Author Harrison Ainsworth wrote stories about Turpin, presenting him as a fearless and gentlemanly hero. He also virtually invented the most famous episode in Turpin legend: Turpin's non-stop ride from London to York on his faithful mare, Black Bess, in less than 24 hours. Ainsworth's fiction was soon mistaken for fact, spawning a host of local legends. Also on this day .... 7 April 1770 - William Wordsworth, one of the great English poets, was born on this day at Cockermouth, Cumberland, England. He was orphaned as a boy and he lived with his sister in the Lake District. In 1843, when he was seventy-four, Wordsworth was appointed Poet Laureate, the poet chosen to write poetry for the King or Queen. The title 'Poet Laureate' comes from the laurels with which the ancient Greeks traditionally crowned their most celebrated poets. The present Poet Laureate is Carol Ann Duffy, who was appointed in May 2009. The post will be held for a fixed ten-year period. William Wordsworth most well know poem is about daffodils and begins: I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. 7 April - World Health Day	i don't know
In which 1955 film does Frank Sinatra play Nathan Detroit?	Guys and Dolls (1955) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error In New York, a gambler is challenged to take a cold female missionary to Havana, but they fall for each other, and the bet has a hidden motive to finance a crap game. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz Writers: Jo Swerling (based upon the play: "Guys and Dolls" book by), Abe Burrows (based upon the play: "Guys and Dolls" book by) \| 2 more credits » Stars: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 25 titles created 19 Sep 2011 a list of 25 titles created 28 Apr 2013 a list of 30 titles created 25 Apr 2014 a list of 42 titles created 14 Dec 2014 a list of 26 titles created 6 months ago Title: Guys and Dolls (1955) 7.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 4 Oscars. Another 2 wins & 3 nominations. See more awards » Photos Two rival motorcycle gangs terrorize a small town after one of their leaders is thrown in jail. Director: Laslo Benedek Three sailors on a day of shore leave in New York City look for fun and romance before their twenty-four hours are up. Directors: Stanley Donen, Gene Kelly Stars: Gene Kelly, Frank Sinatra, Betty Garrett The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France. Director: Henry Koster The growing ambition of Julius Caesar is a source of major concern to his close friend Brutus. Cassius persuades him to participate in his plot to assassinate Caesar but they have both sorely underestimated Mark Antony. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz Paralized war vet tries to adjust to the world without the use of his limbs. Director: Fred Zinnemann An intelligent, articulate scholar, Harrison MacWhite, survives a hostile Senate confirmation hearing at the hands of conservatives to become ambassador to Sarkan, a southeast Asian country... See full summary » Director: George Englund A US air force major in Kobe confronts his own opposition to marriages between American servicemen and Japanese women when he falls for a beautiful performer. Director: Joshua Logan The destiny of three soldiers during World War II. The German officer Christian Diestl approves less and less of the war. Jewish-American Noah Ackerman deals with antisemitism at home and ... See full summary » Director: Edward Dmytryk In the Oklahoma territory at the turn of the twentieth century, two young cowboys vie with an evil ranch hand and a traveling peddler for the hearts of the women they love. Director: Fred Zinnemann C.K. Dexter-Haven, a successful popular jazz musician, lives in a mansion near his ex-wife's Tracy Lord's family estate. She is on the verge of marrying a man blander and safer than Dex, ... See full summary » Director: Charles Walters The story of Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, who led a rebellion against the corrupt, oppressive dictatorship of president Porfirio Diaz in the early 20th century. Director: Elia Kazan Two sailors, one naive, the other experienced in the ways of the world, on liberty in Los Angeles, is the setting for this movie musical. Director: George Sidney Edit Storyline All the hot gamblers are in town, and they're all depending on Nathan Detroit to set up this week's incarnation of "The Oldest Established Permanent Floating Crap Game in New York"; the only problem is, he needs $1000 to get the place. Throw in Sarah Brown, who's short on sinners at the mission she runs; Sky Masterson, who accepts Nathan's $1000 bet that he can't get Sarah Brown to go with him to Havana; Miss Adelaide, who wants Nathan to marry her; Police Lieutenant Brannigan, who always seems to appear at the wrong time; and the music/lyrics of Frank Loesser, and you've got quite a musical. Includes the songs: Fugue for Tinhorns, "Luck Be a Lady", "Sit Down, You're Rocking the Boat". Written by Syam Gadde <[email protected]> 16 January 1956 (Brazil) See more » Also Known As: Schwere Jungen, leichte Mädchen See more » Filming Locations: (with overture and exit music) Sound Mix: 4-Track Stereo (Western Electric Sound System) (magnetic prints)\| Mono (optical prints) Color: Did You Know? Trivia Frank Sinatra wanted the lead role of Sky Masterson in this film, but Marlon Brando was cast instead. Likewise, Sinatra had previously wanted the part of Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront (1954) and later Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972), and Brando was ultimately cast in both those roles; he even won two Academy Awards for Best Actor for those parts. See more » Goofs While Sky and Nathan are talking in the restaurant and Nathan is trying to get Sky to eat some cheese cake, a man walking in the street outside disappears and a woman walks past in his place. See more » Quotes Sky Masterson : It is my understanding that the Constitution of the United States allows everybody the free choice between cheesecake and strudel. Music and Lyrics by Frank Loesser Sung by Frank Sinatra and other men in the bar Reprized as background music when Sky meets with Adelaide about Nathan Of its own time, and still memorable 26 December 2007 \| by intelearts (the big screen) – See all my reviews Along with South Pacific, Guys and Dolls is for grown-ups - - it is sassy, sexy, and full of men being men and women being strung along. There is an energy and drive that makes this stand out from the pack - the strength of Jean Simmond's performance, and the charm of a young Brando, and an already masterful Sinatra add much to the overall feel and look of the piece. Guys and Dolls wins as it is unashamedly what it is: an MGM musical. Still good to look at and listen too with great tunes and dance numbers it will remain one of the classics of 20th Century cinema and be watched with pleasure for years to come. Warmly recommended. 14 of 15 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Guys and Dolls
What is the full title to the sequel to the film Home Alone?	‘Guys And Dolls’ Remake: Michael Grandage To Direct Fox Remake \| Deadline Lionsgate Joins Fox, Par & Uni In Nixing Exhibitor Clearance Requests: What Does This Mean For The Biz? This is sure to set in motion a lot of lust from leading men and ladies who can sing and dance. When Deadline revealed that Fox finally tied down the rights a couple years ago, the studio was eyeing a killer pairing of Channing Tatum and Joseph Gordon-Levitt in the roles made famous by Frank Sinatra and Marlon Brando . It is unclear whether these guys are still in the mix. A lot of time has passed, and a number of actors have coveted these roles in past attempts to adapt Guys And Dolls, each time a movie deal was rumored. Years ago, it looked like Harvey Weinstein was getting the rights, with his Chicago exec producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron producing the film. Thesps from Russell Crowe to Vin Diesel, Hugh Jackman and others all tossed their hats into the ring to play the leads. Those deals never happened because Jo Loesser, the widow of songwriter Frank Loesser , never found a deal to her liking. That finally happened in 2013. Grandage directed a stage version of the musical in the West End in 2005, a production that starred Ewan McGregor as Masterson and Douglas Hodge as Nathan Detroit. Grandage directed Genius, the John Logan-scripted adaptation of the A. Scott Berg book about Max Perkins, the legendary literary editor who oversaw works of Thomas Wolfe, Ernest Hemingway and other great writers. That film stars Colin Firth, Nicole Kidman, Jude Law, Guy Pearce and Laura Linney, for Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions releasing June 10. Related ‘Genius’ Trailer: Colin Firth As Editor Max Perkins And Jude Law As Writer Thomas Wolfe Guys And Dolls was taken from Damon Runyon’s short stories that captured the rogue gangsters and gamblers of the 1920s and ’30s. In the 1955 movie, Nathan Detroit (Sinatra) has a town full of captive gamblers and wants to set up a floating crap game but needs money to do it. He bets his pal Sky Masterson (Brando) that Sky can’t get the wholesome Sarah Brown (Jean Simmons) — who runs a mission — to go with him to Havana. Frank Loesser wrote the music and lyrics, and Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows wrote the book. The musical won the Tony for Best Musical when it premiered in 1950, and won the 1951 Pulitzer for Drama, until the troubles Burrows was having with the House Un-American Activities Committee caused the Trustees of Columbia University to veto the selection. Guys And Dolls was then turned into the 1955 movie. The classic Loesser songs included “Luck Be a Lady” and “Sit Down, You’re Rockin’ The Boat.” CAA reps Grandage.	i don't know
On the set of what film did Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman fall in love and then got married later in the same year?	How Scientology Seduced Tom Cruise (Exclusive Book Excerpt) \| Hollywood Reporter COMMENTS Gary Musgrave THR's exclusive excerpt from Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Lawrence Wright 's new book reveals how the church came between Cruise and Kidman, leader David Miscavige's intense courtship of the star, Bill Clinton's advice to the actor on how to lobby Tony Blair, and how Cruise once told Miscavige, "If f--ing Arnold can be governor, I could be President." This story first appeared in the Jan. 18 issue of The Hollywood Reporter magazine. The past year hasn’t been kind to the Church of Scientology. Katie Holmes divorced Tom Cruise. A Vanity Fair cover story that revealed the Scientology-run “audition” process to be Cruise’s wife included an interview with one of Cruise’s original candidates who was forced, she claims, to scrub toilets with a toothbrush as punishment. Meanwhile, Scientologist John Travolta was hit with several lawsuits (albeit unrelated to the Church) that spawned endless Internet speculation. Behind those sensational headlines, details of an organization whose secrecy long has been guarded began to seep out with detractors using the Internet to expose the Church’s sacred documents and allege wrongdoing. Now, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Lawrence Wright, who profiled ex-Scientologist Paul Haggis for The New Yorker in 2011, delves fullon into the history and inner workings of the Church of Scientology in his book Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief. Despite bad publicity and questions about its size — one survey puts U.S. membership at 25,000 (the Church claims 8 million worldwide), with the largest concentration in L.A. — Scientology continues to survive, with ex-members claiming it has assets of about $1 billion. As many as 5,000 people belong to the Sea Org, its elite clergy. Adherents are drawn to Scientology’s emphasis on self-improvement, though the Church’s theology and practices remain unknown to the public. (Since 1993, the IRS has classified Scientology as a tax-exempt religion.) Wright’s account, which is detailed through Church documents, court records and hundreds of interviews, including many with ex-members, is disputed by Scientology, which declined to give interviews for the book. Karin Pouw, a representative for Scientology tells THR that, “The one thing ‘clear’ about Lawrence Wright’s book is that he continues to carry water for a handful of angry, bitter individuals ... [who] regurgitate six decades of false, bizarre tabloid allegations about the religion’s founder, its leadership and its prominent members.” Far from being in decline, she says Scientology opened 30 new churches in 2012. (Read Pouw's complete response here .) Wright argues that the Church’s mystique rests mainly on its celebrity members. Early on, founder L. Ron Hubbard recruited Hollywood notables like Gloria Swanson. David Miscavige, who has headed the Church since Hubbard’s death in 1986, followed this strategy by cultivating Cruise, who has become the public face of the Church and one of its largest donors. Cruise, now 50, became a Scientologist in 1986 and the biggest celebrity to join the Church since Travolta. Cruise admired Miscavige’s confidence and bravado. Miscavige, in turn, was seduced by Cruise’s celebrity and opulent lifestyle. But by the mid-’90s, Cruise and wife Nicole Kidman drifted away from the Church, which frantically scrambled to win him back. In this exclusive excerpt, Wright details the relationship between Cruise and Miscavige, the star’s renewed commitment to Scientology following his divorce from Kidman and his emergence as possibly the second most- powerful figure in the Church. — Andy Lewis For five days in October 1998, Tom Cruise, one of the biggest movie stars in the world, secretly drove into a private parking lot in the back of the historic Guaranty Building on Hollywood Boulevard, with the yellow Scientology sign atop. Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino used to have their offices here -- now the lobby is a shrine to the life and works of L. Ron Hubbard. A giant bust of the founder greets the occasional visitor. Cruise went in a back door that led to a basement hallway and went directly to the "secret" 11th floor, where senior Church officials like David Miscavige and Marty Rathbun maintained offices. "He was not in good shape, spiritually or mentally," Rathbun observed. "He was personally very enturbulated," Scientology terminology for agitated.( 1 ) Rathbun, then the Inspector General at the Religious Technology Center, which oversees the Church's spiritual materials, had gone to Los Angeles to meet Cruise for auditing, the Church's system of religious counseling. (Rathbun is no longer connected to Scientology and is now one of its most outspoken critics. The Church has dismissed his accounts and refers to him as part of a "posse of lunatics.") Cruise, the Church's most visible adherent, had been drifting away. According to Rathbun, Miscavige -- Scientology's de facto head since Hubbard's death -- blamed the actor's wife, Nicole Kidman, and viewed her as a gold digger who was faking Scientology. He says that Miscavige was hopeful that if they portrayed Nicole Kidman as a Suppressive Person, Cruise could be peeled away from her.( 2 ) After that episode of auditing, Cruise went quiet again. He and Kidman were in England filming Eyes Wide Shut for Stanley Kubrick. Suddenly, in January 2001, Rathbun said he got a call from the actor asking for help. Cruise said that he and Kidman were finished. Cruise never offered a public explanation for the divorce, and Kidman herself was clearly surprised by his decision. This was a decisive moment in Cruise's relationship with Scientology. Rathbun provided the star with more than 200 hours of auditing over the next couple of years. From July through Thanksgiving 2001, Rathbun was with Cruise at the Celebrity Centre frequently, doing auditing rundowns. He paired Cruise with another actor, Jason Beghe, to do training drills; for instance, Beghe would think of a hypothetical date, which Cruise had to figure out using the E-Meter, a Scientology device that measures a body's electrical resistance by gripping two metal rods, a guessing exercise Cruise found really frustrating. (Cruise's attorney says, "Cruise may have had a chance encounter with Beghe at the Celebrity Centre but had no such meeting with him.")( 3 ) First footnote: Interview with Mark "Marty" Rathbun. Second footnote: Interview with Mark "Marty Rathbun. Third footnote: Interview with Jason Beghe. At the same time, 29-year-old Tommy Davis began acting as Rathbun's assistant. He brought sandwiches and helped out with Conor and Isabella, Cruise's two children with Kidman, making sure they were receiving Church services. Despite his youth, Davis was already a unique figure in the Church: He was a second-generation Scientologist, a member of the Sea Org, an elite group of about 3,000 that functions in effect as the Church's clergy, and a scion of the Hollywood elite. His mother was Anne Archer, a popular actress who had been nominated for an Academy Award for Fatal Attraction. She had always been proud to associate herself with Scientology in public, speaking at innumerable events on behalf of the Church, and her son Tommy embodied the aspiration of the Church to establish itself in the Hollywood community. He had known Cruise since he was 18 years old, so it was natural that he soon became the Church's liaison with the star. Rathbun assigned Davis to sit with Cruise in the parking lot of a Home Depot in Hollywood while the star was doing his Tone Scale drills -- guessing the emotional state of random people coming out of the store.( 4 ) Rathbun was opposed to the endless courtship of Cruise. In his opinion, there was no need for it once Cruise was securely back in the Church's fold. He told Miscavige, "I think I'm done with this guy." Miscavige responded, "He'll be done when he calls me." Rathbun believes the leader was galled by the fact that Cruise had never contacted him when he came back for counseling.( 5 ) During the actor's early years in the Church, Cruise and Miscavige, who are two years apart in age (Cruise was born in 1962, Miscavige in 1960), had been exceptionally close, drawn together by a similar meteoric rise to success. They were both short but powerfully built, "East Coast personalities," said Sinar Parman, Miscavige's then-private chef. They shared a love of motorcycles, cars and adventurous sports. Cruise had been a movie star since he was 21, with two popular movies in the same year, The Outsiders and Risky Business. By age 25, he was the biggest star in Hollywood, on his way to becoming a true movie legend. At the same age, Miscavige rose to his position atop Scientology. Each of these men assumed extraordinary responsibilities when their peers were barely beginning their careers, so it was natural that they would see themselves mirrored in each other.( 6 ) Miscavige got involved in Scientology through his parents, who joined a Church near their Cherry Hill, N.J., home in the early 1970s and moved to its then-headquarters in Saint Hill, England, in 1972, where at the age of 12 David became one of the youngest auditors in the history of the Church -- the "Wonder Kid," he was called.( 7 ) On his 16th birthday in 1976, he dropped out of 10th grade and formally joined the Sea Org, whose members dress in military-style uniforms -- a remnant of its original purpose as Hubbard's private navy. Less than a year later, he was transferred to the Commodore's Messengers in California, an even more elite inner circle that enforced religious doctrine and served as Hubbard's personal assistants. Here he continued to capture the attention of the Church hierarchy with his energy and commitment, renovating one of Hubbard's houses and ridding it of fiberglass (which the founder said he was allergic to). Miscavige filled a spot in the founder's plans that once might have been occupied by his troubled son Quentin Hubbard, who died in 1976 at age 22, although Miscavige displayed a passion and focus that Quentin never really possessed. Miscavige was tough, tireless and doctrinaire.( 8 ) He was just 19 when Hubbard promoted him to Action Chief, the person in charge of making sure that the founder's directives were strictly and remorselessly carried out, and then at 23 to head of Special Project Ops, running missions around the world to fix sensitive problems that local Scientologists themselves could not handle.( 9 ) [After Hubbard died of complications from a stroke in January 1986, Miscavige consolidated power by becoming Chairman of the Board (COB) of the Religious Technology Center (RTC), which controlled the Church's intellectual property, and forcing out Hubbard's designated successors. By April 1988, he was essentially running Scientology, nominally reporting to a figurehead board, but in reality controlling the levers of power.] When it came to Cruise, Miscavige was bedazzled by the glamour surrounding the star, who introduced him to a social set outside of Scientology, a world Miscavige knew little about, having spent most of his life cloistered in the Sea Org. He was thrilled when he visited Cruise on the set of Days of Thunder, and the actor took him skydiving for the first time. Cruise, for his part, fell under the spell of Miscavige's commanding personality. He modeled his determined naval-officer hero in 1992's A Few Good Men on Miscavige, a fact that the Church leader liked to brag about.( 10 ) In the early '90s, Miscavige surrounded Cruise and Kidman with a completely deferential environment as spotless and odorless as a fairy tale at Gold Base, Scientology's desert outpost near Hemet, Calif. Miscavige heard about the couple's fantasy of running through a field of wildflowers together, so he had Sea Org members plant a section of the desert with them; when that failed to meet his expectations, the meadow was plowed and sodded with grass. When a flood triggered a mudslide that despoiled a romantic bungalow specially constructed for the couple, Miscavige held the entire base responsible and ordered everyone to work 16-hour days until everything was restored. Miscavige showed his instinctive understanding of how to cater to the sense of entitlement that comes with stardom. It was not just a matter of disposing of awkward personal problems, such as clinging spouses; there were also the endless demands for nourishment of an ego that is always aware of the fragility of success; the longing for privacy that is constantly at war with the demand for recognition; the need to be fortified against ordinariness and feelings of mortality; and the sense that the quality of the material world that surrounds you reflects upon your own value, and therefore everything must be made perfect. These were qualities Miscavige demanded for himself as well.( 11 ) Fourth footnote: Interview with Jason Beghe. Interview with Tommy Davis. Fifth footnote: Interview with Mark "Marty" Rathbun. Interview with Tom De Vocht. Sixth footnote: Sinar Parman, personal communication. Seventh footnote: Interview with Karen de la Carriere. Eighth footnote: Deposition of David Miscavige Larry Wollersheim vs. David Miscavige and Church of Scientology California, Oct. 30, 1999; Deposition of David Miscavige, Bent Corydon vs. Church of Scientology, July 19, 1990. Ninth footnote: Deposition of David Miscavige, Bent Corydon vs. Church of Scientology, July 19, 1990. Tenth footnote: Interview with Mark "Marty" Rathbun. 11th footnote: Affidavit of Andre Tabayoyon, Aug. 19, 1999. Interviews with Marc Headley. Interview with Amy Scobee. Karen Pressley interview on One Day One Destiny, a French documentary produced by Magneto Presse, 2009. Miscavige also cultivated Cruise to be a spiritual leader, not just a follower, having him trained as an auditor at Gold Base. Sixteen-year-old Sea Org member Marc Headley says he was among the first people audited by Cruise. He reported to a large conference room and right away noticed Kidman, who was also receiving auditing, and Kirstie Alley, whom he later came to believe was there mainly as a "celebrity prop," since she did little other than read. "Hello, I am Tom," Headley remembers Cruise saying, vigorously shaking his hand. (Cruise, through his attorney, says he has no recollection of meeting Headley.) The actor handed Headley the metal cans that were attached to the E-Meter and asked if the temperature in the room was all right. Then he instructed Headley to take a deep breath and let it out. This was a metabolism test, which is supposed to show whether the subject was prepared for the session. Apparently, the needle on the E-Meter didn't fall sufficiently. Headley was so starstruck that he was having trouble focusing. "Did you get enough sleep?" Cruise asked. "Yeah." "Did you get enough to eat?" "Yeah." "Did you take your vitamins?" Headley said he never took vitamins. "That might be the problem," Cruise said. He went into the pantry, which was filled with snacks for the celebrities. Headley was used to the meager Sea Org fare, and he was taken aback by the cornucopia laid out. The actor found several vitamins and then asked, "Do you take a lot of bee pollen?" Headley had no idea what he meant. "Never had bee pollen?" Cruise said excitedly. "Oh, that will do the trick for sure." He led Headley to his Yamaha motorcycle and rode the two of them to the base canteen. It was dinnertime, and the canteen was filled with Headley's gawking co-workers. Headley was surprised to learn that there was bee pollen for sale, though he says Cruise didn't pay for it; he just grabbed it, and they went back to the conference room. This time, Headley passed the metabolism test, though he privately credited a Danish he ate over the bee pollen. According to Headley, Cruise helped him through the Upper Indoctrination Training Routines. "Look at the wall," Cruise would have said, according to Hubbard's specifications. "Thank you. Walk over to the wall. Thank you. Touch the wall. Thank you." The purpose of this exercise, according to Hubbard, is to "assert control over the preclear and increase the preclear's havingness." ("Clear" is the state novice Scientologists aspire to that signals their subconscious, or "reactive," mind is free.) Cruise went on to ask Headley to make an object -- such as a desk -- hold still or become more solid. Another exercise involved telling an ashtray to stand up, at which point the novice stands and lifts the ashtray, thanks the ashtray and then commands the ashtray to sit down. With each repetition, the commands get louder, so soon he is yelling at the ashtray at the top of his voice. The purpose is to come to the realization that your intention is separate from your words and the sound waves that carry them. These procedures went on for hours as Headley robotically responded to Cruise's commands. "You learn that if you don't do what they say, they'll just ask the same questions 5 million times," Headley recalled.( 12 ) 12th footnote: Headley, Blown for Good, pp. 116-18. Hubbard, “Training and CCH Processes,” HCO Bulletin, June 11, 1957, reissued May 12, 1972 After becoming associated with Cruise, the style of Miscavige's life came to reflect that of a fantastically wealthy and leisured movie star. He normally awakens at noon, with a cup of coffee and a Camel cigarette. Then he takes breakfast, the first of his five meals.( 13 ) According to Parman, the chef, he was eating "three squares and a snack at night" until the late-'90s, when he said he wanted to "get ripped and have six-pack abs" like bodybuilders featured in magazines. At the time, Miscavige changed physical trainers, began taking bodybuilding supplements and adopted a diet that requires each meal to be at least 40 percent protein and to contain no more than 400 calories. Soon, he was looking like the men in the magazines. To maintain Miscavige's physique, chefs have to enter each portion size into a computer. Miscavige often starts the day with an omelet of one whole egg and five egg whites. Two-and-a-half hours later, lunch is provided. Two choices would be prepared daily, for both him and his wife. Dinner is a five-course meal, and once again, dual entrees are prepared for him to choose from. Miscavige's favorite foods include wild mushroom risotto, linguine in white clam sauce and pate de foie gras. Several times a week, a truck from Santa Monica Seafood delivers Atlantic salmon or live lobster. Corn-fed lamb is flown in from New Zealand. When guests such as Cruise come to dinner at his well-appointed house, the kitchen goes into extravagant bursts of invention, with ingredients sometimes flown in from different continents. Two hours after dinner, the first evening snack arrives, with lighter offerings such as Italian white bean soup or clam chowder. After midnight, there is a final late-night snack -- a selection of nonfat cheeses, an apple crisp or blueberry crepes, often garnished with edible flowers. Two full-time chefs work all day preparing these meals, with several full-time stewards to serve them. According to Headley's wife, Claire, who oversaw the finances for the Religious Technology Center between 2000 and 2004, the food costs for the Miscaviges and their guests would range between $3,000 to as much as $20,000 a week.( 14 ) At the end of the evening, Miscavige retires to his den and drinks Macallan scotch and plays backgammon with members of his entourage or listens to music on his $150,000 stereo system (he loves Michael Jackson) or watches movies in his private screening room (his favorite films are Scarface and The Godfather trilogy). He usually turns in around three or four in the morning.( 15 ) He collects guns, maintains at least six motorcycles and has a number of automobiles, including an armor-plated GMC Safari van with bulletproof windows and satellite television and a souped-up Saleen Mustang that Cruise gave him to match his own. Until 2007, when he traveled, Miscavige would often rent Cruise's Gulfstream jet, but he has since upgraded to renting a roomier Boeing business jet, at a cost of $30,000 to $50,000 a trip. His uniforms and business suits are fashioned by Richard Lim, a Los Angeles tailor whose clients include Cruise, Will Smith and Martin Sheen. Miscavige's shoes are custom-made in London by John Lobb, bootmaker to the royal family. His wardrobe fills an entire room, and two full-time stewards are responsible for his cleaning and laundry. Cruise admired the housecleaning so much -- even Miscavige's light bulbs are polished once a month -- that the Church leader sent a Sea Org team to Cruise's Telluride retreat to train the star's staff.( 16 ) Miscavige keeps a number of dogs, including five beagles. He had blue vests made up for each of them, with four stripes on the shoulder epaulets, indicating the rank of Sea Org Captain. He insists that people salute the dogs as they parade by. The dogs have a treadmill where they work out. A full-time staff member feeds, walks and trains the dogs and enters one of them, Jelly, into contests, where he has attained championship status.( 17 ) 13th footnote: Reitman, Inside Scientology, p. 290. 14th footnote: Reitman, Inside Scientology, p. 290. Interviews with Tom De Vochit and Mark “Marty” Rathbun. Information about David Miscavige’s diet comes from his former chefs, Sinar Parman and Lana Mitchell. 15th footnote: Reitman, Inside Scientology, p. 319. Interview with Mark “Marty” Rathbun. Interview with Tom De Vocht. Lana Mitchell, “Hot and cold Running Servants,” June 27, 2011, www.scientology-cult.com/hot-and-cold-running-servants.html. Sinar Parman says that when Miscavige is in Clearwater, he generally rises at 9 a.m. 16th footnote: Interviews with Mike Rinder, Janela Webster, John Brousseau and Noriyuki Matsumaru. John Brousseau, personal correspondence. Lana Mitchell, “Hot and Cold Running Servants.” 17th footnote: Interviews with Marc Headley, Claire Headley and John Brousseau. One of Miscavige's favorites, a Dalmatian/pit bull mix named Buster, went on a rampage one day and killed 10 peacocks on the property, and then the dog proudly laid out his kill for all to see. Buster also attacked various members of the staff -- sending one elderly woman to the emergency room -- before being transferred to another base, causing staffers to joke he had been sent to the dog equivalent of Scientology rehabilitation.( 18 ) The contrast with the other Sea Org members is stark. They eat in a mess hall, which features a meat-and-potatoes diet and a salad bar, except for occasional extended periods of rice and beans. The average cost per meal as of 2005 (according to Headley, who participated in the financial planning each week) was about 75 cents a head -- significantly less than what is spent per inmate in the California prison system. When members join the Sea Org, they are issued two sets of pants, two shirts and a pair of shoes, which is their lifetime clothing allotment; anything else, they purchase themselves. Although the nominal pay for Sea Org members is $50 a week, many are fined for various infractions, so it's not unusual to be paid as little as $13 or $14.( 19 ) There are lavish exercise facilities at the base -- an Olympic-size pool, a golf course, basketball courts -- but they are rarely used. Few are permitted to have access to computers. Every personal phone call is listened to; every letter is inspected. Cultural touchstones common to most Americans are often lost on Sea Org members at Gold Base. They may not know the name of the president of the United States or be able to tell the difference between the Republican and Democratic parties. It's not as if there is no access to outside information; there is a big-screen television in the dining hall, and people can listen to the radio or subscribe to newspapers and magazines; however, news from the outside world begins to lose its relevance when people are outside of the wider society for extended periods of time. Many Sea Org members have not left the base for a decade.( 20 ) Cruise's renwed dedication to Scientology following his divorce from Kidman permanently changed the relationship between the Church and the Hollywood celebrity community. Miscavige and Cruise became closer than ever. The Church leader flew with Cruise in the Warner Bros. jet to a test screening of The Last Samurai in Arizona. In July 2004, Miscavige hosted a 42nd birthday party for Cruise aboard the Scientology cruise ship Freewinds. Musicians (including Miscavige's father) played songs from the actor's movies as clips played on giant screens. Cruise himself danced and sang "Old Time Rock and Roll," reprising his famous scene from Risky Business.( 21 ) Cruise later said of Miscavige: "I have never met a more competent, a more intelligent, a more compassionate being outside of what I have experienced from [studying L. Ron Hubbard]. And I've met the leaders of leaders. I've met them all."( 22 ) 18th footnote: Interview with Marc Headley. Claire Headley, personal correspondence. 19th footnote: Dan Koon, personal correspondence. Interviews with Janela Webster, Daniel Montalvo and Sandy Kent Fullerr. Mike Rinder, Lana Mitchell, Mariette Lindstein and John Brousseau, personal communication. http://markrathbun.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/transcript_of_bryan_seymour_interview_with_lana_mitchell_17b1u9r-17b1u9t.pdf 21st footnote: Tony Ortega, 'Scientology's Cruise Ship as Prison," Runnin' Scared (blog) The Village Voice, Nov. 29, 2011. http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/11/valeska_paris_chris_guider_scientology_freewinds.php. 22nd footnote: 2004 International Association of Scientologists Freedom Medal of Valor Ceremony. [In 2004 Miscavige assigned a team to help Cruise in his search for a girlfriend. The search came up with an aspiring actress Nazanin Boniadi, a 25-year-old Iranian born, London-raised woman whose mother was also a Scientologist. She was given intensive auditing and security checks by the Church and flown to New York and Telluride in late 2007 for elaborate dates with Cruise.] But the relationship ended when Miscavige addressed comments to her and she couldn't quite understand what he said. She had to ask him to repeat himself more than once. The next day both Davis and Cruise dressed her down for disrespecting the Church leader. Naz had embarrassed Miscavige because he wasn't able to get his message across. With his characteristic intensity, Cruise himself later explained the seriousness of the situation:( 23 ) "You don't get it, it goes like this," Cruise said. He raised his hand over his head. "First there's LRH." He moved his hand down a few inches. "Then there is COB." Bringing his hand down to his own eye level, he said, "Then there's me." (Cruise's attorney denies that this exchange took place or that the Church set him up.)( 24 ) A few months later, in April 2005, Cruise met Katie Holmes. The two were married in November 2006. Miscavige was Cruise's best man. [Though she was often seen with Scientology officials, it has never been revealed how much, if any, Scientology training Holmes engaged in before she and Cruise divorced in 2012.] Cruise poured millions of dollars into the Church -- $3 million in 2004. He was not simply a figurehead; he was an activist with an international following. He could take the Church to places it had never been before. Whenever Cruise traveled abroad to promote his movies, he used the opportunity to lobby foreign leaders and American ambassadors to promote Scientology.( 25 ) Cruise repeatedly consulted with President Clinton, lobbying him to get Prime Minister Tony Blair's help in getting the Church of Scientology declared a tax-deductible charitable organization in the U.K. Rathbun was present for one telephone call in which Clinton advised Cruise he would be better served by contacting Blair's wife, Cherie, rather than the prime minister because she was a lawyer and "would understand the details." Later, Cruise went to London, where he met with a couple of Blair's representatives, though nothing came of those efforts.( 26 ) In 2003, he met with Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage and Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, Scooter Libby, to express the Church's concerns over its treatment in Germany. Cruise had access to practically anyone in the world.( 27 ) That same year, Cruise and Davis lobbied Rod Paige, the secretary of education during the first term of President George W. Bush, to endorse Hubbard's "study tech" educational methods. Paige had been impressed. For months, Cruise kept in contact with Paige's office, urging that Scientology techniques be folded into the president's No Child Left Behind program.( 28 ) 23rd footnote: Maureen Orth, "What Katie Didn't Know," Vanity Fair, Oct. 2012. 24th footnote: Interview with Mark “Marty” Rathbun. Rathbun, The Scientology Reformation, p. 86. 25th footnote: Reitman, Inside Scientology, p. 286. 26th footnote: Mike Rinder interview. 27th footnote: Reitman, Inside Scientology, p. 286. 28th footnote: Reitman, Inside Scientology, p. 286. One day, Cruise flew his little red-and-white-striped Pitts Special biplane, designed for aerobatics, to Hemet, along with his Scientologist chief of staff, Michael Doven. Miscavige and Rathbun picked them up and drove them to Gold Base. Rathbun was in the back seat and recalls Cruise boasting to COB about his talks with the secretary. "Bush may be an idiot," Miscavige observed, "but I wouldn't mind his being our Constantine," referring to the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. Cruise agreed. "If f--ing Arnold can be governor, I could be president." Miscavige responded, "Well, absolutely, Tom." (Cruise, through his lawyer, denies this exchange and says he has no political ambition.)( 29 ) Cruise turned his attention to the other Scientologists in the industry. Many had gone quiet following the negative publicity surrounding several high-profile exposés of the Church or had never openly admitted their affiliation with Scientology to begin with. Cruise called a meeting of other Scientology celebrities and urged them to become more outspoken. The popular singer Beck, who had grown up in the Church, subsequently began speaking openly about his faith. Erika Christensen, a rising young actress who was also a second-generation Scientologist, called Cruise her spiritual mentor. By the mid-2000s, Cruise was considered the unofficial Ethics Officer of Hollywood. He was the embodiment of Hubbard's vision of a Church with temples dedicated to celebrity rather than God. Cruise's intensity and commitment, along with his spectacular ambition, matched Miscavige's own. It was as if Miscavige had rubbed a magic lantern and Cruise had appeared, a genie who could open any door. He was one of the few people Miscavige saw as a peer. Miscavige even wondered if there was some way to appoint Cruise the Church's Inspector General for Ethics -- Rathbun's job.( 30 ) "He'd say that Tom Cruise was the only person in Scientology, other than himself, that he would trust to run the Church," one former Sea Org member recalled. Rathbun observed: "Miscavige convinced Cruise that he and Tom were two of only a handful of truly 'big beings' on the planet. He instructed Cruise that LRH was relying upon them to unite with the few others of their ilk on earth to make it onto 'Target Two' -- some unspecified galactic locale where they would meet up with Hubbard in the afterlife."( 31 ) Lawrence Wright is a staff writer at The New Yorker and the author of six books, including The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, which won the 2007 Pulitzer Prize. Excerpted from Going Clear by Lawrence Wright. Copyright (c) 2013by Lawrence Wright. Excerpted by permission of Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. twitter: thrbooks, andyblewis	Days of Thunder
For which newspaper does Clark Kent work in Superman?	Divorce Court: Who Won the Tom Cruise–Nicole Kidman Split? « Print When a celebrity couple breaks up, there’s an initial deluge. The he-said-she-said, the list of alleged side pieces, the ensuing legal battle. If it’s a good couple, the breakup is enough to sustain a few weeks of tabloid covers, but then we’re all just expected to move on. Well, what if I haven’t? Some celebrity couples need to be revisited. Thus, welcome to Divorce Court, a necessary forum to decide the winners and losers of the most high-profile and most interesting celebrity divorces. This exercise could only begin with one couple: Tom Cruise and current Vanity Fair cover girl Nicole Kidman. The Background Tom and Nicole met making Days of Thunder, though I prefer to think of them as the young Irish lovers from Far and Away. They got married in 1990 when she was 23 and he was 28. If you decided to read this article at all, you likely already know that Tom Cruise is a Scientologist. He joined the Church because of his first wife, Mimi Rogers, and later converted his second wife, Nicole. They adopted two kids, Isabella and Connor, both of whom they raised as Scientologists as well. After 12 years and eight months, with 21 movies between them, their union fell apart. In February of 2001 Tom abruptly filed for divorce, blindsiding Nicole. It was ugly immediately. He implied that Nicole had done something nefarious. When people asked why they were getting divorced, he would say, “Ask Nicole. She knows.” Meanwhile, her team said that she improved his star quality. To avoid the equitable split of assets that California law mandates after 10 years of marriage, Tom claimed that they’d been married for nine years and 11 months. Nicole fired back, leveraging the placenta she saved from her then-recent miscarriage to prove that Tom was the father. Ultimately, the divorce was finalized on August 8, 2001. They settled 50-50, and Tom raised the kids. Current Estimated Net Worth Nicole: $130 million Winner: Tom. There are some discrepancies regarding these numbers. While definitive numbers don’t exist, these estimates (courtesy of celebritynetworth.com ) more or less match the other best guesses on the Internet. What’s that? You only trust income statistics that are reported by the IRS or the Bureau of Labor Statistics? Well, there’s also this: Tom landed at no. 27 on Forbes‘s 2013 Celebrity 100 list . Nicole hasn’t been on the list since 2009. Worldwide Box Office Gross Since Divorce Tom: $4,198,016,992 over 14 movies. His biggest hits were 2005’s War of the Worlds ($591,745,540 worldwide) and 2011’s Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocol ($694,713,380). In case you forgot, Tom Cruise is a movie star, and he’s not only churning out blockbusters with huge international box office potential. Sure, the past 13 years include mistakes like Rock of Ages. But the same stretch also included Collateral. I’d say this movie is underappreciated, except everyone knows someone who loves it. Nicole: $2,280,213,552 over 22 movies. Has anyone realized that Nicole Kidman is averaging almost two movies per year since the divorce? All the empirical evidence suggests the opposite because her visibility has decreased (save for the big Vanity Fair cover story that just came out), but maybe she is merely photographed less since she spends most of her time in Nashville and Australia now. Or perhaps she hasn’t wanted or needed to do much publicity since her biggest hits were the new animated classic Happy Feet in 2006 ($384,335,608) and the canonical film Just Go With It in 2011 ($214,945,591). Despite Grantland’s Bad Adam Sandler Movies Power Rankings , I enjoyed Just Go With It when I watched it on a plane, yet I had zero recollection of Nicole appearing in it. Winner: Tom. It took Tom 13 movies to cross the $4 billion mark, while poor Nicole is stuck in the $2 billions after 22 movies, plus she has been downgraded to playing the third female lead in an Adam Sandler joint. Subsequent Relationships Tom: Tom dated Penélope Cruz (June 2001–June 2004) and Nazanin Boniadi (November 2004–January 2005). If Boniadi’s name sounds familiar, it’s because she’s currently on Homeland, and, more importantly, she’s the ex that revealed the Tom Cruise Girlfriend Audition Process. She claims the Church of Scientology “audited” her before arranging the relationship with Tom, though ultimately they broke up because Boniadi wouldn’t conform to the Church’s code, or whatever it is. Cruise dumped Cruz for the same reason, thankfully leaving the pristine image of Spanish power couple Cruz and Javier Bardem intact. We don’t have to worry about any dark undercurrents in that marriage. In any case, the ballad of Cruise-Cruz was just a prelude to the song of Tom and Katie. We’ll never forget this six-year union, thanks to the birth of Suri Cruise and because it was painful for all of us, especially fans of Joey Potter. As we all know, TomKat broke up in June 2013 when Scientology became too much for her, too. Allegedly. Nicole: This is an interesting list. Before marrying current husband Keith Urban, Nicole Kidman had dalliances with Q-Tip (2003, admitted after the fact), Lenny Kravitz (2003-04), and Steve Bing (2005). Q-Tip and Kravitz! What a spectacular rebound for the former Mrs. Cruise. Finally, Nicole found her way to fellow Aussie Keith Urban. They married in 2006, and now they have two daughters. Winner: Nicole. After all, she’s still married! Despite Urban’s trip to rehab four months after their wedding, they persevered and now have kids and homes in Australia, Los Angeles, and Nashville, and their marriage is not subjected to speculation about contractual obligations. We should all be happy that Nicole got this domestic victory, because Connor and Isabella Cruise were (allegedly!) indoctrinated by Scientology to choose Tom in the divorce. To quote Nicole, “My kids don’t call me mommy, they don’t even call me mom. They call me Nicole.” That’s very sad. Awards and Critical Reception Tom: Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor in The Last Samurai (2005), Best Supporting Actor for Tropic Thunder (2009) Nicole: Academy Award win for Best Actress in The Hours (2003); Academy Award nominations for Best Actress in Moulin Rouge! (2002) and Rabbit Hole (2011). Golden Globe wins for Best Actress in The Hours (2003) and Moulin Rouge (2002); Golden Globe nominations for The Paperboy (2013), Rabbit Hole, Birth (2005), Cold Mountain (2004), and The Others (2002). Winner: Nicole. Yes, she has made almost double the number of movies without coming close to his cumulative gross, but she also has more than double the hardware to show for it. Tom’s nominations barely count since Golden Globes are tailored to foreign audiences, and his movies do very well overseas. Rumors There are so many rumors about these two that it’s difficult to pick an appropriate starting place. There are the rumors that affect both of them: that their marriage began crumbling on the set of Eyes Wide Shut; that Nicole had an affair with Ewan McGregor on the set of Moulin Rouge!; that Nicole saved the placenta from her miscarriage to prove paternity; that their kids chose to live with Tom because of their adherence to Scientology. If this were an anonymous gossip-only site, half of those rumors would be listed as fact at this point. And yet there are so many more specific rumors. Let’s peruse the most sensational: Tom: The entire TomKat marriage was a sham . Tom bought his own sonogram machine to track Katie’s pregnancy. Oh wait. This one is true! It just seems like it would be too crazy to be real. Tom will ban magazines from red-carpet events if they write negatively about Scientology. Tom secretly dated Sofia Vergara . All of Tom’s “auditing” sessions (Scientology’s equivalent of confession) have been recorded, just waiting for someone to leak the tapes. Nicole: She broke up a marriage , kind of. She’s a hermaphrodite . Her second daughter with Keith Urban was born via surrogate (that part is confirmed), and the surrogate may have been her sister . She was never pregnant with her first child , either, and her sister donated the egg. Winner: Tom. What does it mean to win this category? If we’re trying to decide who has won post-divorce life, the person who has suffered less as result of rumors has to be the victor. Rumors about Tom Cruise are more virulent, but they are also very common. The rumors have dogged him for so long that their impact has been lessened, and it’s hard to imagine that any revelations will top the stories about the manual-labor punishments that Boniadi had to endure or the auditing altogether. Yet Tom Cruise still makes movies that people all around the world go to see. The perception of Nicole, though, has been in decline. Without a massive critical hit or a box office success in a few years, she is now Keith Urban’s wife with children of questionable origin. Nicole claims in the December Vanity Fair article that she’s fine with this: “I’d rather revolve around somebody else’s career and then still find my own.” I guess that means she’s happy to have found her own second act peeing on Zac Efron in movies that nobody sees. Miscellaneous Relevant Moment Tom: Remember when Tom Cruise jumped on Oprah’s couch? Nicole: Remember when Nicole won a Razzie for her work in Bewitched? Winner: Tom. The “Tom Cruise is crazy” meme reached a fever pitch with the Oprah stunt, but Bewitched is a horrible movie. Verdict This is a closer competition than I would have guessed. On the one hand, Nicole dominated the years immediately after the divorce. She won awards, starred in a number of respectable movies, and did not really flaunt her relationships to any negative effect. Great work! But she seems to have peaked when she got together with Keith Urban, which was right around the time that Tom declared his love for Katie Holmes by jumping on Oprah’s couch. At that point, Nicole was the sane and respectable one. That was the turning point. Since then, Tom Cruise has weathered a second divorce scandal and survived the release of multiple damning books about Scientology. He’s not immensely likable, yet he’s not consummately hatable. The shock of Tom’s marriage to Katie Holmes was wearing off just as Nicole’s career was going quiet. And as Suri got older, she looked enough like Tom to quell many of the paternity questions. Now he’s just doing regular dad stuff, like going to hockey games with his son . Most wisely, he hasn’t had a high-profile relationship since Katie Holmes, preventing any new speculation about his sexuality. Nicole Kidman’s candor in her Vanity Fair interview puts the spotlight back on her, and makes their relationship seem real: “There’s something about that sort of existence. That is you really focus on each other and you’re in that bubble, it’s very intoxicating because it’s just the two of you. And there’s only one other person that’s going through it.’ Good PR work by Nicole, but the interview benefits them both — though she did go on to say that Keith Urban is the true love of her life. Sick burn! Nicole takes the high ground, to both of their advantages, which in this forum translates to a net negative for her. She just made Tom seem normal, as if he were like any other misguided famous person with a ton of fame and money at a young age. Final Winner: Tom. While I’m not looking to get audited anytime soon, his staying power in the face of horrendous press is breathtaking. Tom Cruise is the inaugural winner of Divorce Court.	i don't know
Chemically pure gold contains how many carats?	How Much Gold is There? Physical and Chemical Properties of Gold An overview of gold -- weights & measures; physical & chemical properties. Weights & Measures The basic unit of weight used in dealing with gold is the troy ounce. One troy ounce is equivalent to 20 troy pennyweights. In the jewelry industry, the common unit of measure is the pennyweight (dwt.) which is equivalent to 1.555 grams. 1 troy ounce = 31.1034 grams 1 troy ounce = 1.0971 ounce avoirdupois (U.S.) 1 troy ounce = 480 grains 1 kilogram = 32.15 troy ounces 1 metric ton (1,000 kilos) = 32,151 troy ounces 10 tolas (Indian Subcontinent) = 3.75 troy ounces 5 taels (Chinese) = 6.02 troy ounces Standard Bar Sizes 400 troy ounces (12.5 kilos) 32.15 troy ounces (1 kilo) 100 troy ounces (3.11 kilos) Also, a wide variety of smaller-sized bars by various manufacturers are not deliverable to any exchange, but trade among makers in smaller markets. Karat Gold Conversions 24-karat = .995 to .9999 pure (fine) gold 22-karat = .916 pure (fine) gold 18-karat = .750 pure (fine) gold 14-karat = .583 pure (fine) gold 10-karat = .4167 pure (fine) gold The degree of purity of native gold, bullion (bars or ingots of unrefined gold), and refined gold is stated in terms of gold content. "Fineness" defines gold content in parts per thousand. For example, a gold nugget containing 885 parts of pure gold and 115 parts of other metals, such as silver and copper, would be considered 885-fine. "Karat" indicates the proportion of solid gold in an alloy based on a total of 24 parts. Thus, 14-karat (14K) gold indicates a composition of 14 parts of gold and 10 parts of other metals. Incidentally, 14K gold is commonly used in jewelry manufacture. "Karat" should not be confused with "carat," a unit of weight used for precious stones. Geological & Mining Background Gold is relatively scarce in the earth, but it occurs in many different kinds of rocks and in many different geological environments. Though scarce, gold is concentrated by geologic processes to form commercial deposits of two principal types: lode (primary) deposits and placer (secondary) deposits. Lode deposits are the targets for the "hardrock" prospector seeking gold at the site of its deposition from mineralizing solutions. Geologists have proposed various hypotheses to explain the source of solutions from which mineral constituents are precipitated in lode deposits. One widely accepted hypothesis proposes that many gold deposits, especially those found in volcanic and sedimentary rocks, formed from circulating ground waters driven by heat from bodies of magma (molten rock) intruded into the Earth's crust within about 2 to 5 miles of the surface. Active geothermal systems, which are exploited in parts of the United States for natural hot water and steam, provide a modern analog for these gold-depositing systems. Most of the water in geothermal systems originates as rainfall, which moves downward through fractures and permeable beds in cooler parts of the crust and is drawn laterally into areas heated by magma, where it is driven upward through fractures. As the water is superheated, it dissolves metals from the surrounding rocks. When the heated waters reach cooler rocks at shallower depths, metallic minerals precipitate to form veins or blanket-like ore bodies. Two thirds of the world's supply comes from South Africa, and 2/3 of USA production is from South Dakota and Nevada. Other main mining areas are Canada, Russia, Australia and China. The metal is recovered from its ores by cyaniding, amalgamating, and smelting processes. Refining is also frequently done by electrolysis. Occurrence of gold in the earth's crust = .005 parts per million Estimated total mine production = 160,000+ tonnes since gold was first discovered [Date of first gold coin = approx. 560 B.C. (minted by Croesus of Lydia)] A metric tonne (equals 1,000kg) of gold has a volume of 51,762 cubic centimeters, equivalent to a cube with sides of only 37.27cm -- approx. only 1' 3'' !. In fact, the total amount of gold in the world is a surprisingly small quantity. Here's how you can calculate the volume of the total quantity that has ever been mined. The annual worldwide production of gold is approximately 80 million troy ounces per year. There are 32.15 troy ounces in a kilogram. Gold has a specific gravity of 19.3, meaning that it is 19.3 times heavier than water. So gold weighs 19.3 kilograms per liter. A liter is a cube that measures 10 centimeters (about 4 inches) on a side. Therefore, the world produces a cube of gold that is about 5.1 meters (about 17 feet) on each side every year. In other words, all of the gold produced worldwide in one year could approximately fit into an average living room and garage! This annual production weighs 2,572,000 kilograms. A recent spot price for gold was $740 U.S. -- using that number, all of the gold produced in a year is worth $59.2 billion. Similarly, it is estimated that all the gold ever mined in the world (160,000 tonnes as of 2007), could be placed in a single cube roughly 60 ft. on a side, with a value of $3.68 trillion. Gold occurs in sea water to the extent of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location where the sample is taken. No method has been found for recovering gold from sea water profitably. The name originates from the Old English Anglo-Saxon word 'geolo' meaning yellow. The Symbol Origin is from the Latin word 'Aurum' meaning "Glowing Dawn". Gold is classified as a "Transition Metal" which are located in Groups 3 - 12 of the Periodic Table. An Element classified as a Transition Metals is ductile, malleable, and able to conduct electricity and heat. Chemical & Physical Properties Chemical symbol for gold = Au Atomic number = 79 (79 protons and electrons; 118 neutrons) Number of naturally occurring isotopes = 1 (stable) (70 total possible) Atomic radius = 0.1442 nm Atomic mass = 196.96657 amu Density = 19.3 g/cubic cm Specific gravity = 19.32 (Gold is one of the densest of all the chemical elements, compare to 7.87 for steel, 14.0 for mercury and 11.4 for lead.) Melting point = 1064.43 ºC degrees Boiling point (liquid to gaseous state) = 2807 °C Crystal structure: FCC (cubic) Thermal conductivity = 310 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity = 0.022 micro-ohm m at 20°C Youngs modulus = 79 GPa Hardness = 2.5 (Mohs), 25 Hv (Vickers) Tensile stress = 124 MPa Gold is extremely malleable (the extent to which a material can undergo deformation in compression before failure). In the annealed state it can be hammered cold into a translucent wafer 0.000013 cm thick. One ounce of gold can be beaten into a sheet covering over 9 square metres and 0.000018 cm thick. Gold is extraordinarily ductile (degree of extension which takes place before failure of a material in tension). One ounce can be drawn into 80 km (50 miles) of thin gold wire (5 microns diameter) to make electrical contacts. The ability of gold to efficiently transfer heat and electricity is bettered only by copper and silver, making it indispensable in electronics for semi-conductors and connectors in computer technology -- especially because gold is at the top of the series indicating its high corrosion resistance. In practise, gold dissolves only in aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids) and in sodium- or potassium- cyanide. The latter solvent is the basis for the cyanide process that is used to recover gold from low-grade ore. In everyday use gold does not tarnish. Electronic Uses The resistance to oxidation of gold has led to its widespread use as thin layers electroplated on the surface of electrical connectors to ensure a good connection. Gold-plated connectors are an integral part of plugs and sockets for cable terminations, integrated circuit sockets and printed circuit boards. In general, the more sophisticated the equipment and the greater the need for reliability, the greater the requirement to exploit the advantages of gold as a material. This means that in telecommunications, computers, automotive electronics and defense systems where safety is critical, gold is indispensable. Gold performs critical functions in computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet aircraft engines, and a host of other products. Other Uses Gold's efficiency as a reflector of heat and infra-red radiation has led to liquid gold being used to reduce heat transmissions from aircraft engines and in the United States' Apollo space program. In the latter, reflective gold-coated plastic film was wrapped around parts of the lunar landing module and the moon buggy to protect sensitive parts from solar radiation. Recordable compact discs depend upon gold's high reflectivity. Disc players require a high reflectivity of the laser beam and the only possible materials are gold, silver or copper. With the latter two metals, there is the inherent risk of tarnishing and oxidation. This is not a concern with gold. The gold surface is deposited on the recordable CDs by a process called sputtering. Jewelry consumes around 75% of all gold produced. Gold for jewelry can be given a range of hues depending on the metal with which is alloyed (white, red, blue, green etc.). · White gold (an alloy of gold with platinum, palladium, nickel, and/or zinc) serves as a substitute for platinum. · Green gold (a gold/silver alloy) is used in specialized jewelry while gold alloys with copper (reddish color) are more widely used for that purpose (rose gold). · Colloidal gold is added to glass to colour it red or purple. · Gold can be made into thread and used in embroidery. · Gold is used in restorative dentistry especially in tooth restorations such as crowns and permanent bridges as its slight malleability makes a superior molar mating surface to other teeth, unlike a harder ceramic crown. · Colloidal gold (a gold nanoparticle) is an intensely colored solution that is currently studied in many labs for medical, biological and other applications. It is also the form used as gold paint on ceramics prior to firing. · Chlorauric acid is used in photography for toning the silver image. · Gold(III) chloride is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry. It is also the usual starting point for making other gold compounds. · Gold is used as a coating enabling biological material to be viewed under a scanning electron microscope. · Many competitions and honors, such as the Olympics and the Nobel Prize, award a gold medal to the winner. · Since it is a good reflector of both infrared and visible light, it is used for the protective coatings on many artificial satellites and on astronauts' helmets to prevent blindness from the sun. · Gold is applied as a thin film on the windows of large buildings to reflect the heat of the Sun's rays. · Gold flake is used on and in some gourmet sweets and drinks. Called varak (or varaq) in India. Having no reactivity it adds no taste but is taken as a delicacy. Some use it as an excuse to create super-expensive delicacies ($1,000 cocktails). For similar reasons, it is also used as the basis for some superstitious, over-the-top health claims. Only the salts and radioisotopes (mentioned above) have any evidence of medicinal value. Medical Uses The claims for the medical benefits of gold date back many of thousands of years. Many ancient cultures, such as those in India and Egypt used gold-based medicinal preparations. Early applications of gold in China were in the treatment of ailments such as smallpox, skin ulcers and measles. In Japan, tradition suggests thin gold-foils placed into tea, sake and food are beneficial to health. Apart from the obvious use of gold alloys in dental restorations, there are also a number of direct applications of gold in medical devices. As with dental applications, these are related to the excellent biocompatibility of gold as a material. Applications include wires for pacemakers and gold plated stents used in the treatment of heart disease. Gold possesses a high degree of resistance to bacterial colonization and because of this it is the material of choice for implants that are at risk of infection, such as the inner ear. Gold has a long tradition of use in this application and is considered a very valuable metal in microsurgery of the ear. Gold and gold compounds have also historically been used in drugs for the treatment of a wide range of ailments. This use of gold compounds in medicine is called chrysotherapy. The Frenchman Jacques Forestier reported in 1929 that the use of gold complexes was beneficial in the treatment of arthritis. Later work after the Second World War demonstrated conclusively that gold drugs are effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis patients. Two of the most commonly referred to gold compounds in such treatments are Myocrisin and Auranofin. The isotope gold-198, (half-life: 2.7 days) is used in some cancer treatments and for treating other diseases. Finally, it should also be borne in mind that without the reliability that gold provides in electronic components within medical devices such as pacemakers and ventilators, many medical treatments would not be as effective as they are today. Catalysts The following reactions have now been shown to be effectively catalysed by supported gold catalysts: · Carbon monoxide oxidation, including selective oxidation in a hydrogen stream · Catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons · Hydrogen + oxygen reaction to give hydrogen peroxide · Hydrogen sulphide and sulfur dioxide removal · Oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid · Oxidative decomposition of dioxins	24
What is the boiling point of water in degrees Fahrenheit?	What is gold? Gold What is Gold ? What is gold? Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from the Latin aurum, meaning shining dawn) and atomic number 79. It is a highly sought-after precious metal which, for many centuries, has been used as money, a store of value and in jewelry. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, underground veins and in alluvial deposits. It is one of the coinage metals. Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile of the known metals. Pure gold has a bright yellow color traditionally considered attractive. Gold forms the basis for a monetary standard used by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). The ISO currency code of gold bullion is XAU. Modern industrial uses include dentistry and electronics, where gold has traditionally found use because of its good resistance to oxidative corrosion. Chemically, gold is a trivalent and univalent transition metal. Gold does not react with most chemicals, but is attacked by chlorine, fluorine, aqua regia and cyanide. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but does not react with it. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which will dissolve silver and base metals, and this is the basis of the gold refining technique known as inquartation and parting. Nitric acid has long been used to confirm the presence of gold in items, and this is the origin of the colloquial term acid test, referring to a gold standard test for genuine value. Where does the word gold come from? The word gold appears to be derived from the Indo-European root yellow, reflecting one of the most obvious properties of gold. This is reflected in the similarities of the word gold in various languages: Gold (English), Gold(German), Guld (Danish), Gulden (Dutch), Goud (Afrikaans), Gull (Norwegian) and Kulta (Finnish). How much gold is there in the world? The World Gold Council estimates that at the end of 2001, it is estimated that all the gold ever mined amounted to about 145,000 tonnes. Who owns most gold? If we take national gold reserves, then most gold is owned by the USA followed by Germany and the IMF. If we include jewellery ownership, then India is the largest repository of gold in terms of total gold within the national boundaries. In terms of personal ownership, it is not known who owns the most, but is possibly a member of a ruling royal family in the East. If gold is laid around the world, how far would it stretch? If we make all the gold ever produced into a thin wire of 5 microns (millionths of a metre) diameter - the finest one can draw a gold wire, then all the gold would stretch around the circumference of the world an astounding 7.2 million times approximately! Why is gold measured in carats? This stems back to ancient times in the Mediterranean /Middle East, when a carat became used as a measure of the purity of gold alloys (see next Question 5). The purity of gold is now measured also in terms if fineness, i.e parts per thousand. Thus 18 carats is 18/24th of 1000 parts = 750 fineness. What is Carat? A Carat (Karat in USA & Germany) was originally a unit of mass (weight) based on the Carob seed or bean used by ancient merchants in the Middle East. The Carob seed is from the Carob or locust bean tree. The carat is still used as such for the weight of gem stones (1 carat is about 200 mg). For gold, it has come to be used for measuring the purity of gold where pure gold is defined as 24 carats. How does a gold mine work? The gold-containing ore has to be dug from the surface or blasted from the rock face underground. This is then hauled to the surface and milled to release the gold. The gold is then separated from the rock (gangue) by techniques such as flotation, smelted to a gold-rich doré and cast into bars. These are then refined to gold bars by the Miller chlorination process to a purity of 99.5%. If higher purity is needed or platinum group metal contaminants are present, this gold is further refined by the Wohlwill electrlytic process to 99.9% purity. What happens to gold after it is mined? The ore is normally sent to a refinery, which will extract and melt down the gold into a pure 24ct form, normally as bars or ingots. How big is a tonne of gold? Gold is traditionally weighed in Troy Ounces (31.1035 grammes). With the density of gold at 19.32 g/cm3, a troy ounce of gold would have a volume of 1.61 cm3. A metric tonne (equals 1,000kg = 32,150.72 troy ounces) of gold would therefore have a volume of 51,762 cm3 (i.e. 1.61 x 32,150.72), which would be equivalent to a cube of side 37.27cm (Approx. 1' 3). What percentage of gold is used in jewellery, industry and investment? Around 70% of gold demand is jewellery, 11% is industrial (dental, electronics) and 13% is investment (institutional and individual, bars & coins). Gold jewellery has strong investment attributes in all countries, and in markets such as India and Middle East is sold by weight at the prevailing daily rate with a supplementary making charge which varies according to the complexity of the piece. Coinlink	i don't know
Who wrote the book A Brief History Of Time?	A Brief History of Time 10 Anv, Stephen Hawking - Amazon.com on June 21, 2002 Format: Hardcover Stephen Hawking is an established scientific genius, but this book establishes him as a brilliant writer - an extremely rare, yet valuable combination. A point he brings to attention is that it had been possible for the philosophers of ancient times to master practically all the knowledge of academia. Today, however, only a handful of extremely specialized scientists understand the latest ideas in their fields. While men of ancient times could easily understand the latest scientific ideas, people today are lost. Enter "A Brief History of Time." This book helps fill in that gap between an average person's understanding and the highly specialized scientists' knowledge. This book covers ideas that are profound and affect everyone. It explains theories that concern the creation of the universe, time travel, light-speed travel, and many more topics. Imagine actually having some grasp of Einstein's general relativity. Ever heard of string theory? How might time travel actually be possible? What are these black holes of which I've heard? This book packs an incredible amount of information into its 248 pages, yet somehow is still easily read - this is the true marvel of this book. The illustrated version is worth the extra money. It contains many updates and additions throughout the book by Hawking (including the time travel chapter!). Every (and I mean every) concept throughout the book is accompanied by at least one illustration - think about it: 240 color illustrations with only 248 pages! Towards the middle of the book, some of the concepts get more complex (when he really gets into the details of sub-atomic particles). However, as a recent high school graduate, I can say with some level of certainty that the average person can understand 90% of this book - and those parts are the most interesting! It will change the way you look at the universe.	Stephen Hawking
What did Nicholas Copernicus argue was at the centre of our universe, and what was the common belief before then?	Books - Stephen Hawking Books Stephen Hawking Books Professor Hawking has published many books tackling the fundamental questions about the universe and our existence. Stephen has also published many scientific papers and lecture notes . My Brief History My Brief History recounts Stephen Hawking’s improbable journey, from his post-war London boyhood to his years of international acclaim and celebrity. Illustrated with rarely seen photographs, this concise, witty and candid account introduces readers to the inquisitive schoolboy whose classmates nicknamed him ‘Einstein’; the jokester who once placed a bet with a colleague over the existence of a black hole; and the young husband and father striving to gain a foothold in the world of academia. Read more , or you can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . The Grand Design When and how did the universe begin? Why are we here? What is the nature of reality? Is the apparent ‘grand design’ of our universe evidence for a benevolent creator who set things in motion? Or does science offer another explanation? In The Grand Design, the most recent scientific thinking about the mysteries of the universe is presented in language marked by both brilliance and simplicity. Read more , or you can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . A Brief History of Time Was there a beginning of time? Could time run backwards? Is the universe infinite or does it have boundaries? These are just some of the questions considered in an internationally acclaimed masterpiece by one of the world's greatest thinkers. It begins by reviewing the great theories of the cosmos from Newton to Einstein, before delving into the secrets which still lie at the heart of space and time, from the Big Bang to black holes, via spiral galaxies and strong theory. Read more , or you can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . A Briefer History of Time Although “briefer,” this book is much more than a mere explanation of Hawking’s earlier work. A Briefer History of Time both clarifies and expands on the great subjects of the original, and records the latest developments in the field—from string theory to the search for a unified theory of all the forces of physics. Thirty-seven full-color illustrations enhance the text and make A Briefer History of Time an exhilarating and must-have addition in its own right to the great literature of science and ideas. Read more , or you can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . Black Holes: The Reith lectures George and the Blue Moon “It is said that fact is sometimes stranger than fiction, and nowhere is that more true than in the case of black holes. Black holes are stranger than anything dreamed up by science fiction writers.” In 2016 Professor Stephen Hawking delivered the BBC Reith Lectures on a subject that has fascinated him for decades – black holes. In these flagship lectures the legendary physicist argues that if we could only understand black holes and how they challenge the very nature of space and time, we could unlock the secrets of the universe. In my latest book for children, "George and the Blue Moon", George and Annie, set out to solve a mystery set on one of the cosmic waterworlds of space. Is there life under the icy crust? Where did those robots come from and who is controlling them? Meanwhile, my two young heroes win places on a Mars training programme which has a dangerous and unexpected twist. Suddenly, the best friends find themselves fighting for survival in what feels like the Hunger Games set on the red planet. Packed with space facts and essays from leading scientists, it is my most unpredictable thriller so far! George and the Unbreakable Code George and the Big Bang Stephen and Lucy Hawking's fourth book about the adventures of George and Annie. Just as thrilling a book as all the ones before it, George and the Unbreakable Code also delves deeper and covers topics and ideas that the intended readers might not normally think about. Overall, a brilliant book as always brought from the fabulous Hawking duo. See a review , or you can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . The third book in the series, with a full colour set of photographs, illustrating the wonder of the cosmos, George and the Big Bang, follows George’s adventures in the universe. You can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt The second in the series of children's books written by Stephen and Lucy Hawking. George and Annie, the middle-school cosmologists, return in this sequel to George's Secret Key to the Universe. You can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . George's Secret Key to the Universe The first in a series of children's books that melds cosmology and adventure, co-authored by Professor Hawking and his daughter Lucy. George's best friend Annie needs help. Her scientist father, Eric, is working on a space project - and it's all going wrong. A robot has landed on Mars, but is behaving very oddly. And now Annie has discovered something weird on her dad's super-computer... You can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . The Universe in a Nutshell In 200 highly illustrated pages, Hawking is pushing the frontiers of popular physics beyond relativity and quantum theory, past superstring theory and imaginary time, into a dizzying new world of M-theory and branes. Read more , or you can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . Black Holes and Baby Universes In his first collection of essays and other pieces - on subjects that range from warmly personal to the wholly scientific- Stephen Hawking is revealed variously as the scientist, the man, the concerned world citizen, and - as always - the rigorous and imaginative thinker. You can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . On the Shoulders of Giants On the Shoulders of Giants tells a compelling story, using original papers from Einstein, Copernicus, Galilei, Kepler and Newton. Theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking explains how these works changed the course of science, ushering astronomy and physics out of the Middle Ages and into the modern world. Read more , or you can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . The Large Scale Structure of Space-time A textbook for Physicists, this 1973 book explores two predictions of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity: first, that the ultimate destiny of many massive stars is to undergo gravitational collapse and to disappear from view, leaving behind a 'black hole' in space; and secondly, that there will exist singularities in space-time itself. You can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk . God created the Integers God Created The Integersis Stephen Hawking's personal choice of the greatest mathematical works in history. The book includes landmark discoveries spanning 2500 years and representing the work of mathematicians such as Euclid, Georg Cantor, Kurt Godel, Augustin Cauchy, Bernard Riemann and Alan Turing. You can order your copy at amazon.com or amazon.co.uk .	i don't know
How is the gas Nitrous Oxide better known?	Nitrous oxide: Laughing gas known as 'hippy crack' is 2nd most popular legal high drug among young people \| Daily Mail Online comments The legal high known as ‘hippy crack’ was used by one in 16 young people, according to new figures. The first data to be released on the use of nitrous oxide reveals more than six per cent, or 350,000 people aged 16-24 year used the drug last year. Better known as laughing gas, it is a regular fixture as a legal party and festival drug and is the second most popular drug among young people. Legal high: Discarded Nitrous Oxide canisters and balloons used for inhaling abandoned in campsites at the Glastonbury Festival On a downer: Illegal drug use has fallen, particularly for cocaine and ecstasy, latest figures show Nitrous oxide is inhaled to make people feel euphoric and relaxed - but drug experts warn it can cause death on first time use through suffocation. For the first time the 2012-13 Crime Survey for England and Wales included questions about the use of the drug. RELATED ARTICLES Share It is often sold to recreational users in balloons in nightclubs and at parties. Cheap, seemingly harmless and guaranteeing a night of raucous laughter, so-called 'hippy crack' is increasingly popular with celebrities and their well-heeled young fans alike. Home office minister Jeremy Browne said drug use in England and Wales was at a record low Even Prince Harry was seen indulging two years ago. The survey also asked participants about herbal high salvia, also known as Mexican magic mint. It found that some 6.1 per cent of adults aged 16 to 24 had taken nitrous oxide, while 1.1 per cent had taken salvia in the last year. However overall drug use in England and Wales is at the lowest level since records began. The Home Office reported that around 8.2 per cent of 16 to 59-year-olds used an illicit drug in the last year, compared with 11.1 per cent in 1996. And the proportion of adults who took a class A drug has dropped from 3 per cent in 2011-12 to 2.6 per cent. Home Office Minister Jeremy Browne wrote to summer festival organisers earlier this year highlighting the Government's concerns about the availability of nitrous oxide and asking that they take steps to prevent its sale at events. Today Mr Browne said: ‘Today’s report shows drug usage in England and Wales is at its lowest level since records began. ‘This, coupled with the record number of people leaving drug treatment programmes free from dependency, is really positive news.’ A survey on attitudes also revealed that almost four out of five - or 79 per cent- of respondents thought taking cannabis was unsafe. Two-thirds thought it was never acceptable to take cannabis and the majority said it was unsafe to take heroin, cocaine or ecstasy. A Home Office spokesman said: 'Nitrous oxide is a legal substance which has a number of legitimate medical and industrial uses but any suggestion of abuse, particularly by young people is of concern. '"Like all drugs there are health risks and nitrous oxide should not be experimented with.'	Nitrous oxide
In what year was Albert Einstein born?	Laughing gas is party drug of choice for young people - Telegraph Crime Laughing gas is party drug of choice for young people Potentially deadly “laughing gas” has become one of the most popular recreational drugs among teenagers and young adults, official government figures have revealed. Nitrous oxide - often inhaled from party balloons - has potentially fatal side-effects Photo: Christopher Pledger By David Barrett , Home Affairs Correspondent 3:45PM BST 25 Jul 2013 Comments Huge numbers of young people are inhaling nitrous oxide - better known as laughing gas - as a party drug to experience the hallucinations and feelings of euphoria which it can generate. Home Office statistics showed more than 350,000 people aged 16 to 24 admitted using the gas in the last year, making it the second most popular drug among the age group after cannabis. Traditionally associated with the dentist’s chair and the labour ward, canisters of the gas intended for legitimate commercial use are being obtained by young people who then inhale or sniff the gas, usually from party balloons. The drug has become popular at music festivals, with its effects likened to those of hard drugs such as heroin and crack cocaine. It is the first time the government’s official drug survey has gathered data on its growing prevalance along young Britons. Related Articles Google under pressure to stop illegal drug ads 03 Jul 2013 Canisters providing several doses can be bought for as little as £2. Also known as “hippy crack” and “sweet air”, nitrous oxide can lead to strokes, seizures and even death. The Home Office’s 2012-13 drug misuse findings revealed 6.1 per cent of those aged 16 to 24 had taken the drug in the last year, while in the wider 16 to 59 age group the figure was 2 per cent. Last August Joe Benett, a 17 year-old public schoolboy, suffered a heart attack and brain damage after taking what he thought was laughing gas while at a party with friends. Joe, from Golders Green, north London, died after being in a coma for a month. It was later established that the canister from which he inhaled had been mis-labelled and it contained other gases, including butane. There have been documented deaths involving recreational use of nitrous oxide in other countries. In another new trend, the Home Office figures revealed 2 per cent of 16 to 24 year-olds admitted using salvia, a legal herbal high that can produce hallucinations. Use of mephedrone - which was banned by the government in 2010 declined from 1.1 per cent of all adults in 2011-12, to 0.5 per cent in 2012-13. Overall drug use continued to decline, with 8.2 per cent of adults admitting taking illicit drugs in the last year, down from 8.9 per cent in the previous 12 months. A Home Office spokesman said: "Nitrous oxide is a legal substance which has a number of legitimate medical and industrial uses but any suggestion of abuse, particularly by young people, is of concern. “Home Office minister Jeremy Browne wrote to summer festival organisers earlier this year highlighting the government’s concerns about the availability of nitrous oxide and asking that they take steps to prevent its sale at events.”	i don't know
How many housing property squares are there on a Monopoly board?	Monopoly \| Monopoly Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia [ show ] History The history of Monopoly can be traced back to the early 1900s. In 1904, a Quaker woman named Elizabeth (Lizzie) J. Magie Phillips created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George (it was supposed to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies). Her game, The Landlord's Game, was commercially published a few years later. Other interested game players redeveloped the game and some made their own sets. Lizzie herself patented a revised edition of the game in 1904, and similar games were published commercially. By the early 1930s, a board game named Monopoly was created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its parent companies throughout the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st. The Parker Brothers' version was created by Charles Darrow . Several people, mostly in the U.S. Midwest and near the U.S. East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution. In 1941 the British Secret Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game outside the U.S., create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis. Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by the International Red Cross. By the 1970s, the game's early history had been lost (and at least one historian has argued that it was purposely suppressed - see below), and the idea that it had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore. This was stated in the 1974 book The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World's Most Popular Game, by Maxine Brady, and even in the instructions of the game itself. As Professor Ralph Anspach fought Parker Brothers and its then parent company, General Mills, over the trademarks of the Monopoly board game, much of the early history of the game was "rediscovered." Because of the lengthy court process, and appeals, the legal status of Parker Brothers' trademarks on the game was not settled until the mid-1980s. The game's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers, as do its specific design elements. Parker Brothers' current corporate parent, Hasbro, again acknowledges only the role of Charles Darrow in the creation of the game. Anspach published a book about his research, called The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle (and republished as Monopolygate), in which he makes his case about the purposeful suppression of the game's early history and development. Board This is the original version produced by Charles Darrow, and later by Parker Brothers. The board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties, three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, Jail, Free Parking , and Go to Jail. In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, as of September 2008, the layout of the board has been modified to more closely match the foreign-released versions, as shown in the two board layouts below. The notable changes are the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues changing from purple to brown, the colors of the GO square from red to black, and the adaptation of the flat $200 Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of 10% of their total holdings OR $200; players had to make a decision before calculating their total holdings) and increased $100 Luxury Tax (upped from $75) amounts. Similar color/amount changes are used in the U.S. Edition of the "Here And Now: World Edition" game , and are also used in the most recent version of the McDonald's Monopoly promotion. US Board ($60) US Info A player who reaches the Jail space by a direct roll of the dice is said to be "just visiting", and continues normal play on the next turn. Marvin Gardens , a yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, Marven Gardens. Marven Gardens is not a street, but a housing area outside Atlantic City. The housing area is said to be derived from Margate City and Ventnor City in New Jersey (emphasis added). The misspelling was introduced by Charles Darrow when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling. [2] Another change made by Todd and duplicated by Darrow, and later Parker Brothers, was the use of South Carolina Avenue. North Carolina Avenue was substituted for this street on the board. Atlantic City's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1980s. Saint Charles Place no longer exists, as the Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran. [3] Short Line is believed to refer to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City. [4] The B. & O. Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid 1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad . The actual "Electric Company" and "Water Works" serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority. The other versions of the game have different property names, and the prices may be denominated in another currency, but the game mechanics are almost identical. The original income tax choice from the U.S. version is replaced by a flat rate in the UK version, and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £100 Super Tax space. The same is true of current German boards, with a €200 for the Income Tax space on the board, and a €100 Add-on tax in place of the Luxury Tax. An Austrian version, released by Parker Brothers/Hasbro in 2001, does allow for the 10% or $200 for Income Tax and has a $100 Luxury Tax. The choice of London main line stations is that of the four stations within the London and North Eastern Railway group. Starting with the September 2008 release, the U.S. Edition now also uses the flat $200 Income Tax value and the upped $100 Luxury Tax amount. In the 1930s, John Waddington Ltd. (Waddingtons) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards. Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States. The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning - transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that in order for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations. The Angel, Islington is not a street in London but an area of North London named after a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road. By the 1930s the inn had become a Lyons Corner House (it is now a Co-operative Bank). Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on the Monopoly board. In 2003, a plaque commemorating the naming was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson's grandson who is also named Victor. The standard English board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth (except Canada, where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted), although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries. UK Board In the cases where the game was produced under license by a national company, the £ (pound) was replaced by a $ (dollar) sign, but the place names were unchanged. Standard (UK Edition) Monopoly game board layout For a list of some of the localized versions, including the UK "Here & Now" edition, and the names of their properties. Recent variations Starting in the UK in 2005, an updated version of the game entitled Monopoly Here and Now was produced, replacing game scenarios, properties, and tokens with modern equivalents. Similar boards were produced for Germany and France. Variants of these first editions appeared with Visa-branded debit cards taking the place of cash - the later US "Electronic Banking" edition has unbranded debit cards. The success of the first Here and Now editions caused Hasbro US to allow online voting for 26 landmark properties across the United States to take their places along the game board. The popularity of this voting, in turn, caused the creation of similar websites, and secondary game boards per popular vote to be created in the UK, France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and other nations. Hasbro opened a new website in January 2008, for online voting of the Monopoly Here and Now: World Edition. The colored property spaces will be worldwide cities, going by the same vote/popularity formula as established for national editions. In 2006, Winning Moves Games released another edition, the Mega Edition, with a larger game board (50% bigger) and revised game play. Other streets from Atlantic City (eight, one per a color group) were included, along with a third "utility", the Gas Company. In addition, $1000 denomination notes (first seen in Winning Moves' "Monopoly: The Card Game") are included. Game play is further changed with bus tickets (allowing non-dice-roll movement along one side of the board), a speed die (itself adopted into variants of the Atlantic City Standard Edition; see below), skyscrapers (after houses and hotels), and train depots that can be placed on the Railroad spaces. This edition was adapted for the UK market in 2007, and is sold by Winning Moves UK. After the initial US release, critiques of some of the rules caused the company to issue revisions and clarifications on their website. In 2009, Winning Moves Games introduced "The Classic Edition", with a pre-2008 game board and cards, re-inclusion of the " sack of money " playing piece, and a plain MONOPOLY logo in the center of the board, with neither the 1985 or 2008 version of "Mr. Monopoly" present. World editions In 1998, Winning Moves procured the Monopoly license from Hasbro and created new UK city and regional editions with sponsored squares. Winning Moves struggled to raise the sponsorship deals for the game boards, but did so eventually. A Nottingham Graphic Design agency, TMA, produced the visual design of the Monopoly packaging. Initially, in December 1998, the game was sold in just a few WHSmith stores, but demand was high, with almost fifty thousand games shipped in the 4 weeks leading up to Christmas. Winning Moves still produce new city and regional editions annually. Nottingham based designers Guppi have been responsible for the games' visual design since 2001. In 2008, Hasbro released a world edition of Monopoly Here & Now. This world edition features top locations of the world. The locations were decided by votes over the Internet. The result of the voting was announced on August 20, 2008. Dark Blue: Montreal, Riga Light Blue: Athens, Barcelona, Tokyo Brown: Taipei, Gdynia Out of these, Gdynia is especially notable, as it is by far the smallest city of those featured and won the vote thanks to a spontaneous, large-scale mobilization of support started by its citizens. The new game will not use any particular currency; it uses millions and thousands. As seen above, there is no Dark Purple color-group, as that is replaced by brown. It's also notable that three cities (Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver) are from Canada and three other cities (Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai) are from the People's Republic of China, while the other cities all only represent one country. Equipment Each player is represented by a small metal token that is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two dice . The twelve playing pieces currently used are pictured at left (from left to right): a wheelbarrow (1937b edition), a battleship, a sack of money (1999–2007 editions), a horse and rider, a car, a train (Deluxe Edition only), a thimble, a howitzer, an old style shoe (sometimes called a boot), a Scottie dog, an iron, and a top hat. Many of the tokens came from companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metal charms and tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets. The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were recycled into Monopoly usage. [5] Hasbro recently adopted the battleship and cannon for Diplomacy. Early localized editions of the standard edition (including some Canadian editions, which used the U.S. board layout) did not include pewter tokens but instead had generic wooden head-shaped tokens identical to those in Sorry! [6] Parker Brothers also acquired Sorry! in the 1930s. Other items included in the standard edition are: A pair of six-sided dice . (NOTE: Since 2007, a third "Speed Die" has been added--see ADD-ONS below.) A Title Deed for each property. A Title Deed is given to a player to signify ownership, and specifies purchase price, mortgage value, the cost of building houses and hotels on that property, and the various rent prices depending on how developed the property is. Properties include: 22 streets, divided into 8 color groups of two or three streets. A player must own all of a color group (have a monopoly) in order to build houses or hotels. If a player wants to mortgage one property of a color-group, not only must any houses or hotels be removed from that property, but from the others in the color-group as well. 4 railways. Players collect $25 rent if they own one station, $50 if they own two, $100 if they own three and $200 if they own all four. These are usually replaced by railway stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly. 2 utilities. Rent is four times dice value if player owns one utility, but 10 times dice value if player owns both. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities or stations. A supply of paper money. The supply of money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand (one such site has created a $1,000 bill for the game; it is not one of the standard denominations). In the original U.S. standard editions, the supply generally starts with $15,140. The winner of the quadrennial Monopoly World Championship receives the same amount in United States dollars. [7] [NOTE: This base money amount has changed--see below.] The term "Monopoly money" has been used to refer to currencies which cannot be used to purchase goods and services on the free market, such as exchange certificates printed by the Burmese government which must be used by foreign aid organizations. [8] 32 wooden or plastic houses and 12 wooden or plastic hotels (the original and the current Deluxe Edition have wooden houses and hotels; the current "base set" uses plastic buildings). Unlike money, houses and hotels have a finite supply. If no more are available, no substitute is allowed. A deck of 16 Chance cards and a deck of 16 Community Chest cards. Players draw these cards when they land on the corresponding squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them. Hasbro also sells a Deluxe Edition, which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token in addition to the standard eleven, a railroad locomotive. Other additions to the Deluxe Edition include a card carousel, which holds the title deed cards, and money printed with two colors of ink. In 1978, retailer Neiman Marcus manufactured and sold an all-Chocolate edition of Monopoly through its "Christmas Wish Book" for that year. The entire set was edible, including the money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens and playing board. The set retailed for $600. In 2000, the FAO Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version called One-Of-A-Kind Monopoly for $100,000. [9] This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include: 18-carat (75%) gold tokens, houses, and hotels Rosewood board street names written in gold leaf emeralds around the Chance icon sapphires around the Community Chest rubies in the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking Space the money is real, negotiable United States currency The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced. [10] The distribution of cash in the U.S. version has changed with the newer release versions. Older versions had a total of $15,140 in the following amounts/colors: 20 $500 Bills (orange) 40 $5 Bills (pink) 40 $1 Bills (white) The newer (Sept. 2008) editions have a total of $20,580, with 30 of each bill denomination. In addition, the colors of some of the bills have been changed; $10's are now blue instead of yellow, $20's are a brighter color green than before, and $50's are now purple instead of blue. Each player begins the game with his or her token on the Go square, and $1500 (or 1500 of a localized currency) in play money. Prior to Sept. 2008, the money was divided as follows in the U.S. standard rules: Two each of: One x $/£5 Five x $/£1 Pre-Euro German editions of the game started with 30,000 "Spielmark" in eight denominations (abbreviated as "M."), and later used seven denominations of the "Deutsche Mark" ("DM."). In the classic Italian game, each player receives ₤350,000 ($3500) in a two-player game, but ₤50,000 ($500) less for each player more than two. Only in a six-player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1500. The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency. At least one Spanish edition (the Barcelona edition) started the game with 150,000 in play money, with a breakdown identical to that of the American version. All property deeds, houses, and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players. Free passes may be issued if the owner of the property is using free passes as a transaction. Rules Main Article: Rules Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game; with each player rolling the dice and the player who rolled the highest number going first. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares. Landing on Chance or Community Chest, a player draws the top card from the respective pile. If the player lands on an unowned property, whether street, railroad, or utility, he can buy the property for its listed purchase price. If he declines this purchase, the property is auctioned off by the bank to the highest bidder, including the player who declined to buy. If the property landed on is already owned and unmortgaged, he must pay the owner a given rent, the price dependent on whether the property is part of a monopoly or its level of development. If a player rolls doubles, he rolls again after completing his turn. Three sets of doubles in a row, however, land the player in jail. During a turn, players may also choose to develop or mortgage properties. Development involves the construction, for given amounts of money paid to the bank, of houses or hotels. Development must be uniform across a monopoly, such that a second house cannot be built on one property in a monopoly until the others have one house. No merges between players are allowed. All developments must be sold before a property can be mortgaged. The player receives money from the bank for each mortgaged property, which must be repaid with interest to unmortgage. Houses are returned to the bank for half their purchase price. Parker Brothers' official instructions have long encouraged the use of House Rules, specific additions to or subtractions from the official rule sets. Many casual Monopoly players are surprised to discover that some of the rules that they are used to are not part of the official rules. Many of these house rules tend to make the game longer by randomly giving players more money. Some common house rules are listed below: At the start of the game $2000 is given out to each of the players instead of $1500. Each player gets 2 500s, 4 100s, 6 50s, 8 20s, 8 10s, 10 5s, and 10 1s Free Parking jackpot, which usually consists of an initial stake (typically $500, or $5 million in the Here & Now Edition) plus collections of fines and taxes otherwise paid to the bank. A player who lands on Free Parking wins the jackpot, which may then be reset with the initial stake (if any). The jackpot is usually put in the center of the board. Since the jackpot forms an additional income for players in this set of house rules, games can take a much longer time than under normal rules. Eliminating the auction if a player decides not to purchase a property. Requiring that every property be put up for auction (this eliminates some of the luck in the game of landing on particular squares and forces players to strategize more). Allowing an unlimited number of houses to be available from the bank. When this house rule is implemented, substitute counters or written tallies are often employed to allay the actual shortage of house tokens in a standard game box. Agreeing that each player be allowed to collect all of a color group once they have 'staked a claim' by buying only one of those properties. The same agreement may or may not be carried over to the rail stations and utilities. Players in jail cannot collect rent, build houses, or conduct trades. This can be combined with increasing the price to get out of jail considerably (normally $50, or $500,000 in the Here & Now Edition). Together, these rules make jail a far more significant burden than that listed in the normal rules. Other players may bail the player out of jail but only if the player agrees. A bonus for landing directly on Go by dice roll (commonly an additional $200 or $500). This may or may not include cards that send the player to Go. Delayed Start: Players must pass Go (or circle the board at least once, or rarely twice) before they can buy property. Only allowing houses (or hotels) to be built when the owner lands on the group A bonus for rolling snake eyes (a pair of ones), often $500, $100, or one of each bill. All properties are handed out evenly to all players before the game begins, or one or two are dealt to each player. This variation is in the official US and UK rules as a short game option. In trades, players may offer "rent immunity" from their own properties (someone does not have to pay rent for landing on that property) as part of a deal (this can be good for a certain number of landings or the entire game). Unlimited amounts of hotels on each space. House rules, while unofficial, are not wholly unrecognized by Parker Brothers. George S. Parker himself created two variants, to shorten the length of game play. Video game and computer game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be used. House rules that have the effect of randomly introducing more money into the game have a side-effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt, lengthening the game considerably, as well as decreasing the effects of strategy and prudent investment. House rules which increase the amount of money in the game may change the strategies of the players, such as changing the relative value of different properties- the more money in the game, the more one may wish to invest in the higher value properties. Strategy Monopoly involves a portion of luck, with the roll of the dice determining whether a player gets to own key properties or lands on squares with high rents. Even the initial misfortune of going last is a significant disadvantage because one is more likely to land on property which has already been bought and therefore be forced to pay rent instead of having an opportunity to buy unowned property. There are, however, many strategic decisions which allow skilled players to win more often than the unskilled. Hasbro also offers a helpful strategy guide and different insights on their site. According to the laws of probability, seven is the most probable roll of two dice, with a probability of 1 in 6, whereas 2 and 12 are the least probable rolls, each with a probability of one in 36. For this reason, Park Place/Park Lane is one of the least landed-on squares as the square seven places behind it is Go to Jail. In consequence, some properties are landed upon more than others and the owners of those properties get more income from rent. The board layout factors include the following: Jail: Since players are frequently directed to "Go To Jail", they will move through the magenta, orange, and red property groups immediately after leaving Jail. The two properties with the highest probability of being landed upon after leaving jail are the two cheaper orange properties (St James Place and Tennessee Avenue in North America and Bow Street and Marlborough Street outside North America). This makes the orange property set highly lucrative. Go to…: One square — Go To Jail — plus a number of Chance and Community Chest cards will cause the player to advance a distance around the board. Thus, the squares immediately following Go To Jail and the take-a-card squares have a reduced probability of being landed upon. The least-landed upon property in this situation is the cheaper dark blue property (Park Place or Park Lane) because it sits in the lee of both Go to Jail and Community Chest (the Chance directly before it would not affect its odds because it is impossible to roll a one). Go to (property): Several properties are blessed with Chance cards which draw players to them. St Charles Place (Pall Mall), Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), Boardwalk (Mayfair), all of the railroads except Short Line (Liverpool Street Station), and both of the utilities benefit from this feature. Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) has the fortune of having both a "go to" dedicated card plus the card advancing to the nearest railroad. Advance to Go: A player may be directed to the Go square by a Chance or a Community Chest card, thus lowering the probability of being landed-upon of every square in-between. The properties most affected by this are the yellow, green, and dark blue sets. It also marginally raises the probability for each square in the wake of Go, including the purple and orange sets which will be reached two or three rolls after being on Go. Go Back Three Spaces: This directive comes from a Chance card. A quick look at the board shows that there are three Chance squares and hence three other squares which are 3 spaces behind (one being a Community Chest space, another being Income Tax, and the third being the leading orange property). The leading orange property (New York Avenue or Vine Street) gains the most benefit from this card since the Chance square nestled amongst the red properties is itself the most landed-upon Chance square. According to Jim Slater in The Mayfair Set, there is an overwhelming case for having the orange sites, because you land on them more often, the reason for that being the cards in Chance like Go to Jail, Advance to St. Charles Place (Pall Mall ), Advance to Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) and Go Back Three Spaces. In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), New York Avenue (Vine Street), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road) and Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road) are the least-landed-upon properties. Limited number of houses and hotels In order to put a cap on total development of property sets in the game, there are only 12 hotels and 32 houses. This limitation is in place to ensure that property sets cannot be developed unless there are houses or hotels available to purchase from the bank. This cap allows a certain amount of dominance to be developed by some players, because if every set of property were fully developed there would be enough rent collected between different players to allow the game to drag on for an extended period. This limitation on numbers of houses and hotels leads to an advantage for one player. Simply building each lot out to a maximum of 4 houses and then refusing to upgrade to hotels ensures that nearly the maximum amount of rent is collected for each property, and the monopolization of the houses from the game prevents opponents from developing their property. It is conceivable that a single player could end up owning all 32 houses near the end of the game, and the refusal to upgrade to hotels makes these houses unavailable for opponents to purchase for any property they may own. Much of the skill comes from knowing how to make the best use of a player's resources and above all knowing how to strike a good bargain. Monopoly is a social game where players often interact and must deal with each other in ways similar to real world real estate bargaining. Note that the best deal is not always for the most expensive property; it is often situational, dependent on money resources available to each player and even where players happen to be situated on the board. When looking to deal, a player should attempt to bargain with another player who not only possess properties he or she needs but also properties the other player needs. In fact, offering relatively fair deals to other players can end up helping the player making the offer by giving him or her a reputation as an honest trader, which can make players less wary of dealings in the future. What is more, most people play Monopoly with the same group repeatedly. For this reason, such a reputation can have effects far beyond the game being played. The end game One common criticism of Monopoly is that it has carefully defined yet almost unreachable termination conditions. Edward P. Parker, a former president of Parker Brothers , is quoted as saying, "We always felt that forty-five minutes was about the right length for a game, but Monopoly could go on for hours. Also, a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere. In Monopoly you kept going around and around." However, the problem of time can be resolved by playing with a time limit and counting each player's net worth when the time is up. In fact, tournament play calls for a 90-minute time limit. [11] Two hour time limits are used for international play. [12] The Lord of the Rings edition gives players the option of creating a random time limit using the included One Ring token and specialized dice. The SpongeBob SquarePants game board includes a Plankton piece that moves every time someone rolls snake eyes with the dice, and the game is over when it reaches the end of the board. Played strictly to the rules, many games will be effectively decided when one player succeeds in bankrupting another because the bankrupt player gives all his property to the one to whom he could not pay his debt. A player who thus gains a fistful of properties will virtually control the game from that point onwards since other players will be constantly at risk. On the other hand, if a player is bankrupted by being unable to meet his debt to the bank (e.g., a fine or tax or other debt that is not rent), then his property is auctioned off; this can open up new possibilities in a game which was evenly set or in which a lot of property sets were divided among the players. The Monopoly Mega Edition is geared towards faster play by incorporating more squares and enabling players to build without the full color-group. Another path to a faster ending is by a key property bargain, whether it be a very shrewd trade which sets one player up with a well-positioned set or a very rash trade where an inexperienced player gives his experienced opponent an underpriced gem. Either way, a deal which pays off for one player is most often the turning point of the game. A third way to finish the game is to wait for all of the property to be bought. Once this has occurred, the player with the highest value of money and assets is victorious. Another way is to remove the $200 bonus gained by passing "Go". This ensures that players run out of money quickly. Some players, in an attempt to lessen the huge advantage gained by the first player to bankrupt another player, have the bankrupted player pay what he can to the player he is indebted to (including the money from mortgages), and then forfeit the properties, so that they are back on the market and open to purchase by other players. Hasbro states that the longest game of Monopoly ever played lasted 1,680 hours (70 days or 10 weeks or 2 1/3 months). [13] Add-ons Numerous add-ons have been made for Monopoly, both before its commercialization and after. Three such official add-ons are discussed below. Stock Exchange The Stock Exchange add-on was originally published by Parker Brothers in 1936 ( wikibook ). The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to "Advance to Stock Exchange". The add-on also included thirty stock certificates, five for each of the six different stocks, differing only in the purchase price (or Par Value), ranging from $100 to $150. Shares, like properties, are tradeable material, and could also be mortgaged for half their purchase price. Shareholders could increase the value of their shares by buying up more of the same company's shares. When a player moves onto Free Parking/Stock Exchange, stock dividends are paid out to all players on their non-mortgaged shares. The amount to be paid out to each player is determined based on the number and kind of shares owned. Specifically, a player receives dividends from each stock based on the following formula: (par value of share / 10) × (number of shares owned)2 EXAMPLE: Owning one share of "Motion Pictures" (par value $100) pays dividends of $10. Owning two shares pays $40 ($10 x 2 x 2), owning three pays $90 ($10 x 3 x 3) and owning four pays $160 ($10 x 4 x 4). A player owning all five receives $250 ($10 x 5 x 5). The player who lands on Free Parking/Stock Exchange can also choose to buy a share if any remain. Should the player decline, the share is auctioned to the highest bidder by the Bank. The Stock Exchange add-on serves to inject more money into the game, in a similar manner to railroad properties, as well as changing the relative values of properties. In particular, the Orange and Light Purple properties are more valuable due to the increased chance of landing on Free Parking, at the expense of the Red and Yellow groups. The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by Chessex, this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards. [14] This version included ten new Chance cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and five other related cards) and eleven new Community Chest cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and six other related cards; the regular Community Chest card "From sale of stock you get $45" is removed from play when using these cards). Many of the original rules applied to this new version (in fact, one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the "Advance to Stock Exchange" cards to each deck). A Monopoly Stock Exchange Edition was released in 2001 (although not in the US), this time adding an electronic calculator-like device to keep track of the complex stock figures. This was a full edition, not just an add-on, that came with its own board, money and playing pieces. Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated, and offices and home offices (instead of houses and hotels) could be built. [15] Playmaster Playmaster, another official add-on, released in 1982, was an electronic device that kept track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available. It then uses this information to call random auctions and mortgages that will be advantageous for some players and a punishment for others, making it easier to free up cards of a color group. It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur, for example when a player lands on a railroad it will play I've Been Working on the Railroad. [16] Speed Die In 2007, Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version of Monopoly with a new addition to gameplay--the Speed Die. ( http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/00009.pdf ) First included in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Mega Edition variant, this third die alters gameplay by allowing players to increase their move up to 3 spaces (rolling one of the 3 numbered sides); move immediately to the next unowned property OR to the next property on which they would owe money (rolling one of 2 "Mr. Monopoly" sides); or "Get Off The Bus Early" (rolling the "Bus" side), allowing the player to use the total from one die or both dice to move (i.e. A roll of 1-5-BUS would let the player choose from moving 1, 5 or 6 spaces). Usage of the die in the regular game differs slightly from use in the Mega Edition (i.e. Players use the Speed Die from the beginning in Mega; players can only use the Speed Die in the regular game AFTER their first time going past GO). [17] Spinoffs Feature Film On June 19, 2007, Ridley Scott announced that he was directing a futuristic comedy-thriller based on the game, featuring a variety of young actors to generate interest in the game. Scarlett Johansson and Kirsten Dunst have been considered so far. [18] However, that version of the film ended up being shelved and Emmet Furla Productions took over the project, with production slated to commence in Summer 2015. It is now described as being in the vein of Goonies. Other games Besides the many variants of the actual game (and the Monopoly Junior spin-off) released in either video game or computer game formats (e.g. Windows-based PC, Macintosh, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, Sega Genesis, Commodore 64, etc.), two spin-off computer games have been created. Monopoly Tycoon is a PC game in the Tycoon series that makes strategy and speed into determining factors for winning the game, eliminating completely the element of luck inherent in the dice rolls of the original. The game uses the U.S. standard Atlantic City properties as its basis, but the game play is unique to this version. The game also allows for solo and multi-player online games. Monopoly Casino is also a PC game, simulating a casino full of Monopoly-based adaptations of various casino games (most notably, slot machines). This program was released in both standard and "Vegas" editions, each featuring unique games. Monopoly: Star Wars is another PC game based on the standard Monopoly board but with Star Wars characters and locations. Here and Now Electronic Edition : Eliminates the need for money, using credit cards instead. Monopoly Slots, a mobile app slot machine game with a Monopoly theme Monopoly Hotels, a mobile social app game Monopoly Casino, a mobile app gambling game with a Monopoly theme Game show versions Main article: Monopoly (TV game show) A short-lived Monopoly game show aired on Saturday evenings during mid-1990 on ABC. The show was produced by Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! creator Merv Griffin, and was hosted by former Jeopardy! contestant Mike Reilly. Three contestants competed by answering crossword puzzle-style clues to acquire the many properties on the board and money equivalent to the values of said properties (with bonuses added for getting monopolies). After the properties were acquired and players used the earned money to improve them with houses and hotels, a timed "Monopoly Game Round" was played, allowing players to earn even more money by landing on their properties and answering more word clues. When time was up, the player with the most money won the game, and then went on to play the Bonus Game. In the Bonus Game, the contestant had to choose 4 properties on the board to convert to "Go To Jail" spaces. Along with the actual "Go To Jail" space, the contestant rolled the dice up to five times (with extra rolls added for each double rolled) and had to pass GO without landing on a "Go To Jail" space. If the contestant passed GO before running out of rolls or landing on a "Go To Jail" space, they won $25,000; however if the contestant landed EXACTLY on GO, they would win $50,000. The show was paired on ABC with a summer-long Super Jeopardy! tournament! Monopoly Millionaires' Club Main article: Monopoly Millionaires' Club (TV game show) A new Monopoly game show based on the short-lived lottery game will be airing on TV stations in selected cities and on GSN beginning this March. As of October 2014, it had been sold to stations in the 44 states and the District of Columbia (including non-MMC states) where lotteries are held. [22] [23] Taped at The Rio in Las Vegas , each episode will feature five contestants playing Monopoly-inspired games to win up to $100,000 each, and the possibility to risk their winnings for a chance to win $1 million. Despite the suspension of the lottery game, the series and a second set of tapings proceeded. [24] [22] Texas Lottery players who "won" a trip-for-two prize package received $10,000 instead; contestants and audience members chosen for the first two series of tapings represent the other 22 MMC members. Nine additional episodes are planned to be filmed in summer 2015 to accommodate participants of the scratch-off game. Gambling games In North America, a variety of slot machines and lotteries have been produced with a Monopoly theme. In Europe, there were also Monopoly "fruit machines", some of which remain popular through emulation. The British quiz machine brand itbox also supports a Monopoly trivia and chance game, which, like most other itbox games, costs 50p (£0.50) to play and has a £20 jackpot, although this is very rarely won. There is also an online slot machine version of the game made by WMS which is a 19 reel traditional style casino game. There was also a live, online version of Monopoly. Six painted taxis drive around London picking up passengers. When the taxis reach their final destination, the region of London that they are in is displayed on the online board. This version takes far longer to play than board-game monopoly, with one game lasting 24 hours. Results and position are sent to players via e-mail at the conclusion of the game. Commercial Promotions Main article: McDonald's Monopoly The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sweepstakes advertising promotion of McDonald's and Hasbro that has been offered in the United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia. The game mimics the game of Monopoly. Originally, customers received a set of two tokens with every purchase, but now tokens only come with certain menu items. Tokens correspond to a property space on the Monopoly board. When combined into color-matched properties, the tokens may be redeemed for money or prizes There are also "instant win" tokens the recipient can redeem for McDonald's food, money, or other prizes. Variants Because Monopoly evolved in the public domain before its commercialization, Monopoly has seen many variant games. Most of these are exact copies of the Monopoly games with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town, university, or fictional place. National boards have been released as well. Many of these are listed at "Localized versions of the Monopoly game". Details, including box cover art, can be seen in the "List of licensed Monopoly game boards". Over the years, many specialty Monopoly editions, licensed by Parker Brothers/Hasbro, and produced by them, or their licensees (including USAopoly and Winning Moves Games) have been sold to local and national markets worldwide. Two well known "families" of -opoly like games, without licenses from Parker Brothers/Hasbro, have also been produced. Several published games are similar to Monopoly. These include: Totopoly , created by Waddingtons in 1938, is based around horse racing. Anti-Monopoly , created by Ralph Anspach in 1974. Triopoly , designed by Jeffrey W. Berndt, Chris Hornbaker, & Jeremy Parish, published by Reveal Entertainment, Inc. in 1997 Late for the Sky , has produced a large number of Monopoly style games, called "___ in a box" or "___ -opoly" , the blank being filled in with the theme. Chômageopoly, "Unemployment Monopoly", a board game created by the Lip factory in the 1970s Dinosauropoly, a version using prehistoric motifs and rules. Easy Money , published by Milton Bradley, also in the 1930s. The Farming Game is a board game in which the goal is to run a financially successful farm, and like Monopoly the heart of the game is economics. The game's website draws comparisons to Monopoly. Fast Food Franchise is a board game by TimJim games which shares Monopoly's core mechanic, but through careful design guarantees that it will actually end. La gran Capital, published by several Chilean factories, is a Chilean version of the game, with neighborhoods from Santiago de Chile. The title means "the big capital", other versions are even named "Metropolis" The Fascinating Game of Finance, later shortened to Finance, first marketed in 1932 by Knapp Electric, and later by Parker Brothers. Go For Broke, the exact opposite of Monopoly, has the players trying to spend all their money before anyone else. Bad bets at the casino, real estate, stock market, race track, and giving to the poor house lowers your account balance. This was a Milton Bradley game originally published in the mid-1960s. Ghettopoly, released in 2003, caused considerable offense upon its release. The game, intended to be a humorous rendering of ghetto life, was decried as racist for its unflinching use of racial stereotypes. Hasbro sought and received an injunction against Ghettopoly's designer. [25] [26] Greekopoly, a college-themed version using fraternities and sororities as properties. Potopoly, A marijuana-themed version, using a five-sided board, and bags instead of houses. Itadaki Street, also called Fortune Street in North America, and Boom Street in Europe, is a series of board games for video game consoles from Square-Enix. Poleconomy, a board game designed in New Zealand incorporating real-world companies as well as political and economic strategy. The Mad Magazine Game, a Mad Magazine themed board game in which the object of the game is for player to lose all their money, play is counter-clockwise, and the dice must be rolled with the left hand. Released by Parker Brothers in 1979. Make Your Own Opoly is a game set sold by TDC Games of Itasca, Illinois. Using a Microsoft Windows-based PC, a person can print out his or her own property cards, labels to place on the board and the box, and play money. [27] Solarquest, a popular space-age adaptation, was released by Golden in 1986. Strictly Pittsburgh, a variant based around the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In addition to properties being replaced with local Pittsburgh sites and businesses, it contained a somewhat different board layout and replaced houses and hotels with skyscrapers. Dostihy a sázky, a variant sold in Czechoslovakia. This game comes from the totalitarian communist era (1948–1989), when private businesses were forbidden and mortgages didn't exist. So the monopoly theme was changed to a horse races theme. Complete rules and game plan (in Czech) Petropolis, a copy of Monopoly based in buying into the oil industry, using oilfields. The game uses 'telex messages' instead of Chance cards and the playing board snakes round into the middle before continuing round the edge. Turista, a Mexican copy of Monopoly made by Montecarlo board game manufacturer. It is based in buying Mexican States. In each state it is possible to build gas stations and hotel to increase the rent amount. Gallery	22
Is the bottom stripe on the USA flag red or white?	Monopoly \| Monopoly Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia [ show ] History The history of Monopoly can be traced back to the early 1900s. In 1904, a Quaker woman named Elizabeth (Lizzie) J. Magie Phillips created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George (it was supposed to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies). Her game, The Landlord's Game, was commercially published a few years later. Other interested game players redeveloped the game and some made their own sets. Lizzie herself patented a revised edition of the game in 1904, and similar games were published commercially. By the early 1930s, a board game named Monopoly was created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its parent companies throughout the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st. The Parker Brothers' version was created by Charles Darrow . Several people, mostly in the U.S. Midwest and near the U.S. East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution. In 1941 the British Secret Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game outside the U.S., create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis. Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by the International Red Cross. By the 1970s, the game's early history had been lost (and at least one historian has argued that it was purposely suppressed - see below), and the idea that it had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore. This was stated in the 1974 book The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World's Most Popular Game, by Maxine Brady, and even in the instructions of the game itself. As Professor Ralph Anspach fought Parker Brothers and its then parent company, General Mills, over the trademarks of the Monopoly board game, much of the early history of the game was "rediscovered." Because of the lengthy court process, and appeals, the legal status of Parker Brothers' trademarks on the game was not settled until the mid-1980s. The game's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers, as do its specific design elements. Parker Brothers' current corporate parent, Hasbro, again acknowledges only the role of Charles Darrow in the creation of the game. Anspach published a book about his research, called The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle (and republished as Monopolygate), in which he makes his case about the purposeful suppression of the game's early history and development. Board This is the original version produced by Charles Darrow, and later by Parker Brothers. The board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties, three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, Jail, Free Parking , and Go to Jail. In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, as of September 2008, the layout of the board has been modified to more closely match the foreign-released versions, as shown in the two board layouts below. The notable changes are the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues changing from purple to brown, the colors of the GO square from red to black, and the adaptation of the flat $200 Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of 10% of their total holdings OR $200; players had to make a decision before calculating their total holdings) and increased $100 Luxury Tax (upped from $75) amounts. Similar color/amount changes are used in the U.S. Edition of the "Here And Now: World Edition" game , and are also used in the most recent version of the McDonald's Monopoly promotion. US Board ($60) US Info A player who reaches the Jail space by a direct roll of the dice is said to be "just visiting", and continues normal play on the next turn. Marvin Gardens , a yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, Marven Gardens. Marven Gardens is not a street, but a housing area outside Atlantic City. The housing area is said to be derived from Margate City and Ventnor City in New Jersey (emphasis added). The misspelling was introduced by Charles Darrow when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling. [2] Another change made by Todd and duplicated by Darrow, and later Parker Brothers, was the use of South Carolina Avenue. North Carolina Avenue was substituted for this street on the board. Atlantic City's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1980s. Saint Charles Place no longer exists, as the Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran. [3] Short Line is believed to refer to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City. [4] The B. & O. Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid 1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad . The actual "Electric Company" and "Water Works" serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority. The other versions of the game have different property names, and the prices may be denominated in another currency, but the game mechanics are almost identical. The original income tax choice from the U.S. version is replaced by a flat rate in the UK version, and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £100 Super Tax space. The same is true of current German boards, with a €200 for the Income Tax space on the board, and a €100 Add-on tax in place of the Luxury Tax. An Austrian version, released by Parker Brothers/Hasbro in 2001, does allow for the 10% or $200 for Income Tax and has a $100 Luxury Tax. The choice of London main line stations is that of the four stations within the London and North Eastern Railway group. Starting with the September 2008 release, the U.S. Edition now also uses the flat $200 Income Tax value and the upped $100 Luxury Tax amount. In the 1930s, John Waddington Ltd. (Waddingtons) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards. Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States. The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning - transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that in order for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations. The Angel, Islington is not a street in London but an area of North London named after a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road. By the 1930s the inn had become a Lyons Corner House (it is now a Co-operative Bank). Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on the Monopoly board. In 2003, a plaque commemorating the naming was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson's grandson who is also named Victor. The standard English board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth (except Canada, where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted), although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries. UK Board In the cases where the game was produced under license by a national company, the £ (pound) was replaced by a $ (dollar) sign, but the place names were unchanged. Standard (UK Edition) Monopoly game board layout For a list of some of the localized versions, including the UK "Here & Now" edition, and the names of their properties. Recent variations Starting in the UK in 2005, an updated version of the game entitled Monopoly Here and Now was produced, replacing game scenarios, properties, and tokens with modern equivalents. Similar boards were produced for Germany and France. Variants of these first editions appeared with Visa-branded debit cards taking the place of cash - the later US "Electronic Banking" edition has unbranded debit cards. The success of the first Here and Now editions caused Hasbro US to allow online voting for 26 landmark properties across the United States to take their places along the game board. The popularity of this voting, in turn, caused the creation of similar websites, and secondary game boards per popular vote to be created in the UK, France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and other nations. Hasbro opened a new website in January 2008, for online voting of the Monopoly Here and Now: World Edition. The colored property spaces will be worldwide cities, going by the same vote/popularity formula as established for national editions. In 2006, Winning Moves Games released another edition, the Mega Edition, with a larger game board (50% bigger) and revised game play. Other streets from Atlantic City (eight, one per a color group) were included, along with a third "utility", the Gas Company. In addition, $1000 denomination notes (first seen in Winning Moves' "Monopoly: The Card Game") are included. Game play is further changed with bus tickets (allowing non-dice-roll movement along one side of the board), a speed die (itself adopted into variants of the Atlantic City Standard Edition; see below), skyscrapers (after houses and hotels), and train depots that can be placed on the Railroad spaces. This edition was adapted for the UK market in 2007, and is sold by Winning Moves UK. After the initial US release, critiques of some of the rules caused the company to issue revisions and clarifications on their website. In 2009, Winning Moves Games introduced "The Classic Edition", with a pre-2008 game board and cards, re-inclusion of the " sack of money " playing piece, and a plain MONOPOLY logo in the center of the board, with neither the 1985 or 2008 version of "Mr. Monopoly" present. World editions In 1998, Winning Moves procured the Monopoly license from Hasbro and created new UK city and regional editions with sponsored squares. Winning Moves struggled to raise the sponsorship deals for the game boards, but did so eventually. A Nottingham Graphic Design agency, TMA, produced the visual design of the Monopoly packaging. Initially, in December 1998, the game was sold in just a few WHSmith stores, but demand was high, with almost fifty thousand games shipped in the 4 weeks leading up to Christmas. Winning Moves still produce new city and regional editions annually. Nottingham based designers Guppi have been responsible for the games' visual design since 2001. In 2008, Hasbro released a world edition of Monopoly Here & Now. This world edition features top locations of the world. The locations were decided by votes over the Internet. The result of the voting was announced on August 20, 2008. Dark Blue: Montreal, Riga Light Blue: Athens, Barcelona, Tokyo Brown: Taipei, Gdynia Out of these, Gdynia is especially notable, as it is by far the smallest city of those featured and won the vote thanks to a spontaneous, large-scale mobilization of support started by its citizens. The new game will not use any particular currency; it uses millions and thousands. As seen above, there is no Dark Purple color-group, as that is replaced by brown. It's also notable that three cities (Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver) are from Canada and three other cities (Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai) are from the People's Republic of China, while the other cities all only represent one country. Equipment Each player is represented by a small metal token that is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two dice . The twelve playing pieces currently used are pictured at left (from left to right): a wheelbarrow (1937b edition), a battleship, a sack of money (1999–2007 editions), a horse and rider, a car, a train (Deluxe Edition only), a thimble, a howitzer, an old style shoe (sometimes called a boot), a Scottie dog, an iron, and a top hat. Many of the tokens came from companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metal charms and tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets. The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were recycled into Monopoly usage. [5] Hasbro recently adopted the battleship and cannon for Diplomacy. Early localized editions of the standard edition (including some Canadian editions, which used the U.S. board layout) did not include pewter tokens but instead had generic wooden head-shaped tokens identical to those in Sorry! [6] Parker Brothers also acquired Sorry! in the 1930s. Other items included in the standard edition are: A pair of six-sided dice . (NOTE: Since 2007, a third "Speed Die" has been added--see ADD-ONS below.) A Title Deed for each property. A Title Deed is given to a player to signify ownership, and specifies purchase price, mortgage value, the cost of building houses and hotels on that property, and the various rent prices depending on how developed the property is. Properties include: 22 streets, divided into 8 color groups of two or three streets. A player must own all of a color group (have a monopoly) in order to build houses or hotels. If a player wants to mortgage one property of a color-group, not only must any houses or hotels be removed from that property, but from the others in the color-group as well. 4 railways. Players collect $25 rent if they own one station, $50 if they own two, $100 if they own three and $200 if they own all four. These are usually replaced by railway stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly. 2 utilities. Rent is four times dice value if player owns one utility, but 10 times dice value if player owns both. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities or stations. A supply of paper money. The supply of money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand (one such site has created a $1,000 bill for the game; it is not one of the standard denominations). In the original U.S. standard editions, the supply generally starts with $15,140. The winner of the quadrennial Monopoly World Championship receives the same amount in United States dollars. [7] [NOTE: This base money amount has changed--see below.] The term "Monopoly money" has been used to refer to currencies which cannot be used to purchase goods and services on the free market, such as exchange certificates printed by the Burmese government which must be used by foreign aid organizations. [8] 32 wooden or plastic houses and 12 wooden or plastic hotels (the original and the current Deluxe Edition have wooden houses and hotels; the current "base set" uses plastic buildings). Unlike money, houses and hotels have a finite supply. If no more are available, no substitute is allowed. A deck of 16 Chance cards and a deck of 16 Community Chest cards. Players draw these cards when they land on the corresponding squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them. Hasbro also sells a Deluxe Edition, which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token in addition to the standard eleven, a railroad locomotive. Other additions to the Deluxe Edition include a card carousel, which holds the title deed cards, and money printed with two colors of ink. In 1978, retailer Neiman Marcus manufactured and sold an all-Chocolate edition of Monopoly through its "Christmas Wish Book" for that year. The entire set was edible, including the money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens and playing board. The set retailed for $600. In 2000, the FAO Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version called One-Of-A-Kind Monopoly for $100,000. [9] This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include: 18-carat (75%) gold tokens, houses, and hotels Rosewood board street names written in gold leaf emeralds around the Chance icon sapphires around the Community Chest rubies in the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking Space the money is real, negotiable United States currency The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced. [10] The distribution of cash in the U.S. version has changed with the newer release versions. Older versions had a total of $15,140 in the following amounts/colors: 20 $500 Bills (orange) 40 $5 Bills (pink) 40 $1 Bills (white) The newer (Sept. 2008) editions have a total of $20,580, with 30 of each bill denomination. In addition, the colors of some of the bills have been changed; $10's are now blue instead of yellow, $20's are a brighter color green than before, and $50's are now purple instead of blue. Each player begins the game with his or her token on the Go square, and $1500 (or 1500 of a localized currency) in play money. Prior to Sept. 2008, the money was divided as follows in the U.S. standard rules: Two each of: One x $/£5 Five x $/£1 Pre-Euro German editions of the game started with 30,000 "Spielmark" in eight denominations (abbreviated as "M."), and later used seven denominations of the "Deutsche Mark" ("DM."). In the classic Italian game, each player receives ₤350,000 ($3500) in a two-player game, but ₤50,000 ($500) less for each player more than two. Only in a six-player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1500. The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency. At least one Spanish edition (the Barcelona edition) started the game with 150,000 in play money, with a breakdown identical to that of the American version. All property deeds, houses, and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players. Free passes may be issued if the owner of the property is using free passes as a transaction. Rules Main Article: Rules Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game; with each player rolling the dice and the player who rolled the highest number going first. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares. Landing on Chance or Community Chest, a player draws the top card from the respective pile. If the player lands on an unowned property, whether street, railroad, or utility, he can buy the property for its listed purchase price. If he declines this purchase, the property is auctioned off by the bank to the highest bidder, including the player who declined to buy. If the property landed on is already owned and unmortgaged, he must pay the owner a given rent, the price dependent on whether the property is part of a monopoly or its level of development. If a player rolls doubles, he rolls again after completing his turn. Three sets of doubles in a row, however, land the player in jail. During a turn, players may also choose to develop or mortgage properties. Development involves the construction, for given amounts of money paid to the bank, of houses or hotels. Development must be uniform across a monopoly, such that a second house cannot be built on one property in a monopoly until the others have one house. No merges between players are allowed. All developments must be sold before a property can be mortgaged. The player receives money from the bank for each mortgaged property, which must be repaid with interest to unmortgage. Houses are returned to the bank for half their purchase price. Parker Brothers' official instructions have long encouraged the use of House Rules, specific additions to or subtractions from the official rule sets. Many casual Monopoly players are surprised to discover that some of the rules that they are used to are not part of the official rules. Many of these house rules tend to make the game longer by randomly giving players more money. Some common house rules are listed below: At the start of the game $2000 is given out to each of the players instead of $1500. Each player gets 2 500s, 4 100s, 6 50s, 8 20s, 8 10s, 10 5s, and 10 1s Free Parking jackpot, which usually consists of an initial stake (typically $500, or $5 million in the Here & Now Edition) plus collections of fines and taxes otherwise paid to the bank. A player who lands on Free Parking wins the jackpot, which may then be reset with the initial stake (if any). The jackpot is usually put in the center of the board. Since the jackpot forms an additional income for players in this set of house rules, games can take a much longer time than under normal rules. Eliminating the auction if a player decides not to purchase a property. Requiring that every property be put up for auction (this eliminates some of the luck in the game of landing on particular squares and forces players to strategize more). Allowing an unlimited number of houses to be available from the bank. When this house rule is implemented, substitute counters or written tallies are often employed to allay the actual shortage of house tokens in a standard game box. Agreeing that each player be allowed to collect all of a color group once they have 'staked a claim' by buying only one of those properties. The same agreement may or may not be carried over to the rail stations and utilities. Players in jail cannot collect rent, build houses, or conduct trades. This can be combined with increasing the price to get out of jail considerably (normally $50, or $500,000 in the Here & Now Edition). Together, these rules make jail a far more significant burden than that listed in the normal rules. Other players may bail the player out of jail but only if the player agrees. A bonus for landing directly on Go by dice roll (commonly an additional $200 or $500). This may or may not include cards that send the player to Go. Delayed Start: Players must pass Go (or circle the board at least once, or rarely twice) before they can buy property. Only allowing houses (or hotels) to be built when the owner lands on the group A bonus for rolling snake eyes (a pair of ones), often $500, $100, or one of each bill. All properties are handed out evenly to all players before the game begins, or one or two are dealt to each player. This variation is in the official US and UK rules as a short game option. In trades, players may offer "rent immunity" from their own properties (someone does not have to pay rent for landing on that property) as part of a deal (this can be good for a certain number of landings or the entire game). Unlimited amounts of hotels on each space. House rules, while unofficial, are not wholly unrecognized by Parker Brothers. George S. Parker himself created two variants, to shorten the length of game play. Video game and computer game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be used. House rules that have the effect of randomly introducing more money into the game have a side-effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt, lengthening the game considerably, as well as decreasing the effects of strategy and prudent investment. House rules which increase the amount of money in the game may change the strategies of the players, such as changing the relative value of different properties- the more money in the game, the more one may wish to invest in the higher value properties. Strategy Monopoly involves a portion of luck, with the roll of the dice determining whether a player gets to own key properties or lands on squares with high rents. Even the initial misfortune of going last is a significant disadvantage because one is more likely to land on property which has already been bought and therefore be forced to pay rent instead of having an opportunity to buy unowned property. There are, however, many strategic decisions which allow skilled players to win more often than the unskilled. Hasbro also offers a helpful strategy guide and different insights on their site. According to the laws of probability, seven is the most probable roll of two dice, with a probability of 1 in 6, whereas 2 and 12 are the least probable rolls, each with a probability of one in 36. For this reason, Park Place/Park Lane is one of the least landed-on squares as the square seven places behind it is Go to Jail. In consequence, some properties are landed upon more than others and the owners of those properties get more income from rent. The board layout factors include the following: Jail: Since players are frequently directed to "Go To Jail", they will move through the magenta, orange, and red property groups immediately after leaving Jail. The two properties with the highest probability of being landed upon after leaving jail are the two cheaper orange properties (St James Place and Tennessee Avenue in North America and Bow Street and Marlborough Street outside North America). This makes the orange property set highly lucrative. Go to…: One square — Go To Jail — plus a number of Chance and Community Chest cards will cause the player to advance a distance around the board. Thus, the squares immediately following Go To Jail and the take-a-card squares have a reduced probability of being landed upon. The least-landed upon property in this situation is the cheaper dark blue property (Park Place or Park Lane) because it sits in the lee of both Go to Jail and Community Chest (the Chance directly before it would not affect its odds because it is impossible to roll a one). Go to (property): Several properties are blessed with Chance cards which draw players to them. St Charles Place (Pall Mall), Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), Boardwalk (Mayfair), all of the railroads except Short Line (Liverpool Street Station), and both of the utilities benefit from this feature. Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) has the fortune of having both a "go to" dedicated card plus the card advancing to the nearest railroad. Advance to Go: A player may be directed to the Go square by a Chance or a Community Chest card, thus lowering the probability of being landed-upon of every square in-between. The properties most affected by this are the yellow, green, and dark blue sets. It also marginally raises the probability for each square in the wake of Go, including the purple and orange sets which will be reached two or three rolls after being on Go. Go Back Three Spaces: This directive comes from a Chance card. A quick look at the board shows that there are three Chance squares and hence three other squares which are 3 spaces behind (one being a Community Chest space, another being Income Tax, and the third being the leading orange property). The leading orange property (New York Avenue or Vine Street) gains the most benefit from this card since the Chance square nestled amongst the red properties is itself the most landed-upon Chance square. According to Jim Slater in The Mayfair Set, there is an overwhelming case for having the orange sites, because you land on them more often, the reason for that being the cards in Chance like Go to Jail, Advance to St. Charles Place (Pall Mall ), Advance to Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) and Go Back Three Spaces. In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), New York Avenue (Vine Street), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road) and Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road) are the least-landed-upon properties. Limited number of houses and hotels In order to put a cap on total development of property sets in the game, there are only 12 hotels and 32 houses. This limitation is in place to ensure that property sets cannot be developed unless there are houses or hotels available to purchase from the bank. This cap allows a certain amount of dominance to be developed by some players, because if every set of property were fully developed there would be enough rent collected between different players to allow the game to drag on for an extended period. This limitation on numbers of houses and hotels leads to an advantage for one player. Simply building each lot out to a maximum of 4 houses and then refusing to upgrade to hotels ensures that nearly the maximum amount of rent is collected for each property, and the monopolization of the houses from the game prevents opponents from developing their property. It is conceivable that a single player could end up owning all 32 houses near the end of the game, and the refusal to upgrade to hotels makes these houses unavailable for opponents to purchase for any property they may own. Much of the skill comes from knowing how to make the best use of a player's resources and above all knowing how to strike a good bargain. Monopoly is a social game where players often interact and must deal with each other in ways similar to real world real estate bargaining. Note that the best deal is not always for the most expensive property; it is often situational, dependent on money resources available to each player and even where players happen to be situated on the board. When looking to deal, a player should attempt to bargain with another player who not only possess properties he or she needs but also properties the other player needs. In fact, offering relatively fair deals to other players can end up helping the player making the offer by giving him or her a reputation as an honest trader, which can make players less wary of dealings in the future. What is more, most people play Monopoly with the same group repeatedly. For this reason, such a reputation can have effects far beyond the game being played. The end game One common criticism of Monopoly is that it has carefully defined yet almost unreachable termination conditions. Edward P. Parker, a former president of Parker Brothers , is quoted as saying, "We always felt that forty-five minutes was about the right length for a game, but Monopoly could go on for hours. Also, a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere. In Monopoly you kept going around and around." However, the problem of time can be resolved by playing with a time limit and counting each player's net worth when the time is up. In fact, tournament play calls for a 90-minute time limit. [11] Two hour time limits are used for international play. [12] The Lord of the Rings edition gives players the option of creating a random time limit using the included One Ring token and specialized dice. The SpongeBob SquarePants game board includes a Plankton piece that moves every time someone rolls snake eyes with the dice, and the game is over when it reaches the end of the board. Played strictly to the rules, many games will be effectively decided when one player succeeds in bankrupting another because the bankrupt player gives all his property to the one to whom he could not pay his debt. A player who thus gains a fistful of properties will virtually control the game from that point onwards since other players will be constantly at risk. On the other hand, if a player is bankrupted by being unable to meet his debt to the bank (e.g., a fine or tax or other debt that is not rent), then his property is auctioned off; this can open up new possibilities in a game which was evenly set or in which a lot of property sets were divided among the players. The Monopoly Mega Edition is geared towards faster play by incorporating more squares and enabling players to build without the full color-group. Another path to a faster ending is by a key property bargain, whether it be a very shrewd trade which sets one player up with a well-positioned set or a very rash trade where an inexperienced player gives his experienced opponent an underpriced gem. Either way, a deal which pays off for one player is most often the turning point of the game. A third way to finish the game is to wait for all of the property to be bought. Once this has occurred, the player with the highest value of money and assets is victorious. Another way is to remove the $200 bonus gained by passing "Go". This ensures that players run out of money quickly. Some players, in an attempt to lessen the huge advantage gained by the first player to bankrupt another player, have the bankrupted player pay what he can to the player he is indebted to (including the money from mortgages), and then forfeit the properties, so that they are back on the market and open to purchase by other players. Hasbro states that the longest game of Monopoly ever played lasted 1,680 hours (70 days or 10 weeks or 2 1/3 months). [13] Add-ons Numerous add-ons have been made for Monopoly, both before its commercialization and after. Three such official add-ons are discussed below. Stock Exchange The Stock Exchange add-on was originally published by Parker Brothers in 1936 ( wikibook ). The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to "Advance to Stock Exchange". The add-on also included thirty stock certificates, five for each of the six different stocks, differing only in the purchase price (or Par Value), ranging from $100 to $150. Shares, like properties, are tradeable material, and could also be mortgaged for half their purchase price. Shareholders could increase the value of their shares by buying up more of the same company's shares. When a player moves onto Free Parking/Stock Exchange, stock dividends are paid out to all players on their non-mortgaged shares. The amount to be paid out to each player is determined based on the number and kind of shares owned. Specifically, a player receives dividends from each stock based on the following formula: (par value of share / 10) × (number of shares owned)2 EXAMPLE: Owning one share of "Motion Pictures" (par value $100) pays dividends of $10. Owning two shares pays $40 ($10 x 2 x 2), owning three pays $90 ($10 x 3 x 3) and owning four pays $160 ($10 x 4 x 4). A player owning all five receives $250 ($10 x 5 x 5). The player who lands on Free Parking/Stock Exchange can also choose to buy a share if any remain. Should the player decline, the share is auctioned to the highest bidder by the Bank. The Stock Exchange add-on serves to inject more money into the game, in a similar manner to railroad properties, as well as changing the relative values of properties. In particular, the Orange and Light Purple properties are more valuable due to the increased chance of landing on Free Parking, at the expense of the Red and Yellow groups. The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by Chessex, this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards. [14] This version included ten new Chance cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and five other related cards) and eleven new Community Chest cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and six other related cards; the regular Community Chest card "From sale of stock you get $45" is removed from play when using these cards). Many of the original rules applied to this new version (in fact, one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the "Advance to Stock Exchange" cards to each deck). A Monopoly Stock Exchange Edition was released in 2001 (although not in the US), this time adding an electronic calculator-like device to keep track of the complex stock figures. This was a full edition, not just an add-on, that came with its own board, money and playing pieces. Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated, and offices and home offices (instead of houses and hotels) could be built. [15] Playmaster Playmaster, another official add-on, released in 1982, was an electronic device that kept track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available. It then uses this information to call random auctions and mortgages that will be advantageous for some players and a punishment for others, making it easier to free up cards of a color group. It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur, for example when a player lands on a railroad it will play I've Been Working on the Railroad. [16] Speed Die In 2007, Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version of Monopoly with a new addition to gameplay--the Speed Die. ( http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/00009.pdf ) First included in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Mega Edition variant, this third die alters gameplay by allowing players to increase their move up to 3 spaces (rolling one of the 3 numbered sides); move immediately to the next unowned property OR to the next property on which they would owe money (rolling one of 2 "Mr. Monopoly" sides); or "Get Off The Bus Early" (rolling the "Bus" side), allowing the player to use the total from one die or both dice to move (i.e. A roll of 1-5-BUS would let the player choose from moving 1, 5 or 6 spaces). Usage of the die in the regular game differs slightly from use in the Mega Edition (i.e. Players use the Speed Die from the beginning in Mega; players can only use the Speed Die in the regular game AFTER their first time going past GO). [17] Spinoffs Feature Film On June 19, 2007, Ridley Scott announced that he was directing a futuristic comedy-thriller based on the game, featuring a variety of young actors to generate interest in the game. Scarlett Johansson and Kirsten Dunst have been considered so far. [18] However, that version of the film ended up being shelved and Emmet Furla Productions took over the project, with production slated to commence in Summer 2015. It is now described as being in the vein of Goonies. Other games Besides the many variants of the actual game (and the Monopoly Junior spin-off) released in either video game or computer game formats (e.g. Windows-based PC, Macintosh, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, Sega Genesis, Commodore 64, etc.), two spin-off computer games have been created. Monopoly Tycoon is a PC game in the Tycoon series that makes strategy and speed into determining factors for winning the game, eliminating completely the element of luck inherent in the dice rolls of the original. The game uses the U.S. standard Atlantic City properties as its basis, but the game play is unique to this version. The game also allows for solo and multi-player online games. Monopoly Casino is also a PC game, simulating a casino full of Monopoly-based adaptations of various casino games (most notably, slot machines). This program was released in both standard and "Vegas" editions, each featuring unique games. Monopoly: Star Wars is another PC game based on the standard Monopoly board but with Star Wars characters and locations. Here and Now Electronic Edition : Eliminates the need for money, using credit cards instead. Monopoly Slots, a mobile app slot machine game with a Monopoly theme Monopoly Hotels, a mobile social app game Monopoly Casino, a mobile app gambling game with a Monopoly theme Game show versions Main article: Monopoly (TV game show) A short-lived Monopoly game show aired on Saturday evenings during mid-1990 on ABC. The show was produced by Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! creator Merv Griffin, and was hosted by former Jeopardy! contestant Mike Reilly. Three contestants competed by answering crossword puzzle-style clues to acquire the many properties on the board and money equivalent to the values of said properties (with bonuses added for getting monopolies). After the properties were acquired and players used the earned money to improve them with houses and hotels, a timed "Monopoly Game Round" was played, allowing players to earn even more money by landing on their properties and answering more word clues. When time was up, the player with the most money won the game, and then went on to play the Bonus Game. In the Bonus Game, the contestant had to choose 4 properties on the board to convert to "Go To Jail" spaces. Along with the actual "Go To Jail" space, the contestant rolled the dice up to five times (with extra rolls added for each double rolled) and had to pass GO without landing on a "Go To Jail" space. If the contestant passed GO before running out of rolls or landing on a "Go To Jail" space, they won $25,000; however if the contestant landed EXACTLY on GO, they would win $50,000. The show was paired on ABC with a summer-long Super Jeopardy! tournament! Monopoly Millionaires' Club Main article: Monopoly Millionaires' Club (TV game show) A new Monopoly game show based on the short-lived lottery game will be airing on TV stations in selected cities and on GSN beginning this March. As of October 2014, it had been sold to stations in the 44 states and the District of Columbia (including non-MMC states) where lotteries are held. [22] [23] Taped at The Rio in Las Vegas , each episode will feature five contestants playing Monopoly-inspired games to win up to $100,000 each, and the possibility to risk their winnings for a chance to win $1 million. Despite the suspension of the lottery game, the series and a second set of tapings proceeded. [24] [22] Texas Lottery players who "won" a trip-for-two prize package received $10,000 instead; contestants and audience members chosen for the first two series of tapings represent the other 22 MMC members. Nine additional episodes are planned to be filmed in summer 2015 to accommodate participants of the scratch-off game. Gambling games In North America, a variety of slot machines and lotteries have been produced with a Monopoly theme. In Europe, there were also Monopoly "fruit machines", some of which remain popular through emulation. The British quiz machine brand itbox also supports a Monopoly trivia and chance game, which, like most other itbox games, costs 50p (£0.50) to play and has a £20 jackpot, although this is very rarely won. There is also an online slot machine version of the game made by WMS which is a 19 reel traditional style casino game. There was also a live, online version of Monopoly. Six painted taxis drive around London picking up passengers. When the taxis reach their final destination, the region of London that they are in is displayed on the online board. This version takes far longer to play than board-game monopoly, with one game lasting 24 hours. Results and position are sent to players via e-mail at the conclusion of the game. Commercial Promotions Main article: McDonald's Monopoly The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sweepstakes advertising promotion of McDonald's and Hasbro that has been offered in the United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia. The game mimics the game of Monopoly. Originally, customers received a set of two tokens with every purchase, but now tokens only come with certain menu items. Tokens correspond to a property space on the Monopoly board. When combined into color-matched properties, the tokens may be redeemed for money or prizes There are also "instant win" tokens the recipient can redeem for McDonald's food, money, or other prizes. Variants Because Monopoly evolved in the public domain before its commercialization, Monopoly has seen many variant games. Most of these are exact copies of the Monopoly games with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town, university, or fictional place. National boards have been released as well. Many of these are listed at "Localized versions of the Monopoly game". Details, including box cover art, can be seen in the "List of licensed Monopoly game boards". Over the years, many specialty Monopoly editions, licensed by Parker Brothers/Hasbro, and produced by them, or their licensees (including USAopoly and Winning Moves Games) have been sold to local and national markets worldwide. Two well known "families" of -opoly like games, without licenses from Parker Brothers/Hasbro, have also been produced. Several published games are similar to Monopoly. These include: Totopoly , created by Waddingtons in 1938, is based around horse racing. Anti-Monopoly , created by Ralph Anspach in 1974. Triopoly , designed by Jeffrey W. Berndt, Chris Hornbaker, & Jeremy Parish, published by Reveal Entertainment, Inc. in 1997 Late for the Sky , has produced a large number of Monopoly style games, called "___ in a box" or "___ -opoly" , the blank being filled in with the theme. Chômageopoly, "Unemployment Monopoly", a board game created by the Lip factory in the 1970s Dinosauropoly, a version using prehistoric motifs and rules. Easy Money , published by Milton Bradley, also in the 1930s. The Farming Game is a board game in which the goal is to run a financially successful farm, and like Monopoly the heart of the game is economics. The game's website draws comparisons to Monopoly. Fast Food Franchise is a board game by TimJim games which shares Monopoly's core mechanic, but through careful design guarantees that it will actually end. La gran Capital, published by several Chilean factories, is a Chilean version of the game, with neighborhoods from Santiago de Chile. The title means "the big capital", other versions are even named "Metropolis" The Fascinating Game of Finance, later shortened to Finance, first marketed in 1932 by Knapp Electric, and later by Parker Brothers. Go For Broke, the exact opposite of Monopoly, has the players trying to spend all their money before anyone else. Bad bets at the casino, real estate, stock market, race track, and giving to the poor house lowers your account balance. This was a Milton Bradley game originally published in the mid-1960s. Ghettopoly, released in 2003, caused considerable offense upon its release. The game, intended to be a humorous rendering of ghetto life, was decried as racist for its unflinching use of racial stereotypes. Hasbro sought and received an injunction against Ghettopoly's designer. [25] [26] Greekopoly, a college-themed version using fraternities and sororities as properties. Potopoly, A marijuana-themed version, using a five-sided board, and bags instead of houses. Itadaki Street, also called Fortune Street in North America, and Boom Street in Europe, is a series of board games for video game consoles from Square-Enix. Poleconomy, a board game designed in New Zealand incorporating real-world companies as well as political and economic strategy. The Mad Magazine Game, a Mad Magazine themed board game in which the object of the game is for player to lose all their money, play is counter-clockwise, and the dice must be rolled with the left hand. Released by Parker Brothers in 1979. Make Your Own Opoly is a game set sold by TDC Games of Itasca, Illinois. Using a Microsoft Windows-based PC, a person can print out his or her own property cards, labels to place on the board and the box, and play money. [27] Solarquest, a popular space-age adaptation, was released by Golden in 1986. Strictly Pittsburgh, a variant based around the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In addition to properties being replaced with local Pittsburgh sites and businesses, it contained a somewhat different board layout and replaced houses and hotels with skyscrapers. Dostihy a sázky, a variant sold in Czechoslovakia. This game comes from the totalitarian communist era (1948–1989), when private businesses were forbidden and mortgages didn't exist. So the monopoly theme was changed to a horse races theme. Complete rules and game plan (in Czech) Petropolis, a copy of Monopoly based in buying into the oil industry, using oilfields. The game uses 'telex messages' instead of Chance cards and the playing board snakes round into the middle before continuing round the edge. Turista, a Mexican copy of Monopoly made by Montecarlo board game manufacturer. It is based in buying Mexican States. In each state it is possible to build gas stations and hotel to increase the rent amount. Gallery	i don't know
How many times does the letter p occur in the first line of the tongue twister about Peter Piper?	Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: Animalia (Picture Puffins) Animalia (Picture Puffins) 4.7 out of 5 stars 311 Price:$7.90+ Free shipping with Amazon Prime Your rating( Clear )Rate this item 67 people found this helpful 5.0 out of 5 starsOne of the Most Amazing Sights in books ByCallieon October 11, 2000 "Animalia" is an illustrated book that brings you into a magical fantasy land full of animals. It features brilliant pictures of cats, birds, mice, unicorns and all sorts of animals. Each creature acts out interesting activities with gorgeous backgrounds. I am now sixteen, but I remember when the book recently came out, some six or seven years ago and I was amazed by the many sights of this book. Every page has "tongue twisters" for the letters of the alphebet, such as "Crafty Crimson Cats Carefully Catchting Crusty Crayfish" and "Lazy Lions Lounging In The Local Library". The pages also have pictures of many things that start with the letters. The lions look at books titled "Lassie Come Home", "Let's Learn Latin", and "Life In Louxembourg". The cats where charms and sit next to a pond, surrounded by a grand horizan where in the background you see castles and churches. Myself and my brother and sister loved looking for all of the things that started with C. We were also very amazed by the mesmorizing images. These illustrations look very lifelike, in fact, they look very much like the wonderful scenes children see in dreams. Reading this book with your kids is like walking through a great fantasy adventure in an animal world. It also serves as an excellent method to teach the alphebet to children. You will always enjoy reading this book with your kids and your kids will also enjoy reading and looking at the book by themselves. 45 people found this helpful 3.0 out of 5 starsGreat book with one disturbing page ByA customeron April 27, 2004 I agree with every word that previous reviewers used to glorify this book; however, my 4 year old has become obsessed with (and I think slightly disturbed by) the "K" page which shows a machine gun wielding kookaburra and kangaroo (both male) kidnapping a female koala. The kangaroo is pointing his machine gun at the koala and he is seemingly dragging her away. No matter how other reviewers try to rationalize the scene, the kidnapping is deliberate and violent. If the book wasn't marketed to kids, I wouldn't even think twice about this scene's inclusion, but I just don't think it was a wise scenario to put in the book. Perhaps this scenario wasn't the very best choice--couldn't Base have these critters knitting or flying kites? I try to make nothing of this scene, but my daughter always wants to turn back to that page and ask what the kangaroo is doing and why he is doing it. I try to tell her that they are playing cops and robbers, but that means nothing to her. The fact that she lingers over the scene seems to substantiate the "disturb" factor that I feel about it. My daughter detects the violence. Of course, it provides a teachable moment, and I don't want to sound moralizing because I do otherwise adore this book for the great fun it provides. However, you may want to preview that page before choosing this book for your child. I would like to just skip that page all together (and I may tape it together with the previous page until she gets older). Format: Hardcover \| Verified Purchase Animalia By Graeme Base What great illustrations! What great prose! The writing is arranged differently on each page, in different colors, styles, and size! What a way to introduce flexibility into a child's reading skills! And the motivation is fantastic! Children love the variety, both in the writing and in the detailed pictures! Kids love the silliness and words similar in sounds, too! And great big words for early readers are most challenging and exciting! As a retired teacher, I remember reading times when older children (age 9 - 11), would sit for an entire silent reading period,looking for the tiny picture of Graeme Base on each page, all the while enjoying and appreciating the other illustrations, and usually chuckling about them I remember older children willingly reading aloud to younger children in an after-school program. I remember younger children (age5-6) reinforcing beginning sounds of letters in this book, by listening and reading the long words, sounding them out as they read along, getting hints from the many illustrations, and at the same time, sharpening their visual skills, noticing details on each page. All in all, a great book for children! Enjoy! 0Comment \| 11 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Format: Paperback \| Verified Purchase I am obsessed with Graeme Base's books. I don't have kids of my own, but have now purchased this book and the Eleventh Hour for friends' kids as his books are one of the lasting memories I have from early childhood reading. When I've bought these recently to gift, I found myself cracking open the pages myself to preview and having my interests reignited. His works are simply magical. I think I may pick one up for myself as a childless adult :). As to this book itself, I just gifted Animalia to a 6 year old this past Christmas. I gave him the Eleventh Hour last year. His parents told me he loved the Eleventh Hour, and this year upon receiving this, I thoroughly enjoyed watching him go over each page.. reading it to himself (he's an advanced reader) with his dad's help for some of the new larger vocab (like "diabolical" and "improvising"). He's definitely a bright kid, so I think how wonderful to introduce him to all these new words! And the pages are just so rich with detail... he was enjoying himself at finding the hidden little Graemes on every page and the additional letter-appropriate images (like a "hummingbird" and "hyena!"). Love it. For those who are worried about content or things like a swastika on the S page... I have no memory of negative thoughts from reading this as a child and also the swastika is a revered, holy symbol for many religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism. It's a shame to have the nazi association, but first, little kids would not even know what it is, and second, if they do, this kind of teaching moment is really useful I think. 0Comment \| One person found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Format: Paperback \| Verified Purchase Yep, ignore the reading level on Animalia, 'cause any adult that likes to color will love this book! One of my favorite methods of relaxtion is to get out the crayons, colored pencils, or watercolors and tackling a coloring book. Animalia is one of, if not the, very best coloring books I've seen. Many of the pictures are two-page spreads and some have two letters of the alphabet on one page. My only wish is that it was on a paper that withstood watercolor a little better. I like to lay it on thick sometimes :) The drawing details are absolutely wonderful and none of the pictures are "overdrawn". Overdrawn detail makes it much more difficult to color and one tends to resort to using pencil crayons in to get into the small areas. I love this book and wish Mr. Base would do more. Please! 0Comment \| 9 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Format: Hardcover \| Verified Purchase First off, our family LOVES anything Graeme Base, this book does not disappoint. The rich illustrations, the vocabulary, the hidden pictures (What else can you find that starts with L?), the alliteration... all of it is here. A child can spend hours on this book, and it's a great way to spend time with the kids. His books offer much for a reluctant readers. Second, I was looking for the 25th anniversary edition online and somehow happened upon this listing (I didn't find it through Amazon search engine). The listing didn't mention the book being 25th Anniversary Edition, but I bought it (for much cheaper than anywhere else online) because the picture showed the 25th Anniversary Edition. It arrived today and I was thrilled that it was indeed the anniversary edition. This particular edition comes with a poster on the inside of the jacket "that holds a riddle to be solved." As a side note, I saw this book at a local big box book store and was very disappointed in cover of the paperback. It looked like a poor photocopy. So, if you're trying to decide between paperback and hardcover, I would recommend hardcover... and buy it now while the 25th Edition is still being sold (look at the picture, you'll see "25th Anniversary Edition" at the top of the cover if it is). Also, in regards to the negative reviews.... I use anything that shocks me as a teachable moment with my child. How can I teach them to deal with the emotions associated with being exposed to something unusual? There is no doubt in my mind that my children are exposed to so many things that I would prefer them not to be exposed to on a daily basis. I don't set out to shelter them from these things, but offer advice and talk about the 'weird' things we see and that happen to us on a daily basis. It is our job as parents to prepare our kids for the Big World out there. Trust me, this book will not harm your child... get it. 0Comment \| 2 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Format: Hardcover \| Verified Purchase This has been a family favorite for years. My son got married a year ago last summer and his wife is going to be an elementary, early childhood teacher. I drew her name for Christmas, and heard that she really wanted some children's books to start her personal and classroom library. Animalia was a natural addition to that list! Animalia is an ABC book, but with a twist. Graeme Base is an exceptional artist. It took him years to complete the artwork for this book. Each page and sometimes both pages are devoted to a single letter. Each page has a major image and many, many smaller ones...all linked to the letter of the page. I find that I'm still identifying things linked to the letters as I flip through this book. The pictures are large and bright. The combination of images on each page is fun and inventive. I frankly think my son was as excited to see this book appear as his wife was; this is one of the memorable books from his childhood. This is a large format book, and can entertain a child for hours. 5 solid and well-deserved stars. 0Comment \| One person found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment	9
Which line on the London Underground is represented by the colour yellow?	Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: Animalia (Picture Puffins) Animalia (Picture Puffins) 4.7 out of 5 stars 311 Price:$7.90+ Free shipping with Amazon Prime Your rating( Clear )Rate this item 67 people found this helpful 5.0 out of 5 starsOne of the Most Amazing Sights in books ByCallieon October 11, 2000 "Animalia" is an illustrated book that brings you into a magical fantasy land full of animals. It features brilliant pictures of cats, birds, mice, unicorns and all sorts of animals. Each creature acts out interesting activities with gorgeous backgrounds. I am now sixteen, but I remember when the book recently came out, some six or seven years ago and I was amazed by the many sights of this book. Every page has "tongue twisters" for the letters of the alphebet, such as "Crafty Crimson Cats Carefully Catchting Crusty Crayfish" and "Lazy Lions Lounging In The Local Library". The pages also have pictures of many things that start with the letters. The lions look at books titled "Lassie Come Home", "Let's Learn Latin", and "Life In Louxembourg". The cats where charms and sit next to a pond, surrounded by a grand horizan where in the background you see castles and churches. Myself and my brother and sister loved looking for all of the things that started with C. We were also very amazed by the mesmorizing images. These illustrations look very lifelike, in fact, they look very much like the wonderful scenes children see in dreams. Reading this book with your kids is like walking through a great fantasy adventure in an animal world. It also serves as an excellent method to teach the alphebet to children. You will always enjoy reading this book with your kids and your kids will also enjoy reading and looking at the book by themselves. 45 people found this helpful 3.0 out of 5 starsGreat book with one disturbing page ByA customeron April 27, 2004 I agree with every word that previous reviewers used to glorify this book; however, my 4 year old has become obsessed with (and I think slightly disturbed by) the "K" page which shows a machine gun wielding kookaburra and kangaroo (both male) kidnapping a female koala. The kangaroo is pointing his machine gun at the koala and he is seemingly dragging her away. No matter how other reviewers try to rationalize the scene, the kidnapping is deliberate and violent. If the book wasn't marketed to kids, I wouldn't even think twice about this scene's inclusion, but I just don't think it was a wise scenario to put in the book. Perhaps this scenario wasn't the very best choice--couldn't Base have these critters knitting or flying kites? I try to make nothing of this scene, but my daughter always wants to turn back to that page and ask what the kangaroo is doing and why he is doing it. I try to tell her that they are playing cops and robbers, but that means nothing to her. The fact that she lingers over the scene seems to substantiate the "disturb" factor that I feel about it. My daughter detects the violence. Of course, it provides a teachable moment, and I don't want to sound moralizing because I do otherwise adore this book for the great fun it provides. However, you may want to preview that page before choosing this book for your child. I would like to just skip that page all together (and I may tape it together with the previous page until she gets older). Format: Hardcover \| Verified Purchase Animalia By Graeme Base What great illustrations! What great prose! The writing is arranged differently on each page, in different colors, styles, and size! What a way to introduce flexibility into a child's reading skills! And the motivation is fantastic! Children love the variety, both in the writing and in the detailed pictures! Kids love the silliness and words similar in sounds, too! And great big words for early readers are most challenging and exciting! As a retired teacher, I remember reading times when older children (age 9 - 11), would sit for an entire silent reading period,looking for the tiny picture of Graeme Base on each page, all the while enjoying and appreciating the other illustrations, and usually chuckling about them I remember older children willingly reading aloud to younger children in an after-school program. I remember younger children (age5-6) reinforcing beginning sounds of letters in this book, by listening and reading the long words, sounding them out as they read along, getting hints from the many illustrations, and at the same time, sharpening their visual skills, noticing details on each page. All in all, a great book for children! Enjoy! 0Comment \| 11 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Format: Paperback \| Verified Purchase I am obsessed with Graeme Base's books. I don't have kids of my own, but have now purchased this book and the Eleventh Hour for friends' kids as his books are one of the lasting memories I have from early childhood reading. When I've bought these recently to gift, I found myself cracking open the pages myself to preview and having my interests reignited. His works are simply magical. I think I may pick one up for myself as a childless adult :). As to this book itself, I just gifted Animalia to a 6 year old this past Christmas. I gave him the Eleventh Hour last year. His parents told me he loved the Eleventh Hour, and this year upon receiving this, I thoroughly enjoyed watching him go over each page.. reading it to himself (he's an advanced reader) with his dad's help for some of the new larger vocab (like "diabolical" and "improvising"). He's definitely a bright kid, so I think how wonderful to introduce him to all these new words! And the pages are just so rich with detail... he was enjoying himself at finding the hidden little Graemes on every page and the additional letter-appropriate images (like a "hummingbird" and "hyena!"). Love it. For those who are worried about content or things like a swastika on the S page... I have no memory of negative thoughts from reading this as a child and also the swastika is a revered, holy symbol for many religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism. It's a shame to have the nazi association, but first, little kids would not even know what it is, and second, if they do, this kind of teaching moment is really useful I think. 0Comment \| One person found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Format: Paperback \| Verified Purchase Yep, ignore the reading level on Animalia, 'cause any adult that likes to color will love this book! One of my favorite methods of relaxtion is to get out the crayons, colored pencils, or watercolors and tackling a coloring book. Animalia is one of, if not the, very best coloring books I've seen. Many of the pictures are two-page spreads and some have two letters of the alphabet on one page. My only wish is that it was on a paper that withstood watercolor a little better. I like to lay it on thick sometimes :) The drawing details are absolutely wonderful and none of the pictures are "overdrawn". Overdrawn detail makes it much more difficult to color and one tends to resort to using pencil crayons in to get into the small areas. I love this book and wish Mr. Base would do more. Please! 0Comment \| 9 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Format: Hardcover \| Verified Purchase First off, our family LOVES anything Graeme Base, this book does not disappoint. The rich illustrations, the vocabulary, the hidden pictures (What else can you find that starts with L?), the alliteration... all of it is here. A child can spend hours on this book, and it's a great way to spend time with the kids. His books offer much for a reluctant readers. Second, I was looking for the 25th anniversary edition online and somehow happened upon this listing (I didn't find it through Amazon search engine). The listing didn't mention the book being 25th Anniversary Edition, but I bought it (for much cheaper than anywhere else online) because the picture showed the 25th Anniversary Edition. It arrived today and I was thrilled that it was indeed the anniversary edition. This particular edition comes with a poster on the inside of the jacket "that holds a riddle to be solved." As a side note, I saw this book at a local big box book store and was very disappointed in cover of the paperback. It looked like a poor photocopy. So, if you're trying to decide between paperback and hardcover, I would recommend hardcover... and buy it now while the 25th Edition is still being sold (look at the picture, you'll see "25th Anniversary Edition" at the top of the cover if it is). Also, in regards to the negative reviews.... I use anything that shocks me as a teachable moment with my child. How can I teach them to deal with the emotions associated with being exposed to something unusual? There is no doubt in my mind that my children are exposed to so many things that I would prefer them not to be exposed to on a daily basis. I don't set out to shelter them from these things, but offer advice and talk about the 'weird' things we see and that happen to us on a daily basis. It is our job as parents to prepare our kids for the Big World out there. Trust me, this book will not harm your child... get it. 0Comment \| 2 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Format: Hardcover \| Verified Purchase This has been a family favorite for years. My son got married a year ago last summer and his wife is going to be an elementary, early childhood teacher. I drew her name for Christmas, and heard that she really wanted some children's books to start her personal and classroom library. Animalia was a natural addition to that list! Animalia is an ABC book, but with a twist. Graeme Base is an exceptional artist. It took him years to complete the artwork for this book. Each page and sometimes both pages are devoted to a single letter. Each page has a major image and many, many smaller ones...all linked to the letter of the page. I find that I'm still identifying things linked to the letters as I flip through this book. The pictures are large and bright. The combination of images on each page is fun and inventive. I frankly think my son was as excited to see this book appear as his wife was; this is one of the memorable books from his childhood. This is a large format book, and can entertain a child for hours. 5 solid and well-deserved stars. 0Comment \| One person found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment	i don't know
If a month has a Friday the thirteenth then on what day of the week would that month begin?	c++ - On what days does the thirteenth occur? USACO - Stack Overflow On what days does the thirteenth occur? USACO up vote -5 down vote favorite Is Friday the 13th really an unusual event? That is, does the 13th of the month land on a Friday less often than on any other >day of the week? To answer this question, write a program that will compute the frequency that the 13th of each month lands on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, >Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday over a given period of N years. The >time period to test will be from January 1, 1900 to December 31, 1900+N-1 for a >given number of years, N. N is positive and will not exceed 400. Here's what I have: #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <string> #include <vector> using namespace std; int main(){ ifstream fin("fridayin.txt"); ofstream fout("fridayout.txt"); int N; fin >> N; int current_year, end_year = 1900 + N - 1, current_day = 1; //set current_year, end_year, and current_day to 1(Monday) int daycounter[7] = { 0 }; //this will record how many times a day occurs on the 13th int current_month = 1; int day; for (current_month = 1; current_month <= 12; current_month++){ for (current_year = 1900; current_year <= end_year; current_year++){ //jan 13=saturday int yp = current_year - 1900; if (current_year < 2000){ //2000 is a leap year day = (6 + yp + yp / 4 - yp / 100) % 7; daycounter[day]++; //increment the day counter } else if (current_year > 2000){ //check if it's after 2000, if it is add 1 to 6 to get 0 (mod 7) day = (yp + yp / 4 - yp / 100) % 7; daycounter[day]++; //increment the day counter } } } int i; for (i = 0; i < 7; i++){ fout << daycounter[i] << ' '; } return 0; } I'm computing the January 13ths then the February 13ths,... December 13ths. Here's input: up vote 0 down vote Here's a Java implementation: package time; import java.text.DateFormat; import java.text.ParseException; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Calendar; import java.util.LinkedHashMap; import java.util.Map; /** * Superstition calculates how frequently the 13th falls on each day of the week * @author Michael * @link https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31231343/on-what-days-does-the-thirteenth-occur-usaco * @since 7/5/2015 10:31 AM / public class Superstition { public static final DateFormat DEFAULT_FORMAT = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MMM-dd"); public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_YEARS = 400; public static final String START_DATE = "1900-Jan-13"; public static final int MONTHS_PER_YEAR = 12; public static void main(String[] args) { Map<Integer, Integer> frequencies = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, Integer>() {{ put(Calendar.SUNDAY, 0); put(Calendar.MONDAY, 0); put(Calendar.TUESDAY, 0); put(Calendar.WEDNESDAY, 0); put(Calendar.THURSDAY, 0); put(Calendar.FRIDAY, 0); put(Calendar.SATURDAY, 0); }}; try { int maxYears = args.length > 0 ? Integer.parseInt(args[0]) : DEFAULT_MAX_YEARS; Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance(); calendar.setTime(DEFAULT_FORMAT.parse(START_DATE)); for (int i = 0; i < maxYears; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < MONTHS_PER_YEAR; ++j) { int dayOfWeek = calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK); frequencies.put(dayOfWeek, (frequencies.get(dayOfWeek) + 1)); calendar.add(Calendar.MONTH, 1); } } } catch (ParseException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { System.out.println(frequencies); } } } Here's the output for the years from 1900 to 2300: com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain time.Superstition {1=687, 2=685, 3=685, 4=687, 5=684, 6=688, 7=684} Process finished with exit code 0 As expected, the frequencies with which the 13th falls on each day of the week are roughly the same. Sum of values equals (# years)(12 months per year), as it should be.	Sunday
Out of all the animals which make up the Chinese horoscope, which comes first alphabetically?	Friday the 13th Friday the 13th Claim: The 13th of the month is more likely to fall on a Friday than on any other day of the week. Truth: That's true or false, depending on what you mean. One of the first things to do with claims of "likely" is to determine the scope. The choice of timescale determines whether this claim is as valid as stated. It is false The Gregorian (and Julian, for that matter) calendar has 14 possible single year calendars. Pick a weekday for January 1st and whether it is a leap year, and that gives the calendar (that's how those perpetual calendars in almanacs work). In a normal, stable, situation those calendars repeat in a cycle of 28 years. Within that normal cycle of years, the distribution of 13ths to Fridays is exactly 1/7 of the total. The seven leap year calendars have a total of 12 Fridays which fall on the 13th of the month. The total for the 7 non-leap year calendars is the same. In the 28 years, you get each leap year once and each non-leap year three times, for a total of 48 Fridays on the 13th of the month. Since 28 years have 336 months, and 48 * 7 is 336, this is exactly even. (Pedants may look here for more detail) But it is also true The discussion above focused on the case of normal year cycles within the Gregorian calendar. That means that it holds for timescales which do not cross exceptional years (that includes my lifespan and the lifespans of everyone likely to be reading this). But there are times when the normal cycling of years is disrupted. In a sense, that was the whole point of establishing the Gregorian calendar (but that is a discussion for a different page ). Within the Gregorian calendar, centennial years (those evenly divisible by 100) are only leap years if they are also divisible by 400. For example: 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not leap years. (1700 wouldn't have been, had the calendar change been adopted by then.) When a timeframe crosses one of these, the frequency of the calendar repetitions gets skewed, and the distribution is no longer even. This is because replacing that single leap year with a non leap year not only replaces that year. It also disrupts the cycle of years such that an entire section of the sequence is omitted. Any particular year may have one, two or three 13ths falling on Friday. If the section dropped has an average number of Friday the 13ths greater than 12/7 (1.7142) then the overall average will drop. If the omitted section has an average less than 12/7, the overall average will rise. Crunching the numbers for a 400 year segment yields this distribution: Sunday	i don't know
What type of dogs are commonly kept by Eskimos?	Native American Indian Dogs: Indigenous Dog Breeds of North and South America What's new on our site today! Precolumbian Tribal Dogs In The Americas by Stephanie Little Wolf The dog who first entered North America with paleoindians was a well established inhabitant along with his human counterpart as early as fourteen thousand years ago. DNA studies on the genetic structure of paleoamerican dogs show that this was a fully domesticated animal at the time of entry into the North American continant, suggesting that the domestication of dogs occurred at an earlier time than has been previously suggested, (the archaeological record suggests canid domestication events around fourteen thousand years ago)- about the same time that humans walked over from Eurasia to the new world. This would indicate that the dog was actually domesticated at an earlier time than that. The DNA Factor Indeed, the Mtdna (mitochondrial) studies strongly support the hypothesis that paleoamerican and eurasian domestic dogs share a common origin, both evolving from the Eurasian gray Wolf. No evidence of a separate domestication of dogs from North American Grey Wolves was discovered. Although the haplotypes found in paleoamerican dogs were closely related to Eurasian dogs, some of them formed a unique clade within the main genetic group, (clad 1), which is found only in paleoamerican dogs. This indicates that dogs were present and isolated in the new world for a considerable amount of time. This long period of isolation led to the appearance of a group of genetic sequences (haplotypes) that are similar but very easily distinguishable from dogs from other parts of the world, or from any modern dog population in America today. Indeed, no surveyed modern population of dogs in the united states carries these unique genetic markers in their DNA. American Indian Dogs were extinct early on by the inbreeding and replacemnt by European dogs. Only the Eskimo dog has survived. Dna evidence links the Eskimo Dog with the Australian Dingo, the New Guinea Singing dog, and the Shiba Inu. The Mexican Hairless or Xoloitzcuintle was present in the Americas long before Europeans arrived, but the genetic lineage shows extreme mixing with European dogs and may not genetically resemble its precolumbian ancestors anymore, although reduced dentition and hairlessness are extremely dominant traits, so the dogs strongly resemble their forbears in appearance. Dogs, Wolves, and Coyotes At the time of European contact, American Indians were groups of diverse and widely dispersed nations. It is common yet inaccurate these days for them to be discussed as one single population, and their dogs do not escape this inaccuracy. In fact, there were many different types of Indian dogs and they were used for a variety of reasons that were as diverse and unique as the people they inhabited the land with. It is also common for modern researchers to site early explorers from the late 1600's to the late 1800's and their anecdotal interpretations of Indian dogs as being almost impossible to distinguish from the wolf. This is also a common mistake and misinterpretation today. Countless times I have heard children, and adults refer to my Alaskan Village dogs as wolves. In fact, Eskimo dogs, huskies and other sled dogs may have fur and vocalizations that resemble their wolf ancestors, but that is about it. Dogs have a shorter stockier build, wider chests and shorter faces and muzzles, with short steep "stops" or angle from forehead to the bridge of the nose. In all, many dogs filled rolls within Indian cultures. Some tribes had rather loose associations with their dogs, some were extremely attached and involved with dogs as pets and or using them for various tasks. Dogs probably tracked game, and packed meat after a hunt. Dogs were eaten by some groups as a food source and some were only consumed ceremonially. Dogs were the playmates of young children and companions to the elders. Four distinct types of tribal dog are presented here, although many more existed at one time. I encourage one to carefully review the list of resources presented at the end of this article. Great Plains Dogs Dogs were an intregal and important aspect of the tribes they were a part of. It is logical to discuss "dog culture" as the time period before the acquisition of the horse, and the time after this acquisition as "horse culture" by nations of the great plains. Some dogs were used for hauling and packing, pulling the famous travious across the plains. They packed meat or belongings, children and the elderly. They were pets, a food source, and possible trackers of game. They were numerous, partly fended for themselves, and bred freely with little input or selectiveness from tribal people. Selective breeding most likely did not occur among plains tribes, the only intervention in this respect was the culling of small or sickly pups or those that were snappish or surly with small children. Culling was also practiced to reduce the load of pups on the mother so she retained her health during the nursing period, and to select for large heavily boned individuals. Dogs served the important function of barking to alarm the tribe of the approach of enemies or visitors. Large and medium sized dogs coexisted and are sometimes vicariously referred to as Plains Indian Dogs and Sioux Dogs. These dogs according to some descriptions were either Dingo tawny colored and short or smooth coated, or grayish and somewhat longer coated. Many other color combinations existed, however, such as white, black, spotted and mottled. In reading many of the descriptions, what comes across is an animal somewhat like a dingo and somewhat like a husky. Tails were either short, broom or half tails, or sickle shaped with the typical curve of many a pariah dog throughout the world today. Photographs that exist of plains Indians and dogs show extremely mixed individuals, in recreated scenes that tried to depict a lifestyle well after cultural demise. The dogs bear the mark of European breeds, in color, coat texture, many possessing the typical heavier flopped over ears. The Tahl Tan Bear Dog This little bear dog was from 12 to 18 inches tall and weighed from 10- to 18lbs. Amazingly, It survived into the late 1960's or early 70's. This dog of the Tlingits, Tahltans, Kaska, and Sekani was used for hunting bears in British Columbia, Canada. The hunters carried the dog inside a pouch until bear tracks were discovered, where upon the dogs tracked the bear. These small dogs could run on top of crusty snow and bark and worry the bear until hunters arrived. These little dogs were black with white markings, or white with black markings, not much bigger that today's Schipperke. On examining a photograph from Atlin, B.C., of a bear dog, I noticed its resemblance to the New Guinea Singing Dog, an extremely rare dingo type dog from Papua New Guinea. In another photograph, the dog resembled a Papillon. The Eskimo, or Inuit Dog of Canada, Alaska, and Greenland: The Qimmiq Today, the Eskimo dog thankfully is alive and well. It originally occupied the coastal and archipelago areas of Greenland, Alaska, and Canada. Once upon a time, today's Malamute fell into the Eskimo dog category, the indigenous dog of the Mahlemuit Eskimos from the Kotzebue sound area in Alaska. The Eskimo Dog was a puller of sleds, used for hauling heaving loads of fish, whale, and seal or walrus from the hunt to the village or camp. In the summer, backpacking was the traditional use of the dog. The dogs are bigger and more heavily boned than Siberian Huskies, which are not native to North America. They could and can work in the most hostile of environments with little food or care. They are friendly for the most part but fight with each other to establish the ritual pecking order. They are primitive compared to most modern breeds, as they don't bark as much and howl often. They have heavy winter coats and range from as small as 45 lbs for females to as large as 85lbs for males, sexual dimorphism being related to more primitive qualities. An Eskimo dog's fur or pelage takes many colors, but the eyes should not be blue and there is some controversy here. These dogs are challenging to work with and are strong beyond belief with incredible stamina. They are known in modern times as The Canadian Inuit Dog, The Inuit sled dog, and the Greenlander or Greenland dog. Clubs and organizations today are strong enthusiasts for the Eskimo dog, getting together and employing the old style fan hitch to go dog sledding or the modern tandem hitch for those of us who have narrow forest trails. The West Coast Salish, Little woolly Dog or Clallam Indian Dog These dogs were restricted to a fairly distinct area of northern British Columbia, where they were kept on islands to keep them from breeding with other types of dogs. The responsibility of woman, they were small, somewhat larger than todays Pomeranian. They had had a long thick mostly white pelage which was harvested by the Salish Indians to make clothing and blankets from. The dogs were numerous and highly utilized. Vancouver recorded that the dogs were shorn to the skin like sheep, and that the shorn wool of the dogs was so thick, that large mats of it could be lifted without being pulled apart. The wool of these dogs was dyed red or blue and striped blankets of cedar strips and dog wool were hardy and warm. The Artist Paul Kane gives us a wonderful and lengthy description of how the dog wool was made into blankets using cedar and white earth, apparently twisted together a beaten mixture of these, then rolling them down the leg as if twisting twine or yarn, then sewing the strips together. Other Native American Dogs There were many other dogs of North and South America. The Peruvian Pug-nosed dog, the Feugian dog, the Inca dogs, the Xoloytzecuintli, or Mexican hairless dog, the Hare Indian dog of the north, the Short Nosed dogs of the southwest, to name just a few. It is sad that most of these dogs are gone, with the exception of the Xolo, and Mexican Hairless. I have acquired photographs of Mayan dogs and they may resemble original Mayan dogs somewhat in their similarity to pariah type or aboriginal dogs from other parts of the world. The Archaeological record tells us that native precolumbian dogs were often buried with their owners, and at other times, given their own intricate burials. They disappeared rapidly, and with good cause, unable as their owners were to withstand European dog diseases, and probably shot as a matter of course for their attention to European livestock. On the east coast among the original colonies of America, Indian dogs were outlawed and it was a crime for villages to possess them, as it was firearms. One needs only compare the demise of the pure Australian Dingo as a model for how fast native dogs disappeared from north, central, and South America. In Australia, only small pockets of genetically pure Dingoes remain, and they are threatened. One can openly imagine how fast North American dogs became amalgamated from their pure forms, and then disappeared entirely from the lives of a people whose own lives became increasingly difficult. It was all tribal nations could do to manage their own fates in the face of rapid decimation. Unlike the Dingo, dogs of the Americas had no wild populations from which to replenish their numbers. In their absence, we must turn to scientific research and learn what we can about this fascinating subject. Resources on Native American Dogs Studying modern aboriginal dogs such as the Dingo, the Santal Hound, and the New Guinea Singing dogs may shed some light on the relationship between native tribal peoples and their dogs. Following, is a list of resources which reveals a wonderful and interesting topic of study. In addition to these sources, I encourage one to study the works of R.K. Wayne, Jennifer Leonard, Susan Crockford, I. Lehr Brisbin, Janice Koler -Matznik, and Bulu Imam. 1) Dogs of the American Aborigines- Allen, Glover Bulletin of the Museum pf Comparative Zoology, Harvard College Vol. 43, #9 2) Dogs of the Northeastern Indians, Butler and Hancock Mass. Archaeological Society Bulletin	Husky
If the cheetah is the fastest thing on four legs, what is the fastest on two legs?	Native American Indian Dogs: Indigenous Dog Breeds of North and South America What's new on our site today! Precolumbian Tribal Dogs In The Americas by Stephanie Little Wolf The dog who first entered North America with paleoindians was a well established inhabitant along with his human counterpart as early as fourteen thousand years ago. DNA studies on the genetic structure of paleoamerican dogs show that this was a fully domesticated animal at the time of entry into the North American continant, suggesting that the domestication of dogs occurred at an earlier time than has been previously suggested, (the archaeological record suggests canid domestication events around fourteen thousand years ago)- about the same time that humans walked over from Eurasia to the new world. This would indicate that the dog was actually domesticated at an earlier time than that. The DNA Factor Indeed, the Mtdna (mitochondrial) studies strongly support the hypothesis that paleoamerican and eurasian domestic dogs share a common origin, both evolving from the Eurasian gray Wolf. No evidence of a separate domestication of dogs from North American Grey Wolves was discovered. Although the haplotypes found in paleoamerican dogs were closely related to Eurasian dogs, some of them formed a unique clade within the main genetic group, (clad 1), which is found only in paleoamerican dogs. This indicates that dogs were present and isolated in the new world for a considerable amount of time. This long period of isolation led to the appearance of a group of genetic sequences (haplotypes) that are similar but very easily distinguishable from dogs from other parts of the world, or from any modern dog population in America today. Indeed, no surveyed modern population of dogs in the united states carries these unique genetic markers in their DNA. American Indian Dogs were extinct early on by the inbreeding and replacemnt by European dogs. Only the Eskimo dog has survived. Dna evidence links the Eskimo Dog with the Australian Dingo, the New Guinea Singing dog, and the Shiba Inu. The Mexican Hairless or Xoloitzcuintle was present in the Americas long before Europeans arrived, but the genetic lineage shows extreme mixing with European dogs and may not genetically resemble its precolumbian ancestors anymore, although reduced dentition and hairlessness are extremely dominant traits, so the dogs strongly resemble their forbears in appearance. Dogs, Wolves, and Coyotes At the time of European contact, American Indians were groups of diverse and widely dispersed nations. It is common yet inaccurate these days for them to be discussed as one single population, and their dogs do not escape this inaccuracy. In fact, there were many different types of Indian dogs and they were used for a variety of reasons that were as diverse and unique as the people they inhabited the land with. It is also common for modern researchers to site early explorers from the late 1600's to the late 1800's and their anecdotal interpretations of Indian dogs as being almost impossible to distinguish from the wolf. This is also a common mistake and misinterpretation today. Countless times I have heard children, and adults refer to my Alaskan Village dogs as wolves. In fact, Eskimo dogs, huskies and other sled dogs may have fur and vocalizations that resemble their wolf ancestors, but that is about it. Dogs have a shorter stockier build, wider chests and shorter faces and muzzles, with short steep "stops" or angle from forehead to the bridge of the nose. In all, many dogs filled rolls within Indian cultures. Some tribes had rather loose associations with their dogs, some were extremely attached and involved with dogs as pets and or using them for various tasks. Dogs probably tracked game, and packed meat after a hunt. Dogs were eaten by some groups as a food source and some were only consumed ceremonially. Dogs were the playmates of young children and companions to the elders. Four distinct types of tribal dog are presented here, although many more existed at one time. I encourage one to carefully review the list of resources presented at the end of this article. Great Plains Dogs Dogs were an intregal and important aspect of the tribes they were a part of. It is logical to discuss "dog culture" as the time period before the acquisition of the horse, and the time after this acquisition as "horse culture" by nations of the great plains. Some dogs were used for hauling and packing, pulling the famous travious across the plains. They packed meat or belongings, children and the elderly. They were pets, a food source, and possible trackers of game. They were numerous, partly fended for themselves, and bred freely with little input or selectiveness from tribal people. Selective breeding most likely did not occur among plains tribes, the only intervention in this respect was the culling of small or sickly pups or those that were snappish or surly with small children. Culling was also practiced to reduce the load of pups on the mother so she retained her health during the nursing period, and to select for large heavily boned individuals. Dogs served the important function of barking to alarm the tribe of the approach of enemies or visitors. Large and medium sized dogs coexisted and are sometimes vicariously referred to as Plains Indian Dogs and Sioux Dogs. These dogs according to some descriptions were either Dingo tawny colored and short or smooth coated, or grayish and somewhat longer coated. Many other color combinations existed, however, such as white, black, spotted and mottled. In reading many of the descriptions, what comes across is an animal somewhat like a dingo and somewhat like a husky. Tails were either short, broom or half tails, or sickle shaped with the typical curve of many a pariah dog throughout the world today. Photographs that exist of plains Indians and dogs show extremely mixed individuals, in recreated scenes that tried to depict a lifestyle well after cultural demise. The dogs bear the mark of European breeds, in color, coat texture, many possessing the typical heavier flopped over ears. The Tahl Tan Bear Dog This little bear dog was from 12 to 18 inches tall and weighed from 10- to 18lbs. Amazingly, It survived into the late 1960's or early 70's. This dog of the Tlingits, Tahltans, Kaska, and Sekani was used for hunting bears in British Columbia, Canada. The hunters carried the dog inside a pouch until bear tracks were discovered, where upon the dogs tracked the bear. These small dogs could run on top of crusty snow and bark and worry the bear until hunters arrived. These little dogs were black with white markings, or white with black markings, not much bigger that today's Schipperke. On examining a photograph from Atlin, B.C., of a bear dog, I noticed its resemblance to the New Guinea Singing Dog, an extremely rare dingo type dog from Papua New Guinea. In another photograph, the dog resembled a Papillon. The Eskimo, or Inuit Dog of Canada, Alaska, and Greenland: The Qimmiq Today, the Eskimo dog thankfully is alive and well. It originally occupied the coastal and archipelago areas of Greenland, Alaska, and Canada. Once upon a time, today's Malamute fell into the Eskimo dog category, the indigenous dog of the Mahlemuit Eskimos from the Kotzebue sound area in Alaska. The Eskimo Dog was a puller of sleds, used for hauling heaving loads of fish, whale, and seal or walrus from the hunt to the village or camp. In the summer, backpacking was the traditional use of the dog. The dogs are bigger and more heavily boned than Siberian Huskies, which are not native to North America. They could and can work in the most hostile of environments with little food or care. They are friendly for the most part but fight with each other to establish the ritual pecking order. They are primitive compared to most modern breeds, as they don't bark as much and howl often. They have heavy winter coats and range from as small as 45 lbs for females to as large as 85lbs for males, sexual dimorphism being related to more primitive qualities. An Eskimo dog's fur or pelage takes many colors, but the eyes should not be blue and there is some controversy here. These dogs are challenging to work with and are strong beyond belief with incredible stamina. They are known in modern times as The Canadian Inuit Dog, The Inuit sled dog, and the Greenlander or Greenland dog. Clubs and organizations today are strong enthusiasts for the Eskimo dog, getting together and employing the old style fan hitch to go dog sledding or the modern tandem hitch for those of us who have narrow forest trails. The West Coast Salish, Little woolly Dog or Clallam Indian Dog These dogs were restricted to a fairly distinct area of northern British Columbia, where they were kept on islands to keep them from breeding with other types of dogs. The responsibility of woman, they were small, somewhat larger than todays Pomeranian. They had had a long thick mostly white pelage which was harvested by the Salish Indians to make clothing and blankets from. The dogs were numerous and highly utilized. Vancouver recorded that the dogs were shorn to the skin like sheep, and that the shorn wool of the dogs was so thick, that large mats of it could be lifted without being pulled apart. The wool of these dogs was dyed red or blue and striped blankets of cedar strips and dog wool were hardy and warm. The Artist Paul Kane gives us a wonderful and lengthy description of how the dog wool was made into blankets using cedar and white earth, apparently twisted together a beaten mixture of these, then rolling them down the leg as if twisting twine or yarn, then sewing the strips together. Other Native American Dogs There were many other dogs of North and South America. The Peruvian Pug-nosed dog, the Feugian dog, the Inca dogs, the Xoloytzecuintli, or Mexican hairless dog, the Hare Indian dog of the north, the Short Nosed dogs of the southwest, to name just a few. It is sad that most of these dogs are gone, with the exception of the Xolo, and Mexican Hairless. I have acquired photographs of Mayan dogs and they may resemble original Mayan dogs somewhat in their similarity to pariah type or aboriginal dogs from other parts of the world. The Archaeological record tells us that native precolumbian dogs were often buried with their owners, and at other times, given their own intricate burials. They disappeared rapidly, and with good cause, unable as their owners were to withstand European dog diseases, and probably shot as a matter of course for their attention to European livestock. On the east coast among the original colonies of America, Indian dogs were outlawed and it was a crime for villages to possess them, as it was firearms. One needs only compare the demise of the pure Australian Dingo as a model for how fast native dogs disappeared from north, central, and South America. In Australia, only small pockets of genetically pure Dingoes remain, and they are threatened. One can openly imagine how fast North American dogs became amalgamated from their pure forms, and then disappeared entirely from the lives of a people whose own lives became increasingly difficult. It was all tribal nations could do to manage their own fates in the face of rapid decimation. Unlike the Dingo, dogs of the Americas had no wild populations from which to replenish their numbers. In their absence, we must turn to scientific research and learn what we can about this fascinating subject. Resources on Native American Dogs Studying modern aboriginal dogs such as the Dingo, the Santal Hound, and the New Guinea Singing dogs may shed some light on the relationship between native tribal peoples and their dogs. Following, is a list of resources which reveals a wonderful and interesting topic of study. In addition to these sources, I encourage one to study the works of R.K. Wayne, Jennifer Leonard, Susan Crockford, I. Lehr Brisbin, Janice Koler -Matznik, and Bulu Imam. 1) Dogs of the American Aborigines- Allen, Glover Bulletin of the Museum pf Comparative Zoology, Harvard College Vol. 43, #9 2) Dogs of the Northeastern Indians, Butler and Hancock Mass. Archaeological Society Bulletin	i don't know
What is the national bird of New Zealand?	The Kiwi Bird, NZ \| Active Adventures Kiwi Kiwis - the National Bird of New Zealand Ever wondered why people from New Zealand are sometimes called Kiwis? Have you ever seen a Kiwi, are you perhaps unsure of what a Kiwi even is? Is it a fruit? Is it a bird? Many visitors to New Zealand are unsure of the answers to these questions. Hopefully this section of the Active New Zealand website will enlighten you a litte and maybe answer some of hose questions. The Kiwi Bird The most ancient of New Zealand’s birds, the kiwi evolved 70 million years ago from a flightless ancestor from the great southern continent of Gondwana. It’s a member of the ratite group, and related to the ostrich, emu and rhea as well as the now extinct New Zealand moa.This bird, even if it is not very often seen, is well known. It has given its name to New Zealanders, who are called "Kiwis" the world over. Yet all this time the bird has been a relatively secretive, nocturnal species seldom seen in the wild state. Kiwis are relatively long - lived birds. Branding studies have not been going long enough to give a good indication of life expectancy, but 20 - 30 years is probable. Several brown and little spotted kiwis have lived in captivity for 20 years or more and one North Island brown is approaching 40. There are two species of Kiwis in New Zealand. Brown Kiwis are found in forested areas in the North Island, Fiordland, South Westland and Stewart Island. Spotted Kiwis are found on offshore islands and forests in the North of the South Island. There are six varieties of the kiwi; the Great Spotted, the Little Spotted, the North Island Brown, the Okarito Brown, the Stewart Island Brown and the The Haast Brown. The Maori hunted the birds at night with the aid of dogs and torches. The skins and feathers were made up in to cloaks which were highly prized. The Maori believed that the kiwi was under special protection of the god Tane, and they called it Te manu a Tane - the bird that Tane hid. Its voice is shrill and from the call comes its Maori name kiwi. The male utters a repeated prolonged whistling call. The female call is shorter and hoarser. During feeding they emit snuffling sounds. The bird is nocturnal, tail-less and flightless. They are the only known bird to have external nostrils at the base of their long beaks and their sense of smell is very finely tuned. It locates the insects, grubs and spiders it eats by sniffing among the leaves, moss and rotting wood on the forest floor leaving characteristic bore marks. They tap the ground with their beaks and scrape away forest litter with their feet searching for food by pushing their beak about 15 cm into the ground and probing for insects, worms and snails. They also eat the berries from some native trees. Sometimes they make a snuffling sound, as they expel air through their nostrils while they feed. Kiwi are burrowers and often move to a new burrow each day. The little spotted kiwi and the brown kiwi tend to use simple one-entrance burrows, but the great spotted kiwi puts time and effort into constructing a labyrinth of tunnels. Kiwi live in pairs, as couples, all their lives. Male kiwi fight vigorously for a mate and the female occasionally kicks her smaller partner when warding off his unwanted advances. About every third day, the pair shelter together in the same burrow. During the night when they are foraging for food or patrolling their territory, they call to each other. The calls of the male and female are quite distinct: he utters prolonged shrill whistles, while she has a lower, hoarser cry. Kiwi are very strong and often extremely bad tempered. Adult birds use their razor sharp claws to defend themselves. Extremely territorial, they protect their "patch", which can be as large as 40 hectares, by calling, or chasing the intruder and kicking it. When alarmed or feeling aggressive, kiwi make noises that range from a growl to a hiss, along with loud bill-snapping. Kiwis have only remnants of wings, and like the moa to which they are related , lack a keel on the breastbone for attachment of flight muscles. Though kiwis have weak eyesight, long bristles around there mouths help them feel their way through the undergrowth at night. The nest is a burrow or depression under tree roots or a hollow log. It lays a clutch of eggs of 1 or 2 very large off-white eggs laid at an interval of 10-30 days. The eggs are about 180mm long and 80mm in diameter - six times as large as would be normal for a bird of its weight and weighing about 20% of the female's body.. The incubation period is 72-80 days, usually by the male. Throughout the incubation period the male covers the nest with sticks and leaves each night and goes off to search for food. Sometimes he also leaves it during the day. This makes the eggs vulnerable to predation by mammals and sometimes weka. For the first week after it hatches, the kiwi chick relies on the yolk sac from its egg for food. At one week old, it emerges from the nest for the first time. It looks just like a small adult kiwi. For more than two weeks the male and the chick share the burrow during the day, while at night both parents stay close enough to the chick to protect it. The male kiwi leaves the nest when the chick is about three months old. Soon after, the chick leaves the nest and for the next few weeks, finds its own shelter during the day. The young kiwi feeds at night, keeping its distance from its parents, who seem to tolerate its presence less. By the following spring the chick has moved out of the parents territory altogether. It moves around, staying in a variety of places where it may be chased out by other kiwi, until it finds an empty territory. Even scientists in the know have difficulty the sex of Kiwis and staff at the Queenstown Kiwi and Birdlife Park were a tad surprised when "Baldric" hatched an egg. So the Massey University and a bit of DNA sampling are trying to improve on the traditional methods used - bill length, call and size. I think I would rather leave it a surprise .... The Kiwi survived for so many million of years because its protective colouration and hidden lifestyle protected it from the old native enemies - threats from the air by the giant eagle Harpagornis or the huge harrier, both now extinct themselves. But the kiwi was in no way equipped to protect itself against the threats from the ground - stoats, ferrets, weasels, possums, pigs, dogs, cats and humans. Resourceful it may be - strong, fleet-footed and feisty - but the kiwi has exhausted its own resources and is now dependent on ours. Follow us:	.kiwi
The body of the Egyptian Sphinx was based on which animal?	1000+ images about Kiwi bird, Kiwis, National bird of New Zealand on Pinterest \| West coast, The arizona and Survival Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Kiwi bird, Kiwis, National bird of New Zealand Kiwi are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand, The size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are by far the smallest living ratites and lay the largest egg in relation to their body size of any species of bird in the world. There are five recognised species, the greatest threat to their survival is predation by invasive mammalian predators. The kiwi is a national symbol of New Zealand. 25 Pins785 Followers	i don't know
What colour are the spots on a common ladybird?	Ladybirds Newly emerged adults released onto Silver Birch from whence the pupae came. . 2 spot, Kidney-spot ladybird Chilocorus renipustulatus At 5mm in length, I had originally assumed this to be the black form of the 2-spot ladybird but, expert opinion has pointed out that it is more representative of the Kidney-spot ladybird. The distinctive features being that whereas the 2-spot is quite ovoid in shape, this one is more circular (a characteristic of the chilocorine group of ladybirds), and that the red spots are placed rather farther forward on the elytra than the 2-spot's centrally placed spots. While the spots on this specimen do not appear particularly 'kidney shaped', they are 'within the normal variation' for the species. Date One found on Leylandii foliage brought down by wind. 4 spot, Pine ladybird Exochomus 4-pustulatus The Pine ladybird is another small species, just a little over 4mm in overall length. So its dull red spots are not too easy to see against its black elytra. But the unique identifier for this species is the 'comma-like' shape of the two front spots. Although called the Pine ladybird (because it was initially identified preying on scale insects on pine trees) it is now recognised to prey on scale insects found on other trees as well. So it is just as likely to be found on Ash, Horse Chestnut, Sycamore and Lime trees. Date Found on garage wall underneath Horse Chestnut tree. . Coccinella septempunctata Not quite the largest of the ladybirds at 8mm, but probably the best known. It is universally known as the gardener's friend on account of the prodigious number of aphids it consumes, both in larval and adult form. The female can lay up to 200 eggs. From birth the larvae predate on aphids and in their three week larval state will account for hundreds - and grow to some 13mm, much larger than the adult. The adults hibernate over winter and become active from April onwards, depending on weather conditions. The resident UK population is also supplemented by migrants from the continent. Date A few early larva found. . 7 spot, Adonis ladybird Hippodamia variegata The more one becomes aware of ladybirds, the more one realises that nothing should be taken for granted. As this one scuttled down the long grass stem, I assumed that it was a 2 Spot. Then I caught sight of another spot and, on close inspection, found that there were seven spots - all on a 5mm ladybird only about half the size of a 'normal' 7 Spot species. The other thing of note was that whereas the 'normal' 7 Spotter has an almost circular body shape, this one was rather 'shield' shaped with 6 spots displaced towards the rear. But, before I could congratulate myself that I had identified another species, I discovered the significance of the 'variegata' tag in the scientific name. It seems that the 7 Spot Adonis can sport variants with between three and fifteen spots, which may merge or be discrete! It is not widely distributed and is classified as 'localised' rather than 'common'. Like most ladybirds, it predates on aphids - but only on certain species of aphid. If it has to follow transient aphid populations this could well account for its localised habitats. Date On Dog Rose growing in hawthorn hedge. . 10 Spot Ladybird Adalia 10-punctata This can be a very variably marked species, though it seems that the top image is of one of the more common forms. It can range from this orange form all the way through to a brown version with orange spots. And just to make life even more difficult, it does not always carry 10 spots. As the background colour varies, so some of the spots can merge with the background. And it can even live with 10+ spots as the lower image of a 13 spot variation shows. (The true 13 spot species, Hippodamia 13-punctata, is believed to be extinct in the UK.) This specimen had a pale skirt to the elytra and a whitish pronotum with black markings. This species is much the same size as the 2 spot species ( 5mm ) with which it can sometimes be confused. But the defining feature appears to be that this species always has pale legs, whereas the 2 spot always has black legs. The upper image caught the moment of lift-off, where the wing cases (elytra) open and the veins in the wings stretch the wings to their maximum area prior to flight. Date 10 spot found Siver Birch, Betula pendula. 11 spot Ladybird Coccinella undecimpunctata This poor little critter seems to have a scorch mark on its wing case (maybe a spark from a chimney or a bonfire) which only serves to remind us that all living things can suffer accidents. There are several ladybird species which are recognised to be 'variable' in the number of spots that they might have - and some can have 11 spots, but the size of this one, just over 5mm, it's oval shape and the distribution of spots appears consistent with the true Coccinella undecimpunctata. It is a species that appears to favour coastal regions and in the UK is most commonly found in the SE England region. Date 16 Spot, Orange Ladybird Halyzia sedecimguttata Although this species is regarded as 'not common, very local', it appears to be extending its range and we may well be seeing more of it in future. From an identification angle, the feature I found most intriguing was the apparently transparent flat 'skirt' all the way around the elytra (wing cases) and pronotum (upper shield covering the thorax). Overall length was 6mm with head tucked in and 7.5mm with head extended. The scale shown alongside the upper image is confusingly calibrated in sixteenths of an inch. Millimetres were on the other side! This particular specimen was found on a garden Viburnum tree, but the species is known to favour Sycamore and has been reported on Ash and Blackthorn, all of which are to be found locally. Both the adult and the larvae feed on mildew. Date 4 found on bracken in Carmen Wood, Benniworth. . 16 Spot Ladybird Titthaspis sedecimpunctata This is another tiny species, only 3mm long but, it taught me that one should never take anything for granted. Having taken the picture, I was about to label it as 'just another 22 spot' (it is not too easy to count spots on a 3mm ladybird!) , when I noticed the continuous dark line down it's back - not a common ladybird feature. That made me take a closer look and then the merged spots became obvious. Plus the fact that it did not have 22 spots! It favours damp regions and coastal areas. Date Pysllobora (Thea) 22punctata Very small (3-4mm), and quite common throughout central and northern Europe. Their food source is - mildew! So they can be found on a wide range of vegetation - over-ripe fruits are favourite. This one was on Hedge Mustard which was indeed showing early signs of mildew attack. On something so small it can be quite difficult counting its spots and a side view is best. Only the spots on the elytra (wing cases) are counted. And in a species so wide ranging the colour and pattern is surprisingly consistent - although the small spot on the extreme outside edge of the elytra can sometimes be rather indistict. Date Found on long, coarse grass under a lichen covered wooden gate. Harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis The Harlequin ladybird is of Asian origin, a recent immigrant - and capable of prodigious reproduction. It was originally confined to the south of the UK but is spreading relentlessly northwards. It appeared in my area of East Lincolnshire in July 2007. Unfortunately, from an identification view point, the adult Harlequin, can have a variable number of spots. The most consistent feature to look out for is the distinctive black and white pronotum just in front of the wing cases. When seen lifesize it appears like a small dark 'M' against the white background. An increasingly common form has black wing cases with two red spots, each with a small white dot in the centre and is currently known as the 'Bullseye' form. The Harlequin is known to be interbreeding with native species so all sorts of hybrids may emerge to confuse things even more. At 8mm in length, it is of comparable size to the 7-spot and Orange ladybirds. So any ladybird of that size which is not a 7-spot or an Orange ladybird could well be a Harlequin. One of the Harlequin's less endearing features was demonstrated to me rather dramatically. I had two pupae on the same Willow leaf under observation. The first to emerge (the 19-spot example in the second image) promptly ate the second as it hatched! So, if they have cannabalistic tendencies towards their own species, there can be little doubt that they will not be averse to predating on native specie as well - and there are fears that it may have a severe impact upon them. Recognition of the larvae (third image), tends to be rather more straightforward. All the ones that I have seen appear to be consistent in shape and colouring. They can grow up to 9mm in length and are very distictively marked - no problem identifying these. And the pupae, too, are quite unique (lower image). Although they tend to darken as they mature, they always retain the fringe of black and white bristles. And they are not difficult to find, being attached quite prominently on the upper surface of leaves with no attempt at camouflage. Date	Black
The Chihauhau dog derives it's name from a town in which country?	Ladybugs Ladybugs Identifying the 4 Most Common Ladybugs I. How to tell Ladybeetles from Other Insects Ladybugs are insects that are in the Order Coleoptera (meaning sheath-wing), commonly called beetles. Ladybeetles can vary in color from solid black with 2 red spots to solid orange or red, or they can have variable black spot patterns, sometimes with yellow or red spots. Ladybugs are in the beetle family that entomologists call Coccinellidae. Coccinellid beetles all have the following family characters: the shape of ladybeetles is very distinctive; they have an elongated to oval or hemispherical body; the antennae are eleven-segmented, and they are inserted at the inner margin of the eyes below the front; the antennae have a 3-segmented club on the end; ladybugs can also retract their heads like a turtle into the prothorax; and they have a convex elytra (hard shell wings that cover the inner pair of wings). Almost all beetles in this family are good; however there are 2 pest beetles in this family, the Mexican Bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Mulsant) and the Squash beetle. They are usually pale yellow and somewhat hairy with 16 or so spots, so watch out! II. Common Identification Characters of the 4 Most Common Ladybugs If you have one of these ladybugs, identification can be fairly simple. 1. First, what is the body type of your lady beetle? The two main body types are oval and round (hemispherical). A. Round Ladybugs 2 Types Ladybugs can retract their head into their body like a turtle (A). Normally their head is out as in B. Also, another identifying character is that the antennae of ladybugs are attached below the front part of the eyes. A. Round Ladybugs 2 Types C7 Coccinella septempunctata L. - C7 - The seven-spotted ladybeetle. Here's C7 crawling across a field in spring. C7 ladybeetle eggs on celery. C7 larva getting ready to pupate; also called a pre-pupa. C7 pupa on a leaf; don't squish these! C7 (Coccinella septempunctata L.) or the Seven-Spotted Ladybeetle.–We start with the earliest appearing ladybug in the vegetable fields – the C7 ladybug. These ladybugs overwinter in the bark of trees and similar habitats. I am always impressed to see them in relatively barren fields, honing in on the vegetable plants there. Identification: The C7 Ladybug has seven spots on the elytra (hard shelled wings on the back of the beetle); three spots on either side and one joined at the center top near the thorax and head region. Overwinters: C7s overwinter in the bark trees and under leaf litter in some areas. Food plants: C7 ladybugs love any type of mustard plant as well as other early blooming nectar and pollen sources, like buckwheat, cilantro, legumes like vetches and red or crimson clover. Also, early aphid sources, like bronze fennel. The C7 ladybug characteristics: large beetle (>1/4), 2 white spots on the thorax on either side of the head (see arrows); has 7 spots on the elytra in a 1-4-2 pattern. HARMONIA Harmonia eggs on bronze fennel. Harmonia larva - note the flaps or projection that stick off the back of the larva. Harmonia pupating - do not squash. Harmonia adult on patrol in potatoes. The Multicolored Asian Ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis, congregate in the fall to overwinter. Larvae can be distinguished from other species by the presence of small pads or flaps that project off the back of the larva. Overwinters: After the first hard frost or two, the adults begin to think about getting together to overwinter. In their native lands of China and Japan, the original places they overwintered were on rock outcroppings in the mountains. If your home is light colored and on the side of a mountain, or similar setup, it probably looks just like a big rock outcropping to a ladybug, and this might explain why one October day, the side of your house is covered in ladybugs!! If your neighbor complains about having ladybugs, then collect them for yourself! There are several ways to collect Harmonia. Probably the easiest method is to use a vacuum cleaner (with a new bag), or a long tube sock that you can take out and replace, or a dust buster, and vacuum them up when they start to congregate outside. There are several other methods to collect ladybugs. The Chinese consider it good luck to have these in your house, but if there are too many in your house, see if a nearby gardener or farmer would like to get them for their garden. Identification: The multicolored Asian ladybeetle has the following identifying characteristics: it is a large (>1/4) ladybug, it has a round domed shape; it has a white pronotum with 5 linked black spots that usually form an M which points towards the head of beetle; it also has 2 indentations at the back of the elytra (see arrows). Its coloration patterns can range from solid orange (pictured here) to having over 20 spots, and even black with 2 spots! Thats a lot of color patterns! Food Plants: in early spring, Harmonia seek out any plants with aphids - from spirea to cabbage to fennel. Harmonia love any type of mustard plant as well as other early blooming nectar and pollen sources, like buckwheat, cilantro, legumes like vetches and red or crimson clover. Also, early aphid sources, like bronze fennel. B. Oval Ladybugs 2 Types HIPPODAMIA Hippodamia convergens - The Convergent Ladybeetle Convergent ladybeetle feeding in buckwheat. Pupae and newly emerged adult of the Convergent Ladybeetle Convergent ladybeetle larva on nasturtium. 1 Gallon - 72,000 ladybeetles released in broccoli. Hippodamia convergens, the “Classic California” Convergent ladybug, has been shipped nationally for over 100 years, and therefore is naturalized throughout most of the US. It was originally native to California and the other pacific coastal states. These are the best overall ladybugs to release against soft-bodied vegetable pests. The adults are oblong, orange with variable spots. Larvae and adults actively eat aphids, mites, eggs (pest butterfly/moths eggs, Colorado Potato Beetle eggs, etc.) of almost any kind, small caterpillars that they come across (including others of their own kind if they are hungry). The Convergent Ladybeetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville. This orange oval ladybeetle is usually less that 1/4 inch long, with up to 13 spots on the elytra, but has variable spot patterns. The thorax is black with 2 converging white lines inside and a white margin. Food Plants: Wild carrot family (dill, fennel, cilantro, etc.), yarrow & lambsquarters. C-MAC Coleomegilla maculata C-Mac, the Pink & Black Ladybug. Identification: The Pink Spotted Ladybug, Coleomegilla maculata, or also called C-Mac. Distinguishing characters are: less that 1/4 long, oval shape, 6 spots on each forewing of the elytra; and a pink colored elytra with black spots. C-Mac, Coccinella maculata, are distinctive oblong beetles that are pink and black spotted. Hippodamia ladybugs have a similar body shape but no pink on them. This sets them apart from other ladybugs, although the Hippodamia ladybugs have a similar body shape but no pink on them. C-Macs are the “Porsches” of Ladybugs. They are fast, very active, and are great feeders on eggs of other insects. Therefore, they disperse further and faster than other ladybugs, and they usually cover more territory in a day than other ladybugs. C-Macs have been found to be especially effective against Colorado Potato Beetles, consuming their eggs and small larva. The favored food plants that I find them on are Queen Anne’s Lace and other plants in the wild carrot family. Keep these plants around to keep the ladybugs in your field, garden or yard. Food Plants: The favored food plants that we find them on are cilantro, parsnips, Queen Annes lace and other plants in the wild carrot family. Keep these plants around to keep the ladybugs in your field, garden or yard. Ladybug Handling and Release: The best weather to release ladybugs is cloudy, cool, rainy weather - it makes them seek shelter rather than flying. Put them out nearly colonies of aphids or other food. The best time to release ladybugs is just before dark, in the cool of the evening, or even at night. They won’t normally fly at night, and need a “settling down” period after being handled. Spray the release area beforehand with water or (I prefer) a 10% sugar solution so they have something to drink. Maintain a high moisture level thereafter. Gently shake ladybugs from the container, spreading them around so that they can find food immediately. Release them on or at the base of infested plants. Piles of vegetation, stacks of boards or similar materials near dense vegetation are attractive to them as shelter on hot days. In greenhouses, screen vents or periodically apply chalk around vents and doors so that ladybugs can’t escape (they can’t cling to vertical chalked surfaces). In greenhouses, temperatures between 70° and 85° F are needed for reproduction. Temperatures above 100° F can be tolerated for short periods. Ants will “guard” aphids and other soft-bodied honeydew producing insects (like leafhoppers and scales) and protect them from predators like ladybugs. If ants are a problem, you might have to use a sticky product like “Tanglefoot” to make a barrier to prevent the ants from getting to the aphids. In order to get your ladybugs to stay as year round greenhouse guests, you should plant Umbellifera as a nectar and mating site for adults. Keep ladybugs as one of your main pillars of pest defenses in the your farm and garden. Good luck!	i don't know
Out of all the animals in the Chinese horoscope, which comes last alphabetically?	The Chinese Zodiac, 12 Zodiac Animals, Find Your Zodiac Sign The Chinese animal zodiac, or shengxiao (/shnng-sshyaoww/ ‘born resembling’), is a repeating cycle of 12 years, with each year being represented by an animal and its reputed attributes. Traditionally these zodiac animals were used to date the years. The 12 Animals of the Chinese Zodiac In order, the 12 animals are: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig. What Your Chinese Zodiac Animal Sign Is Your Chinese Zodiac sign is derived from your birth year, according to the Chinese lunar calendar. See the years of each animal below or use the calculator on the right to determine your own sign. Rat: 2008, 1996, 1984, 1972, 1960 Ox: 2009, 1997, 1985, 1973, 1961 Tiger: 2010, 1998, 1986, 1974, 1962 Rabbit: 2011, 1999, 1987, 1975, 1963 Dragon: 2012, 2000, 1988, 1976, 1964 Snake: 2013, 2001, 1989, 1977, 1965 Horse: 2014, 2002, 1990, 1978, 1966 Goat: 2015, 2003, 1991, 1979, 1967 Monkey: 2016, 2004, 1992, 1980, 1968 Rooster: 2017 , 2005, 1993, 1981, 1969 Dog: 2018, 2006, 1994, 1982, 1970 Pig: 2019, 2007, 1995, 1983, 1971 Find Your Chinese Zodiac Sign Choose your date of birth and find out about your Chinese zodiac sign. You are a: Love: Health: Those born in January and February take care: Chinese (Lunar) New Year moves between 21 January and February 20. If you were born in January or February, check whether your birth date falls before or after Chinese New Year to know what your Chinese zodiac year is. Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility — Is He/She Right for You? People born in a certain animal year are believed to have attributes of that animal, which could either help or hinder a relationship. An important use of Chinese Zodiac is to determine if two people are compatible, in a romantic relationship or any kind of relationship. In ancient times people were faithful to Chinese Zodiac compatibility and often referred to it before a romantic relationship began. Even nowadays some people still refer to it. Take our online test on the right and find how suitable you and your partner are. See our Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility Charts Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility Test Is she/he compatible with you? Take the test and see... Boy's Name: Date of Birth: It’s BAD LUCK When Your Zodiac Year Comes Around! As the Chinese zodiac recurs every 12 years, your animal year will come around when you are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, etc. According to ancient Chinese superstition, in your birth sign year, he will offend the God of Age, and will have bad luck during that year. The best way to avoid bad luck during this year is by wearing something red given by an elder (relative), such as socks, a neck cord, underwear, a waistband, a bracelet, or an anklet. Read more on How to be Lucky in Your Zodiac Year . Chinese Zodiac Years Have Two Different Starts! There are two dates a Chinese zodiac year could be said to start on, and neither is January 1! China traditionally uses two calendars: the solar calendar and the lunar calendar. The traditional solar calendar has 24 fifteen-day solar terms, and the first, called ‘Start of Spring’, falls on February 4 (or 5). The lunar calendar has 12 or 13 months and starts on Chinese New Year, which is somewhere in the period January 21 to February 20. Most Chinese people use lunar New Year as the start of the zodiac year. But for fortune telling and astrology, people believe ‘Start of Spring’ is the beginning of the zodiac year. Chinese Zodiac Origins — Why 12 Animals The 12 animals were chosen deliberately, after many revisions. The zodiac animals are either closely related to ancient Chinese people’s daily lives, or have lucky meanings. The ox, horse, goat, rooster, pig, and dog are six of the main domestic animals raised by Chinese people. The other six animals: rat, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, and monkey are all loved by the Chinese people. Why the 12 Zodiac Animals Are in That Order The 12 Chinese Zodiac animals are in a fixed order according to Chinese Yin and Yang Theory and perceived attributes. The yin or the yang of the animals is defined based on the odd or even number of their claws (or toes, hoofs). The animals are then arranged in an alternating (complementary) yin-yang sequence. Usually an animal has is the same number of claws on its front and rear legs. However the rat has four toes on its fore legs and five on its hind legs. As the old saying goes, “a thing is valued in proportion to its rarity”, so the Rat ranks first of the 12 zodiac animals. It uniquely combines the attributes of odd (yang) and even (yin). 4+5=9, and yang is dominant, so the Rat is classified as odd (yang) overall. Zodiac Animal Amiability without fidelity leads to immorality. Chinese Zodiac Hours — Each Hour is Associated with a Zodiac Animal Chinese zodiac hours It is widely known that each year is associated with a Chinese zodiac animal, but in Chinese culture the 12 zodiac animals are also associated with hours of a day. In ancient times, in order to tell the time, people divided a day into twelve 2-hour periods, and designated an animal to represent each period, according to each animal’s “special time”. According to Chinese astrology, though not popularly used, a person’s personality and life is more decided by his/her birth hour than year. The zodiac hour is widely used for character and destiny analysis. Rat	Tiger
Which famous footballer left Tottenham in 1992 to join Japanese side Grampus Eight?	Chinese Zodiac Signs - The 12 Animals - There are ( 2 ) comments permalink The Chinese Zodiac is divided into 12 cycles where years are represented by animals instead of months, as shown in Western Horoscopes. The Chinese Zodiac is a unique way to discover additional personality traits about you. The 12 animals that are listed below represent the rotating 12-year cycle which is the core of the Chinese Zodiac. Chances are that you have most likely heard references to a particular year referencing one of these animals such as “Year of the Pig” or “Year of the Rabbit.” Below are some of the most significant characteristics of those individuals born within the year of the listed animals. Rat Rat (Birth Years: 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008, 2020) People born under the Chinese Zodiac sign of the Rat are known to be charming, yet aggressive. They are known for their multi-tasking abilities and have no problem managing several projects at once. Rat people use money as their motivation to work harder, which can lead them to acquire a few greedy characteristics at times. They are constantly looking to challenges themselves and become a master of a new field that they are unfamiliar with. While Rats are extremely diligent when it comes to their work ethic, their romantic lives are not all that exciting. They make great lovers because of their loyalty and devotion, but are not known to plan romantic getaways or dinners for their partners. The Rat is most compatible with Dragon and Monkey. Ox Ox (Birth Years: 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009, 2021) People born under the Ox are most recognized for their strong character, and bold personality. Similar to the Rat, they are motivated to work hard, but look down upon carless individuals who do not push themselves to the extent that they do. They are known for making friends that will last a lifetime, and would never think twice about betraying one of their friends or family members. The Ox is also well known for how straightforward they can be, which can be a viewed as a bad quality to some. Many mistake them for not being talkative enough, but they are the type that would rather observe a conversation before simply chiming in to share their thoughts. Oxen are most likely to get along best with Snake or Rooster. Tiger Tiger (Birth Years: 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010, 2022) Tigers have the ability to make their presence known when they enter a room. They can be difficult to read as far as how they feel, because they cannot make up their minds very easily. Tiger people are known for their strong leadership instincts, they can easily come across as intimidating, which leads to them earning the respect of others quickly. While they adapt to change well, they prefer being in an environment that they are familiar with. People born under the Tiger place a high importance on their appearance and grooming, since they constantly seek approval from those around them. Tigers make great lovers because of their willingness to keep their partners on their toes. While they make great lovers, their wild nature may stimulate them to want to rebel and be unfaithful to their partner. Tigers are most compatible with Horse or Dog. Rabbit Rabbit (Birth Years: 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011, 2023) Those born under the Chinese Zodiac sign of the Rabbit are known for distancing themselves from others at times, due to their insecurities. They can easily be mistaken for being antisocial, but they would simply rather blend in with their friends, rather than stand out. Rabbits are not argumentative or confrontational. They tend to address issues in a calm manner in order to avoid making a scene in front of others. People born under the Rabbit should not be mistaken for pushovers; they are sincere and giving to the people closest to them. Rabbits are not influenced by others under pressure; they remain true to their standards. Rabbit people make good lovers, because of their patience and willingness to listen to others. They are creative individuals who enjoy the arts such as painting and sketching. People born under the Rabbit are mostly compatible with Goat or Pig. Dragon Dragon (Birth Years: 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012) Dragons are known to be a powerful sign. People who are born under the dragon sign are easily admired and respected by others. At times they can be too intense which can lead to them loosing long time friends. While their personalities can be difficult to deal with, they find it enjoyable to calm others who require advice. Natural born fighters, Dragons can sometimes allow their overly high confidence to get them in trouble. Dragons thrive in careers where they can show off their creative skills. Their work ethic is strong and they are inspired by money. Dragons are passionate lovers, but are blind of their wrongdoings to their loved ones. Their partners could lose interest over a period of time because of their constant need for approval from others. Dragons are most compatible with Monkey or Rat. Snake Snake (Birth Years: 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013) People born under the Chinese Zodiac sign of the Snake are seductive and charming. Snakes are recognized for their obedience and manners. They do not seek attention in a group setting, but become easily upset when they are not shown in the spotlight they wish to be shown in. A downfall in the snake’s character is that they are known liars when they are looking to get out of a situation they do not want to be involved in. Snakes are usually lucky when it comes to money, their friends and family will usually help them financially when needed. Known as masters of persuading others, people usually find it hard to ignore their presence. They can easily diagnose problems and feel a sense of accomplishment when they are recognized for their problem solving abilities. Male snakes make great lovers because of their strong sense of humor, while female snakes are successful and responsible. The highest compatibility for snakes is Rooster or Ox. Horse Horse (Birth Years: 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014) Those born under the Chinese Zodiac sign of the Horse enjoy exploring and their independence. They are honest and enjoy holding meaningful conversations with others. Horses enjoy traveling and a change of scenery. Their family and friends may view them as drifters because of their constant need for a new environment. A weak quality that the hose holds is that they can come across as self centered; this can lead to them having a difficult time making friends. Sticking to a routine for an extended period of time can easily bore them. Horses enjoy careers where they can interact with their co-workers freely; a quiet office is not their cup of tea. They easily grasp new concepts, and are reliable when it comes to meeting deadlines. Their spontaneity keeps their partners interested in them, but they have a tendency to fall in love too quickly. The best love matches for Horses are Dog or Tiger. Goat Goat (Birth Years: 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015) Goats are known as the most creative sign. They treat their alone time in a sacred manner and find it enjoyable to reflect and organize their thoughts. A main reason as to goats purposely seclude themselves from social events could lead back to their insecurity. Goat people are born natural dreamers, but their indecisive qualities could lead to them putting off their aspirations. Those who fall under the Goat have difficulty dealing with anxiety. They often require lots of reassurance and support from those around them. While they are highly independent, they prefer to work in a team rather than alone. Goats are not power hungry, and it is a rare occasion that they act as leaders. As lovers, Goats can be too private with their partner. They like to pick and choose with whom they get personal with, which may be why Goats are likely to only keep a handful of friends in their lives at a given time. Goat people are most compatible with Pig or Rabbit. Monkey Monkey (Birth Years: 1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016) People born under the Chinese Zodiac sign of the Monkey thrive on having fun and entertaining others. Known for their high energy and cheerfulness, it is hard to not want to be friends with a Monkey. Naturally, they enjoy keeping active and trying new things to keep themselves busy. They are great at solving problems within the workplace, because of their good listening abilities. Monkeys have a high chance at becoming famous or at least being well known within their community and circle of friends. A weak quality that Monkeys carry is how self centered they can be. Monkeys can be unreasonable, because of their desire to always prove others right. As lovers, they are faithful but things can become problematic if their partner is unable to keep up with their need to keep busy. Since they find it difficult to settle down, they are likely to be single for extended periods of time. The best match for a Monkey person is Rat or Dragon. Rooster Rooster (Birth Years: 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017) Those born under the Chinese Zodiac sign of the Rooster are known for their practical ways of thinking. They are not they type who seek attention and could care less about what others think of them. Their style comes across as conservative, but they are likely to spend hours in front of the mirror before leaving home. Roosters are responsible and honest with their friends, family, and co-workers. Naturally, their straightforward way of thinking could lead others to question their intelligence. Though they are simple, Roosters love to dream. Their desire to dream could leave them feeling unfulfilled with their career choice or partner. In love, Roosters like to show off their charm and wit to their partner. Rooster couples are known to be homebodies and would much rather spend a night indoors entertaining each other rather than going out to dinner. The simplistic Rooster can easily find love in Ox or Snake. Dog Dog (Birth Years: 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006, 2018) Dog people have dog-like characteristics; they are loyal to others and faithful. People born under the Dog Chinese Zodiac sign are traditionalists and continue to practice values that they were taught by their parents. Dog people will never disobey you, and make great friends to vent about life with. They are known to be old souls who tend to take things a bit too seriously at times. When compared to other animals under the Chinese Zodiac, they are absolutely the must humanitarian. Dogs are mostly introverted when it comes to sharing their feelings with others; they only do so when they find it completely necessary. At the workplace, they are focused and complete all assignments in a timely manner; they make great supervisors and mentors. Dogs make loyal, faithful, and honest lovers. They are willing to satisfy their partner by any means necessary, and never question their interests. Dogs can find it easy to maintain a healthy relationship with Tiger or Horse. Pig Pig (Birth Years: 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007, 2019) Many have heard the expression of “The Year of The Pig.” Those who are born under the Chinese Zodiac sign of the Pig hold many enlightening characteristics such as their tastefulness and patience. They are extremely thoughtful, usually putting the interests of others before their own. Pigs make lifelong companions, but can be mistaken for being gullible. They are not the person who reaches out for help from other easily, but do not hesitate when they have used all resources available to them. One weakness that Pigs have are their perfectionism, which can lead others to believe they are snobs. Pigs are responsible, but enjoy treating themselves to luxurious items when they feel that they deserve at reward. They excel in careers where they can express their natural responsibility and genuine personality. Pigs make good partners for the most part, although some may find their easygoing nature to be a bore. They are highest compatible with Rabbit or Goat.	i don't know
On a football pitch, how many yards should the penalty spot be from the goal line?	In soccer, how many meters is the penalty spot from the goal line? \| Reference.com In soccer, how many meters is the penalty spot from the goal line? A: Quick Answer According to the official FIFA rules, the penalty spot in soccer is 11 meters or 12 yards away from the goal line. This fact is included in Law 1 of FIFA's 17 Laws of the Game. Full Answer Law 1, according to FIFA, lists the regulations concerning the field of play in soccer, including the penalty area and the penalty spot or mark. FIFA notes that the distance between the penalty spot and the goal line is measured from the midpoint between the two goalposts. The penalty area in soccer ends at around 16.5 meters or 18 yards into the field of play.	12
In what year was the first World Cup held?	BBC Sport Academy \| Football \| Rules \| Size does matter Size does matter Around the Academy: Have you ever thought what it would be like to paint the lines on a football pitch? It can't be that easy keeping them straight, but wingers like Ryan Giggs or Damien Duff would go dizzy if they weren't. But did you know that not all pitches are the same size? The length of a pitch must be between 100 yards (90m) and 130 yards (120m) and width not less than 50 yards (45m) and not more than 100 yards (90m). Mr Duff gets looking for the touchline And on to the area where most of the action happens - the penalty box! It's also known as the 18-yard-box, with the smaller area - marked out inside it - called the six-yard-box. Some of the world's best strikers earn their living inside here! And for all you penalty takers out there - or savers! - the most famous spot in football sits 12 yards (11m) from goal. Last, but not least, that wooden thing at each end of the pitch they call the goal. Think you know how big it is? It's eight feet high (2.44m) and eight yards wide (7.32m).	i don't know
What was the number on the back of the jersey that both Maradona and Pele said was lucky?	Why Maradona and Pelé are Wrong About Messi Why Maradona and Pelé are Wrong About Messi Email During an appearance at a Euro 2016 event, Diego Maradona talked with Brazilian soccer legend Pelé. When Pelé asked Maradona if he knew Lionel Messi -widely considered the best soccer player in the world- Maradona’s response was nothing short of shocking, “He’s a really good person but he has no personality. He lacks the character to be a leader,” said Maradona about Messi. Pelé then continued, “Ah, I get it, he’s not like we were back in the days. In the ‘70s, we [Brazil] had really good players like Rivellino, Gerson, Tostao.” Pelé, who together with Maradona and Messi constitute soccer’s Holy Trinity of the best three players in the history of the game, thus offered a candid assessment of the fact that most of the time he played he also had other excellent players in his team. This hasn’t always been the case for both Maradona and Messi. However, both Maradona and Pelé are wrong in their assessment of Messi. Anybody who says that Messi has no personality hasn’t seen the last game in which he participated, Argentina vs. Panamá, when Messi did a stupendous hat trick that showed, as if it were necessary, why he is the best player in the world today. And with a personality of its own: that of a humble, perfectionist player adored by fans from all over the world. I cannot help but think that both Pelé and Maradona comments about Messi are the result of sour grapes. After all, until Messi started playing, they were considered the two best players in the world, a place they now had to share with Messi. And while Messi isn’t annoyed by the comparison with Maradona and Pelé, both of these players seem resentful of Messi. The recent game between Argentina and Panama was vintage Messi. At the game in Chicago, 53,885 fans were there to watch Messi, many among them wearing Argentina’s famed striped jersey with the same name and number 10 in the back: Messi, 10. No explanation was needed. There was an air of expectation in the crowd, particularly because of a lower back injury during a friendly game between Argentina and against Honduras, there was no certainty that Messi would be able to play. However, to everybody’s surprise and under a deafening roar from the crowd Messi came to play, exactly 61 minutes from the beginning of the game, and he didn’t disappoint. Every time he touched the ball the crowd cheered. He scored an easy goal in the 68th minute, followed by another goal from a free kick from the right side in the 78th minute to end with a hat trick in the 87th minute. By any measure, his free kick goal was as if he had a measuring tape in his eyes. The ball went up and descended with jewelers’ precision in the right top part of the net, Panama’s goalie all but defeated. Two minutes later, Argentina’s Sergio Aguero scored the last goal of the game for Argentina. What made this game unusual is that after each of Messi’s goals even the Panamanian fans cheered him. As Argentina’s coach said, “When Messi came in, things were taken care of.” This was an opinion shared by Panama’s coach Hernán Darío Gomez who, talking about Messi, said with a mixture of sorrow and admiration, “He’s a monster.” Any comparison among the three players is unfair, since they played in different eras with different styles of playing. One can say that today athletes are more complete and the game is played at a faster pace. One thing is certain, however. The three of them are superb players with different styles but with the same passion for the most popular sport in the world. They are soccer’s Holy Trinity. Dr. Cesar Chelala is an Argentine soccer fan.	10
Who managed the first English side to win the European Cup?	Pelé - Biography - IMDb Biography Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (2) \| Trivia (29) \| Personal Quotes (2) Overview (4) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) Simply he was, and for many people still is, the greatest football player of the world. Not a single thing was impossible for him: he won three World Cup with his National Team of Brazil (Sweden 1958, Chile 1962, Mexico 1970). He scored more than 1.200 goals during his long career (more than 1.300 official matches). He also won many national Leagues and Continental Cup ("Copa Libertadores"), with his team, the Santos Futebol Clube (of Brazilian 'São Paulo' State). In the Sixties he was nick-named "O Rei" (The King) and in the Seventies 95 peoples out of 100 knew his name. ("Wow, man, you're popular!" said Robert Redford, some years ago, after seeing Pelé give dozens of autographs in New York while he was not asked for one). In the late 1960's, when he and his team, Santos, went to Nigeria to play a few friendly matches, the ongoing civil war stopped for the duration of his visit. He finished his career in the New York Cosmos, in 1977. Now he is a United Nation's Ambassador and has been also Minister for Sports in his country, but, for the people who saw him make magics with his right foot, he is, now and forever, the biggest footballer in the world, and the one and only "King". - IMDb Mini Biography By: Sergio D'Afflitto <[email protected]> Spouse (2) ( 30 April 1994 - 2008) (divorced) (2 children) Rosemary Cholbi (1966 - 1978) (divorced) (3 children) Trivia (29) Pelé is by most people recognized as the world's greatest footballer ever and was named "Footballer of the Century" in 2000. He combined skill with great flair and understanding of the game, and he was invaluable to Brazil's national team. Known as "Pérola Negra" (The black pearl). Played in 92 matches for Brazil and scored a remarkable 77 goals. He is the only player to have won three FIFA World Cup titles (1958, 1962, 1970). Played for the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League from 1975-1977. Over his entire career, he officially scored 1,284 goals in 1,363 matches. He played one game as a goalkeeper. Had a video game named after him back in the 1980s called "Pelé's Soccer". MMA legend Jose Landi-Jons was nicknamed "Pelé" after him. Landi-Jons never missed a Pelé soccer game and remembers every field action of his hero. Was named after Thomas A. Edison but was originally nicknamed "Dico" by his family. During his professional career, he won two Intercontinental Cups and two Liberatadores Cups (both in 1962 and 1963) with Santos FC, his club from 1956 to 1974. His jersey number, 10, has since been worn by many of soccer's top stars such as Ronaldinho Gaúcho , 'Zinedine Zidane' and Diego Maradona . Father, with Rosemary Cholbi, of a boy named Edson Cholbi Nascimento and two girls named Kelly Cristina and Jennifer. Had a daughter, with Anisia Machado, named Sandra Regina Machado do Nascimento (died of cancer in 2006). She was married to Oseás Felinto and had two sons named Otávio and Gabriel. Father, with journalist Lenita Kurtz, of Flávia Christina Kurtz. Son of Celeste and João Ramos do Nascimento (died in 1996). Brother of Maria Lúcia and Jair (called Zoca). Father, with 'Assíria', of twins named Joshua and Celeste. Dutch artist Dick Brynestein made a drawing of him and called him Pietje Pele. Pelé has been, and continues to be, regarded by many experts, players, and fans as the best player of all time, with numerous awards and proclamations supporting this. In 1999, he was voted Football Player of the Century by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS). In the same year French weekly magazine France Football consulted their former Ballon D'Or winners to elect the Football Player of the Century, with Pelé coming in first place. He was selected "Athlete of the Century" by both the International Olympic Committee and the Reuters News Wire Service in 1999, and before that by French newspaper L'Équipe in 1981. For a brief period during his playing days, Pelé was the highest paid athlete in the world. In his native Brazil, Pelé continues to be hailed as a national hero, even though his retirement from professional play was in 1977 (over 35 years as of 2012). He is further known for his contributions to the game of football after his retirement, and is also acknowledged as an advocate for improving the the lot of the poor (after scoring his 1,000th goal, he dedicated it to the poor children of Brazil). Pelé had a variety of public nick names during and after his professional playing days. His most frequently cited nick name, both inside and outside of Brazil, was "The Black Pearl," but he was also referred to as "The King of Football" (O Rei do Futebol), "The King Pelé" (O Rei Pelé), or simply "The King" (O Rei). His last professional playing appearance, which took place on October 1, 1977, was played in front of a capacity crowd at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In that match, most unusually, he wore the jerseys of, and played for, both teams. He wore the jersey of his then present team, the New York Cosmos (1975-1977), for the first half of the game, and his original team, Santos (Brazil, 1956-1974) for the second half of the game. At halftime, the Cosmos retired Pelé's number 10. Pelé presented the Cosmos retirement jersey to his father, who was escorted from the stands to the field by Cosmos Captain Werner Roth . Since his retirement from active professional football play, one of his most notable roles has been as an ambassador for the United Nations. Beginning in 1992, Pelé has served as a UN ambassador for ecology and the environment. He was later appointed a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Goodwill Ambassador. In 1995, Pelé was awarded Brazil's Gold Medal for outstanding services to sport; Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso appointed him to the position of "Extraordinary Minister for Sport." During his time as Minister for Sport, he proposed legislation to reduce corruption in Brazilian football, which when passed, became known as the "Pelé law." Pelé left government in 2001 after being accused of involvement in a corruption scandal, although nothing was proven, and the charges were further denied by UNICEF. In 1997, Pelé was honored by Queen Elizabeth II as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 2005, the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) bestowed their award for lifetime achievement on Pelé. In 2012, Pelé was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Edinburgh for "significant contribution to humanitarian and environmental causes, as well as his sporting achievements," his first such honorary degree from a European university. Pelé produced an international advertising campaign to promote Viagra and raise worldwide awareness of erectile dysfunction on behalf of drug company Pfizer. In June 2006, Pelé appeared at the opening of the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals, alongside supermodel Claudia Schiffer. On August 1, 2010, it was publicly announced that Pelé was appointed Honorary President of the reincarnated New York Cosmos, who hoped to field a team in Major League Soccer for 2011 or 2012, but who instead will field their inaugural team in the second-tier North American Soccer League beginning with the 2013 season. His first name was given as Edison on his birth certificate, with a date of birth of October 21, 1940. However, Pelé has publicly claimed that he was born October 23, 1940, and the October 23 date is the most often journalistically cited date. Both Edison and Edson have been variously reported as his given first name. (1997-) Sports Minister for Brazil Personal Quotes (2) I am constantly being asked about individuals. The only way to win is as a team. Football is not about one or two or three star players. They don't love the game, they don't love the team" - on players who bring football into disrepute See also	i don't know
Which English football team are nicknamed the Hornets?	Official Website of the Hornets \| Watford Football Club 09:00 AM - 20 Jan 2017 ⚽️🎉 It's Friday & #watfordfc are back in @premierleague action tomorrow when they travel to @afcbournemouth 🍒… https://t.co/S3Cf2bv8kd 09:00 AM - 20 Jan 2017 01:08 AM - 20 Jan 2017 Mauro Zárate cerca de llegar al #WatfordFC 🐝. #Fichajes https://t.co/j2XmAk2Fy6 01:08 AM - 20 Jan 2017 Watford FC Blog @WatfordFCBlog 19:50 PM - 19 Jan 2017 The Zarate deal seems to be getting closer. Heard some promising things about him, but will judge him when I see him play. #WatfordFC 19:50 PM - 19 Jan 2017 Watford FC Blog @WatfordFCBlog 19:49 PM - 19 Jan 2017 Hope Gomes is fit enough to play on Saturday. Not 100% sold on Pantilimon really if I'm being honest. #WatfordFC 19:49 PM - 19 Jan 2017 Watford Ladies FC @watfordladiesfc 19:35 PM - 19 Jan 2017 RT @donnybelles: NEWS: Our @WomensFACup tie with @Watfordladiesfc will be played at @RMFC1919 Full story 👉🏻👉🏻https://t.co/EqTbohBziU http… 19:35 PM - 19 Jan 2017	Watford
Which is the only country to have played in every World Cup since it started in 1930?	Official Website of the Hornets \| Watford Football Club 09:00 AM - 20 Jan 2017 ⚽️🎉 It's Friday & #watfordfc are back in @premierleague action tomorrow when they travel to @afcbournemouth 🍒… https://t.co/S3Cf2bv8kd 09:00 AM - 20 Jan 2017 01:08 AM - 20 Jan 2017 Mauro Zárate cerca de llegar al #WatfordFC 🐝. #Fichajes https://t.co/j2XmAk2Fy6 01:08 AM - 20 Jan 2017 Watford FC Blog @WatfordFCBlog 19:50 PM - 19 Jan 2017 The Zarate deal seems to be getting closer. Heard some promising things about him, but will judge him when I see him play. #WatfordFC 19:50 PM - 19 Jan 2017 Watford FC Blog @WatfordFCBlog 19:49 PM - 19 Jan 2017 Hope Gomes is fit enough to play on Saturday. Not 100% sold on Pantilimon really if I'm being honest. #WatfordFC 19:49 PM - 19 Jan 2017 Watford Ladies FC @watfordladiesfc 19:35 PM - 19 Jan 2017 RT @donnybelles: NEWS: Our @WomensFACup tie with @Watfordladiesfc will be played at @RMFC1919 Full story 👉🏻👉🏻https://t.co/EqTbohBziU http… 19:35 PM - 19 Jan 2017	i don't know
The book Macca Can was about which ex-Liverpool footballer?	9780140139648: Macca Can! - AbeBooks - McMahon, Steve; Harris, Harry: 0140139648 McMahon, Steve; Harris, Harry ISBN 10: 0140139648 ISBN 13: 9780140139648 Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd, 1991 Synopsis Steve McMahon's autobiography is an account of his football career and personal life. It offers an insider's view of the events on and off the field in England's 1990 World Cup campaign as well as a first hand account of life behind the scenes at Liverpool Football Club. "synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title. Other Popular Editions of the Same Title Featured Edition ISBN 10: 0720719909 ISBN 13: 9780720719901 Publisher: Pelham Books, 1990 Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought: Top Search Results from the AbeBooks Marketplace Stock Image Published by Penguin Books Ltd (1991) ISBN 10: 0140139648 ISBN 13: 9780140139648 Used Paperback Quantity Available: 1 Seller Rating [?] Book Description Penguin Books Ltd, 1991. Paperback. Book Condition: Very Good. Macca Can! This book is in very good condition and will be shipped within 24 hours of ordering. The cover may have some limited signs of wear but the pages are clean, intact and the spine remains undamaged. This book has clearly been well maintained and looked after thus far. Money back guarantee if you are not satisfied. See all our books here, order more than 1 book and get discounted shipping. . Bookseller Inventory # 7719-9780140139648	Steve McMahon
Which European football club is nicknamed La Vicchia Signora, which translates as the old lady?	9780140139648: Macca Can! - AbeBooks - McMahon, Steve; Harris, Harry: 0140139648 McMahon, Steve; Harris, Harry ISBN 10: 0140139648 ISBN 13: 9780140139648 Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd, 1991 Synopsis Steve McMahon's autobiography is an account of his football career and personal life. It offers an insider's view of the events on and off the field in England's 1990 World Cup campaign as well as a first hand account of life behind the scenes at Liverpool Football Club. "synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title. Other Popular Editions of the Same Title Featured Edition ISBN 10: 0720719909 ISBN 13: 9780720719901 Publisher: Pelham Books, 1990 Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought: Top Search Results from the AbeBooks Marketplace Stock Image Published by Penguin Books Ltd (1991) ISBN 10: 0140139648 ISBN 13: 9780140139648 Used Paperback Quantity Available: 1 Seller Rating [?] Book Description Penguin Books Ltd, 1991. Paperback. Book Condition: Very Good. Macca Can! This book is in very good condition and will be shipped within 24 hours of ordering. The cover may have some limited signs of wear but the pages are clean, intact and the spine remains undamaged. This book has clearly been well maintained and looked after thus far. Money back guarantee if you are not satisfied. See all our books here, order more than 1 book and get discounted shipping. . Bookseller Inventory # 7719-9780140139648	i don't know
By what name is Graham McPherson better known as in the music world?	Graham McPherson Net Worth \| Celebrity Net Worth Graham McPherson Net Worth Graham McPherson net worth: $10 Million Graham McPherson net worth: Graham McPherson is an English singer, actor, television and radio personality who has a net worth of $10 million. Graham McPherson was born in Hastings, Sussex, England in January 1961. He is better known by the name Suggs. Graham McPherson is known for being the lead vocalist for the ska and pop band Madness. The band had 15 singles that reached the Top 10 charts in the United Kingdom including "My Girl", "Baggy Trousers", "It Must Be Love", "Embarrassment", "House of Fun", "Out House", "Driving in My Car", "Wings of a Dove", and "Lovestruck". Their debut studio album One Step Beyond… was released in 1979 and reached #2 in the UK. Their second album Absolutely was released in 1980 and also reached #2 in the UK. Madness has released a total of 10 studio albums. They won an Ivor Novello Award for Best Song for "Our House" and another for Outstanding Song Collection. In 2010 Madness was awarded the Idol Award at the Q Awards. In 1995 McPherson started a solo career and has released two studio albums. As an actor he has almost 50 acting credits to his name including the movies The Tall Guy and Don't Go Breaking My Heart. He has authored the books Suggs and the City: My Journeys Through Disappearing London and Suggs: That Close. Graham McPherson	Suggs
Which 90s song includes the line What a wicked thing to do, to make me dream of you?	Madness’s Biography — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm At least three artists exist by this name: 1) a British band 2) an American rapper 3) a Brazilian death metal group 1) Madness is a British pop and ska band from Camden Town, London, England that was formed in 1976. As of 2012, the group has continued to perform with their most recognised lineup of seven members, although that has varied slightly over the years. Known for their cheeky humour and musical eclecticism, the band members called a "dysfunctional family", the group was one of most prominent artists in the late- 70s 2 Tone ska movement. As their career progressed, Madness moved closer toward conventional pop music and has become one of the most successful British bands of all time. The guys achieved most of their success in the 80s , often picking up new wave fans who enjoyed the band's eclectic sound. Madness, in fact, spent exactly 214 weeks on the U.K. singles charts from 1980-89, thereby sharing the record for most weeks spent by a group in said charts with UB40 . Examples of some of their most popular songs include 1979's " One Step Beyond ", 1982's " Our House ", and 1984's " Keep Moving ". Formation The core of the band formed as "The North London Invaders" in 1976. This outfit included Mike Barson (Monsieur Barso) on keyboards and vocals, Chris Foreman (Chrissy Boy) on guitar and Lee Thompson (Kix) on saxophone and vocals. They later recruited John Hasler on drums and Cathal Smyth (better known as Chas Smash) on bass guitar. Later in the year, they were joined by lead vocalist "Dikron". This six-piece lineup lasted until part way through 1977, when Graham McPherson (better known as Suggs ) took over the lead vocals after seeing the band perform in a friend's garden. Smyth, who was poor on bass guitar, was replaced by Gavin Rogers, an acquaintance of Barson. McPherson was kicked out of the band for too often choosing to watch football instead of rehearsing. As well, Thompson left the band after Barson criticised his saxophone playing. By 1978, the band had allowed McPherson to return, after filling in temporarily for Hasler (who had taken over vocals when McPherson was removed). Thompson returned after patching things up with Barson, and Daniel Woodgate (Woody) and Mark Bedford (Bedders) also joined the band, on drums and bass guitar respectively. After briefly changing their name to Morris and the Minors, the band renamed itself as Madness; paying homage to one of their favourite songs by ska/reggae artist Prince Buster. The band remained a sextet until late 1979, when Chas Smash rejoined and officially became the seventh member of Madness as a backing vocalist and trumpet player. Early success In 1979, the band recorded the Lee Thompson composition "The Prince". The song, like the band's name, paid homage to their idol, Prince Buster. The song was released through 2 Tone Records, the label of The Specials founder Jerry Dammers. The song was a surprise hit, peaking in the UK music charts at #16. A performance of "The Prince" on popular UK music show Top of the Pops helped Madness gain public recognition. Madness then toured with fellow 2 Tone bands The Specials and The Selecter, before recording their debut album, One Step Beyond …, which was released by Stiff Records. The album included a re-recording of "The Prince" and the band's second and third singles: " One Step Beyond " and " My Girl ". The title song was a cover of the B-side of the 1960s Prince Buster hit "Al Capone". One Step Beyond… stayed in the British charts for over a year, peaking at #2. After the release of "My Girl", the band felt that they had exhausted the material from One Step Beyond…, and did not want to release any more singles from the album. However, Dave Robinson, head of Stiff Records, disagreed. Eventually, a compromise was made, and the band decided to release an EP featuring one album track and three new tracks. The result was the Work Rest and Play EP, which was headlined by the song "Night Boat to Cairo", from the One Step Beyond album. The EP reached #6 in the UK singles chart. The following year, the band's second album, Absolutely reached #2 in the UK album charts. Absolutely spawned some of the band's biggest hits, most notably "Baggy Trousers"; which peaked at #3 in the UK singles chart. "Embarrassment" reached #4 in the charts, and the instrumental song "Return of the Los Palmas 7" climbed to #7. Change of direction In 1981, the band's third studio album, 7 reached #5 in the UK album charts and contained three hit singles. In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to be the case, as unlike the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it, 7 was somewhat of a change in direction. Suggs' vocal performance changed significantly, and his strong Cockney accent from the previous albums had been watered down. The album strayed from the ska-influenced sound of One Step Beyond… and Absolutely, and moved towards a more conventional and mature pop sound; a trend that continued with subsequent albums. Near the end of 1981, Madness released one of their most recognised songs; a remake of Labi Siffre's 1971 hit "It Must Be Love". The song climbed to #4 in the UK and entered the US charts at #33. In 1982, Madness released their only #1 hit to date, "House of Fun"; as well as their fourth studio album The Rise & Fall. The album contained their most internationally successful single to date, "Our House", which reached #5 in the UK music charts and # 7 in the US charts. In 1983, their single "Wings of a Dove" peaked at #2 in the UK charts. Their following album, Keep Moving, peaked at #6 in the UK album charts, and several singles from that album reached the top 20 in the UK music charts. Decline and breakup In October 1983, the band's founder, keyboardist and prominent songwriter Mike Barson decided to leave the band, partly because he had relocated to Amsterdam, Netherlands. He officially left the band in June 1984, following the release of "One Better Day". The six remaining members left Stiff Records and formed their own label, Zarjazz Records, which was sub-label of Virgin Records. In 1985, the label released the band's sixth album, Mad Not Mad. Barson's keyboard parts were filled by synthesisers, and in later years, frontman Suggs described the production as "polished turd". The album reached #16 in the UK charts, which was the band's lowest position on the album charts to date. Despite the poor chart showing, the album was listed as #55 in NME's All Time 100 Albums. The singles for the album fared even worse, with "Yesterday's Men" peaking at #18 in the UK charts. The subsequent singles, "Uncle Sam" and "Sweetest Girl", failed to make the top 20, which was a first for Madness singles. The band then attempted to record a new album, and 11 demo tracks were recorded. However, musical differences arose between band members, and in September 1986, the band announced that they were to split. Barson rejoined the band for a farewell single, "(Waiting For) The Ghost Train", but did not appear in the music video. The band officially split following the release of the single, which reached a high of #18 in the UK. In 1988, four members of the band — Suggs, Chas Smash, Lee Thompson and Chris Foreman — created a new band, using the name The Madness. After one self-titled album and two singles that failed to make the the top 40, the band split. Reunions and The Dangermen In early 1992, "It Must Be Love" was re-released and reached #6 in the UK singles chart. Following that, the singles compilation Divine Madness was released and peaked at #1 in the album charts. Madness then announced plans for a reunion concert, Madstock!, which was held at Finsbury Park, London on August 8 and 9 of that year. The original lineup reunited, performing together for the first time since Mike Barson left the band in 1984. Over 75,000 fans attended the weekend festival, and during "One Step Beyond", the crowd danced so much they caused an earth tremor which measured over 4 on the richter scale. A subsequent live album was released, and the associated single, "The Harder They Come" (a cover of Jimmy Cliff's 1973 song) reached #44 in the UK. The band continued to reunite for annual UK Christmas season tours and held three more Madstock! festivals; in 1994, 1996 and 1998. In 1999, Madness released their first studio album since 1986, entitled Wonderful. The album reached #17 in the UK album charts, and the lead single, "Lovestruck", gave the band their first new top 10 hit in the UK since 1983. Neither of the two subsequent singles from the album, "Johnny The Horse" and "Drip Fed Fred", entered the top 40 of the UK charts. From October 28, 2002 to August 16, 2003, a musical based on Madness songs, Our House, ran at the Cambridge Theatre in west London. Madness played a role in the executive production of the show, and Suggs played a role in the production for a period of time, playing the central character's father. It won an Olivier Award for best new musical of 2003, and the performance was released on DVD on November 1, 2004. There was also a previous musical based on Madness songs, One Step Beyond!, written by Alan Gilbey. The musical had a brief run at the Theatre Royal Stratford East in 1993. In 2004, the band played a series of low-key concerts as The Dangermen, performing covers of classic reggae and ska songs. A lot of the songs were those played by the band when they were first forming, and the band performed the songs as a celebration of their 25 year anniversary. This led to the release of the album The Dangermen Sessions Vol. 1 in August 2005. However, during the sessions which produced the album, the band's guitarist Chris Foreman announced his departure. Foreman left the band in mid 2005, citing "the petty, time consuming bollocks that goes on in the band" in a statement announcing his decision to leave. The band completed the album without him, and on release, it peaked at #11 in the UK album charts, which was the band's highest studio album chart position in 21 years. Although two singles were released, neither was a major success in the UK. The more successful of the two, "Shame & Scandal", reached #38. Despite the poor chart showing, the single reached #12 in France. In late 2006, this six remaining members of Madness began working on their first original album in seven years. However, for Madness' 2006 Christmas season tour, Foreman rejoined the band. In March 2007, the single "Sorry" was released from the band's upcoming album, peaking in the UK charts at #23. The single included a version featuring UK hip hop artists Sway DaSafo and Baby Blue. Both artists were included on the music video which accompanied the hip-hop version of the song, but not on the original music video. Both music videos were also without Chris Foreman, despite the fact that he was a band member at the time of release. The new Madness song "NW5 (I Would Give You Everything)" and a re-recorded version of "It Must Be Love" were featured in the German film Neues vom Wixxer. The two songs were released in Germany as a double A-Side, and both of them were turned into music videos. While promoting "Sorry", Sway DaSafo confirmed in an interview with NME that he will perform in the recording of Madness' updated version of their song "Baggy Trousers", entitled "Baggy Jeans". The updated song will be featured on Madness' upcoming studio album, and also released as a single. DaSafo predicted the song will be a "huge smash gaurenteed", although the date of release is not yet known. Lyrical themes Although Madness were seen by many as somewhat of a humorous band with catchy, bouncy songs, they sometimes tackled, what were at the time, controversial issues in their lyrics. "Embarrassment" (from the "Absolutely" album) was written by Lee Thompson, and reflected the unfolding turmoil following the news that his teenage sister had become pregnant and was carrying a black man's child. The band discussed animal testing in the song "Tomorrow's Dream". The band criticized the National Health Service in "Mrs. Hutchinson"; which told the story of a woman who, after several misdiagnoses and mistreatment, became terminally ill. The story was based on the experiences of Mike Barson's mother. Madness' final single prior to disbanding, "(Waiting For) The Ghost Train", commented on apartheid in South Africa. Skinhead controversy Early in their career, Madness were linked to skinheads; members of a British working class subculture that the media often stereotyped as racist (although the clear majority of skinheads were anti-racist). Not only were Madness, along with other 2 Tone bands, popular with skinheads, but it was said that the band members themselves were associated with the subculture. The band's relationship with the skinheads varied at times. Mike Barson was particularly displeased with the band's skinhead following, often finding it disappointing that so many were present at performances. Prior to becoming a full member of the band, Chas Smash had been involved in fights with skinheads at performances. In one particular incident on November 18, 1979, Madness were supported by "Red Beans and Rice", who featured a black lead singer, and the band were prevented from completing the performance due to the racist chants from certain members of the skinhead filled audience. Suggs later came on stage to show his displeasure at their behaviour, but this didn't stop much of the audience from Nazi saluting at the end of the show. In a 1979 NME interview, Madness member Chas Smash was quoted as saying "We don't care if people are in the NF as long as they're having a good time." This added to speculation that Madness was a racist band supporting the fascist group National Front, although the band members denied those allegations. Numerous fans felt upset that Chas Smash's views were mispresented by the media, with yellow journalists just looking for a story in their eyes. Smash responded to the NME article in the song "Don't Quote Me On That". Eventually, band members denied their skinhead roots, which disappointed much of their skinhead fan base. The issue faded as the years went by and the far-right skinhead groups failed completely in winning converts, their particular fringe shrinking massively while in the meantime Madness' international popularity grew. Awards The band's first notable musical award came in 1983 when they won an "Ivor Novello Award" for Best Song for the international hit "Our House". They received another "Ivor Novello Award" 17 years later for an "Outstanding Song Collection". In 2005, they were awarded the Mojo Magazine "Hall Of Fame" award, notably for being 'an artist's artist'. As of 2007, a campaign is taking place by fans of Madness for the band to be awarded a Brit award. Many fans and critics feel they have been overlooked over their past 30 years in the music industry. Website madness.co.uk 2) Madness is also the name of a hip-hop artist from Florida in the U.S. He has competed in many Grindtime Rap Battle events, and the rapper work is featured on the release 'Fresh Coast Perishables Volume One' as well as in his own underground albums. 3) Madness is a Brazilian death metal band.	i don't know
What was Blondie's first UK number one single?	Top Ten Blondie Songs - TheTopTens® Top Ten Blondie Songs The Top Ten 1 Heart of Glass This is the first time I agree with the position of a song! Heart of Glass is an epic tune. Whoever made it, was inspired! It really turns me on! One of the first rock-dance crossover in pop music The best song ever I know it may be thirty-seven years old but it's what I grew up listening 2! Catchy and feel-good! I LOVE the guitar and her voice in this song. Deserves number 1 They are so great it make me glad to still dig stuff Come on this song is dang powerful and those vocals! - Toucan V 6 Comments 3 Atomic I agree thoroughly Blondie is amazing, she doesn't let me down ever her music is iconic as is she. Alias I can't discribe the excitement that goes in my body when I hear this song. The rhythm, the groove and of course the melody. I am just going wild every time. Amazing creation. I love this song because it is a classic and also is in Grand Theft Auto vice city! Song gets better every time I hear it. It's my ringtone and I never answer until the intro ends 4 One Way or Another Love it not the best but the second best song ever great guitar and singing - mneilan Picking the best BLONDIE song is like picking the best food out of your fridge - you like them all, and it changes depending on your mood. But "One Way Or Another" is the song I flick to in my ipod whenever I need that instant burst of energy - at the gym, in the car, or stalking my ex One way or another is my favorite song of blondie. you see the song is all about a stalker of the singer it was she was telling the story of her boyfriend who is a nut job but for me it is the most popular song of blondie that is all thank you All time #1 Blondie song V 3 Comments 6 Maria Maria was what got me into Blondie in the first place, and I do not regret it! Within a month after hearing it, I bought, "No Exit", and I was hooked ever since! This song is perfect! This is a very good song, and it is like a soundtrack; every instrument worked together and I think it turned out great! Actually, I can not believe why this song couldn't make it to the top ten! - esenaru0131kan This should have certainly charted higher. One of their best in my opinion, it's full of life and energy with a good driving beat. Best refrain ever made. Great energy and melody! V 3 Comments 7 The Tide Is High A guy at my highschool played this song at a guitar concert laugh out loud, the song is really catchy and beautiful. Great song! Makes me want to dance every time I hear it! So catchy! Instantly makes you happy It's a grate song V 2 Comments 8 Dreaming Perfect Rock Song. The recording is awesome, but they played it live with the precision and drive of the recording. The lyrics evoke a lot of nostalgia and "dreaming" within the listener. Pure poetry! These words will last. This would be the best just for Clem Burke on the drums, but the rest of the song is absolutely fantastic also. Lyrics of Dreaming have to be some of the absolute best of any rock song from any era. This has to be the most perfectly balanced Rock song ever. A perfect song. It reminds me of my senior year in high school. Blondie owned 1979-1980. 9 Good Boys Good Boys is simply stunning dance pop at it's finest. I could listen to it all day! Another life stopping, heart racing single from Blondie! I love it! More electronic than classic Blondie but nonetheless a great dance track. Also loved the video. I LOVE good boys. Even though I love their last song better. The song RAVE from the album Ghosts of Download to me, is their best song ever. 10 Sunday Girl What? How on this earth is this not in the top ten?! I mean of course all her music is brilliant but why is this so far down? Anyway love Blondie never disappoints! 11 Hanging On the Telephone This is by far the best, and most catchy blondie song Unrated song. Fantastic energy! V 1 Comment 12 Mother Amazing New Song Love Love It So So So amazing Vote It Listen To This Song Please Please Love it Should be higher love it so much - mneilan 13 Picture This It has the most perfect lyrics ever! I felt touched when I listened for the 1st time. It's beautiful. The video for this song was stunning because Debbie looked sexy! 14 Undone This song's failure was the result of a bad record company! This song is really amazing in the way it was composed! Love it! Undone is everything a Blondie song should be: Heart-Stopping, Heart-Felt, Hard Rock, and just dang perfect! Way to go, guys! 15 Denis V 1 Comment 16 Union City Blue I loved Blondie from their punk rock days and grew up as a teenager buying every release. Union City Blue blows all the rest away! Very powerful and haunting song. Class song for a class band! Blondes best song. Fact. The fact that it ain't in the top 10 is a crime. 17 Rip Her to Shreds Top track for me 18 Shayla My dad named me Shayla after this song he was a huge blondie fan. This song represents people struggling into the working world and shayla, seems to be wrapped into depression. People can relate and the music on the song was super to a T! 19 11:59 Great organ work by jimmy. 20 X Offender	Heart of Glass
What single by Wet Wet Wet spent 15 weeks at number one in the UK charts in 1994?	Blondie - New Songs, Playlists & Latest News - BBC Music Read more about sharing. Blondie Biography (Wikipedia) Blondie is an American rock band founded by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein. The band was a pioneer in the early American new wave and punk scenes of the mid-late 1970s. Its first two albums contained strong elements of these genres, and although successful in the United Kingdom and Australia, Blondie was regarded as an underground band in the United States until the release of Parallel Lines in 1978. Over the next three years, the band achieved several hit singles including "Call Me", "Rapture" and "Heart of Glass" and became noted for its eclectic mix of musical styles incorporating elements of disco, pop, reggae, and early rap music. Blondie broke up after the release of its sixth studio album The Hunter in 1982. Debbie Harry continued to pursue a solo career with varied results after taking a few years off to care for partner Chris Stein, who was diagnosed with pemphigus, a rare autoimmune disease of the skin. The band re-formed in 1997, achieving renewed success and a number one single in the United Kingdom with "Maria" in 1999, exactly 20 years after their first UK No.1 single ("Heart of Glass"). This entry is from Wikipedia , the user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors and is licensed under an Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons License . If you find the biography content factually incorrect or highly offensive you can edit this article at Wikipedia . Find out more about our use of this data. Show more	i don't know
Which comedy duo had a number one hit in the UK with The Stonk in 1991?	Stonk - definition of stonk by The Free Dictionary Stonk - definition of stonk by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stonk (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) to bombard (soldiers, buildings, etc) with artillery n (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) a concentrated bombardment by artillery [C20: from st(andard) (linear) (c)onc(entration)] stonk I will have been stonking you will have been stonking he/she/it will have been stonking we will have been stonking you will have been stonking they will have been stonking Past Perfect Continuous you would have stonked they would have stonked Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: stonking References in periodicals archive ? Some unlikely singing partnerships have been formed, from Sir Cliff Richard and The Young Ones singing Livin' Doll to comedians Hale and Pace with The Stonk. PUB QUIZ But this week they released their debut album Stonk, 13 tracks of irresistible party-starting music that could get a sleeping statue jitterbugging, and it should find them fans further afield. Shiftgrams revisited FINANCE TOTAL RETURN REFLECTS STOCK APPRECIATION AND INCLUDES STONK SPLITS AND DIVIDENDS AS OF ([dagger]) AUG. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	Hale and Pace
The Beatles' last live performance was at Candlestick Park in San Francisco. In what year was this?	Me life as a Cornish writer Me life as a Cornish writer The day to day adventures of a unusually lucky cornishmen who seems to fall into silly situations. Friday, 13 June 2008 EASY QUESTION Which footballer married his childhood sweetheart at a ceremony in Italy costing 5 million? And which magazine is largely footing the bill? Wayne Rooney/ OK magazine What was the first team to be knocked out of Euro 2008? Switzerland Computer giant IBM built the worlds fastest computer costing $133 million this week. But can you tell me what IBM stands for? International Business computers. Which Tory MP stood down as a stand against what he calls Gordon Browns "assaults" on civil liberties? David Davis Forbes magazine this week released a list of the world’s most powerful people. But which celebrity topped the celebrity list? Oprah Winfrey Which Pop star is giving a concert for free at the New York Sanitation department in thanks for their kindness to him at a difficult time? Boy George HARD QUESTION- Still in use today, which country`s flag is the oldest in the world? Denmark`s The US military are embarrassed this week after which country formerly protested after several of its soldiers were killed by friendly fire from US pilots? Pakistan More than 10 million viewers tuned in to see Sir Alan Sugar choose his next Apprentice, but can you tell me the name of the computer company Sir Alan founded? Amstrad This week the guardian reports the largest ever drugs bust of Hash in history. About 260 tonnes. Where was it discovered? Afghanistan On this day in 1970 the Beatles had there last number 1 song in the US , it was subsequently covered by Will Young and Gareth Gates as a duet? ‘The Long and Winding Road PICTURE Jon Bon Jovi U571 PICTURE Sting Dune HALFTIME TEASER- The Red Lion I the most popular Pub name in Great Britain . But what do you think is the second most popular? Crown Which comedy duo had a number one hit with `The Stonk` in 1991? Hale and Pace In 2002 who became the first non-European to win the European Footballer of the Year award for the second time? Ronaldo For which newspaper did Superman work? The Daily Planet Channel fours digital switch over adverts star which computer generated character of the 1980’s famous for his techno jittering speech and wisecracks? Max Headroom Who was the first occupant of Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey? Geoffrey Chaucer Which Legendary English Actor links Stars Wars: A new Hope and Hammer Horrors Dracula and Frankenstein? Peter Cushing In what country would you find popular avian pets budgerigars in their natural habitat? Australia In which famous race is the slowest man of the day given a red lantern? Tour de France In which Bond film does the character of Q appear for the first time? From Russia With Love Which classic computer game was recently made into a Horror movie starring actor ‘The Rock’ and was commercially and critically trounced? Doom What was the name of the 80s band of which DJ Fatboy Slim was a member? The Housemartins Which character from Shakespeare has the line ‘Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears..’ Marc Anthony In which two European cities are Nobel prizes presented? Oslo	i don't know
What song was the Christmas number one in the UK in both 1975 and 1991?	Record-Breakers and Trivia - everyHit.com Most Weeks at Number 1 by a Record 18 - by Frankie Laine's "I Believe". It topped the chart on three separate occasions (all in 1953). Most Consecutive Weeks at Number 1 by a Record 16 - by Bryan Adams' "(Everything I Do) I Do It For You" (1991). Longest Time For A Track To Get To Number 1 33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days. Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo" first made the Top 40 on w/e 27th Nov 1971 when it peaked at no. 18. Its use by comedian Peter Kaye in various TV performances resulted in a re-release in aid of Comic Relief. That catapulted the track back into the chart - at no. 1 - on w/e 26th Mar 2005. This broke a record set over 18 years previously by Jackie Wilson's "Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl In Town)". It topped the chart in Dec 1986, 29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days after it first entered the chart. The slowest climb to the top in a single spell inside the Top 40 is 13 weeks for Celine Dion's "Think Twice" (Nov 1994 to Feb 1995). Title With Most Weeks At Number One "I Believe" has spent 22 weeks at the top of the chart (18 weeks for Frankie Lane, in three separate visits throughout 1953) and 4 weeks for Robson & Jerome (1995). Runner up is "Unchained Melody" which has spent 18 weeks at the summit by four different artists. Topping The Chart By Different Artists Only one track has topped the chart by four different artists. It is "Unchained Melody". Artists to take it to number one in the UK are: Jimmy Young (1955), Righteous Brothers (as a re-issue in 1990), Robson & Jerome (1995) and Gareth Gates (2002). Four tracks have topped the chart by three different artists. They are: "You'll Never Walk Alone." It topped the chart for: Gerry & Pacemakers (1963), The Crowd (1985) and Robson & Jerome (1996 as a 'triple A-Side' with "What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted" and "Saturday Night At The Movies".) "Spirit In The Sky" - Norman Greenbaum (1970) / Doctor & The Medics (1986) / Gareth Gates featuring The Kumars (2003) "With A Little Help From My Friends" - Joe Cocker (1968) / Wet Wet Wet (1988) / Sam & Mark (2004) "Do They Know It's Christmas?" - Band Aid (1984) / Band Aid II (1989) / Band Aid 20 (2004) Twenty-eight titles have hit the top performed by two different artists: "Answer Me" - David Whitfield / Frankie Laine (both 1953) "Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White" - Perez Prado / Eddie Calvert (both 1955) "Singing The Blues" - Guy Mitchell / Tommy Steele (both 1957) "Young Love" - Tab Hunter (1957) / Donny Osmond (1973) "Mary's Boy Child" - Harry Belafonte (1957) / Boney M (as a medley with "Oh My Lord" (1978) "This Ole House" Rosemary Clooney (1954) / Shakin' Stevens (1981) "Can't Help Falling In Love" - Elvis Presley (1962) / UB40 (1993) "I Got You Babe" - Sonny & Cher (1965) / UB40 with Chrissie Hynde (1985) "Living Doll" - Cliff Richard & The Drifters (1959) / Cliff Richard & The Young Ones (1986) "Everything I Own" - Ken Boothe (1974) / Boy George (1987) "Dizzy" - Tommy Roe (1969) / Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff (1991) "Without You" - Nilsson (1972) / Mariah Carey (1994) "Baby Come Back" - The Equals (1968) / Pato Banton (1994) "I Believe" - Frankie Laine (1953) / Robson & Jerome (1995) "Every Breath You Take" - The Police (1983) / Puff Daddy & Faith Evans (1997) [as "I'll Be Missing You"] "Three Lions" - Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds (1996) / Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds (1998) [with revised lyrics as "Three Lions '98"] "Tragedy" - Bee Gees (1979) / Steps (1999) "Barbados" - Typically Tropical (1975) / Vengaboys (1999) [though they changed the location; "(We're Going To) Ibiza"] "Seasons In The Sun" - Terry Jacks Jacks (1974) / Westlife (1999) "When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going" - Billy Ocean (1986) / Boyzone (1999) "Uptown Girl" - Billy Joel (1983) / Westlife (2001) "Lady Marmalade" - All Saints (1998) / Christina Aguilera with Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink (2001) "Eternal Flame" - The Bangles (1989) / Atomic Kitten (2001) "Mambo No 5" - Lou Bega (1999) / Bob The Builder (2001) "Somethin' Stupid" - Nancy Sinatra & Frank Sinatra (1967) / Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman (2001) "The Tide Is High" - Blondie (1980) / Atomic Kitten (2002) [as "The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling)"] "F**k It (I Don't Want You Back)" - Eamon (2004) / Frankee (2004) [as "F.U.R.B. (F U Right Back)" - an answer to the Eamon track performed over the same melody] "Against All Odds" - Mariah Carey & Westlife (2000) / Steve Brookstein (2005) Others worth a mention: "Take A Chance On Me" made No. 1 for Abba in 1978 and was also a track Erasure's 1992 "Abba-Esque" EP. "Killer" made No. 1 for Adamski in 1990 and also featured in a George Michael medley with "Papa Was A Rolling Stone" on the chart-topping Five Live EP in 1993. "These Are The Days Of Our Lives", a chart-topper for Queen in 1991 also featured on George Michael's aforementioned Five Live EP. Same Version Topping The Chart More Than Once Strictly speaking, only five chart-topping tracks have ever left the chart and then returned to top it a second time in exactly the same version. They are: "My Sweet Lord" by George Harrison (1971 and 2002; though with different 'B-sides'), "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen (1975 and 1991, though on the latter occasion it was a double-A side with "These Are The Days Of Our Lives"). The one-a-week re-issue series commemorating what would have been Elvis Presley's 70th birthday in 2005 spawned a series of his old hits returning to the top spot. Each featured the original B side, though some CDs featured extra tracks. For this reason, they were all assigned new catalogue numbers. The full list of these (thus far) is: "Jailhouse Rock" (1958 and 2005) "One Night" / "I Got Stung" (1959 and 2005) "It's Now Or Never" (1960 and 2005) Other tracks worth a mention are: "Three Lions" / "Three Lions '98" - Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds (1996/98) The version recorded in 1996 was one of the tracks on the CD for "Three Lions 98" [here entitled "Three Lions (Original Version)"]. So, in effect, the 1996 version has been number one twice, although not as an A-side and therefore not officially. "Living Doll" Topped the chart for Cliff Richard & The Drifters in 1959 and then for Cliff Richard & The Young Ones in 1986. "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" topped the chart for the Righteous Brothers in 1965. When "Unchained Melody" made number one for them in 1990, the original of "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" was featured on the 12" single and CD. Together, these formats contributed 105,000 copies to the total sold. "Do They Know It's Christmas?" - Band Aid (1984) / Band Aid II (1989) / Band Aid 20 (2004) In the same way as "Three Lions" revisited the no. 1 as a non-A-side, the 1984 recording of "Do They Know It Was Christmas?" was a B-side on the 1989 version. It was also featured on the CD single of the 2004 version of "Do They Know It's Christmas" by Band Aid 20. So, by stealth, the 1984 version has been number one three times, though not as an A-side and is therefore not officially recognised as a triple (or even double) chart-topper. First Single To Enter At Number 1 Al Martino's "Here In My Heart" was the track to Top the first ever chart (Nov 1952) so, technically, this was the first track to debut at Number 1. But ignoring this, the first to enter at Number 1 in the established chart was "Jailhouse Rock" by Elvis Presley in January 1958. First Number 1 by a British Artist The seventh number one, The Stargazers' "Broken Wings" (Apr 1953), was the first chart-topper by a British artist. The previous six had all been by US acts. Biggest Jump To Number 1 The biggest jump to no. 1 from within the Top 40 was by Pink's "So What", leaping from no. 38 the previous week (only two days worth of downloads contributed to that postion due to an unconventional release date to the online stores). It broke The Sugababes' previous record for "About You Now" which, a little over year before had shot to the top from no. 35. This was due to its initial chart position being entirely due to downloads of a pre main release dance mix (The Spencer And Hill Remix). The release of the main track the following week led to its leap to the top (entirely on download sales, incidentally). The previous greatest leap to no. 1 from inside the Top 40 was by Captain Sensible's "Happy Talk". In July 1982 it rose to the top from no. 33. The biggest jump to no. 1 from inside the Top 75 occurred in Sep 2009 when Pixie Lott leapt from no. 73 to no. 1 with "Boys And Girls". In March 2003, "Beautiful" by Christina Aguilera managed to reach no. 71 on import sales alone. The following week it was officially released in Britain. It 'debuted' at no. 1, creating the impression of a 70-place jump. Purists argue that to be classed as a 'jump' a single must have the same label and catalogue number for successive weeks. This would preclude the Christina Aguilera 'imported' jump described above. Accepting this, the biggest leap to no. 1 is by DJ Otzi whose hit "Hey Baby (Uuh, Aah)" rose from no. 45 to no. 1 in Sep 2001. Here, the British version had the same catalogue details as the imported version which had made charts in previoius weeks. But wait! For industry purposes, a weekly Top 200 is compiled. In the chart for week ending 22th Nov 2003, Westlife appeared at no. 200 with "Mandy". This was due to sales 'leaks'; a relatively small number of singles being accidentally sold the day before the embargo date of 23rd Nov. The following week it shot to Number 1. This 199 place leap could well be considered to be the biggest ever jump to No. 1. Most Successive Weeks With A New Number 1 From 24th June 2000 to 16th Sep 2000, every week saw a new record top the chart. This run of 13 new number ones in as many weeks is the longest of such instances in chart history. Most Number 1s In A Year 2000 also holds the record for most number ones in a year; 42 of them (43 if you count the Westlife track which spanned over from 1999). Number One In Most Years Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" is the only record to be number one in four different years 1975, 1976, 1991 & 1992 (as it spanned the New year period on both occupancies at number one). Lowest-Selling Number One Lowest selling No.1 in total since at least 1960 is the 2005 re-issue of Elvis Presley's "It's Now Or Never" (39,900 copies). This was, however, a limited edition single. The record for a non-limited edition single is "Wonderful" by Ja Rule featuring R Kelly & Ashanti. Entering the chart w/e 6th Nov 2004 it went on to sell a total of 65,000 copies. Prior to the slump in singles sales which occurred from late 2002 onwards, the lowest selling no. 1 since (since at least 1960) had been Iron Maiden's "Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter"; its first week sales were roughly 42,000, second week 29,000, with a further 30,000 or so in the next few weeks bringing it to a total of around 100,000. Lowest weekly sale for a no. 1 since at least 1960 is for Orson's 2006 track "No Tomorrow". It sold 17,694 on its third week in the chart to take it to the top spot (w/e 25th March 2005), beating the previoius record of 20,463 set by Presley's "One Night / Got Stung" reissue in Jan 2005. The latter title is also the lowest sale which enabled a track to enter at No. 1 The figures for 2005 (and before) reflect only physical sales and do not take into account the increasing number of downloads. Shortest Chart Stay For A Number 1 The shortest stay in the Top 40 by a chart-topper is just three weeks. It has happened on four occasions: In 1997, Blur's "Beetlebum" entered the chart at the top spot. In its second week it dropped to number 7. It then descended to number 29 before vanishing altogether. In 2005, a commemorative limited re-issue of Elvis Presley's "It's Now Or Never" entered the chart at no. 1, spending a single week there before falling to no. 14, and then to 27 before leaving the chart. (The track had, though, previously spent 19 weeks in the Top 40 in 1960/1977.) In 2007, McFly's double-A side "Baby's Coming Back / Transylvania" entered the chart at no. 1 before dropping to no. 20, no. 39 and out. Later that year, Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua's rendition of "What A Wonderful World" crashed in at the top spot and then fell to no. 2 no. 14 and out. Initially, Elvis Presley's 2005 re-issue of "Jailhouse Rock" (a limited edition of, supposedly, 27,500 copies) spent just two weeks inside the Top 40. After a single week at the top, it fell to number 10 before disappearing out of the Top 40 altogether. This, momentarily, set a new record for the shortest chart stay for a no. 1 (2 weeks) but the record company gave in to public pressure though, making extra copies available to satisfy the demand of disgruntled fans. The single consequently returned to the Top 40 as a re-entry a fortnight later. (Of course, this track had also previously spent 22 weeks inside the chart in its original form.) Biggest Fall From Number 1 In May 2007, McFly's double A side single "Baby's Coming Back/ Transylvania" dropped from the top spot to number 20; the biggest fall from the summit in chart history. A drop of this magnitude had been registered on one previous occasion when, in January 2005, the limited edition re-issue of Elvis Presley's "One Night / I Got Stung" fell to number 20 after a single week at number one. So this 'honour' is in fact shared. Elvis fans are quick to point out that (a) there were insufficient stocks in the shops (due to its limited nature) and (b) the tracks had been available as singles before. McFly fans have no similar defence as it remained freely available and was on first time of release. Prior to the Elvis incident outlined above, Harry Belafonte's "Mary's Boy Child" had held the record for biggest drop (for 47 years!) from the top; no. 1 to no. 12 in the post-Christmas change of heart of record buyers.	Bohemian Rhapsody
What organisation is also known as La Cosa Nostra?	The UK Number Ones : 1975-1979 Week Ending ACT + Links TITLE Weeks TALLY COMMENT 18 Jan 1975 Status Quo Down Down 1 Only No 1 This famous band of head bangers had 22 Top 10s out of 52 hits between 1968 and 1996, but only this No 1. 25 Jan 1975 Tymes Ms Grace 1 Only No 1 US group that first charted in 1963. They had only two other hits before this No 1. 1 Feb 1975 Pilot January 3 Only No 1 British group whose two follow-ups failed even make the Top 30. 22 Feb 1975 Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me) 2 Only No 1 They had two Top 10s before this. Harley went solo in 1976 but never made the big time. 8 Mar 1975 Telly Savalas If 2 Only No 1 Actor who starred in the tv cop show "Kojak". He spoke his way through this song by David Gates from Bread. 22 Mar 1975 Bay City Rollers Bye Bye Baby 6 1st No 1 Scottish band that dressed in tartan and built up a fanatical teen following. Best-selling single of 1975. 3 May 1975 Mud Oh Boy 2 3rd & last No 1 Buddy Holly hit from 1958. They had a further 4 Top 10 hits by the end of 1976. 17 May 1975 Tammy Wynette Stand By Your Man 3 Only No 1 Legendary US country music singer for whom this song became a trade mark. 7 Jun 1975 Windsor Davies & Don Estelle Whispering Grass 3 Only No 1 Spin-off from the BBC sitcom " It Ain't Half Hot Mum ". This pair were the stars. 28 Jun 1975 10 CC I'm Not In Love 2 2nd No 1 Classic love song and radio play list favourite. They were major stars of the 1970s. 12 Jul 1975 Johnny Nash Tears On My Pillow 1 Only No 1 Texan who specialised in soft reggae arrangements, and had much success in the UK. 19 Jul 1975 Bay City Rollers Give A Little Love 3 2nd & last No 1 "Rollermania" had been coined by this time, but by mid-77, it was all over. 9 Aug 1975 Typically Tropical Barbados 1 Only No 1 Two recording engineers created this reggae dance hit, but became One-hit Wonders. The song, with new words and title made No 1 again in 1999. 16 Aug 1975 Stylistics Can't Give You Anything (But My Love) 3 Only No 1 Philadelphian satin soul group who charmed the UK with a succession of smooth ballads. 6 Sep 1975 Rod Stewart Sailing 4 3rd No 1 One of his classic anthems, which returned to No 3 the following year, after use in a tv documentary series. 4 Oct 1975 David Essex Hold Me Close 3 2nd & last No 1 He was at the height of his popularity at this time. In the 1980s he concentrated on stage musicals. 25 Oct 1975 Art Garfunkel I Only Have Eyes For You 2 1st No 1 Having separated from Paul Simon, he recorded mostly MOR standards. 8 Nov 1975 David Bowie Space Oddity 2 1st No 1 He made No 5 with this in 1969. Rick Wakeman provides synthesiser backing. 22 Nov 1975 Billy Connolly D.I.V.O.R.C.E. 1 Only No 1 Scottish comedian who made this parody of a Tammy Wynette hit. 29 Nov 1975 Xmas No 1 Queen Bohemian Rhapsody 9 1st No 1 All-time classic which was accompanied by a video, and was the first No 1 to benefit from tv exposure. In 1991, the record was back at No 1. 31 Jan 1976 Abba Mamma Mia 2 2nd No 1 Two years after their first No 1 they were back, and their careers took off. 14 Feb 1976 Slik Forever And Ever 1 Only No 1 Scots band led by Midge Ure . He went on to groups Visage and Ultravox , but his next No 1 was solo in 1985. 21 Feb 1976 Four Seasons December '63 2 Only No 1 Major 60s act, with falsetto vocalist, Frankie Valli, who made a strong return in the 70s with the band and solo. 6 Mar 1976 Tina Charles I Love To Love 3 Only No 1 She once recorded budget cover versions and was in band 5000 Volts. Solo, she had two other Top 10 hits. 27 Mar 1976 Brotherhood Of Man Save Your Kisses For Me 6 1st No 1 UK Eurovision winner, which shot them to stardom for a couple of years. Best-selling single of 1976. 8 May 1976 Abba Fernando 4 3rd No 1 The momentum was now picking up - Abbamania began. 5 Jun 1976 J J Barrie No Charge 1 Only No 1 Slushy, sentimentality from the Canadian. Female vocals are by Vicky Brown, late wife of 60s' rocker Joe Brown . 12 Jun 1976 Wurzels Combine Harvester (Brand New Key) 2 Only No 1 Cider-drinking folkies from the West Country with a reworking of Melanie's hit. 26 Jun 1976 Real Thing You To Me Are Everything 3 Only No 1 TV talent show winners from Liverpool who enjoyed hits for the rest of the decade. 17 Jul 1976 Demis Roussos The Roussos Phenomenon EP (main track: Forever And Ever) 1 Only No 1 Overweight Greek star, prone to wearing kaftans. Most of his success came from live performances. 24 Jul 1976 Elton John & Kiki Dee Don't Go Breaking My Heart 6 1st No 1 for Elton, Only No 1 for Kiki The British legend had scored five No 1s in the US before this one. His next UK No 1 was 14 years away. 4 Sep 1976 Abba Dancing Queen 6 4th No 1 This classic dance track was their only US No 1. Still heard on radio in to the 2000s. 11 Oct 1976 Pussycat Mississippi 4 Only No 1 First Dutch act to make the UK top spot. Success was short lived. 13 Nov 1976 Chicago If You Leave Me Now 3 Only No 1 They started as rockers in late 60s, but settled into AOR and became the darlings of American FM radio. 4 Dec 1976 Showaddywaddy Under The Moon Of Love 3 Only No 1 Rock 'n' roll revival group from Leicester who had nine Top 10 hits with remakes. 25 Dec 1976 Xmas No 1 Johnny Mathis When A Child Is Born 3 Only No 1 American MOR star who first charted in 1958, and was 41 by the time he got to No 1 with this Christmas classic. 15 Jan 1977 David Soul Don't Give Up On Us 4 1st No 1 One half of top tv cop show "Starsky & Hutch" (he was blonde Hutch) who was a singer before he became an actor. Written by Tony Macaulay. Top seller of 1977. 12 Feb 1977 400th No 1 Julie Covington Don't Cry For Me Argentina 1 Only No 1 From the Tim Rice & Andrew Lloyd-Webber musical "Evita". Julie was in tv series "Rock Follies", but did not take a role in the "Evita" stage production. 19 Feb 1977 Leo Sayer When I Need You 3 Only No 1 Discovered and managed by Adam Faith , Leo had 10 Top 10 hits over nearly 10 years. Written by Albert Hammond & Carole Bayer Sager. 12 Mar 1977 Manhattan Transfer Chanson D'Amour 3 Only No 1 MOR mixed harmony group who worked in New York gay bars, singing 40s and 50s swing classics. 2 Apr 1977 Abba Knowing You Knowing Me 5 5th No 1 Their previous release had stalled at No 3, but they returned for another run of chart toppers. 7 May 1977 Deniece Williams Free 2 Only No 1 She was in in Stevie Wonder's backing group in the early 70s, and gained a few solo hits until 1984. 21 May 1977 Rod Stewart I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 4 4th No 1 He was now enjoying super star status with world-wide popularity. 18 Jun 1977 Kenny Rogers Lucille 1 1st No 1 Country music singer with US hits in the late 60s. This hit gave him stardom in the UK. 25 Jun 1977 Jacksons Show You The Way To Go 1 Only No 1 Four members of the Jackson Five, including Michael. They had several disco hits 77-81. 2 Jul 1977 Hot Chocolate So You Win Again 3 Only No 1 Led by Errol Brown , they had 30 hits from 1970 to 1984. Remixed hits charted into the 1990s. 23 Jul 1977 Donna Summer I Feel Love 4 Only No 1 US disco diva produced by Giorgio Moroder. She had scored 40 hits by 1999. 20 Aug 1977 Brotherhood Of Man Angelo 1 2nd No 1 Two girls and two men who were tackling Abba head-on, but were destined to lose. 27 Aug 1977 Floaters Float On 1 Only No 1 Soul/funk act from Detroit, formed in 1964. Top US soul hit of 1977. One-hit Wonders. 3 Sep 1977 Elvis Presley Way Down 5 17th No 1 Released just before the King died on 16/8/77, it shot to No 1 as a result. It put him equal with the Beatles, each amassing 17 No 1 hits. 8 Oct 1977 David Soul Silver Lady 3 2nd & last No 1 He had 5 hits which all made the Top 12. After that his successes were back in acting. 29 Oct 1977 Baccara Yes Sir I Can Boogie 1 Only No 1 First Spanish act to reach the UK No 1, and first female duo to do so. One more hit and they were gone. 5 Nov 1977 Abba The Name Of The Game 4 6th No 1 The Abba success wagon was at full speed now, with a film in the can and a world tour having taken place. 3 Dec 1977 Xmas No 1 Wings Mull Of Kintyre 9 Only No 1 (1st for Paul McCartney) Paul's first No 1 since he was a Beatle in 1969. Before his next he had disbanded Wings. 4 Feb 1978 Althia & Donna Up Town top Ranking 1 Only No 1 Two Jamaican teenagers who put some Carribean slang to existing music. One-hit Wonders. 11 Feb 1978 Brotherhood Of Man Figaro 1 3rd & last No 1 The formula worked again, but after this the hits faded away and they turned to the cabaret circuit. 18 Feb 1978 Abba Take A Chance On Me 3 7th No 1 Still riding high, they completed a second hat trick of chart toppers. 11 Mar 1978 Kate Bush Wuthering Heights 4 Only No 1 Somewhat freaky, this talented singer/songwriter enjoyed 10 years of stardom, but only one No 1. 8 Apr 1978 Brian & Michael Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 3 Only No 1 Celebrating the work of northern painter, L S Lowry, the backing vocals are by the St Winifred's School Choir, who had a No 1 in 1980. 29 Apr 1978 Bee Gees Night Fever 2 3rd No 1 They wrote the soundtrack to "Saturday Night Fever", and relaunched their careers as kings of disco. 13 May 1978 Boney M Rivers Of Babylon 5 1st No 1 Carribean act, recorded in Germany, who were major stars in the late 70s. Best selling single of 1978. 17 Jun 1978 John Travolta & Olivia Newton John You're The One That I Want 9 1st No 1 From the soundtrack of "Grease", the film and music from it dominated the second half of 1978. 19 Aug 1978 Commodores Three Times A Lady 5 Only No 1 Led by Lionel Richie who wrote the song, they had considerable success until Richie went solo in 1982. 23 Sep 1978 10 CC Dreadlock Holiday 1 3rd & last No 1 30 Sep 1978 John Travolta & Olivia Newton John Summer Nights 7 2nd No 1 for Olivia; 2nd & last No 1 for Travolta. Another classic track from the film "Grease". The album was second best selling of 1978, beaten by "Saturday Night Fever". 18 Nov 1978 Boomtown Rats Rat Trap 2 1st No 1 Irish new wave outfit led by the now-legendary Sir Bob Geldorf. 2 Dec 1978 Rod Stewart Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 1 5th No 1 He jumped on the disco bandwagon for this hit. It was remixed in 1997 by N-Trance, reaching No 7. 9 Dec 1978 Xmas No 1 Boney M Mary's Boy Child / Oh My Lord 4 2nd & last No 1 Remake of a 1957 No 1. They had two more Top 10s, but faded in the early 80s. 6 Jan 1979 Village People Y.M.C.A. 3 Only No 1 Classic disco hit from New Yorkers who started out in the Big Apple's gay bars. 27 Jan 1979 Ian Dury & The Blockheads Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 1 Only No 1 They were a popular part of the new wave scene, but this is more of a novelty item. 3 Feb 1979 Blondie Heart Of Glass 4 1st No 1 Led by the charismatic Debbie Harry, they found considerable success between 1978 and 1982. 3 Mar 1979 Bee Gees Tragedy 2 4th No 1 By then a major disco act, this was from their No 1 album, "Spirits Having Flown". 17 Mar 1979 Gloria Gaynor I Will Survive 4 Only No 1 Established US disco diva who finally got to No 1 with a song that became the karaoki No 1 in the 1990s. 14 Apr 1979 Art Garfunkel Bright Eyes 6 2nd & last No 1 From the cartoon film "Watership Down". Written by Wombles voice Mike Batt . 26 May 1979 Blondie Sunday Girl 3 2nd No 1 Originally regarded as new wave, their material was now finding a broader audience. 16 Jun 1979 Anita Ward Ring My Bell 2 Only No 1 She was a gospel singer in Memphis, but ended up recording disco tracks. One-hit Wonder. 30 Jun 1979 Tubeway Army ( Gary Numan ) Are 'Friends' Electric 4 1st No 1 Numan provided vocals, guitar and synthesiser for this locally recorded hit. 28 Jul 1979 Boomtown Rats I Don't Like Mondays 4 2nd & last No 1 Geldorf was later famous for his Live Aid fund raising event. He went into TV production in the 1990s. 25 Aug 1979 Cliff Richard We Don't Talk Anymore 4 10th No 1 After a lean time through most of the 70s, this first No 1 for 11 years started run of Top 10 hits throughout the 80s. 22 Sep 1979 Gary Numan Cars 1 2nd & last No 1 After a string of hits through the 80s, he turned to flying, and now concentrates on his active web site . 29 Sep 1979 Police Message In A Bottle 3 1st No 1 Led by Sting, who wrote the songs, they were to become one of the major bands of the 1980s. 20 Oct 1979 Buggles Video killed The Radio Star 1 Only No 1 A studio band featuring producer Trevor Horn . Famously, it was the first ever item played on MTV. 27 Oct 1979 Lena Martell One Day At A Time 3 Only No 1 British MOR album artist who had this unexpected hit. One-hit Wonder. 17 Nov 1979 Dr Hook When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 3 Only No 1 US country-rock act formed in 1969. They found favour in the UK with a series of melodic love songs. 8 Dec 1979 Police Walking On The moon 1 2nd No 1 Like their first No 1, this came from their album "Reggatta De Blanc". 15 Dec 1979 Xmas No 1 Pink Floyd Another Brick In The Wall 5 Only No 1 They had charted in 1967, but in the 70s concentrated on albums, their most famous being "The Dark Side Of The Moon". They returned to live concerts in the 1990s. NOTES: "One-hit Wonders" are acts that achieved just one number one, and had no other hits at all. The dates and total weeks at No 1 shown may not always appear to line up. This is because some number ones fell from the top and returned a week or so later. The "weeks" shows the total of all periods at number one. No link to your favourite artist's web site? Please e-mail me with details of your recommended sites. Other Decades	i don't know
Which American president gave the order to withdraw from the Vietnam War?	Vietnam War: U.S. Withdrawal Vietnam War U.S. Withdrawal Serious negotiations to end the war began after U.S. President Lyndon Johnson's decision not to seek reelection in 1968. Contacts between North Vietnam and the United States in Paris in 1968 were expanded in 1969 to include South Vietnam and the NLF. The United States, under the leadership of President Richard M. Nixon , altered its tactics to combine U.S. troop withdrawals with intensified bombing and the invasion of Communist sanctuaries in Cambodia (1970). The length of the war, the high number of U.S. casualties, and the exposure of U.S. involvement in war crimes such as the massacre at My Lai (see My Lai incident ) helped to turn many in the United States against the war. Politically, the movement was led by Senators James William Fulbright , Robert F. Kennedy , Eugene J. McCarthy , and George S. McGovern ; there were also huge public demonstrations in Washington, D.C., as well as in many other cities in the United States and on college campuses. Even as the war continued, peace talks in Paris progressed, with Henry Kissinger as U.S. negotiator. A break in negotiations followed by U.S. saturation bombing of North Vietnam did not derail the talks, and a peace agreement was reached, signed on Jan. 27, 1973, by the United States, North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the NLF's provisional revolutionary government. The accord provided for the end of hostilities, the withdrawal of U.S. and allied troops (several Southeast Asia Treaty Organization countries had sent token forces), the return of prisoners of war, and the formation of a four-nation international control commission to ensure peace. Sections in this article:	Richard Nixon
Who wrote The old man of Lochnagar?	Vietnam War Timeline : Vietnam War Statistics 10 Aug 50 - First shipload of U.S. arms aid to pro-French Vietnam arrives 1951 - U.S. military aid amounted to more than $500 million by 1951 7 May 54 - Viet Minh overrun French fortress at Dien Bien Phu 8 Sep 54 - Eight nations sign U.S.-sponsored SEATO treaty 12 Feb 55 - President Eisenhower's administration sends the first U.S. advisers to South Vietnam to train the South Vietnamese Army 5 Sep 56 - President Eisenhower tells a news conference that the French are "involved in a hopelessly losing war in Indochina" 8 July 59 - Two Americans are killed and one wounded during a Viet Minh attack 20 miles north of Saigon 13 May 61 - President Kennedy orders 100 "special forces" troops to S. Vietnam 11 Dec 61 - U.S. aircraft carrier "Core" arrives in Saigon with 33 helicopters and 400 air and ground crewmen assigned to operate them for S. Vietnam 22 Dec 61 - SP4 James Davis of Livingston, Tennessee killed by Viet Cong (VC) later called by President Johnson "The first American to fall in defense of our freedom in Vietnam" 15 May 62 - President Kennedy orders an immediate build-up of US troops in Thailand to a total of 5,000 due to Communist attacks in Laos and movement toward the Thailand border 1 Nov 63 - S. Vietnamese President Diem and his brother are assassinated outside of Saigon. One coup follows another and weakens the war effort Jun 64 - Henry Cabot Lodge resigned as US ambassador to Saigon July 64 - Announcement states that US military contingent in Vietnam would increase 5,000 more to 21,000 2 Aug 64 - US Navy destroyers "Maddox" and "C. Turner Joy" are reported attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin (attacks 2 Aug + 4 Aug) 4 Aug 64 - US retaliatory strike destroyed 25 N. Vietnamese boats at their bases 4 Aug 64 - Later revealed in the "Pentagon Papers": A cable from the US commander of the destroyer task force stated, "No actual visual sighting. . . . .suggest complete evaluation before any further action." 7 Aug 64 - US Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming "All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO) requesting assistance. . ." US Senate voted (88-2) passed - Senator Wayne Morse (D-Oregon) and Senator Ernest Gruening (D-Alaska) voted against the resolution. US House voted (414-0) passed Fall 1964 - U.S. turns down an offer of secret peace talks with North Vietnam 7 Feb 65 - "In the early hours of February 7th, 1965, the VC upped the ante when they launched a guerilla assault against the military barracks at Pleiku where US military advisors were housed. The attack left 8 Americans dead, and President Johnson reacted as though the VC had delivered a personal insult." Johnson ordered a retaliatory air-strike against North Vietnam the next day. Operation "Rolling Thunder" began in mid-February and lasted 3 years 8 Mar 65 - "Two US Marine battalions arrived on the beach at DaNang in full battle gear. . . They were met not by enemy fire, but by curious onlookers. . . One soldier said, "The war was nowhere in sight." 16 Mar 65 - Alice Herz, an 82-year-old survivor of Nazi terror, set herself on fire in Detroit shortly after President Johnson announced major troop increases and the bombing of North Vietnam. 20 May 65 - Hanoi restates its peace proposal which "Washington" has already rejected 2 Nov 65 - Quaker Norman Morrison set himself on fire and died outside Secretary of Defense Robert McNamaraï¿½s Pentagon office, a scene McNamara witnessed 9 Nov 65 - Catholic Worker Roger LaPorte immolated himself opposite the United Nations building as an anti-war protest 1965 - The US Congress provided $2.4 Billion for the Vietnam war effort, with little dissent in the US House or Senate Jan 66 thru Oct 68 - US bombs dropped on N. Vietnam total over 600,000 tons 1 Mar 66 - An attempt to repeal Gulf of Tonkin resolution was defeated in the US Senate 29 Jan 66 - US begins bombing around Haiphong and Hanoi, N. Vietnam. This is considered a major escalation of the air war March 67 - Later revealed in the "Pentagon Papers" that "Operation Pop Eye", a rain-making project, was designed to reduce traffic along the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos 3 Sep 67 - Nguyen Van Thieu elected president of S. Vietnam Oct 67 - Congressman Thomas P. ("Tip") O'Neill broke publicly with President Johnson and opposed continuation of the Vietnam war. O'Neill supported Senator Eugene McCarthy (D-Minn) for president in 1968 30 Jan 68 - Communists start Tet Offensive which escalates into one of the major battles of the war, including attacks on almost all of the capitals of S. Vietnam's 44 provinces 16 Mar 68 - My Lai Massacre - Quang Ngai province - In 1971, LT Calley was convicted and sentenced to "life". His sentence was later changed to 20 years "hard labor". Over 100 civilians were massacred. 31 Mar 68 - President Johnson commits the US to a non-military solution of the war when he announced he would not seek re-election, and ordered a bombing halt over 75% of N. Vietnam (north of the 20th Parallel) 31 Oct 68 - President Johnson announced he would halt all bombing of N. Vietnam on 1 Nov 68. The B-52 bombing halt was maintained until 15 Apr 72. The US bombing "sorties" were shifted to Laos 1 Nov 68 on through 1972 -- over 25,000 sorties were flown, with the most occurring in 1971 End 1968 - "Draftees" accounted for 38% of all American troops in Vietnam. Over 12% of the draftees were college graduates 18 Jan 69 - Expanded peace talks open in Paris with representatives of the US, S. Vietnam, N. Vietnam, and the National Liberation Front (NLF) 20 Jan 69 - "The greatest honor history can bestow is the tittle of 'peacemaker'. . . after a period of confrontation we are entering an era of negotiation." President Richard Nixon during his Inaugural Address 5 Apr 69 - The only major anti-war demonstration in the early months of the Nixon presidency occurred April 5th and 6th Spring 69 - During 1973 Senate hearings, it was revealed that secret bombings started a year before the 30 Apr 70 incursion into Cambodia 8 May 69 - "10-point peace plan" offered in Paris by the NLF and endorsed by Hanoi 14 May 69 - President Nixon, during a policy address on Vietnam, proposes an "8-point peace plan" that would include mutual withdrawal of all non-Vietnamese forces to designated bases over a 12-month period, after which remaining troops would be totally withdrawn from S. Vietnam Mid-69 - President Nixon abandoned the idea of a "purely military victory", started bringing US troops home, and talked of a "Vietnamization" program to prepare the S. Vietnamese to take over the US combat role. Withdrawals announced: 8 Jun - 25,000 and 16 Sep - 35,000 3 Sep 69 - Ho Chi Minh dies 15 Oct 69 - "Vietnam Moratorium" - An estimated 1 million Americans across the US participated in anti-war demonstrations, protest rallies and peace vigils. 50 members of the US Congress also participated 3 Nov 69 - President Nixon says he plans withdrawal of all US troops on a secret timetable 19 Nov 69 - Congress gave the president the authority to institute the "draft lottery" system aimed at inducting 19-year-olds before older men. Nixon signed the bill into law 26 Nov 69. Under the new law the period of prime eligibility was reduced from 7 years to 1 year. Maximum eligibility would begin on a man's 19th birthday and end on his 20th birthday 1 Dec 69 - The first draft lottery in 27 years was held at Selective Service Headquarters in Washington, DC 2 Dec 69 - US House approved (334-55) a resolution endorsing Nixon's efforts to achieve "peace with justice", following a 2 day debate. This was the first major Vietnam policy declaration since the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin resolution 8 Dec 69 - Chief US negotiator Henry Cabot Lodge and his deputy resigned, expressing pessimism concerning the course of the negotiations 15 Dec 69 - President Nixon announced the reduction of another 50,000 troops by mid-April 1970 18 Dec 69 - Senator John Cooper (R-KY), after several attempts, succeeded in limiting US activities in Laos and Thailand when a bill including $23.2 Billion for Vietnam war activities prohibited introduction of US combat troops into Laos and Thailand End 69 - A year of ever widening divisions in the US. The "silent majority" and "middle America" were pitted against the war protestors. Vice President Agnew called protestors "impudent snobs" Jan 70 - "Washington Monthly Magazine" described an intelligence network of "nearly 1,000 plain clothes investigators working out of some 200 offices from coast to coast" who wrote reports on "political protests of all kinds". The domestic intelligence operation stored and disseminated information on both groups and individuals who "might cause trouble of the US Army." Senator Ervin reported in December 1970 that he was informed the surveillance included 800 Illinois citizens including Senator Adlai Stevenson, III (D-ILL), Rep. Abner Mikua (D-ILL) and US Circuit Judge Otto Kerner. Ervin said "apparently anyone who in the Army's definition was 'left of center' was a prospective candidate for political surveillance." During lengthly Senate hearings on the Army's activities, Defense Secretary Laird ordered the spying stopped. 21 Feb 70 - A presidential commission recommends the institution of an all-volunteer Army and elimination of the draft Mar/Apr 70 - News of increased US involvement in Laos and Cambodia surfaced when 1969 Senate transcripts were made public 20 Apr 70 - President Nixon announces during a TV address, the withdrawal of another 150,000 troops over the next 12 months. This reduction would lower US troop strength to 284,000 23 Apr 70 - President Nixon calls for far-reaching draft reform. Nixon also issued an Executive Order that ended all occupational deferments and most paternity deferments, with "extreme hardship" as the only exception 30 Apr 70 - President Nixon sent US forces into Cambodia, causing widespread war protest in the streets, and plunging Congress into a session-long debate over Congressional war powers 2 May 70 - Senators McGovern, Hughes, Cranston, Goodell, and Hatfield announced they planned to introduce an "end the war" amendment which would work by suspending funds for military operations in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia 4 May 70 - 4 Kent State college students were shot to death by Ohio National Guardsmen during an anti-war protest on the campus. This lead to widening anti-war protests 9 May 70 - A peaceful anti-war rally held at the Ellipse in Washington, DC was attended by about 80,000 people including about 10 members of Congress 31 Aug 70 - During debate over the McGovern-Hatfield Amendment in the US Senate, Senator Eagleton (D-MO) and Javits (R-NY) said that the Nixon policy of gradual de-escalation was leading to a wider war in Indochina. Senator Church said the Congress needed to keep pressure on President Nixon to hasten the withdrawal. Senators Scott (R-PA) and Thurmond (R-SC) expressed concern over the fate of US P.O.W.'s and bargaining pressure if US troops were removed 1 Sep 70 - The McGovern-Hatfield Amendment, providing for the withdrawal of all US troops by 31 Dec 71, was defeated by the Senate now and again later 1970 - War Powers - By the time Congress learned that the naval incident leading to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) had been misrepresented and moved to repeal the resolution in 1970, President Nixon had already shifted to another legal rationale -- his constitutional powers as "Commander in Chief" -- for his Vietnam policies. In its 1969 "national commitments" resolution, the Senate made a bid to reassert a congressional voice in decisions committing the US to the defense of foreign countries. The House passed war-powers measures in 1970, 1971 and 1972. 17 Sep 70 - The VC presented an 8-point peace plan which was the first substantial initiative since Nixon's May 1969 plan. The Paris Peace Talks remained stalemated throughout 1970 7 Oct 70 - President Nixon announced a new 5-point peace plan 13 Jan 71 - President Nixon signs a bill repealing the Gulf of Tonkin resolution 10 Feb 71 - Congressman Aiken (R-VT) recommended convening an Indochina conference to negotiate a settlement of the area's disputes 23 Feb 71 - Senate Democrats voted (38-13) to adopt a "resolution of purpose" for the 92nd Congress to end US involvement in Indochina and "bring about the withdrawal of all US forces and the release of prisoners in a time certain." 1 Mar 71 - A powerful bomb exploded at 1:32am in a restroom in the original part of the Capitol Building in Washington, DC, with responsibility claimed by the "Weather Underground". Senator McGovern attributed the bombing to "our Vietnam madness" 29 Mar 71 - LT Calley convicted for the My Lai Massacre 30 Mar 71 - It was later found out that on this date; "a confidential Army directive orders personnel to intercept and confiscate personal mail containing anti-war and other dissident material sent to soldiers in Vietnam." 7 Apr 71 - During a speech, President Nixon said that in relation to setting a firm date for troop withdrawal, that it would "serve the enemy's purpose, not our own." 1 Apr 71 - Draft Bill - A 2-year extension of the draft passed the House (239-99) in a roll-call vote. The Senate also passed the bill 24 Jun 71 following a long debate, lasting from 6 May through 24 Jun 71. 48% of manpower for the Army were draftees or "draft motivated". 18 Apr 71 - 2,300 Vietnam Veterans came to Washington, DC to participate in Dewey Canyon III, "a military incursion into the country of Congress". Led by Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), the vets camped on the mall 1/4 mile from the Capitol, and threw away military medals and ribbons at the foot of the statue of Chief Justice John Marshall. 24 Apr 71 - 10 days of protests by a group calling themselves the "Mayday Tribe" included attempted work stoppages at several federal offices in Washington, DC 3 May 71 - 5,100 policemen backed by 10,000 federal troops resulted in an unprecedented mass arrest of approximately 7,000 persons, with another 2,700 arrested the next day. Protests ended 5 May with the arrest of another 1,200 demonstrators on the Capitol's east steps during a rally attended by some members of Congress 9 Jun 71 - The Senate adopted an amendment authorizing drug control and rehabilitation programs in the military June 71 - Pentagon Papers published 17 June 71 - Congressman Charles Whalen, Jr (R-Ohio) co-sponsored an "end the war" bill which was rejected by the House (158-255) 24 Jun 71 - Mansfield Amendment was passed along with the draft extension bill. It was a controversial amendment by Senate Majority leader Mike Mansfield (D-Mont) setting a national policy of withdrawing troops from Indochina 9 months after the bill's enactment (wording was later softened to the "earliest practical date"). It was the first time in modern US history that Congress had urged an end to a war in which the country was actively involved 1 Jul 71 - During the peace talks, the Viet Cong proposed the return of all American and allied prisoners held in North and South Vietnam by the end of 1971 if all US troops were withdrawn within that same period. US reaction was cautious 28 Sep 71 - The 2-year draft extension was signed into law after lapsing from 30 Jun until 28 Sep. Deferments were abolished for 1971 college freshmen, although upperclassmen retained draft deferments. Also in the bill was a non-binding provision putting Congress on record as backing an early end to the Vietnam War 3 Oct 71 - South Vietnam election - President Thieu ran unopposed and was re-elected with more than 90% of the popular vote. Vice President Ky and General Duong Van Minh earlier dropped out of the race amid charges that Thieu had rigged the election 2 Nov 71 - A Senate subcommittee released a 300-page report documenting "corruption, criminality, and moral compromise" in a PX scandal in Vietnam and other overseas areas 12 Nov 71 - President Nixon announced a troop withdrawal of 45,000 more troops by 1 Feb 72, but said it was particularly important to continue air strikes on enemy infiltration routes 26-30 Dec 71 - The US carries out the heaviest air strikes on North Vietnam since 1968 in Operation Proud Deep, consisting of 1,025 sorties Jan 72 - President Nixon announces the 7th withdrawal: 70,000 troops by 1 May 72 reducing the troop level in Vietnam to 69,000 17-28 Feb 72 - President Nixon visits the People's Republic of China 30 Mar 72 - The North Vietnamese launch a major offensive across the DMZ, the biggest since Tet 1968. In retaliation, Nixon orders the bombing of the Hanoi and Haiphong area 15 Apr 72 - Renewed US bombing of North Vietnam above the 20th parallel 26 Apr 72 - President Nixon announced the withdrawal of 20,000 more troops 27 Apr 72 - Paris Peace talks resume 8 May 72 - Nixon orders the mining of North Vietnamese harbors without first consulting Congress Jun 72 - Nixon announced the withdrawal of 10,000 more troops by September 17 Jun 72 - Watergate break-in and attempted bugging of the Democratic Party Headquarters Aug 72 - Nixon announced the withdrawal of 12,000 more troops 27 Oct 72 - Nixon "pocket vetoed" the Veteran's Health Care Expansion Act of 1972. The health care act would have authorized expenditure of $85 million in FY 1973 for expanding health care services for veterans and their dependents Oct 72 - The Supreme Court was steadfast in refusing to rule on the constitutionality of American involvement in Vietnam. As late as Oct 72, the court voted 7-2 to decline to hear a case in which taxpayers challenged the use of foreign aid funds to finance American operations in Vietnam (Sarnoff vs. Schultz) Justices Douglas and Brennan disagreed with the courts' hands-off attitude since the Constitution specifically gives Congress the power to declare war, they said, and thus "impliedly bars its exercise by the executive branch." Dec 72 - Peace talks stopped due to a change in the Communist's position. The heaviest US bombing of North Vietnam of the war followed 18-30 Dec during Operation Linebacker II which included 129 B-52 bombers striking Hanoi 8 Jan 73 - Final stage of peace talks began that would lead to the signing of a Vietnam cease fire on 27 Jan 23 Jan 73 - President Nixon announced an agreement "to end the war and bring peace with honor in Vietnam and S.E. Asia." 27 Jan 73 - Official end of the Vietnam War. Between 27 Jan and 29 Mar 73, a total of 587 military and civilian prisoners were released by the North Vietnamese, and during that same period, 23,500 US troops were withdrawn from South Vietnam 29 Mar 73 - 67 more US P.O.W.'s were freed in Hanoi. The same day, the US withdrew its remaining 2,500 troops from South Vietnam. This date also marked the actual end of military involvement in Vietnam. 10 May 73 - Due to continued bombing of Laos and Cambodia, the House voted (219-188) for the first time to cut-off Indochina funds 31 May 73 - The Senate took strong action prohibiting the use of any funds appropriated by Congress to be used for combat activities in Laos or Cambodia 7 Nov 73 - War Powers Act - Congress dealt President Nixon a stunning setback when it voted to override his veto of legislation limiting presidential powers to commit US forces abroad without congressional approval. Congress, with the Vietnam War and the showdown over continued bombing in Cambodia behind it, was anxious to reassert its role in the conduct of the country's foreign affairs Aug 74 - President Nixon resigns 16 Sep 74 - President Ford unveiled a conditional clemency program for Vietnam-era military deserters and draft evaders 9 Mar 75 - A major offensive begins against South Vietnam with an attack on Ban Me Thuot in the Central Highlands. South Vietnam fell in 55 days. 17 Apr 75 - Cambodian government surrenders to Khmer Rouge forces 29 Apr 75 - Last American soldier killed in Vietnam (the first was 8 Jul 59) The official American presence in Saigon ends when the last Americans are evacuated by helicopter from the US Embassy roof. Within hours the Saigon government surrenders to the VC 1979 - Western European countries and non-Communist Asian nations support US-led embargo in protest against Vietnam's 1978 invasion of Cambodia Feb 82 - Vietnam agrees to talks regarding American servicemen Sep 88 - Vietnam-US cooperation begins regarding American MIA's with first joint field investigation Sep 89 - Vietnam completes Cambodia withdrawal Apr 91 - US office is established in Hanoi to investigate American MIA's Oct 91 - Washington takes steps to normalize relations with Hanoi after Vietnam supports UN peace plan for Cambodia Dec 91 - Washington lifts ban on organized US travel to Vietnam 29 Apr 92 - Trade embargo is eased to allow commercial sales to Vietnam and establishment of a telecommunications link 14 Dec 92 - President George Bush grants permission for US companies to open offices, sign contracts and do feasibility studies in Vietnam 2 July 93 - US opposition to settlement of Vietnam's $140 million arrears to the International Monetary Fund ends 13 Sep 93 - Economic sanctions are eased to allow US firms to bid on development projects financed by international banks 3 Feb 94 - President Bill Clinton lifts trade embargo 27 Jan 95 - US and Vietnam settle old property claims and establish liaison offices in Washington and Hanoi 15 May 95 - Hanoi give US presidential delegation documents on MIA's Jul 95 - The US restores diplomatic relations with Vietnam Aug 95 - The US Embassy in Hanoi reopens 16 Apr 97 - A copyright protection agreement is reached, said to be a step toward Most Favored Nation status 9 May 97 - Ambassador Douglas "Pete" Peterson starts new post in Hanoi Jun 97 - Secretary of State Madeleine Albright makes an official visit 1998 - President Clinton issues his first waiver of a law that bars trade relations with Communist nations that deny citizens the right to emigrate Jun 00 - An agreement is reached to open up Vietnam's markets to US products, dropping US tariffs to less than 3 percent Jul 00 - The House backs a bill granting Vietnam continued access to export-related financing, clearing the way for Clinton's historic visit 16 Nov 00 - President Clinton is the first US president to visit Vietnam since President Nixon in July 1969. 17 Nov 00 - The US still searches for missing servicemen and pursues rumors of Americans left behind. The US lists 1,992 Americans unaccounted for from the war. The Pentagon has stopped pursuing 646 of the cases, and the rest remain open. Longest war in US history (11 years) "War" was never officially declared by the United States A Cornell University study placed the over-all total U.S. cost of the Vietnam war at $200 Billion Total U.S. bomb tonnage dropped during: World War II = 2,057,244 tons Vietnam War = 7,078,032 tons (3-1/2 times WWII tonnage) Bomb tonnage dropped during the Vietnam War amounted to 1,000 lbs. for every man, woman and child in Vietnam. An estimated 70,000 draft evaders and "dodgers" were living in Canada by 1972. An estimated 3 million people were killed by the war, and over 1 million were wounded. By: Richard Kolb with Tom Campbell and Dick Ecker Credit: VFW Magazine - June/July 2003 73 5/30/67 - 6/2/67 Note: Lengthy operations are excluded. Only actions that could be categorized as single or directly related engagements are tabulated. Statistics and Myths about the Vietnam War Submitted by: Gary Harrington "No event in American history is more misunderstood than the Vietnam War. It was misreported then, and it is misremembered now. Rarely have so many people been so wrong about so much. Never have the consequences of their misunderstanding been so tragic." [Nixon] The Vietnam War has been the subject of thousands of newspaper and magazine articles, hundreds of books, and scores of movies and television documentaries. The great majority of these efforts have erroneously portrayed many myths about the Vietnam War as being facts. (Nixon Library) Myth: Most American soldiers were addicted to drugs, guilt-ridden about their role in the war, and deliberately used cruel and inhumane tactics. The facts are: 91% of Vietnam Veterans say they are glad they served (Westmoreland papers) 74% said they would serve again even knowing the outcome (Westmoreland papers) There is no difference in drug usage between Vietnam Veterans and non veterans of the same age group (from a Veterans Administration study) (Westmoreland papers) Isolated atrocities committed by American soldiers produced torrents of outrage from antiwar critics and the news media while Communist atrocities were so common that they received hardly any attention at all. The United States sought to minimize and prevent attacks on civilians while North Vietnam made attacks on civilians a centerpiece of its strategy. Americans who deliberately killed civilians received prison sentences while Communists who did so received commendations. From 1957 to 1973, the National Liberation Front assassinated 36,725 South Vietnamese and abducted another 58,499. The death squads focused on leaders at the village level and on anyone who improved the lives of the peasants such as medical personnel, social workers, and schoolteachers. (Nixon Library) Atrocities - every war has atrocities. War is brutal and not fair. Innocent people get killed. Vietnam Veterans are less likely to be in prison - only 1/2 of one percent of Vietnam Veterans have been jailed for crimes. (Westmoreland papers) 97% were discharged under honorable conditions; the same percentage of honorable discharges as ten years prior to Vietnam (Westmoreland papers) 85% of Vietnam Veterans made a successful transition to civilian life. (McCaffrey Papers) Vietnam veterans' personal income exceeds that of our non-veteran age group by more than 18 percent. (McCaffrey Papers) Myth: Most Vietnam veterans were drafted. 2/3 of the men who served in Vietnam were volunteers. 2/3 of the men who served in World War II were drafted. (Westmoreland papers) Approximately 70% of those killed were volunteers. (McCaffrey Papers) Myth: The media have reported that suicides among Vietnam veterans range from 50,000 to 100,000 - 6 to 11 times the non-Vietnam veteran population. Mortality studies show that 9,000 is a better estimate. "The CDC Vietnam Experience Study Mortality Assessment showed that during the first 5 years after discharge, deaths from suicide were 1.7 times more likely among Vietnam veterans than non-Vietnam veterans. After that initial post-service period, Vietnam veterans were no more likely to die from suicide than non-Vietnam veterans. In fact, after the 5-year post-service period, the rate of suicides is less in the Vietnam veterans' group." [Houk] Myth: A disproportionate number of blacks were killed in the Vietnam War. 86% of the men who died in Vietnam were Caucasians, 12.5% were black, 1.2% were other races. (CACF) and (Westmoreland papers) Sociologists Charles C. Moskos and John Sibley Butler, in their recently published book "All That We Can Be," said they analyzed the claim that blacks were used like cannon fodder during Vietnam "and can report definitely that this charge is untrue. Black fatalities amounted to 12 percent of all Americans killed in Southeast Asia - a figure proportional to the number of blacks in the U.S. population at the time and slightly lower than the proportion of blacks in the Army at the close of the war." [All That We Can Be] NOTE: "All That We Can Be" by Charles C. Moskos and John Sibley Butler Myth: The war was fought largely by the poor and uneducated. Servicemen who went to Vietnam from well-to-do areas had a slightly elevated risk of dying because they were more likely to be pilots or infantry officers. Vietnam Veterans were the best educated forces our nation had ever sent into combat. 79% had a high school education or better. (McCaffrey Papers) Here are statistics from the Combat Area Casualty File (CACF) as of November 1993. The CACF is the basis for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (The Wall): Average age of 58,148 killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years. (Although 58,169 names are in the Nov. 93 database, only 58,148 have both event date and birth date. Event date is used instead of declared dead date for some of those who were listed as missing in action) [CACF] Myth: The average age of an infantryman fighting in Vietnam was 19 The oldest man killed was 62 years old. [CACF] 11,465 KIAs were less than 20 years old. [CACF] Deaths 22.55 years Assuming KIAs accurately represented age groups serving in Vietnam, the average age of an infantryman (MOS 11B) serving in Vietnam to be 19 years old is a myth, it is actually 22. None of the enlisted grades have an average age of less than 20. [CACF] The average man who fought in World War II was 26 years of age. (Westmoreland papers) Myth: The domino theory was proved false. The domino theory was accurate. The ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand stayed free of Communism because of the U.S. commitment to Vietnam. The Indonesians threw the Soviets out in 1966 because of America's commitment in Vietnam. Without that commitment, Communism would have swept all the way to the Malacca Straits that is south of Singapore and of great strategic importance to the free world. If you ask people who live in these countries that won the war in Vietnam, they have a different opinion from the American news media. The Vietnam War was the turning point for Communism. (Westmoreland papers) Democracy Catching On - In the wake of the Cold War, democracies are flourishing, with 179 of the world's 192 sovereign states (93%) now electing their legislators, according to the Geneva-based Inter-Parliamentary Union. In the last decade, 69 nations have held multi-party elections for the first time in their histories. Three of the five newest democracies are former Soviet republics: Belarus (where elections were first held in November 1995), Armenia (July 1995) and Kyrgyzstan (February 1995). And two are in Africa: Tanzania (October 1995) and Guinea (June 1995). [Parade Magazine] Myth: The fighting in Vietnam was not as intense as in World War II. The average infantryman in the South Pacific during World War II saw about 40 days of combat in four years. The average infantryman in Vietnam saw about 240 days of combat in one year thanks to the mobility of the helicopter. One out of every 10 Americans who served in Vietnam was a casualty. 58,169 were killed and 304,000 wounded out of 2.59 million who served. Although the percent who died is similar to other wars, amputations or crippling wounds were 300 percent higher than in World War II. 75,000 Vietnam veterans are severely disabled. (McCaffrey Papers) MEDEVAC helicopters flew nearly 500,000 missions. Over 900,000 patients were airlifted (nearly half were American). The average time lapse between wounding to hospitalization was less than one hour. As a result, less than one percent of all Americans wounded who survived the first 24 hours died. (VHPA Databases) The helicopter provided unprecedented mobility. Without the helicopter it would have taken three times as many troops to secure the 800 mile border with Cambodia and Laos (the politicians thought the Geneva Conventions of 1954 and the Geneva Accords or 1962 would secure the border) (Westmoreland papers) More helicopter facts: Approximately 12,000 helicopters saw action in Vietnam (all services). (VHPA Databases) Army UH-1's totaled 7,531,955 flight hours in Vietnam between October 1966 and the end of 1975. (VHPA Databases) Army AH-1G's totaled 1,038,969 flight hours in Vietnam. (VHPA Databases) 7/15th VIETNAM HISTORY	i don't know
In the stock exchange what animal is used as a nickname to describe someone who sells shares thinking that the price will fall?	Easter Prize QUIZ ...ANSWERS in General Discussion Forum 12.What was the first food consumed by the astronauts of Apollo 11, after the moon landing?............TURKEY 13.In which decade was Insulin first used in the treatment of Diabetes?...............................................1920's 14.The British cabinet has only once held a full cabinet meeting outside London, WHERE?.................INVERNESS 15.At the end of which period did the dinosaurs become extinct?........................................................CRETACEOUS 16.In the game of Chess, which piece always remains on the same coloured squares?..........................BISHOP 17.What was advertised using the slogan "Hello Boys!"......................................................................THE WONDER BRA 18.What Japanese word means "empty orchestra?.............................................................................KAROAKE 19.In the stock exchange, which animal is used as a nickname to describe someone who sells shares thinking that the price will fall?.........BEAR 20.Which Alfred Hitchcock film features a wheelchair bound man convinced his neighbour has committed murder?..........THE REAR WINDOW There you go. I'm not keen on doing general knowledge quizzes because I'm fully aware that if you go on the net, or google for answers different sites will give you different info. Question number 5, people gave loads of different answers, and to be honest I have no idea what is correct, but this was a quiz from the net, with the answers so I have to go by that. Most of you did pretty well but 2 ladies got 19/20, and they were ROSYAPPLE and SANDRA CARMS, so Congratulations ladies, if you send me your names and addresses your prizes will be in the post.xx Just a "funny" one of you ladies got numbers 11 and 12 in the wrong order, so that the Astronauts had a "Chinese" for their first meal on the moon!! made me giggle!! Last Edited By: JACQUI Q Apr 7 10 6:32 PM. Edited 3 times.	Bear
If you were born on Christmas day, what would your star sign be?	bear - definition of bear in English \| Oxford Dictionaries 3.1[with modal and negative] Manage to tolerate (a situation or experience): ‘she could hardly bear his sarcasm’ [with infinitive] ‘I cannot bear to see you hurt’ More example sentences ‘I shut my eyes tightly, not being able to bear the look of anguish on Adrian's face.’ ‘The pain got worse, and Raina could hardly bear it.’ ‘Unable to bear the situation any longer, Zhang Jianya turned to the court, alleging that Zhang Chun had criminally infringed upon his reputation.’ ‘Grant and Malinda could hardly bear their separation, and Grant longed to see his five children, one of whom was born during the war.’ ‘I can't bear suspense in movies and books.’ ‘The countryside gradually lost its brightness as the green grass faded into yellows and the flowers dried up and died, not able to bear the chilly temperatures.’ ‘He said it was never the triumph, or the sensation of winning that drove me, just he couldn't bear himself when he lost.’ ‘It was pouring with rain, so the mouse's hair was all spiky and we picked it up in a glass and took it into the front garden but could hardly bear to put it down because it was so cute.’ ‘I don't think I'll be able to bear it if he talks to me.’ ‘Close as they were, the two could hardly bear to talk about Darwin's view of life.’ ‘Tori could hardly bear it, how cute he looked with his mussed hair and confused expression.’ ‘What I am saying really is that most people ask me how can I bear it, because they feel that they themselves couldn't bear it but they could if it happened to them.’ ‘Cassie stood outside no longer able to bear the cloud of tension.’ ‘They were yearning to know whom he had finally chosen and could hardly bear to stay in the dark until that night, wondering if he'd made the right choice.’ ‘He said my skin was so smooth he couldn't bear it.’ ‘No one really came to that dump to eat, so she was never really that busy, but work got so monotonous that with every passing day it seemed like she wouldn't be able to bear it.’ ‘I am so up and down at the moment that I can hardly bear myself.’ ‘I didn't go as often as I should because I couldn't bear it.’ ‘We all feel that we can no longer bear the situation as it is.’ ‘Most people could not bear the thought of having their every move captured on film let alone watched by millions of television viewers.’ Synonyms 3.2cannot bear someone/thing Strongly dislike: ‘I can't bear caviar’ More example sentences ‘I cannot bear the plethora of tacky, pointless, plasticky, badly constructed, playthings that are manufactured these days.’ ‘Rather, women in contemporary India are also ‘subjected to the suppressed anger of the middle-class man’ who ‘needs his wife's salary to savour the goodies, yet cannot bear her independence.’’ ‘I have been here for 18 years and cannot bear the thought of leaving.’ ‘Aglaia cannot bear Nastasia taking precedence.’ ‘Also, he cannot bear other people's misfortune.’ ‘The Montserrat population cannot bear any tax increases at this time.’ ‘If Miss Field and her neighbours cannot bear the racket, they should consider moving out to the silent suburbs.’ ‘Every book I have written overflows with that loathing, and I cannot bear the sight of guns.’ ‘Having belonged to him once, I cannot bear myself.’ ‘Emilia cannot bear him, and William appears to loathe her.’ ‘I cannot bear the thought of having to use something that resembles tracing paper and is as absorbent as a £10.00 note!’ ‘He begs Achilles to send him to battle quickly (oka); he cannot bear Achilles' intractable patience.’ ‘Yeah, I bought that album with them on sofas, but can't bear her voice now.’ ‘To this day, one of my colleagues cannot bear the sound of rubber plimsolls on a wooden floor.’ ‘‘If you cannot bear your name being mentioned in criticisms, then you'd better go home and be an ordinary citizen,’ she said.’ ‘As Dostoevsky once remarked, Russians cannot bear their own freedom; they seek someone before whom to bend their knee.’ ‘She said: ‘I have two boys who still believe in Christmas and, even though I cannot bear the thought of doing it without their daddy, I cannot let them down.’’ ‘This, just because a handful of people (who are probably tone deaf anyway) cannot bear the noise!’ ‘I enjoys the cars in North America but cannot bear the boring life there.’ 4Give birth to (a child): ‘she bore sixteen daughters’ archaic Help in a task or enterprise. Example sentences ‘People crowded in from the dance-hall; odds & ends from the harbor bore a hand, and the girls took refuge behind the bar, squealing.’ ‘Premier Wen Jiabao bore a hand in retrieving salaries for migrant workers, practising the ‘people first’ approach.’ ‘Your task is first to be part of the solution by not being a compounding part of the problem, and then to be able to bear a hand in helping others.’ ‘I should have been very miserable had not Marah made me work with the men, hauling the ropes, swabbing down the decks, scrubbing the paintwork, and even bearing a hand at the tiller.’ ‘Although it is not experienced in every part of the world, it also bears a hand in the battle for food.’ ‘Duty Officers always turned to the topside watch and said… ‘Son, bear a hand and assist this under-the-weather fellow into the boat.’’ ‘With us the demands of ship work on our bare minimum crews do not allow of a duty signaller; he must bear a hand with the rest to straighten out the day's work.’ ‘When danger threatened there was resort to prayer, but work soon followed as the passengers bore a hand with the crew.’ ‘Beneath the heavy, vicious nose of a Navy Corsair fighter, WAVE mechanics bear a hand in engine maintenance as they drain the oil preparatory to filling it with new oil.’ bear something in mind Example sentences ‘And I'm bearing in mind that painkillers, like old age, are better than the alternative.’ ‘But it would pay the union movement, the low-income and the more romantic of Labour's supporters to bear this in mind, to spare them heartbreak.’ ‘The first half was a sedate affair bearing in mind what was to follow as Bowling made all the early running.’ ‘I don't know where I'm going with this, but it's a point worth bearing in mind.’ ‘Ideals versus realities is probably something I should be bearing in mind at this point in my career development, too.’ ‘It might be worth bearing in mind if you're brave enough to visit the shops during the January Sales melee.’ ‘It is also worth bearing in mind all the people Shipman did save.’ ‘That's only part of the story, I think, but it's worth bearing in mind.’ ‘As long as one bears in mind that the trade mark represents both source and responsibility for quality no harm is done.’ ‘Use these key words as often as possible, bearing in mind most search engines have a facility to filter out mindless repetition.’ ‘It's frightening, especially bearing in mind what's happened in Soham.’ ‘It is worth bearing in mind, too, that this time the job could be that of prime minister, not just leader of the opposition.’ ‘I did very well in the heels all night though, bearing in mind that I've hardly worn high heels for any length of time for ages now.’ ‘If you bought your policy a few years ago, it is worth checking to see what it might cost you now, bearing in mind of course you will be older.’ ‘Prudence would have come at a price, and that is worth bearing in mind in the current debate.’ ‘This is a truly frightening sum - even more so when one bears in mind that it does not include local government staff, whose pensions are funded through council tax.’ ‘There's a bit of Horace which I think is worth bearing in mind if you're a writer or a publisher or indeed anyone who works in the book business.’ ‘But it's worth bearing in mind what de Caunes sacrificed to pursue his movie aspirations.’ ‘It's worth bearing in mind that the most exciting thing about the comic book medium is that you can bring pretty much anything into it.’ ‘The difficulty for the electorate will be knowing who and what to believe bearing in mind that in many cases we will have heard it all before.’ Synonyms bear someone malice (or ill will) [with negative]Wish someone harm: ‘he was only doing his job and I bore him no malice’ More example sentences ‘And among my acquaintances who ended up in Vietnam, none bore ill will or felt betrayed by civilian anti-war protest.’ ‘I should not bear ill will even against those those who have offended against me, and I must avoid getting into a rage, and I must make a firm effort in that direction.’ ‘The athlete might pray humbly to perform with dignity, not to disparage or bear ill will toward opponents, and to set a positive example.’ ‘Like most power struggles, the end result is that someone ‘loses’ and bears ill will from that point onward.’ ‘I did not like his looks at any time, and lately especially he had seemed to bear me malice.’ ‘I may or may not bear ill will toward the law school on whose waitlist I currently languish, behind individuals whose qualifications are, at best, questionably superior to my own.’ ‘We do not know whether Boyd bore ill will toward the woman, but it is possible that he did not.’ ‘If by that we mean a person who bears ill will toward Jews, and who, if given an opportunity, would harm the Jewish people, the answer is clearly no.’ ‘This tale turns on the assumption that the thieves bear ill will towards their victims, and the convenient explanation is the difference in race.’ ‘If one therefore bore ill will towards someone then it follows that we would wish to injure them, and our intention towards them would be destructive or evil.’ ‘And I don't bear ill will to anybody, as well as I don't bear it to myself.’ ‘But I don't know one veteran in my chapter who bears ill will against the Vietnamese people.’ ‘Geser tells a tale about the Virgin of Byzantium to whom somebody bore ill will and put a spell.’ ‘If Joseph bore ill will toward them did they really think they would win him over with a bag of pistachio nuts?’ ‘Searching for some solace, some clue that would let him know she had been happy with him, she had not bore ill will for him, that she loved him unconditionally.’ ‘It should be obvious, but perhaps deserves mentioning, that none bore ill will toward the UN; none wanted the Security Council to fail in reaching a consensus.’ ‘Attell said it was cooling cocoa butter and, for many years, bore ill will towards Kilbane for this charge, which Kilbane often repeated.’ ‘If you bear me malice, wish me the opposite of luck, whatever that might be: destiny or skill, I suppose!’ ‘But thenceforth he bore ill will towards Rollant; it seemed to him that he would never be happy while he lived because of the disgrace he had brought upon him.’ bear a relation (or relationship) to [with negative]Be logically consistent with: ‘the map didn't seem to bear any relation to the roads’ More example sentences ‘At various points in his book, he declares himself incensed by the presumption that the Iris by his side is not Iris, but a generic Alzheimer's sufferer who bears no real relation to that entity.’ ‘In fact, very little of what happens in Dreamer bears a relationship to something that happened in real life, so the ‘true story’ part of the equation is a red herring.’ ‘But the tax bore no relation to ability to pay; within a locality every adult was charged the same amount, although millions of poor people got rebates.’ ‘But, in women, their sleep patterns didn't seem to bear a relationship to whether or not they got diabetes.’ ‘All lost weight, but the amount of weight lost bore no relation to whether participants were on a diet or not.’ bear a resemblance (or similarity) to Resemble: ‘the campus bore a faint resemblance to a military camp’ More example sentences ‘Miss Jackson is extremely tall and skinny with a very long neck, and while her body shape reminds me of a giraffe, her facial features bear a resemblance to that of a cross between a beaver and a duck.’ ‘Charlie couldn't help noticing that he bore a resemblance to Jerome.’ ‘Later he was kept in jail for three days because he bore a resemblance to a photofit shown on Crimewatch.’ ‘The collapse of the Nasdaq bubble left the United States in a situation that bears an uncomfortable resemblance to the Japan of a decade ago.’ ‘Composed of a wiry, nervous line, these creatures bear a resemblance to birds only in their beaks and feathered silhouettes; they appear closer to deformations of nature.’ ‘The cop bore a resemblance to someone she used to know.’ ‘Main's method of meditation bears a similarity to, but has some differences from, centering prayer as practiced and taught by Keating.’ ‘Sightings at a holiday resort in Norfolk have proved incorrect and a woman bearing a resemblance to Carly seen at the Notting Hill Carnival was traced.’ ‘Although dwarfed in height, it bears a resemblance to skyscrapers like the Empire State Building and the Rockefeller Centre in New York.’ ‘The reason is that I bear a resemblance to her father.’ ‘He continued to ‘search’ passersby for the beautiful face he remembered from their brief, hostile acquaintance, but none of those he passed bore a resemblance to the missing lady.’ ‘When a tiny girl bearing an uncanny resemblance to Cindy Lou-Who whispered that she liked dolls and told us her name was Becca Larson, I announced that it was time for a game.’ ‘It is odd that today's strange vehicles should bear a close resemblance to those seen by a scornful poet at London's Rotten Row a couple of generations earlier.’ ‘What you need is a disguise that bears a resemblance to, say, Alan Dershowitz - an attorney who prefers rich, famous clients and seems to spend more time in broadcast studios than courtrooms.’ ‘Although their songs might lack the Seattle angst, their music bears a resemblance to the departed scene.’ ‘Some of the subs bear resemblance to the Biskup submarine due to its long perspective.’ ‘North Sumatra Police announced on Tuesday that 27-year-old Zulfan, who bears a resemblance to one of the three sketches of suspects in the Oct.12.’ ‘The bolt shroud is Mauser-like but with a three position horizontal safety, which bears a resemblance to that of the Winchester M70.’ ‘A photograph of a man bearing a resemblance to Mr Bond, circulated in March last year, appears on the Interpol website.’ ‘What has happened to recent Evo's is that the car bears less and less resemblance to its road going counterpart and has become too recognizable IMHO.’ bear witness (or testimony) to 1Testify to: ‘little is left to bear witness to the past greatness of the city’ More example sentences ‘The monument bears witness to 54 women who have gone missing from downtown Vancouver streets - some 15 miles from the farm - in the last two decades.’ ‘The sober person will bear witness to all the messy foibles of your evening.’ ‘A couple of bars still stand nearby, bearing silent witness to the passing of better days.’ ‘Damien ate cartloads of food every day - I bore witness to that - but never gained the body mass to prove it.’ ‘The old clock still works accurately bearing witness to nearly a century that is behind it.’ ‘I have been checking in with Win since he moved into Room 607, to bear witness to what can happen when someone society has given up on is given a fresh start.’ ‘My children bear witness as to how successful this is.’ ‘I think the California energy crisis a few years back bears testimony to that.’ ‘It breaks my heart to bear witness to what has become of T & T's social fabric as the result of the relentless pursuit of material rewards and possessions at the expense of all else.’ ‘Dhaka is a city with architecture that bears witness to more than 400 years of her history.’ ‘There is definitely money - 4x4 vehicles, restaurants, hotels and mansions on Luanda's beachfront bear testimony to that.’ ‘Millions of Americans gather around their television each year in early May to bear witness to what has become known as the greatest two minutes in sport.’ ‘Here you are bearing witness to actually terrible suffering in Australia.’ ‘He quickly summons his friends to bear witness to what they see, and, ever the methodical investigator, he even goes so far as to get them to write down what they observe and then sign their affidavits.’ ‘A friendly and very respectable man, the attendance at his funeral in Newbridge last week, bore testimony to his popularity in the local community.’ ‘And I'd also add that the experience of Matt Cooper, who I represent, sort of bears witness to what can happen.’ ‘But, if you do that, you are not actually bearing witness to what has happened to them and it is extremely difficult.’ ‘Yes, after the many horrors he's bore witness to, I'm not surprised as to why he is so reclusive.’ ‘It has not been an easy process and all of you can bear testimony to that.’ ‘A case in point - only a week after the legislation was brought into place I personally bore witness to what could only be termed as pure stupidity as little boy racers took to the water in one of our main ports.’ Synonyms 1.1State or show one's belief in: ‘people bearing witness to Jesus’ More example sentences ‘The Saatchi advertising and point of sale material bears witness to the trust and passion between the 40 founding friends.’ ‘Faith demands a commitment to bear witness to belief in a real and practical way.’ ‘You stand in a long and honourable tradition of Christians bearing witness to the love of Christ in hard and dangerous places.’ ‘As a monument to the power of one man to bear witness to the Gospel - and to share that witness with millions of others - his papacy was one of the greatest ever.’ ‘Today's women are bombarded by images of ever-shrinking stars who seem to bear testimony to the belief that to be thin is to be happy and successful.’ ‘Her Edinburgh studio bears witness to this immersion in Scapa Flow.’ ‘It's as if people are bearing testimony with their hair that God lives and is angry.’ ‘We must learn from them as they bear witness to and engage the biblical witness to God's revelation.’ ‘The preacher does not just bear witness to some creed - he bears witness to the truths that live in his heart and, in so doing, communicates these living truths to the hearts of others.’ ‘Her conversion in September bears witness to her own new found beliefs.’ ‘This life-which is bearing witness to faith-is revealed in scripture, celebrated in worship, and lived in the service of others, what I would call hospitality and care.’ ‘Of particular interest was Dennis Tupicoff's His Mother's Voice, based on a radio interview with an Australian mother bearing witness to how she discovered the sudden death of her 16-year-old son.’ ‘Poetry, in its modern role of having to suffice for the amorphous outside of other discourses, in its scavenging role as witness of the unsaid and unsayable, bears witness to rejection.’ ‘And his recent works, exhibited at the newly-opened Kashi Art Gallery in Bazar Road of Mattancherry, also bear testimony to his beliefs.’ be borne in on (or upon) Come to be realized by: ‘the folly of her action was borne in on her’ More example sentences ‘He was a splendid worker but influence was brought to bear on him, which eventually made him decide to resign from the mission and enter the mining business.’ ‘Elinor has her full complement of sensibility, though her capacity and her cause for suffering is late to be borne in on her inattentive family.’ ‘Tracing the musical genealogy of any given nationalistic genre is no easy task, particularly when there are many influences brought to bear upon it.’ ‘As I listened it began to be borne in on me that he was talking complete nonsense, and that I had better have a bit of a think about it.’ ‘The truth has been borne in upon them through their own brave stand that there can be no normal sport in an abnormal society.’ ‘He ran hard for a quarter of a mile, and at the end of that distance it began to be borne in upon him as a strange and curious thing that there were so few people about, and that there were no shops open.’ ‘The truth of that observation will, I think, be borne in on anyone who has watched the BBC tape, as I have.’ not bear thinking about 1.1Take strict measures to deal with: ‘a commitment to bear down on inflation’ More example sentences ‘He was especially eager to bear down on the then-flaccid economy.’ ‘In Phase Two of the ETS we need not only to bear down on carbon emissions (which means tighter caps all round), but also to ensure a more transparent way of allocating the emission allowances in the first place.’ ‘The purpose of the operation is to bear down on what we believe to be concentrations of insurgents and their equipment.’ ‘This scheme appears to contradict the commitment to bear down on night noise.’ ‘This support was not just for the benefits that membership would bring in bearing down on inflation, but also for the fiscal discipline and wider advantages it would bring, particularly for business.’ bear off Change course away from the wind. Example sentences ‘Whenever the boat slows down it pays to ease the sheet, bear off a couple of degrees and then point up again once the boat has regained speed.’ ‘Then bear off slightly, steering away from the wind (tiller away from the sails) until the sail just stops luffing.’ ‘Suddenly she leapt into overdrive as I bore off 20 or so degrees to allow for the extra sail area and increase in apparent wind.’ ‘I bore off under full sail and never came close to burying the boat's rail.’ ‘Of course, once you catch a wave be sure to bear off and use it to sail down to the mark and increase your VMG.’ bear on ‘two kinds of theories which bear on literary studies’ More example sentences ‘Taranto's column also bears on our report from Thomas Lipscomb immediately below regarding the masks of John Kerry.’ ‘This study has absolutely no bearing on the relative therapeutic potency of butterbur and cetirizine in hay fever.’ ‘In this paper, we reviewed the extant literature that appears to bear on this point.’ ‘Walker's method of attending closely to cultural contexts and bringing questions of gender to bear on the study of violent crimes yields some striking results.’ ‘One of the most valuable aspects of his work is that it brings English thinking to bear on the art and theory of Continental European modernism.’ ‘Here we review the animal and human studies that bear on this complex, yet common, clinical conundrum.’ ‘Here again the literary dimensions of the dialogue are presented as bearing on its philosophical content.’ ‘Does this have any bearing on the relationship between Informatica and Composite?’ ‘Both look at how extra economic factors have a bearing on labour relations.’ ‘She brings the historian's craft to bear on the study of the epidemic raging at that time, and her account is both enthralling and meticulous.’ ‘Voltinism bears on the hypothesis, especially in regard to T2 species, in two respects.’ ‘The science that studies it will bear on a certain kind of being, immovable substance, immaterial being, not on being as being.’ ‘Several literatures bear on the relationship between gender and New Age beliefs and practices.’ ‘Hendrickson skillfully incorporates relevant readings that bear on whether or not WPR requirements were met.’ ‘In this paper I want to take up certain Hindu formulations of the rasa theory which bear on aesthetic experiences, for several reasons.’ ‘Third, our results bear on current approaches and findings in the network literature.’ ‘This study also bears on the nature and importance of changes in the configurational entropy on binding.’ ‘So much for the outline of the theory as it bears on our present interests.’ ‘The representing homomorphisms allow the scientist to bring the powerful resources of set theory to bear on the surrogates.’ ‘A direct consequence of this theory of embryological origin bears on the question of species transformism.’ Synonyms be relevant to, appertain to, pertain to, relate to, have a bearing on, have relevance to, apply to, be pertinent to, have reference to, concern, be concerned with, have to do with, be connected with 1.1[with adverbial]Be a burden on: ‘the extension of VAT to domestic fuel will bear hard on the low-paid’ More example sentences ‘In fruits and vegetables, the stimulation of ethylene production by cuts or bruises may be very large and bear considerably on storage effectiveness.’ ‘These last are the levies which bear most heavily on the poor, who pay no income tax.’ ‘The turns and toils of life bear heavy on the soul of man.’ ‘These menu costs will bear heavily on small-medium sized enterprises.’ ‘Immigrant children and youth are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population, and so their prospects bear heavily on the well-being of the country.’ bear something out ‘this assumption is not borne out by any evidence’ More example sentences ‘Most crucially, Ella Mae's and Peaches's assessment of socially and morally retrogressive nature of black man-white woman relationships bears itself out in Jones's eventual choice of Madge over Alice.’ ‘In fact these assumptions are not borne out by the events that subsequently unfolded.’ ‘Public opinion polls bear out this growing tolerance.’ ‘I know that the Minister will bear these figures out and support me in this, because the growth in vehicle traffic grows greater than inflation every year.’ ‘Election problems in various states such as Ohio, Virginia, Texas, California, and Florida bear them out, justifying a growing unease with electronic voting.’ ‘But he also detects the familiar, steely resolve of a Chancellor who is convinced that they will be borne out.’ ‘But ultimately he decided to hire us, and it bore itself out well.’ ‘I had a different view in relation to Steve Martin and sadly I've been misled in terms of what he told me, but again that's human nature bearing itself out.’ ‘Their opposition to slavery is borne out in Richard Popkin's studies of eighteenth-century racism.’ ‘Reducing seal populations or eliminating them, contributes nothing to the recovery of fisheries, as the Canadian experience bears out.’ ‘I'm not sure that my observation bears this assumption out, but if it is true, some thought should be given to the condition of ethics in the United States.’ ‘Don Banks of Sports Illustrated.com wrote: ‘The old debate about the offense selling tickets but defense winning championships bore itself out fittingly Sunday.’’ ‘Disc One is subtitled ‘Song Cycle No.1 for Rural Michigan ’, and the implication is that its 10 songs, recorded from 1996 to 1999, were intended to form a unified body of work, a promise that actually bears itself out pretty well.’ ‘Unfortunately, as this article suggests and experience tends to bear out, the masses do judge certain subjects to be more important than others.’ ‘Everything in Seymour's professional experience would seem to bear out Miller's contention.’ ‘Several of these early assumptions were not borne out in the final programme.’ ‘Lai notes that the mathematical treatment was as realistic as possible, using the full so-called Navier-Stokes fluid mechanics equation, but he hopes that experimental confirmation will bear the scheme out.’ ‘I think this prediction really bore itself out.’ ‘We assume that statesmen think and act in terms of interest defined as power, and the evidence of history bears that assumption out.’ ‘Clearly, if what we've been reporting bears itself out with facts on the ground, Sistani, his prestige already high, becomes even that much higher and he really walks away with tremendous political clout, should he choose to wield it.’ Synonyms ‘‘Farmers are bearing up to the crisis remarkably well,’ said Mr Gullett.’ ‘Through it all, Ho has been bearing up as well as he can.’ ‘In my mind, dignity comes from bearing up under suffering we meet throughout our lives rather than letting it destroy us, and from facing fears rather than caving in to them.’ ‘Your Mom goes shopping with Dottie and Betty, and over low-fat frozen-yogurt in the food court they worry about how Gloria's been bearing up since her Frank went into the hospital.’ ‘We are in touch with him and his is bearing up well and keeping himself busy.’ ‘Well, she is bearing up as well as she can simply because between her and my father they never left anything unsaid, particularly their love for each other.’ ‘She added: ‘Tina is bearing up as well as can be expected.’’ ‘That, and a few personal asides on how he is bearing up under the pressure he has been under over the past few months, should have sufficed as a justification for the 45 bill each member of the lobby had to stump up for the three courses.’ ‘Edmond bore up bravely and I think even enjoyed himself quite a bit, despite a tap-dancing scene which exceeded my tolerance as well.’ ‘‘I hope he is personally bearing up under the strain of all of this and obviously we will hear more this afternoon,’ he said.’ ‘It'll be interesting to see how he bears up under this and what happens.’ ‘The children are bearing up as well as can be expected.’ ‘She is bearing up very well, but she has had a tremendous shock.’ ‘A police spokeswoman said: ‘They're bearing up well considering the circumstances, but are obviously very anxious for Danielle's welfare.’’ ‘His wife is okay and bearing up at the moment and we are just very shocked by what has happened and don't really know what to say.’ ‘He told me the Queen was bearing up bravely but that Charles couldn't speak to anyone at the moment.’ ‘He is really upset that his mum is suddenly gone, but he is bearing up really well, I am very proud of him, and I am sure his mum would be too.’ ‘They are very determined and they're bearing up well but their freedom has been taking away from them.’ ‘The victim is bearing up reasonably well considering her ordeal.’ ‘It's a learning experience for sure, something you have to bear up for and get through.’ Synonyms cope, persevere, manage, endure Be patient or tolerant with: ‘bear with me a moment while I make a phone call’ More example sentences ‘For the next 48 hours, she bore with my frettings.’ ‘Thank you for bearing with us, Mr Virdi, while we considered your reaction to Sir Anthony's brief statement.’ ‘He said: ‘The project is progressing well and motorists are being very co-operative. We want to thank them and members of the public for the way they have been bearing with us in this immensely interesting time for the city.’’ ‘At least till then, the Usilampatti hospital patients may have to bear with the bread.’ ‘Thank you for your patience in bearing with me this far.’ ‘The VIP tickets rocked, and I'd like to thank my wife for bearing with me while I pointed out every other journalist, colleague and showbiz I knew over the 8 hours we were there, stretched out having a picnic in front of 190,000 other people.’ ‘Please bear with me, as I spend most of the brief time left making my case, not rebutting yours.’ ‘Mr Proctor said: ‘Not only would we like to praise the commitment and dedication of all our hospital staff during this difficult period, but we would also like to thank our patients, their families and friends for bearing with us.’’ ‘She passed to her eternal reward on Wednesday, 14th Aug., after a long illness which she bore with great strength and dignity.’ ‘The unprecedented scale of the bar's popularity even took us by surprise and I thank all our trade customers for bearing with us while supply caught up with demand.’ ‘Gerry died after a long illness which he bore with great courage.’ ‘He has suffered a very long illness which he bore with resignation and courage.’ ‘The old rationale for bearing with mere authoritarians has crumbled away with the passing of the expansionist Marxist-Leninist totalitarians.’ ‘So she doubtless bore with some equanimity the news that Mr Smith has also been freed up to spend more time with his Munros.’ ‘He begins to suffer from confusion, which he bears with great patience and the most moving anxiety.’ ‘Be completely humble and gentle; be patient bearing with one another in love.’ ‘We are grateful to people for bearing with us as we did the repairs.’ ‘The death took place on Monday, May 16, of Tommy Staunton, Sraheen following a long illness which he bore with great dignity and acceptance under the loving care of his wife Bridie and family.’ ‘Mr Gavin said: ‘We would like to thank staff, parents and pupils, and the community education service, for bearing with us during this time’’ ‘I'd like to thank local residents for bearing with us and for supporting recycling so enthusiastically.’ Synonyms	i don't know
What type of headgear was named after a battle in the Crimean War?	Clothing: Where and Wear \| History Today Clothing: Where and Wear By Christopher Winn Posted 8th October 2012, 9:46 James Potter Brown attended the Autumn Ball of the Tuxedo Club in New York State 126 years ago this October. He was wearing a new kind of short, tail-less evening jacket tailored for him by Henry Poole & Co of Savile Row, on the recommendation of Edward, Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, with whom Potter had been staying at Sandringham that summer. The jacket was admired by other members of the club, who had ‘dinner’ jackets made up for themselves for when they were dining at the club. One evening a group of members wore their new jackets to a dinner at Delmonico’s in New York City and upon being asked about their attire replied: ‘This is what we wear for dinner at the Tuxedo.’ From then on the dinner jacket was known in America as the Tuxedo or ‘Tux’. Here are some more articles of clothing named after people and places. Jersey: A knitted garment of wool or cotton with long sleeves, worn over the upper body as a pullover. Since the Channel Island of Jersey was famous for its knitting trade in medieval times, especially for its dark blue, water-resistant sweaters, the name jersey became associated with all such knitted items of clothing. Cardigan: A type of sweater that opens down the front, as worn by the 7th Earl of Cardigan during the Crimean War. The earl, of course, took his name from Cardigan in Wales. Balaclava: A type of woollen headgear that covers the whole head with just an opening for the eyes and mouth, as worn by British troops at the Battle of Balaclava on October 25th, 1854, during the Crimean War. Balmoral: A type of hat as worn by Scottish Highland warriors. The name dates from the 19th century when the hat was traditionally worn as full dress head-gear at Balmoral Castle, the Deeside home of Queen Victoria. Mackintosh: A type of waterproof raincoat made from rubberised material, often abbreviated as ‘mac’, and named after the inventor, Charles Macintosh of Glasgow. The invention is spelt with a ‘k’, the inventor is not. Ulster: A heavy herringbone or tweed overcoat with a cape and sleeves made in Belfast by the Ulster Overcoat Company, particularly popular in Victorian times. Sherlock Holmes frequently wore an Ulster, as did Billy Connolly in his role as Queen Victoria’s ghillie, John Brown, in the 1997 film Mrs Brown.	Balaclava
What nationality was Christopher Columbus?	History Ireland Published in 18th–19th - Century History , Features , Issue 1 (Spring 2003) , Volume 11 The 50th Foot, the first to leave for the Crimea, marching through Kingstown (Díºn Laoghaire) on their way to board the troopship Cumbria on 24 February 1854. (Illustrated London News, 4 March 1854) In the light of recent events in Palestine, it is interesting to note that a dispute over the control of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem was one of the immediate causes of the Crimean War of 1854–6. In the summer of 1850 Orthodox and Roman Catholic monks clashed over the question of who should control the church, several Orthodox monks being killed as a result. Tsar Nicholas demanded to be appointed the protector of all Christians in the Ottoman Empire, a demand to which the sultan could not, of course, accede. By July 1853 Russia had invaded Turkey’s Danubian principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), and France and Britain, fearing Russian control of the eastern end of the Mediterranean and also further expansion into their own territories in North Africa and India, promised to go to the aid of Turkey. After the failure of diplomatic efforts, France and Britain declared war on Russia on 28 March 1854, Turkey joining the Anglo-French alliance on 10 April. In January 1855 Sardinia-Piedmont joined the war on the allied side and, while the conflict was centred on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea, there was further fighting in the Baltic and naval activity in the Atlantic and the Pacific. Indeed, many Crimean historians now argue that the Crimean War was the first ‘world war’, while the trench fighting around Sevastapol foreshadowed later events in World War I. Attitudes to the war in Ireland What was the impact of this European war on Ireland? One could well imagine that Ireland, just a few years after the Famine and the failed Young Ireland rebellion of 1848, would regard the war with a sense of sullen disinterest. Newspaper accounts of the period, however, suggest the contrary. In the early months of 1854 Ireland was gripped by a kind of war fever as regiments departed and young men rushed to join up to fight in a war which, it was assumed, would be over in a few months. Indeed, in scenes that mirrored later events in 1914, public enthusiasm bordered on hysteria as the troops left for the east. Lieutenant-General Sir George de Lacy Evans, from Moig, County Limerick, distinguished himself at the battles of the Alma and Inkerman. Many regiments left before war was even declared as a conflict was deemed inevitable. On 24 February 1854 the 50th Foot, commanded by Wexford-born Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Waddy, left Dublin. The Dublin Evening Post describes the regiment’s departure as it marched from the Royal Barracks (later Collins Barracks) to Westland Row railway station. Such scenes were repeated in all of the towns and cities of Ireland: The bands of three other regiments of the garrison led them along the line of route, one of the finest in Europe; and vast crowds accompanied them, vociferously cheering, while from the windows handkerchiefs and scarves were waved, and every token of a ‘God Speed’ displayed. As the regiment took the north side of the long and splendid line of quays for which Dublin is so well celebrated, the bands struck up ‘Old Lang Syne’, which the citizens took as a compliment, as the ‘Blind Half-Hundredth’, as the regiment used to be called, had often shared their hospitality. As they came to the Queen’s Bridge, they played ‘A good time coming’, the bands took up the concluding line of each verse, as the instrumental music died away, and sang it. This vocal repetition was quite in unison with the habits and tastes of the Dubliners, and old Eblana echoed with the shouts of the people. When the regiment arrived at Essex Bridge, it crossed, passing up Parliament Street, where the Exchange steps presented a splendid position for the sight, and from which the cheering and waving of handkerchiefs was most enlivening as the corps turned down Dame Street. When they arrived in College Green, instead of wheeling to the left between the Bank of Ireland and the statue of William III, they kept to the right of ‘King William’ and leaving the university to the left, proceeded up Nassau Street and Leinster Street to Westland Row, affording by the longer route the better opportunity to the people to display their feelings. It also gratified the gownsmen who, at the front of Trinity College, welcomed the soldiery by waving of caps and shillelaghs, and various original demonstrations of good will, retired through the grand entrance into College Park, and climbing the railings, continued their healthy plaudits along the line of Nassau Street, and then penetrating to the rear of the College grounds by the school of Anatomy, met the procession again in Westland Row.’ The Irish in the Crimea This public interest in the regiments departing for the war is perhaps not surprising when one considers the large number of Irishmen who were serving in the British army at this time. Irish soldiers made up around 30–35 per cent of the British army in 1854, and it is estimated that over 30,000 Irish soldiers served in the Crimea. There were some prominent men among them. General Sir George De Lacy Evans, from Moig in County Limerick, and General Sir John Lysaght Pennefather, from County Tipperary, both distinguished themselves at the battles of the Alma and Inkerman. Irish-born soldiers and seamen won 28 Victoria Crosses. Master’s mate Charles Davis Lucas, from Poyntzpass in County Armagh, was awarded the first-ever Victoria Cross for throwing overboard a live shell that landed on the deck of HMS Hecla during a bombardment of the Bomarsund fortress in the Baltic in June 1854. Alongside this Irish involvement in the military, there was a large Irish civilian contingent in the Crimea. In the years following the Napoleonic wars the British government had run down the army medical and supply services. On the outbreak of the war a call was made for volunteers for both the supply service (the Commissariat) and the medical services. Several Irish doctors volunteered to work in the hospitals at Scutari and Balaclava, where Irish nurses and nursing sisters also worked. There was a total lack of Roman Catholic chaplains, and several priests—including two Dublin-based Jesuits, Father William Ronan and Father Patrick Duffy—volunteered to serve in the Crimea. Contemporary illustration of Charles Davis Lucas, from Poyntzpass, County Armagh, throwing overboard a live shell that landed on the deck of HMS Hecla during a bombardment of the Bomarsund fortress in the Baltic in June 1854, for which he was awarded the first-ever Victoria Cross. Irish engineers and navvies also worked on the new roads and the railway in the Crimea. The chief engineers of both the road and railway projects, William Doyne and James Beatty, were Irish. One of the most unusual aspects of this Irish civilian involvement was the participation of members of the Irish Constabulary, who worked as military police with the Mounted Staff Corps and also with the Commissariat Department. In January 1855 a letter written by Sub-Constable Richard Bradshaw from the Irish Constabulary barracks in Kilkenny was published in The Times. In it he described the misery of camp life at Balaclava: The weather, as yet, is not colder than in Ireland, but when a man gets wet to the skin, he has no place to go to but a cold tent; and when he gets up in the morning he must go about collecting wood to boil his breakfast; which consists of green coffee, which must be roasted on the stable shovel, pounded and thrown into the water; that, with some biscuit, is our breakfast; biscuit and salt beef for dinner; and supper same as breakfast. We get two glasses of rum every day, which is chiefly the thing that keeps life in us, but we hope it won’t be always as bad as it is now. If Sevastapol was once taken our condition would be better. Why, if it is not taken, and that the troops have to winter here, history will record another 1812. Some of the Mounted Staff Corps are in excellent health and spirits and we hope, with the Divine assistance, to rub out and return to our native country again. Hundreds of Irishwomen also travelled to the Crimea and their experiences have not been the subject of sustained research. Each regiment allowed a small number of the men’s wives to accompany their husbands to the Crimea. They washed and cooked for the men and, after each battle, helped with the wounded. Indeed, it could be argued that the army wives were used to help redress the deficiencies in the support and medical services. Margaret Kirwin, the wife of Private John Kirwin of the 19th Foot, later described her experiences after landing at Varna: We marched on up to Devna and remained for a fortnight. There I bought a little wash tub, and carried my cooking things in it. This was the whole of my baggage which I carried on my head during the march. I also had a water bottle and a haversack to carry biscuits in. The priest and minister had to carry their own bottles and sacks, like the soldiers. On the march the men kept falling out from the heat and they kept me busy giving them drinks. When we got to Monastne the [washing] duty of No. 5 Company fell to me; there were 101 in it and the clothes were brought by its transport horse. I stood in the midst of the stream from 6 am to 7 pm washing. The Colour Sergeant would not keep account and some men paid and some did not, so that I was left with very little for my trouble. Irish war correspondents The Crimean War was also significant as it was the first conflict to be covered by war correspondents, the most prominent being the Dublin-born William Howard Russell. The war is unique in the history of war-reporting as the correspondents operated without the restrictions imposed by any form of censorship. It was not until late in the war that the military commanders in the Crimea began to censor their despatches, and never again would war correspondents enjoy such freedom. Russell’s reports in The Times often told of the shambolic supply and medical systems and resulted in severe public criticism for Lord Aberdeen’s administration and also the military commanders. In a despatch of September 1854 he wrote: The management is infamous and the contrast offered by our proceedings to the conduct of the French most painful. Could you believe it: the sick have not a bed to lie upon? They are landed and thrown into a rickety hut without a chair or a table in it. The French with their ambulances, excellent commissariat staff and boulangerie etc., in every respect are immeasurably our superiors. While these things go on, Sir George Brown only seems anxious about the men being clean-shaved, their necks well stiffened and waist belts tight. For the first time the public was given regular information about the management—or, in this case, mismanagement—of a war, and Russell’s despatches served to destroy the reputation of the British commander, Lord Raglan, while also playing a part in the fall of Lord Aberdeen’s administration in January 1855. Only a small number of war correspondents worked in the Crimea, and it is interesting to note that there were two other Irishmen among them—Edwin Lawrence Godkin, born at Moyne, Co. Wicklow, and James Carlile McCoan, born in Dunlow, Co. Tyrone. Both Godkin and McCoan wrote for the Daily News. Post-war celebrations In view of this high level of Irish involvement in the Crimea, in both the military and civilian capacities, the intense interest of the Irish public in the war is perhaps less surprising. Many families must have had members in the Crimea serving in some capacity. The work of war correspondents such as William Howard Russell fed this public demand for information, and the large number of Crimean War ballads in Irish collections is a further manifestation of this interest. When the south side of Sevastapol was captured in September 1855 a series of celebrations took place around the country, and these were repeated when an armistice was signed in Paris in February 1856. William Howard Russell, Dublin-born London Times correspondent, photographed in the Crimea by Roger Fenton. Perhaps the most extravagant demonstration of the Irish public’s enthusiasm for the war was the Grand Crimean Banquet held in Dublin in 1856. Over £3600 was raised by public subscription, and 4000 Crimean veterans and 1000 members of the public gathered in Stack A in the Custom House Docks on 22 October 1856 for what must surely have been the largest-ever formal dinner in Ireland. Three tons of hot potatoes were sent in four vans, which pulled up to the hall ‘steaming like locomotives’. The drivers of these vans were ‘literally enveloped in clouds of steam’, much to the delight of the small children who were looking on. A vast amount of food and drink was consumed, including 250 hams, 230 legs of mutton, 500 meat pies, 100 venison pasties, 100 rice puddings, 260 plum puddings, 200 turkeys, 200 geese, 250 joints of beef, 100 capons and chickens, and 2000 two-pound loaves. The Dublin Grand Crimean Banquet, 22 October 1856-5000 soldiers, seamen and guests gathered in a bonded warehouse (Stack A, Customs House docks) to celebrate the end of the war. (Illustrated London News, 8 November 1856) Each soldier was given a quart of porter and a pint of port or sherry. Such a conspicuous display seems incredible when one considers that just ten years previously Ireland was being ravaged by famine. There are also physical reminders of the war in Ireland in the shape of monuments and even Russian trophy guns, such as the cannons on the steps of the courthouse in Tralee, on the pier in Dun Laoghaire and on the Armaghdown Bridge in Newry. Yet despite the public enthusiasm displayed, the Crimean War has been largely overlooked by Irish historians. Usually just remembered for events such as the charge of the Light Brigade and the work of Florence Nightingale, the war was, without doubt, one of the major episodes in Irish history in the mid-nineteenth century. Not only was there a high level of Irish involvement, but the work of the Irish-born correspondents ensured that the public was fully informed of events in the Crimea. While the end of the war was hailed by the government as a great victory, the public was now fully aware of the inadequacies of the army’s commanders and organisation. The majority of the British army’s 21,097 fatal casualties had succumbed to disease, only 4774 being killed in action or dying of their wounds. Irish names feature prominently on the casualty lists, and the Irish public must have come to realise that most of these deaths could have been avoided. Towards the end of the war newspaper reports in Ireland began to sound more war-weary, and it became increasingly obvious that thousands of Irishmen had paid for the army’s lack of organisation with their lives. David Murphy is an editorial assistant with the Dictionary of Irish Biography, Royal Irish Academy. Further reading:	i don't know
When women first got the vote in Britain in 1918, how old did they have to be?	BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Votes for women Votes for women Why did women get the vote? The Suffragettes At the time, the Suffragettes caused a lot of anger and it has been argued that they lost support for the cause. Certainly, women had not been given the vote by 1914, even after a lot of Suffragette violence. However, some historians argue that, although they could not be seen to give in to Suffragette violence, politicians could not face a return to Suffragette violence after the war, and that is why they gave women the vote. The War During the war, women served the nation and did men's work in many ways. When they were given the vote in 1918, almost every person who supported the motion in Parliament said that they deserved it because of their conduct during the war - they had proved that they could go to war' with the men. The problem with this argument is that only women who were householders over the age of 30 (6 million women) got the vote in 1918; women over 21 did not get the vote until 1928. Yet the 1918 Representation of the People Act gave the vote to all men over the age of 21 so the war did not bring women equality. Sylvia Pankhurst In June 1914, she famously took a delegation of working class women to lobby Prime Minister Asquith who did not think that working class women were intelligent enough to have the vote. This proved to Asquith that working class women were intelligent enough to vote. The Suffragists Some historians argue that the long-term persuasion of the Suffragists won the vote. In 1916, Lloyd George, who supported women's suffrage, replaced Asquith as prime minister, and many pro-suffrage MPs who had been young men before 1914 now held influential places in the government. So the women won by patient persuasion, after all. Page:	30
Who in 1961 made the first space flight?	BBC News \| UK \| Women's battle for the vote Friday, February 6, 1998 Published at 08:55 GMT UK Women's battle for the vote Peaceful protests organised by the women's suffrage movement More women MPs than ever before now brighten the benches of the House of Commons. But the days in which women were not even entitled to vote are still within living memory. Women were enfranchised 80 years ago, on February 6, 1918. The Representation of the People Act gave the vote to women over 30 who "occupied premises of a yearly value of not less than �5". But it was not until 1928 that the voting age for women was lowered to 21 in line with men. Suffragettes were often beaten by police The campaign for female suffrage began in earnest in the mid-19th century. They had the support of liberal intellectuals such as John Stuart Mill, who campaigned for women's suffrage in parliament. When Benjamin Disraeli's government introduced the 1867 Reform Bill, supporters of general suffrage hoped the vote might also be extended to women. They argued that by Lord Romilly's Act of 1850 the word "man" applied to women as well. But the extent to which women were held in disdain was clearly indicated by the remark of one MP: if a woman could be brought in under Lord Romilly's Act, he said, so might a cow! The courts upheld the MP's views, ruling that the 1867 Reform Act did not extend to women. In 1897 the various suffragist societies united into one organisation, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, led by Millicent Fawcett. The movement now had more coherence, and more strength. But as bills for female suffrage were brought before Parliament again and again, they were each defeated. Moments before Davison threw herself under the King's horse One of the suffragists, Emmeline Pankhurst, was so frustrated by the continued lack of government action that she founded the more militant Women's Social and Political Union in 1903. At first the tactics were nonviolent. They organised big public demonstrations, and heckled politicians who refused to talk to them. One chained herself to the railings in Downing Street to make a speech, another chained herself to a statue in the lobby of the House of Commons. They were often arrested and taken to prison, where they continued their protests by going on hunger strikes. As parliament continued to defeat consecutive suffrage bills, the "suffragettes" turned to force, and resorted to a policy of violence against property. At organised demonstrations, hundreds of women started breaking windows and burning down buildings in protest at the government's refusal to act. Then on Derby Day in 1913 Emily Davison threw herself in front of King George V's horse and was trampled to death. The Suffragettes had gained a martyr. War breaks out But it was the work done by women during the First World War that finally earned them the vote. Women proved their worth during the war With the men in the trenches, the fabric of life in Britain was transformed. Women began to do work that previously they would have been thought incapable of performing. The Suffragettes saw the war as an opportunity to show what women could do. They suspended militant tactics, and used their organisational strength to mobilise women to do relief work, and fill in the jobs that had been left empty by men on the battlefields. Many employers were surprised by how well women could do men's work, and the experience converted them to the cause of women's suffrage. On February 6, 1918, the Representation of the People Act was passed, giving women over the age of 30 the vote. Later that year another act was passed that allowed women to be elected to the House of Commons. But it was still a long time before women politicians were taken seriously: in the 1920s Winston Churchill blushed at the sight of a woman politician in Parliament. "It was as embarrassing as if she burst into my bathroom when I had nothing on with which to defend myself," he said. �	i don't know
What was the Roman name for Scotland?	BBC - Primary History - Romans - Romans in Scotland Romans in Scotland Why didn't the Romans conquer Scotland? How do we know about Romans in Scotland? Mostly from finds made by archaeologists . For example, in 1905 archaeologists found a Roman fort at Newstead, near Melrose in the Borders. The Romans called this fort Trimontium ('three mountains'). The topmost remains of the fort date from the AD 140s when the Antonine Wall was built. Underneath were the remains of an older fort, probably built around AD 80. Forts protected Roman military roads. Recent finds show that the Romans went as far north as Inverness. However, they did not stay and build towns like they did in Roman Britain (England and Wales). Back to top First outposts Early evidence for the Romans in Scotland is the Gask Ridge. This earth-bank defence in Perthshire dates from around AD 70. It was made before Hadrian's Wall or the Antonine Wall and is further north. The Gask Ridge is about 20 miles (32 km) long. The Romans set up forts and watch towers along it. In AD 79 the Roman general Agricola sent ships to explore the Scottish coast. He was preparing to invade Scotland. To protect their army, the Romans built forts like Trimontium near Melrose. Back to top Scotland's biggest Roman fort Inchtuthil (its Roman name was Victoria) is the biggest Roman fortress in Scotland. On the banks of the River Tay near Blairgowrie, it was built around AD 83 by soldiers of the 20th Legion. More than 5,000 legionaries were based here, to guard the way to the Highlands. The fortress was huge! Its outer wall stretched 7 miles (10 km). Inside were 64 barrack rooms for soldiers, a hospital, and a headquarters building with a shrine to the gods. Inchtuthil fortress was abandoned after only four years. The 20th Legion marched back south. Back to top Battle in the north Roman soldiers fought the Caledonian tribes in Scotland. These tribes included the Picti or 'painted people' as the Romans called them. The biggest battle was in AD 84. The Roman historian Tacitus says it was at Mons Graupius. No one knows exactly where this was, but it was possibly in the Grampian Mountains in the north of Scotland. Led by a chief named Calgacus, the Caledonians had about 30,000 warriors. The Roman army led by Agricola was probably smaller, but the Romans won. Soon after, Agricola went back to Rome. Back to top Why didn't the Romans conquer Scotland? Some experts think the Romans marched as far north as Cawdor, near Inverness. There are remains of a Roman fort here. But the Romans did not stay in the north. In the AD 160s, they abandoned the Antonine Wall, making Hadrian's Wall the northern frontier of Roman Britain. The last big Roman army campaign in Scotland was in 208-210. There are Roman remains (such as bath-houses, roads and forts) in southern and central Scotland. But the Romans never settled the north. Their main concern was to protect Roman Britain from attacks by northern tribes. Such attacks increased in the AD 300s. The Roman army left Britain in AD 410.	Caledonia
What was the first country to issue postage stamps?	Ancient History of Scotland — The Official Gateway to Scotland People have lived in Scotland for over 12,000 years, right back to prehistoric times. The first people People have lived in Scotland since pre-historic times, over 12,000 years ago. Remains of bloodstone tools and nut processing sites have been found on the West coast and isles. These people had a stone age society but gradually the ancient peoples became farmers, deforesting land for crops and keeping domestic animals. Maes Howe, Skara Brae and stone circles In this prehistoric period, people built some of the world's most amazing anicent monuments and tombs. Maes Howe near Stromness on Orkney is a stone built chambered tomb designed so that the sun shines directly down the carefully aligned entrance passageway, flooding the main chamber with light on the winter solstice. Skara Brae, also on Orkney is an ancient stone built settlement with houses connected by covered passages. Dating back to 3200BC, the houses are remarkably civilised with stone beds and seats. Between Skara Brae and Maes Howe is the Ring of Brodgar, a stone circle dating back to 2000BC and similar to Stone Henge. No one is sure what stone circles were used for but they may have been used for astronomical observations and rituals. Celts, Picts and Romans The Iron age took place in Scotland around 700BC and the native population traded and adopted new technologies. The celtic knotwork and decoration which is still admired today began in this period and the celts loved to decorate metal work and wore colourful clothes and jewellery. The Romans called the tribes of the north 'Caledoni' and named their land Caledonia. The Picts, known as the 'painted people' were one of the celtic tribes who inhabited Scotland. Named by the Romans, historians think they painted or tattooed their bodies and carved standing stones some of which can still be seen today. The Picts left little evidence behind but many towns in Scotland still have Pictish names: Pittenweem and Pitlochry to name but two. The tribes in Caledonia resisted Roman invasion and the Romans tried a number of tactics to keep the peace in the north. They built two walls: the Antonine Wall which stretched from the Forth to the Clyde and Hadrian's Wall, both massive undertakings and designed to keep the fierce tribes of Caledonia out of Roman Britain. Looking at history today Many of the anicent monuments, fortifications and burial chambers from Scotland's long history can still be seen today. Combined with the traces of more recent history in castles, statues, battlegrounds and architecture, looking at the history of Scotland is a fascinating perspective for the tourist or amateur historian. With so many thousands of years of human activity available layered one on top of another, there are few places in the world which can compare with Scotland for the breadth of history and the quality of the archaeological evidence.	i don't know
What famous building did John Nash rebuild in 1825?	Who built Buckingham Palace? Who built Buckingham Palace? Origins The history of the site where Buckingham Palace now stands can be traced back to the reign of James I (r.1603-25), who established under royal patronage a plantation of mulberries for the rearing of silkworms in what is now the Buckingham Palace garden. It is clear that when Charles I (r.1625-49) granted the garden to Lord Aston in 1628, a substantial house already existed on the site. The house had a succession of owners and tenants until, in 1698, it was let to the man who was to give the house its name – John Sheffield, later the Duke of Buckingham. Finding the house very dated in appearance, the Duke demolished the building to create the new ‘Buckingham House’. The house stood exactly on the site occupied by Buckingham Palace today. It was designed and built with the assistance of William Talman, Comptroller of the Works to William III, and Captain William Winde, a retired soldier. John Fitch built the main structure by contract for £7,000. At one stage Buckingham House was considered as a potential site for the British Museum, but was eventually turned down on account of ‘the greatness of the sum demanded for it [30,000] [and] the inconvenience of the situation’. The Queen’s House Buckingham House remained the property of the Dukes of Buckingham until 1761, when George III (r.1760-1820) acquired the whole site as a private family residence for his wife, Queen Charlotte, and their children. It came to be known as ‘The Queen’s House’. Sir William Chambers was put in charge of remodelling and modernising the house between 1762 and 1776, at a cost of £73,000. With ceilings designed by Robert Adam and painted by Giovanni Battista Cipriani, The Queen’s rooms on the principal floor were among the most sophisticated of their time. George IV There was a great debate at the start of the 19th century about building an entirely new royal palace, but when George III’s son, George IV (r.1820-30), acceded to the throne, the plan was abandoned. George IV was 60, overweight and in poor health. Having felt very much at home at The Queen’s House during his childhood, the King wanted the existing house to be transformed into his palace. The King put John Nash, Official Architect to the Office of Woods and Forests, in charge of all the work. During the last five years of George IV’s life, Nash enlarged Buckingham House into the imposing U-shaped building which was to become Buckingham Palace. Nash’s design was essentially an enlargement of the plan of Buckingham House. He extended the central block of the building westwards and to the north and south, and the two wings to the east were entirely rebuilt. The wings enclosed a grand forecourt which transformed the aspect of the Palace from St James’s Park. Nash also created a triumphal arch in the centre of the forecourt. The arch formed part of a ceremonial processional approach to the Palace and celebrated Britain’s recent naval and military victories. The Buckingham Palace created by Nash was widely regarded as a masterpiece. It came, however, at a considerable cost. By 1828 Nash had spent £496,169 on the changes to the building. Soon after the death of George IV two years later, the Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, dismissed Nash from his post for over-spending. Lord Duncannon, First Commissioner of Works, took over the task of overseeing the completion of the Palace. Duncannon appointed a new architect in Edward Blore, who extended the east façade at both ends and created a new entrance (the Ambassadors’ Entrance) on the southern side. The furnishing stage had not been reached at Buckingham Palace during George IV’s lifetime. His successor, his brother William IV (r.1830-37), showed no interest in moving from his home at Clarence House, and, when the old Houses of Parliament were destroyed by fire, he offered the still-incomplete Buckingham Palace as a replacement. The offer was respectfully declined, and Parliament voted to allow the ‘completing and perfecting’ of the Palace for royal use. Under Duncannon and Blore’s supervision, the State Rooms were completed between 1833 and 1834. They were furnished with some of the finest objects from Carlton House, George IV’s London home when Prince of Wales, which had been demolished in 1827. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert In February 1845, eight years after ascending the throne, Queen Victoria (r.1837-1901) complained to the Prime Minister, Robert Peel, about the lack of sufficient space in Buckingham Palace for accommodation and entertaining. Edward Blore was therefore instructed to prepare plans for a new wing, enclosing Nash’s forecourt on its eastern side. Brighton Pavilion was sold in 1846, and the proceeds of the sale (£53,000) were used to fund the works. By far the most significant element of Blore’s design was the central balcony on the new main façade, which was incorporated at Prince Albert’s suggestion. From here Queen Victoria saw her troops depart to the Crimean War and welcomed them on their return. In 1852 the architect James Pennethorne completed the Ball and Concert Room and the Ball Supper Room, linked by galleries to Nash’s State Apartments at their southern end. As part of the redevelopment, the triumphal arch (the Marble Arch) was moved to the north-east corner of Hyde Park. The Renaissance-style interiors of the new rooms placed Buckingham Palace in the avant-garde of decoration in England, leading the critic of The Builder to designate the Palace as the ‘Headquarters of Taste’. King Edward VII When the new King Edward VII (r.1901-10) came to the throne, he swiftly set about the complete redecoration of the interior of the Palace. The new white and gold decorative scheme can today be seen in a number of the State Rooms, including the Ballroom. Improvements were also made to the heating, ventilation and electric lighting. King George V and Queen Mary During the reign of King George V (r.1910-36), the decision was taken to reface the front of Buckingham Palace in harder-wearing Portland stone. Completed in 1914, this is the grand façade that overlooks the Mall today. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Under King George VI (r.1936-52) and Queen Elizabeth, very few changes were made to Buckingham Palace, as the outbreak of the Second World War coincided with the first half of the King’s reign. The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh In 1962, on the initiative of The Duke of Edinburgh, a new public exhibition gallery for the Royal Collection, The Queen’s Gallery, was created from the bombed-out ruins of the former Private Chapel. The Queen's Gallery was completely refurbished and expanded in 2002 to mark Her Majesty's Golden Jubilee.	Buckingham Palace
Who was the first American President to resign from office?	John Nash (1752 - 1835) - Genealogy John Nash Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos in East Cowes, Isle of Wight, UK Place of Burial: East Cowes, Isle of Wight, UK Immediate Family: Jan 18 1752 - London Borough of Lambeth Death: Oct 7 1798 - Old Church, Saint Pancras, London, England Wife: brother About John Nash Looking at the time-line for Nash in Ian Sherfield's book on East Cowes Castle it includes: Born 1752, almost certainly in Lambeth 1758/9 Orphaned age 6 on death of father 1775 married to Jane Elizabeth Kerr, Newington, London 1782 Divorce proceedings 1784 stripped of all property but a free man 1798 married Mary Anne Bradley, Hanover Square, London 13 May 1835 dies at East Cowes Castle October 1834 made will naming Mrs Nash, George Henry Ward (of Northwood Park) and James Pennethorne (wife's 'cousin' to whom he'd resigned his London practice 1834) leaving whole of his estate to Mrs Nash. His executors finally managed to settle his debts in 1841 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ http://www.iwbeacon.com/the-genius-of-john-nash.aspx The Genius of John Nash The Cowes Regatta of 1815 was something special. That summer news had reached England of the final fall of Napoleon Bonaparte after the Battle of Waterloo. After 22 years of war people could at last celebrate peace and plan for the future. Of all the parties held at Cowes in that first week of August the greatest was put on at the Gothic mansion of East Cowes Castle, the home of the architect, John Nash. Nash always entertained generously during Cowes Regatta, providing free breakfasts and evening receptions. On this occasion two marquees were erected in the grounds of the house, with two sets of musicians to provide country dancing in one tent and court dancing in the other. As the 63-year-old Nash presided over the merry making he was at the height of his powers. As the favourite of the Prince Regent he was planning modern central London, and had just started on the extraordinary Brighton Pavilion. John Nash was born in Lambeth, London in 1752. He was the third son of a Kentish millwright William Nash, and Anne who came from Wales. When John was just eight his father died, but William seems to have left sufficient funds to ensure his gifted son’s education. For around ten years John Nash trained in architecture with Sir Robert Taylor, from 1769 the “Surveyor of the King’s Works”. In 1778 John’s uncle Thomas died. Thomas had made a fortune from calico printing and left £1,000 to his promising nephew. John tried speculating in property. His investments failed and John Nash was declared bankrupt in 1783. He went to live with his mother in Wales and returned to architecture. His first known completed work was Carmarthen Gaol in 1789-92. He also repaired St David’s Cathedral and built a fine bridge at Aberystwyth. By the mid-1790s he was practising in London. There he formed an vital creative partnership with Humphry Repton, the man said to have coined the phrase “landscape garden”. Together they built highly praised country houses, Nash concentrating on the architecture and Repton on the landscaping. Together their work came to be seen as symbolic of the new “Picturesque Movement”. It is probably through Repton that Nash met his future patron, George, Prince of Wales. Since 1760 Britain had been ruled by the mentally unstable King George III. He had raised his 13 children with miserly, moralistic, iron discipline. As his sons came of age they exploded into lifestyles of profligate scandal. George led the way drinking and gambling himself into oceans of debt. “The Prince of Pleasure” was also an enthusiastic womaniser and it seems likely that for this purpose he came to an arrangement with Nash. In 1798 the 46 year-old Nash mysteriously became very wealthy at the same time as he married the relatively poor but beautiful 24 year-old Mary Anne Bradley. Nash acknowledged no children but Mary Anne acquired five mysterious infants, officially distant relatives with the family name of Pennethorne, born from the time of the marriage up to 1808. They were widely assumed to be among the Prince’s many illegitimate children. East Cowes Castle Nash used his sudden wealth to complete and move into a stunning new London residence and the same year purchased 30 acres of farmland behind the harbour-side warehouses at East Cowes between what is now York Avenue and Old Road. Here he began construction of his personal masterpiece, the extraordinary “East Cowes Castle”, which would grow and change with its restless owner over the next 37 years. The castle boasted “Gothic” battlements, square, round and octagonal towers, pointed doors and windows and round arched conservatories. But the castle was also modern, with a Regency staircase, a Directoire (1790s French) drawing room, and a billiard room in the style of contemporary Sir John Soane. The long picture gallery was lit through a “cylindrical ceiling” and there was eventually a 150 foot conservatory stocked with exotic plants, decorated with statues and fountains. The dining room had curtains of red and gold and a black marble fire place. The drawing room fireplace was in white marble decorated with Egyptian figures. Between 1800 and 1812 Nash designed about twenty more country houses in a stunning variety of styles, Classical, Gothic, Palladian, Tudor or Jacobean; with estate cottages built in the English, Italian and Swiss styles. This brought him funds for an extra floor on the Castle and the purchase of North Heathfield Farm at Whippingham, Hamstead Farm near Shalfleet and in 1806, neighbouring Ningwood Manor. All the time he entertained enthusiastically “…peers and bishops, admirals, politicians, soldiers and lawyers” were invited to the Castle where the entertainment was lavish and generous. One of his guests, Mrs. Arbuthnot, described her host as “a very clever, odd, amusing man… with a face like a monkey’s but civil and good humoured to the greatest degree”. In 1811 Parliament accepted the King’s permanent insanity and made Prince George the “Prince Regent”. One of the first acts of the acting monarch was to ask three architects for the design of the countryside then known as Marylebone Park. The 59 year old Nash’s proposals were unlike anything yet seen, including a summer palace in verdant parkland watered by canalised rivers and lakes, in which white-walled neo-classical terraces, crescents and elegant villas appeared out of the trees; a garden city. The Regent was won over and Nash got the job of designing London from Charing Cross and St James’s Park over two miles north to what would become Regent’s Park. This was the “largest single piece of town planning that London has ever known.” This was a vast task. Nash could not complete all the designs himself so much of the detail was left in the hands of other architects and many of the most ambitious ideas had to be dropped, but enough remains to get an idea of the plan. Essential in its execution was the continuing support of the Regent, who finally succeeded his father as King George IV in 1820. The first step of the project was to capture the River Tyburn and channel it into water features via the Regents Canal, the first part of which opened in 1816. Over the years Nash created many of the terraces and crescents around Regent’s Park, Regent’s Street and the junctions of Piccadilly Circus, Oxford Circus and the layout of Trafalgar Square. A significant stylistic innovation was to cover brick with hard plaster stucco, painted to look like stone. This allowed Nash an inexpensive way to create a variety of rich ornamental effects. Naturally Nash’s huge canvass of innovative works was hugely controversial. In 1824 one of his church buildings, All Souls, at Langham Place, sparked a parliamentary debate. The design mixed a Gothic spire, a classical rotunda and Corinthian columns sporting cherub heads as designed by Michelangelo. Nash was lambasted for creating this “deplorable and horrible object”. In the meantime, in 1815, the Regent commissioned Nash to rebuild his Ocean Pavilion at Brighton. Between 1815 and 1822 the most exotic of all British palaces rose over the fishermen’s cottages in the form of Indian domes, minarets, balconies and pagodas. Here Nash pioneered the use of cast iron frameworks to provide him with the required flexibility of design. This was to be copied by Victorian architects for their ever vaster buildings and remains current in the steel skeletal structure of modern skyscrapers. Just as King George quickly lost interest in his stunning new Royal Pavilion, in 1825 he tired of his residence at Carlton House, calling it “antiquated, rundown, and decrepit”. He decided to rebuild Buckingham House as a new palace. Nash was now set to work demolishing Carlton House to rebuild Carlton House Terrace, (1827-1833) The Royal Mews (1825) the Mall, Marble Arch (originally at the head of the Mall) and the new palace. St James’s Park was converted from “a swampy meadow” into beautiful gardens. However Nash was now 73 and the Buckingham Palace project would prove that he was no longer up to the monumentally complex task that faced him. The palace costs ran wildly over budget and the work literally became bogged down, leading to loud public criticism. In January 1830, after attending a funeral, Nash suffered a stroke. While he was convalescing his patron, King George IV, died. He was succeeded by his brother as William IV (1830-1837). Educated in the navy, William had no time for his brother’s fantastic schemes. In October Nash was dismissed from the palace project on the grounds of profligacy. The palace was completed in 1835 by Edward Blore. Nash returned to East Cowes Castle to live out his last five years in relative retirement. In the summer of 1831 he had a significant visitor. The 12 year old Princess Victoria was brought to stay at nearby Norris Castle. The princess visited East Cowes Castle and in September laid the foundation stone of St James’ Church, the parish church of East Cowes that had been designed by Nash. This visit no doubt inspired her, 14 years later, to purchase the Georgian mansion at Osborne, that lay between the estates of Norris and East Cowes, and convert it into the Italianate palace of Osborne House. Victoria was also the first monarch to occupy Buckingham Palace. Despite all the criticism she happily adopted it and it has remained the principal royal residence ever since. In 1851 the Nash palace was hidden from public view by the new fourth wing facing the Mall. This required the removal of the triumphal arch which was placed at the entrance to Hyde Park as the formal entrance to the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of that year. There it stayed. “Marble Arch” is now marooned on a traffic island. John Nash died at East Cowes on the 13th May 1835 aged 83. He was buried in St James’s Church. To pay his debts almost all his property was sold. His wife and the Pennethorne children went to live at the lodge he had designed at Hamstead. Mrs Nash died in 1851 and the last Pennethorne resident died there in 1923. East Cowes Castle was left a ruin after being occupied by the army in World War II (1939-45). By the 1950s it had lost its roof and in the 1960s it was demolished and the land used for new housing. However one item was saved. The tower clock was rescued and over many years of work at the IW College it was restored by lecturer Ifan Warner and is now in working order at Carisbrooke Castle Museum. Although much of Nash’s Island legacy seems to have disappeared we are lucky to still have The Isle of Wight Club (1811) and the Guildhall (1814) in Newport and Northwood House and the tower of St Mary’s Church in Cowes. Nash’s wider significance is his influence on the history of architecture. John Nash helped define the style of Regency art and architecture that set the model for the great achievements of Victorian architecture the world over. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#	i don't know
For how many years did Louis XIV of France reign?	Louis XIV - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Early Life and Reign of Louis XIV Born on September 5, 1638, to King Louis XIII of France (1601-1643) and his Habsburg queen, Anne of Austria (1601-1666), the future Louis XIV was his parents’ first child after 23 years of marriage; in recognition of this apparent miracle, he was christened Louis-Dieudonné, meaning “gift of God.” A younger brother, Philippe (1640-1701), followed two years later. When the king died on May 14, 1643, 4-year-old Louis inherited the crown of a fractured, unstable and nearly insolvent France. After orchestrating the annulment of Louis XIII’s will, which had appointed a regency council to rule on the young king’s behalf, Anne served as sole regent for her son, assisted by her chief minister and close confidant, the Italian-born Cardinal Jules Mazarin (1602-1661). Did You Know? At the Palace of Versailles, aristocrats were expected to compete for the privilege of watching Louis XIV wake up, eat meals and prepare for bed. During the early years of Louis XIV’s reign, Anne and Mazarin introduced policies that further consolidated the monarchy’s power, angering nobles and members of the legal aristocracy. Beginning in 1648, their discontent erupted into a civil war known as the Fronde, which forced the royal family to flee Paris and instilled a lifelong fear of rebellion in the young king. Mazarin suppressed the revolt in 1653 and by decade’s end had restored internal order and negotiated a peace treaty with Hapsburg Spain, making France a leading European power. The following year, 22-year-old Louis married his first cousin Marie-Thérèse (1638-1683), daughter of King Philip IV of Spain. A diplomatic necessity more than anything else, the union produced six children, of whom only one, Louis (1661-1711), survived to adulthood. (A number of illegitimate offspring resulted from Louis XIV’s affairs with a string of official and unofficial mistresses.) Louis XIV Assumes Control of France After Mazarin’s death in 1661, Louis XIV broke with tradition and astonished his court by declaring that he would rule without a chief minister. He viewed himself as the direct representative of God, endowed with a divine right to wield the absolute power of the monarchy. To illustrate his status, he chose the sun as his emblem and cultivated the image of an omniscient and infallible “Roi-Soleil” (“Sun King”) around whom the entire realm orbited. While some historians question the attribution, Louis is often remembered for the bold and infamous statement “L’État, c’est moi” (“I am the State”). Immediately after assuming control of the government, Louis worked tirelessly to centralize and tighten control of France and its overseas colonies. His finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), implemented reforms that sharply reduced the deficit and fostered the growth of industry, while his war minister, the Marquis de Louvois (1641-1691), expanded and reorganized the French army. Louis also managed to pacify and disempower the historically rebellious nobles, who had fomented no less than 11 civil wars in four decades, by luring them to his court and habituating them to the opulent lifestyle there. The Arts and the Royal Court Under Louis XIV A hard-working and meticulous ruler who oversaw his programs down to the last detail, Louis XIV nevertheless appreciated art, literature, music, theater and sports. He surrounded himself with some of the greatest artistic and intellectual figures of his time, including the playwright Molière (1622-1673), the painter Charles Le Brun (1619-1690) and the composer Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687). He also appointed himself patron of the Académie Française, the body that regulates the French language, and established various institutes for the arts and sciences. To accommodate his retinue of newly devoted nobles (and, perhaps, to distance himself from the population of Paris), Louis built several lavish châteaux that depleted the nation’s coffers while drawing accusations of extravagance. Most famously, he transformed a royal hunting lodge in Versailles, a village 25 miles southwest of the capital, into one of the largest palaces in the world, officially moving his court and government there in 1682. It was against this awe-inspiring backdrop that Louis tamed the nobility and impressed foreign dignitaries, using entertainment, ceremony and a highly codified system of etiquette to assert his supremacy. Versailles’ festive atmosphere dissipated to some extent when Louis came under the influence of the pious and orderly Marquise de Maintenon (1635-1719), who had served as his illegitimate children’s governess; the two wed in a private ceremony approximately one year after the death of Queen Marie-Thérèse in 1683. Louis XIV and Foreign Policy In 1667 Louis XIV launched the War of Devolution (1667-1668), the first in a series of military conflicts that characterized his aggressive approach to foreign policy, by invading the Spanish Netherlands, which he claimed as his wife’s inheritance. Under pressure from the English, Swedish and especially the Dutch, France retreated and returned the region to Spain, gaining only some frontier towns in Flanders. This unsatisfactory outcome led to the Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678), in which France acquired more territory in Flanders as well as the Franche-Compté. Now at the height of his powers and influence, Louis established “chambers of reunion” to annex disputed cities and towns along France’s border through quasi-legal means. France’s position as the dominant power on the continent—coupled with a colonial presence that burgeoned under Louis XIV—was perceived as a threat by other European nations, including England, the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. In the late 1680s, responding to yet another spate of expansionist campaigns by Louis’ armies, they and several smaller countries formed a coalition known as the Grand Alliance. The ensuing war, fought on both hemispheres, lasted from 1688 to 1697; France emerged with most of its territory intact but its resources severely strained. More disastrous for Louis XIV was the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), in which the aging king defended his grandson Philip V’s inheritance of Spain and its empire. The long conflict plunged a famine-ridden France into massive debt, turning public opinion against the crown. Louis XIV and Religion It was not only decades of warfare that weakened both France and its monarch during the latter half of Louis XIV’s reign. In 1685, the devoutly Catholic king revoked the Edict of Nantes, issued by his grandfather Henry IV in 1598, which had granted freedom of worship and other rights to French Protestants (known as Huguenots). With the Edict of Fontainebleau, Louis ordered the destruction of Protestant churches, the closure of Protestant schools and the expulsion of Protestant clergy. Protestants would be barred from assembling and their marriages would be deemed invalid. Baptism and education in the Catholic faith would be required of all children. Roughly 1 million Huguenots lived in France at the time, and many were artisans or other types of skilled workers. Although emigration of Protestants was explicitly forbidden by the Edict of Fontainebleau, scores of people—estimates range from 200,000 to 800,000—fled in the decades that followed, settling in England, Switzerland, Germany and the American colonies, among other places. Louis XIV’s act of religious zeal—advised, some have suggested, by the Marquise de Maintenon—had cost the country a valuable segment of its labor force while drawing the ire of its Protestant neighbors. Death of Louis XIV On September 1, 1715, four days before his 77th birthday, Louis XIV died of gangrene at Versailles. His reign had lasted 72 years, longer than that of any other known European monarch, and left an indelible mark on the culture, history and destiny of France. His 5-year-old grandson succeeded him as Louis XV. Tags	seventy two
In what country was the game of golf invented?	The Reign of Louis XIV in France: Accomplishments & Influence - Video & Lesson Transcript \| Study.com The Reign of Louis XIV in France: Accomplishments & Influence Watch short & fun videos Start Your Free Trial Today An error occurred trying to load this video. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. You must create an account to continue watching Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student Start Your Free Trial To Continue Watching As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. Coming up next: French Expansion Under Louis XIV: Conflicts & Overview You're on a roll. Keep up the good work! Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds 0:07 Louis XIV and France 0:45 Loius's Minority and… 4:40 French Court and Culture 6:03 Lesson Summary Add to Add to Add to Want to watch this again later? Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Custom Courses are courses that you create from Study.com lessons. Use them just like other courses to track progress, access quizzes and exams, and share content. Teachers Organize and share selected lessons with your class. Make planning easier by creating your own custom course. Students Create a new course from any lesson page or your dashboard. From any lesson page: Click "Add to" located below the video player and follow the prompts to name your course and save your lesson. From your dashboard: Click on the "Custom Courses" tab, then click "Create course". Next, go to any lesson page and begin adding lessons. Edit your Custom Course directly from your dashboard. Personalize: Name your Custom Course and add an optional description or learning objective. Organize: Create chapters to group lesson within your course. Remove and reorder chapters and lessons at any time. Share your Custom Course or assign lessons and chapters. Teacher Edition: Share or assign lessons and chapters by clicking the "Teacher" tab on the lesson or chapter page you want to assign. Students' quiz scores and video views will be trackable in your "Teacher" tab. Premium Edition: You can share your Custom Course by copying and pasting the course URL. Only Study.com members will be able to access the entire course. Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days! Instructor: Christopher Sailus Chris has an M.A. in history and taught university and high school history. In this lesson, we explore the reign of Louis XIV in France. Domestically, Louis revolutionized numerous facets of French government and administration over his 72-year reign. Louis XIV and France Discussions over who was America's greatest president can often produce wildly different conclusions. Some might say the first president, George Washington, was best, while others will likely point to Abraham Lincoln. Still, other admirers of 20th-century history might claim it was Franklin Roosevelt, since he saw the country through the Great Depression and World War II. While this lively debate exists in America, there is little discussion as to the greatest - or, at least, the most influential - king of early modern France. Louis XIV, the self-named 'Sun King', who was often referred to as Louis the Great, reigned for over 70 years in 17th- and 18th-century France. Louis' Minority and the Fronde Louis was born to his father, Louis XIII of France, and his mother, Anne of Austria, in September 1638 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. Just a few years later, Louis XIII fell ill and died, and his young son became Louis XIV, King of France, at only four-and-a-half years old. Obviously, Louis could not rule at four, and in his stead, his mother, Anne of Austria, was considered ruler and the King's regent. Despite her official title, practical power in the French government was wielded by Louis XIII's chief advisor, Cardinal Jules Mazarin. Mazarin was also Louis XIV's godfather and in charge of grooming Louis XIV to rule once he was of age, and Mazarin saw to it that the young king received a firm grounding in the arts of history, politics, and statecraft. In addition to aiding Louis' development, Mazarin was forced to contend with a series of rebellions in the late 1640s and early 1650s that became known as the Fronde. Mazarin was intent on centralizing political authority in France in the monarchy, and this largely came at the expense of the provincial parlements and local nobles. The Fronde was largely a reaction to this usurpation of provincial authority. It was a highly confusing episode in French history, with numerous minor and major rebellions breaking out throughout Paris and the countryside, and Mazarin and the French forces often playing a reactionary role. French nobles, like the Princes of Condé and Conti, attempted to subvert Mazarin in Paris through subterfuge and intrigue, only to later raise rebellions in the countryside. The Prince of Condé was actually successful in taking Paris and exiling Mazarin in the summer of 1652, though the Fronde was eventually put down when Henri, Viscount of Turenne, chased the Prince of Condé's troops from Paris to the Spanish Netherlands. Louis XIV reentered Paris in autumn 1652, and in 1653, he recalled Mazarin from exile. Centralization of Authority The Fronde is an important episode in the history of France and the young reign of Louis XIV. Many historians believe it played an important role in Louis' belief in an absolute, divine-right monarchy and a highly centralized bureaucracy. Indeed, no constitutional reform or safeguards against royal authority was achieved by the Fronde - if anything, absolutist monarchical rule returned stronger than ever. Though Louis was now of age, Mazarin still controlled the government for Louis until Mazarin's death in 1661. Upon taking control of the government, Louis began an ambitious series of fiscal and administrative reforms. With France nearly broke after financing several wars at home and abroad, Louis made his trusted advisor, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the Minister of Finances. Ancient taxes owed to the French monarchy, whose collection methods had fallen into disrepair, such as those on salt and land, were exploited by Colbert to enrich Louis and the monarchy. Louis' military and administrative reforms further sapped the nobility of the authority it had traditionally held. Under Louis, the command and appointment system received a makeover. Nobles in France traditionally retained direct control of their own forces - regardless of directives from the central command in Paris - with the senior command in a pan-French effort being given to the oldest or most senior noble. Under Louis, the system of military appointments became more meritocratic, based on the ability of each commander, and the command structure was more readily centralized in the monarchy. Louis sought to further reform France's diverse and myriad legal codes. Consistent with the traditional power of the local nobility, different regions in France had developed their own laws and customs. Throughout the 1660s and 1670s, Louis standardized French jurisprudence, most notably through the grand ordinances, which implemented a single, unified legal code throughout all of France. These were a series of decrees over several years that addressed several legal topics, including a 1667 ordinance on civil proceedings, a 1670 ordinance on criminal proceedings, and a 1673 ordinance on trade. ×	i don't know
How many players in total get down in a normal rugby union scrum?	BBC SPORT \| Rugby Union \| Laws & Equipment \| What is a line-out? What is a line-out? The line-out is another awesome sight in rugby union. It is a way of restarting play after the ball has been knocked or kicked out of play past the touch line. The line-out consists of three to eight players from each side, up to 16 in total, and is taken where the ball went out of play. The aim of each player is simply to get their hands on the ball for their team. So how does it work? The advantage is with the team throwing in. They get the ball because they were not the team who last touched the ball before it went out. They also get to decide how many players will make up the line-out. FORMING A LINE-OUT The eight forwards and the scrum-half are the players who make up the line-out. The most important players are the hooker, the two second rows and scrum-half. They are responsible for getting the ball out to the backs or for the rest of the forwards. That does not mean the other players have nothing to do. Far from it. The line-out must be formed past the five-metre line and no more than 15m in from the touchline, and both teams must have a one metre gap between them. If the referee decides one team has purposely closed the gap, a penalty will be awarded to the other team. LINE-OUT THROWS The hooker is usually the player with the job throwing the ball into a line-out. Their aim is to find the "jumpers", usually the two second rowers. But this is not easy. The other team also want the ball, so they'll be doing all they can to upset the hooker's throw. The hooker gets a call from one of the jumpers or the scrum half, usually in a code no-one except your team understands, on who to aim the throw at. They must stand behind the touch line when they make their throw. And the throw must be deadly straight, otherwise the referee will have the line-out taken again, but this time the opposition get the throw in. RETAKEN THROWS The line-out may look very simple, but it has plenty of laws every player must follow: The ball must be thrown straight All players not in the line-out must be 10m behind the last man in the line No player can use a one of the opposition to use as support when they are jumping No player is allowed to push, charge or hold another player in the line-out No player can be lifted before the ball is thrown No jumper can use the outside of their arm to catch or deflect the ball Depending on how serious the offence is, the referee will either award a penalty or free-kick to the team who did not make the offence.	16
How many players make up a netball team?	Football in Australia \| australia.gov.au Football in Australia Tennis – 'the golden age' of the 1960s–70s and beyond Football in Australia Andrew Johns holding the Trans Tasman Trophy at Aussie Stadium, Sydney, on July 24 2003. Image courtesy of NSWRL. Australians love their 'footy'. Each weekend during the colder months, thousands of Australians descend on football stadiums around the country to support their teams. A serious ritual, this process involves proudly wearing team colours, barracking for favourite players, and engaging in enthusiastic cheering at every opportunity. The country has four major football codes, each represented by a professional league at an elite level: Australian Football League (AFL) National Rugby League (NRL) Football Federation Australia (FFA) Football codes in Australia have traditionally been male sports, but starting in the late twentieth century women began playing from a grassroots level to the highest levels of the game. In each Australian state and territory the word 'football' has a different meaning. For those living in the Northern Territory, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia, football usually refers to Australian Rules Football. In the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, and Queensland, it could mean rugby league or rugby union. The word 'soccer' equates to the game played by the Football Federation Australia for all of Australia. The football code an Australian plays or follows is often dictated by where they live, their cultural heritage, or by the code they were taught at school. But for the players and supporters of all the football codes across Australia, the end of summer is welcomed since it signals the start of the 'footy' season. The season usually stretches from March to September, when fans crowd stadiums in their team colours to cheer and soak up the atmosphere of the game. Australian Football League When it comes to professional football codes some of the most loyal and dedicated fans are those devoted to AFL. Often referred to as 'Aussie Rules', the game originated in Melbourne, devised as a way of keeping cricketers fit in their off season. AFL is now taught in schools and clubs across the country and the code is a significant national sport. The first Australian Rules competition was in 1866. The Victorian Football League (VFL) was established in 1896 and by 1925 there were 12 clubs involved. The line-up remained unchanged until 1987 when Brisbane and West Coast joined what had by then become known as the AFL. By 1997 the competition comprised 16 teams with two each from South Australian and Western Australia, and one each from New South Wales and Queensland. The remaining teams were from Melbourne in Victoria. The AFL is Australia's premier spectator sport attracting millions of people each year. In 2012 over 6.7 million people attended AFL games compared to over 3.6 million for NRL and 1.8 for FFA. Some of the great AFL players have been Ron Barassi, Roy Cazaly, Alex Jesaulenko, and Tony Lockett. Australian Rugby Union The Australian Rugby Football Team of 1907 (The Wallabies). Image courtesy of the National Library of Australia. According to legend, rugby began in 1823 during a game of football at Rugby School, England. William Webb Ellis, having caught the ball, ran with it rather than kicking it as he was required to do. (An ancient game called harpastum, similar to rugby, was introduced to Britain by the Romans in around 400 AD.) From 1840 to 1860 many varieties of football were played, in some cases mixing soccer and rugby. Australia's first rugby club, the Sydney University Football Club, was founded in 1863, and the Southern Rugby Football Union (later called the Australian Rugby Football Union) was founded in 1875. Today's schools remain a major breeding ground for young rugby players, with many moving on to club rugby and some graduating to professional levels. Australian state rugby union teams participate in an annual provincial competition between teams drawn from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, known as Super Rugby. Internationally Australia's rugby union team is known as The Wallabies. Since the late 1990s, The Wallabies have won two World Cup titles (1991 and 1999) and five consecutive Bledisloe Cup titles (1998 to 2002). In October 2003 Australia hosted the Rugby World Cup. This was the first time a host nation defended the World Cup on their home turf, and the first time a Rugby World Cup final was played in Australia. The 2003 Rugby World Cup was the fourth largest sporting event in the world behind the Olympics, Soccer World Cup and the World Athletics Championships. A traditional rugby team has 15 players. In a modernised version of the game – Rugby 7s' – teams field seven players. It is contested at the Commonwealth Games and internationally at the World Sevens Tournament. Australia's international rugby success is notable considering there were only 37,000 senior male players in Australia at the time of the 2003 World Cup, compared to England's 174,000, South Africa's 120,000, and Japan's 100,000. Despite its professional status, the majority of Australia's rugby playing fraternity are amateur players who continue to support and grow the game. At the end of the 2001 season, there were 130,000 registered players in Australia of which only 120 were professional. Australia has a women's club rugby competition and a national women's rugby team, the Wallaroos. The Wallaroos competed in their first Women's World Cup in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 1998, where Australia claimed victory in the Plate Final. Some of the great Australian rugby players have been David Campese, John Eales and Nick Farr-Jones. National Rugby League Rugby League originated in England in the 1890s. Disputes in the early days of the Rugby Football Union over professional and amateur status led to a split and the creation of Rugby League in 1895. A similar separation occurred in Australia in 1907. The rules of Rugby League are different to Rugby Union, the most obvious being 13 players per side rather than 15. Rugby League was first played in Australia in 1907, and has grown to be one of Australia's most popular sports. It is taught in schools and played at club and professional levels. The Australian national competition, known as the National Rugby League, includes 15 teams representing the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria in Australia, and Auckland in New Zealand. The NRL has a strong team membership and support base. Rugby League is also contested internationally. Australia's team is called the Kangaroos. The first Kangaroo Tour, in 1908, was to Britain. The 2013 Rugby League World Cup held in Britain was won by Australia after defeating New Zealand in front of the largest rugby league international attendance in history. Some of the great players in rugby league have been Clive Churchill, Bob Fulton, Wally Lewis, and Mal Meninga. Football Federation Australia (formerly Soccer Australia) The results of a worldwide survey, conducted by the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and published in the spring of 2001, determined that more than 240 million people worldwide regularly play football (soccer). Soccer is now formally known as 'football' in Australia, in line with international usage. Football, men's quarter final, Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, 23 September 2000. Image courtesy of the National Library of Australia. Football (soccer) is taught in schools across Australia, and has an active club and national league. Football (soccer) is recognised by many to be the first sport in Australia to establish a truly national competition. The national A-League showcases the best of Australia's talent in the sport, while many of the country's top football (soccer) stars play in the international leagues such as the English Premier League. Australia's national football (soccer) team, the Socceroos, is becoming better known on the international scene, contesting World Cup qualifying and other international matches. The Australian women's football (soccer) team is called the Matildas. The Matildas compete at the FIFA Women's World Cup and at Olympic Games level. They finished seventh at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games and are considered by the international football (soccer) community to be one of the most improved teams in the sport. Useful links	i don't know
What is the maximum no of match points that can be held at one time in a tennis match at Wimbledon?	Facts and Figures / FAQ - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM Facts and Figures / FAQ Facts and Figures about The Championships. READ MORE Facts and Figures on frequently asked topics about The Championships. Men: 212 - Goran Ivanisevic (CRO) 2001 Ladies: 80 - Serena Williams (USA) 2015 Men: 165 - Ivo Karlovic (from four matches). Ladies: 80 - Serena Williams (from seven matches). Total attendance was 493,928 (for 14 days, includes Middle Sunday of 24,623) (484,391 in 2015) Ball Boys and Ball Girls Around 250 from around 750 entries come through a rigorous training routine. Balls 54,250 used during The Championships period. Stored at 68 deg F. New balls after first seven games (to allow for warm-up), then after every 9 games. Subject to availability after use balls sold daily to LTA-affiliated clubs and to spectators in the grounds. £2.50 per can of three. Proceeds go to LTA's Wimbledon Balls for Schools Scheme. Yellow balls used for first time in 1986. At start of day 48 tins taken onto Centre and No.1 Courts and 24 on all outside courts. BBC is the host broadcaster. Agreement extended in 2011 to 2017 inc. Global news access audience estimated at over 1bn people in 200 territories. Broadcast figures 2016 (early headline audience figures) UK (BBC): The Gentlemen’s Singles Final peaked at 13.3 million with a 69% peak share. The Ladies’ Singles Final audience peak was 4.8m. On the website there were 10.2 million unique browsers and 1.9 million requests for the Wimbledon live stream. The Mixed Doubles Final featuring Heather Watson peaked at 2.8m and the Gentlemen’s Wheelchair Singles Final on BBC2 with Gordon Reid at peaked 1.1m US (ESPN): Most-watched Wimbledon to-date on WatchESPN – up 35% vs. 2015 TSN (Canada): The Gentlemen’s Singles Final featuring Milos Raonic became the most watched tennis match in Canada peaking at 2.4 million Unique devices – 20.9m (21.1m in 2015) Visits – 69.4m (72.0 in 2015) Page views – 395m (542m in 2015) mobile .com uniques: 5.6m (2.1m in 2014) +125% mobile .com visits: 9.6m (8.4m in 2015) +98% mobile .com page views: 88.3m (73.7m in 2015) App downloads: 1.5m .com to apps uniques split: 93% to 7% .com to apps page views split: 51% to 49% Social media audience: 10.5m (8.5m in 2015) Video views: 106m (85m in 2015) Live @ Wimbledon TV: 1.5m (Global excl Spain, Austria, Italy, Germany) (1.6m in 2015) Bespoke social media feeds in Chinese (Sina Weibo and WeChat – 65k followers), WeChat prediction game (55k users) and geo-targeted content posted in Japanese on Facebook and Line. Platform-specific social media activations: Facebook frame and Wimbledon experience, Facebook 360s, #Wimbledon emojis, Beat a Legend vine activation, #TheHill v #TheWorld v #TheQueue, Wimbleskills Euros challenge, Giphy channel, Live @ Wimbledon on YouTube, Pinterest Wimbledon food, Custom Snapchat filters and strawberry lens, Snapchat Wimbledon Live Stories, YouTube 3D of the finals. 39,000 spectators in the grounds at any one time. Catering 2016 Wimbledon is the largest single annual sporting catering operation (1800 staff) carried out in Europe. Average quantities supplied by Championships' caterers FMC. 177,135 glasses of Pimm's 2772 kilos of bananas (for players) Champions' Dinner Instigated in 1977 when the LTA Ball previously held on the final evening of The Championships was moved to the middle Saturday. The tradition of dancing between the two Singles Champions ceased then, but was brought back by Novak Djokovic and Serena Williams in 2015. In 2015, held at the Guildhall, in the City of London. Clothing - players Predominately in white rule introduced in 1963. 'Almost entirely in white rule' introduced in 1995. Clothing submitted to Club for comment earlier in year. Both Grand Slam and WTA rules stipulate recognised tennis attire. Decision on the day as to whether clothing/players' turnout is suitable at discretion of Referee. Guidelines: No solid mass of colouring Little or no dark or bold colours No fluorescent colours Preference for back of shirt to be totally white Preference for shorts and skirts to be totally white All other items of clothing including hats, socks and shoes to be almost entirely white. Centre Court 14,979 seats. Finals matches scheduled to be played on Centre Court: Saturday 9 July 2016: Ladies' Singles, Gentlemen's Doubles, Mixed Doubles Sunday 10 July 2016: Gentlemen's Singles, Ladies' Doubles. Centre Court Roof stats 8 Litres per second of fresh air per person pumped into the bowl to manage the environment 9 Chiller units required to cool the air 10 Minutes (maximum) that the roof takes to close 10 Trusses holding up the roof 16 Metres - height of the roof above the court surface 30 Minutes – maximum time expected before play can start/continue after the roof is closed and the internal environment is controlled and stabilised 43 Miles per hour - wind speed up to which the roof can be deployed/retracted 70 Tonnes - weight of each of the 10 trusses without extra parts 77 Metres - the span of the moving roof trusses (width of football pitch = 68m) 100 Tonnes - weight of each of the 10 trusses with all extras – eg motors, locking arms 100 Percent of the roof's fabric which is recyclable 214 MM per second - maximum speed of truss deployment 1,200 Extra seats installed in 2008 3,000 Tonnes - combined weight (both fixed and moving) of the roof 5,200 Square metres, area of retractable roof when fully deployed 7,500 Wimbledon umbrellas, needed to cover the same area as the retractable roof 15,000 Maximum spectator capacity 143,000 Litres per second – total amount of conditioned air that the air-management system supplies to the bowl 290million Tennis balls – number that could fit in the Centre Court with the roof closed Courts grass (gen) 2015 41 in total. 19 Championships grass courts (Centre + Nos 1-19, less 13) plus 22 grass practice courts in Aorangi Park and at Southlands College. Capacity of 11,393. Play scheduled to start at 1.00pm all days. Courts (dimensions) Centre Ct: Stadium – 110m long x 119m wide x 19m high. Area of grass - 41m x 22m. No.1 Court: Stadium - 121m long x 121 wide x `18 m high. Area of grass as Centre Ct. All lines are 50mm wide, except base lines which are 100mm. Court Covers Centre: New translucent cover in 1998. Weighs 1 ton (wet & dry) and takes 16 people approx 30 seconds to cover the court. Cover allows a greater amount of light to the grass. Air ventilation under the cover is aided by four large fans (two at each end). No.1: New translucent cover in 1999. Weight etc as Centre. No.2 Court takes 8 coverers, all other courts have 6 coverers. 2016: Monday 27 June - Sunday 10 July 2017: Monday 3 July - Sunday 16 July At Club on Friday 24 June 2016, 10.00am Gentlemen's Singles: 128 places (inc 32 seeds, 16 qualifiers, 8 wild cards) Ladies' Singles: 128 (inc 32 seeds, 12 qualifiers, 8 wild cards) Gentlemen's, Ladies' Doubles - 64 pairs, Mixed Doubles – 48 pairs Men: Milos Raonic - 147 mph. Ladies: Serena Williams - 124 mph. Men: 148mph - Taylor Dent – 2010 Women: 129mph - Venus Williams - 2008 Over 50,000 plants supplied each year. Ivy on Centre Court is Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus Tricuspidaca Veitchii. Grass Championships playing height 8mm. Court grass composed of 100% rye grass (changed from 70% rye/30% red fescue in Sept 2000 for better wear and tear properties). Church Road site: 13.5 acres. Plus car parks: 42 acres Hawk Rufus, a Harris Hawk, trained by Wayne and Imogen Davis of Avian Control. Visits the Club most weeks in the year to provide a deterrent to local pigeons by making aware of a predator in the grounds to persuade them to roost elsewhere. Flies for one hour (9.00am) most mornings of The Championships before the gates open. Hawk-Eye Electronic line calling system introduced on Centre and No.1 Cts in 2006. In 2015 covers Centre Court, No.1 Ct, No.2 Ct, No.3 Ct, Court 12, Court 18. Hawk-Eye – Challenges (singles only) 2015 Men made 551 Challenges and 146 were correct, a 26.5% success rate. Ladies made 307 Challenges of which 83 were correct, a 27.04% success rate. The screen is 40 sq metres in size Live @ Wimbledon Enhanced video and radio digital broadcast service blending live tennis with the off-court colour allowing fans a greater interaction and engagement via www.wimbledon.com . Video service live in the UK, the Americas, India, Australia, New Zealand, and available on Wimbledon.com and mobile applications. 7 hours live broadcasting day with pre-packaged content such as previews and reviews, match highlights and archive footage. For radio listeners, the Live @ Wimbledon radio service offers an enhanced and improved version of the popular Radio Wimbledon. Available worldwide online, and on 3 local FM channels, there are three radio channels for the user to choose from: Around the Grounds, bringing the whole event to life, Centre Court, which will feature ball-by-ball commentary from Centre Court, and No.1 Court, which will feature ball-by-ball commentary from No.1 Court. 2010, Court 18, played over 3 days John Isner (USA) bt Nicolas Mahut (FRA) 6-4, 3-6, 6-7 (7), 7-6 (3), 70-68 11 hours 05 minutes duration Final set lasted 491 minutes (8hrs11mins), 1hr 38mins longer than the previous longest match in tennis history 980 points played in total – Mahut won 502 and Isner 478 of them (Serena Williams won 789 points over seven rounds to win the Ladies' Singles) Isner served the most aces in a match – 113 123 balls used 3,250 media accredited (600 press, 2,450 broadcast personnel, 200 photographers and photographic support staff). Membership of Club Four categories: Full, Life, Honorary and Temporary. Full and Life Membership limited to 375 (the number of seats in the old Worple Road stand). All enjoy full privileges. Hon members elected by the Committee and mostly past singles champions and other people who have given special service to the sport. Around 120 Temp members also elected by the Ctee. Renewed annually. To become a member must be proposed seconded and supported by 4 existing Full Members, all of whom are required to write in support of the application. Waiting list of about 1000 dating back many years. Singles Champions: £2m. Total: £28.1m. Mon 20 - Thurs 23 June 2016 Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Queue and General Security The 2015 Queue does not start until 8:00am on Sunday 28 June. £5.00 fee (proceeds donated to charity) to be levied on storage of camping kit. Ground entry security procedures will be at an appropriately high level. On-day sales queue in Wimbledon Park leading to off-site search/scanning operation. All ticket holders searched on entry. Only one bag per ticket holder allowed. No larger than 16x12x12ins (40x30x30cm). No hard-sided hampers, cool-boxes or brief cases allowed into the grounds. No Left Luggage facilities inside the grounds. Racket Stringing Championships stringing team string on average over 2,000 rackets comprising 60% for men, 40% for women. In total this adds up to over 40 miles of string. Roof (Centre Court) Completed in 2009. Main works commenced after 2006 Championships as part of wholesale improvements to the east side of Centre Court. No roof in 2007. New fixed roof in 2008, retractable part in 2009. Royal Box Contains 74 dark green Lloyd Loom wicker chairs. The Queen attended in 1957, 1962, 1977, 2010. To be announced on Wednesday 22 June 2016, around 10.00am. MEN The seeds are the top 32 players on the ATP Ranking list, BUT then rearranged on a surface-based system. Since 2002 a seeding committee has not been required for the Gentlemen's Singles following an agreement made with the ATP. The seeding order is determined using an objective and transparent system to reflect more accurately an individual player's grass court achievements. The formula is: Take the ATP Ranking points at 20 June 2016. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournament in past 12 months. Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in 12 months before that. LADIES The seeding order follows the WTA ranking list, except where in the opinion of the comittee, a change is necessary to produce a balanced draw. Umpires, Chair and Line: 375 Usually Grade I Kent strawberries of the highest quality Around 28,000 kg consumed during the Fortnight. Around 8615 punnets (2100 kg) containing minimum of 10 berries consumed daily, Served with over 7,000 litres of fresh cream. 142,000 portions of strawberries served in 2012. To ensure utmost freshness, strawberries are picked the day before being served, arrive at Wimbledon at around 5.30a.m where inspected before being hulled. Price of strawberries & cream for punnet of not less than 10 berries + cream:- 1993 - £1.70; 1994 - £1.70; 1995 - £1.75; 1996 - £1.80; 1997 - £1.85; 1998 - £1.85; 1999 - £1.75; 2000 - £1.80; 2001 - £1.85: 2002 - £1.95; 2003 - £2.00; 2004 - £2.00; 2005 – £2.00; 2006-£2.00; 2007-£2.00; 2008-£2.25; 2009- £2.25; 2010 - £2.50; 2011- £2.50: 2012-£2.50, 2013-£2.50, 2014- £2.50. Tickets (resales) Used/unwanted tickets recycled via collection from red boxes or bar code scan. Re-sold to people in the grounds. Priced £10 for Centre Court and No.1 Court, £5 for No.2 Court. Since 1954, money raised from returned tickets has been donated to charity. Total net income in 2015 was £159,311 HSBC match means the total funds available for charitable donation via the Wimbledon Foundation was £318,622 Grounds open at 10:30am. Start on Courts 2-19 scheduled for 11:30 daily Start on Centre and No.1 Court scheduled for 1.00pm daily except for the Men's and Ladies' Finals at 2.00pm. Close of play: Approx 9.00pm depending on weather, light and matches state. Men's Singles – Challenge Cup (since 1887). Ladies' Singles – Ladies' Singles Plate (since 1886) 350 on duty comprising mostly British plus 60 from overseas. British are members of Association of British Tennis Officials. Weather Championships recorded as being without rain interruptions since 1922: 1931, 1976, 1977, 1993, 1995, 2009, 2010. Wild cards Announced w/c Monday 13 June 2016. Awarded at discretion of Championships Committee. Usually to British players nominated by LTA or special circumstances (eg Goran Ivanisevic in 2001 or a recent Champion whose ranking has fallen through injury). Eight available in both Men's & Ladies' Singles.	six
In what year was the first World Snooker Championship held?	TENNIS: Federer erases 2-set hole, 3 match points at Wimbledon - The Courier TENNIS: Federer erases 2-set hole, 3 match points at Wimbledon Howard Fendrich, AP Sports Writer Published 10:45 am, Wednesday, July 6, 2016 LONDON — The match, and Roger Federer’s bid for a record eighth Wimbledon championship, essentially should have been over after a little more than 1½ hours Wednesday. Already trailing two sets to none, he was down love-40 while serving at 3-all in the third. Once that problem was solved, his quarterfinal against Marin Cilic really could have concluded 45 minutes later, when Federer faced a match point at 5-4 in the fourth. Or 10 minutes and two games later, when Cilic again was a point from winning. Or another 10 minutes after that, when Cilic held a third match point. Through it all, Federer, a month shy of his 35th birthday, would not go away. And Cilic, who beat Federer in straight sets en route to the 2014 U.S. Open title, could not close the deal. Saving that trio of match points, Federer eventually emerged with a don’t-look-away-or-you’ll-miss-something 6-7 (4), 4-6, 6-3, 7-6 (9), 6-3 victory over Cilic to reach his 11th semifinal at the All England Club. “I fought, I tried, I believed,” Federer said after his 10th career comeback from a two-set hole, equaling the most on record. “At the end, I got it done.” Indeed, he did. When he capped his escape with a pair of aces at 126 mph and 115 mph, the third-seeded Federer thrust both arms overhead and violently wagged his right index finger. He’s no longer ranked No. 1. He hasn’t won a Grand Slam trophy since 2012. He dealt with knee surgery and a bad back this season, the first since 2000 that he arrived at Wimbledon without a title. He sat out the French Open, the first major he missed since 1999, raising doubts about his readiness for Wimbledon. “To test the body, to be out there again fighting, being in a physical battle — and winning it — is an unbelievable feeling,” said Federer, who could become the oldest man to win a major since Ken Rosewall did it at 37 at the 1972 Australian Open. “Yeah, I mean, it was an emotional win.” On Friday, Federer faces No. 6 Milos Raonic, a 6-4, 7-5, 5-7, 6-4 winner against No. 28 Sam Querrey, the man who surprised No. 1 Novak Djokovic in the third round. Raonic, beaten by Federer in the 2014 Wimbledon semifinals, declared: “I’m happy that I have another shot at him.” On the other half of the draw, No. 2 Andy Murray, the 2013 champion, barely avoided the same fate as Cilic and held off No. 12 Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 7-6 (10), 6-1, 3-6, 4-6, 6-1. Murray’s seventh Wimbledon semifinal will come against No. 10 Tomas Berdych, who eliminated No. 32 Lucas Pouille 7-6 (4), 6-3, 6-2. It’ll be tough for any remaining match to achieve the intensity of Federer vs. Cilic. Both served supremely well for stretches. Federer led in aces, 27-23, was broken only once, and in the last two sets, altered his stance on returns to get a better read on the ninth-seeded Cilic’s speedy serves. There was a lot of quick-strike tennis, yes, but still room for lengthy, engaging points. There were rare signs of frustration from Federer, who swatted a ball angrily after one fault, then gave a line judge a talking-to about a call. Most memorable, though, were Cilic’s wasted opportunities, starting at 3-3 in the third set. “That switched, a little bit, the momentum,” conceded Cilic, who was 52-0 at majors after taking the first two sets. He earned three break points by smacking a forehand passing winner. On the first, looking tight, Cilic netted a backhand. On the second, he sent a forehand long, and Federer let out a guttural yell. On the third, Cilic’s backhand return went wide, and Federer shouted again. Federer took the next two points to hold, and at the ensuing changeover, fans chanted: “Let’s go, Roger! Let’s go!” Seemingly all 15,000 or so spectators at Centre Court willed Federer on, rising to their feet and roaring louder with each game — and, sometimes, each point — that went their man’s way. “Roger is very liked everywhere, especially here. ... But it didn’t bother me,” Cilic said. “Obviously, in some situations, it can help him.” In the next game, Cilic double-faulted to let Federer break for the first time, and soon the 17-time major champion was shaking his right fist, celebrating. Finally, a set belonged to him. Plenty of work remained: those match points in the fourth set, all on Federer’s serve. At 30-40 in the 10th game, a gutsy 104 mph second serve drew a long forehand return from Cilic. At 30-40 in the 12th game, Federer conjured up a 120 mph ace. And at 7-6 in the ensuing tiebreaker, Federer again didn’t hold back on a second serve, this one at 108 mph, and Cilic flubbed a forehand return, this one into the net. Five minutes later, Federer converted his fifth set point of the tiebreaker, when Cilic’s forehand found the net. Suddenly, everything was even at two sets apiece, and while Cilic is 7 years younger, it was Federer who thrived as the match moved past the 3-hour mark, grabbing the last three games. “This is a big one,” Federer said. “Probably not the biggest, but a big one.”	i don't know
In the novel 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea what was the name of the captain of the submarine Nautilus?	Welcome to the World of Total Immersion Nuclear Power system/ Steam power system/Mechanical drive parts Fresh water system/waste water systems/Bilge pumps Rudder/dive planes - controls and mechanical parts - and much more Many interior and exterior photos of the 1954 movie Nautilus are included for use in creating the correct color finishes, textures, and details. As a straight display, model construction is easy requiring only a few hand tools and glue. For model builders interested in the challenge of building the ultimate interior model of the Nautilus, this kit offers all the basic information. Includes Full sized plans. Kit offers the only complete detailed compartment interior drawings of the Nautilus ever produced for the modeler. Note: The still set photos are NOT movie stills - they are actual set photos taken before the film was shot. No submarine-boat over the years has been so famous as the first iron submarine boat NAUTILUS, built and captioned by Captain Nemo from his secret isolated island base Volcania. This kit offers the only complete detailed compartment interior drawings of the Nautilus ever produced for the modeler. Now Available. A fully assembled and primed Nautilus Victorian Age submarine designed by Harper Goff. The model offered, developed and built by Lee Seiler, with thanks to Tom Sherman, long time friend and contributor to the acrylic master model, includes exclusive hull Rusting kit. Nautilus Models are built to order only. The Nautilus with display stand is priced at $380.00 plus $40 shipping and insurance anywhere in the USA. Outside the US Postal system, please ask for a quote. Add Fiber Optic lighting effects! Order directly from: Now available: Expedition from the Nautilus No scale model of Harper Goff s Disney Nautilus would be complete without a crew. Now available in 1:72 scale as cast resin figures. These figures are complete with "The free diving suits" (self contained) and shipboard uniforms. Originals carved and cast by hand. Figures are ready to paint and mount or can be further detailed to suite. Color painting key included. NOW Available: Captain Nemo leads Underwater expedition $25 + S/H (1 ea. Nemo and 8 crew figures) Available Soon First mate and 8 crew $25 + S/H (1 ea. First mate and 8 crew) Adventurers (Ned Land, Prof Aronnax and Conseil) $18 + S/H Also:"Nautilus display stand" scaled to fit the submarine. (1 of 2 model supports shown. The base consists of 2 of the above holders). These are supplied with the assembled version of the ship. Price: $25 plus shipping and insurance Read a collection of testimonials from Nautilus owners! You may also purchase the Nautilus as a fully completed model. The assembled Nautilus with display stand is priced at $500.00, which includes shipping and insurance anywhere in the USA. Outside the US Postal system, please ask for a quote.	Captain Nemo
In the series of children's Noddy books, what is the name of the policeman?	Nautilus - "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" Nautilus - "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" On the NAUTILUS men's hearts never fail them. No defects to be afraid of, for the double shell is as firm as iron, no rigging to attend to, no sails for the wind to carry away; no boilers to burst, no fire to fear, for the vessel is made of iron, not of wood; no cove to run short, for electricity is the only power; no collision to fear, for it alone swims in deep water; no tempest to brave, for when it dives below the water, it reaches absolute tranquility. That is the perfection of vessels. JULES VERNE TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA, 1869 As an inspiration to the submarine pioneers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, no other literary figure loomed as large as Jules Verne, the "father of science-fiction" and the author in 1870 of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. Verne's plot in Twenty Thousand Leagues is relatively simple and serves largely as a framework for describing both the wonders of the underwater world and the technologies needed to realize the author's prophetic vision of undersea travel and exploration. Captain Nemo relates [in CHAPTER XII. SOME FIGURES.] that the Nautilus "... is an elongated cylinder with conical ends. It is very like a cigar in shape, a shape already adopted in London in several constructions of the same sort. The length of this cyhnder, from stem to stern, is exactly 232 feet, and its maximum breadth is twenty-six feet. It is not built quite like your long-voyage steamers, but its lines are sufficiently long, and its curves prolonged enough, to allow the water to slide off easily, and oppose no obstacle to its passage. These two dimensions enable you to obtain by a simple calculation the surface and cubic contents of the Nautilus. Its area measures 6032 feet; and its contents about 1500 cubic yards; that is to say, when completely immersed it displaces 50,000 feet of water, or weighs 1500 tons. "The Nautilus is composed of two hulls, one inside, the other outside, joined by T-shaped irons, which render it very strong. Indeed, owing to this cellular arrangement it resists like a block, as if it were solid. Its sides cannot yield; it coheres spontaneously, and not by the closeness of its rivets; and the homogeneity of its construction, due to the perfect union of the materials, enables it to defy the roughest seas. "These two hulls are composed of steel plates, whose density is from .1 to .8 that of water. The first is not less than two inches and a half thick, and weighs 394 tons. The second envelope, the keel, twenty inches high and ten thick, weighs alone sixty-two tons. Theengine, the ballast, the several accessories and apparatus appendages, the partitions and bulkheads, weigh 961.62 tons." The anterior part of this submarine boat starting from the ship's head: the dining-room, five yards long, separated from the library by a water-tight partition; the library, five yards long; the large drawing-room, ten yards long, separated from the captain's room by a second watertight partition; the said room, five yards in length; mine, two and a half yards; and lastly, a reservoir of air, seven and a half yards, that extended to the bows. Total length thirty-five yards, or one hundred and five feet. The partitions had doors that were shut hermetically by means of india-rubber instruments, and they insured the safety of the Nautilus in case of a leak. A door opened into a kitchen nine feet long, situated between the large store-rooms. There electricity, better than gas itself, did all the cooking. The streams under the furnaces gave out to the sponges of platina a heat which was regularly kept up and distributed. They also heated a distilling apparatus, which, by evaporation, furnished excellent drinkable water. Near this kitchen was a bath-room comfortably furnished, with hot and cold water taps. Next to the kitchen was the berth-room of the vessel, sixteen feet long. At the bottom was a fourth partition, that separated this office from the engine-room. The engine-room, clearly lighted, did not measure less than sixty-five feet in length. It was divided into two parts; the first contained the materials for producing electricity, and the second the machinery that connected it with the screw. Loosely based on the celebrated novel by Jules Verne, the swashbuckler genre bumped into science fiction in 1954 for one of Hollywood's great entertainments. The Jules Verne story of adventure under the sea was Walt Disney's magnificent debut into live-action films. Kirk Douglas, Paul Lukas, and Peter Lorre star as shipwrecked survivors taken captive by the mysterious Captain Nemo, brilliantly portrayed by James Mason. Wavering between genius and madness, Nemo has launched a deadly crusade across the seven seas. But can the captive crew expose his evil plan before he destroys the world? Disney's brilliant Academy Award-winning (1955, Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects) adaptation of Jules Verne's gripping tale makes 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea a truly mesmerizing masterpiece. The art designs -- particularly those for the Nautilus -- are justly celebrated. At the time of its release, LEAGUES was the single most expensive motion picture ever made (ironically it would loose that dubious distinction later that same year to yet another film featuring James Mason: A STAR IS BORN), and every penny of the money spent shows in the onscreen result. But for all its beauty, it is the performances which make the film work. The interior arrangement of the famous submarine Nautilus from Disney's "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" has long been a subject for speculation. Scale models of this submarine consistently place it as being 178 feet long. Verne provides a rather exact description of the Nautilus, which is less imposing in configuration, though rather larger [70 meters, 227.5 feet] than Disney depicted. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Biograph, 1905) The 1905 silent version was the first time the novel was made into a film, an 18 minute short film by Wallace McCutcheon. [Admiral McCutcheon was a fictional character in the 1997 television remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]. Wallace McCutcheon, previously a stage director, was taken on by American Biograph in the spring of 1897, subsequently directing hundreds of short films. In 1903, Biograph released two McCutcheon films, The Pioneers and Kit Carson, both wild-west action stories. These films were the first true movie Westerns. In May 1905 McCutcheon was lured away from Biograph by Thomas Edison, and McCutcheon, one of American cinema's true pioneers, simply disappears from the historical record after 1910. 20000 lieues sous les mers (1907) The 1907 silent version of Jules Vernes' 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was the second time the novel was made into a film, this time an 18 minute short film by Georges Melies, the special-effects pioneer. Melies made over 500 films, but his most famous was A Trip to the Moon made in 1902. There is a submarine, but Nemo is absent from this film, as are any of the plot elements and dramatic conventions of Verne's story. 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea (1916) The third time the novel 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea was made into a film, it was the first time it was made as a full feature film and not a short film. The 1916 silent version of Jules Vernes' 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was "sold" on the basis of its advanced underwater photography, the handiwork of the legendary Williamson Brothers. This production, financed by Universal, would require location photography, large sets, exotic costumes, sailing ships, and a full-size navigable mock-up of the surfaced submarine Nautilus. The film's storyline combines elements from both 20,000 Leagues and another Verne novel, Mysterious Island. The cost of this film was so astronomical that it could not possibly post a profit, putting the kibosh on any subsequent Verne adaptations for the next 12 years. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1936). This production by Irving Thalberg was unfinished. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Paramount, 1952-53) Production unfinished. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Walt Disney Productions, 1954) Classic screen adaptation of Jules Verne's early vision of submarine warfare. James Mason is the mad Captain Nemo, who takes on the warmongering imperialist countries with his submarine Nautilus. Also stars Kirk Douglas and Peter Lorre. This Oscar winner (for special effects and set decoration) is a remake of a 1916 silent film. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Television - "Festival of Family Classics", 1972) T.V.-Video, Animated Cartoon Inc., 30 minutes. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Television - "Famous Classic Tales", 1973) Australia Broadcasting Commision, Sydney, Animated Cartoon, 60 minutes The Return of Captain Nemo / The Amazing Captain Nemo (CBS-TV/Warner Brothers TV, 1978) Typical 1970's lightweight pseudo-science-fictional fare, this movie was the pilot for a very brief action series. Modern-day US Navy scientists discover the legendary Nemo (an apparently underemployed Jose Ferrer) in suspended animation aboard his Nautilus at the bottom of the ocean. The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) The heroes of 1899 are brought to life with the help of some expensive special effects in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. From the pages of Victorian literature come Dr. Jekyll (and his alter ego Mr. Hyde), Dorian Gray, Tom Sawyer, an Invisible Man, Mina Harker (from Dracula), the hunter Allan Quatermain (Sean Connery), and Captain Nemo. Naseeruddin Shah as Captain Nemo returns Nemo to his original characterization by Verne as a Sikh. Shah's Nemo was a welcome variation to previous Nemos, providing a sense of command, control and honor in comparison to those others. Some of the special effects are very good, such as the bizarre image of the Nautilus sailing the canals of Venice. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (2012 ?) David Fincher who was busy filming "The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo", is also attached to 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. He said he wanted it be like a "Gigantic steampunk science fiction movie from 1873." Writer Randall Wallace (Braveheart, SECRETARIAT) said "They were developing it ... in a way that had more heart and a more realistic lucidness than what we would think of as the normal fantasy fare." The project was previously titled Captain Nemo: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, and was setup with a script by Bill Marsilli's (Deja Vu), with rewrites by geek screenwriter Justin Marks (Masters of the Universe, Super Max) and Randall Wallace (Braveheart). 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (2012 ?) Fox is prepping its own version of the classic Jules Verne tale with an equally pedigreed filmmaking team. Producers Ridley and Tony Scott and their Scott Free Prods. are developing a "Leagues" project for the studio with a script by "Clash of the Titans" co-writer Travis Beacham. NEWSLETTER	i don't know
To what animal was Robert Burns referring in his poem with the lines Wee, sleekit, cow'rin, tim'rous beastie?	'wee sleekit cowrin timrous beastie' print by eat haggis \| notonthehighstreet.com save for later A deep green print with a classic Scottish phrase in white. A line from the Scottish bard Robert Burns' famous poem "To a Mouse" print in crisp white on a rich green tartan background. Through this poem Burn's explores ideas of natural disaster and the vulnerability of all Earth's creatures. Burns was an early advocate against cruelty to animals and those who derived pleasure from causign such pain received the wrath of his pen on many occasions. The EAT HAGGIS AND CEILIDH ON slogan is a trademark of Allistair J Burt. All rights Reserved Large print is a limited signed edition of 200 Availiable in two sizes, standard and wee. made from: Unframed digital archival art print on Somerset Velvet 330gsm paper. This is an extremely high quality art print produced at the Glasgow Print Studio. dimensions: Standard size 40cm x 30cm, wee size 24cm x 18cm product code:	Mouse
Which French artist, born in 1834 was best known for his paintings of ballet dancers?	May 10, 2011 Unit of Study Of Mice and Men: Developing Empathy for Individuals Who �Aint Got Nobody in the Worl� That Gives a Hoot in Hell About �Em� Within the various genres included in Young Adult Literature, several fictitious novels have had a positive impact on adolescent readers and the realistic expectations that individuals must possess in order to learn and grow. Specifically, throughout the genre of Contemporary Realistic Fiction, problem novels aim to expose young adult audiences to the constructive and adverse aspects of life. This, as illustrated in John Steinbeck�s Of Mice and Men, often results in a significant acknowledgement of reality and more genuine acceptance for diversity. As a short, yet complex novella, Of Mice and Men introduces adolescent readers to a remarkable, realistic cast of characters within stories and hardships of the lives of real people. John Steinbeck�s characters are migrant workers and farmers that each have a simple, but significant tale to tell. The stories throughout Of Mice and Men not only educate students of the lives of the individuals who strive to live off the land, but demonstrate the struggles of many. Although the themes in Steinbeck�s novella are quite apparent, Of Mice and Men is distinguished in that the story requires extensive understanding with regard to the novel�s setting, particularly the time period, and the day-to-day lives of the migrant laborers. Of Mice and Men offers students slices of history and culture differences while also entertaining the readers with a tale filled with love and pain. Note to Teachers Within this Unit of Study, I have provided unique activities, resources, and assignments to assist in teaching John Steinbeck�s Of Mice and Men. I chose to base my lesson plan around five themes within the six sections of the novella: Plans, Femininity, Prejudice, Isolation, and Friendship. In addition, I have included some helpful tips on how to launch and extend the unit. This lesson plan can be implemented over a nine-day period. Day 1: Launching the Unit Prior to having students read Of Mice and Men, furtively introduce the significant aspects of the storyline. To do this, administer the Anticipation Survey to your students: Directions: In the answer column, use the rating scale below to respond to each of the following statements: 1. The most important purpose in life is to strive for, and eventually reach, our goals and dreams. 2. Mentally impaired individuals are worthless and cannot function in the �real� world. 3. It is unnatural for individuals to have an attachment to, or feelings for, an animal. 4. Individuals who are strong always know their strength and how much they can hurt others. 5. Having friends fulfills our basic needs as humans. 6. Killing another human being is intolerable, no matter the circumstances. 5 4 3 2 1 strongly agree agree unsure disagree strongly disagree Divide students into groups of five to share their responses and discuss specific reasons and examples that support their opinions. Instruct the students to keep this Anticipation Survey, as the class will be referring back to their responses toward the end of the unit, after completing the assigned reading. Homework: Instruct your students to choose a statement from the Anticipation Survey that stood out to them. In a one-two page paper, students should recap their in-class, peer discussion and apply examples, evidence, and reasons for their particular interest in their chosen statement. Day 2: Launching the Unit Continued To introduce the five significant themes that are incorporated throughout this lesson plan, administer the Of Mice and Men Theme Crossword Puzzle to your students. By providing detailed quotations from the novel as hints, students should be able to solve the puzzle. Directions: Using the provided quotations from Of Mice and Men, identify five of the novel�s significant themes. You may use your book for assistance. ACROSS DOWN 2. �Want me ta tell ya what�ll happen. They�ll 1. �Know what I think?� George did not answer. take ya to the booby hatch. They�ll tie ya up �Well I think Curley�s married�a tart�� (28). with a collar, like a dog� (72). 3. �Because I got you an�� 4. �We�ll have a big vegetable patch and a �An� I got you. We got each other, that�s rabbit hutch and chickens. And when it rains what, that gives a hoot in hell about us� (104). in the winter, we�ll just say the hell with goin� to work, and we�ll build up a fire in the stove and set around it an� listen to the rain comin� down on the roof� (14-15). 5. �Only Lennie was in the barn, and Lennie sat in the hay beside a packing case under a manger in the end of the barn that had not been filled with hay� (84-85). Review the answers to the Of Mice and Men Crossword Puzzle. Homework: Instruct your students to read Section One from Of Mice and Men (pages 1-16). Additionally, in a one-page response, students should identify the theme that appears most prominent throughout this section. Suggest using quotations and examples from the specific section that support the students� arguments. Day 3: Section One – Plans After introducing the most prominent theme throughout Section One in Of Mice and Men, ask students to share passages from the novel that indicate the presence of the theme of Plans. To further emphasize the significance of goals and future plans during the time period of the novel, play Journey�s �Don�t Stop Believing� for your class. In addition, pass out the lyrics to the song for the students to follow along. �Don�t Stop Believing� Just a small town girl, livin' in a lonely world She took the midnight train goin' anywhere Just a city boy, born and raised in south Detroit He took the midnight train goin' anywhere A singer in a smokey room A smell of wine and cheap perfume For a smile they can share the night It goes on and on and on and on Strangers waiting, up and down the boulevard Their shadows searching in the night Streetlights people, living just to find emotion Hiding, somewhere in the night. Working hard to get my fill, Everybody wants a thrill Payin' anything to roll the dice, Just one more time Some will win, some will lose Some were born to sing the blues Oh, the movie never ends, It goes on and on and on and on Hold on to the feelin' Streetlights people Ask your students to verse a stanza from the song and compare and contrast its meaning/message to the goals and future plans illustrated in Section One. Review the following questions with your students to assist in helping to prompt their writing: 1. Does the verse illustrate a positive or negative message about future planning? Is the message similar to Lennie and George�s goals? 2. What inspirational words does the verse include that are similar to/different from the words incorporated in Section One? 3. Examine the lines used in the verse. Out of the two characters introduced in Section One, who would be more likely to express their ambitions similar to the lyrics, Lennie or George? Why? Homework: Instruct your students to read Section Two from Of Mice and Men (pages 17-37). Additionally, in a one-page response, students should identify the theme that appears most prominent throughout this section. Suggest using quotations and examples from the specific section that support the students� arguments. Day 4: Section Two – Femininity After introducing the most prominent theme throughout Section Two in Of Mice and Men, ask students to share passages from the novel that indicate the presence of the theme of Femininity. To clarify the role of women during the 1930s, have students fill out the Note Taking and Summarizing Chart below: Directions: To help you understand the events that occurred surrounding femininity in Section Two, use the sample chart below to assist in filling out your own chart. You may use your book for assistance. QUESTION In this space, write the names of the newly introduced characters in Section Two. Also, where and when are the events in this section taking place? Next, write down questions you may have about the storyline, the characters, or events that occurred. PREDICT In this space, write down your prediction for what you think will happen with Curley�s wife in the story. Will she play a large role? CONNECT Here, write down anything in this section that you found familiar. This includes a situation you have personally experienced or a character that you connected with. SUMMARIZE Re-tell, in your own words, the prominent events that occurred surrounding femininity. Be sure to include details. REFLECT In this space, write down any quotations or passages that affect you in some way. So far, what do you think is the reason Steinbeck incorporated Curley�s wife into the novel? After giving your students about twenty minutes to fill out the Note Taking and Summarizing Chart, review the swamper�s description of Curley�s wife (page 28). Use the suggested questions below to guide your discussion: 1. What does the swamper mean when he says that Curley�s wife has �got the eye� (28). 2. Do you think Curley knows about his wife�s flirtatious demeanor? 3. The swamper refers to Curley�s wife as a �tart� (28). What attributes must she possess? 4. Why did Steinbeck choose to include this brief introduction to Curley�s wife in Section Two? Homework: Instruct your students to read Section Three and Four from Of Mice and Men (pages 38-83). Additionally, in a two-page response, students should identify the theme that appears most prominent throughout these sections. Suggest using quotations and examples from the specific section that support the students� arguments. Day 5: Section Three and Four – Prejudice After introducing the most prominent theme throughout Sections Three and Four in Of Mice and Men, ask students to share passages from the novel that indicate the presence of the theme of Prejudice. To help the students understand the negative impact of prejudice, read the following short story aloud: Taking the Bus By Sharon Cohen The bus driver reached up and covered the fare box with his hand. "Broken," he said as he reached to take her fare. His hand brushed softly against hers as he took the ticket and dropped it in the trash can with a flourish. As she moved aside to find a seat, I had stepped up, and was reaching out to present my fare.. The driver was turned sideways in his seat and was leaning forward, watching my wife as she walked away. His gaze indicated that he was unaware of my presence as he ogled my wife. She took a seat and, finally, he turned to deal with me. With a look of extreme horror, the driver fell back against his window. His legs tightened and his feet pushed his large frame back as far as he could go. He held his arms straight out in front of him with hands flexed back at the wrist as if to ward off evil. He was stuck in a corner and had no where to go. He was trapped. His face contorted in gruesome dismay and he stammered for words. His mouth moved but he made no sound. I glanced to my left to see where my wife was sitting. She had found space for both of us in the second seat behind the disabled and elderly area. At mid-day, the bus was not crowded. I could guess that most riders were either headed to or coming from one of the other hospital buildings. Some, like me, were leaving the medical center. Most of the patrons were near the front. A couple of younger men sat far at the back with their headsets blaring loudly enough to be discerned at the front door. The scene on the bus was playing out in slow motion . Passengers were staring, poking their neighbors and gaping with wide opened mouths. The whispers joined together made a sound like the penetrating buzz of a bee hive. I glanced back to my wife and her eyes were filling and spilling tears. She had begged me to let her call a taxi for us. I refused. "We have to watch our money, " I had told her. "The insurance won't cover transportation back home ." I knew that our money was nearly gone. We had not been prepared for this. My wife moved forward in her seat as if to rise and come to me but I motioned her to be seated. I returned my attention to the driver who had finally discovered his voice. As he struggled to put more distance between us, he raised his hand in front of my body and shook his head in an effort to stop me from paying. "I need this bus," I told him. "Here is my fare. I need to get home." I tried to place the money in his hand but he pulled it away, shaking his head. At first his voice squeaked, but he cleared his throat and the words came out with clarity and force. "You!" His voice was like thunder and he began to shake. His whole body shook as he violently shook his finger at me. "You, you get to the back of my bus." I dropped my eyes to floor. I had no energy to respond or to react. I began to move to the back of the bus. My injuries had made it impossible to rush the long walk. I glanced into the faces of the people in the front seats. Some eyes were awash with tears of compassion. Others held their hands across their mouths. Others made slow attempts to avert their eyes as they simultaneously attempted to take in every detail. My wife stood to greet me and began moving forward (her stare was like fire) to confront the driver. I reached out and with a soft touch of my finger, she stopped, stepped out and led me towards the back. I watched her shuddering shoulders. I recognized the signs of her angry weeping. Her steps were quicker and she reached the seat before me. The two young men were now very aware of their surroundings. Each had removed their headphones and were unashamedly staring me up and down. Neither made a move to help or hinder. As I reached the seat I turned and glanced back at the driver. He was turned in his seat to face the back of the bus, watching as I took my seat. He was shaking his head back and forth as he returned his attention to the road ahead. My wife inquired as to my pain while she wiped tears from her cheek with her shirt sleeve. My heart was heavy and hurting but none of the medications I'd been given could relieve that kind of pain. The driver was talking, loudly through his microphone which he inadvertently failed to turn off. He was pointing at me and speaking to people as they boarded. At each stop, he repeated the same scene. "Stay up here near the front," he would tell them. "You don't want to catch what that guy has." Each passenger would glance around the bus and he would direct their attention to me. I soon became weary of the sideshow audience the bus driver was collecting. I expected he would start selling tickets to get a glimpse of the freak at the back of the bus. My wife was staring silently out the window and I kept my face turned down the remainder of the ride. We exited by the back door to avoid the crowd of onlookers. I continued to keep my head down as we approached our house. When I stepped into the foyer, I spotted two weeks of mail on the entry table. It was neatly sorted in to piles. Beside the envelopes I spotted the stack of newspapers. One of the hospital orderlies had suggested that I clip the front page from the date I entered the hospital. I pulled the bottom paper from the stack. There was my wedding picture on the front page. Beside it, in color, was the one of my burned down shed. FATHER SUFFERS THIRD DEGREE BURNS IN HEROIC EFFORT TO SAVE DAUGHTER-FIVE YEAR OLD DIES IN FIRE Not that it mattered, but, I wondered what that bus driver would think if he knew that the handsome young father on the front page was the same man he ridiculed and embarrassed on his bus that day. After reading Sharon Cohen�s Taking the Bus, instruct students to write their own story that centers on the theme of prejudice. This story can be fictitious or true, but remind the students to change the names of the characters and places to protect the identity of the individuals. This in-class writing assignment should be about three – five pages. Homework: Instruct your students to read Section Five from Of Mice and Men (pages 84-98). Additionally, in a one-page response, students should identify the theme that appears most prominent throughout this section. Suggest using quotations and examples from the specific section that support the students� arguments. Day 6: Section 5 – Isolation After introducing the most prominent theme throughout Section Five in Of Mice and Men, ask students to share passages from the novel that indicate the presence of the theme of Isolation. To emphasize Lennie�s feelings of isolation throughout this section, introduce Emily Dickinson�s poem, I�m Nobody! Who are you? Im Nobody! Who are you? By Emily Dickinson I'm Nobody! Who are you? Are you – Nobody – too? Then there's a pair of us? Don't tell! they'd advertise – you know! How dreary – to be – Somebody! How public – like a Frog – To tell one's name – the livelong June – To an admiring Bog! After giving your students a few minutes to read and contemplate the meaning of the poem, instruct them to illustrate the feeling of isolation. This in-class assignment can be done through a poem of their own, a detailed drawing, or a short story. To assist your students in brainstorming ideas of how to depict the theme of isolation, write these synonyms from Section Five on the board: Quiet Hiding Ask your students to come up with other synonyms for the word �isolation.� Write these on the board as well. Homework: Instruct your students to read Section Six from Of Mice and Men (pages 99-107). Additionally, in a one-page response, students should identify the theme that appears most prominent throughout this section. Suggest using quotations and examples from the specific section that support the students� arguments. Day 7: Section Six – Friendship After introducing the most prominent theme throughout Section Six in Of Mice and Men, ask students to share passages from the novel that indicate the presence of the theme of Friendship. To compliment the importance of friendship throughout this section, introduce Rodman Philbrick�s Freak the Mighty. Read aloud the Back Cover Blurb from Freak the Mighty: �I never had a brain until Freak came along�.� That�s what Max thought. All his life he�d been called stupid. Dumb. Slow. It didn�t help that his body seemed to be growing faster than his mind. It didn�t help that people were afraid of him. So Max learned how to be alone. At least until Freak came along. Freak was weird, too. He had a little body - and a really big brain. Together Max and Freak were unstoppable. Together, they were Freak the Mighty. Next, pass out the Freak the Mighty and Of Mice and Men Quotation Activity. Directions: Examining the three Freak the Mighty quotations below, choose passages and events from Of Mice and Men that compliment each quotation. Make sure to include the reason(s) why your passage/event relates to the Freak the Mighty quotation. FREAK THE MIGHTY __________________________OF MICE AND MEN_____________________ � I never had a brain until Freak came along _______________________________________ and let me borrow his for a while� (1). _______________________________________ _______________________________________ �Freak is still holding tight to my shoulders and _______________________________________ when they ask him for his name, he says, �We�re _______________________________________ Freak the Mighty, that�s who we are. We�re nine _______________________________________ feet tall, in case you haven�t noticed.� _______________________________________ That�s how it started, really, how we got to be _______________________________________ Freak the Mighty, slaying dragons and fools and walking high above the world� (39-40). Day 9: Extending the Unit Now that your students have completed Of Mice and Men and have become thoroughly familiar with the novella�s most prominent themes, instruct the students to refer back to their Anticipation Survey taken at the beginning of the unit. Use the following questions to guide a class discussion of some of their reactions to the novel: 1. Has any of your responses changed now that you have completed the novel? If so, why? 2. Has Of Mice and Men introduced any themes that you were initially unaware of ? 3. Each of the statements included on your Anticipation Survey corresponds to one or multiple characters in the novel. Can you match each statement with the character it represents? Much has been debated with regard to the title of John Steinbeck�s novella. Ask the students to share why they believe Of Mice and Men is an appropriate title. Next, reveal the actual inspiration of the title and share Robert Burns� To a Mouse with the class. Because Burns� poetry can be quite archaic and complex to average English speakers, provide the modern-day translation of the poem for your students: To a Mouse Wee, sleekit, cowrin, tim'rous beastie, O, what a panic's in thy breastie! Thou need na start awa sae hasty Wi bickering brattle! I wad be laith to rin an' chase thee, Wi' murdering pattle. I'm truly sorry man's dominion Has broken Nature's social union, An' justifies that ill opinion Which makes thee startle At me, thy poor, earth born companion An' fellow mortal! I doubt na, whyles, but thou may thieve; What then? poor beastie, thou maun live! A daimen icker in a thrave 'S a sma' request; I'll get a blessin wi' the lave, An' never miss't. Thy wee-bit housie, too, in ruin! It's silly wa's the win's are strewin! An' naething, now, to big a new ane, O' foggage green! An' bleak December's win's ensuin, Baith snell an' keen! Thou saw the fields laid bare an' waste, An' weary winter comin fast, An' cozie here, beneath the blast, Thou thought to dwell, Till crash! the cruel coulter past Out thro' thy cell. That wee bit heap o' leaves an' stibble, Has cost thee monie a weary nibble! Now thou's turned out, for a' thy trouble, But house or hald, To thole the winter's sleety dribble, An' cranreuch cauld. But Mousie, thou art no thy lane, In proving foresight may be vain: The best laid schemes o' mice an' men Gang aft agley, An' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain, For promis'd joy! Still thou are blest, compared wi' me! The present only toucheth thee: But och! I backward cast my e'e, On prospects drear! An' forward, tho' I canna see, I guess an' fear! To help students analyze the poem and relate it to Of Mice and Men, instruct the students to answer the questions listed on the Analyzing Poetry Worksheet: Directions: After reading Robert Burns� original and translated poem, answer the following questions. 1. The narrator�s attitude toward the mouse is best described as a. sympathetic c. empathetic	i don't know
What novel by Ray Bradbury was named for the temperature at which book paper catches fire and burns?	Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 book cover from 1976. Publisher: Grafton. Illustrator: Steve Crisp. Author Ray Bradbury died on Tuesday. He named his most famous book, Fahrenheit 451 , after “the temperature at which book-paper catches fire , and burns.” Does paper really burn at 451 degrees Fahrenheit? Not quite. Bradbury’s title refers to the auto-ignition point of paper —the temperature at which it will catch fire without being exposed to an external flame. In truth, there’s no authoritative value for this. Experimental protocols differ, and the auto-ignition temperature of any solid material is a function of its composition, volume, density, and shape, as well as its time of exposure to the high temperature. Older textbooks report a range of numbers for the auto-ignition point of paper, from the high 440s to the low 450s, but more recent experiments suggest it’s about 30 degrees hotter than that. By comparison, the auto-ignition temperature of gasoline is 536 degrees, and the temperature for charcoal is 660 degrees. It would take a few minutes for a sheet of paper to burst into flames upon being placed in a 480-degree oven, and much longer than that for a thick book. The dense material in the center of a book would shunt heat away from the outside edges, preventing them from reaching the auto-ignition temperature. This is also why it takes so long for a campfire to reduce a log to ashes. Advertisement Bradbury asserted that “book-paper” burns at 451 degrees, and it's true that different kinds of paper have different auto-ignition temperatures. Experiments have found, for example, that the auto-ignition temperature for newspaper is about four degrees lower than that of the filter paper used in chemistry laboratories. Some of this difference is attributable to composition, but it also has to do with density. Materials that are full of air heat up quickly and reach the ambient air temperature faster than solids. Glossy magazines are likely the most resistant to auto-ignition, although there isn’t a lot of experimental data on this. The paper is relatively dense and coated with a thin layer of plastic. Most plastics auto-ignite at higher temperatures than paper. Although paper ignites at around 480 degrees Fahrenheit, it gets far hotter once it’s burning. The temperature at the center of a paper fire is 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit, give or take a couple hundred. The tips of the flames themselves are usually between 600 and 800 degrees. Several Internet contrarians claim that Bradbury confused Celsius and Fahrenheit , putting his estimate off by 391 Fahrenheit degrees. They cite as evidence the Handbook of Physical Testing of Paper , which lists paper’s ignition temperature as 450 degrees Celsius. (Wikipedia cites the same source .) It’s not entirely clear how this number was arrived at, but it is an extreme outlier. The author appears to have used paper made with rayon or cotton, which could have a different auto-ignition temperature from pure wood pulp paper, but 450 degrees Celsius still sounds wrong. It’s also possible that the experimenters didn’t wait long enough or that they (and not Bradbury) switched Celsius and Fahrenheit. Got a question about today’s news? Ask the Explainer . Explainer thanks Vytenis Babrauskas of DoctorFire.com , David G. Lilley of Oklahoma State University and Alexander Morgan of the University of Dayton Research Institute. Thanks also to reader Linda Whitson for asking the question. Brian Palmer covers science and medicine for Slate.	Fahrenheit 451
Who wrote The Ugly Duckling and The Emperor's New Clothes?	The Novel That Predicted the Facebook Wall -- 60 Years Ago \| The Huffington Post The Novel That Predicted the Facebook Wall -- 60 Years Ago 09/23/2013 12:05 pm ET \| Updated Nov 23, 2013 130 Oliver Tearle Author; Lecturer in English, Loughborough Univ. "I heard this typing. I went down in the basement of the UCLA library and by God there was a room with 12 typewriters in it that you could rent for 10 cents a half-hour. And there were eight or nine students in there working away like crazy." This was Ray Bradbury, speaking about the genesis of his most famous novel, Fahrenheit 451, published 60 years ago this year. According to the writer himself, he went to the bank and got a heap of change. Then he went to the basement and started to put dimes into one of the typewriters, topping it up every half-hour. Nine days later, he'd written a short story, "The Fireman," which would develop into Fahrenheit 451. Fahrenheit 451 tells of a "fireman," Guy Montag -- who, ironically, goes about setting fire to things rather than helping to put fires out. More specifically, it is his job to set fire to books, which are outlawed in the dystopian future world depicted by Bradbury's novel. The first line of the novel reads, "It was a pleasure to burn." Ever since that first line, Bradbury's novel has taken its place alongside Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four as one of the classic dystopian novels of the twentieth century. It was successful almost immediately. In 1954, the year after the novel was published, it was serialized in -- of all places -- Playboy magazine, helping it to reach an even wider audience. The book was published at the height of the McCarthy "witch hunts" in the U.S., and this culture of suppression and censorship, as Bradbury himself attested, is what helped to inspire the book, even though its meaning encompasses more general concerns about book-burning, the rise of technology, and over-reliance on digital media at the cost of the written word. It is singularly apt that it was the McCarthy witch hunts that inspired the book, given that the other great work of literature to respond to McCarthyism is probably Arthur Miller's play The Crucible, which uses the Salem witch trials of the 1690s as an allegory for the anti-Communist "witch hunts" of the 1950s. Bradbury was a descendant of one of the Salem "witches," Mary Perkins Bradbury, who was sentenced to be hanged in 1692 but managed to escape before her execution could take place. The novel, as is well known, is named for the temperature at which book paper catches fire and burns: 451 degrees Fahrenheit. But there's a problem. There is no set temperature at which all book paper ignites. In the course of his research for the book, Bradbury talked with a fireman (a regular one, rather than of the Guy Montag type) who told him that book paper catches fire and burns at 451 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale, and thus the title was born. But it would be more accurate to say that book paper catches fire at around 480 degrees Fahrenheit, but even this isn't quite true. If you put a thick book into an oven preheated to 480 degrees, it would still take the book a while to start burning. In truth, there is no set auto-ignition point for all book paper. It depends on how old the book is, how big it is, the thickness of the paper -- a number of factors. But Bradbury got many things right. His biographer, who bears the pleasingly Dickensian name of Sam Weller, has noted that, in Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury predicted a raft of later technological developments, among them flat-screen televisions, iPod earbuds, Bluetooth headsets, ATMs, and rolling news. Even Facebook -- given that people converse via a digital "wall" in Bradbury's novel -- seems to have been eerily and prophetically prefigured in this novel. Despite his talent for predicting the ways in which technology would progress, Bradbury was skeptical of many recent developments, such as the Internet and electronic books (hardly surprising, given the subject of Fahrenheit 451). He only allowed his landmark novel to be published as an e-book in November 2011. The book also, in a sense, predicted its own fate: although there is no record of its having been burned anywhere, it has been banned on several occasions, notably in several schools in the US owing to its use of such words as "hell," "damn," and "abortion." Bradbury's own publisher, Ballantine Books, even issued a censored version, which is surely the height of irony. Bradbury had got his first important break as a writer in the late 1930s, while he was still a teenager. He submitted a story to Mademoiselle magazine, where a young assistant editor by the name of Truman Capote read Bradbury's story, "Homecoming," and recommended to his editor that it be published. Bradbury never learned to drive and his wife, Maggie, was the only woman he ever dated. He died in June 2012, at the age of 91. His headstone reads simply, "Ray Bradbury, author of Fahrenheit 451." Who cares if that title is scientifically slightly erroneous? Its significance, like that other great numerical title of the era, Catch-22, has taken on a life of its own. It is a pleasure to read. A version of this post first appeared on interestingliterature.wordpress.com . Follow Oliver Tearle on Twitter: www.twitter.com/InterestingLit More:	i don't know
What are the first names of the four children who enter Narnia through a wardrobe in The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe?	16 Facts About 'The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe' \| Mental Floss 16 Facts About 'The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe' darchwonders In the 1940s, Oxford University professor C.S. Lewis struggled and fought to complete The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Little did he know that his novel would become a best seller, lead to six sequels, and still be widely read decades later. Here are some things you may not know about this long-lived children’s classic. 1. The story was inspired by an image of a faun. From age 16 onward, Lewis often found himself imagining “a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood.” According to his short essay It All Began With A Picture [ PDF ], the image continued to come to him until, at age 40, he said to himself, “Let's try to make a story about it.” 2. The book was also inspired by three girls who lived with Lewis during World War II. In 1939, three girls, Margaret, Mary, and Katherine, were evacuated from London because of anticipated bombings and sent to live with Lewis in the countryside for a short time. This situation seems to be the inspiration for the four children—Susan, Peter, Edmund, and Lucy—being sent to live with the old Professor in the book. 3. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe took 10 years to write. Lewis started in 1939 and finished in 1949. The novel was published in 1950. 4. The story was floundering until Lewis invented Aslan the lion. Wikimedia Commons Lewis wasn’t sure what to do with the book until “Aslan came bounding into it.” He’d been having dreams of lions, and found that putting Aslan in “pulled the whole story together, and soon He pulled the six other Narnian stories in after Him.” Incidentally, Aslan means "lion" in Turkish. 5. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien were in a writing group called The Inklings. While both writers were working on fantasy novels—Lewis on Narnia and Tolkien on The Lord of the Rings—they met every Monday morning to talk about writing. Others started to join them, and soon the group swelled to 19 men, so they started meeting on Thursday evenings to share and discuss their work. 6. Lewis destroyed the first version of the book because his friends didn’t like it. Before 1947, Lewis wrote a draft of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe with four children named Ann, Martin, Rose, and Peter. The reaction of his friends to the story was discouraging, to say the least. He said in a letter, “It was, by the unanimous verdict of my friends, so bad that I destroyed it.” 7. Lucy is a real person. owenbarfield.org Lucy is based on Lucy Barfield, Lewis’s goddaughter, and the daughter of Owen Barfield. She was 4 years old when he started the book and 14 when he finished it. In the dedication to Lucy, he said, “Someday you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again. You can then take it down from some upper shelf, dust it, and tell me what you think of it.” 8. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a “magical doorway” story. As the term suggests, this is a story where a door or other opening allows a character to leave the real world and enter a magical world. Other magical doorways include the rabbit hole that Alice falls down in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Platform 9 3/4 in the Harry Potter series. 9. The book is also a Christian allegory—or is it? The Christian themes in the story are overt. Aslan, as a stand-in for Christ, allows himself to be sacrificed by the evil White Witch and is then resurrected, which brings salvation to Narnia. This follows Christ’s death on the cross and his resurrection three days later. But in a 1962 letter, Lewis said the book was not an allegory so much as a “supposal,” as in: “Suppose there were a Narnian world and it, like ours, needed redemption. What kind of incarnation and Passion might Christ be supposed to undergo there?” 10. Lewis jumbled all kinds of mythology into the book. Narnia draws on Greek, Roman, and Norse mythology, Irish and British fairy tales, Germanic folklore, and Arthurian romance, just to name a few. Even Santa Claus makes an appearance. 11. The White Witch is based on The Snow Queen by Hans Christian Andersen. Wikimedia Commons Like the Snow Queen, the White Witch is a tall woman dressed in white who is capable of freezing people—the Snow Queen turns their hearts to ice and the White Witch turns people to stone. Both women bring a boy onto a sled and destroy him emotionally through evil magic. 12. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is chronologically the second book in the Narnia series. While The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe was written first, The Magician’s Nephew is chronologically where the story starts. Many people read The Magician’s Nephew first so they can go from the earliest to the latest point in the series. 13. Professor Kirke was based on Lewis’s high school tutor. The Professor, whose name is Digory Kirke, is based on William T. Kirkpatrick, who tutored Lewis when he was a teenager. Along with appearing in the first book, the Professor is the protagonist of The Magician’s Nephew and also appears in The Last Battle. 14. Tolkien didn’t like The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. In 1949, Lewis read a completed manuscript of the book to Tolkien and was surprised by his negative reaction. There’s much speculation as to why he disliked the book so much. Some say it’s because Tolkien didn’t like how Lewis mixed different mythologies together. Another theory is that Tolkien was threatened by the speed with which Lewis assembled his world, when Tolkien was so meticulous in his invention of Middle-earth. The truth is, we may never know the details. Tolkien said in a letter: "It is sad that 'Narnia' and all that part of C.S.L.'s work should remain outside the range of my sympathy, as much of my work was outside his.” Which tells us almost nothing. 15. It's one of the best-selling books of all time. It’s difficult to rank all-time best-selling books, but when people try, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is usually on the list. For example, it’s number 6 on this list, number 9 on this list, and number 17 on this list. In any case, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is ridiculously successful. It has been translated to 47 languages and adapted for TV, stage, radio, and the silver screen. In 2005, it was made into a big-budget movie starring Tilda Swinton and James McAvoy. 16. Turkish delight is real candy you can make yourself. iStock The White Witch gives Edmund magical Turkish delight that he can’t stop eating. “Each piece was sweet and light to the very center and Edmund had never tasted anything more delicious.” You can whip up a batch yourself (minus the magic, of course) with the recipe here.	susan peter edmund and lucy
In what year did Agatha Christie die?	16 Facts About 'The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe' \| Mental Floss 16 Facts About 'The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe' darchwonders In the 1940s, Oxford University professor C.S. Lewis struggled and fought to complete The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Little did he know that his novel would become a best seller, lead to six sequels, and still be widely read decades later. Here are some things you may not know about this long-lived children’s classic. 1. The story was inspired by an image of a faun. From age 16 onward, Lewis often found himself imagining “a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood.” According to his short essay It All Began With A Picture [ PDF ], the image continued to come to him until, at age 40, he said to himself, “Let's try to make a story about it.” 2. The book was also inspired by three girls who lived with Lewis during World War II. In 1939, three girls, Margaret, Mary, and Katherine, were evacuated from London because of anticipated bombings and sent to live with Lewis in the countryside for a short time. This situation seems to be the inspiration for the four children—Susan, Peter, Edmund, and Lucy—being sent to live with the old Professor in the book. 3. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe took 10 years to write. Lewis started in 1939 and finished in 1949. The novel was published in 1950. 4. The story was floundering until Lewis invented Aslan the lion. Wikimedia Commons Lewis wasn’t sure what to do with the book until “Aslan came bounding into it.” He’d been having dreams of lions, and found that putting Aslan in “pulled the whole story together, and soon He pulled the six other Narnian stories in after Him.” Incidentally, Aslan means "lion" in Turkish. 5. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien were in a writing group called The Inklings. While both writers were working on fantasy novels—Lewis on Narnia and Tolkien on The Lord of the Rings—they met every Monday morning to talk about writing. Others started to join them, and soon the group swelled to 19 men, so they started meeting on Thursday evenings to share and discuss their work. 6. Lewis destroyed the first version of the book because his friends didn’t like it. Before 1947, Lewis wrote a draft of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe with four children named Ann, Martin, Rose, and Peter. The reaction of his friends to the story was discouraging, to say the least. He said in a letter, “It was, by the unanimous verdict of my friends, so bad that I destroyed it.” 7. Lucy is a real person. owenbarfield.org Lucy is based on Lucy Barfield, Lewis’s goddaughter, and the daughter of Owen Barfield. She was 4 years old when he started the book and 14 when he finished it. In the dedication to Lucy, he said, “Someday you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again. You can then take it down from some upper shelf, dust it, and tell me what you think of it.” 8. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a “magical doorway” story. As the term suggests, this is a story where a door or other opening allows a character to leave the real world and enter a magical world. Other magical doorways include the rabbit hole that Alice falls down in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Platform 9 3/4 in the Harry Potter series. 9. The book is also a Christian allegory—or is it? The Christian themes in the story are overt. Aslan, as a stand-in for Christ, allows himself to be sacrificed by the evil White Witch and is then resurrected, which brings salvation to Narnia. This follows Christ’s death on the cross and his resurrection three days later. But in a 1962 letter, Lewis said the book was not an allegory so much as a “supposal,” as in: “Suppose there were a Narnian world and it, like ours, needed redemption. What kind of incarnation and Passion might Christ be supposed to undergo there?” 10. Lewis jumbled all kinds of mythology into the book. Narnia draws on Greek, Roman, and Norse mythology, Irish and British fairy tales, Germanic folklore, and Arthurian romance, just to name a few. Even Santa Claus makes an appearance. 11. The White Witch is based on The Snow Queen by Hans Christian Andersen. Wikimedia Commons Like the Snow Queen, the White Witch is a tall woman dressed in white who is capable of freezing people—the Snow Queen turns their hearts to ice and the White Witch turns people to stone. Both women bring a boy onto a sled and destroy him emotionally through evil magic. 12. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is chronologically the second book in the Narnia series. While The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe was written first, The Magician’s Nephew is chronologically where the story starts. Many people read The Magician’s Nephew first so they can go from the earliest to the latest point in the series. 13. Professor Kirke was based on Lewis’s high school tutor. The Professor, whose name is Digory Kirke, is based on William T. Kirkpatrick, who tutored Lewis when he was a teenager. Along with appearing in the first book, the Professor is the protagonist of The Magician’s Nephew and also appears in The Last Battle. 14. Tolkien didn’t like The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. In 1949, Lewis read a completed manuscript of the book to Tolkien and was surprised by his negative reaction. There’s much speculation as to why he disliked the book so much. Some say it’s because Tolkien didn’t like how Lewis mixed different mythologies together. Another theory is that Tolkien was threatened by the speed with which Lewis assembled his world, when Tolkien was so meticulous in his invention of Middle-earth. The truth is, we may never know the details. Tolkien said in a letter: "It is sad that 'Narnia' and all that part of C.S.L.'s work should remain outside the range of my sympathy, as much of my work was outside his.” Which tells us almost nothing. 15. It's one of the best-selling books of all time. It’s difficult to rank all-time best-selling books, but when people try, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is usually on the list. For example, it’s number 6 on this list, number 9 on this list, and number 17 on this list. In any case, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is ridiculously successful. It has been translated to 47 languages and adapted for TV, stage, radio, and the silver screen. In 2005, it was made into a big-budget movie starring Tilda Swinton and James McAvoy. 16. Turkish delight is real candy you can make yourself. iStock The White Witch gives Edmund magical Turkish delight that he can’t stop eating. “Each piece was sweet and light to the very center and Edmund had never tasted anything more delicious.” You can whip up a batch yourself (minus the magic, of course) with the recipe here.	i don't know
What is the only venomous snake in Britain?	Britain's only poisonous snake, the Adder, in danger of dying out \| Daily Mail Online comments Adders are now an endangered species because their hibernation sites are being destroyed, snake experts have warned. Scientists say Britain's only poisonous snake is in more urgent need of help than any other reptile or amphibian species in the UK. A conference of conservationists met at the Greenwich University campus in Chatham, Kent, at the weekend to discuss ways of saving the once common snake. Endangered: A black adder, Vipera berus, in Sussex. Snakes like this are now extinct in a number of British counties It backed a plan to create a website for a survey project in which volunteers monitor snake numbers at their local sites. Adders are rapidly declining in numbers and the species is already extinct in some counties, including Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share One of the biggest threats is damage to hibernation sites, such as rabbit holes and tree roots. Herpetologist Dr Chris Gleed-Owen told the Daily Telegraph: 'The adder is an enigmatic snake, steeped in history and folklore, from the druids to Shakespeare and Arthurian legend. An adder being tested as government conservation agency Natural England, the Zoological Society of London and Oxford University carry out health checks on wild snakes earlier this year TREAD CAREFULLY: ADDER FACTS The adder can be recognised by the distinctive 'V' or 'X' marking on its head and zig-zag stripe across its back. The snakes are often found in open heathland and dense woods. They are not aggressive animals and will only resort to using venom as a last means of defence if captured - or trodden on. Within hours of a bite, symptoms can include dizziness, nausea, vomiting and painful swelling. The venom is rarely fatal but any bite should be taken seriously. 'It would be tragic to see it disappear.' Despite the drop in numbers, there is anecdotal evidence among vets of an increase in people and pets being bitten by adders this year. In July, two dogs died in Essex after being bitten by poisonous adders that were out in unusually large numbers because of the hot weather. There have been 14 known fatalities among humans in Britain since 1876. The last was a five-year-old child who died in 1975. Several anti-venoms are now available which limit the effects to nausea and drowsiness, followed by severe bruising and swelling around the bite. Dogs and other pets are more susceptible to the venom because they are smaller than humans. And treatment is often delayed because owners often don't realise what is wrong at first.	Adder
Built in 1869, which famous British ship was named after a Scottish undergarment?	Family's pet dog Ted killed after being bitten by an ADDER while on a walk at a country park \| Daily Mail Online comments A beloved pet dog has been killed after being bitten by a snake in a country park. Ted, an 11-year-old bearded collie, was put down after suffering kidney failure caused by the adder bite on his front left leg while on a walk with his owner Pauline O’Brien, 67. The vet who treated Ted said it was the first time in her career of 26 years that she had seen a pet killed by a snake bite. Snakebite: A family photo of Ted, the 11-year-old bearded collie who had to be put down after he was bitten by a snake while on a walk in a park in Bolton, Greater Manchester, and went down with kidney failure Adders are the only venomous snakes found in the wild in Britain and will normally only attack if they feel threatened. It is thought the adder may have bitten Ted because it was afraid it was about to be trodden on by the dog. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Pauline, a divorced mum-of-one and a mobile hairdresser from Bolton, Greater Manchester, is now warning other dog owners to beware when using parks in the area. She had had Ted since he was a puppy. 'Like losing part of the family': Ted's owner Pauline O'Brien, 67, had him since he was a puppy and has been left distraught by his death The incident happened at Smithills Country Park in Bolton. Ted was bitten near the historic Smithills Coaching House and it was not until the day after, when he started limping badly, that he was taken to the vets and the adder bite was spotted under his long hair. Ted suffered from arthritis so his difficulty walking was not initially thought to be a cause for concern. But when the swollen leg was shaved the bite was discovered. He was bitten four weeks ago but his condition deteriorated, eventually suffering kidney failure, and he died on Saturday when he was put down by vets. She said: 'We were just walking around and he was off his lead and he was going in the long grass, I think that must be where it happened. 'It is very long grass and he is a bit clumsy, I think he had probably stood on the adder. 'When we got home I noticed that he was limping, I thought it was his arthritis but his leg had really swollen up. 'I took him to the vets and she initially thought that he had broken his leg but after the X-ray she called and said that it wasn’t broken. 'When she shaved all his hair she saw the two horizontal bite marks and she thought he had been bitten by an adder. 'Obviously what has happened is the poison had caused him to have kidney failure. At first the vet gave him penicillin, antibiotics and anti inflammatory but he was being sick after the medications. 'It was very serious and the vet had to give him injections because he wasn’t eating and then he was put on a drip. 'It was heartbreaking to see him like that, he couldn’t even get up the stairs he was that frail. I just looked at him and I thought he can’t go on any longer. A black adder, Vipera berus, in Sussex: Adders are the only poisonous snakes found in the wild in Britain and will normally only attack if they feel threatened Location: Smithills Country Park near Bolton where the adder was lurking before it bit elderly Ted Part of the family: Ted with his owner Pauline on one of their many walks. Vets battled to save him but couldn't Irreplaceable: The family had to put Ted to sleep and they felt like they were 'losing part of the family' 'It was devastating to make the decision to put him to sleep. It was like losing part of the family. 'Ted will be irreplaceable. It was love at first sight when I saw him. 'I’m still shocked that there are snakes, you don’t normally hear of them in the UK but apparently because of the warm weather at this time of the year there has been an influx of them. Since this has happened I have actually heard of other dogs being bitten. It’s tragic.' Unlucky: According to NHS Direct most snake bites suffered in the UK are not often serious and rarely deadly Rare attack: Ted pictured in the snow. Vets said it was the first adder bite that they had come across Vet Ruth Harrison, from Vets4Pets, said the suspected adder bite was the first she had come across in 26 years of working in Bolton and Chorley. She added: 'We rarely see snake bites. We tend to see adders on the moors or in other wild areas. They try to avoid people. Ted’s bite looked very much like a snake bite. 'Adders are the only indigenous snakes in the UK that are venomous. The bite caused a nasty reaction, it damaged all the tissues in his leg. Dogs are affected in different ways by the poison.' According to NHS Direct most snake bites suffered in the UK are not often serious and rarely deadly.	i don't know

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