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Europe's largest solar power plant is at Sanlucar la Mayor in which country?	Solnova Solar Power Station, Sanlúcar la Mayor, Seville - Power Technology Solar Tower, Seville, Spain A futuristic-looking 11MW solar tower has been completed near Seville, Spain as part of a 300MW solar power project. Unit 1 was the first to be opened for commercial operations, in early May 2010. It was followed by the opening of Unit 3 in the same month and Unit 4 in August 2010. Each unit employs 360 parabolic trough collectors to reflect the radiation. Other infrastructure includes an oil boiler, thermal oil pipes, a turbine, steam generator and cooling towers. Also included are two electrical buildings, sewage and effluent treatment plants and an assembly shop. ASTRØ parabolic trough technology at Solnova Solar Power Station The Solnova solar power plant utilises ASTRØ parabolic trough technology developed by Abengoa Solar. The technology involves long rows of curved heliostat mirrors which can be rotated towards the direction of the sun. The mirrors reflect the sunlight which is concentrated onto a pipe containing a fluid (synthetic oil). The fluid heats up to 400°C temperature by absorbing the solar radiation. The hot fluid is transferred via pipes to heat water vapour in a turbine-generator where electricity is produced. The pipes are insulated to minimise the loss of energy during the transfer of the thermal oil and steam. This is achieved by covering the pipes in glass wool before coating them with aluminium. Project finance and key players The estimated construction cost for units 1 and 3 came to around €500m. It was 50% financed by the European Investment Bank. "The Solnova solar power plant utilises ASTRØ parabolic trough technology developed by Abengoa Solar." Solnava 4 cost approximately €210m. It was financed jointly by Banesto, Caja Madrid, Calyon, Dexia Sabadell, ING, Kfw, Ladesbank, Natixis, Santander, Société Générale and Ubibanca. The photovoltaic plants for unit 4 were financed by La Caixa, Sumitomo and West LB. The construction contract of Solnova units 1 and 3 was awarded to Abener, which appointed Teyma as the subcontractor for the civil works. Solnova 4 was constructed jointly by Abener and Teyma. All the contracts were awarded on a turnkey basis. The heliostat mirrors were supplied by Rioglass. The valves were supplied by MTS. Bilfinger Berger was responsible for the insulation of pipes and plant components. Share	Spain
What UK-based organisation is (at 2011) the world's largest insurance market?	Solar Tower, Seville - Power Technology The Solar Platform at Seville has been constructed by Solucar, using a range of solar technologies. Solar Tower, Seville, Spain A futuristic-looking 11MW solar tower has been completed near Seville, Spain as part of a 300MW solar power project. Located in the Andalusian countryside in the municipality of Sanlucar la Mayor, the 40-storey concrete tower collects sunlight reflected by a field of 624 huge mirrors. The light is so intense that it lights up dust and water vapour in the air. The project has been widely described as looking like something out of a sci-fi movie. The Solar Platform at Seville has been constructed by Solucar, using a range of solar technologies. The first two power plants to be brought into operation were the PS10, the world's first commercial thermoelectric solar tower, and Sevilla PV, the largest low concentration system photovoltaic plant. The world's second commercial solar power tower plant, PS20, located at the Solar Platform, started operations on 27 April 2009. Costing around €1,200m, the whole plant will be completed by 2013, when it will produce around 300MW – energy for around 180,000 homes, equivalent to the needs of the city of Seville. "The light is so intense that it lights up dust and water vapour in the air." It will then prevent emissions of more than 600,000t of CO2 into the atmosphere per year over its 25-year life. The platform will create more than 1,000 jobs in the manufacturing and construction phase, and 300 service and maintenance jobs. This project is the result of cooperation between institutions including Ciemat, the IDEA, and the University of Seville. 11MW Solar power plant The 11MW PS10 solar power plant generates 24.3GW/hr per year of clean energy. It has 624 heliostats that track the sun, each with a 120m² surface area parabolic mirror. The mirrors are focused on a 115m tower, heating water pipes that provide 200m² of water-cooled energy exchange surface area. The thermal energy produces steam, which drives a turbine to generate electricity. During the day the power drives the air conditioners that cool buildings in Seville. Heat is also stored as steam to allow generation at half load for an hour or longer after dark. This is a relatively short storage time, partially because the tower uses water rather than molten salt for heat storage. The water is held in thermally clad tanks and reaches temperatures of 250°C – 255°C (instead of around 600°C for systems using salt). Solucar has opted for water to reduce fatigue on the system components and to ensure simplicity and robustness for the project. Second generation PS20 PS20 has twice the PS10 output (20MW), with 1,255 two-axis sun tracking heliostats driving 120m² mirrors. These mirrors concentrate solar radiation onto the receiver on top of a 165m tower. The tower follows the same technology as that of PS10 for electricity generation. PS20 represents second generation technology with important improvements to receiver and other critical elements. Features include control and operational systems enhancements, improved thermal energy storage system and a higher efficiency receiver. The tower can power about 10,000 homes and reduce 12,000t of CO2 emissions in comparison with conventional power plants. The plant has been designed by Abengoa Solar and Abener Energia was the contractor. Sevilla PV "The tower can power about 10,000 homes and reduce 12,000t of CO2 emissions." The 1.2MW Sevilla PV plant is composed of 154 silicon plate heliostats that produce electricity from solar radiation. Abengoa Solar, the research arm of Abengoa Solar, has developed the low-concentration photovoltaic (PV) technology. The plant can generate 2.1GWh of clean energy annually. The remaining power plants will be built over the next few years. They will include low- and high-concentration photovoltaic, tower thermoelectric, parabolic-trough collector and Stirling dish plants. Abengoa Solar's parabolic trough plants, Solnova 1, 3 and 4, which can generate 150MW of power, are under construction at the Solar Platform. Although power from the plant will be more expensive than from conventional sources, prices will fall as the technologies develop. System costs are also more attractive if compared with the cost of generating power from coal or gas only at times of peak demand. Solucar Solucar is the parent company of Abengoa's solar business unit. Abengoa is a Spanish-based diversified energy company. Since having been founded in 1941, it has expanded its operations to include solar energy and bioenergy. The company has opened a new US subsidiary focused on generating electricity using CSP (Concentrating Solar Power). Abengoa has five business units: Solar, bioenergy, environmental services, information technologies, and industrial engineering and construction. Share	i don't know
Podagra is the technical term for which medical condition in humans, often associated with heavy drinking?	Gout - In-Depth Report - NY Times Health Click the icon to see an image of tophi gout. Without treatment, tophi develop about 10 years after the initial onset of gout, although that can range from 3 to 42 years. Tophi are more likely to appear early in the course of the disease in older people. In the elderly population, women appear to be at higher risk for tophi than men. Certain people, such as those who are receiving cyclosporine after a transplant, have a high risk of developing tophi. Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones). Persons who have kidney stones that formed from uric acid are more likely to have higher levels of uric acid in their blood than in their urine. This suggests that gout is responsible for this type of kidney stones. Uric acid and other kidney stones are present in 10 - 25% of patients with primary gout, a rate of more than 1,000 times that of the general population. In gout caused by other conditions (called secondary gout), the reported rate reaches 42%. Not all of the kidney stones in patients with gout are made of uric acid. Some are made from calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or substances combined with uric acid. Uric acid stones can also form when you do not have gout or hyperuricemia Click the icon to see an image of nephrolithiasis. Chronic Uric Acid Interstitial Nephropathy. Chronic uric acid interstitial nephropathy occurs when crystals slowly form in the structures and tubes that carry fluid from the kidney. It is reversible and not likely to injure the kidneys. Kidney Failure. Sudden overproduction of uric acid can occasionally block the kidneys and cause them to fail. This occurrence is very uncommon but can develop after any of the following: Chemotherapy for leukemia or lymphoma Severe heat stress from vigorous exercise Epileptic seizures Corticosteroid therapy for severe allergic reactions In-Depth From A.D.A.M. Symptoms Gout typically strikes the joint of the big toe, but may affect other joints, such as the ankle or knee. Common symptoms of gout include: Inflammation Chronic tophaceous gout Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia Asymptomatic means there are no symptoms. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is considered the first stage of gout. MSU slowly builds up. It lasts for an average of 30 years. Note: Hyperuricemia does not inevitably lead to gout. In fact, less than 20% of cases develop the full-blown arthritic disease. Symptoms of Acute Gouty Arthritis Acute gouty arthritis occurs when the first symptoms of gout appear. Sometimes the first signs of gout are brief twinges of pain (petit attacks) in an affected joint, which can precede the actual full-blown condition by several years. MSU crystals form at normal body temperature when concentrations in the blood reach 7 mg/dL. At lower temperatures, crystals form at lower concentrations. Since blood temperature falls the further blood gets from the heart, gout strikes the toes and fingers first. Symptoms of acute gouty arthritis include: Severe pain at and around the joint May feel like "crushing" or a dislocated bone Walking and the weight of bed sheets may be unbearable Usually takes 8 - 12 hours to develop Occurs late at night or early in the morning and may wake you up Swelling that may go beyond the joint may extend beyond the joint Red, shiny, tense skin over the affected area, which may peel after a few days Chills and mild fever, loss of appetite, and feelings of ill health Most often symptoms first start in one joint. Monoarticular Gout. Gout that occurs in one joint is called monoarticular gout. Approximately 60% of all first-time monoarticular gout attacks in middle-aged adults occur in the big toe. This occurrence is known as podagra. Symptoms can also occur in other locations. Polyarticular Gout. If more than one joint is affected, it is known as polyarticular gout. Multiple joints are affected in only 10 - 20% of first attacks. Older people are more likely to have polyarticular gout. The most frequently affected joints are the foot, ankle, knee, wrist, elbow, and hand. The pain usually occurs in joints on one side of the body and it is usually, although not always, in the lower legs and feet. People with polyarticular gout are more likely to have a slower onset of pain and a longer delay between attacks. People with polyarticular gout are also more likely to experience low-grade fever, loss of appetite, and a general feeling of poor health. An untreated attack will typically peak 24 - 48 hours after the first appearance of symptoms, and go away after 5 - 7 days. However, some attacks last only hours, while others persist as long as several weeks. Intercritical Gout Intercritical gout is the term used to describe the periods between attacks. The first attack is usually followed by a complete remission of symptoms, but left untreated, gout nearly always recurs in the future. One study reported that 62% of subjects had at least one further attack within a year. At the end of 2 years, 78% of patients had a recurrence. After 10 years, 93% of the patients reported repeat attacks. Symptoms of Chronic Tophaceous Gout Development of Chronic Pain. When gout remains untreated, the intercritical periods typically become shorter and shorter, and the attacks, although sometimes less intense, can last longer. Over the long term (about 10 - 20 years) gout becomes a chronic disorder characterized by constant low-grade pain and mild or acute inflammation. Gout may eventually affect several joints, including those that may have been free of symptoms at the first appearance of the disorder. In rare cases, the shoulders, hips, or spine are affected. Symptoms of Tophi. Tophi, the knobby MSU crystal deposits that form during chronic gout, generally form in the following locations: Curved ridge along the edge of the outer ear Forearms Elbow or knee Hands or feet -- older patients, particularly women, are more likely to have gout in the small joints of the fingers. Around the heart and spine (rare) Tophi are generally painless. However, they can cause pain and stiffness in the affected joint. Eventually, they can also erode cartilage and bone, ultimately destroying the joint. Large tophi under the skin of the hands and feet can give rise to extreme deformities. In-Depth From A.D.A.M. Causes and Risk Factors Gout is classified as either primary or secondary, depending on what causes the high levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia). More than 99% of primary gout cases are referred to as idiopathic, meaning that the cause of the hyperuricemia cannot be determined. Primary gout is most likely the result of a combination of hormonal, genetic, and dietary factors. Secondary gout is caused by drug therapy or by medical conditions other than an inborn metabolic disorder. The following factors increase your risk for gout: Advancing age Each risk factor is discussed in more detail below. Age Middle-Aged Adults. Gout usually occurs in middle-aged men, peaking in the mid-40s. It is most often associated in this age group with obesity, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels, and heavy alcohol use. Elderly. Gout can also first develop in older people, when it occurs equally in men and women. In this group, gout is most often associated with kidney problems and the use of diuretics. It is less often associated with alcohol use. Children. Except for rare inherited genetic disorders that cause hyperuricemia, gout in children is rare. Gender Men. Men are significantly at higher risk for gout. In males, uric acid levels rise substantially at puberty. In about 5 - 8% of American men, levels exceed 7 mg/dL (considered to indicate hyperuricemia). Gout typically strikes only after 20 - 40 years of persistent hyperuricemia, however, so men who develop it usually experience their first attack between the ages of 30 and 50. Women. Before menopause, women have a significantly lower risk for gout than men, possibly because of the actions of estrogen. This female hormone appears to facilitate uric acid excretion by the kidneys. (Only about 15% of female gout cases occur before menopause.) After menopause the risk increases in women. At age 60 the incidence is equal in men and women, and after 80, gout occurs more often in women. Family History According to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, up to 18% of people with gout have a family history of the condition. Some people with a family history of gout have a defective protein (enzyme) that interferes with the way the body breaks down purines. Obesity Researchers report a clear link between body weight and uric acid levels. In one Japanese study, overweight people had two to more than three times the rate of hyperuricemia as those who maintained a healthy weight. Children who are obese may have a higher risk for gout in adulthood. Medications Thiazide diuretics are “water pills” used to control hypertension. The drugs are strongly linked to the development of gout. In fact, 75% of patients who develop gout at an older age report the use of diuretics. Several other medications can increase uric acid levels and raise your risk for gout. These include: Aspirin -- low doses of aspirin reduce uric acid excretion and increase the chance for hyperuricemia. This may be a problem for older people who take baby aspirin (81 mg) to protect against heart disease. Niacin (used to treat cholesterol problems) Pyrazinamide (used to treat tuberculosis) Diet A 2004 study showed that higher consumption of purine-rich foods such as meat and seafood was associated with a significantly increased risk of gout. However, purine-rich vegetables did not increase gout risk. Interestingly, the same study showed that consumption of dairy products had a protective effect against gout. A 2005 study confirmed these results and found that total protein intake was not associated with increased uric acid levels. Alcohol Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol can raise your risk of gout. A major 2004 study showed that among alcoholic beverages, beer is the kind of alcohol most strongly linked with gout, followed by spirits. Moderate wine consumption does not appear to increase the risk of developing gout. Alcohol increases uric acid levels in three ways: By providing an additional dietary source of purines (the compounds from which uric acid is formed) By intensifying the body’s production of uric acid By interfering with the kidneys’ ability to excrete uric acid Alcohol use is highly associated with gout in younger adults. Binge drinking particularly increases uric acid levels. Alcohol appears to play less of role among elderly patients, especially among women with gout. Lead Exposure Chronic occupational exposure to lead is associated with build-up of uric acid and a high incidence of gout. A 2002 study suggested that persistent low-level exposure to lead may also increase the risk for gout. Organ Transplants Kidney transplantation poses a high risk for renal insufficiency and gout. In addition, other transplantation procedures, such as heart and liver, increase the risk. The procedure itself poses a risk of gout, as does the medication (cyclosporine) used to prevent rejection of the implant. It also interacts with indomethacin, a common gout treatment. The kidneys are responsible for removing waste from the body, regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure, and stimulating red blood cell production. Thyroid Problems Some studies have reported a higher occurrence of gout in people with hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland). Hypothyroidism may even trigger gout. There is also some evidence to suggest that an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) can increase uric acid levels, although not to the degree that low thyroid hormones levels do. Although the thyroid gland releases the hormones which govern growth and metabolism, the brain (the pituitary and the hypothalamus) manages the release and the balance of the amount of hormones circulated. Other Illnesses Several other conditions can cause gout. They include: Leukemia Psoriasis In-Depth From A.D.A.M. Triggers Triggers are events or conditions that can set off a gout attack. Certain risk factors, including a purine-rich diet, are also considered a trigger. Triggers include: Joint injury Surgery Using certain drugs Hot and humid weather may also be strongly associated with recurrent gout attacks, according to research present at the 2006 American College of Rheumatology Annual Scientific Meeting. Such weather can cause sweating and, ultimately, dehydration, which has long been recognized as a potential trigger for gout attacks. Researchers asked 197 persons with a recent gout attack to answer questions about the risk factors they had 2 days before their last attack. They answered the same questions again over a 2-day control period. After comparing the data, the researchers learned that the risk of recurrent attacks increased nearly two-fold when the maximum daily temperature rose from 0 - 53° F to 87 - 105° F. Risk also increased with higher dew points. Rain and barometric pressure did not affect the findings. Drinking more water and fluids when it''s warm outside could help persons with gout prevent future attacks. In-Depth From A.D.A.M. Diagnosis The first step in diagnosing the disease is to determine which joints are affected. A physical examination and medical history can help confirm or rule out gout. For example, gout is more likely if arthritis first appears in the big toe. The speed of the onset of pain and swelling is also important. Symptoms that take days or weeks rather than hours to develop probably indicate a disorder other than gout. Abnormal enlargements in joints that had been affected by previous injury or osteoarthritis are possible signs of gout. This is particularly significant in older women who take diuretics ("water pills"). Examination of Synovial Fluid Synovial fluid examination is the most accurate method for diagnosing gout. The synovial fluid is the lubricating liquid that fills the synovium (the membrane that surrounds a joint and creates a protective sac). The fluid cushions joints and supplies nutrients and oxygen to cartilage, the slippery tissue that coats the ends of bones. This exam also helps detect gout during intercritical periods. The health care provider uses a needle attached to a syringe to draw out fluid from the affected joint. This is called aspiration. Local anesthesia is not used because it can reduce the effectiveness of the procedure. However, the procedure is usually only mildly uncomfortable. Afterwards, there can be some minor discomfort in the area where the needle was inserted, but it usually goes away quickly. The fluid sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis. Testing can reveal the presence of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, which will nearly always confirm a diagnosis of gout. The laboratory can also test the sample for infection. The procedure itself can cause infection, though this occurs in less than 0.1% of patients. Aspiration sometimes eases a patient’s symptoms by reducing swelling and pressure on the tissue surrounding the joint. Synovial fluid analysis is a method to look at the fluid that cushions a joint. It is done to help diagnose and treat joint-related problems such as gout. Blood Test for Uric Acid Levels A blood test is usually given for measuring uric acid and detecting hyperuricemia. A low level of uric acid in the blood makes a diagnosis of gout much less probable, and a very high level increases the likelihood of gout. Some experts argue, however, that such measurements are not very useful, given that uric acid levels in the blood during an attack of gout can lie within or below the normal range, and the presence of hyperuricemia doesn''t necessarily mean someone has gout. However, new research suggests that closer monitoring of blood uric acid levels in those with gout may help reduce gout flares as well as health care costs. Urine Tests It is sometimes helpful to gauge the amount of uric acid found in a patient''s urine, particularly if the patient is young and has pronounced hyperuricemia that might be related to a metabolic disorder. If uric acid in the urine exceeds a particular value, further tests for an enzyme defect or other identifiable cause of gout should be performed. Greater-than-normal amounts of uric acid in the urine also mean that the patient is more likely to develop uric acid kidney stones. Typically, a 24-hour urine test is performed. The patient discards the first urination sample on the day of the test. Afterward all urine passed over the next 24 hours is collected into a special container, including the first urination on the morning of day two. The container is delivered to the patient’s health care provider or sent directly to the laboratory. The urine is collected during an intercritical period, after the patient has been placed on a purine-reduced diet. The patient is also asked to temporarily stop using alcohol and any medications that can interfere with the test. The patient should not change any of his or her usual eating or drinking patterns when performing this test. Click the icon to see an image of a uric acid test. Imaging Tests X-Rays. For the most part, x-rays do not reveal any problems during the early stages of gout. Their usefulness lies in assessing the progress of the disorder in its chronic phase and identifying other health problems with symptoms similar to gout. Tophi can be seen on x-rays before they become apparent on physical examination. Advanced Imaging Techniques. Advanced imaging techniques being investigated for identifying tophi include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Doppler ultrasonography. A 2002 study comparing these approaches found that CT scans offered the best images. Ruling Out Other Disorders As part of the diagnosis, other disorders that produce gout-like symptoms or cause hyperuricemia should be ruled out. In general, it is easy to distinguish acute gout that occurs in one joint from other arthritic conditions. The two disorders that may confuse this diagnosis are pseudogout and septic arthritis. Chronic gout can often resemble rheumatoid arthritis. Several other conditions may at some point in their course resemble gout. Pseudogout is a condition most likely to be confused with gout. See box: " Pseudogout (Calcic Gout)." Pseudogout (Calcic Gout) Pseudogout (also called calcic gout and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease) is a common inflammatory arthritis among older adults. It is very similar to gout, but is caused by deposits of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in and around the joints. Although symptoms of pseudogout resemble gout in some ways, there are differences: The first attack typically strikes the knee. Other joints commonly affected are the shoulders, wrists, and ankles. At least two-thirds of cases affect more than one joint during a first attack. It may involve any joint, although the small joints in the fingers or toes are not commonly affected. The symptoms of pseudogout also appear more slowly than those of gout, taking days rather than hours to develop. Pseudogout is more likely to first develop in elderly people, particularly those with osteoarthritis. (It affects 10 - 15% of people over 65.) Pseudogout is more likely to occur in the autumn while gout attacks are most common in the spring. Who Gets Pseudogout? Conditions that are associated with a higher risk for pseudogout in elderly patients include underlying acute medical conditions, trauma, or surgery. Medical conditions associated with pseudogout include hypothyroidism, diabetes, gout, and osteoarthritis. Liver transplantation also may increase the risk. How Is Pseudogout Treated? There is no cure for pseudogout. It is a progressive disorder that can eventually destroy joints. Treatments for pseudogout are similar to those for gout and are aimed at relieving the pain and inflammation and reducing the frequency of attacks. NSAIDs are effective for treating inflammation and pain from pseudogout. For acute attacks in large joints, fluid aspiration alone or with corticosteroids may help. Colchicine may be used for acute attacks. Magnesium carbonate may help dissolve crystals but existing hard deposits may remain. Surgery may be required for joint replacement. Table 1: Pseudogout (Calcic Gout) Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis can distort the joints of the finger and cause inflammation and pain that may mimic gout. In older people, it is particularly difficult to distinguish chronic gout from rheumatoid arthritis. A proper diagnosis can be made with a detailed medical history, laboratory tests, and identification of MSU crystals. Osteoarthritis. Gout can coincide and be confused with osteoarthritis in older people, particularly when it occurs in arthritic finger joints in women. In general, gout should be suspected if the joints in the fingertips are unusually enlarged. Click the icon to see an image of osteoarthritis. Infections. Joint infections can have features that resemble gout. A correct diagnosis is critical for appropriate treatment. For example, some cases of gout have been confused with infection after joint replacement. On the other hand, joint infection not associated with surgery might indicate sepsis, which is a widespread and potentially life-threatening bacterial infection that can cause inflamed joints, chills, and a spiking fever. The severity of the fever and a high white blood cell count in the joint fluid helps diagnose a septic infection, while urate crystals in the joint are a good indicator of gout. Charcot Foot. Between 1 - 2.5% of people with diabetes have Charcot foot or Charcot joint (medically referred to as neuropathic arthropathy). This condition is caused by problems in the nerves in the feet. Early changes may resemble gout, with the foot becoming swollen, red, and warm. Recognition and treatment of this condition is very important. A seriously affected foot can become deformed. The bones may crack, splinter, and erode, and the joints may shift, change shape, and become unstable. Bunions. A bunion is a deformity that usually occurs at the head of the first of five long bones (the metatarsal bones) that extend from the arch and connect to the toes, and may be confused with gout. The first metatarsal bone is the one that attaches to the big toe. A bunion begins to form when the big toe is forced in toward the rest of the toes, causing the head of the first metatarsal bone to jut out and rub against the side of the shoe. The underlying tissue becomes inflamed, and a painful bump forms. As this bony growth develops, the bunion is formed as the big toe is forced to grow at an increasing angle towards the rest of the toes. Table 2: Some Diseases with Symptoms Similar to Gout In-Depth From A.D.A.M. Treatment: Medications Many patients do not require medications. During the period between gout attacks, patients are advised to avoid foods high in purines and to maintain a healthy weight. Patients should also avoid alcohol and reduce any stress. Experts do not recommend treatment for hyperuricemia that causes no symptoms. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia usually does not lead to gout or other health problems. In addition, the drugs used to treat it are expensive and carry certain risks. In unusual circumstances treatment may be justified, for example in patients with very high uric acid levels that threaten the kidney or those with a personal or strong family history of gout, kidney stones, or kidney damage. Acute attacks of gout and long-term treatment of gout and hyperuricemia require different approaches. Treatment usually involves medication. After the first attack, some health care providers advise their patients to keep a supply of medications on hand so that self-medication can begin at the first sign of symptoms of a second acute attack. There are also specific treatments for conditions associated with gout, including uric acid nephropathy and uric acid nephrolithiasis. Treating an Acute Gout Attack Drug treatments for acute attacks of gout are aimed at relieving pain and reducing inflammation. They should be started as early as possible. Treatment usually involves medication. There are also specific treatments for conditions associated with gout, including uric acid nephropathy and uric acid nephrolithiasis. Medications include: Dexibuprofen (Seractil) Indomethacin (Indocin) Indomethacin (Indocin) is typically the first choice for patients who have no medical conditions that would interfere with its use. Usually 2 - 7 days of high-dose indomethacin is enough to treat a gout attack. The first dose of indomethacin usually begins to act against the pain and inflammation within 24 hours and often much sooner. Ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac, or others are good alternatives, particularly for elderly patients who might experience confusion or bizarre sensations with indomethacin. (Aspirin is an NSAID, but is associated with a higher risk for gout and should be avoided.) Regular use of even over-the-counter NSAIDs can cause certain health problems, such as: Ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding Increased blood pressure -- people with hypertension, severe vascular disease, kidney, or liver problems and those taking diuretics must be closely monitored if they need to take NSAIDs. Delayed emptying of the stomach, which could interfere with the actions of other drugs. The elderly are at special risk. Dizziness Depression Confusion or bizarre sensation (in some higher-potency NSAIDs, notably indomethacin) As with acetaminophen, high daily doses of aspirin have been associated with an increased risk of kidney failure, although the risk remains low in those with healthy kidney function. Kidney abnormalities have been reported in people taking other NSAIDs as well, which resolve when the drugs are withdrawn. Any sudden weight gain or swelling should be reported to a physician. Anyone with kidney disease should avoid these drugs. Patients with diabetes who take hypoglycemics by mouth may need to adjust the dosage if they also need to take NSAIDs because of possible harmful interactions between the drugs. Some studies have reported that ibuprofen (but not other NSAIDs) may reduce the heart-protective effects of low-dose aspirin. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings. NSAID-Induced Ulcers and Gastrointestinal Bleeding Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a common cause of ulcers. NSAID-related bleeding and stomach problems may be responsible for 107,000 hospital admissions and 16,500 deaths each year. Because there are usually no gastrointestinal symptoms from NSAIDs until bleeding begins, health care providers cannot predict which patients taking these drugs will develop bleeding. Those at high risk for NSAID-related bleeding include the elderly, anyone with a history of an ulcer or gastrointestinal bleeding, patients with serious heart conditions, those who drink too much alcohol, and persons on certain medications, such anticoagulants (blood thinners), corticosteroids, or bisphosphonates (drugs used for osteoporosis). Preventing NSAID-Related Ulcers. Switching to alternative pain relievers is the first step in preventing or healing ulcers caused by NSAIDs. If people cannot change drugs, they should use the lowest NSAID dose possible. For example, Arthrotec is a combination of an ulcer protective drug called misoprostol and the NSAID diclofenac that may reduce the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding. One study found that patients taking Arthrotec had 65 - 80% fewer ulcers than those who took NSAIDs alone. In addition, medications are available that may help prevent ulcers in people who need to take NSAIDs. Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the first drug of choice for preventing ulcers in high-risk individuals. They have been shown to reduce NSAID-ulcer rates by as much as 80% compared with no treatment. Types of these drugs include omeprazole (Prilosec), esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), rabeprazole (AcipHex ), and pantoprazole (Protonix). Prevacid is the first proton-pump inhibitor specifically approved for protecting against ulcers in chronic NSAID users. Table 3: NSAID-Induced Ulcers and Gastrointestinal Bleeding Colchicine Colchicine is a derivative of the autumn crocus (also called the meadow saffron). It has been used against gout attacks for centuries. It is highly effective, although it is no longer the first drug of choice because of its frequent, unpleasant, and sometimes very serious side effects. Colchicine may be given within 48 hours of an attack to a healthy adult. It should not be used by elderly patients or those with kidney, liver, or bone marrow disorders. It can also affect fertility and should not be used during pregnancy. The drug can cause gastrointestinal side effects at high dose, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Low doses do not pose as high a risk for gastrointestinal symptoms, and can prevent further attacks, including in patients who are starting anti-hyperuricemic therapies. The antibiotic erythromycin or H2 blockers, such as famotidine (Pepcid AC), cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), may intensify the gastrointestinal side effects of colchicine. A 2004 study showed that long-term colchicine therapy may also weaken the respiratory muscles, especially among patients with renal failure. Colchicine also interacts with several other medications. Colchicine may be taken by mouth or given by an intravenous line. Those who take it by mouth need doses every hour until either symptoms improve or side effects develop. Improvement should be seen by the tenth dose. It usually eliminates the pain of an acute attack within 48 hours. The intravenous route has some serious side effects, however, and poses an increased risk for injury to the kidney, liver, central nervous system, and bone marrow. Warning Note: Overdose of colchicine can be dangerous, and there have even been reports of death. The drug may also suppress blood cell production and cause nerve and muscular injury in certain people, sometimes even in those not taking high doses. Corticosteroids Corticosteroids may be used in patients who cannot tolerate NSAIDs and they may be particularly beneficial for elderly patients. Injections into an affected joint provide effective relief for many patients, but this is not useful for patients who have multiple joints that are affected. Steroids taken by mouth may be used for patients who cannot take NSAIDs or colchicine and who have gout in more than one joint. Corticosteroids include triamcinolone and prednisone. Corticotropin (ACTH), a drug that converts to a steroid, is effective and safe, according to some evidence, but is not widely available. Treatments to Prevent Attacks During Intercritical Gout After an acute attack some patients remain at high risk for another for several weeks during the intercritical period. Such patients include those with kidney insufficiency or with congestive heart failure who are on diuretics. Low doses of colchicine or NSAIDs may be used to during this period for prevention. They should be taken in low doses for 1 - 2 months after an attack or longer in patients who have experienced frequent attacks. Antihyperuricemic Medicines for Chronic Gout A 2001 study suggested that patients with chronic gout must maintain uric acid levels at or below 6 mg/dL in order to prevent further attacks. There are numerous effective antihyperuricemic medicines. In general, their effects depend on whether a patient''s high uric acid is due to overproduction or a failure to eliminate enough in the urine. Long-term treatment of hyperuricemia may be recommended for people who have: A risk for tophaceous gout More than two or three acute attacks of gout in the past Unusually severe attacks or attacks that affect more than one joint Joint damage from gout, shown on x-rays Hyperuricemia caused by an identifiable inborn metabolic deficiency People who take these drugs should have normal kidney function. This therapy may not be as beneficial in many elderly patients, who often have some kidney insufficiency. Uricosurics. These drugs prevent the kidney from reabsorbing uric acid and so increase the amount excreted in the urine. They are appropriate when gout is caused by under-excretion of uric acid, which occurs in about 80% of cases. They are not used for patients with reduced kidney function or those with tophaceous gout. They are usually the choice for preventing gout in the following patients: Those under 60 years old Those with normal diets Those who have normal kidney function Those who have no risk of kidney stones Uricosuric drug candidates should produce no more than 700 - 800 mg of uric acid in urine over a 24-hour period. Probenecid (Benemid, Probalan) and sulfinpyrazone (Anturane) are the standard uricosurics. A more potent uricosuric, benzbromarone, may work for people with severe tophaceous gout and kidney impairment when other drugs do not. In some studies, benzbromarone was equal to or even more effective than allopurinol, another type of antihyperuricemic drug. Because benzbromarone can cause liver failure in some patients, it is available in the U.S. only with special authorization. A uricosuric combined with allopurinol may be beneficial in cases. Probenecid is taken two to three times a day, and sulfinpyrazone begins at twice a day and increases to three or four times daily. The initial doses should be low and gradually increased. Probenecid combined with colchicine is more effective than probenecid alone, but everyone responds differently, so the dose needs to be carefully individualized. The possible side effects of probenecid and sulfinpyrazone include skin rashes, gastrointestinal problems, anemia, and kidney stone formation. To help reduce acidity and the risk for kidney stones, patients should drink plenty of fluids (ideally water, not caffeinated beverages). Sodium bicarbonate supplemented by acetazolamide can also reduce acidity and the risk for stones. NSAIDs, particularly aspirin, as well as other salicylate drugs, interfere with uricosuric drugs and reduce effectiveness. Patients who require minor pain relief should instead take acetaminophen (Tylenol and others). Uricosurics interact with many other drugs, and a patient should be sure to inform their health care provider of all medications they are taking. Allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim). Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that blocks uric acid production. It is the drug most often used in long-term treatment for older patients and those who overproduce uric acid. Allopurinol is taken by mouth once a day in doses of 100 - 600 mg, depending on the patient''s response to treatment. When it is first used, allopurinol can trigger further attacks of gout, and thus during the first months (or longer) of therapy the patient is also given a NSAID or colchicine to reduce that possibility. Allopurinol has positive effects on “bad” cholesterol levels, so it may be better than other drugs for patients with both gout and coronary artery disease. Side effects, which can be severe, include: Diarrhea Leukopenia (a reduction in the number of white blood cells) Thrombocytopenia (a reduction in the number of platelets) Cataracts In rare cases, the rash can become severe and widespread enough to be life threatening (called Toxic epidermal necrolysis, or TEN). Allergic individuals who experience only a mild rash may be able to build up their tolerance for the drug by undergoing a desensitization process. Allopurinol interacts with certain other drugs, such as azathioprine. Puricase (PEG-Uricase). This is an experimental drug that has been shown to rapidly reduce excess uric acid. If approved, it may help those who have failed other treatments. The decision to use an anti-hyperuricemic and at what point is not entirely clear. Some health care providers do not prescribe them if hyperuricemia is mild or until a patient has had two attacks. Others prescribe them immediately after a single attack. Most of the time, antihyperuricemic therapy means taking a drug routinely throughout life, which many people find difficult. Before treatment, some experts recommend a 24-hour collection sample in patients with frequent gout attacks to determine whether they are over-producers or under-excreters of uric acid. Also, before starting one of these drugs, any previous acute attack should be completely controlled and the joints should not be inflamed. Some health care providers prefer to wait about a month after an attack. Low doses of NSAIDs or colchicine are used during several months after introducing anti-hyperuricemic therapies to prevent gout attacks. It should be noted that NSAIDs, particularly aspirin, as well as other salicylate drugs, reduce the effectiveness of uricosurics, so they should be avoided if possible by patients taking them. Warning Note on Drug Treatments for Gout It should be noted that many drugs used for gout can also precipitate acute gout symptoms and so should not be used until symptoms have subsided. The patient should then start with small doses that gradually increase. Hypertensive Agents. People with gout have a higher risk for high blood pressure. Some of the agents used to treat hypertension, such as thiazide diuretics, can increase the risk for gout attacks. Newer agents, such as losartan (an angiotensin II receptor antagonist), and amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker), may have beneficial effects on both high blood pressure and gout. Febuxostat. Febuxostat is the first drug to emerge in many decades as a potential new treatment for chronic gout. It may prove to be an alternative for patients who are allergic to allopurinol. The drug is awaiting approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In-Depth From A.D.A.M. Other Treatments Surgery. Large tophi that are draining, infected, or interfering with the movement of joints may need to be surgically removed. When infection is present, the procedure carries a high risk for complications. People most likely to have surgery also tend to have other medical conditions that might worsen the outlook. In one study, experts suggested that better preventive measures, such as the use of allopurinol, could reduce the need for surgery. Several other surgical procedures are available for relieving pain in and improving the function of affected joints. It is sometimes necessary to replace joints. Hot and Cold Therapy. Rest and protecting the affected joint with a splint can also promote recovery. A 2002 study reported that applying ice packs for 30 minutes four times daily significantly reduced pain. However, one 2001 study recommended applying warm water continuously and moving the joint. The theory behind this advice was that the pain in a gout attack is due to grinding from the crystals and that warmth would help dissolve the crystals and relieve pain. In-Depth From A.D.A.M. Lifestyle Changes Any activities that increase energy demands also increase metabolism or purines that produce uric acid. Avoiding stress and staying healthy are important for preventing attacks. Dietary Recommendations Because uric acid levels are only mildly affected by diet, dietary therapy does not play a large role in the prevention of gout. Still, people who have had an attack of gout may benefit from reducing their intake of purine-rich foods, particularly if they eat unusually large quantities of such foods. While meat and certain types of seafood and shellfish do produce high levels of purines in the blood, research has suggested that not all purine-rich foods are associated with gout. Eating a moderate amount of purine-rich vegetables (spinach, cauliflower, mushrooms, legumes) does not appear to increase the risk of gout. Dairy products, especially low-fat products (low-fat yogurt and skim milk), may actually protect against gout. Researchers have also found that taking 500 mg a day of vitamin C significantly reduces uric acid levels. They are investigating whether vitamin C can be used to prevent or treat gout. Foods to Avoid: Complications in the lungs (in rare cases, uric acid crystals occur in the lungs) In-Depth From A.D.A.M. References Huang HY, Appel LJ, Choi MJ et al. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jun;52(6):1843-7. Chen VC, Ho PL, Yuen KY. Two probable cases of serious drug interaction between clarithromycin and colchicine. South Med J. 2005 Aug;98(8):811-3. Saxena R, Loghmanee F. Fatal drug reaction due to allopurinol therapy in a 72-year-old man. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005 Aug;129(8):e183-4. Tsutsumi Z. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein autoantibodies in patients with primary gout: effect of urate-lowering therapy. Clin Chim Acta - 01-JAN-2004; 339(1-2): 117-22. Bardin T. Current management of gout in patients unresponsive or allergic to allopurinol. Joint Bone Spine. 2004; 71(6):481-5. Akkasilpa S. The efficacy of combined low dose of Allopurinol and benzbromarone compared to standard dose of Allopurinol in hyperuricemia. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004; 87(9): 1087-91. Russmann S. Life-threatening adverse effects of pharmacologic antihyperuricemic therapy. Ther Umsch. 2004; 61(9):575-7. YQ Zhang, Chaisson CE, Chen CA, McAlindon TE, Hunter DJ. High Humidity and High Temperature Increase the Risk of Recurrent Gout Attacks: The Online Case-crossover Gout Study. Presentation Number 707. American College of Rheumatology Annual Scientific Meeting, Washington, DC, November 2006. Wu EQ, Mody RR, Krishnan E, et al. Tighter Control of Serum Uric Acid in Gout is Associated with Lower Morbidity and Health Care Costs. Presentation Number 736. American College of Rheumatology Annual Scientific Meeting, Washington, DC, November 2006. Krishnan E, Baker JF, Furst DE, Schumacher HR. Gout and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Aug;54(8):2688-96. Ganson NJ, Kelly SJ, Scarlett E, Sundy JS, Hershfield MS. Control of hyperuricemia in subjects with refractory gout, and induction of antibody against poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG), in a phase I trial of subcutaneous PEGylated urate oxidase. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Dec 2;8(1):R12 [Epub ahead of print]. 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Thomas Seymour married the widow of which monarch in 1547, previously his brother-in-law?	Gout \| definition of gout by Medical dictionary Gout \| definition of gout by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gout Definition Gout is a form of acute arthritis that causes severe pain and swelling in the joints. It most commonly affects the big toe, but may also affect the heel, ankle, hand, wrist, or elbow. It affects the spine often enough to be a factor in back pain. Gout usually comes on suddenly, goes away after 5-10 days, and can keep recurring. Gout is different from other forms of arthritis because it occurs when there are high levels of uric acid circulating in the blood, which can cause urate crystals to settle in the tissues of the joints. Description Uric acid, which is found naturally in the blood stream, is formed as the body breaks down waste products, mainly those containing purine, a substance that is produced by the body and is also found in high concentrations in some foods, including brains, liver, sardines, anchovies, and dried peas and beans. Normally, the kidneys filter uric acid out of the blood and excrete it in the urine. Sometimes, however, the body produces too much uric acid or the kidneys aren't efficient enough at filtering it from the blood, and it builds up in the blood stream, a condition known as hyperuricemia. A person's susceptibility to gout may increase because of the inheritance of certain genes or from being overweight and eating a rich diet. In some cases, another disease (such as lymphoma, leukemia, or hemolytic anemia ) may be the underlying cause of the uric acid buildup that results in gout. An additional factor is occupational or environmental; it is now known that chronic exposure to high levels of lead decreases the body's excretion of urates, allowing uric acid to accumulate in the blood. Hyperuricemia doesn't always cause gout. Over the course of years, however, sharp urate crystals build up in the synovial fluid of the joints. Often, some precipitating event, such as an infection, surgery, the stress of hospitalization, a stubbed toe, or even a heavy drinking binge can cause inflammation. White blood cells, mistaking the urate crystals for a foreign invader, flood into the joint and surround the crystals, causing inflammation—in other words, the redness, swelling, and pain that are the hallmarks of a gout attack. Causes and symptoms As a result of high levels of uric acid in the blood, needle-like urate crystals gradually accumulate in the joints. Urate crystals may be present in the joint for a long time without causing symptoms. Infection, injury to the joint, surgery, drinking too much, or eating the wrong kinds of foods may suddenly bring on the symptoms, which include pain, tenderness, redness, warmth, and swelling of the joint. In many cases, the gout attack begins in the middle of the night. The pain is often so excruciating that the sufferer cannot bear weight on the joint or tolerate the pressure of bedcovers. The inflamed skin over the joint may be red, shiny, and dry, and the inflammation may be accompanied by a mild fever . These symptoms may go away in about a week and disappear for months or years at a time. However, over the course of time, attacks of gout recur more and more frequently, last longer, and affect more joints. Eventually, stone-like deposits known as tophi may build up in the joints, ligaments, and tendons, leading to permanent joint deformity and decreased motion. (In addition to causing the tophi associated with gout, hyperuricemia can also cause kidney stones , also called renal calculi or uroliths.) Gout affects an estimated one million Americans; according to the National Institutes of Health, it accounts for about 5% of all cases of arthritis. It occurs more often in men than in women; the sex ratio is about 4:1. Uric-acid levels tend to increase in men at puberty , and, because it takes 20 years of hyperuricemia to cause gout symptoms, men commonly develop gout in their late 30s or early 40s. Women more typically develop gout later in life, starting in their 60s. According to some medical experts, estrogen protects against hyperuricemia, and when estrogen levels fall during menopause , urate crystals can begin to build up in the joints. Excess body weight, regular excessive alcohol intake, the use of blood pressure medications called diuretics , and high levels of certain fatty substances in the blood (serum triglycerides) associated with an increased risk of heart disease can all increase a person's risk of developing gout. Gout appears to be on the increase in the American population. According to a study published in November 2002, there was a twofold increase in the incidence of gout over the 20 years between 1977 and 1997. It is not yet known whether this increase is the result of improved diagnosis or whether it is associated with risk factors that have not yet been identified. Diagnosis Usually, physicians can diagnose gout based on the physical examination and medical history (the patient's description of symptoms and other information). Doctors can also administer a test that measures the level of uric acid in the blood. While normal uric acid levels don't necessarily rule out gout and high levels don't confirm it, the presence of hyperuricemia increases the likelihood of gout. The development of a tophus can confirm the diagnosis of gout. The most definitive way to diagnose gout is Gout, a form of acute arthritis, most commonly occurs in the big toe. It is caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood, in which urate crystals settle in the tissues of the joints and produce severe pain and swelling. (Illustration by Electronic Illustrators Group.) to take a sample of fluid from the joint and test it for urate crystals. Treatment The goals of treatment for gout consist of alleviating pain, avoiding severe attacks in the future, and preventing long-term joint damage. In addition to taking pain medications as prescribed by their doctors, people having gout attacks are encouraged to rest and to increase the amount of fluids that they drink. Acute attacks of gout can be treated with nonaspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as naproxen sodium (Aleve), ibuprofen (Advil), or indomethacin (Indocin). In some cases, these drugs can aggravate a peptic ulcer or existing kidney disease and cannot be used. Doctors sometimes also use colchicine (Colbenemid), especially in cases where nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cannot be used. Colchicine may cause diarrhea , which tends to go away once the patient stops taking it. Corticosteroids such as prednisone (Deltasone) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acthar) may be given orally or may be injected directly into the joint for a more concentrated effect. While all of these drugs have the potential to cause side effects, they are used for only about 48 hours and are not likely to cause major problems. However, aspirin and closely related drugs (salicylates) should be avoided because they can ultimately worsen gout. Once an acute attack has been successfully treated, doctors try to prevent future attacks of gout and long-term joint damage by lowering uric acid levels in the blood. There are two types of drugs for correcting hyperuricemia. Such uricosuric drugs as probenecid (Benemid) and sulfinpyrazone (Anturane) lower the levels of urate in the blood by increasing its removal from the body (excretion) through the urine. These drugs may promote the formation of kidney stones, however, and they may not work for all patients, especially those with kidney disease. Allopurinol (Zyloprim), a type of drug called a xanthine-oxidase inhibitor, blocks the production of urate in the body, and can dissolve kidney stones as well as treating gout. The potential side effects of allopurinol include rash, a skin condition known as dermatitis , and liver dysfunction. In 2004, the FDA was seeking trial data on a new drug called oxypurinol (Oxyprim) for treating chronic gout. These medications may have to be taken for life to prevent further gout attacks. New quality of care indicators were released in 2004 to improve care for patients with gout. The aim of the guidelines was to prevent repeat gout attacks and to reduce medication errors associated with intravenous colchicine in hospitals. Alternative treatment Alternative approaches to gout focus on correcting hyperuricemia by encouraging weigt loss and limiting the intake of alcohol and purine-rich foods. In addition, consuming garlic (Allium sativum) has been recommended to help prevent gout. Increasing fluid intake, especially by drinking water, is also recommended. During an acute attack, contrast hydrotherapy (alternating three-minute hot compresses with 30-second cold compresses) can help dissolve the crystals and resolve the pain faster. Prognosis Gout cannot be cured but usually it can be managed successfully. As tophi dissolve, joint mobility generally improves. (In some cases, however, medicines alone do not dissolve the tophi and they must be removed surgically.) Lowering uric acid in the blood also helps to prevent or improve the kidney problems that may accompany gout. Prevention For centuries, gout has been known as a "rich man's disease" or a disease caused by overindulgence in food and drink. While this view is perhaps a little overstated and oversimplified, lifestyle factors clearly influence a person's risk of developing gout. Since obesity and excessive alcohol intake are associated with hyperuricemia and gout, losing weight and limiting alcohol intake can help ward off gout. Dehydration may also promote the formation of urate crystals, so people taking diuretics or "water pills" may be better off switching to another type of blood pressure medication. Everyone should be sure to drink at least six to eight glasses of water each day. Since purine is broken down in the body into urate, it may also be helpful to avoid foods high in purine, such as organ meats, sardines, anchovies, red meat, gravies, beans, beer, and wine. A 2004 study revealed that eating more low-fat dairy products could reduce risk of developing gout. Key terms Allopurinol — A drug that corrects hyperuricemia by inhibiting urate production. Colchicine — A drug used to treat painful flare-ups of gout. Corticosteroids — Medications related to a natural body hormone called hydrocortisone, which are used to treat inflammation. Hyperuricemia — High levels of a waste product called uric acid in the blood. Probenecid — A drug that corrects hyperuricemia by increasing the urinary excretion of urate. Purine — A substance found in foods that is broken down into urate and may contribute to hyperuricemia and gout. Sulfinpyrazone — A drug that corrects hyperuricemia by increasing the urinary excretion of urate. Synovial fluid — Fluid surrounding the joints which acts as a lubricant, reducing the friction between the joints. Tophus (plural, tophi) — A chalky deposit of a uric acid compound found in gout. Tophi occur most frequently around joints and in the external ear. Urate crystals — Crystals formed by high levels of uric acid in the blood. Resources Books Parker, James N., M.D., and Philip M. Parker, Ph. D. The 2002 Official Patient's Sourcebook on Gout. San Diego, CA: ICON Health Publications, 2002. Periodicals Arromdee, E., C. J. Michet, C. S. Crowson, et al. "Epidemiology of Gout: Is the Incidence Rising?" Journal of Rheumatology 29 (November 2002): 2403-2406. Coghill, Kim. "FDA Panel Discusses Endpoints for Approval of Gout Products." Bioworld Today (June 3, 2004). "Dairy-rich Diet May Help Prevent Gout." Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter (June 2004): 2. Hsu, C. Y., T. T. Shih, K. M. Huang, et al. "Tophaceous Gout of the Spine: MR Imaging Features." Clinical Radiology 57 (October 2002): 919-925. Lin, J. L., D. T. Tan, H. H. Ho, and C. C. Yu. "Environmental Lead Exposure and Urate Excretion in the General Population." American Journal of Medicine 113 (November 2002): 563-568. MacReady, Norma. "New Gout Quality-of-care Standards Take Aim at Medication-related Errors." Internal Medicine News (June 1, 2004): 18. Perez-Ruiz, F., M. Calabozo, G. G. Erauskin, et al. "Renal Underexcretion of Uric Acid is Present in Patients with Apparent High Urinary Uric Acid Output." Arthritis and Rheumatism 47 (December 15, 2002): 610-613. Raj, J. M., S. Sudhakar, K. Sems, and R. W. Carlson. "Arthritis in the Intensive Care Unit." Critical Care Clinics 18 (October 2002): 767-780. Shekarriz, B., and M. L. Stoller. "Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: Current Concepts and Controversies." Journal of Urology 168, no. 4, Part 1 (October 2002): 1307-1314. Organizations Arthritis Foundation.1300 W. Peachtree St., Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 283-7800. http://www.arthritis.org. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). National Institutes of Health (NIH), 1 AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675. 〈www.niams.nih/gov〉. Other National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). Questions and Answers About Gout. Bethesda, MD: NIAMS, 2002. NIH Publication No. 02-5027. 〈www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/gout/gout/htm〉. gout [gowt] a form of arthritis in which uric acid appears in excessive quantities in the blood and may be deposited in the joints and other tissues. During an acute attack there is swelling, inflammation, and extreme pain in a joint, frequently that of the big toe. After several years of attacks, the chronic form of the disease may set in, permanently damaging and deforming joints and destroying cells of the kidney. Most cases occur in men and the first attack rarely occurs before the age of 30. Causes. The causes of gout include excessive production of uric acid, as an inherited condition or as a side effect of chemotherapy for tumors, and impairment of clearance due to the antihypertensive agent hydrochlorothiazide or to low-dose aspirin . Acute Gout. This form usually strikes without warning. The affected joint, which in 70 per cent of cases is that of the big toe, becomes swollen, inflamed, and very painful. The first attack may follow an operation, infection, or minor irritation such as tight shoes, or it may have no apparent cause. The patient may have a headache or fever, and often cannot walk because of the pain. Without treatment, acute attacks of gout usually last a few days or weeks. The symptoms then disappear completely until the next attack. As the disease progresses, the attacks tend to last longer and the intervals between attacks become shorter. A definite diagnosis of gout is made by identifying needle-shaped sodium urate crystals in the synovial fluid aspirated from an affected joint. The crystals may be seen inside polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Acute gouty arthritis is an example of an acute inflammatory process. Serial serum uric acid levels are also monitored; levels consistently above 8 mg/100 ml are an abnormal finding. Treatment. An acute attack of gout can be treated successfully with any of several medicines. colchicine has long been used; in most cases it relieves the pain and swelling in 72 hours or less, although it does not affect the high concentration of uric acid. indomethacin is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that is particularly effective against acute gout and has become the treatment of choice. Aspirin should be avoided during acute attacks. The dietary management of gout is a subject of disagreement among researchers. Chronic Gout. After a number of acute attacks of gout, the patient who goes without medical treatment may develop symptoms of chronic gout. This seldom occurs less than 10 years after the first acute attack. Joints affected by chronic gout degenerate in the same way as those affected by rheumatoid arthritis and may eventually lose their ability to move. Treatment. Chronic gout is treated with probenecid , allopurinol , or other medicines that promote urinary excretion of uric acid. Other treatment may also be necessary if the kidney is involved. With appropriate treatment, gout should be well controlled. Management Between Attacks. If acute gout is recognized at an early stage and treated correctly, the development of the chronic form can generally be prevented. Weight should be kept within normal limits, and increasing daily intake of liquids is beneficial because it encourages urine production. Gouty arthritis. Deposits of uric acid crystals in the connective tissue have a chemotactic effect and cause exudation of leukocytes into the joint. The inflammation most often affects the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe. From Damjanov, 2000. gout (gowt), [MIM138900] A disorder of purine metabolism, occurring especially in men, characterized by a raised but variable blood uric acid level and severe recurrent acute arthritis of sudden onset resulting from deposition of crystals of sodium urate in connective tissues and articular cartilage; most cases are inherited, resulting from a variety of abnormalities of purine metabolism. The familial aggregation is for the most part galtonian with a threshold of expression determined by the solubility of uric acid. However, gout is also a feature of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome , an X-linked disorder [MIM308000]. [L. gutta, drop] gout (gout) a group of disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism, characterized by typhi causing recurrent paroxysmal attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis usually affecting a single peripheral joint, usually responsive to colchicine, and usually followed by complete remission; hyperuricemia and uric acid urolithiasis are also present in fully developed cases.gout´y latent gout , masked gout lithemia without the typical features of gout. gout (gout) n. 1. A disturbance of uric-acid metabolism occurring chiefly in males, characterized by painful inflammation of the joints, especially of the feet and hands, and arthritic attacks resulting from elevated levels of uric acid in the blood and the deposition of urate crystals around the joints. The condition can become chronic and result in deformity. 2. A large blob or clot: "and makes it bleed great gouts of blood" (Oscar Wilde). gout′i·ness n. gout Etymology: L, gutta, drop a disease associated with an inborn error of uric acid metabolism that increases production or interferes with excretion of uric acid. Excess uric acid is converted to sodium urate crystals that precipitate from the blood and become deposited in joints and other tissues. Men are more often affected than premenopausal women. The great toe is a common site for the accumulation of urate crystals. The condition can cause exceedingly painful swelling of a joint, accompanied by chills and fever. The symptoms are recurrent. Episodes become longer each year. The disorder is disabling and, if untreated, can progress to the development of destructive joint changes, such as tophi. Treatment usually includes administration of colchicine, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, or glucocorticoid drugs and a diet that excludes purine-rich foods such as organ meats. It may include surgical removal of ulcerated tophi. Chronically, probenecid, allopurinol, or colchicine may be used to decrease uric acid levels. Acquired gout is a condition having the signs and symptoms of gout but resulting from another disorder or treatment for a different condition. Diuretic drugs can alter the concentration of uric acid so that uric acid salts precipitate from the blood and are carried to the joints. See also chondrocalcinosis, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tophus . Gout gout A metabolic disorder characterised by increased uric acid in the blood and joints, resulting in recurring painful arthritis and renal dysfunction with deposits of uric acid in the urinary tract, which in some cases is caused by either of two X-linked enzymes. Clinical findings One-half of cases present with the classic “podagra” which affects the metatarsophalangeal joint; up to 90% suffer podagra at some time during their disease. With time, the attacks become polyarticular. Gouty tophi accumulate on the ears and over joints. Patients with gout are at high risk of forming kidney stones, which, in extreme cases, can cause renal failure. Risk factors Alcoholism, hereditary defect of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HG-PRT), phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity, obesity, hypertension, renal dysfunction, drugs; family history of gout is present in about half of cases. Lab Increased uric acid, often ≥ 410 µmol/L–US: 7.0 mg/ml, a level found in a significant minority of men (90% of gout occurs in men). Diagnosis Crystals in joints, body fluids, tissues. Acute treatment Diet, allopurinol, sulfinpyrazone, salicylates. gout Orthopedics A condition characterized by ↑ uric acid in the blood and joints, resulting in recurring painful arthritis, renal function and deposits of uric acid in the urinary tract, linked to 2 X-linked enzymes Risk factors Hereditary defects of HG-PRT–hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, obesity, weight gain, alcohol intake, HTN, renal dysfunction, drugs Lab ↑ uric acid, often ≥ 410 µmol/L–US: 7.0 mg/ml, a level found in a significant minority of ♂–90% of gout occurs in ♂ Diagnosis Crystals in joints, body fluids, tissues; family Hx of gout is present in ±1⁄2 of cases;1⁄2 present with the classic 'podagra'–1st metatarsophalangeal joint; up to 90% suffer podagra at some time during their disease Acute treatment Colchicine, NSAIDs, corticosteroids Interval Diet Chronic Allopurinol, sulfinpyrazone, salicylates. See Congenital gout , PseudoGout , Saturnine gout . gout (gowt) A disorder of purine metabolism, occurring especially in men, characterized by a raised but variable blood uric acid level and severe recurrent acute arthritis of sudden onset resulting from deposition of crystals of sodium urate in connective tissues and articular cartilage; usually inherited, resulting from a variety of abnormalities of purine metabolism. [L. gutta, drop] (gowt) [Fr. goute, fr L. gutta, a drop] GOUT: Uric acid crystals and white blood cells in synovial fluid (orig. mag. ×500) GOUT A form of arthritis marked by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and other tissues. Any joint may be affected, but gout usually begins in the knee or the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the foot. Synonym: monosodium urate deposition disease tophus ; Symptoms Most hyperuricemic people are asymptomatic between acute attacks. When an attack of acute gouty arthritis develops, it usually begins at night with moderate pain that increases in intensity to the point where no body position provides relief. Low-grade fever and joint inflammation (hot, exquisitely tender, dusky-red or cyanotic joints) may be present. See: illustration Treatment Colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, or corticosteroids are used to treat acute gouty attacks. Long-term therapy aims at preventing hyperuricemia by giving uricosuric drugs such as probenecid, or xanthine oxidase inhibitors such as allopurinol. Patients with gout have a tendency to form uric acid kidney stones. The diet should be well balanced and devoid of purine-rich foods, e.g., anchovies, sardines, liver, kidneys, sweetbreads, lentils, beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages, because these raise urate levels. Fluid intake should be encouraged. Patient care During the acute phase, bedrest is prescribed for at least the first 24 hr, and affected joints are elevated, immobilized, and protected by a bed cradle. Analgesics are administered, and hot or cold packs applied, depending on which the patient finds most helpful. The patient is taught about these measures. Colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, prednisone, or other prescribed drugs are administered. Allopurinol may be prescribed as maintenance therapy after acute attacks to suppress uric acid formation and control uric acid levels, thus preventing future attacks. Patients should be warned to report adverse effects of allopurinol, e.g., drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, urinary frequency, dermatitis. A low-purine diet is recommended. The importance of gradual weight reduction is explained if obesity, which places additional stress on painful joints, is a factor. If soft-tissue tophi are present, e.g., near joints in fingers, knees, or feet, the patient should wear soft clothing to cover these areas and should use meticulous skin care and sterile dressings to prevent infection of open lesions. Surgery may be required to excise or drain infected or ulcerated tophi, to correct joint deformities, or to improve joint function. Even minor surgery may precipitate gouty attacks (usually within 24 to 96 hr after surgery); therefore, the patient should be instructed about this risk and medications administered as prescribed to prevent acute attacks. The goal of chronic management of gout is to maintain serum uric acid levels below 6 mg/dl. At these levels chronic complications of gout are limited. abarticular gout Gout that involves structures near the joints. Synonym: abarticular gout Lead gout. tophaceous gout Gout marked by the development of tophi (deposits of sodium urate) in the joints and in the external ear. gout An acute inflammatory joint disorder ( ARTHRITIS ) caused by deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals around joints, tendons and other tissues, especially the near joint of the big toe. This occurs when there is excess uric acid in the body, probably as a result of a genetic abnormality. There is excruciating pain and inflammation. Treatment is by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDS ), such as indomethacin (indometacin) or naproxen, used early and throughout the attack. Colchicine is also effective. Gout can be prevented by the use of allopurinol which lowers the levels of uric acid in the blood. See also GOUTY TOPHI . gout ; podagra metabolic disorder, caused by inability to metabolize purines or as a side-effect of drugs (e.g. diuretics) and strongly associated with inflammatory arthropathy of peripheral joints; characterized by raised serum urate levels, birefringent urate crystals in the synovial fluid of affected joints, and ultimately gouty tophus formation; radiographs show marked 'punched-out' marginal erosions within affected joints, with later chronic and marked degenerative arthritis; acute monoarticular gout is treated with high-dose non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (not aspirin), colchicine ± intra-articular injection of corticosteroid; patients with hyperuricaemia and tophus formation require allopurinol or a uricosuric agent gout (gaut), n a type of arthritis, which affects primarily males, that is triggered by increased uric acid in serum and joints. The uric acid forms crystals. A common symptom is intense pain and swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe. Also called rich man's disease. gout (gowt) [MIM*138900] A disorder of purine metabolism, occurring especially in men, characterized by a raised but variable blood uric acid level and severe recurrent acute arthritis of sudden onset resulting from deposition of crystals of sodium urate in connective tissues and articular cartilage. [L. gutta, drop] gout, n a disease associated with an inborn error of uric acid metabolism that increases production or interferes with the excretion of uric acid. Excess uric acid is converted to sodium urate crystals that precipitate from the blood and become deposited in joints and other tissues. The great toe is a common site for the accumulation of urate crystals. It can be exceedingly painful, with swelling of a joint and may be accompanied by chills and fever. gout a disorder of uric acid metabolism in which there is hyperuricemia and deposition of urates in and around the joints. Occurs in humans and anthropoid apes. Most animals possess the enzyme uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin. Dalmatian dogs excrete large amounts of uric acid in their urine, but the breed is not affected by gout. A disease called gout occurs in commercial chickens due to feeding of excessive amounts of protein. articular gout caused by gross excesses of protein in the diet. A chronic disease manifested by swelling of the joints which contain a thick white fluid consisting largely of uric acid crystals. visceral gout birds become weak and listless and die. The viscera are covered with a frosting of urea crystals. There is a primary renal disease and a fatal uremia. The high-protein diet exacerbates that original disease. Patient discussion about gout Q. Is gout hereditary? My Mother has gout for a few years now. Is it hereditary? Does this mean I too will get it in the future? A. most likely, yes! If other members of your family have had gout, you’re more likely to develop it also, yet, just because someone in the family suffers from gout does not mean everyone in that family will have the disease. This risk varies from person to person. for further reading , you can visit my blog : http://doctoradhi.com/blog/?p=324 Q. How is gout treated? After a lot of tests, my Doctor concluded that I have gout. What treatment should I expect? Is gout curable? A. There are basically three types of treatment for gout arthritis : corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID- ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen), and medication that lowers uric acid levels, such as allopurinol (Zylopric) or probenecid, also may be prescribed to help prevent a gout attack. Colchicine is used to treat acute gout attack and usually begins working within few hours of taking it. Low doses of colchicine are also used to prevent attacks. These drugs are recommended for people who have had multiple attacks of gout, kidney stones due to uric acid, or tophi. The goal of lowering the blood uric acid is to slowly dissolve deposits of uric acid in the joint. Q. what is the connection between gout and drinking cokes? There was an article in your magazine earlier this year about how drinking cokes could affect gout....can I get a copy of that artical? A. Men who consume two or more sugary soft drinks a day have an 85% higher risk of gout compared with those who drink less than one a month. This is because soft drinks contain large quantities of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), a common sweetener in soft drinks, which results in Hyperuricemia in blood. Hyperuricemia, in turn predispose the body for gout. (taken from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout )	i don't know
A Novocastrian, is a native of which English and Australian cities?	Australia travel guide - Wikitravel dial 000 Map of Australia and the External Territories. Australia is world famous for its natural wonders and wide open spaces, its beaches, deserts, "the bush", and "the Outback ". Australia is one of the world's most highly urbanised countries; it is well known for the attractions of its large cities such as Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane and Perth . Geography[ edit ] Australia is the sixth-largest country by land area. It is comparable in size to the 48 contiguous United States . Australia is bordered to the west by the Indian Ocean, and to the east by the South Pacific Ocean. The Tasman Sea lies to the southeast, separating it from New Zealand , while the Coral Sea lies to the northeast. Papua New Guinea , East Timor and Indonesia are Australia's northern neighbours, separated from Australia by the Arafura Sea and the Timor Sea. Australia is highly urbanised with most of the population heavily concentrated along the eastern and south-eastern coasts. Most of the inland areas of the country are semi-arid. The most-populous states are Victoria and New South Wales , but by far the largest in land area is Western Australia . Australia has an area of 7,682,300km² (2,966,152 square miles) and the distances between cities and towns are easy to underestimate. The Government has published a National Public Toilet Map . Australia has large areas that have been deforested for agricultural purposes, but many native forest areas survive in extensive national parks and other undeveloped areas. Long-term Australian concerns include salinity, pollution, loss of biodiversity, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef. Climate[ edit ] As a large island a wide variation of climates are found across Australia. Most of the country receives more than 3,000°hr of sunshine a year. Generally, the north is hot and tropical, while the south tends to be sub-tropical and temperate. Most rainfall is around the coast, and much of the centre is arid and semi-arid. The daytime maximum temperatures in Darwin rarely drop below 30°C (86°F), even in winter, while night temperatures in winter usually hover around 15-20°C (59-68°F). Temperatures in some southern regions can drop below freezing in winter and the Snowy Mountains in the South East experiences metres of winter snow. Parts of Tasmania have a temperature range very similar to England . As Australia is in the southern hemisphere the winter is June-August while December-February is summer. The winter is the dry season in the tropics, and the summer is the wet. In the southern parts of the country, the seasonal temperature variation is greater. The rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year in the southern parts of the East Coast, while in the rest of the south beyond the Great Dividing Range, the summers are dry with the bulk of the rainfall occurring in winter. History[ edit ] Based upon scientific evidence and theory, the island of Australia was most likely first settled more than 50,000 years ago with successive waves of immigration of people from south and south-east Asia . With rising sea levels after the last Ice Age, Australia became largely isolated from the rest of the world and tribes developed a variety of cultures, based on a close spiritual relationship with the land and nature, and extended kinship. Australian people maintained a hunter-gatherer culture for thousands of years in association with a complex artistic and cultural life - including a very rich 'story-telling' tradition. While the modern impression of Australian people is largely built around an image of the 'aboriginal desert people' who have adapted to some of the harshest conditions on the planet (equivalent to the bushmen of the Kalahari), Australia provided a comfortable living for the people amongst the bountiful flora and fauna on the Australian coast - until the arrival of Europeans. Although a lucrative Chinese market for shells and beche de mer had encouraged Indonesian fishermen to visit Northern Australia for centuries, it was unknown to Europeans until the 1600s, when Dutch traders to Asia began to 'bump' into the Northwestern Coast. Early Dutch impressions of this extremely harsh, dry country were unfavourable, and Australia remained for them a symbolic road sign pointing north to the much richer (and lucrative) East Indies (modern Indonesia). Deliberate exploration of the Australian coast was then largely taken over by the French and the British. Consequently place names of bays, headlands and rivers around the coastline reflect a range of Dutch, French, British, and Aboriginal languages. In 1770, the expedition of the Endeavour under the command of Captain James Cook navigated and charted the east coast of Australia, making first landfall at Botany Bay on 29 Apr 1770. Cook continued northwards, and before leaving put ashore on Possession Island in the Torres Strait off Cape York on 22 Aug 1770. Here he formally claimed the eastern coastline he had discovered for the British Crown, naming it New South Wales. Given that Cook's discoveries would lead to the first European settlement of Australia, he is often popularly conceived as its European discoverer, although other European nations preceded his arrival by more than 160 years. Following the exploration period, the first British invasion and settlement in Australia was founded in 1788 at what is today Sydney , led by Captain Arthur Philip who became the first governor of the colony of New South Wales. This started a process of colonisation that almost entirely displaced the Aboriginal people who inhabited the land. This reduced the indigenous population drastically and marginalised them to the fringes of society. Originally comprising the eastern two-thirds of the island, the colony of New South Wales was later split into several separate colonies, with Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) becoming a separate colony in 1825, followed by South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 1841, Victoria in 1851 and Queensland in 1859. The western third of the island was not settled by Europeans until the British establised a naval base in Albany , then known as King George Sound in 1826. The Swan River Colony was formally established in 1829 at what is today Perth . The Swan River Colony was officially renamed Western Australia in 1832. While Australia began its modern history as a British penal colony, the vast majority of people who came to Australia after 1788 were free settlers, mainly from Britain and Ireland , but also from other European countries. Convict settlements were mostly along the east coast, with scattered pockets of convict settlements in Western Australia. The state of South Australia was settled entirely by free settlers. Many Asian and Eastern European people also came to Australia in the 1850s, during the Gold Rush that started Australia's first resource boom. Although such diverse immigration diminished greatly during the xenophobic years of the White Australia policy, Australia welcomed a successive series of immigrants from Europe, the Mediterranean and later Asia to form a highly diverse and multicultural society by the late 20th century. The system of separate colonies federated to form the self-governing British dominion of Australia in 1901, each colony became a state of Australia, with New Zealand opting out of the federation. The new country rapidly developed its natural resources including agricultural and manufacturing industries. This development resulted in a large contribution (in relation to size of the population) to the Allied war effort in World Wars I and II. Australian troops made a valuable, and sometimes controversial, contribution to the wars in Korea, Vietnam and Iraq . Australian Diggers retain a reputation as some of the hardest fighting troops along with a great social spirit. Australia and Britain passed the Australia Act in 1986, ending the official power that the British parliament may have had to pass laws for Australia, and ended appeals by Australia to British courts. While the parliament lost that power, the Queen of Australia and her appointees retained full rights to exercise all power. Economy[ edit ] Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West European economies and that has been remarkably resilient to the recent worldwide economic downturn. The service industries, including tourism, education, and financial services, account for the majority of the Australian Gross Domestic Product – about 69%. Within the service sector, tourism is one of the most important industries in Australia, as it provides employment, contributes $73 billion to the economy each year and accounts for at least 11% of total exports. The primary industries - mining and agriculture - account for most of Australia's exports. Iron ore and coal are by far the largest exports, with wheat, beef and wool declining in importance. Australia has a comprehensive social security system, and a minimum wage higher than the United States or the United Kingdom. Politics[ edit ] Australia has a federal system of government, with eight state and territory governments and a national government. Each of these governments has an elected parliament, with the leader of each government, known as the Premier, being the leader of the largest party represented in the lower house. The national parliament is based on the British "Westminster system", with some elements being drawn from the American congressional system. At the federal level it consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Each Member of the House of Representatives (colloquially known as a Member of Parliament (MP)) represents an electoral division, with more populous states having more electoral divisions and hence, more MP's. Similar to the US Senate, each Australian state has an equal number of senators, with 12 senators being directly elected by the people in each state, and 2 senators each from the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory. The political party (or coalition of parties) which has the most members in the House of Representatives becomes the governing party and forms the national government. Ministers are drawn from both the House of Representatives and the Senate, though by convention, the Prime Minister comes from the House of Representatives. The current Prime Minister, Malcolm Turnbull, is the current leader of the national government and the Liberal- National Coalition which holds a majority in the House of Representatives. The Queen remains the head of state, and her representative in Australia - the Governor-General - according to conventional wisdom and lampoon - has a ceremonial and politically powerless role (while holding the ultimate power to dismiss the Prime Minister). In practice, the Prime Minister is believed to wield the most authority in government. A referendum to change Australia's status to a republic was defeated in 1999, but the issue remains a regularly debated topic. The two major political parties in Australia are the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the Liberal Party, which operates in coalition with the National Party. Emerging in power is the social democratic Greens Party, which maintains an environmentalist policy platform and is effectively a partner of the ALP. It should be noted that the Liberal Party is (traditionally) a centre-right, conservative party - the term liberal refers to maintaining a free market economy. Culture[ edit ] Australia has a multicultural population practising almost every religion and lifestyle. Over one-quarter of Australians were born outside Australia, and another quarter have at least one foreign-born parent. Melbourne, Brisbane and Sydney are centers of the multicultural. All three cities are renowned for the variety and quality of global arts, intellectual endeavors, and cuisine available in their many restaurants. Sydney is a hub of art, culture, and history containing the world class architectural gem, the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Melbourne especially promotes itself as a centre for the arts, while Brisbane promotes itself through various multicultural urban villages. Adelaide must be mentioned in addition, as it is known for being a centre for festivals as well as Germanic cultural influences. Perth, also, is known for its food and wine culture, pearls, gems and precious metals as well as the international fringe arts festival. There are quite a few more that deserve mention, but this gives an idea via introduction. Smaller rural settlements generally reflect a majority Anglo-Celtic culture often with a small Aboriginal population. Virtually every large Australian city and town reflects the effect of immigration from Europe, Asia, the Middle East and the Pacific that occurred after World War II and continued into the 1970s, in the half century after the war when Australia's population boomed from roughly 7 million to just over 20 million people. There are approximately half a million Australians who identify as being of Aboriginal descent. Less maintain elements of traditional Aboriginal culture. Descendants of the population of convicts mentioned in the country's history are currently a smaller minority compared to the estimated 50% of the population originally comprised of them when Britain and others landed on the shores and inhabited the land. Long ago during the involuntary transportation and relocation from Europe and other places, it must be noted that all records were not kept nor available to others, nor have those records that existed all survived the uses of people throughout history. The English of Australia were once known for local colour and colloquialisms but that largely has been lost to outside influence and influx. People in rural areas still tend to speak in a broader, colloquial accent and have a different manner, using many of the slang words that have become outmoded in metropolitan areas. Accents tend to be broader and slower outside of the large cities. There are overall small pronunciation differences based upon culture of origin in the cities, but these are becoming less common. Speech has become more generic. For example the word "you" colloquially, is often rolled off the tongue sharply on the south east coast, almost as "ewe" as opposed to the west coast and other regions. Another modern variation based upon migrants from Africa is found in Afrikaans accents on the west coast, modifying the local accents slightly due to the larger population and numbers of Afrikaans and Boer African immigration there. In the urban English speaking world, an educated, white-collar and/or conservative Australian accent is softer or generic in tonal quality, rather than the sharp tones in some rural areas. Regarding other variations in speech, usually native speakers can recognise the subtle regional variations. A trend among Australians is social conservatism compared to some European cultures and an acquired balanced attitude, defining their European origins within a preference for the growing Asian influence. They tend to be relaxed regarding religious observance. The Australian sense of egalitarianism in its gungho form has moderated; while modes of address still tend to be casual and familiar compared to some other cultures, such as Asian. Most Australians will tend to address you by your first name and will expect that you reciprocate. The national holidays in Australia are: 1 January: New Years' Day 26 January: Australia Day, marking the anniversary of the First Fleet's landing in Sydney Cove in 1788. Easter weekend ("Good Friday", "Easter Saturday", "Easter Sunday" and "Easter Monday"): a four day long weekend in March or April set according to the Western Christian calendar. 25 April: ANZAC Day (Australia and New Zealand Army Corps), honouring military veterans Second Monday in June: Queen's birthday holiday (celebrated in Western Australia in September) (WA observes Foundation Day a week earlier) 25 December: Christmas Day 26 December: Boxing Day Many states observe Labour Day, but on different days. Most states have one or two additional state-wide holidays, with Victoria and South Australia having a day off for a horse race (The Melbourne Cup and The Adelaide Cup). Western Australia has Foundation Day typically the first Monday in June (recognising the founding of the state since 1829) but also celebrates the Queen's Birthday on a different date than the rest of the country, either at the end of September or early October, due to the usual June date's close proximity to Foundation Day. When a public holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday (and Tuesday if necessary) are usually declared holidays in lieu, although both the celebrations and the retail closures will occur on the day itself. Most tourist attractions are closed Christmas Day and Good Friday. Supermarkets and other stores may open for limited hours on some public holidays and on holidays in lieu, but are almost always closed on Christmas Day (25 Dec), Good Friday, Easter Sunday and ANZAC Day morning. Peak holiday times[ edit ] Most attractions in Australia remain open year-round, some operating at a reduced frequency or shorter hours during the off-peak season. Salaried Australians have four weeks of annual leave and school children in the major population centres have January as a long break. Domestic tourism is strongest during January and the Easter school holidays. Summer tends to be the peak travel season through much of the south, with the winter (dry) season the peak travel season in the tropics. Australian teenagers finishing high school celebrate the end of school (colloquially known as "Schoolies") for a week beginning at the end of October to mid to late November (depending on area). The volume of teen revellers can completely change the nature of some of the cities and towns they choose to visit, (particularly the nationally popular Gold Coast) especially seeing as the vast majority of school-leavers will have reached the legal drinking age of 18. Time[ edit ] Australia can have up to five different time zones during the daylight savings period, and three at other times. In the east, Tasmania, New South Wales and Victoria always have the same time. Queensland doesn't observe daylight saving, so it is an hour behind the other eastern states during that period. However Broken Hill, a town in western NSW, keeps South Australian time. In the centre, South Australia and the Northern Territory are half an hour behind during the winter, but the Northern Territory doesn't observe daylight saving while South Australia does. During daylight saving South Australia remains half an hour behind New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, but moves half an hour ahead of Queensland. The Northern Territory remains half an hour behind Queensland, but moves an hour and half behind New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. In the west, Western Australia is two hours behind the eastern states in winter, and also doesn't observe daylight saving. It moves three hours behind the eastern states that observe daylight saving (remaining two hours behind Queensland). There are no official abbreviations or names for Australian time zones, and you may see a few variations used. EST, CST, WST along with EDT, CDT are sometimes used. Sometimes AEST, etc, with the 'A' prefix distinguishing them from the North American time zones with the same names. In conversation, the abbreviations aren't used. People tend to say Sydney time, Brisbane time, or Perth time. Expect blank stares from most if you start talking about Central Summer Time. In those states which observe daylight saving, it commences on the first Sunday in October and ends on the first Sunday in April. State/Territory Cities[ edit ] Canberra — the purpose-built national capital of Australia Adelaide — the wine capitol of the world, a relaxed South Australian alternative to the big eastern cities Brisbane — capital of sun-drenched Queensland and gateway to beautiful sandy beaches Cairns — gateway to the Great Barrier Reef, Port Douglas, Daintree National Park, and many beautiful beaches and resorts; a great place for people to getaway to and relax Darwin — Australia's tropical northern capital, at the top end of the Northern Territory Hobart — picturesque and quiet capital of Tasmania, the site of the second convict settlement in Australia Melbourne — Australia's second largest city, Melbourne is a large sporting, shopping and cultural capital; it is regarded as Australia's most European city in style Perth — the most remote continental capital city on Earth, on the south-western edge of Western Australia Sydney Harbour, with the city skyline and Harbour Bridge, viewed from Kiribilli at night Sydney — Australia's oldest and largest city, famous for its picturesque harbour Other destinations[ edit ] Blue Mountains — a mountainous region in New South Wales, including the Three Sisters Dandenong Ranges — these beautiful ranges offer world class gardens and the picturesque villages of Mt. Dandenong Great Barrier Reef — off the coast of Queensland, easily accessible from Cairns, and even as far south as the Town of 1770 Great Ocean Road — a spectacular coastal drive in Victoria past many scenic icons including the 12 Apostles Kakadu National Park — outback adventure travel, aboriginal culture and nature activities in the Northern Territory Nitmiluk National Park — the amazing Katherine Gorge, close to the town of Katherine Sunshine Coast and Gold Coast — beachside and national park playgrounds north and south of Brisbane] Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park — Uluru (also known as Ayers Rock) and Kata Tjuta (The Olgas) are iconic rock formations in the Red Centre Watarrka National Park — most famous for Kings Canyon, a mighty chasm reaching a depth of 270 metres Wilson's Prom - magnificent white sandy beaches and rock formations. Great scenic walks though natural bush to hidden beaches, all very doable in a day's walk, while same can include a camp overnight along the way. Phillip Island - site of the Fairy Penquin parade each evening Get in[ edit ] All visitors - apart from citizens of New Zealand - require a visa in advance of travel. If you are visiting for a holiday of less than three months, there are three types of visas you may apply for, depending on your nationality: eVisitor (subclass 651) for citizens of the 31 EEA countries as well as citizens of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Switzerland and Vatican City. These visas are free, but otherwise effectively identical to the ETA. You must apply on-line . Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) (subclass 601) is available on-line to nationals of Brunei , Canada , Hong Kong SAR , Japan , Malaysia , Singapore , South Korea (ROK) and United States . The citizens of some eVisitor eligible countries and citizens of Taiwan may also apply for the ETA but solely through a travel agent, airline, specialist service provider or an Australian visa office outside Australia. A service fee of AUD20 applies. This fee can be waived if you obtain your ETA through a travel agent. However, there are on-line services which charge much more, as much as double, for the ETA. If applying on-line, stay with the government service to save money. Online Visitor visa (subclass e600). Holders of passports of all the ETA and eVisitor eligible countries and also the following 27 eligible countries Algeria , Argentina , Bahrain , Belarus , Brazil , Chile , Egypt , Macedonia , Kazakhstan , Kuwait , Libya , Maldives , Micronesia , Moldova , Montenegro , Morocco , Nauru , Oman , Papua New Guinea , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , Sudan , Tunisia , Turkey , UAE and Ukraine can make visa applications online . The fee for this is AUD130. Visitor visa (subclass 600). Other nationalities must apply using the paper form, and may need to visit an embassy or visa processing centre. Like the ETA and eVisitor, a 600 Visa is by default issued for a three-month stay. Unlike the other options however, a 600 visa can be issued for longer stay of up to one year. That said, immigration is somewhat reluctant to approve tourist visas for more than three months, no matter how legitimate your reasons for staying so long. You will likely be asked for extensive supporting documentation about the reason for your visit and your ties to your country of origin and may need to attend an interview. Depending on your nationality, the embassy or visa processing centre may also require you to have an Australian sponsor prior to issuing the visa. The fee is AUD130. In most cases, Electronic Travel Authorities and eVisitors are approved instantly and the visa will be issued and available for use immediately. Nationals of certain countries, such as Bulgaria and Romania and other Eastern European EU member states, are rarely issued eVisitor visa automatically and must provide additional documentation. If you are visiting Australia for employment, study or for medical treatment you will need to obtain the appropriate visa. If you are staying longer than 3 months continuously you are ineligible for an ETA or eVisitor, and should apply for a Visitor Visa (subclass 600). For all visitor visa classes, you must be able to demonstrate your ability to support yourself financially for the time you intend to spend in Australia. If you have a criminal conviction, obtain advice from the Australian Embassy or visa processing centre. All fees are payable in Australian dollars, converted to your local currency at the current rate of exchange. If you are transiting through Australia, remain airside for a maximum of 8 hours, have a confirmed onward booking, have the correct entry documentation for the onward destination and are a citizen of New Zealand, the European Union, Andorra , Argentina , Brunei , Canada , Cyprus , the Federated States of Micronesia , Fiji , Iceland , Indonesia , Japan , Kiribati , Liechtenstein , Malaysia , Mexico , Monaco , Nauru , Norway , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , South Africa , the Republic of Marshall Islands , Samoa , San Marino , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , Solomon Islands , South Korea (ROK), Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Tonga , Tuvalu , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom (regardless of nationality status), the United States , the Vanuatu or Vatican City , you do not need to apply for any advance visa. All other passengers who transit through Australia must apply for a free-of-charge Transit Visa (subclass 771) prior to travel. New Zealand citizens may travel to and work in Australia for any length of time without a pre-arranged visa. Non-citizen permanent residents of New Zealand are not eligible for visa-free entry. New Zealand citizens may still be rejected entry on the basis of criminal convictions or being HIV-positive and should seek advice before travel. Customs and quarantine[ edit ] Australia has strict quarantine requirements regarding importing animal and vegetable derived products (any food, wooden products, seeds, etc). You must declare all such material and baggage is frequently scanned and may be examined by dogs. You may be fined $220 on-the-spot if you fail to declare, or even prosecuted in very serious cases. Processed and sealed commercially prepared foods (chocolates, cookies, etc) are often permitted. They will be examined and returned to you, but still must be declared. Some prohibited items can be treated by quarantine at your expense and picked up at a later time. Some shells, coral and items made from a protected species are also prohibited to discourage the trade in items that may originate from a threatened ecosystem or species. While there are no restrictions on the amount of money that can be brought in or out, Australian customs also requires you to declare if you are bringing AUD10,000 (or equivalent in foreign currency) or more in or out of the country and you will be asked to complete some paperwork. By plane[ edit ] Australia is a long way from anywhere else in the world, so for most visitors, the only practical way of getting into Australia is by air. Approximately half of all international travellers arrive first in Australia in Sydney, the largest city, ( IATA : SYD). After Sydney, significant numbers of travellers also arrive in Australia in Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. There are also direct international services into Adelaide, Cairns, Darwin, the Gold Coast and Christmas Island though these are largely restricted to flights from New Zealand, Oceania, or Southeast Asia. To Sydney it is a 3 hour flight from New Zealand, a 7-11h flight from countries in Asia, a 14 hour flight from the west of the United States and Canada, a 14 hour flight from Johannesburg , a 13-16h flight from South America , and up to a 24h+ flight from western Europe . On account of long journey times from some destinations, some travellers from Europe opt to have a stop-over, commonly in Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai , Bangkok or Kuala Lumpur . If you have to change to a domestic flight in a gateway city, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth all have distinct domestic terminals, requiring some time and complexity to transit, check the guides. Melbourne, Adelaide, Darwin, Cairns and the Gold Coast have all gates in the one terminal building or within easy walking distance of each other. Discount airlines[ edit ] There are some routes into Australia that are operated by discount airlines. These can often be combined with other fares to make getting to Australia cheaper. Select your point of entry and exit to give you a cheaper round-trip, and possibly some interesting stopover opportunities on the way. Air Asia X, flies into the Gold Coast, Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Adelaide from Kuala Lumpur, at often deeply discounted fares. You can save money from Europe if having a stopover in Malaysia . Sometimes this is possible also stopping in Bangkok. Air Asia Indonesia flies into Darwin and Perth from Denpasar , Indonesia Scoot flies into Gold Coast, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney from Singapore. Tiger flies from Singapore to Perth. Jetstar Airways flies to Hawaii and several Asian destinations, including Denpasar, Osaka , Phuket , Ho Chi Minh , via Darwin, and also operates a substantial Asian regional hub in Singapore. Virgin Australia flies between Melbourne, Brisbane, Sydney, and Los Angeles , and competes strongly with Qantas and Delta on these routes. By boat[ edit ] November to February is the cruising season, and there are usually about 10 ships that arrive in Australia from other countries during this time. You can cruise to Australia, and then fly home. Holland America Line, Princess Cruises and Royal Caribbean, all offer cruises to Australia across the Pacific. Alternatively, you may sail to Australia in your own yacht, but beware of customs regulations. See Australian Customs for details By overland transport[ edit ] There was a time when a couple of tour operators offered overland trips from London to Sydney, with only a short hop by air from South East Asia to North Western Australia while the bus went by barge. Currently, the only such tour operator is Madventure which runs 4 different routes: 26 weeks through Iran, Pakistan, & India; 26 weeks through the Caucasus and Central Asia; 64 weeks around Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia; and 64 weeks through Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, & Central Asia. For those determined to travel overland as much as possible from Europe, you can travel independently to Singapore from Europe by train and/or bus on scheduled services, and fly from there to Perth (3,500 flight kilometres). For the truly determined overland traveller, you can get a ferry from Singapore to Indonesia and make your way across to Bali, where you can fly to Darwin (2,000 flight km). For the intrepid, ferries to West Timor, a bus to Dili and a flight to Darwin will mean only 700 km in the air. Get around[ edit ] Australia is huge but sparsely populated, and you can sometimes travel many hours before finding the next trace of civilisation, especially once you leave the south-eastern coastal fringe. Almost all modern Australian maps, including street directories, use the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) as their grid reference, which is for all purposes identical to the WGS84 used by the GPS. You can locate most things on an Australian map or street directory if you just have the "GPS coordinates". Quarantine[ edit ] There are restrictions on carrying fruit and vegetables (including honey) between states and even between regions of states that are involved in fruit growing. If you are driving long distances or interstate, or flying between states, don't stock up on fruits and vegetables. These restrictions are enforced very strictly at airports and sea ports and it is not very uncommon to see sniffer dogs trained to find these goods. By car[ edit ] Australia has a generally well-maintained system of roads and highways, and cars are a commonly used method of transport. Most of the state capitals are linked to each other by good quality highways. Some parts are dual carriageway but many sections are one lane each way. Major regional areas have sealed (paved) dual-lane roads, but isolated areas may have poorly maintained dirt roads or even tracks. Distances and speeds are specified in kilometres and fuel is sold by the litre. There are no tolls on roads or bridges outside of the urban areas of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Australia drives on the left. Overseas visitors who are used to driving on the right should take care when they first drive, and again when they are driving on country roads with little traffic. One major frustration for visitors is that many Australian vehicles reverse all controls when they are redesigned to mount the driver's controls on the right front seat, including the levers on the steering column. This causes newly arrived visitors to inadvertently operate the windscreen wipers when they are trying to signal a lane change or turn on headlights, and vice versa. Generally, overseas licenses are valid for driving in Australia for three months after arrival. If the licence is not in English an International Driving Permit (IDP) is required in addition to your licence. Licensing regulations and road rules vary slightly from state to state. Australia's low population density and large size makes for long driving times between major centres. Some indicative travel times, not including any rest periods, are: Melbourne to Sydney: 9-10 hours (900km / 560 mi) Brisbane to Sydney: 12-13 hours (1,000km / 621 mi) Perth to Sydney: 45 hours (4,000km / 2500 mi) Sydney to Canberra: 3.5 hours (300km / 185 mi) Adelaide to Melbourne: 8-10 hours (750km / 465 mi) Brisbane to Melbourne: 19-20 hours (1,700km / 1056 mi) Melbourne to Perth: 40 hours (3,500km / 2175 mi) Perth to Adelaide: 32 hours (2,700km / 1677 mi) Brisbane to Cairns: 22-24 hours (1,700km / 1,056 mi) It is almost impossible to predict your travel time just by knowing the distance. Seek local advice for the best route, and how much time to allow. Averaging 100km/h or more is possible on some relatively minor highways when they are straight and there are few towns. On other national highways that traverse mountain ranges and travel through small towns, even averaging 60km/h can be a challenge. While major highways are well serviced, anyone leaving sealed (paved) roads in inland Australia is advised to take advice from local authorities, check weather and road conditions, carry sufficient spare fuel, spare parts, spare tyres, matches, food and water. Some remote roads might see one car per month or less. Cellular coverage is non-existent outside of major highways and towns and you should take some precautions in case of emergency. It is a good idea to advise a person you know and trust of your route and advise them to alert authorities if you do not contact them within a reasonable amount of time after your scheduled arrival at your destination. Carrying a Personal Locator Beacon (PLB) or satellite phone should be considered when travelling in remote areas, especially where you may not be able to make contact for several days. Police will not automatically start looking for you if you don't report in. Make sure you get one with a GPS built in. These can be borrowed from some local police stations, such as those in the Blue Mountains in New South Wales. If you want to hire one, sort it out before you leave a major city, as you won't find hire places in small towns. Expect to pay around $100 to hire for a week, or $700 to buy one. Don't expect an immediate rescue even if you trigger a PLB. Heat and dehydration at any time of year can kill you. If stranded, stay with your vehicle and do what you can to improve your visibility from the air. Do not take this advice lightly; even local people die out there when their car breaks down and they are not reported missing. If you do have to abandon your car (say you break down and then get a lift), call in quickly to the local police station, to avoid the embarrassment and cost of a search being started for you. Car rental[ edit ] Major cities around Australia have multiple outlets providing a wide range of rental vehicles from major international rental companies. In smaller towns car rental can be difficult to find. One way fees often apply from smaller regional outlets. Contractual restrictions Conditions upon the use of rental vehicles usually exist on travelling into or out of Western Australia and the Northern Territory or on the car ferries to Tasmania, Kangaroo Island and Fraser Island . Rental cars in capital cities usually have unlimited mileage. In small towns they usually only include 100km a day before a surcharge is applied. Some companies allow travel on any gazetted road, while others forbid travel on a gravel/dirt road unless you hire a four wheel drive. Always ensure you thoroughly check the vehicle for any damage, including all window glass and the roof panels, and document any found in detail with the renter before leaving the depot. You will need to have a licence written in English or an International Driving Permit (IDP) from your home country to drive anywhere in Australia. Check the contract conditions carefully if you are under 25 and also check that your licence class matches the vehicle you wish to rent before you book it. Car purchase[ edit ] There is a substantial second hand market in cars and campers for backpackers wishing to do extended road trips around Australia. Take common sense precautions if purchasing a car. Free state government services are available to ensure it is unencumbered by a finance arrangement and that it has not been previously written off as a result of an accident. By plane[ edit ] Due to the large distances involved, flying is well-patronised in Australia. Services along the main business travel corridor (Melbourne-Sydney-Brisbane) are run almost like a bus service, with flights leaving every 15min during the day. The only way to get the best airfare is to visit each of the airlines pages directly, and compare fares. Never assume that the Qantas fare will be more expensive, as their online deals are often the cheapest available on a route. The best fares are always available on the most competitive routes. Consolidator websites and travel agents almost invariably add a surcharge to the direct booking price. Use them to compare, but always check the airline website before booking. There are four domestic airlines in Australia that operate jet aircraft linking capital cities and major destinations: Qantas , a nation-wide full service airline, flys to major cities and some larger regional towns; Virgin Australia , recently upgraded to a full service airline, flys to all capital cities and many larger regional destinations. Virgin have recently offered a complimentary snack on all domestic flights and checked baggage included in even the minimum fare class; Jetstar , Qantas's discount arm with limited service and limited pre-assigned seating. Serves all capital cities and many major regional and tourist destinations. Tiger Airways Australia , one of Asia's largest low cost carrier (LCC) has a hub in Melbourne and flies to all other capital cities and select destinations with very competitive prices. On 2 July 2011 Tiger Airways Australia was suspended from flying by Australian civil aviation authorities due to safety concerns. Tiger recommenced operations on 12 August 2011 but with a much reduced schedule and a smaller operational aircraft fleet. Several airlines service regional destinations. Expect discounts on these airlines to be harder to come by, and for standard airfares to be above what you would pay for the same distance between major centres. Qantaslink [1] , the regional arm of Qantas, covering the smaller cities in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia; Regional Express [2] , covering larger towns & cities on the eastern seaboard as well as country South Australia; Skywest [3] , covering regional Western Australia, Bali and Darwin; Airnorth [4] , covering the Northern Territory; Skytrans Airlines [5] , covering regional Queensland. Sharp Airlines [6] , covering several regional towns in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Northern Territory Air Services [7] , covering the remote communities of central Australia. By train[ edit ] Visitors from countries with well-developed long distance rail systems such as Europe and Japan may be surprised by the lack of high-speed, inter-city rail services in Australia. A historical lack of cooperation between the states, combined with sheer distances and a relatively small population to service, have left Australia with a national rail network that is relatively slow and used mainly for freight. As a result, travel between major cities will not only be faster by air, but often cheaper as well. Train travel between cities is, however, more scenic, and tourists are likely to see more of Australia travelling by train than they would otherwise see, as well as cutting down on their carbon footprint. It is also often a cost effective way of getting to regional towns and cities, which don't have the frequent and cheap flights found between the capital cities. The long-distance rail services that do exist are mainly used to link regional townships with the state capital, such as Bendigo to Melbourne, or Cairns to Brisbane. In Queensland, a high speed train operates from Brisbane to Rockhampton and Brisbane to Cairns. Queensland also has passenger services to inland centres including Longreach (The Spirit of the Outback), Mount Isa (The Inlander), Charleville (The Westlander) and Forsayth (The Savannahlander). There are also inter-city train services operated by Great Southern Railways on the routes Melbourne- Adelaide (The Overland), Sydney-Adelaide- Perth (Indian Pacific), Adelaide-Alice Springs-Darwin ( The Ghan ) however as noted above, these are not "high speed" services, so if you do not enjoy train travel as part of your holiday in its own right then this is probably not for you. Tasmania has no passenger rail services. The Northern Territory has the rail line linking Darwin to Adelaide through Alice Springs only, and the Australian Capital Territory has only a single railway station close to the centre of Canberra. Long distance train operators[ edit ] Great Southern Railways [8] . A private train operator running tourist train services, The Ghan, The Indian Pacific and The Overland between Sydney, Broken Hill , Adelaide, Alice Springs, Darwin, Perth and Melbourne. CountryLink [9] - Links Sydney to Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra, and regional connections to most New South Wales towns, including Dubbo , Coffs Harbour , and Wagga Wagga . V/Line Passenger [10] - Train & coach services in Victoria, including combined Train and Coach services between Melbourne and Adelaide, Melbourne and Canberra. Queensland Rail - Traveltrain [11] - Long distance passenger train services in Queensland The Savannahlander [12] - A Queenstrain service that links Cairns with the outback town of Forsayth , using old heritage trains, and providing overnight accommodation and tours on the way. TransWA [13] - State government run, operating train services to Kalgoorlie and Bunbury . Also operates coach services to much of the state, especially the South West. Rail passes[ edit ] There is no pass that includes all train travel throughout Australia. However, if you are a train buff that intends travelling extensively by rail, there are some passes that may save you money. Plan your trip carefully before investing in a rail pass. Country train services are infrequent and can arrive at regional destinations at unsociable hours. East Coast Discovery Pass [14] . Get on and off as many times as you like on the east coast trains between Melbourne and Cairns using the Queensland Rail and NSW Countrylink services. Different prices apply depending on which section of the line you want to traverse. One way travel only is permitted. Discounts apply on other train journeys, and often bus connections to local towns are included. This ticket is available to everyone, but international visitors can get a 10% discount. You'll want to be breaking your journey between capital cities several times to get value from this pass. There are four passes that all include Great Southern Railways (GSR) services and optionally NSW Countrylink and Queensland Rail that are available to overseas travellers only. Remember that NSW Countrylink operate the XPT services from Sydney to Melbourne, so passes that include NSW Countrylink can also be used on that service. Rail Explorer Pass. GSR only ($450/3 months) Trans Aus. GSR + NSW Countrylink. ($598/3 months) Aus Reef and Outback. GSR + Queensland Rail. ($672/3 months) Ausrail Pass. GSR + NSW Countrylink + Queensland Rail Local public transport[ edit ] Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Wollongong and Newcastle have train and bus services integrated into the city public transport, with trams also running in Melbourne and Adelaide, and ferries in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. The remaining capital cities have bus services only. See those city guides articles for public transport details. Some regional cities and towns have local bus services, but see the destination guides for service information, as frequency can be poor and weekend and evening services non-existent. Larger towns and cities have taxi services. By motorail[ edit ] Some trains allow you to carry your car with you on special car carriages attached to the back of the train. The Ghan and the Indian Pacific allow you to transport cars between Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Alice Springs, Perth, and Darwin. You cannot remove your car at any of the intermediate stations. Queensland Rail have motorail services on the Sunlander and the Spirit of the Outback, allow cars from Brisbane to Cairns and Longreach . By bus[ edit ] Bus travel in Australia is cheap and convenient, although the distances involved can be daunting. Greyhound has the largest bus route network. Firefly Express, ☎ 1300 730 740 (+61 3 8318-0318 - international callers, [email protected] ), [15] . Firefly Express has services connecting Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. edit Greyhound, ☎ 1300 473 946 ( [email protected] ), [16] . Greyhound travels to over 1100 destinations in Australia daily every day of the year. It has a variety of ticketing options allow you to travel at your own pace, hopping on and off as many times as your ticket allows. edit By boat[ edit ] Many major Australian cities have ferries as part of their public transport system. Some smaller roads in the regional areas still have punts to carry cars across rivers and canals. The islands of the Barrier Reef have some scheduled services, and there are a few cruises that cross the top of Australia as well. However, large inter city transportation ferry services are not common. The Spirit of Tasmania . The only long distance ferry route connects Tasmania to the mainland and runs between Melbourne and Devonport . The Spirit of Tasmania carries cars and passengers on the route across Bass Strait daily. Sealink connects Kangaroo Island, Australia's second largest southern island with regular car and passenger ferries. Sea SA offers a short cut across the Spencer Gulf between Adelaide and the Eyre Peninsula , running daily car ferry services. By thumb[ edit ] It is legal to hitchhike in some states in Australia, so long as certain guidelines are followed. However, it is less commonly done than in neighbouring New Zealand. In Australia hitchhiking is often frowned upon by locals and police, especially in metropolitan areas. Hitch hiking is illegal in Victoria and Queensland. It is also illegal to stand on the verge or walk along freeways (often called "motorways" in New South Wales) in all states (effectively making hitchhiking illegal in many practical places, in all states). If forced to hitchhike due to an emergency you may find a motorist willing to take you to the nearest town to obtain help. (Some major inter-city highways and freeways have telephones to request help.) It's most common to see a tourist hitching in rural areas. The best time to hitchhike is early morning. The best location is near, but not on, the main exit from the town you are in. By bicycle[ edit ] Cycling the long distances between towns is not particularly common, and most long distance highways in Australia have poorly developed facilities for cyclists. Nevertheless some intrepid travellers do manage to cover the longer distances by bicycle, and have a different experience of Australia. Trips and routes need careful planning to ensure the correct supplies are carried. To cycle between Sydney and Brisbane you would have to allow 2-3 weeks with around 80-100km per day. Wildlife[ edit ] Koala Australian flora and fauna is unique to the island, the result of having been isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years. Amongst Australian animals are a large group of marsupials (mammals with a pouch) and monotremes (mammals that lay eggs). Just some of the animal icons of Australia are the kangaroo (national symbol) and the koala. A visit to Australia would not be complete without taking the chance to see some of these animals in their natural environment. Wildlife parks and zoos[ edit ] Wildlife parks and zoos are in every capital city, but also check out the animal parks if you are passing through smaller towns, like Mildura or Mogo , or staying on Hamilton Island . See the Warrawong Fauna Sanctuary if you are in South Australia, or visit the koalas with best view in the world, at Taronga Zoo in Sydney. In the wild[ edit ] Kangaroos in Australia Kangaroos and wallabies reside in national parks all around the country. You won't see any kangaroos hopping down the street in Central Sydney , but they are common on the outskirts of most urban areas. There is also a famous group which make their home on the of grounds of the University of the Sunshine Coast, in Queensland. Wombats and echidna are also common, but harder to find due to their camouflage and tunnelling. See lots of echidnas on Kangaroo Island. Koalas are present in forests around Australia, but are very notoriously hard to spot, and walking around looking upwards into the boughs of trees will usually send you sprawling over a tree root. Best seen during the day, there is a thriving and friendly population on Raymond Island near Paynesville in Victoria. You have a good chance on Otway Coast, on the Great Ocean Road , or even in the National Park walk near Noosa on the Sunshine Coast. Emu are more common in central Australia. You will certainly see some if you venture to the outback national park at Currawinya Platypus are found in reedy flowing creeks with soft river banks in Victoria, Southern New South Wales, and the very southern region of Queensland - seen at dusk and dawn - you have to have a bit of luck to see one. Try the platypus reserves in Bombala or Delegate in New South Wales, or in Emu Creek at Skipton just out of Ballarat . Landmarks[ edit ] Australia has many landmarks, famous the world over. From Uluru in the red centre, to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House in Sydney. Sports[ edit ] Sport is an integral part of the Australian culture from the capital cities to country towns. The majority of games are played over the weekend period (from Friday night to Monday night). In the winter in Victoria Aussie Rules (Australian Rules Football) is more than just a sport, it is a way of life. Catch a game at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The Australian Football League is a national competition with teams from Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, and the Gold Coast, but roughly half of the teams (and hence, most of the matches) are Melbourne-based. In summer, international cricket is played between Australia and at least two touring sides. The games rotate around all the capital cities. To experience the traditional game catch a day of the New Year's test match at the Sydney Cricket Ground, usually beginning on January 2nd, or the Boxing Day Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Whilst 'test matches' last for up to five days, many spectators attend just one day, or watch from the comfort of their own home. For a more lively and entertaining form more suited to those unfamiliar with the sport, try a Twenty20 match, which only takes a few hours. Only a handful of international T20 matches are played each year, with no more than one per city, but the domestic Big Bash League runs throughout the summer, providing more frequent spectating opportunities. A third form is "One Day" Cricket, with international matches generally starting at 13:00 and finishing at 22:00 or 23:00 (a "Day-Nighter"), with most domestic and occasional international matches played from 11:00 to 18:00. The Australia Day One Day International is usually held in Adelaide on 26 January. The Australian Open, one of the tennis Grand Slams, is played annually in Melbourne . Or the Medibank International in Sydney Olympic Park in January. Catch a rugby union Super Rugby game, with teams playing from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa in Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney during late Summer/Autumn. The Australian national team, the Wallabies, also host international teams during winter, including New Zealand, South Africa and (starting in 2012) Argentina for The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations tournament). Rugby League is the dominant winter sport in New South Wales and Queensland. The National Rugby League (NRL) competition includes teams from Melbourne in Victoria, Brisbane, North Queensland and the Gold Coast in Queensland, a team from New Zealand, with the rest of the teams coming from suburban areas in Sydney, and some in regional areas of New South Wales such as Newcastle and Canberra. Aside from the NRL Grand Final, Rugby League's centrepiece is an annual series of three 'State of Origin' games played between New South Wales and Queensland. Netball is Australia's largest female sport, and there are weekly games in an international competition between Australia and New Zealand teams. Football (Soccer) is a small event by European standards, but there is a national A-League, which is a fully professional league involving teams from Australia and one from New Zealand, with games played weekly during the summer. Most cities have a semi-professional "state league" played during winter, with most clubs being built around a specific ethnic/migrant community. Melbourne also hosts the Formula One Australian Grand Prix, which is run once a year. The 2013 race will take place between the 14th and 17th of March, with the main race on the 17th. Horse Racing - All major cities and most regional towns have their own courses and race betting is popular throughout the country. The annual Melbourne Cup is possibly the best known meet when most Victorians take a day off work to celebrate or attend. It is common to see some of the country's top celebrities dressed in their finest in the stands. Swim[ edit ] in the surf. Australia has seemingly endless sandy beaches. Follow the crowds to the world famous Bondi Beach in Sydney, or Surfers Paradise on the Gold Coast. Or find a stretch all for yourself (but beware of dangerous rips on beaches, it is considerably safer to find a patrolled beach). The surf is smaller and warmer in the Tropical North, where the reef breaks the swell, and larger and colder in the south with waves rolling in from the Southern Ocean. (And yes, in the middle it is just right). in calm tropical oceans. Cable Beach in Broome is swept pristine daily by the tide, has perfect sand, and warm water - go in winter. in thermal pools. South of Darwin there are many natural thermal pools such as Berry Springs & Mataranka, surrounded by palms and tropical foliage. in freshwater lakes. Inland Australia tends to be dry, but there are freshwater lakes where you would least expect them. Explore inland of Cairns at the Atherton Tablelands, or head outback to the Currawinya National Park . in rivers. If its hot, and there is water, there will be a place to swim. Wherever you are, just ask around for the favourite swimming spot, with a waterhole and rope to swing on. Watch out for crocodiles. in man-made pools. The local swimming pool is often the hub of community life on a summer Sunday in the country towns of New South Wales and Victoria. Many of the beachside suburbs of Sydney have man made rock pools for swimming by the ocean beaches. on the beach! Find your spot by the water, and get out the towel. Tropical north in the winter, down south in the summer. As always when in Australia, protect yourself from the sun. Diving[ edit ] Snorkelling take a trip out to the Great Barrier Reef on the Queensland coast, or the Ningaloo Reef off the coast of Western Australia. Or take a trip out to Julian rocks off Byron Bay , or just dive in off the beach to see the tropical fish in Bundaberg . Activities[ edit ] Bushwalking is a popular Australian activity. You can go bushwalking in the many National parks and Rainforests in the country. Gamble[ edit ] It has been said that if there are two flies crawling up a wall, then you just need to look around to find the Aussie who will be running a book. Casinos. Crown Casino in Melbourne is the largest in the Southern Hemisphere, nicely located at Southbank, but there are others scattered in every capital city as well as Cairns, Launceston , the Gold Coast and Townsville . Day at the races. All capital cities have horse racing every weekend, with on-track and off-track betting available, they are usually family occasions, and fashion and being seen are part of the event. Just about every pub in New South Wales will have a TAB, where you can place a bet without leaving your chair at the bar. Greyhound racing and trotting happens in the evenings, usually with smaller crowds, more beer, and less fashion. Smaller country towns have race meetings every few months or even annually. These are real events for the local communities, and see the smaller towns come to life. Head outback to the Birdsville races, or if you find the streets deserted it is probably ten past three on the first Tuesday in November (the running of the Melbourne cup). The unusual. The lizard races, cane toad races, camel races, crab races. Betting on these races is totally illegal, and at you will find the TIB (Totally Illegal Betting) around the back of the shed at the annual guinea pig races at Grenfell . Two up. If you are around for Anzac Day (25 April), then betting on coins thrown into the air will be happening at your local RSL club, wherever you are. Australia has almost a quarter of all the slot machines (locally known as "pokies" or "poker machines") in the world, and more than half of these are located in New South Wales, where most pubs and clubs have gaming rooms (labelled "VIP lounges" for legal reasons) where one can "have a slap" and go for the feature. If none of this appeals, and you just have too much money in your pocket, every town and suburb in Australia has a TAB. Pick your sport, pick a winner, and hand over your money at the counter. Gambling is illegal for under-18's. This can often restrict entry to parts of pubs, clubs, and casinos for children. Talk[ edit ] Expect everyone in Australia to speak English. As Australia is a multicultural society, you will notice the presence of many other languages and accents. Australians who were born in Australia or immigrated as children will have an Australian accent. Australians who immigrated to Australia as adults will generally not have an Australian accent. The Australian accent is suprisingly easy to understand. There is very little regional variation across Australia, just expect people to speak broader and use more slang in rural areas. Australia is traditionally a land of immigrants, plus there are many people from all over the world working or studying in Australia, plus many backpackers and foreign tourists. Because of this, Australians are VERY used to speaking with others whos first language is not English or who are not used to the Australian accent. They will speak slower with you and are very aware of what is Australian-only vocabulary and slang and will avoid it. It is also worth noting many Australians of non-English speaking family backgrounds will generally always prefer to speak English with people outside their family. Even if they speak your language fluently at home or grew up with that language inside their home they will often pretend they cannot speak it with a visitor from that country. Australian slang should not present a problem for tourists except possibly in some isolated outback areas. A few words and euphemisms that are considered offensive elsewhere are common vernacular in Australian speech. Fanny, as in the UK, means vagina and is not used widely. The word "thong" generally refers to flip-flops in Australia, and not necessarily a G-string as it does in most other places. Still, Australians are familiar enough with the differences to know what you mean, but they may still have a laugh at your expense. Visitors who do not speak basic English will find communicating with Australians difficult, and should do some advance planning. There are some tour companies who specialise in offering package deals for Australian tours complete with guides who speak particular languages. There are over a hundred Aboriginal languages still known and spoken by Aboriginal people. These languages are all different, and you won't see an Aboriginal phrasebook in the travel bookshops. Many Aboriginal place names derive from Aboriginal languages that have been lost, and their meanings remain uncertain. Aboriginal people living in rural Aboriginal communities continue to speak their respective languages. The Torres Strait Islander people, who originate from a group of islands in northern Queensland near Papua New Guinea also continue to speak their own languages. Almost all Aboriginal people speak English as well, although some elders may not be fluent. The standard sign language in Australia is Auslan (a contraction of "Australian Sign Language"), a member of the British Sign Language (BSL) family. Another closely related language is New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL). When interpreters are present for public events, they will use Auslan. Users of BSL or NZSL may be able to understand Auslan; the languages share a significant amount of vocabulary and syntax, plus the same two-handed manual alphabet. By contrast, users of languages in the French Sign Language family, which includes American Sign Language and Irish Sign Language, will not be able to understand Auslan. Much of the vocabulary and syntax are different, and those languages use a one-handed manual alphabet. Currency[ edit ] Australia uses the Australian dollar (AUD) and the currency is symbolised locally as "$". There are 100 cents in every dollar. No other currency is officially accepted for transactions in Australia. (Although it was not unusual to find some of the older New Zealand coins in your change from time to time, it is now practically unheard of since New Zealand completely overhauled and resized its coinage. It no longer matches the size of Australian coins.) The coin denominations are 5c, 10c, 20c, 50c, $1 and $2. The Australian coins are large and heavy relative to their value. For example, the Australian ten cent coin is the size of a US 25 cent coin and the Australian fifty cent coin is among the largest circulating coins anywhere in the world by size. The note denominations are $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. Australian notes are produced in plastic polymer rather than paper. If the total of a transaction is not a multiple of 5 cents the amount will be rounded to the nearest five cents if you are paying in cash. The exact amount will be charged if paying by card. Old paper notes or bronze 1c and 2c coins will be exchanged at a bank but will be difficult at shops. The dollar is not pegged to any other currency, and is highly traded on world foreign exchange markets, particularly by currency speculators. Its exchange value to other currencies can be quite volatile, and 1-2% changes in a day are a reasonably common occurrences. Money changers in Australia operate in a free market, and charge a range of flat commissions, percentage fees, undisclosed fees built into the exchange rate, and a combination of all three. Generally the best bet is to avoid airports and tourist centres when changing money, and use banks in major centres. Expect fees to vary considerably between institutions. Always get a quote before changing money. When arriving in Australia with more than AUD$10,000 in any currency you must declare it to customs on the arrival card and complete paperwork you will be provided. Cash[ edit ] Cash dispensing Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) are available in almost every Australian town. Australian ATMs are deregulated and may impose a surcharge over what is charged by your bank or card issuer. The fees can vary between institutions and between locations, but are usually around $2. The ATM will display the charges and you will have the option to stop the transaction before you are charged. Check with your bank as to what additional fees they apply to withdrawals in Australia. Dedicated currency exchange outlets are widely available in major cities, and banks can also exchange most non-restricted currencies. These exchange outlets - especially the ones at the airport - can charge 10% over the best exchange that can be obtained from shopping around. Australian banks usually offer an exchange rate around 2.5% from the current exchange midpoint. A flat commission of $5-8 can be charged on top. Some outlets advertise commission free exchange, usually accompanied by a worse rate of exchange. Don't assume every bank will offer the same exchange. A simple calculation will let you know what offers the best deal for amount you wish to exchange. There are vouchers for commission free exchange at American Express available in the tourist brochure at Sydney Airport. There is also no need to arrive in Australia with cash if you have a Cirrus, Maestro, MasterCard or Visa card: international airport terminals will have multiple teller machines that can dispense Australian currency with just the fees imposed by your bank plus the ATM fee. Credit cards[ edit ] Credit cards are widely accepted in Australia. Almost all large vendors such as supermarkets accept cards, as do many, but not all, small stores. Australian debit cards can also be used via a system known as EFTPOS. Any card showing the Cirrus or Maestro logos can be used at any terminal displaying those logos. The use of credit or debit cards for transactions under about $5.00 is generally discouraged, and some stores may even have a minimum purchase amount to use a credit or debit card. Note that the term EFTPOS is often used to mean cards of any kind - so a sign in a shop indicating an "EFTPOS minimum" refers to credit and debit cards of any kind. VISA or MasterCard are commonly accepted and are both accepted everywhere credit cards are accepted. American Express and Diners Club are accepted at major supermarket and department store chains and many tourist destinations. JCB is only accepted at very limited tourist destinations. Discover is never accepted. Travelex sells prepaid Australian dollars credit/debit cards at airport locations with a 1% commission off what you load onto it. The big advantage here is you can bring Australian cash acquired at home through proper exchange channels and turn it into plastic with no exchange fees and minimal service charges without need for exchanging currency at the airport or carrying large amounts of cash everywhere. Excellent for security and you can get two cards with different numbers drawing from the same loaded money, allowing any two people to share a card on the same account. Other prepaid Australian dollar stored value cards bearing MasterCard or Visa emblems are available at larger post offices or grocery stores. Read terms and conditions closely, some can refund unused balances but only to an Australian bank account. Others you just have to spend it all in Australia or abroad. Travelex will refund unused balances for cash at airport locations for a $10.00 fee. Be careful using these cards for car hire. Agencies generally accept only cards with raised print for car hires and the name of the renter on it (prepaids do not have this). Even if you hire the car with a foreign card but settle the bill on return with a prepaid they often will not accept it, even with the other card as a backup. You will have to settle using the foreign card most of the time. Sometimes they don't pay attention and you get away with it but don't plan on it. Elsewhere these cards work everywhere MasterCard/Visa are accepted without incident. Credit card surcharges are imposed at all car rental agencies, travel agents, airlines, and at some discount retailers and service stations. Surcharges are far more common for American Express and Diners Club (typically 2%-4%) than they are for VISA and Mastercard (typically 1.5%). Costs[ edit ] Dorm accommodation in a capital city is around $30, but can run as low as $15 in Cairns or cheaper backpacker centres. A basic motel in the country or in the capital city suburbs would cost around $100 for a double. City Centre hotel accommodation in capital cities can be obtained for around $150 upwards for a double. Formule 1/Motel 6 style hotels (which are not common) can be around $60-$90 for a double. Car hire will cost around $65 a day. Public transport day passes from $10-20 per day depending on the city. Petrol is approximately 33% more expensive than the US, 10% more than Canada, and about 40% cheaper than Europe.... but can be even more expensive in remote areas where choices are few and the vendors more than a little enterprising to reflect additional delivery costs. A cafe meal costs around $10-$15, and a main course in a restaurant goes from around $17 upwards. A basic takeaway meal - a burger, fancy sandwich, or couple of slices of pizza would cost $5-10, a Big Mac costs $5.50, and you can usually grab a pie for around $4.50, or a sausage roll for $3.50. A takeaway pizza from Pizza Hut big enough to feed two costs around $10. A middy/pot (285mL) of house beer will cost you around $6, and a glass of house wine around $6 in a low end pub. To take away, a case of 24 cans of beer will cost around $40, or a bottle of wine around $8. A standard 500ml bottle of soft drinks, such as Coca-Cola or Pepsi will cost around $3.00 in a large grocery store, $4.20 at a corner convenience store (called milk bars) or $5.20 or more at outback roadhouses. Cans run around $1.00 or more if bought in the 24 pack at grocery store. Bottled water isn't much cheaper. You can make yourself feel better about it by buying brands that are not available in foreign countries, such as the delicious Kirk's Dry Ginger Ale. Some American brands are not available. Ordinary coffee takeaway such as from a petrol station will run around $4.00 but usually comes with a biscuit too. An airfare between neighbouring eastern capitals is around $120 each way but can get as low as $60 if you book at the right time, or around $350 to cross the country assuming that you are flexible with dates and book in advance. A train trip on the state run trains will usually cost slightly less. A bus trip, a little less again. A train trip on the private trains will be the most expensive way to travel. There is usually no admission charge to beaches or city parks. Some popular National Parks charge between $10-20 per day (per car, or per person depending on the state) while more out of the way National Parks are free. Art Galleries and some attractions are free. Museums generally charge around $10 per admission. Theme parks charge around $70 per person. Because of Australia's high wages by comparison to other countries such the USA, you will find prices of things involving service such as restaurants especially high by comparison. A rule of thumb is the restaurants will cost close to double what you would expect of the same thing in the USA, and that holds for beverages also. Haggling[ edit ] Bargaining is uncommon in Australian stores, though vendors are usually willing to meet or beat a quote or advertised price from a competing retailer. It's also worth asking for a "best price" for high-value goods or purchases involving several items. For example, it would not be unusual to get 10% off an item of jewelry that was not already reduced in price. The person you are dealing with may have limited authority to sell items at anything other than the marked price. Tipping[ edit ] Tipping is never compulsory and is usually not expected in Australia. Staff are seen to be paid an appropriate wage and will certainly not chase you down for a tip. It is acceptable to pay the amount stated on the bill. When Australians do tip, it will often be in the form of leaving the change from a cash payment (usually as a convenience so the change does not hang around loose on someone's person - not as a gratuity), rather than a fixed percentage. In a suburban or country restaurant where table service is offered, they will certainly take a tip of 5%-10% should you decide to leave one, but it is almost always not expected, and locals usually do not leave any. In a cafe or more informal restaurant, even with table service, and even in tourist centres, leaving a tip is unusual. Sometimes there is a coin jar by the cashier labelled 'Tips', but more often than not, diners do not leave one. Tipping is also not expected in taxis, and drivers will typically return your change to the last 5 cents, unless you indicate that they should round the fare to the nearest dollar (it is not unusual for passengers to instruct the driver to round up to the next whole dollar). Trading hours[ edit ] Australia's base trading hours are Monday-Friday 9AM-5PM. Shops usually have a single night of late night trading, staying open until 9PM on Fridays in most cities and on Thursdays in Brisbane and Sydney. Sunday trading is common but does not exist in all rural areas. Opening hours beyond these base hours vary by the type of store, by location, and by state. See the guides for more local information. Major supermarket chains such as Coles and Woolworths and department stores like K-Mart and Target in main centres are generally open at least until 9pm. Smaller convenience stores like 7/11 are open 24 hours in major centres. Fast Food restaurant chains are commonly open 24 hours or at least very late. Fuel/Service stations are open 24 hours in major centres, but often close at 6pm and on Sundays in country towns. Even in cities with populations exceeding 50,000 finding a 24 hour petrol station can be difficult, or at least should not be assumed to be easily found. Make sure to locate one in advance if you have an early morning flight with a rental car to return. Australia's weekend is on Saturday and Sunday of each week. Retail trading is now almost universal in larger cities on weekends, although with slightly reduced hours. Again, Western Australia is an exception with restrictions on large stores opening on Sundays. In smaller country towns shops are closed on Sundays and often also on Saturday afternoons. Tourist-oriented towns and shops may stay open longer hours. Tourist areas within cities, such as Darling Harbour in Sydney has longer trading hours every night. Australian banks are open Monday-Friday 09:00-16:00 only, often closing at 17:00 on Fridays. Cash is available through Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) 24 hours, and currency exchange outlets have extended hours and are open on weekends. Tax[ edit ] Australia has a sales tax known as the Goods and Services Tax or GST that applies to all goods and services except unprocessed foods, education and medical services. GST is always included in the price of any item you purchase rather than being added at the time of payment. Receipts (tax invoices) will contain the GST amount, which is one eleventh of the total value of taxable supplies. Sales tax refunds[ edit ] If you buy items over $300 at one place within 60 days of departing the country, you can obtain a refund of the GST upon leaving Australia. As of April 2013 the items can be purchased in separate transactions, as long as the total comes to over $300 and they are all from the same store. Pack the items in hand luggage, and present the item(s) and the receipt at the TRS, after immigration and security when leaving Australia. Also allow an extra 15 minutes before departure. The refund payment can be made by either cheque, credit to an Australian bank account, or payment to a credit card. There is no refund available for services. You also cannot get a refund if you are too close to your flight departure time. A flight departure screen assists agents and they will refuse your transaction if your flight is on it. Check for current regulations about buffer time for flights if you want a GST refund. Places to eat[ edit ] Breakfast in Prahran Restaurants, Australians eat out frequently, and you will usually find one or two options to eat out even in small towns, with a wider range in larger towns and cities. BYO restaurants, BYO stands for Bring Your Own (alcohol). In many of the urban communities of Australia you will find small low-cost restaurants that are not licensed to serve but allow diners to bring their own bottle of wine purchased elsewhere. This is frequently much cheaper than ordering a bottle of wine in a restaurant. Beer can be taken to some BYO restaurants, others allow only wine. Expect to pay a corkage fee which can vary from $2-15, or may be calculated by head. BYO is not usually permitted in restaurants that are licensed to sell alcohol. Pubs, the counter lunch or pub meal is the name for a lunch served in the bar of a pub. Traditionally served only at lunchtime in the lounge. Today most pubs provide lunch and dinner and many have a separate bistro or restaurant. Meals of steak, chicken parmigiana, fish and chips, or nachos are common. Clubs, clubs, such as bowling clubs, leagues clubs, RSLs are in many towns and cities. They are most common in the states of Queensland and New South Wales. Most allow visitors, and sometimes offer good value meals. Some offer attractive locations, like the water views from the Twin Towns in Tweed Heads . Cafes, most towns and suburbs have a cafe or coffee shop, serving breakfast and light meals and cakes throughout the day. Not unusual for them to close before dinner. Bakeries, usually a good place to buy bread rolls, a pie or a sausage roll. Some, like the Beechworth bakery, or the bakery in historic Gundagai offer an experience as well. Fast food restaurants, McDonalds, Subway and KFC are common. Burger King is known as Hungry Jack's. Red Rooster is a Australian chain, offering barbecued chicken and other mostly chicken-based items. Take-away, milk bars (known as a Deli in SA) or take-away stores usually sell pies, barbecued (rotisserie) chicken, hamburgers, fish and chips, gyros, kebabs. Ubiquitous in every town and suburb. Food courts, most shopping centres have a food court, even in country towns. Picnic, the Australian climate is usually amenable to getting whatever food you can, and heading to the nearest park, river, lake or beach. Barbecue, is a popular Australian pastime and many parks in Australia provide free barbecues for public use. Contrary to the stereotype, Australians rarely "Throw a shrimp on the barbie" (also, in Australia a shrimp is more commonly referred to as a prawn). Steaks, chops, sausages, chicken fillets, fish, kebabs are popularly barbecued. Native foods[ edit ] Try the pie Kangaroo, if you fancy some, it is commonly available from most supermarkets and butchers shops. Head to the nearest park, and barbecue it until medium rare. Best not to overcook as it may become quite tough. It tastes much like beef. It occasionally makes it onto the menu in restaurants, mostly in tourist areas. Kangaroos aren't endangered, and kangaroo grazing does far less damage to the sensitive Australian environment than hoofed animals, and far less carbon emissions too. If you are not ready to go vegetarian, kangaroo is the best environmental statement you can make while barbecuing. Crocodile, meat from farms in the Northern Territory and Queensland is widely available around the top end, and occasionally elsewhere. At Rockhampton, the beef capital of Australia, you can see the ancient reptile on a farm while munching on a croc burger. Emu, yes, you can eat the Australian Coat of Arms. Emu is low in fat, and available in some speciality butchers. Try the Coat of Arms pie in Maleny on the Sunshine Coast. Bush tucker, many tours may give you an opportunity to try some bush tucker, the berries, nuts, roots, ants, and grubs from Australia's native bush. Macadamia nuts are the only native plant to Australia that is grown for food commercially. Taste some of the other bush foods, and you will discover why. Lamington Pie floater Vegemite, a salty yeast-based spread, best spread thinly on toast. If you aren't up for buying a jar, any coffee shop will serve vegemite on toast at breakfast time. It may not even be on the menu, but the vegemite will be out the back in the jar next to the marmalade. If you do buy a jar, the secret is it to spread it very thin, and don't forget the butter as well. It tastes similar to Marmite or Cenovis. Australians are quite used to the taste, and may spread the Vegemite very thick; but this is not recommended for first-timers. The Tim-Tam, is a popular chocolate fudge-filled sandwich of two chocolate biscuits, all dipped in chocolate. You can buy a packet (or two) from any supermarket or convenience store. Tim-Tams are required to perform the Tim-Tam Slam manoeuvre. This requires biting off both ends of the Tim-Tam, then using it as a straw to drink your favourite hot beverage, typically coffee. The hot drink melts the fudge centre and creates an experience hard to describe. Finesse is needed to suck the whole biscuit into your mouth in the microseconds between being fully saturated and dissolving. Although performed by some Australians, the manoeuvre is rarely performed and the Tim-Tam is generally eaten by itself. During summer, Tim-Tams are often stored in the freezer, and eaten ice cold. The lamington is a cube of sponge cake covered in chocolate icing and dipped in desiccated coconut. It's named after Lord Lamington, who served as Governor of Queensland from 1896 to 1901. The home-baked form can be found at a local Saturday morning market, or you can buy one from a bakery if you are desperate. Avoid at all costs the plastic wrapped varieties sold in supermarkets. The pavlova is a meringue cake with a cream topping usually decorated with fresh fruit. Served on special occasions, or after a lunchtime barbecue. Often the source of dispute with New Zealand over the original source of the recipe. ANZAC biscuits are a mix of coconut, oats, flour, sugar and golden syrup. They were reputedly sent by wives and care organisations to world war soldiers in care packages, but the story is likely apocryphal. They are available from bakeries, cafes and supermarkets, and are popular in the lead up to ANZAC day (25 April). Damper is a traditional soda bread that was baked by drovers and stockmen. It has basic ingredients (flour, water and perhaps salt) and usually cooked in the embers of a fire. It is not routinely available in bakeries and only commonly served to tourists on organised tours. Best eaten with butter and jam or golden syrup as it is dry and bland. A pie floater is a South Australian dish available around Adelaide. It is a pie inverted in a bowl of thick mushy pea soup. Similar pie variations are sometimes available in other regions. A Chiko roll is a deep-fried snack inspired by the egg roll or the spring roll. Despite the name, it contains no chicken. Its filling is boned mutton, vegetables, rice, barley, and seasonings. Its shell is thicker than an egg roll, meant to survive handling at football matches. Available anywhere you can buy fish and chips. Other cuisines[ edit ] Cuisines widely available in Australia, often prepared by members of the relevant culture, include: Chinese, synonymous with the term "takeaway" in the past generations. Many Chinese restaurants still cater to takeaway addicts today, mostly of the Australianized Chinese variety, but major cities have small "Chinatowns" or suburbs with a large number of ethnic Chinese residents, that have excellent restaurants serving authentic Chinese food. Thai, as above. Suburban Thai restaurants of indifferent quality are starting to replace the previous generation of Chinese restaurants of indifferent quality, but Australia also has excellent and authentic Thai restaurants. Italian, the Italian community is one of the largest ethnic communities of non Anglo-Saxon origin in Australia, and they have contributed greatly to the cafe culture that has flourished across the major cities over the past few decades. Restaurants either serve Italian food that has been adapted to suit Australian tastes, or authentic regional Italian food, with the latter tending to be pricier and in more upmarket surrounds. Greek, as above, and especially in Melbourne, which has the largest Greek population outside Greece. Lebanese, especially in Sydney. Vegetarian[ edit ] Eating vegetarian is quite common in Australia and many restaurants offer at least one or two vegetarian dishes. Some will have an entire vegetarian menu section. Vegans may have more difficulty but any restaurant with a large vegetarian menu should offer some flexibility. In large cities you will find a number of vegetarian and vegan restaurants, as well as in the coastal backpacker-friendly towns along the east coast. The market town of Kuranda or the seaside towns of Byron Bay are a vegetarian's paradise. In other regional areas vegetarians are often poorly catered for, but most towns will have a Chinese restaurant that will provide steamed rice and vegetables. Sydney and Melbourne in particular cater well for vegans and vegetarians with a large number of purely vegetarian restaurants, vegan clothing stores and vegan supermarkets. Religious diets[ edit ] People observing halal diets will easily be able to find specialist butchers in the capital cities, and will also find a number of restaurants with appropriate menus and cooking styles. People observing kosher diets can easily find kosher food in suburbs in Sydney and Melbourne that have a high amount of Jews (eg. Caulfield in Melbourne, Bondi in Sydney). In other cities it is very hard to find kosher food, and the little kosher food there is, is usually imported from Melbourne or Sydney, so it is very overpriced. Outside the capital cities, it will be much more difficult to find food prepared in a strict religious manner. Markets[ edit ] All of the capital cities and many regional towns in Australia host a "farmer's market", which is generally held each week in a designated area on a Saturday or Sunday. These markets mostly sell fresh fruits and vegetables, as hygiene standards in Australia forbid the selling of meat directly from market stalls. Butchers who set up shop at a farmer's market would usually trade their wares from a display cabinet within their truck. The attraction of markets is the lower prices and freshness of the produce. The attraction for the traveller will be the cheap and excellent fruits on offer - depending on the region and season. In regional areas the market is usually held outside the town itself in an empty paddock or sports field, markets in capital cities are easier to reach but the prices are typically more in line with those you would find in supermarkets. See the destination guides for details. Beer[ edit ] Drinking beer is ingrained in Australian culture. Although Fosters is promoted as an Australian beer overseas, it is rarely consumed by Australians in Australia, and is almost impossible to find. Beers are strongly regional and every state has its own brews: Coopers and West End in South Australia, Carlton and VB in Victoria, Tooheys in NSW, XXXX in Queensland, Boags and Cascade in Tasmania, and Swan in Western Australia. There are also local microbrew choices, which can be harder to find, but are often worth seeking out. A wide range of imported European and American bottled beers are available in all but the most basic pub. Light (Lite) beer refers to lower alcoholic content, and not lower calories. It has around half the alcohol of full strength beer, and is taxed at a lower rate, meaning it is also cheaper than full strength beer. Because Australians like their beer to stay cold while they drink it, draft beer glasses come in a multitude of sizes, so that you can drink a whole glass before it warms up in the summer heat. The naming of beer glasses varies widely from state to state, often in confusing ways: a schooner is 425 ml everywhere except South Australia, where it's only 285 ml, a size that's known elsewhere as a middy or pot, except in Darwin where it's a handle, but in Adelaide a "pot" means a 570 ml full pint, and a pint means what a schooner does elsewhere, and... you get the idea. The local beers and the local descriptions are covered in detail in the state guides. Bottle naming is a little easier: the standard sizes across Australia are the 375 ml stubby and the 750 ml long neck or tally. Cans of beer are known as tinnies and 24 of them make up a slab, box, carton, or a case. Wine[ edit ] Australia produces quality wine on a truly industrial scale, with large multinational brands supplying Australian bottleshops and exporting around the world. There are also a multitude of boutique wineries and smaller suppliers. Very good red and white wine can be bought very cheaply in Australia, often at less than $10 a bottle, and even the smallest shop could be expected to have 50 or more varieties to choose from. The areas of the Barossa Valley , Hunter Valley , McLaren Vale , Clare Valley and Margaret River are particularly renowned for their wineries and opportunities for cellar door sampling, but northern Victoria and Mudgee , also have a large variety. You are never too far from a wine trail anywhere in southern Australia. Try the local wines wherever you can find them, and ask for local recommendations. Try not to get taken in by the label, or the price tag. The best wine is rarely the one with the best artwork, or the most expensive price. However, it is probably wise to avoid the house wine if it comes straight from a cask (4-litre container). Wines at the cellar door are almost invariably sold at around 20% premium to the same wine in the shops in the local town. If you still prefer overseas wines, the Marlborough region of New Zealand is usually well represented on wine lists and in bottle shops in Australia. Spirits[ edit ] Bundaberg Rum (Bundy) is an Australian dark rum particularly popular in Queensland and many Queenslanders will not touch any other brand of rum, while many other Australians will not touch Bundy. It is probably the most famous Australian made spirit, mass produced in Bundaberg and available everywhere. You will have to search much harder to find other Australian distilled spirits, mostly from niche players, but there are distilleries in every state of Australia if you look hard enough. Drop into the Lark Distillery on the scenic Hobart waterfront precinct. Pick up a bottle of 151 East Vodka in Wollongong or after a few days in Kununurra you are definitely going to need an Ord River Rum. Mixed drinks are also available, particularly vodka, scotch, bourbon and other whiskey mixers. Jim Beam bourbon is probably the most commonly drunk, so those from Kentucky should feel right at home. Spirits are also available as pre-mixed bottles and cans but are subject to higher taxation in this form, so it is cheaper to mix them yourself. Spirits are served in all pubs and bars, but not in all restaurants. Legal aspects[ edit ] The legal drinking age throughout Australia is 18 years. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for yourself if you are under 18 years of age. It is illegal to purchase alcohol on behalf of someone who is under 18 years of age. The only legally acceptable proof-of-age is an Australian drivers licence, state-issued proof-of-age card or a passport, and it would be wise to carry one if you want to purchase alcohol or tobacco and look under 25. It is illegal to go into a gambling area of a pub or club when under 18. Often there is a lounge, restaurant or bistro area in a pub or club that permits under-age people provided they are accompanied by a responsible adult over 18 and don't approach the bar or wander around. Some city pubs even have video games and playgrounds for children. Some country pubs have large open areas out in the back where kids can run and play. In general, you can take alcohol (say a bottle of wine or beer) to consume at a park or beach. However, in the state of Queensland public consumption of Alcohol is illegal. Alcohol consumption is banned in some public places as 'street drinking'. These are often indicated by signs and is particularly the case in parks and footpaths where public drunkenness has been a problem. However, if you are a family with your picnic basket and blanket out at lunchtime with a bottle of wine, you are unlikely to encounter any problems. Alcohol can be purchased for consumption on premises only in licensed venues: pubs, clubs and many restaurants. You can purchase alcohol for private consumption in bottle shops, which are separate stores selling bottled alcohol. In some but not all states you can buy alcohol in supermarkets. In those states where you can't, bottle shops and major supermarkets are often found in very close proximity. Although licensing laws and hours vary from state to state, and individual stores have different trading hours, as a rule of thumb, alcohol is generally available in towns to take-away seven days a week, between the hours of 8AM and 11PM, from bottle shops, supermarkets, licensed grocers/milk-bars and pubs. Outside of these hours though, it is almost impossible to buy alcohol to take home; so if you're planning on a party at home, it's a good idea to stock up and check on the local trading hours so you don't run out at 00:30 with no opportunity to buy more. In the state of New South Wales, takeaway alcohol cannot be sold after 10pm. Alcohol is not available at petrol stations or 24-hour convenience stores anywhere in Australia. Public drunkenness varies in acceptability. You will certainly find a great deal of it in close proximity to pubs and clubs at night time but much less so during the day. Public drunkenness is an offence but you would only likely ever be picked up by the police if you were causing a nuisance. You may spend the night sobering up in a holding cell or be charged. Driving while affected by alcohol is both stigmatized and policed by random breath testing police patrols in Australia, as well as being inherently dangerous. Drink driving is a very serious offence in Australia, punishable by a range of mechanisms including loss of license. The acceptable maximum blood alcohol concentration is 0.05% in all states, often lower or not allowed for operators of heavy vehicles and young or novice drivers. Police officers are also empowered to randomly test drivers for the recent use of prohibited drugs. The operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of prohibited drugs or alcohol will always result in arrest and a required court appearance many weeks from the date of arrest and it can comprehensively disrupt travel plans. Random breath testing is common early Saturday and Sunday mornings, and many people are caught the morning after. A shout[ edit ] Buying a round of drinks is a custom in Australia, as in many corners of the world. It is generally expected in a pub that when you arrive and make your first trip to the bar that you will offer to buy a drink for others you are drinking with. This is what's known as a 'shout'. In entering a shout you are expected to take turns buying drinks for everyone in your shout when it is your turn. It is considered poor etiquette to drink something much more expensive that what others in the shout are drinking. If you cannot keep pace during a shout you are still expected to buy a round of drinks when it is your turn and as such it is advisable to drink with people who pace themselves at a similar rate. If someone from outside the shout offers to buy you a drink politely decline and let them know you are already in a shout. Likewise if someone buys you a drink don't be surprised if they expect one from you later on in the evening as it's now your shout. If you don't want to join a shout, or would like to drop out of one this can be awkward in some groups, however if you provide a viable reason such as having to drive or being on medication people will normally respect this explanation. It is considered very poor etiquette to leave before your shout. Learn[ edit ] If you are intending to study in Australia, you may need to be on a visa class that allows this, rather than a tourist visa. Students and academics invited to visit Australian universities will generally also need an appropriate visa, even if their visit is of a short enough period to be covered by a tourist electronic visa. For extremely short term or part time courses, check with your Australian consulate or embassy. Australian students attend high school for six years, and enter university at seventeen or eighteen years of age. (In Australia, neither "school" nor "college" are used to refer to tertiary institutions; they are referred to only as "universities" - in fact, some primary and secondary educational institutions are referred to as 'colleges'). Australian undergraduate programs are usually three to four years in length. A fifth year is compulsory in some professional undergraduate programs such as engineering, law, medicine and dentistry. Students in three-year degree programs can take an optional fourth year known as honours if they want to proceed into a postgraduate research program, whereas students enrolled in four year programs can typically incorporate their honours thesis into their fourth year. Australia does not have universities whose prestige competes with Harvard or the other Ivies in the US or Oxford or Cambridge in the UK. However many are ranked in the top 200 in the world (Times Higher Education Supplement). All tuition at university level is in English, save for courses that specifically focus on other languages. Students who have not previously earned a qualification in an English speaking program (or passed high school English) will have to take one of a number of English competency tests before being allowed to enrol. Postgraduate studies in Australia fall into two classes: coursework and research. Coursework degrees are generally at the Masters level. Research degrees are at the Masters and Doctoral level. Universities[ edit ] There are 42 Universities in Australia that all compete vigorously for overseas students. All have administrative departments and sections on their websites which describe the courses available to overseas students, and they will help you to apply and obtain accommodation and transport. Applications for university courses (and the appropriate visa) will need to be lodged before coming to Australia. Courses range from single year diplomas to full length undergraduate and post-graduate degrees. There is a choice of the sandstone universities, with their history and prestige, modern city universities with their vocational programs, and regional (country town) universities, with open space and cheaper accommodation. Admission[ edit ] Undergraduate admission to university is centralised at the state level. You make a single application for admission to the state admissions body stating your course preferences. The universities select students from this common applicant pool based upon their ranking and preferences. Unless you are applying for a creative arts degree, your ranking will be based solely on previous academic performance at both high school and previous university studies. Postgraduate admission is managed by individual universities and you will need to apply separately to each institution you are considering. Tuition fees[ edit ] The full fees payable by overseas students are competitive compared to many Western universities. Australian citizens have the option of substantially reduced fees and also have the option of deferring payment until they are earning income. Other students will generally be required to pay full tuition on enrolment each semester. Scholarships are rarely awarded for undergraduate or postgraduate coursework degrees. A comparatively large number of scholarships are available for postgraduate research usually covering both tuition, where required, and living costs. These are awarded by individual universities. Camping[ edit ] Camping is a popular pastime. Most caravan parks will rent camping sites by the night, where you can pitch a tent, and these are available in most towns and cities. The caravan park will provide showers and toilets, and sometimes washing and cooking facilities. Sometimes for an additional fee. Expect to pay around $20 for a tent site, and a few dollars per person. You can even find caravan parks right on the beach, with lagoon swimming pools and playgrounds all free for guests. National parks often provide free camping sites, which expect you to be more self-sufficient. Often toilets are provided and sometimes cold showers. Camping permits are sometimes required at popular parks, with some popular spots filling up during the holidays in summer. In Australia it is common to be within an hours drive of a national park or recreation area that will permit some form of camping, even in the capital cities. Expect to pay around $5-$10 per night per person for a camping permit, and national park admission fees in the more popular national parks (eg: Wilsons Promontory National Park, Kosciuszko National Park, etc), however entry and camping is free in the majority of national parks further from population and tourist centres. Some other camping areas are run by government or even local landowners. Expect around $10 per person per night, depending on the time of year. You can try your luck sleeping on a beach or pitching a tent overnight in a highway rest area, or out in the bush for a free bed. Most rest areas and beaches prohibit camping and many even prohibit overnight parking to discourage this. Generally the closer you are to civilisation or a tourist area, the greater the chance of being hassled by the authorities. Camping in state forests is often preferable to national parks if you're after a camping experience over sightseeing, as collecting of your own fire wood is allowed (sometimes felling of trees is permissible dependent on the area) and camping is not restricted to camp sites. Some other activities that are generally allowed in state forests that are not allowed in national parks are: bringing in dogs/pets, open fires, motorbikes and four-wheel driving. State forests are generally free to stay in, although you will need to check locally if public access is allowed. Hostels and Backpackers[ edit ] Budget hostel-style accommodation with shared bathrooms and often with dormitories is approximately $20-$30 per person per night. Facilities usually include a fully equipped kitchen with adequate refrigeration and food storage areas. Most hostels also have living room areas equipped with couches, dining tables, and televisions. There are several backpacker hostel chains in Australia. If you are staying many nights in the same brand of hostel, consider their discount cards, which usually offer a loyalty bonus on accommodation, and other attraction and tour discounts negotiated by the chain. Pubs[ edit ] Traditionally Australian pubs (public bars) would be part of a hotel that offered accommodation. Some of these traditional hotels still offer some form of accommodation. It can vary from very basic shabby rooms, to newly renovated boutique accommodation. The price is usually a good reflection of what you are in for. It is still quite unusual to have a private bathroom, even in the nicer hotels. Unlike motels, traditional hotels usually charge a discounted rate for single rooms. In some smaller towns this might be the only type of accommodation available, though it is also available in the centre of Sydney making getting back to your room after a beer a simple endeavour. Many of the older pubs in country towns are housed in grande and ornate buildings on the main street of the town and can present a unique accommodation option. Inner city areas of Australian cities are dotted with many old pubs which will often be smaller and less interesting, and less likely to provide accommodation. A motel won't generally have a public bar. A motel that does have a bar attached will be called a hotel/motel. Motels[ edit ] Typically, motel-style accommodation will have a private room with a bed or number of beds, and a private shower and toilet. Many motels have family rooms, that will usually have a double bed and two single beds in the one room. Motel rooms in the cities will generally cost upwards from $80. Usually the cost is the same for one or two adults, with any extra people charged an additional fee. Prices for additional children can range from free to $20 per child. During quiet times its not unusual for motels to offer standby discounts. Most motels will serve a cooked or continental breakfast to your room in the morning, for an additional charge. Some may have a restaurant or serve an evening meal. Some may have a toaster in the room. A number of local and international chains offer motel-style accommodation: Hotels[ edit ] All state capitals have at least one major hotel at 5 star standard, with several available in the major capitals. The majority of Australia's hotels are located in the Central Business Districts (CBD) of the capital city. Hotel services and hospitality are often excellent such as room cleaning services, free morning newspapers, meals to your door and a high-speed internet connection up to 24mb/s (often with a premium fee). All hotels have a restaurant (or bistro, depending on the type of hotel you are staying in). The restaurant or bistro often serves food that is comparable to many other up-market restaurants outside the hotel. Also on the ground floor would normally be a fully equipped bar. Cabins[ edit ] Cabins are an economical way for families to stay while travelling. Sometimes built on private land, sometimes in caravan parks, cabins typically have a kitchen / lounge area, and one, two or three bedrooms. Farm Stay[ edit ] Much as the name suggests, this usually involves a cabin or homestead accommodation on a working property. Suited for a stay of two or more days, this accommodation usually allows you to get a little involved in the running of the farm if you wish. It is common for dinner to be provided in the homestead, and a breakfast pack to be provided to your cabin. Holiday home[ edit ] Holiday homes are homes rented by their owners, often using local real estate agents or specialised web sites. Sometimes they're located in prime positions, but more often in the suburbs of cities and towns. Minimum rental periods of at least 2 days usually apply, rising to a week during periods when they are busy. At a minimum, they will have bedrooms, a lounge, bathroom and kitchen. Bed and Breakfasts[ edit ] Bed and Breakfasts tend to be a premium form of accommodation in Australia, often focussed on weekend accommodation for couples. They certainly don't offer the discount form of accommmodation they do in part of the United Kingdom , and the local motel will usually be cheaper. Sometimes extra rooms in a person's home, but often a purpose built building. You should expect a cosy, well kept room, a common area, and a cooked breakfast. Possibly private facilities. Substantial discounts often apply for mid-week stays at bed and breakfasts. Resorts[ edit ] There are many true resorts around Australia. Many have lagoon pools, tennis, golf, kids clubs, and other arranged activities. The island of the Whitsundays have a choice of resorts, some occupying entire islands. Port Douglas also has many resorts of a world standard. Serviced apartments[ edit ] Serviced apartments are widely available, for stays as short as one night. Amenities typically include kitchen, washer and dryer, and separate bedrooms. Caravanning, Campervan, Motorhome and RV[ edit ] Caravan parks exist in most towns and cities in Australia that will provide powered and unpowered sites for Caravans. You will commonly see the Grey Nomad brigade on their trips around Australia in motorhomes and caravans. The camper trailer has also become very popular in Australia. It is perfect for the Australian camping lifestyle, whether it be weekends away or an extended trip into the great outdoors where no facilities exist. You will need to be self-sufficient and carry suitable spares and a good tool kit Station Wagons / Vans[ edit ] In most parts of Australia it is illegal to sleep in your vehicle but it is possible to get around this by simply rigging up curtains all around the windows so no one can see in from the outside. Trade vans can be picked up for as little as $1,000, with a more trustworthy van setting you back no more than $3,000-$4,000. Add a mattress, pillow, portable gas cooker, cookware and a 20 lt water container and you are off. If you get caught the fine could be as much as $150 each, so do it at you own risk. But if you are strategic in where you stay you probably won't get caught. Just be sensible and don't disturb the locals. Also, be aware of parking restrictions in certain parts of the cities and town, including overnight parking restrictions. The parking inspectors can be ruthless and a $100+ fine is not uncommon. All cities and towns in Australia have free public toilets. Many parks, and most beaches have free electric BBQ's as well. Popular beaches have fresh water showers to wash the salt water off after you swim, so for those on a tight budget (or for those that just love waking up at the beach) simply wash in the ocean (please do not pollute the ocean or waterways by using detergents or soaps) and rinse off at the showers. Almost all taps in Australia are drinking water, the ones that aren't will be marked. Service stations (petrol/gas) almost always have taps, so these are a good place to refill the water containers each time you refuel. Some of the best experiences you may have in Australia will be by taking that road on the map that looks like it heads to a beach, creek, waterfall or mountain and following it. You may just find paradise and not another soul in sight. And lucky you, you've got a bed, food and water right there with you. Travelling in a small group lowers the fuel bill per head, as this will likely be your biggest expense. Enjoy, and respect the land by taking your rubbish/bottles/cigarette butts with you and disposing of them properly. Work[ edit ] Australian citizens, New Zealand citizens and permanent residents of Australia can work in Australia without any further permits, but others will require a work visa. All visitors who do not hold Australian permanent residency or citizenship (including New Zealand citizens who aren't also Australian permanent residents or citizens) are not allowed to access Australian social security arrangements for the unemployed, and will have limited, or more usually, no access to the Australian government's health care payment arrangements. Minimum wage[ edit ] Minimum wage rates are under the jurisdiction of the federal government; there are other minimum wages depending on your job, years of experience, how much education you have, how long you've been done with your education and your previous job history, so this minimum wage can fluctuate a vast amount. Payment and taxes[ edit ] Most Australian employers pay via direct deposit to Australian bank accounts. Open a bank account as soon as you arrive. Your passport will not be enough ID to open a bank account. You will need to show the bank teller 100 points of ID [20] . As soon as you have an address it is wise to apply for a Tax File Number (TFN). You can apply for it online (though, only in Australia) for free at the Australian Tax Office website [21] , though you can generally get it quicker if you just go to one of their offices. The Australian financial year runs from July 1 to June 30, and tax returns for each financial year are due on October 30, four months after the accounting period concludes. Check with Australian tax agents about Australian tax liability and filing an Australian tax return. Australian employers will make compulsory payments out of your earnings to an Australian superannuation (retirement savings) fund on your behalf. Temporary visitors who are not citizens of either Australia or New Zealand can have this money returned to them [22] when they leave Australia. Working holidaymaker scheme[ edit ] Australia has a working holidaymaker program for 18-30 yr old citizens of certain countries. It allows a stay in Australia for 12 months from the time of first entry. You may work during that time, but only for 6 months at any one employer. The idea is for you to take a holiday subsidised by casual or short-term jobs. If you're interested in a working holiday, some useful skills and experience might be: office skills to be used for temp work; or hospitality skills to be used for bar or restaurant work. An alternative is seasonal work like fruit-picking, although much seasonal work will require that you work outside the major cities. Working for 3 months in seasonal work will allow you to apply for a second 12 month visa. You can apply online for a working holiday visa, but you must not be in Australia at the time. It takes just a few hours to process usually and costs about $420 (as of June 2014). On arriving in Australia ask for the working holiday visa to be "evidenced", so you can show your future employer. Sponsored work visas[ edit ] The easiest way to get a work visa is to find an Australian employer who will sponsor you. However, this is just 'easier', not 'easy' as such. Your employer will need to demonstrate that they cannot hire anyone with your skills in Australia, and the approval will take several months. If in search of sponsorship, be prepared for a long wait. Note that getting the visa might take a couple of months from the beginning of the application process, and that you will need a medical examination by a doctor approved by the immigration officials before it can be granted (among other things, you will need a chest x-ray to show that you do not have tuberculosis). Check with your local Australian High Commission, Consulate or Embassy and the the Immigration Department's website [23] . Immigration[ edit ] You can apply to immigrate as a skilled person or business person, but this process will take longer than receiving a work visa. You can also apply for permanent residency as the holder of a work or study visa, but your application will not be automatically accepted. After four years of permanent residency you are eligible to apply for Australian citizenship. Volunteering[ edit ] There are several volunteer opportunities in Australia. Many worldwide organisations offer extended travel for those wanting to volunteer their time to work with locals on projects such as habitat restoration, wildlife sanctuary maintenance & development, scientific research, & education programs. Respect[ edit ] Unless you are actively trying to insult someone, a traveller is unlikely to insult or cause offence to an Australian through any kind of cultural ignorance. Australian modes of address tend towards the familiar. It is acceptable and normal to use first names in all situations, even to authority figures or people many years your senior. Australia is a nation that prides itself on witty and imaginative nicknames and thus fond of using and giving nicknames - even to recent acquaintances. It is likely being called such a name is an indication that you are considered a friend and is it would be rare they are being condescending. While attitudes towards alcohol in Australia have moderated in recent years, there is still much goodwill in venturing and accepting the sharing of a drink (mainly beer) amongst newly made acquaintances. In rural locations especially, refusing the offer of a quiet drink is still something that is capable of causing offence. Within the bounds of health, safety and culture, one should try and accommodate this custom, even if you only partake of a glass of lemonade. It is generally acceptable to wear revealing clothing in Australia. Bikinis and swimming attire is okay on the beach, and usually at the kiosk across the road from the beach. It is normal to wear at least a shirt and footwear before venturing any further. Most beaches are effectively top optional (topless) while sunbathing. Just about all women wear a top while walking around or in the water. There are some clothing optional (nude) beaches, usually a little further removed from residential areas. Thong bikinis (more commonly called g-string bikinis in Australia as thongs refer to flip-flop footwear) are fine on all beaches and some outdoor pools for both women and men although they are not as common as conventional beachwear. Some outdoor pools have a "top required" policy for women. Cover up a little more when visiting places of worship such as churches. In warm conditions casual "t-shirt and shorts" style clothing predominates except in formal situations. Business attire, however, is considered to be long sleeved shirt, tie, and long trousers for men, even in the hottest weather. (In the northern part of the country, a short sleeved, open neck shirt with slacks, known as 'Darwin Rig', is acceptable). Using Australian stereotypical expressions may be viewed as an attempt to mock, rather than to communicate. If you pull it off well, you might raise a smile. Australians are often self-deprecating, and are rarely arrogant. However, it is rude to ever agree with a self-deprecating remark. Boasting about achievements is rarely received well. Most Australians are happy to help out a lost traveller with directions, however many urban dwellers will assume that someone asking "Excuse me", is going to be asking for money, and may brush past. Looking lost, holding a map, looking like a backpacker or getting to the point quickly will probably help. It is common in Australia to call random strangers 'Mate'. Profanities may not hold the same offensive value as they do in other English-speaking countries. Indigenous Australians[ edit ] It is best not to mention the name of a deceased person to an indigenous Australian. Though Aboriginal custom varies, it is best to avoid the possibility of offence. Permission to photograph an Aboriginal person should always be asked, but in particular in the more remote areas such as Arnhem Land. There is an old belief among them that having their photograph taken will steal their soul. Some areas of land are sacred to Aboriginal people, and require additional respect. Many areas of Aboriginal land are free to enter. Some areas carry a request from the Aboriginal people not to enter, and you may choose yourself whether or not to honour or respect that request. An example of an Aboriginal request is climbing Uluru (Ayers Rock). No law prohibits people from climbing the rock (except in heat, rain or strong winds), however, local indigenous communities (The Anangu) request that you do not climb. Uluru holds great spiritual significance to the Anangu. The Anangu feel themselves responsible if someone is killed or injured on their land (as has happened many times during the climb) and request tourists not to place themselves in harm through climbing. Many people who travel to Uluru do climb, however, so you certainly won't be on your own if you choose to do this. Some Aboriginal land requires permission or a permit, and some areas are protected and illegal to enter. You should check before making plans to travel off the beaten track. Permits are usually just a formality for areas which regularly see visitors, or if you have some other business in the area you are travelling through. Often they are just an agreement to respect to the land you are travelling on as Aboriginal land. Some Aboriginal Land Councils make them available online. If you need to refer to race, the politically correct term is Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal people is usually okay and referring to sacred sites and land as Aboriginal sites, or Aboriginal land is okay too. Avoid using Aborigine or Aboriginal as a noun to describe a person, as some people see negative connotations in these words. The contraction "Abo" is deeply offensive and should never be used. The word Native should also be avoided when referring to a person, as should colour-based terminology such as Black or White (the polite term for Australians of British or Irish descent is Anglo-Celtic). Stay healthy[ edit ] Certain areas of Australia, including the Northern Territory and Queensland , typically carry more socially conservative views. While the LGBT community is gaining more widespread tolerance travelers are advised to avoid public displays of affection. Queenland has a gay panic defense which is used to defend anti-lgbt attackers [27] . Also Queensland areas view homosexuality as a sin [28] and LGBT protections are not well enforced in Queensland so any gay visitors will likely face discrimination in the provision of goods and services [29] . LGBT travel should be discreet. Emergencies[ edit ] The number 000 (called 'triple zero' or 'triple oh') can be dialled from any telephone in Australia free of charge. This number will connect you with emergency operators for the police, fire brigade, and ambulance service. The first question that the operator will ask is which service you need. If you require assistance during a flood, storm, cyclone, tsunami, earthquake or other natural disaster you can contact the State Emergency Service in each state (except for Northern Territory) on 132 500. You will be connected with your local unit and help can be organised from there. Note that if the emergency is life-threatening, call triple zero. If you want to contact these services but the situation is not an emergency, don't call 000: you can call the police assistance line on 131 444. Poisons information advice, which can also advise on snake, spider and insect bites, is available on 131 126. Information on locating the nearest medical services can be obtained by calling 1800 022 222 (except for Tasmania). You can dial 000 from all mobile phones. Mobile phones sold in Australia recognise it as the emergency number and will use any available network to place the call. However, if you have a phone obtained outside Australia, using the universal emergency number 112 is a better idea. Using 112 will use any available network, will work even if your phone is not roaming, and will work even if the phone does not have a SIM. 112 works from Australian purchased phones too. Hearing or speech impaired people with TTY equipment can dial 106. Those with Internet connectivity can use the Internet Relay Service, via the website . Calls from fixed line (landline) phones may be traced to assist the emergency services to reach you. The emergency services have limited ability to trace the origin of emergency calls from mobile phones, especially outside of urban areas, so be sure to calmly and clearly provide details of your location. Because of the number sequence for emergency calls, around 60% of calls to the emergency numbers are made in error. Nobody will likely respond to your call unless you can effectively communicate to the operator that you need assistance. If you are in need of assistance, but cannot speak, you will be diverted to an IVR and asked to press 55 to confirm that you are in need of assistance and have not called by accident. Your call will then be connected to the police. Emergency numbers from other countries (for example, '911' in the USA) do not work in Australia. '112' will not work from a landline phone. Driving[ edit ] Keep a sense of perspective. Tourists are far more likely to be killed or injured as pedestrians, drivers or passengers on Australian roads than all the other causes of death and injury combined. Driving between cities and towns can take longer than you think, especially if you are used to freeway or motorway driving in Europe or North America. Speed limits vary by location, road and by state. Avoid the stresses of fatigue by not planning to drive too far in a day. It's also worth noting that speed limits are strictly enforced in Australia and going more than 2 kilometres over the speed limit can result in a large fine. Note also that in many places the speed limit cannot in practice be safely reached. Speed limits are indeed limits and a certain amount of credit is being given to the driver to adjust their driving habits to the conditions. Even if weather is not a factor, driving for example in Tasmania is just not possible at the posted speed limit continuously. To attempt to do so will put yourself and others in danger. A danger which magnifies at night with the immense wildlife population, and when weather is inclement. The wise motorist will observe how fast other drivers are travelling and also start out travel on unfamiliar roads well below the posted limit, and work up to a comfortable speed once the road has been evaluated as to its safety at various speeds. In practice, top limits are generally only possible in a sustained fashion on double lane freeways. Driving between towns and cities comes with a risk of hitting or crashing due to swerving to avoid wildlife. Kangaroos have a habit of being spooked by cars and then, bewilderingly, jumping in front of them. Take extra care when driving through areas with vegetation close to the road and during dawn and dusk when wildlife is most active. Wildlife is not usually an issue in major urban areas (with the exception of Canberra where a series of parks provides ample habitat for kangaroos, which often cross major roads). Urban Australians jaywalk, dodge cars, and anticipate the sequence of lights; Australians from towns and regional cities are more likely to respect the pedestrian lights. Although most drivers will stop for a red light, running the amber light is common, so ensuring the traffic has stopped before stepping from the curb is always a good idea. People from countries who drive on the right will take a while to get used to looking the correct way when crossing. Roundabouts are common, always give way to traffic already in the circle. Complete novices to right hand drive cars and left lane traffic flow will find value in visiting the local police station and picking up a free copy of the booklet used by young people who are trying to get a driving license. It will describe many Australian situations you may not be aware of, and its good as a refresher in any case. For example, it is not legal to turn left on red (or right as the case may be), which is a permitted action in many other major countries. Beaches[ edit ] Around 10-20 overseas travellers drown in Australia each year. Most of these drownings occur at ocean beaches, where statistics put visitors at significantly higher risk than locals. Check the Beach Safety website . Beach goers should swim between the red and yellow flags which designate patrolled areas. Beaches are not patrolled 24-hours a day or even during all daylight hours. In most cases the local volunteer surf lifesavers or professional lifeguards are only available during certain hours, and at some beaches only on weekends, and often only during summer. If the flags aren't up, then there's no one patrolling - and you shouldn't swim. If you do choose to swim, be aware of the risks, check conditions, stay within your depth, and don't swim alone. Hard surfboards and other water craft such as surf skis, kayaks etc., are not permitted between the red and yellow flags. These craft must only be used outside of the blue 'surf craft permitted' flags. Australian ocean beaches can sometimes have strong rips that even the strongest swimmers are unable to swim against. Rips are invisible channels of water flowing away from the beach. These channels take out the water which the incoming surf waves bring into shore. Beach goers can mistakenly use these channels or areas since they can appear as calm water and look to be an easier area into which to swim. Problems arise when the swimmer tries to swim back into shore against the outgoing current or rip, tire quickly, and end up drowning. Rips can be recognised by one or more of these signs: a rippled appearance when the surrounding water is fairly calm; foam that extends beyond the break zone; brown, sandy coloured water; waves breaking further out on either side of the rip. If you are caught in a rip at a patrolled beach, conserve your energy, float or tread water and raise one hand. The surf lifesavers will come out to you. Don't wait until you are so tired you can't swim any more. You will probably find that local swimmers or surfers will also quickly come to your aid. Usually the flags are positioned where there are no rips, but this isn't always the case as rips can move. If you are caught in a rip at an unpatrolled beach stay calm to conserve energy and swim parallel to the beach (not against the pull of the current). Most rips are only a few metres wide, and once clear of the undertow, you will be able to swim or catch a wave to return to shore. Never swim alone. Don't think that the right technique will get you out of every situation. In the surf out the back of the beach, treading water can be hard with waves pounding you every few seconds. Unless you have seen it happen, its hard to appreciate how quickly a rip can take you 50 m out to sea and into much larger wave breaks. If you are at an unpatrolled surf beach, proceed with great caution and never go out of your depth. Beach signs often have a number or an alphanumeric code on them. This code can be given to emergency services if required so they can locate you quickly. Crocodiles and Box Jellyfish are found on tropical beaches, depending on the time of year and area. Sharks occur on many of Australia's beaches. See the section below on dangerous creatures. Patrolled beaches will be monitoring the ocean for any shark activity. If you hear a continuous siren, go off at the beach and a red and a red and white quartered flag is waved or held out of the tower as it indicates a shark sighting, so make your way to shore. Once it is clear, a short blast of the siren will be sounded, which usually means that it is safe to return to the water. Cyclones[ edit ] Tropical cyclones (hurricanes) occur in the tropics during summer. Information on and advanced warnings of severe weather is available from the Bureau of Meteorology’s warning page [30] or by calling the National Telephone Weather Services Directory on 1900 926 113 (beware, premium rates apply). Floods[ edit ] In the tropical north the Wet Season occurs over the summer months of December, January and February, bringing torrential rains and frequent floods to those regions. It is not unusual for some coastal areas to be cut off for a day or two while the water recedes. It can still be a good time to visit some of the well populated, tourist-oriented areas, and, except in unusually heavy flooding, you can still get to see the pounding waterfalls and other attractions that can make this an interesting time to visit. Floods in outback and inland Australia are rare, occurring decades apart, so you would be unlucky to encounter them. However, if you are planning to visit the inland or the outback and the area is flooded, then you should reconsider. The land is flat, so the water can take weeks to move on, leaving the land boggy. Insects and mosquitoes go crazy with all the fresh water pooling around, and these things eat insect repellent for breakfast and are still hungry. Roads close, often adding many hours to driving times. Many attractions often lie on a short stretch of dirt road off the main highways, and these sections become impassable, even if the main road remains open. Plan to return in a few weeks, and the land will still be green, the lakes and rivers will still be flowing, and the bird life will still be around. The wettest period for the south of the country is usually around the winter months of June, July, and August. There is rarely enough rain at one time to cause flooding. The capital cities are rarely affected by floods, however, in recent years (2010-11 and 2013) Brisbane has been victim to devastating floods, cutting off suburban roads, damaging infrastructure and halting public transport. Additionally, after long dry periods, sudden storms can cause flooding due to hardened ground, poor infrastructure and blocked drains. Fires[ edit ] National parks and forested areas of southern Australia, including some parts of major cities next to national parks and forests, can be threatened by bushfires (wildfires) in summer. If the fire risk is extreme, parks may be closed, especially the backcountry areas, so you will need to have an alternative plan if you intend to camp or hike in parks during summer. If there is a fire in a park, it will usually be closed entirely. Entire country towns can sometimes be evacuated when there is a bushfire threatening them. Often there can be no signs of the fire at evacuation time, but you should leave early, as evacuating through a fire front is dangerous. The best advice is just to move on, and not stay around to watch. Make sure any fires you light are legal and kept under control. The fire service operates a fire ban system during periods of extreme fire danger. When a fire ban is in place all outdoor fires are forbidden. Most parks will advertise a ban, and it is your responsibility to check the local fire danger levels. Fines or even jail terms apply for lighting fires that get out of control, not to mention the feeling you may get for being responsible for the property, wildlife, and personal damage that you may cause. If you are caught in a bushfire, most fires will pass over quickly. You need to find shelter that will protect you from the smoke and radiant heat. A house is best, then a car, then a clearing, a cave, or on the beach is the best location. Wet everything what you can. Stay low and cover your mouth. Cover yourself with non-flammable (woolen) clothing or blankets, and reduce the skin directly exposed to the heat. If you have access to a tap gather water early, don't rely on water pressure as the fire front approaches. If your holiday goes no further than cities, major towns, and beaches, this won't really concern you. Water supply[ edit ] Australia is a very dry country with large areas of desert. It can also get hot. Some parts of the country are always in drought. When travelling in remote areas, away from sealed roads, where the potential to become stranded for up to a week without seeing another vehicle is very real, it is vital that you carry your own water supply (4 gal or 7 L per person per day). Do not be misled by entries on maps such as 'well' or 'spring' or 'tank' (or any entry suggesting that there is a body of water). Nearly all are dry, and most inland lakes are dry salt pans. Many cities and towns have water restrictions, limiting use of water in activities like washing cars, watering gardens, or public showers. It is common to see signs in accommodation asking visitors to limit the length of their showers. Venomous and dangerous creatures[ edit ] Australia is home to many of the deadliest species of insects, reptiles and marine life on the planet. However the average tourist is unlikely to encounter any of these in an urban environment. The vast majority of deaths from bites and stings in Australia are due to allergic reactions to bees and wasps. Some of the information spread about Australia's dangerous wildlife is blown out of proportion. However, you should take warnings about jellyfish and crocodiles seriously in the tropics, and keep your distance from snakes in the national parks and bushland. If travelling in rural areas it would be a good idea to carry basic first aid equipment including compression bandages and to learn what to do after a snake or spider bite. The cane toad that has been rampaging in its millions across northern Australia is in fact poisonous when consumed. This poses little danger to humans as long as you don't eat one, but if a cane toad is consumed by a pet or even another wild animal will almost surely lead to death. Australian Parks service has a program in the north to train indigenous wild animals not to eat cane toads, with growing success. Snakes and spiders[ edit ] Australia is home to six of the top ten deadliest snakes in the world. Never try to pick up any snake, even if you believe it to be a non-venomous species. Most people bitten by snakes were trying to pick up the snake, kill the creature, or inadvertently step on one whilst out walking. Snakes will generally try to put as much distance between themselves and you as possible, so if you see a snake while out walking, simply go around it or walk the other way. Walking blindly into dense bush and grassy areas is not advisable, as they are places where snakes may hide. For the most part, snakes fear humans and will be long gone before you ever get the chance to see them. It is common to see spiders in Australia, and most will do you no harm. Wear gloves while gardening or handling leaf litter. Check or shake out clothing, shoes, etc that have been left outside before putting them on. Don't put your fingers under rocks, into tree holes, where spiders might be. The world's deadliest spider is the Sydney Funnel Web spider, found in and around Sydney and eastern New South Wales. Until the late 1970s a bite from this spider could result in death, but anti-venom is now available. The spider is anywhere up to 5 cm large, and is usually black. If you are in an area that is known for having Funnel Web spiders and you are bitten by a spider that you believe could be a Funnel Web it is important you get to hospital as quickly as possible. Funnel Webs can seek shelter indoors when there is a lot of rain, however they are usually found under rocks, especially if recent gardening has taken place. The Red Back spider (usually easily identified by a red mark on its abdomen), is common and after a bite it is important to seek medical attention, however it is not as urgent as with a Funnel Web. Red Backs typically hide in dark places and corners. It is highly unusual to see them indoors, however they can hide in sheds, around outdoor tables and chairs and under rocks or other objects sitting on the ground. Anti-venom is available for most spider and snake bites. If bitten you should immobilise the wound (by wrapping the affected area tightly with strips of clothing or bandages) and seek immediate medical help. Do not clean the wound as hospitals can test venom residues to determine what species anti-venom should be used. If you are in an isolated area send someone else for help. The venom of some snakes (the taipan in particular) can take effect within fifteen minutes, but if the wound is immediately immobilised and you rest it is possible to delay the onset of poisoning by one to a few hours, depending on the creature. If possible, you should attempt to identify the creature that bit you (in the case of spiders it might be possible to trap it in a jar and take it to the hospital) so that the appropriate anti-venom can be administered swiftly. Unlike snakes in other parts of the world, Australian snakes have short fangs. Getting bitten means the venom will enter your lymphatic system, rather than the circulatory system, so there is no need to cut off blood flow, but the wound should be immobilised using tight bandages. You should avoid moving, as this will cause the venom to move more quickly through your body. A traditional Aboriginal method of dealing with snake bites was for the person to rest for a few days until the venom left their system and they had recovered. However, you should send for help and seek medical attention if bitten. First aid treatment for spider bites may vary in Australia compared to other areas of the world. Always seek medical advice after a bite has occurred. Jellyfish[ edit ] Travellers in northern Queensland , the Northern Territory , or northern Western Australia should be aware of the risk of fatal stings from the Box Jellyfish if swimming in the ocean between October and May. They are very hard to detect and can be found in very shallow water. Stings from these jellyfish are 'excruciating' and often fatal. Vinegar applied immediately to adhering tentacles will lessen the amount of venom injected, but immediate medical assistance will be required. The danger season varies by location. In general the jellyfish are found close to shore, as they breed in the estuaries. They are not generally found out on the Great Barrier Reef, and many people swim on the reef without taking any precautions. Seek out reliable local information. Some locals at the beach can be cavalier to the risks. Irukandji are another species of tiny (fingernail sized) jellyfish that inhabit the waters off Northern Australia and the surrounding Indo-Pacific islands. They are also very hard to see, and can be dangerous, although stings are rare. Unlike the box jellyfish they are found out on the reef. The initial bite can go unnoticed. There is debate as to whether they can be fatal, but they certainly can place a victim in hospital, and cause extreme pain lasting days. If you have nausea or shooting pains not long after emerging from the water seek medical treatment. A "stinger-suit" that is resistant to jellyfish stings costs around $100 or can be hired for around $20 a week. Blue ring octopus[ edit ] Found in rock pools around the coasts of Australia is the tiny Blue Ring Octopus. Usually a dull sandy-beige colour, the creature has bright blue circles on its skin if threatened. The Blue Ring Octopus is rare and shy. Avoid placing your hand under rocks or in crevaces in rock pools or near the shore as this is where they tend to hide. Most locals do the same. It has a powerful paralysing toxin which can result in death unless artificial respiration is provided. In the history of Australia there are only two confirmed deaths by Blue Ring Octopus. Crocodiles[ edit ] Travellers in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory or north Western Australia should be aware of the risk of fatal attacks by saltwater crocodiles in and adjacent to northern waters (ocean, estuarine and fresh water locations) between King Sound, Western Australia, and Rockhampton, Queensland. Saltwater crocodiles in these areas can reach 25 feet (about 7.5 meters) in length and can attack in water without warning. Despite what their name implies, they can be found in both salt and fresh water. On land, crocodiles usually lie motionless, but they have the ability to move with extraordinary speed in short bursts. There are relatively few attacks resulting in injury — most attacks are fatal. Dangerous swimming areas will usually have prominent warning signs. In these regions only swim in inland waters if you are specifically advised that they are safe. Since 1970 there has been about one crocodile attack on a human each year. The smaller freshwater crocodile is, unlike the saltwater, timid and will avoid humans if possible. The freshwater may attack to defend itself or its eggs or if startled. They can inflict a nasty bite but due to their small jaws and teeth this will rarely cause death in humans. Make sure to check warning signs around freshwater lakes and pools. Dangerous flora[ edit ] The Gympie bush (Dendrocnide moroides), also known as the stinging tree, is a stinging plant, whose microscopic stinging hairs on leaves and branches can cause severe pain for up to several weeks. They are mostly found in North-east Queensland, especially in rain forest clearings. However, the Gympie bush and other closely related species (there are about five) of stinging tree can be found in south-east Queensland, and further south in eastern Australia. People bushwalking in such areas are advised not to touch the plant for any reason. Crime[ edit ] Crime rates in Australia are roughly comparable with other first world countries: few travellers will be victims of crime. You should take normal precautions against bag snatching, pick pocketing and the like. There are some areas of the large cities that are more dangerous after dark, but there generally are no areas that the police refuse to patrol or that are dangerous to enter if you aren't a local. Australian police are approachable and trustworthy, and you should report assaults, theft or other crime to the police as soon as possible. Under no circumstances should you offer an Australian police officer (or for that matter, any other government official such as a customs officer) a bribe or gratuity, as this is a crime and they will enforce the laws against it. When leaving your car alone, make sure it is locked, that the windows are rolled up, and that there are no obvious targets for theft in the vehicle, as thieves will often smash windows to get at a phone, GPS or bag that is visible in the car. Racism[ edit ] Racism is a sensitive subject in Australia. There are laws against any form of racial vilification or discrimination with jail terms possible for breaches of some states racial vilification laws. It is rare to find someone who will openly express aggression towards any racial group. Australia is outwardly a multicultural and racially tolerant society. However, a very strong sense of nationalism runs high in Australia, especially in more rural communities, and this can incite racist sentiments towards foreigners. Some language used for ethnic groups that you may find offensive may not be considered offensive by the standards of some Australians. Terms such as Yank, Pom, Paki and to a lesser extent Wog are used in casual conversation in the presence of those respective nationalities, often between friends, and as such are not seen as offensive. However, tread carefully before using slang racial descriptors yourself, to avoid the possibility of offence. The indigenous population of Australia are sometimes called "Abos". This is considered a racist term. It is not offensive to use Aussie (Ozzie) to describe Australian people, in fact many Australian's use it to identify themselves, though some see it as low-brow. They are likely to apply it to things (Aussie Rules, etc.) as well as to themselves. When the chant of Aussie, Aussie, Aussie - Oi Oi Oi goes up at an international sporting event, some Australians will cringe, and others will join in. Often this depends on their own perceived social standing, or their state of inebriation, or both. Scams[ edit ] Attempts to scam tourists are not prevalent in Australia; but take some precautions such as finding out a little bit about your destination. There have been instances of criminals tampering with ATMs so that cash is trapped inside them, or so that they record card details for thieves. You should check your transaction records for odd transactions after using an ATMs and immediately contact the bank controlling the ATM if a transaction seems to be successful but the machine doesn't give you any cash. Always cover the keypad with your hand when entering your PIN to prevent any skimming devices which have cameras recording your PIN. Illegal drugs[ edit ] Opium, heroin, amphetamines (speed), cocaine, LSD and ecstasy among other drugs are all illegal both to possess and to sell in all states of Australia. Trafficking offences are federal offences, and carry a long jail term. Australia shares information on drug trafficking with other countries, even those with the death penalty. Penalties for possession or sale of small amounts of marijuana are typically lower than for other drugs, but laws vary between states and territories. In South Australia, Western Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory jail terms do not apply to first time marijuana offences. Small scale (personal) marijuana growing is decriminalised in the ACT, South Australia and Western Australia, so tourists can expect smoking weed to be more accepted in these places. Some states can issue on-the-spot fines for small amounts of marijuana whereas others always require a court appearance. Foreigners should not expect more lenient treatment than locals from Australian police for drug offences. Amongst the youth in Australia, minor drugs (such as cannabis) are more socially acceptable. Travellers to the main cities are more likely to experience Alcohol violence over any form of drug violence or problem, if you choose to possess an illicit substance police patrols can be high within Metropolitan areas bringing Police Dogs through even the smallest of Pubs. Skin[ edit ] Exposure to the sun at Australian latitudes frequently results in sunburn. Getting sunburnt can make you feel feverish and unwell and may take a few days or weeks to heal depending on the severity. It means you can't go back out into the sun until the sunburn fades, so getting sunburnt on the first day of your beach holiday can seriously reduce the fun of your trip. It can take as little as 15 minutes to burn in Australia on a fine summer's day. You should wear sunscreen (SPF 30+), clothing, and a hat to shade the sun. Reapply sunscreen every 2-3 hours throughout the day as it wears off quickly if you are sweating or swimming. Make sure to cover all parts of your body. UV radiation in the middle of the day can be double what it is in the early morning or later afternoon, so if possible avoid the sun during the hottest part of the day. Daily UV forecasts are issued by the Bureau of Meteorology and are available online. [31] If you are heading to the beach, consider buying a sun-tent (less than $20 from discount and hardware stores). You can't hire beach umbrellas at Australian beaches, and they are very exposed. Food Preparation[ edit ] Australia's cleanliness standards are high. Restaurants are required to observe strict food preparation standards and food poisoning is no more common than it is in other first world nations. Visitors might observe Australian food preparation and vending standards far exceed their own. All food in self serve restaurants, for example, must be taken on to a plate... no food is allowed on the countertops, even a muffin in a paper wrapper. Water[ edit ] The tap water in Australia is almost always safe to drink, and it will be marked on the tap if this is not the case. The taste and hardness of the tap water will vary considerably across the country. Bottled water is also widely available. Carrying water on hot days is a good idea in urban areas, and it is a necessity if hiking or driving out of town. At sites where tap water is untreated, water sterilization tablets may be used as an alternative to boiling. Vaccinations[ edit ] Australia does not have endemic communicable diseases that will require non-standard vaccinations. Like many other countries, it will require evidence of yellow fever vaccinations on entry if you will have been in a country with a risk of infection within 6 days before your arrival in Australia. There is no rabies in Australia. Mosquitoes[ edit ] Mosquitoes are present all year round in the tropics, and during the summer in southern areas. Screens on windows and doors are common, and repellent is readily available. Ross River Virus is spread by mosquitoes in the tropics, and can make you sick for a few weeks. There have been cases of dengue fever . Malaria is not present in Australia. Medical care[ edit ] As described above, 000 is the Australian emergency services number and in any medical emergency you should call this number and ask for an ambulance and other emergency services as necessary, to attend. Australia has first world medical standards. In particular, it is safe to receive blood transfusions in Australia, as donors are screened for HIV, hepatitis and many other blood borne illnesses. However, since Australia's population density is low, parts of Australia are a long way from medical facilities of any kind. Towns with populations of 5,000 or more will have a small hospital capable of giving emergency treatment in serious emergencies, and larger towns will have a base hospital capable of routine and some kinds of emergency surgery. In severe cases, particularly any kind of injury requiring microsurgery, you will need to be evacuated to one of the capital cities for treatment. Evacuation procedures are well established and normally involve being evacuated by plane or helicopter. For this reason travel insurance or ambulance membership is highly recommended for those travelling to remote areas as helicopter evacuation could cost thousands. Capital cities will have medical centres where you can drop in, often open on weekends or until late. In country towns you may have to make an appointment, and may have no alternative other than the closest hospital after hours and weekends. You can also expect to wait a few hours if your condition isn't urgent. Australian citizens and permanent residents who live in the country can receive health care through the taxpayer funded Medicare. Travellers from New Zealand , Ireland , United Kingdom , Sweden , the Netherlands , Finland , Belgium , Italy , Slovenia , Malta and Norway are entitled to free reciprocal Medicare treatment for medical problems that occur during their visit, but should familiarise themselves with the conditions of the reciprocal arrangement. For example Irish and New Zealanders are only entitled to free treatment at a hospital, whereas the other reciprocal nationalities are entitled to subsidised treatment at general practitioners as well. No reciprocal programs cover private hospitals, and the full cost will have to be met. Consider travel insurance . If not a citizen or permanent resident of a reciprocal country, you can expect to pay around $60 to see a general practitioner, plus any additional costs for any pathology or radiology required. The charge to pay to visit a local hospital can be much more expensive, private hospitals even more so, up to $500 even if you are not admitted, and thousands if you are. Further information about reciprocal healthcare arrangements is available from the Department of Human Services [32] . Poisons Information Hotline 13 11 26. Will give free advice if any medication or poisons is taken inadvertently. Will also give advice on what treatment is necessary for things like a spider bite. Internet[ edit ] Australia offers many Internet access options for travellers. Be aware that many internet companies cap usage, finding an unlocked Wi-Fi connection is uncommon. Internet speeds generally range from ADSL speeds to Cable (30Mbps). Some cities have access to the new fibre optic network which means speeds of up to 100Mbps can be attained. Telstra is developing the world's largest WiFi network which means travellers will be able to connect to WiFi on public transport and in public areas around the nation. Terminals[ edit ] Internet cafés abound in most centres of population that normally cost $4-$5 per hour. Many internet cafés have 12-20 computers sharing a single broadband connection, sometimes making the internet painfully slow. If possible ask if you can check the speed of a café's connection before forking out $4-$5 for an hour. Public libraries usually offer some for of Internet access to travellers, either free or for a small fee. Some restrict access to email, promoting research use of their facilities. Others offer Wi-Fi as well as terminals, with Wi-Fi usually being free of restrictions. Major hotels offer Internet access, usually for a fee. It is still unusual to find in-room Internet access in smaller hotels and in motels. Most youth hostels and backpacker accommodation have at least an Internet terminal at reception. Many coffee shops offer Wi-Fi free to their customers. McDonalds has free Wi-Fi in just about all their stores. Internode [33] has free Wi-Fi hotspots, including much of Adelaide city centre. Brisbane offers free uncapped public Wi-Fi in the Queen St Mall, South Bank Parklands and a free capped amount on a handful of Wi-Fi enabled trains Perth's inner city center provides free Wi-FI to the public. Some accommodation providers offer Wi-Fi to their guests, almost always with a charge. 3/4G Wireless[ edit ] GPRS and 3G wireless Internet connections are available through all cellular phone networks. Australia has cellular networks operated by Telstra [34] , Optus [35] and Vodafone [36] , and each of the networks have several resellers with different price plans. OpenSignal provide independent cellular coverage maps of Australia . If you have a 3G/UMTS-enabled phone, make sure it supports the appropriate frequencies: 850/2100 MHz for Telstra, and 900/2100 MHz for Optus and Vodafone. Also check with your home carrier for data roaming fees (likely quite expensive). 4G LTE Networks have been rolled out via Telstra and Optus in major cities on the 1800mhz frequency band. Several carriers offer prepaid 3G access with no contract from around $25 per month with various bundles and inclusions, which can be found in shopping centres and supermarkets. For around $40 you can get a USB modem or WiFi dongle. If you plan to stay for more than a month, LiveConnected [37] (which runs on the Optus network) offer the best value mobile plans with no contracts, starting at $8 per month, however the service must be ordered online. TPG (also runs on Optus network) is another company which offers mobile and broadband services, and offers the most affordable mobile and ADSL broadband. [38] It should be noted that while most phone providers will give good coverage in metropolitan and most regional areas, Telstra's mobile network is generally regarded as to having superior coverage, particularly in less built up areas. However, their rates are often significantly higher. See coverage maps for Vodaphone [39] , Optus [40] and Telstra [41] . There are no restrictions on overseas residents getting an Australian prepaid SIM card. In fact, it is extremely easy to go into Woolworths/Safeway (Australia's largest grocery chain) and buy a SIM card over the counter, either for $2 with no pre-loaded value or $30 with $30 pre-loaded.. Take your passport for identification in case it is required. Dialup[ edit ] There are many small but reliable ISPs offering dialup Internet the $12–$15 per month flat rate range. There are also several ISPs who have a pre-paid arrangement at about $1 per hour of use. It can be surprisingly difficult to find Australian dialup ISPs with instant online signup, but they do exist (Beagle [42] is one). You can buy prepaid dialup cards for several ISP's from Dick Smith stores, for around $20 per month unlimited. In the cities, many small business mobile phone shops sell a large range of prepaid phone cards, including prepaid dial-up cards. The ISPs Dodo [43] and Planet for example have prepaid internet cards available for around $10 a month from a variety of retail outlets. If moving around, check that your ISP has an access number that can be reached via a local call from landlines nationwide (the access number starts with 019 or 13), rather than just in the ISP home city. All prepaid cards that can be purchased from Dick Smith have access from anywhere in Australia for a local call fee. Dialling codes[ edit ] The country code for international calls to Australia is 61. When dialling from overseas, omit any leading '0' in the area code. For example, the local number for the Broken Hill tourist information is 8080-3300. The area code is 08 as Broken Hill is in the Central & West area code region. To dial the number from Adelaide or anywhere else inside the same area code region you can optionally omit the area code, and just dial 8080-3300. To dial the number from Sydney or anywhere in Australia outside the area code region, you will need to dial 08 8080-3300. If you don't know your area code region, you can still dial the area code, and it will still work. To dial the number from overseas you will need to dial your local international access code (00 for most of Europe or 011 in the USA and Canada ) and then dial 61 8 8080-3300, that is drop the leading '0' from the area code. There can be many ways of writing the same number, as people try to present the number from the caller's perspective. +61 8 8080-3300 61 8 8080 3300 8080 3300 are all the same number, and the same rules apply. If you are dialling within Australia the area code must begin with a '0'. If you are dialling internationally, there is no leading '0'. Note that numbers are sometimes written as just the last six or seven digits (e.g. 311 202 is used on road signage as opposed to the full number 08 90311202 for the Laverton Shire Council in Western Australia). This occurs due to the change in the Australian numbering plan in the 1990s, where all numbers were changed and made a uniform length. In this change, the old area code was incorporated in to the start of the new, 8 digit number, and thus locals often still regard this as the 'area code' sometimes omitting it when written. These numbers are not to be confused with 13 numbers (see Special Numbers). Australian Area Code List: 01 = Special numbers (satellite phones, dial-up Internet) 02 = Central East (New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and north-eastern fringe of Victoria) 03 = South East (Southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania) 04 = Mobile phones Australia-wide (higher call charges apply). 07 = North East (Queensland) 08 = Central & West (Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and far Western New South Wales) The outgoing international dialling access code (+) from within Australia, is 0011 (note that 00 and similar codes common elsewhere in the world, will not work in Australia). Local calls are about $0.20 on most fixed lines and $0.50 per minute on all Telstra public phones. SMS from Telstra public phones costs $0.20. If calling an Australian number from a mobile phone outside Australia it is best to use the format +61880803300 with no spaces and no (0) prefixes included. If making an international call from your mobile phone from within Australia use the '+' followed by the country code, followed by destination area code, followed by the local number at the destination. Omit all leading '0' prefixes and do not include any spaces. If dialling from a mobile telephone in Australia it is not necesssary to use an international dialling prefix (such as 0011). The '+' symbol followed by the destination country code is all that is needed to access the international telephone system from your handset. Special Numbers[ edit ] Numbers commencing with 13 are charged at a local call rate, and what they connect you to can vary according to your location. They can be 10 or 6 digit numbers. For example 1300 796 222, will connect you with the Albury tourist information, no matter where you are in Australia. However, 131 008 will connect you with a different local taxi service depending on where you are. 13 22 32 will connect you to New South Wales Railways in Sydney or Victorian Railways in Melbourne. Calling 'special' numbers internationally can be problematic, or often simply impossible. Many locations will provide an alternate, ordinary number for you to call internationally. Numbers commencing with 18 are free when dialled from a payphone or fixed line, and commonly used for hotel reservation numbers, or tourist information numbers. Numbers commencing with 19 are premium numbers, often with very hefty call charges (make sure you check before dialling). Numbers commencing with 12 are operator services, and are dependent on what network you are using. Some 12 numbers may charge higher-than-usual rates. Reverse charge (collect) calls may be made by using the 12550 service, or third-parties such as 1800 Reverse (1800 738377). Note that these services may charge very high rates and should be used sparingly - it costs upward of $20 to accept a 1800 Reverse mobile call. Directory assistance is available on 1223 and international directory assistance is available on 1225. (From fixed lines, 1223 is free of charge, 1225 is upwards of $1.20). Mobile Cellular Phones[ edit ] Australia has three nationwide cellular (mobile) phone networks based on the GSM standard (900 and 1800mhz) operated by Telstra , Optus [44] and Vodafone [45] . There are also four UMTS networks, two of which are nationwide. One is operated by Telstra (UMTS 850mhz, also marketed by Telstra as Next G) and the other by Optus (a combination of UMTS 2100mhz and 900mhz). The other two networks are limited to capital cities, are on the 2100mhz band and are operated by Vodafone and Three. Vodafone have announced a nationwide 3G (UMTS) rollout on the 900mhz band. For those holding foreign SIM cards, international roaming is generally seamless onto Australia's GSM 900/1800 and 3G (UMTS/W-CDMA) networks, subject to agreements between operators. Check with your home operator before you leave to be sure. All carriers offer service in major cities, large towns, and major highways on the East Coast. No carriers offer service in unpopulated areas away from major roads. Telstra's 850mhz 3G network provides wider coverage in smaller towns and lightly populated areas. Web address for coverage maps are linked below: Vodafone [47] You can buy a cheap prepaid mobile phone in Australia with a SIM for around $40 in most retail outlets, supermarkets, and post offices, or a SIM for your existing phone at around $2-$3. You can then top it up with credit using recharge cards you can purchase at all supermarkets, newsagents, some ATMs, and other outlets. Prepaid calls cost roughly 60c per minute plus 30c flagfall, again depending on the network. SMS is generally 25c. You can buy a seemly infinite variety or packages, caps and bundles, with combinations of data, sms, call time, and SIM cards. Read the fine print, and as a rule, the more "value" that is included in your "package" or "cap", the more expensive the elements of the package are. For example call charges can rise from 60c to $1.20 per minute on a $29 cap that includes $150 value. All is fine if you stay within the minutes allowed for the cap you choose, but it can cost a fortune very quickly if you exceed what you thought you would use. There are no restrictions on overseas residents getting a Australian prepaid SIM card. Take your passport for identification in case it is required. Satellite phones[ edit ] If you need comprehensive coverage in rural and remote areas, you can use a satellite phone. Iridium, Globalstar and Thuraya satellite services are available in Australia. Expect to pay around $120 per week to hire a satellite phone, plus call costs. Satellite messaging units, which send your location and a help SMS or email, that can be hired for around $80 per week. These units are only available from specialist dealers, often only in major cities (away from the remote areas you may be visiting). You should be able to acquire or hire these units in your home country before departure if you wish. SMS[ edit ] Text messages can be sent from many public phones, using the keypad in much the same way as a mobile phone. Follow the instructions on the phone display. Post[ edit ] Australia Post runs Australia's postal service. Letters can be posted in any red Australia Post posting box, which are found at all post offices and many other locations, often on roadsides in residential areas or town centres. All stamps can be purchased from post offices, and some stamps can be purchased from newsagents and hotels. Posting a standard letter costs $1.00 anywhere in Australia (up to 250g), with rates varying for elsewhere, generally upwards of $1.85 (Canada, UK, US & Ireland costs $2.75 for under 50g). Parcels, express post and other services are also available, for rates usually upwards of $20. When purchasing stamps, make sure you specify either 'international' or 'domestic,' as the two are separate. This is due to the difference in tax between international and domestic articles. It is possible to use domestic stamps on international articles, however; this will be more expensive (and sometimes impractical due to the amount of stamps required). You cannot use international stamps on domestic services. You can receive mail via Poste Restante in any city or town. To receive mail addressed to you via the Poste Restante service, you may visit a post office and present your passport. Having mail addressed to you should stick to this format: (Full name) c/- Poste Restante (town) POST OFFICE (state) (postcode) AUSTRALIA For example, for Poste Restante addressed to John Smith visiting Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, one would write: John Smith c/- Poste Restante KALGOORLIE POST OFFICE W.A. 6430 AUSTRALIA This country guide is usable . It has links to this country's major cities and other destinations (and all are at usable status or better), a valid regional structure and information about this country's currency, language, cuisine, and culture is included. At least the most prominent attraction is identified with directions. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow !	Newcastle
The Turbine Hall, which hosts artwork of vast scale, is in which London art gallery?	Appendix:Australian English terms for people - Wiktionary Appendix:Australian English terms for people Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to: navigation , search Australians use a variety of colourful terms to refer to people. These terms may indicate such things as the person's ethnicity, the place where the person resides, the social status of the person, the person's behaviour, etc. In recent times a significant number of these terms and phrases aren't in common use by the majority of Australians, and are more specifically used by older generation Anglo-Australians, whilst some phrases and terms aren't used outside of the younger age-groups. Many of these words occur in other English dialects , especially New Zealand English , whilst others are unique to Australian English . Some terms are unique specifically to states or territories, even to cities, while some aren't used outside of external territories, such as Norfolk Island. The following are some examples: Contents ambo - an Ambulance Paramedic. ankle biter – small child arse kisser, arselicker, bumkisser, bumsniffer and brown-noser – refers to people who "suck up" to authority figures, which is fundamentally opposed to Australian hostility for authority figures. bastard /ˈbɑːstə(r)d/ – general purpose designation for a person or persons, may be either a term of endearment or an expression of hostility or resentment. It has sometimes been called "the great Australian endearment", but can also be an insult; interpreted according to context. Calling someone "a silly bastard" is affectionate: calling them "a stupid bastard" is a serious insult. According to a cricketing anecdote, during the " Bodyline " series of 1932–33, the England captain complained to the Australian captain, Bill Woodfull , that an Australian player had called one of his players a bastard. Woodfull supposedly turned to his team and said: "Which one of you bastards called this bastard's bowler a bastard?" When the English Captain, Douglas Jardine, brushed a fly from his face a voice from the crowd called out, "Jardine, yer pommie bastard, leave our flies alone!" battler – a socially–respected, hard–working Australian who is struggling to "make ends meet", because their income is only just enough to survive on; someone working hard and only just making a living billy lid – a child; from rhyming slang (rhyming with kid) bird – a female, (being driven out by the American word chick) bloke – generic term for a man (also common in British English ); This word can either refer to a stereotypical male (e.g. interested in masculine pastimes, such as drinking, cars and sport, is insensitive etc.) he's such a bloke (he is a typical man), or can be used to refer to men in general he is a top bloke (he is a good person). blobhead an arrogant person a person with a large head bludger – originally, one who lives off the earnings of prostitution: in Australian usage, a lazy person, a layabout, somebody who always relies on other people to do things or lend him things; see also dole bludger Blue – traditional Australian name of anyone with red hair – particularly common in the Army, but also used in wider society. Richard Branson 's airline operation in Australia is therefore officially named Virgin Blue in reference to its red aircraft. Can also refer to someone's blue cattle dog. blue – a fight or argument. bogan – a term used for a lower class white Australian, similar in meaning to the US term trailer trash or the British chav . Seems to have originated in Melbourne before spreading throughout the country after being used in Melbourne–produced television programmes. Other alternatives include westie (in Sydney), bevan (in Queensland), booner in Canberra and chigger in the northern suburbs of Hobart . The stereotypical bogan is a low–income earning male who spends his days slacking. He takes little pride in his appearance. He is generally unshaven, has a mullet and dresses in singlets, flannelette shirts and thongs. He also passionately drives a ute or an older car model; younger bogans can be a type of hoon . Bogans tend to be associated with alcohol, particularly cheap beer or goon (cask wine). They are often seen as unsophisticated, offensive, rude, and aggressive. Ocker is a similar term, but bogan is more derogatory. Tradesmen on high wages as a result of the mining boom are known as "CUBS'. i.e. Cashed Up Bogans bomb thrower – one's wife; Aussie women have a knack of "hurling a bomb" into a delicate situation and really blasting a bloke, especially if the bloke is on the back foot with them boofhead – idiot, can also refer to someone with big hair bounce – a bully bushie – someone who lives in the Bush bush pig – an unnattractive or redneck woman from the country. Any unattractive female. Cadbury (sometimes Cadbury's, Cadbury Kid) – someone who gets drunk very quickly. From a series of commercials (the most famous starring Julius Sumner Miller ) for Cadbury milk chocolate claiming each block contains "a glass and a half of full–cream dairy milk ", the implication being the "Cadbury" can't hold more than a glass and a half of beer . chink - word for someone of Chinese descent, from the World War 2 era. Derogatory racial slur. chook – a chicken. chap - see bloke chucker - a person who bowls an illegal delivery in cricket. cobber – early 20th century term for a friend. This term is seldom used now in Australia, although it is still often used by the British when impersonating Australians. coconut – a person with dark skin who has forsaken his ethnic cultural values or people in favour of white cultural values and society. Brown on the outside, white inside. Derogatory. (Analogous to the American slang term " Oreo ".) Also refers to persons of Pacific Islander origin. Can also be used for as an counter–blonde term – coconut refers to someone who is blonde on the inside but brunette on the outside. conch – a conscientious person, somebody who would rather work or study than go out and enjoy him/herself; hence conchy (adj.) cook – one's wife crook – a person of unsound character, or criminal; That crook Kezza's ripped me off!. Can also refer to being sick (crook) "Crook in the guts" (nausea or stomach ache). cunt - A word which takes on many meanings in Australia, often depends on the tone of the delivery and whether you are friends with the person. Used as a very strong insult towards another, it is considered offensive in public or polite company. In Australia cunt is frequently used between young males, its meaning can change based on tone but if commonly used in the following ways: Someone you dislike, for this meaning the word is usually delivered in an aggressive tone e.g. "Get fucked you cunt" Can be used plurally to describe a group of people e.g. "Those cunts over there" or "What are you cunts doing?" It is also often given a prefix of: mad- (term of endearment for a fun loving, careless person with little regards to social convention), loose- (person who is out of control and has no regard for social convention, commonly a term of endearment), gay- (offensive term that questions masculinity) or shit- (offensive term denoting someone that the user does not like). Curry,curry muncher term for someone of Indian descent, comes from the stereotype that all Indians eat Curry. dag – mild term for a foolish, clumsy, likably–goofy, unsophisticated, unfashionable or shabbily–dressed person. Originally a lump of wool encrusted fæces and mud dangling from a sheep's posterior. Can also mean a silly, funny, or goofy person when used affectionately. Daggy is a commonly used adjective that might also describe uncool or unfashionable clobber or other things dago - a person of Italian descent. Adopted from British English vernacular during the implementation of the Snowy Mountains Scheme . dickhead – an idiot, somebody who talks drivel, somebody with whom you have little patience digger - a colloquial nickname for Australian infantrymen in World War One, and in modern times for all Australian Army personnel in general. Historically a "digger" was someone (usually male) who worked in the Victorian gold fields digging for gold many of whom later became soldiers digging trenches in the Great War. dill – an idiot dipstick – a loser, an idiot der brain – an idiot, a fool dero or 'derro – term for a vagrant, especially an alcoholic one (abbreviation of derelict ) dobber or dibber dobber – informant; from dob meaning to inform on. The saying "(Dibber) dobbers wear nappies." is commonly used by children. dog – 1. a cowardly or treacherous person; Dog Act a deed by such a person. 2. A police officer or prison warder. 3. an unattractive female. dole bludger – a long-term unemployed person drongo – an idiot, a fool, a dope, someone who thinks they might be good stuff but is actually an idiot dropkick – someone who is not successful, lazy or not fulfilling their full potential. But the more nasty meaning is that the person is a total loser. durry muncher - someone who smokes, usually a lot. Eastie – a term used for a upper class white Australian, a term favoured in Sydney for people who live in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney . Featherfoot - a detective or other investigator. Originally the dispenser of justice in Aboriginal society, who wore slippers made of emu feathers to conceal his footprints. feral – a hippie, often seen at outdoor raves. "Look at all those ferals doing fire-dancing. I hope their dreadlocks don't get singed." figjam – a person with a high opinion of themselves, supposedly an abbreviation of "fuck, I'm good, just ask me" the filth- the police fruit loop – a crazy person. To "carry on like a fruit loop" means to behave stupid and crazy. fucked in the head - stupid galah – a stupid person, a fool, a silly person; from the bird of the same name because of its antics and the noise it makes; often intensified as flamin' galah!. Also to denote a mentally ill person, "He's off with the galahs". greenie – an environmentalist. gook - term for someone of Korean descent. gumby – ticket inspectors on Melbourne's public transport system. Employees of the old Public Transport Corporation wore dark green overcoats of a similar colour (being the colour generally used by the PTC) to the clay animation character of the same name. Also known as a 'grey ghost', as the coat colours have changed in recent years. happy little Vegemite – person in a good mood Harold A Police Officer. Used as a warning of police presence. Perth N.W. suburbs hemmie- someone who gets haemorrhoids very easily; offensive hoon – a thug, a hooligan, a lout, especially one in command of a hotted–up motor vehicle; someone who drives a car in a recklessly fast or dangerous manner, similar in meaning to boy racer , but less specific in age or gender jack a nickname for police officers used mainly in Victoria, can be used in plural, "the jacks are here". used to describe a person who is lazy, or not a good team player. knocker – a critical person. lair – a flashily dressed young man of brash and vulgar behaviour, to dress up in flashy clothes, to renovate or dress up something in bad taste; hence lair it up meaning to behave in a brash and vulgar manner. Rare, almost obsolete. larrikin – a person who is rebellious, non conformist and/or anti–authoritarian; a person who is always enjoying himself; a harmless prankster. Can be both a positive term of endearment or a negative critical observation. Traditionally, larrikanism has been considered an inherent component of the Australian character. Australian troops or "diggers" in World War One have often been highlighted as exhibiting this character, renowned as being "a bunch of larrikans", embroiled in anti-social behaviour and a very low regard for senior British officers and British High Command. leb,lebo usually racist term for someone of Middle Eastern descent, even if they have no affiliation with Lebanon. Probably originated from the large number of Lebanese immigrants. leso – ( pronounced /ˈlez.əʉ/) a lesbian maggot a drunk, really drunk "maggotted" a reprehensible or despicable person an AFL umpire (white maggot) mate – a friend. A term that is used affectionately to address friends and acquaintances ("How's it going, mate?"), to address strangers or people whose names are not known ("Excuse me, mate..."), and extravagant pleasure at seeing someone (Mate! It's beaut to see yer again!"). Also used as a noun ("He's a good mate"). Sometimes deliberately used as an expression of aggression or threat (hostile over-familiarity) directed towards a hostile or indifferent stranger (the tone of voice and context will make this usage very clear; there is no danger of confusion). The term is also common in British English in all these respects. mob – group of people, not necessarily troublesome. Sometimes used in reference to Aboriginal cultural identity (eg Dharug mob). Mong - basically short for 'mongoloid' referring to a person with an intellectual disability, not a person of Mongolian lineage. Minda - a dergatory term for a person with an intellectual disability, used only in South Australia, derived from Minda Home , a home for people with a disability. Minshie - Pron. Minsh-eye (Perth Hills) Small. A young child. As in: 'Are you going to Mundas skatepark? No. Too many minshies.' or 'Don't buy sticks from Metcalfe. They're hell minshie.' missus - one's wife; referred to as "the missus" (Mrs. spelt phonetically). mongrel – a despicable person, a scoundrel mug – friendly insult, gullible person; for example, "Garn, have a go, y' mug." Neville or Neville no Mates (alternatively "Nigel" or "Nigel no friends") – someone with no friends. "Nig'in it" means to be alone, more often deliberately so. nigger - any person with naturally dark skin. (offensive racial slur) nip - term for someone of Japanese descent, comes from the Japanese word "Nippon" which means Japan. Originated during World War 2. nipper – young surf lifesaver – a child (as in, How many nippers you got these days?) no–hoper – somebody who will never do well nong or ning–nong – an idiot, a moron (used famously on one occasion by Wilson Tuckey , at that time a member of the opposition , to address Prime Minister Paul Keating ) ocker – an unsophisticated male blue–collar who drinks and is sports–mad, especially into footy oldies – parents. "Old Man" and "Old Girl" refer to Father and Mother respectively. Petrol Head - term used for a Hoon. (see Hoon) piker – 1. One who does not live up to a promise or commitment. 2. Someone who doesn't want to fit in with others socially, leaves parties early pissed – drunk, but can be used in the American sense to mean irritated. "Sloshed" is another drunk equivalent. pissed off- angry or annoyed, as in U.S.usage 'Pissed' piss locusts - a group who descend, usually without invitation, and proceed to strip one's beer fridge of its contents. piss off – get lost. Also, to leave, as in 'Let's piss off. This party's shit.' pom or *pommie - an Australian nickname given to English people. Somewhat derogatory in nature the term can be used in both a positive and negative context. There is a debate as to how the word came about, some believe the original term "POME" is an anacronym for "Prisoner Of Mother England" the title given to convicts sent to the early Australian penal colonies. In a reverse of circumstances Australian's joke that it is the English who are now the prisoners in their own country (mother england) as the Australian lifestyle is widely regarded as better than England's. poofter, pooftah or poof – homosexual man (also common in British English ) ratbag – mild insult or term of affection "you ratbag" rat arsed- drunk. 'I don't (couldn't) give a rat's arse' means 'I don't care'. razor gang - a parliamentary committee charged with reducing government expenditure reffo – refugee rellie or relo – a family relative ricer - term for someone of East Asian descent, derived from the stereotype that all Asian eat rice. Rodeo-Goers, Rednecks - phrases used by city people mocking people who live in the country. root – verb for sexual intercourse. root rat – a sexually active and promiscuous person; a person always on the lookout for a sexual liaison. Salvo - a member of the Salvation Army, their own slogan is "Thank God for the Salvo's" scab – a union worker who goes to work when the company is on strike. – a non–union worker that breaks picket lines – One who is tight with money or possessions. (S/he's a bit scabby) – to scab: to beg friends/family for money or other goods ('can I scab a Tim-Tam off you, mate?') Scott or Scott no Mates - someone with no friends. i.e 'He's got no mates' scrag – an unattractive woman; rough or unkempt woman. Often refers to sexually promiscuous, lower class women, or can be used as an insult synonymous to "slut" or "tart". screamer – a party lover; see two pot screamer or one pot screamer. Also a term once used to describe a spectacular mark in Australian Rules Football . servo – service station, sometimes referred to as a petty or petty station (petrol station) shark biscuit – somebody new to surfing; also a name for a boogie board rider as they look like a little piece of meat on top of a biscuit (bite size for a shark) sheep shagger – a person from New Zealand sheila – term for (young) female in the same sense as a bloke is a male: also used in New Zealand English ; not as common as in former years being driven out by the American word chick show pony – someone who tries hard, by his dress or behaviour, to impress those around him sickie – a sick day off work. To "chuck a sickie" means to take a day off work sick, not necessary to actually be sick, but just use it as an excuse for a day off. silvertail – One possessed of great wealth and power, not necessarily displayed ostentatiously. slapper – same as the British English term – means a slut. slurry - a promiscuous young woman, similar to slut or skank. sook – (rhymes with "book") (n) someone who acts in a timid crybaby manner; a petulant, soft or tame person; (v) to be petulant, She's sooking again; hence sooky (adj.); inoffensive; can also be applied to animals soft – someone with low alcohol tolerance levels spanner – a derogatory remark similar to tool; for example, "That bloke's an absolute spanner."; from spanner, a tool used for adjusting bolts (as in British English, equivalent to the North American wrench ) spunk – a sexually attractive female or male. This usage can inadvertently cause outrage among British people to whom "spunk" is slang for semen . sprogs – children. "They've got a coupla sprogs". Can also be slang for semen . stickybeak – a snoop, a nosy person, compare British English "noseyparker". Also used as a verb "to stickybeak" surfie – member of a subculture dedicated to surfing swamp donkey - a deeply unattractive female tacker – a child tall poppy – a person who achieves much, but through that achievement becomes terribly conceited thong - an Australian word for the type of summer shoe, the flip-flop tiger - a person who is jumpy/keen/pouncing early at something tightarse - a spendthrift/scrooge or someone who is tight or strict tired eyes – a gullible person toe cutter - a usually intimidating person who deals with those who have "stepped over the line" tool – an idiot or imbecile tosser - similar to 'tool'. To 'have a toss' means to masturbate true blue – patriotic Australian two–can Sam – someone who get drunk very quickly. Reference to the mascot of Fruit Loops breakfast cereal Toucan Sam. two pot screamer – someone who gets drunk very quickly. " Pot " is the term used in Victorian and Queensland pubs for a 285 ml (10 ounce) beer glass. See also Cadbury unco - uncoordinated, clumsy "that was so unco" vego – (pron. vejo) vegetarian, vegan wanker – a term used to insult; to "have a wank" means to masturbate. – a person with an inflated sense of importance, value or ability, particularly one who takes much pleasure from their inflated sense of worth westie – a person who lives in the Western Suburbs of Sydney (a Sydney term) whacker or whacka – an idiot; somebody who talks drivel; somebody with whom you have little patience; a dickhead woftam - someone who is worthless, i.e. "A Waste Of Fucking Time And Money" wog – any person of European figures and light skin but have black hair. This include people from Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean region of the Middle East. (offensive racial slur) – Sometimes used in a similar way as mate, but this is generally only acceptable between people of Mediterranean origin. wombat – somebody who eats, roots (has sex), shoots (ejaculates) and leaves (departs). A term to describe a selfish male. This is a clever play on words as roots, shoots and leaves are the actual parts of a plant that wombats might eat hungry wombat - similar to 'wombat' but does not eat prior to rooting, shooting and leaving. Frequently hungry after shooting. wowser – straight–laced person, prude, puritan, spoilsport wuss – coward; nervous person or animal yobbo or yob – an uncouth and/or unkempt male, possibly participating in the commission of petty crimes; also used in British English Work related terms[ edit ] ambo – ambulance driver AJ – short for Army Jerk. Used to refer to a soldier, usually derogatory. "The pub was full of AJs." beak – a magistrate or judge, now becoming obsolete. bricky or brickie – short for bricklayer, c.f. "blocky" (blocklayer) Brown Bomber – a parking inspector in Sydney characterised by their brown uniforms. bushranger – a highwayman (colonial–era word now only used to describe historical figures) chalkie – a school teacher, bookmakers clerk check out chick – a female cashier in a supermarket, term has become more gender neutral in recent times. chippie – a carpenter choco - an army reservist (derogatory - mostly used by regular army soldiers). Comes from "Chocolate Soldier" and implies the person melts under pressure. cockie – the spotter in a permit situation; construction term; for example, in a confined space where people are working the cockie waits outside the entry point and maintains communication with the people inside, if they get into trouble, then the cocky (skwarks) raises the alarm so others know cockie/cocky – a farmer, e.g. cattle cocky (small scale farmer) copper- a policeman/policewoman Nicknames according to State/Territory of origin[ edit ] Australian Capital Territorians[ edit ] Yogi or Yogi Bear – an Australian Capital Territorian . Derived from the ACT vehicle licence plates, which all begin with "Y". See Australian vehicle number plates . New South Wales people[ edit ] Beach kid, Beaches kid - used refer to other young people from the Northern Beaches of Sydney. Bulldog - a supporter of the NRL Bulldog team Cockroach – a New South Wales person . Popularised by the Queensland rugby league identity Barry Muir (b. 1937). Consequently, in State of Origin rugby league matches between Queensland and New South Wales, the teams are informally known as the Cane Toads and the Cockroaches. Coastie - Someone from the Central Coast of NSW. Eastie - a person from the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney; used in the Western Suburbs of Sydney, also refers to anyone who lives on the NSW coast line by people from inland NSW. Novocastrian – Person from Newcastle, NSW New South Welshman – someone from New South Wales Rabbito - a supporter of the NRL Rabbitoh's Southie anyone from South Sydney, or anywhere south of Sydney itself if used by people from Sydney. Sydney–sider – someone from Sydney Welshie – someone from New South Wales Westie - Someone from the Western Suburbs of Sydney, also can refer to anyone living west of the persons local area ie. Inner West or outside Sydney (e.g. Bathurst) Western Australians[ edit ] Sandgroper – a Western Australian . Originally insects from the Cylindrachetidae family, many of which are found in WA. Probably also a reference to the sandy soils of the Perth region. Popularised by Henry Lawson . Perthonality – an upper class resident of the western suburbs, particularly someone who is involved in the Perth media and social scene. Whenwe - A white immigrant from Kenya, usually living in Kalamunda, who starts a conversation with 'When we were in Kenya...' WhaWa - A Western Australian who is working interstate who habitually begins sentences with "In WA" convinced in that WA not only does it better but knows it better too. South Australians[ edit ] Crow eater – a South Australian . Possibly from the piping shrike , the crow –like faunal emblem of the state. Another common theory is that early European settlers were forced by hunger to eat crows. Victorians[ edit ] Vic – A Victorian. Note: South Australians like to say 'Let's kick a Vic!', particularly at sporting events. Melburnian – Someone from Melbourne . Mexican – Used by New South Welshmen and Queenslanders to refer to people from Victoria, in reference to the fact that Victoria borders New South Wales' south in same the way that Mexico is south of the US Westie - Someone from the Western Suburbs of Melbourne Wetback - Used by some people from NSW because Victorians cross over the Murray river to get to NSW Tasmanians[ edit ] Taswegian or Tasmaniac – a Tasmanian ; jocular Double header – based on the jibe by "mainlanders" that Tasmanians have two heads. Often if someone says they are from Tasmania, a mainlander will ask if he/she has a scar on his/her shoulder, resulting from the second head's being amputated. Apple Islander Inbred(s) - a derogatory term used by mainlanders, pertaining to the "joke" that tasmania is so isolated and un-populated, that anyone born/living there has to be a child of related parents. General[ edit ] Eastern States – term used by West Australians and South Australians to refer to the rest of Australia; a common derivation is Eastern Stater. Mainlander – term used by Tasmanians to refer to people from the rest of Australia. Mexican – usually used to indicate a Victorian , due to the fact that Victoria is south of the border from New South Wales, Queensland and the territories, but also used by Queenslanders to refer to people from both New South Wales and Victoria (states south of Queensland). Strangely, South Australians also use this term (very rarely) to refer to Victorians, even though Victoria is east of the border from SA. The North Island – term used by Tasmanians to refer to the rest of Australia. Over-homer - term used by West Australians to describe people from the rest of Australia; from a habit of saying "Over home we ..." Skip – term used by Australians of European origin (chiefly Greek and Italian) referring to white Australians, based on Skippy the Bush Kangaroo . Also, convict is used, referring to Australia's former status as a penal colony. Terms or nicknames for ethnicities[ edit ] Many of the following terms are considered derogatory or offensive to the described ethnic group. Many terms are derived from the Australian habit of using diminutives , and are not necessarily offensive in their use. Some terms, for example "gypo", have been reclaimed by some ethnic groups to refer to themselves and have become acceptable in certain settings when used without derogatory intent. ABC - Australian Born Chinese, a person who is ethnically chinese but has had several generations of family born and bred in Australia or Chinese Australian . The acronym is commonly used to refer to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Abo, boong, coon or blackfella, also abo–coona–boong–originie – an Indigenous Australian person; boong, coon, and abo are considered offensive; blackfella is an informal term mainly used in regional and outback areas by both Indigenous and non–Indigenous people Anglo – generic term for an Australian of English or other Scandinavian descent. It´s used as synonym of Aussie or True Australian. May be offensive to people of Celtic descent. Anglo-Scandinavian – media/academic term for an Australian of Nordic descent	i don't know
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No. 436804. ( 951 242 873 637 179 373 [email protected] WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 WORLD Good news By Kym Wickham [email protected] At last the weather seems to be calming down and I’ve always thought that May and June, and September and October are the best months of all to be here in Spain. Maybe it’s because I’m a northern European that, although I never did like the grey, drizzly gloominess and lack of colours in the uK, I just wish that it wouldn’t get quite as hot as it does in the summer here. I have been working in a virtual cave for the last three months as, although our big oﬃce has airconditioning, the three smaller ones don’t and, guess what, all the men on the team work in the one that has the airconditioning whereas the women have to have the persianas down because that’s the side that gets the sun all day - and, yes, it is quite mad that the side that doesn’t get the sun has the Ac - we have the lights on and the fans going mental! Still, the last two days I’ve been able to get some air in the place and it’s been really quite pleasant. At home, the pool is getting quite cool too and, as I’m not one that relishes getting cold and wet, I think that over the next couple of days my daily swims will come to an end. It’s a shame because that , coupled with the diet (I’ll tell you more about that in a couple of weeks time), it seems to have been keeping me a bit fitter and more toned and it’s sooooo worth it when someone says: “Have you lost weight?” and I can get into some of my clothes that haven’t met in the middle for around five years! I suppose I will just have to start parking the car well out of town and walking the last kilometre or so into work once it properly cools down and before the rains start again. I shall be going home in a minute (it’s 8pm and we’ve just put the paper you’re reading to bed) and I’m hoping that the river that’s running down our camino (see the letter on page 27) has stopped as the road will be like a pudding again soon! exhibitiOn eVent On Cemetery tour The Cementario Ingles - the English Cemetery - in Malaga is running the fourth of its guided tours this week. This fascinating place is full of history and is an oasis of calm in the bustle of the city. See www.cementarioinglesmalaga.org Saturday 10th. Tickets are €5 and can be purchased by calling 692 717 612 www.thenewsonline.es Kids summer camps Faces of London Photo exhibition with photos from the likes of David Hockney, Francis Bacon & Lucien Freud of people of London, young and old. Fundacion Museo del Grabador, Marbella. Mon & Sat 9-2, Tue - Fri 9-2 and 3-9pm €3 entry (Sat Free) Call 952 765 741 SUmmeR WHAT’S Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Lots to do for the kids. Weekly summer camps including golf, tennis, swimming, dancing, outdoor games, working with clay etc Weekly from now until October. €130 per week El Campanario 952 904 233 continued from FRONT PAGE Anniversary of 9/11 marked The names of the nearly 3,000 victims – including those who died at the Pentagon and on board United Flight 93 that went down in Shanksville, Pennsylvania – will be read aloud for the first time. The general public will be allowed into the space, still a major construction site, the day after the ceremony but only with tickets. Bloomberg said limiting the number of people is a safety precaution as the work continues on 1 World Trade Center, the PATH station and museum. He said there have been a couple of hundred thousand reservations, and a few days are already booked solid. He estimated that a million people annually will visit the site. The museum is still under construction and is scheduled to open next year. Artefacts from the terrorist attacks are slowly being accumulated for the space, including a steel Tbeam shaped like a cross that was discovered by a construction worker in the smouldering rubble. Bloomberg said other religious relics would be in the museum – a star of David cut from World Trade Center steel, a Bible found during the recovery effort and a Jewish prayer shawl. (See page 12 for the toxic aftermath of the attacks.) 'One position, one salary' UK drugs gang smashed The Socialist candidate in the November 20th general election, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, proposed a new rule on Tuesday to prevent party members from concurrently holding elected oﬃces at both the local and national levels. The Guardia Civil have broken up the biggest gang of British drug traffickers who went to Ibiza specifically for the summer season every year to supply the huge demand for drugs. He told the party's executive committee that Socialists who are already serving in office – as mayor, for example – will not be able to run on the party slates for MPs and members of the Upper House and expect to hold both offices. The Popular Party's Maria Dolores de Cospedal has roused Socialist ire for drawing three salaries, as the premier of the Castilla- La Mancha since May 22nd, as a member of the Upper House and as PP secretary general, which add up to more than €200,000 a year. On Monday, Rubalcaba confirmed that he will raise taxes in the banking sector and resurrect the wealth tax that Zapatero abolished in 2008 in the hope of collecting around €2.5 billion that would be used to create jobs, especially for young people. Judge lets ex-PP treasurer oﬀ hook Madrid High Court Judge Antonio Pedreira has dropped the investigation against former Partido Popular (PP) treasurer Luis Bárcenas, accused of money laundering and tax evasion in the huge socalled Gürtel kickbacks-for-contracts case. Anti-corruption prosecutors said on Friday that they will appeal the ruling. Judge Pedreira ruled that Bárcenas actually tried to stop the PP from continuing to do business with alleged Gürtel ringleader Francisco Correa. Sr Pedreira wrote in his ruling that relations between Correa and Bárcenas “were bad", saying “Bárcenas warned about WEATHER WEATHER be charged with bribery because as party treasurer he was not an elected official. Bárcenas, was the highest PP official to be implicated in the Gürtel scandal when it broke in February 2009. He resigned as PP treasurer in April 2010, and days later gave up his seat. WeeKLY WeAtheR FOReCASt FOR COStA DeL SOL MALAGA TODAY Francisco Correa's irregular conduct and warned about the need for the Popular Party's leadership to cut ties with Francisco Correa and his businesses". The judge also said that the statute of limitations had run out on the tax evasion charges Bárcenas was facing for the years 2002 and 2003. He also said Bárcenas could not They said most of the 3,600 ecstasy pills seized in the operation were branded as Pink Rock Star, similar to those believed to have caused the death of a British woman and the poisoning of eight other people on Ibiza in July. In raids on eight properties, they arrested 13 people, including 10 from the UK and two from the Republic of Ireland, and seized 69,000 in cash and a stash of cocaine and ecstasy crystals. The UK's Serious Organised Crime Agency (Soca) was also involved in the investigation. AndAlucIA TOdAY news Your outlook on the World the ON THIS DATE IN National News King confined to palace King Juan Carlos left the USP San José Clinic early on Monday after undergoing surgery to repair damage to the Achilles tendon of his left foot late on Sunday evening. A clinic spokesman said the operation, in which only a local anaesthetic was given, was done overnight so as “not to interfere with the clinic's functioning”. The king will not be able stand for at least 10 days and his full recovery will take seven to ten weeks. The king will continue to work in his office at the Zarzuela Palace but his public duties will be undertaken by Crown Prince Felipe. Doctors said the damage was caused by the King having to rely too heavily on his left leg after he underwent an operation on his right knee in June. Jobless figures up The number of unemployed rose by 51,185 in August, bringing to an end a four-month-long drop. The number of people on the dole now stands at 4,130,927 but when the number of unemployed people not receiving financial help from the state is taken into account it rises to 4.8 million. The services sector registered the highest number of jobs lost, followed by construction and industry. The biggest rises were registered in Catalonia, Murcia and Extremadura EURoPE’s BEsT aiRCoNDiTioNERs ews n N THE EWS the MEDIA MEDIA GROUP GROUP aT sPaiN’s LoWEsT PRiCEs! the news Media group The Coin News Group S.L. Luxury, whisper quiet aircons that never need servicing and at guaranteed low prices! C/ Vicario nº34-36, 2nd Floor - Oﬃce C 29100 Coin (Malaga) FUJIMA MFX tel: (0034) 952 45 44 91 Fax: (0034) 952 45 44 41 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.thenewsonline.es executive editor: Kym Wickham design and layout: Damian Merino advertising manager: Geoﬀ Heading advertising sales: Susan Kerrigan accounts: COHESA contributors / colaboradores: Martin Delfín - Cathy Stronach Pete Woodall - Andrea Maclean Mike Kerrigan - Muriel Pilkington Ricky Leach - Alan Hill Valerie Mitchell The News is a free and independent newspaper distributed weekly and edited by The Coin News Group S.L. The News is independent of political parties, private interests and/or government. Our policy is to provide readers with a news and information service that is fair, accurate and balanced. The Coin News Group S.L. accepts no responsibility for the claims or content of any letter, editorial, article, advertorial or advertisement. No part of this newspaper may be reproduced in part or whole without written permission from the publishers. The News Media Group Deposito Legal: GR 2794-2008 “mf” moDELs aRE maiNTENaNCE fREE WE DO NOT EMPLOY SALESMEN BUT BIG JOHN WILL CALL TO MEASURE UP AND SHOW YOU THE AIRCONS. HE WILL ONLY TAKE UP 15 MINS OF YOUR TIME. OUR FITTERS ARE ENGLISH AND WILL MAKE A NEAT AND TIDY JOB IN ABOUT 2½ HOURS. PHONE JOHN NOW D.i.Y moDEL mf 7000 - € 335 9000 - € 365 12000 - € 4 0 5 INCLUDES BRACKETS, TUBES & ENGLISH INSTRUCTIONS. READY GASSED NO VACUUM PUMP NEEDED - EASY PEASY! UK s ChEqUE ED aCCEPT while the number of unemployed remained stable in Navarre, La Rioja and the Canary Islands. 952 960 372 622768 775 COHESA CONSULTING ASESORES Company set-ups, payroll, accountancy & book keeping. We provide tax & Social Security advice for companies, self employed and individuals - IN YOUR LANGUAGE! 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Food served ‘til 11pm Information & Reservations Tel: 952 112 123 2 minutes from La Trocha towards Cartama at Km 9 www.lesliesbistro.com WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Police denounce government The Federal Police Union (UFP) presented a resolution to the Eurocop Executive Committee in Brussels last week denouncing what policemen have been suffering since May 15th “because of the inaction of the government and police chiefs” and the marked difference between the way the M-15 youth movement and other protest groups are treated. A spokesman said the UFP had decided to appeal to the European Union because the Spanish government “clearly leans towards the so-called indignant ones rather than its own police forces”. The spokesman said the police were not to blame for anything “except working interminable shifts, putting up with all kinds of abuse from the protesters, giving security both to those who want to exercise their right to freely walk the streets and those who impede them day after day, clearly breaking the law.”, adding “We are fed up”. Drunk pedestrians beware Driving while drunk is obviously dangerous but so is walking while drunk, according to a report prepared for the 4th International Congress on the Prevention of Risky Highway Behaviours (Precovir), to be held in Valencia in November. The National Institute of Toxicology analysed data on more than 1,100 people who had died in road accidents and found that 55 per cent of the pedestrians who were killed had been committing some kind of infraction at the time. Just over 24 per cent had been Mayoress caught having public sex A photo came to light recently showing a woman apparently having sex on top of one of the towers of the Royal Palace in Olite, Navarre province. drunk, another 9 per cent registered positive for “drugs of abuse” such as cocaine, marijuana or heroine, and 13 per cent had taken mind-altering drugs. More than half of those who died drunk or drugged were aged between 21 and 40. The report said the number of deaths due to alcohol had dropped while deaths due to drugs had tripled. Just under a third were women and out of the total number studied two thirds had died at weekends. The incident happened about four years ago and after the tourist – who took the photo from another tower – posted it on the internet, the woman turned out to be Ilse Uyttesprot, mayor of Aalst in Belgium and a member of the European Partido Popular group. The Kings of Navarre held court at the Palace until 1512, when the region merged with Castille. It was considered one of the most luxurious medieval palaces in Europe. It obviously bewitched the mayor who said on Twitter that it had been a private moment with her partner and was “politically irrelevant”. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the 'Franco relic' to retire N The 88-year-old former premier of the Galicia regional government rose to prominence in 1962 when he became Franco’s tourism minister. He invented the catch phrase “Spain is different” to attract foreign tourists. During his seven years as minister, he relaxed the censorship laws which allowed slightly more explicit sex scenes in films, popularly summarised in the expression Con Fraga hasta la braga (With Fraga IN BRIEF Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] MADRID Summer road deaths at all-time low PP founder and last surviving minister from the Franco years, Manuel Fraga, has decided not to run in the November 20th election. He had a hip operation a few months ago and has not occupied his seat in the Upper House since then. EWS you can even see the panties). On March 8th, 1966, he went swimming with then American ambassador Angier Biddle Duke at Palomares to prove that the area had not been contaminated by nuclear warheads which had fallen into the sea and on land when two American planes crashed in mid-air just off the coast. He was Spain’s ambassador to St James’s Court when Franco died in 1975 and he was active in the Transition, being one of the authors of the 1978 Constitution. Franco and his hardliners never trusted Fraga completely – they felt he was too much of a reformist. But in the new democratic Spain he was considered too much of a hardliner. In 1978 he formed the right-wing Alianza Popular (Peoples’ Alliance) which fared increasingly badly in elections. He resigned as president of the party in 1986, by which time the Alliance was considered too reactionary to be a viable alternative to the Socialist Party, which went from strength to strength under Felipe Gonzalez after he won the 1982 election. In 1989, Fraga founded the Partido Popular, leaving it in the hands of his protégé, Jose Maria Aznar, to go back to his native Galicia to win that year’s regional election for the PP. He governed for the next 15 years and during his years in power, he modernised Galicia, building highways which opened up the region to tourism and in 2000, he approved the Galician Plan to build Spain's first high speed bullet train. But to his opponents he was always an authoritarian relic from the Franco era. Paradoxically, he has maintained a friendship with Cuba’s Fidel Castro, whose grandparents were Galician immigrants. www.markdentalclinic.com Interior Minister Antonio Camacho has said the figures for the July/August Summer Traﬃc Operation – 321, down 41 from 362 last year – were "the best figure in a decade, probably the best in history, " adding that "321 fatalities is a lot, too many”. This year’s figures were similar to those of the 1970s, when there were 2.1 million drivers in Spain compared to 26 million today. Just over half died in cars, 17 per cent were on motorbikes and nine per cent were pedestrians. MADRID Twitter asked not to promote anorexia The Health Ministry asked the social network Twitter last week to delete profiles of users who explicitly encourage eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. The ministry posted the request on its own Twitter page: @sanidadgob. The ministry, together with the Guardia Civil’s Telemetric Crime Unit of the Civil Guard, has created a network for the eﬃcient detection of profiles that promote eating disorders. Once identified, the Guardia Civil will ask Twitter to block or delete the accounts. GALICIA Town holds 3rd Celtic wedding fest It was a mass wedding with a diﬀerence. The Celts felt forever was too long so couples married for one year only, at the end of which they renewed their vows or separated. Last week, 25 couples gathered on the beach at Cedeira to be married by the self-proclaimed druid "Dos Ártabros," (aka Manuel Aneiro), after walking round the town dressed in their Celtic finery. Only eight couples were married at the first Celtic wedding in 2009, while 15 made it last year. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in ON THIS DATE IN Google was founded by Stratford University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin Al-Qaeda chief arrested in Pakistan N wanted terrorists, but an unnamed western intelligence official told the AFP news agency: "If it's confirmed, it's a good catch." The two other men arrested were named as Abdul Ghaffar al-Shami and Messara al-Shami. The White House praised the UN warns of 750,000 deaths The UN warned on Monday that as many as 750,000 people could die as Somalia's drought worsens in the coming months, as it declared a famine in a new area. Bay becomes the sixth area to be officially declared a famine zone – mostly in parts of southern Somalia controlled by the Islamist al-Shabab. A senior UN technical adviser said the situation in the Bay region was worse than anything previously recorded, adding that some 12 million people across the region need food aid. He said tens of thousands of people have already died as a result of East Africa's worst drought for 60 years. Neighbouring Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda have also been affected by the severe lack of rain but 20 years of fighting and the lack of a national government mean that Somalia is by far the worst affected country. capture – reportedly the result of co-operation between US and Pakistani intelligence. Relations between Pakistan and the US have been deteriorating ever since the killing of Osama Bin Laden by US special forces in the Pakistani town of Flights were cancelled, trains and buses stopped and most government offices were closed. Italy's largest union federation, the left-wing CGIL, which called the strike is demanding stronger action against tax dodgers and continuing job protection. Abbottabad in early May. The increasing US drone attacks on militants inside Pakistan along the Afghan border is also a continuing source of antagonism. In early July the US announced plans to withhold hundreds of millions of dollars worth of military aid to Pakistan. Smaller, more moderate union federations rejected the strike, saying there was no point in striking against employers when everybody's jobs are at risk. Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right coalition is being forced into cutting government spending and raising some taxes by Italy's eurozone partners. German Chancellor Angela Merkel has compared Italy's economic plight to that of Greece. Town declares independence The town of Filettino, 100km east of Rome, has declared its independence as a protest against austerity measures. It has only 550 inhabitants and under the new measures it will be forced to merge with neighbouring Trevi. Mayor Luca Sellari, who stands to lose his job under the new rules, has created his own currency, called the Fiorito. Banknotes with his head on the back are already being used in local shops and are being snapped up as souvenirs by an influx of tourists. CANADA Workers ill after cannabis brownie Three oﬃce employees in Victoria fell ill after a colleague unwittingly gave them chocolate brownies laced with cannabis. They were taken to hospital feeling dizzy and disorientated, and the woman who brought in the cakes told the police, who were investigating a possible case of poisoning, that she had found them in her freezer. Her son later admitted he had baked the cannabis cakes some time ago and forgotten about them. The police are not pressing charges because there had been no criminal intent. • Create an all year round usable terrace. • Undisturbed views. • Trade and commercial welcome. M: 630 625 085 or 650503088 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB: www.eliteglasscurtains.com T: 952 830 503 ELITE GLASS CURTAINS S.L., POLIGONO ELVIRIA 26, MARBELLA 29600 • [email protected] ITALY References available upon request. From quotation to installation you can be sure of a first class product and services from Elite Glass Curtains. EE For your FR otation u q n no obligatio : call now on Send your stories or pictures to The News The government has admitted its state-run weapons manufacturers held talks in July with representatives of Colonel Gaddafi. A spokeswoman said the meetings in Beijing took place without the knowledge of the government. She said that no contracts were signed and no arms supplied. The UN Security Council passed an arms embargo on Libya in February. The meetings were first reported in the Torontobased Globe and Mail newspaper, citing documents found among rubbish in the Tripoli home of a Gaddafi senior oﬃcial. SPECIALIST MANUFACTURERS AND INSTALLERS OF GLASS CURTAINS • Protect and reduce the effect of dust, wind, noise and rain. • Frameless glazing system. • Specialist in manufacturing glass curtains. IN BRIEF Got a story? Got pictures? Weapons firms met Gaddafi envoys Italians strike against austerity Millions of Italian trade union members staged a day-long strike on Tuesday against the government's latest austerity measures, infuriated by a new clause that will make it easier to dismiss workers. EWS CHINA Pakistan's army said on Monday that it had arrested a man it described as a senior al-Qaeda leader and two of his accomplices. In a statement, the military said Younis al-Mauritani (pictured) “was tasked personally by Osama Bin Laden to focus on hitting targets of economical importance in United States of America, Europe and Australia." Mr Mauritani is not on the FBI's list of most www.thenewsonline.es news Your outlook on the World the Texas fires at 'crucial stage' As firefighters in drought-stricken Texas struggled to contain the 16-mile-wide Bastrop wildfire that has destroyed almost 500 homes, oﬃcials on Monday said it had "grown considerably" and was burning on 25,000 acres. The fire is the largest of dozens of wildfires burning throughout the state, including more than 60 that started on Sunday. An estimated 5,000 people have been forced to leave their homes because of the Bastrop fire, which is about 30 miles south-east of Austin and moving away from the state capital. Powerful winds from Tropical Storm Lee, hundreds of miles to the east, have fanned the flames. Jan Amen of the Texas Forest Service described the central Texas blaze as "a monster" that had been "zero percent contained". Texas governor Rick Perry cut short presidential campaigning, and said the next 48 to 72 hours would be "crucial". He urged people to heed evacuation orders and not to stay in their homes if they had lost power: "I understand that losing your home or lifetime possessions is incredibly difficult, but do not put your life in jeopardy." A blaze in east Texas killed a 20-yearold woman and her baby daughter on Sunday before it was extinguished. Texas has been suffering its worst drought since the 1950s. Robert Mugabe 'has cancer' Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe has prostate cancer which has spread to other organs, according to a leaked US diplomatic cable published by Wikileaks, which cites central bank governor Gideon Gono as saying Mr Mugabe's doctors had told him to step down immediately. The cable, written in 2008 by the US embassy in Harare, also said 87-yearold Mr Mugabe could die by 2013. Mr Gono, a staunch ally of Mr Mugabe, dismissed the cable as "fiction". In an interview with Reuters news agency last September, Mr Mugabe – who has been in power since 1980 – dismissed rumours that he was dying of cancer and had suffered a stroke. The cable also said that Gono had said Mugabe had told his doctor that he would leave office after the 2008 election. FACTORY CLEARANCE! 2 single mattresses with base and legs €295 per pair 135 x 190 mattress with base and legs €175 150 x 190 mattress with base and legs €195 Corner Sofa with sliding sprung seats and reclining backs with 2 stools in the end arm. Large selection of colours and patterns €995 3 seater + 2 seater sofas with washable covers €495 the pair Large selection of quality beds & sofas A selection of Garden Furniture BED SOFA & FURNITURE CENTRE Next to Sunshine Golf on Slip Road next to BP La Cala 637 431 006 WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Join free save tomorrow! Helle Hollis Car Rental Club We offer significant savings on car hire for you, your family or friends. UK News Brown’s temper Cameras to be exposed A new book of Alistair Darling’s memoirs is to be published today by Atlantic Books. The book, entitled “Back From The Brink: 1000 Days At No 11” is said to contain detailed stories of Gordon Brown’s allegedly nasty temper and singles out former business minister Shriti Vadera, in collusion with the then shadow chancellor Ed Balls, as running “what amounted to a parallel treasury within the government”. Former chancellor Darling details the arguments that went on behind the scenes at Number 10 and 11 Downing Street up to the crash from office of the Labour party. According to a blog by Labour Uncut, the book also details the time in 2009 when Brown tried to sack his chancellor and tells the true story of Brown’s famously volcanic temper towards the end of his days as the UK’s prime minister. Following news from the blog, Saveeda Warsi said that the book would prove that infighting within the labour party was the direct cause of their being kicked out of Number 10 and they had put infighting ahead of the nation’s interests. She said: “Alistair Darling’s memoirs should give Ed Miliband some concerns about Ed Balls’ suitability to be shadow chancellor. Ed Balls recently claimed that he “did his politics on the record” but has already been shown to have been at the heart of the plot to oust Tony Blair. Now Alistair Darling accuses him of running a shadow treasury operation within his own government. “No wonder Labour left the nation’s finances in such a mess when they put party political plotting above the national interest.” A Sunday newspaper has done a deal to serialise the book. 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Call Martin for telephone orders on 671 464 400 UK FOOD SUPPLIES BRITISH SUPERMARKETS Great choice from your local store! 250m2 store in Alhaurin el Grande NEW SHOP, Now opened in Arroyo Benalmadena next to the ice rink Spend €10 or more and we pay for 1 hour parking in ice rink Call us today on 952 24 55 44 www.hellehollis.com Find us at Málaga Airport and in Fuengirola www.thenewsonline.es We stock Pukka Pies, Qu n & Weight Watchor ers products 4 CURRY PIES €1.95 S.FRIED CHICKEN PORTIONS 500g €2.50 8 SUNBLEST CRUMPETS 2 PACKS FOR €2 FAMILY RHUBARB CRUMBLE 1.25 kg €3.95 FAMILY CHERRY PIE 2 FOR €1.95 BREADED COD FISH CAKES 700g €1.95 Open seven days a week Alhaurin 952 597 282 - Arroyo 952 566 315 allowed It was announced yesterday (Tuesday) that cameras are to be allowed in British courts for the first time. The cameras may be allowed to record some opening and closing statements by lawyers and barristers and some sentencing procedures. However, measures are to be put in place to protect sensitive cases such as family division cases and vulnerable witnesses will not be filmed. Judges, at least for the time being, will be allowed to decide whether or not to let the cameras into their courts. Still photography was banned from British courts in the 1920’s and since then the only way to depict what has been going on inside a court of law has been by sketching done by artists. The Associate Editor of Sky News, Simon Bucks, said that the procedure may help to clarify in people’s minds why some sentences are handed down, giving the example of the vast differences in sentencing following the recent London riots. However, it is not envisioned that British Law Courts are likely to go the way of the likes of the American TV programme Judge Judy and The People’s Court that are similar to British small claims courts and are, frankly, hilarious but not at all “British”. Brrrr... David Williams, star of TV’s Little Britain, swam the channel last year for charity and raised a small fortune. This year he is attempting to swim the Thames. That is along its entire length that is approximately 140 miles, again to raise money for Sport Relief. However, with the recent cold snaps hitting the UK overnight, he had to be taken out of the water on Monday as he had turned blue with the cold, finishing just a couple of miles short of his day one stopping point. However, he is carrying on with the challenge. WEDNESDAY, september 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Got a story? Got pictures? send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] NewCAstLe Alleged killer arrested Graeme Jarman, 47, has been arrested in Filey, North Yorkshire after a librarian recognised him from CCtV shown on tV. he had been on the run after allegedly attacking 77-year-old pensioner, Judith richardson, and killing her with a hammer. her handbag, inside which police found her name and address, was found dumped in a bin in hexham and police constables going to her home to return it assumed that they were looking at a case of theft when theycame upon her battered body on August 19th. A hammer in a plastic bag later found nearby was confirmed as the murder weapon. the public had been told that the educated, well-spoken Jarman could convince people that he wasn’t the man in the footage and that he was likely to be found in a library or similar place. After the call from the librarian, Jarman was arrested at 3pm on saturday and charged with her murder. he is to appear in front of Newcastle Magistrates Court later today, wednesday. Cheshire Jailed nurse released Nurse rebecca Leighton, 27, was released from styal Prison, Cheshire without charge in connection with the deaths of several patients poisoned with contaminated saline drips at stepping hill hospital. several cases had been referred to police by stockport Coroner John Pollard but it has been found that some 500 people could have had access to the saline bags. Ms Leighton, who is now staying with her parents was remanded in styal for 45 days and said: “it was so frustrating for me knowing that the person who actually carried out these terrible acts is still out there.” her barrister had described the case against her as “weak” and that there was no case to answer. CPs Prosecutor Nazur Afzal said: “On the evidence currently available there is not a case in law that could proceed.” New candidate for Mayor The Liberal Democrats have named former Metropolitan Police Deputy Assistant Commissioner Brian Paddick as their candidate in the running for next year’s mayor of London. Paddick, 49, secured the candidacy after winning a ballot of the party’s London members. He was the first high-ranking openly gay police officer before he resigned. He caused a great deal of controversy when he was still in his post by ordering police in Brixton not to arrest people being found in possession of cannabis years before the drug had been officially downgraded from class C to B. He said that cleaner air, less crime and less Londoners living in poverty were “crucial” to London adding that “for too long Londoners have been denied a serious debate on the future of their city”. He will come up against current mayor of London, Conservative Boris Johnson and Labour’s former mayor Ken Livingstone. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 10 n Inland & Coastal News Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in ON THIS DATE IN Local News Arrested for defacing Alhambra A member of Jordan's armed forces was detained in early August after being caught writing his name on a wall of the Carlos V palace in the Alhambra. This is considered a crime against a historical heritage site and carries a jail sentence of one to three years and a fine. The officer had come to Spain as part of a military delegation sent to purchase a plane. He decided to take advantage of his stay in Seville to go to Granada and visit the Alhambra. By carving his name, he was following a tradition that goes back centuries. When Washington Irving, the author of Tales of the Alhambra, first visited the Moorish palace in the late 1820s he was horrified by the graffiti defacing the walls. He suggested introducing a visitors' book which largely eliminated such defacement from that day to this. The Alhambra's governing body is inclined to be lenient with the Jordanian, because the damage was easily repaired but the Junta de Andalucia wants to make an example of him, as a warning to future visitors. www.thenewsonline.es 1940 the German Air Force blitzed London for the 1st of 57 consecutive nights Call for more eﬃcient campaigns Torremolinos mayor Pedro Fernandez Montes has urged the Junta de Andalucia and the government to develop “more efficient” campaigns to attract tourists to the Costa del Sol. He was speaking at the town's 23rd Tourist Day, which is held on the first Thursday in September to honour those who provide the services and the tourists who return to Torremolinos year after year. He said Andalucia depended on media impact and photographs to attract tourists whereas other destinations like the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands deployed very professional campaigns on the tourists' home grounds, mainly Britain and Germany. He also called on hotels to restructure their rates. He said they were currently working at subsistence level to avoid frightening away tourists but this meant they did not earn enough money to invest in infrastructure with the resulting loss of quality. Plastic bags fast disappearing The Junta de Andalucia's environment chief, José Juan Diaz Trillo, said the war declared on single-use plastic bags was proceeding satisfactorily and that the the objective of eliminating 90 per cent of them by 2016 was perfectly feasible. A tax of five cents on each bag bought by supermarkets, stores and other businesses was introduced in May. Part of the tax is passed on to the consumer and Sr Diaz said this, plus an ongoing awareness-raising campaign, was changing the habits of consumers, who are opting to pay 50 cents for a sturdy, reusable bag rather than spend two cents or more on a singleuse bag every time they go to the supermarket. Fantastic selection of Greeting Cards, gifts and party goods. Plus Royal Mail postal service & passport renewals C/ El Troncon, 14 behind the main Fuengirola Post Oﬃce Tel. 952 588 731 [email protected] Fuengirola launches 'Stop manta' Mayor Esperanza Oña introduced the council's “Stop manta”campaign to the media last week, assuring journalists that it was not “aimed at anyone in particular but at avoiding the proliferation of the submerged economy by convincing residents and visitors alike not to buy counterfeit goods”. More than 10,000 leaflets will be distributed and 3,000 stickers will be posted in local stores.” The leaflet explains that buying illegal products “encourages the submerged economy and tax fraud, helps to destroy jobs and turns the buyer into the accomplice of an activity that breaks the law”. 'Fishers' of clients to be fined Mijas council has decided to rid the town's streets of the so-called “pescadores” (fishers) who try to entice passing tourists into bars, restaurants or shops by fining them up to €3,000, depending on the degree of harassment. Councillor Juan Carlos Gonzalez said the objective was to improve the town's image and make sure tourists could visit it in peace without being pestered by people who want to do business. The practice has increased in recent months as businesses are forced to compete more aggressively to stay afloat. The proposed regulation is expected to become law in the near future. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Inland & Coastal News n 11 news Your outlook on the World the 19411/ 9+6* 18'4 #07(#%674'& +0 Marbella mayor in life-saving attempt The driver who stopped to help a man who fell oﬀ his motorbike on the Ronda-Estepona road on Sunday was surprised when the woman whose car he flagged down for help turned out to be Marbella mayor Angeles Muñoz. Sra Muñoz was a doctor before she went into politics. Unfortunately her attempts to keep him conscious failed and the 35-year-old man slipped into a coma and died before the ambulance arrived. The accident happened when the cyclist lost Gay town causes uproar The town of Moclinejo (pop. 1,270) in the Axarquia hit the headlines last week when the organiser of Expogays, to be held in Torremolinos in October, announced that it would become “the first gay town in the world”. Javier Checa said there were plans to build 600 houses and apartments exclusively for gays and that the town's inhabitants were willing to paint their houses pink. Mayor Antonio Muñoz Anaya immediately went on record to say that things were not exactly as Sr Checa portrayed. He said the two men had met and that he had approved – in principle – Sr Checa's proposal to build 50 houses on land provided by the council which would be advertised at the October Expogay. Sr Muñoz added: “I told him I didn't care who he sold the houses to as long as they were bought.” The Colega Federation of Andalucia which works for the rights of gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transsexuals was not impressed either. A spokesman said Sr Checa had abused the local council's trust by lying about the size of the project. control of his bike on a curve just before 11 am on Sunday. ambulance being sent at 11.13am from Ronda, 19 kilometres away. The first call to 112 was made at 10.53am but the person who answered it was unable to transfer it to 061 which is manned by medics. Further calls to 112 and the Guardia Civil finally resulted in an Sra Muñoz stayed until the ambulance arrived. She said afterwards that the man's injuries would probably have been fatal “even if the ambulance arrived sooner, as it should have done”. N -+6%'05 ,756 61 +052+4' '4/#0; 9+6 56700+0) 37#.+6; +0+5* .#55+% 61 %#0&+0#8+#0 /1&'40 4+%'5 !#6'8'4 ;174 $7&)'6 740+0) "174 +6%'0 +&'#5 061 4'#.+6; Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] SEVILLA Baby survives 4-storey fall A 16-month-old girl survived a fall from a fourth floor balcony on Saturday because she landed on the roof of car parked below. The car roof acted as a trampoline and she bounced on to the pavement. She was rushed to hospital and underwent a battery of tests – including a CAT scan – but no internal injuries or broken bones were found. Police believe she climbed on to a chair on the balcony and lost her balance when she leaned over the metal railing. COTO DOÑANA Lynx learns to cross road Staﬀ working at the lynx breeding project in Doñana were delighted by photographs taken on Sunday showing a young lynx entering and leaving a so-called ecoduct – a raised passage over a road designed to prevent lynx living in the wild, many of whom were bred in captivity – from being hit by traﬃc, one of the greatest threats to the animals' survival. It was the first time they had seen evidence that the endangered cats were learning to use the ecoducts. SEVILLA Life clashes with art Work on Sacha Baron Cohen's new film Finchley Dreams, about a Gaddafi-style dictator, came to a standstill when a march protesting last week's constitutional reform ran into barriers around a square where some 400 “revolutionaries” were pulling down an invisible statue of the dictator, Aladeen. They started arguing with the film's security staﬀ and there were a few tense moments until Mayor Juan Ignacio Zoido turned up to persuade the police to allow the protesters a safe passage through the square. 999 %1%+0#52.75 %1/ /#+. +0(1 161)4#0&' Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Toxic dust legacy of 9/11 plagues thousands More than 18,000 people are suﬀering from illnesses linked to the dust from the attacks on New York's World Trade Center on September 11th 2001, according to the US government's monitoring and treatment programme for 9/11 emergency workers, volunteers and local residents. Dr John Howard, Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, who is the senior official managing the health legacy of the attacks, said the most common problems are respiratory, including asthma and sinusitis, but muscular and intestinal conditions have also been reported. Dr Howard said people could die of "many of these conditions that we have seen associated with these exposures". Researchers found a high proportion of highly alkaline particles from the pulverised concrete, as well as asbestos and heavy metals like lead and mercury from thousands of computers and lights in the dust that blew though neighbouring streets and settled over Lower Manhattan. 60,000 people registered as potentially vulnerable – spells out the risks: Nearly 3,000 people died when the two 110-storey buildings were destroyed the single greatest atrocity on US soil – but up to 80,000 people, including firemen, police officers, emergency workers, contractors and cleaning staff, who rushed to help in the aftermath are among potential victims of a toxic fallout. Soon after the attacks people started reporting what became known as "World Trade Center cough" but symptoms have since become more serious. "There is no question that thousands of World Trade Center responders have developed chronic, disabling illnesses as a result of their horrific exposures. The US government's WTC Health Programme – which has more than 5 00 "Based on accumulated knowledge and medical science, occupational medicine physicians have now learned that, for many responders, WTC-related physical and mental conditions are likely to be permanent. "Sadder still, new patients are still being seen who haven't been evaluated before or treated." The firemen who led the effort to search for survivors and, later, for remains seem to be the most vulnerable. One major study of New York fire fighters carried out last year found significant decreases in lung capacity – even six years after the attacks. More controversial is the question of whether the conditions associated with the dust have so far caused any deaths. In 2006, a New Jersey pathologist ruled that a detective, James Zadroga, died of lung disease that was linked to WTC dust. The finding was challenged by the New York medical examiner, but the detective's case was deemed serious enough for his name to be given to new legislation. The Zadroga 9 95 Act, passed in December last year and written into law in January this year, authorises $4.7 billion for monitoring, treatment and compensation for victims. One rescuer, police officer Jeff Endean, has retired on health grounds including respiratory problems, headaches and sinus trouble. Mr Endean said: "The bad days are when it's very hard to breathe. There's a lot of coughing and anybody who's had bronchitis or something like that, knows the more you cough the more it hurts." "The headaches start and it inhibits you from doing many things. You can't run. I really don't run anymore. I haven't run since 9/11." 6 95 Spare ribs menu Fish & Chips menu 1 Roasted chicken Fish burger menu 4.95€, Tuna salad 4.95€, Half chicken 2.75€, TFC Beef burger 4.95€, Chicken Burger 2.00€, Baguette Ham 2.50€, Baguette Thin chicken slices 2.50€, Soft ice cream from 0.80€, Menú grill sausages 6.95€, Kid box chicken nuggets 3.95€ and a lot more.. Urbanización Jardín Botánico, La Cala de Mijas, Malaga. [email protected] www.thefoodcompany.es WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Martin Delfín Writes for the English language version of Dangers of minority rule T I he minority parties’ apocalyptic reaction to last week’s extremely rare alliance between the ruling Socialist party and the Partido Popular only served to underline the fact that Spain has been governed by a minority since March 2004, when Zapatero took power. I n a strategy designed to reduce the PP’s anticipated victory as much as possible in March 2004, he wooed the Catalan nationalists, especially the Catalan Republic Left party (ERC), and the Izquierda Unida (IU, United Left), which is the old Communist party in disguise. W e'll never know if it was this strategy that brought him to power, or whether the March 11th training bombings in Madrid – which brought out the anti-war faction – played a more important role. He won the election without an absolute majority and ERC and IU duly enabled him to form a government – and then took him hostage. T he Socialists adopted the IU's proposal to set up a parliamentary commission to investigate the March train bombings but by December that year, everything surrounding the attacks was as murky as ever because the commission devoted itself to blackening the previous PP government, and especially José Maria Aznar. The commission was allowed to quietly fade away because by then the reform of the Catalan statute had taken centre stage. T he so-called autonomous statutes set out regional powers and every region negotiates its own statute with the central government. Zapatero had rashly promised the Catalans he would back any and all reforms they put forward for parliament’s approval. The ERC made sure that the statute which eventually landed on his desk in Madrid was just a step short of total independence from Spain. It met with bitter opposition from several quarters, including some elements in the Socialist party itself, and Zapatero was forced to do one of his famous U-turns. He finally convinced the Catalans to accept a watered-down version acceptable to parliament, for which the Catalan nationalists have never forgiven him. S omething similar happened with the IU – the favourite bee in their bonnet being the abolition of the monarchy and the resuscitation of the glorious Second Republic, to be called the Third this time around. The Historical Memory Law the IU proposed “to redress the wrongs of the Franco regime”made an awful lot of people see blood. Just one small example – the El Mundo newspaper began printing dozens of obituaries from relatives of people who had been assassinated by the Republicans during the civil war. One listed 14 male members of the same family – the youngest being a 14-year-old. A toned-down version of the law was finally passed, but people still have the impression that it was the Socialist government who gave the descendants of Republicans assassinated by Franco the possibility of finding their bones and giving them a decent burial. In fact, approval was given for mass graves to be opened in 2000, when the PP was in power. W e'll never know how much these two initiatives influenced voters in the March 2008 general election but the IU lost five of the eight seats it won in 2004 and the ERC lost three seats, to be left with a pathetic two. Z apatero won without an overall majority – again – and has had to rely on the Basque Nationalist Party and to a lesser extent the Galician, Balearic and Canary Island Nationalist parties to keep his current administration going. n recent weeks, some of Europe’s wealthiest families have publicly asked their governments to tax them more so they can contribute to helping their countries’ rising debt problems. They began following the pied-piper call made by US billionaire Warren Buffet (pictured) who said rich Americans must be subjected to a higher tax rate to help their country’s economic woes. In Germany, a group of about the 50 richest people has asked Chancellor Angela Merkel to make them pay more taxes to close the gap between the wealthy and the poor. In France, L'Oreal heiress Lilliane Bettencourt and Total Oil company chief executive Christophe de Margerie joined a dozen others in signing a petition calling on the wealthy to make a "special contribution" to the government's finances. Ferrari chairman Luca di Montezemolo told La Republica newspaper that it was "correct" that he should pay more in Italy because he is wealthy. So where do all the rich Spaniards stand on this? They aren’t saying. T here's nothing wrong in having to depend on another party to form a government but all the parties involved here have very specific interests and most of them couldn't give a damn about the “Spanish people”. The Catalans in particular view the Spanish as the enemy. W hat the minority parties, trade unions and “progressives” fear is that this cap on deficit spending will lead to a drastic slashing of social spending if the PP should win the next election. The PP has said it will respect basic social spending but unlike Zapatero it won’t go in for stupid schemes like the so-called baby cheques, which were nothing more than an attempt to buy votes, and had to be dropped because they were too costly. T here are many ways of tightening belts, and a lot of them won’t affect the working or middle classes, just those who’ve fed at the central, regional and local government troughs ever since Franco died. T he Cabinet has been mulling over whether to reintroduce the wealth tax it cancelled in 2008 when it determined that it was affecting mostly the middle class. Many rich people were skirting the tax law by putting their money in financial shelters and hedge funds abroad. But because the exemption was low, many middle-class and upper-middle-class citizens, who could not find ways to sidestep the law, were feeling the crunch. The proposal now is to raise the exemption to €1 million for each taxpayer. That would affect a lesser number of people than the previous wealth tax law. According to studies, 90 per cent of those who paid the wealth tax in 2007 will now be exempt. Nevertheless, it won’t affect the nation’s projected incoming revenue much. Four years ago, the government collected €2.1 billion from the wealth tax, and financial experts believe that revenue would only drop by 50 per cent under the new version. Twenty-five per cent of those who were covered by the wealth tax in 2007 – some 250,000 people – paid 70 per cent, or some €1.4 billion, of what was collected that year, according to figures by the Spanish tax agency AEAT. T I n March 2008, the Socialist and the PP won 83.75 per cent of the vote between them, up from 79.3 per cent in the 2004 general election. The figures speak for themselves – a respectable majority of Spaniards prefer the two main parties. The Socialists have always complained that the PP is “obstructive” – it didn't support quickie divorces or the Historical Memory Law, or the original proposals to reform the Catalan statute (for obvious reasons). On the other hand, the Socialists rejected any and all – usually economyrelated – proposals put forward by the PP over the years, only to have to implement similar ones in the past year to cut the deficit. For example, Mariano Rajoy has been wanting to cap deficit for years. easy for Rajoy. R eintroducing the wealth tax stands to become a major issue in the upcoming general elections. While at first saying that he didn’t want to “get into that debate,” Socialist candidate Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba announced on Monday that he would include this proposal in his manifesto. Under the plan, he projects to collect some €1.4 billion from the rich with an additional €1 billion coming from a tax hike he will impose on Spanish banks. It was a political gesture made to the Left, which believes that the Socialist party has abandoned its principles, and to the 15Movement, whose members have attacked the financial sector for not doing its part in keeping people from losing their homes. It is also the opposite of what Popular Party (PP) candidate Mariano Rajoy has been doing by asking his party’s regional leaders not to raise taxes as they struggle to contain spending and provide services in the cash-strapped governments they won in the May 22nd regional and local elections. In fact, Rajoy has said that he favours dropping taxes so that individuals will have more money on hand to deal with their day-to-day needs. But, with today’s economy, sticking to either of these pledges is not going to be he banks have been very reluctant to pump what money they have on hand back into the economy and too much time has passed for the government to continue to ignore this. A banking tax is what might be needed to provide Rubalcaba with some financial backing for a job stimulus programme. However, what is urgently needed at this juncture is a complete restructuring of the economy. Spain must begin to look for new models to generate cash and forget about trying to reinvigorate a bygone construction industry. You can only build so much in a small country. Nevertheless, the government should help Spanish developers seek out more construction contracts outside of the country, aptly in North African nations such as war-torn Libya which is going to need a lot of rebuilding in the coming years. At the same time, the Spanish government should also continue to strengthen its export technology programme, concentrating on its commendable renewable energy and transportation industries. Promoting efficient renewable energy in emerging nations, such as wind power and solar heating, as well as pitching Spain's prizewinning high speed train network and quick reliable public transport systems, such as the efficient city coach lines in Madrid, are good ways to help get the Spanish economy going. Whoever wins the upcoming election knows that it won’t be easy to come up with all the answers to solve the country's economic needs. But taxing those who have the most is a good way to help many get back on their feet. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Gibraltar News Gib facts - did Nurofen Plus you know...? recall for Gib In the ancient times, right through the age of empires and in the global conflicts of our own century, Gibraltar has stood guard over the western Mediterranean, its unique position making it the focus of a continuous struggle for power. This spectacular rock monolith, covering a land area of about six square kilometres, is situated at the southern tip of Spain overlooking the strait to Africa. It is known as the Meeting Place of Continents. Here, the sub-tropical climate is warm and welcoming throughout the year. The local people smile their welcome with friendly charm born from a blend of many cultures united in a unique community. Gibraltar's history and environment are captivating – from its formation millions of years before and the myths surrounding its dominant presence, to the territory's status today as a prominent tourism and business destination. For further information please contact the Gibraltar Tourist Board; Gibraltar: Tel: +350 20074950, Email: [email protected] London: Tel: +44 (0) 2078360777, Email: [email protected] Or visit www.visitgibraltar.gi National Week events Yes, it’s that time of year again and Gibraltar is on full fun mode for their National Week. Gibraltar Day itself is on Monday 12th so don’t forget that a lot of the shops will be closed so that staff and owners can join in the fun or have a well-earned day of rest. On Thursday September 8th, the Ceremony of the Keys will take place in Casemates Square at 7pm. For further information on this event call +350 20055083. On Saturday 10th, Ocean Village will be having a fun day including bouncy castles, clowns giving out free balloons, face painting , a tattoo stall, mini-make-overs, a treasure hunt, and colouring competitions with prizes for the children. From Wednesday 14th until Saturday October 8th there will be an exhibition of paintings by Ilka Garcia entitled “12 years of images”. This exhibition will be in the House of Sacarello’s coffee shop in Irish Town. And for something a little out of the ordinary, on Saturday September 17th, Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society are having an outing starting at 8.30pm meeting at the Alameda Gardens open air theatre entitled “Bat Night” to view and learn about these wonderful creatures. Info from +350 20078333 A general recall of Nurofen Plus was issued last week by the Gibraltar Health Authority due to fears that they could be contaminated with other drugs. The initial withdrawal was for specific batch numbers but was upgraded to all supplies once the UK had issued a total recall three days earlier. Anti-psychotics such as Seroquel XL used in the treatment of schizophrenia, manic depression and mania, and Neurontin used for the treatment of epilepsy were found in some packs of the drug in the UK and Northern Ireland. However, the drugs are clearly marked in their own blister pack within the boxes of Nurofen Plus. The alert was sent out late on Friday evening by fax from the MRHA in the UK to the chief pharmacist on Gibraltar and it was last Tuesday morning before the fax from the UK was noticed but should have been treated as a Class 1 emergency requiring immediate action at patient level including out-of-hours response. Producers of the drug Reckitt Benckiser say that there is a possibility of sabotage which they are looking into but British Government health officials are also looking at the possibility that the pills could have been incorrectly repacked as part of a process known as “consolidation”, where left over medicines are put in new boxes by pharmacies, or where pharmaceuticals are returned to wholesalers. A statement from the company said: “The safety of our customers is paramount. Distribution of Nurofen Plus has been halted and we are working with the police on a formal investigation to find the person or persons responsible.” No-one so far has in any way been harmed. People who have bought Nurofen Plus in Gibraltar before Tuesday morning, 30th August are advised to check the packets and make sure ALL blister packs are labelled Nurofen Plus. No other Nurofen products are reported to have been affected. If you find any suspect blister packs, please return them to your pharmacy in Gibraltar. Cruise ships in Tomorrow, Thursday 8th September Classic International’s Princess Danae will be in port from 8am to 1.30pm and Princess Line’s Ocean Princess arrives at 8am and 5pm. On Saturday Hapag Lloyd’s Europa is in from 8am until 1.30pm. On Monday Disney’s Disney Magic is in from 6am to 6pm and P&O’s Ventura is in from 8am to 2pm. And on Tuesday Celebrity’s Celebrity Constellation is in from 7am and mid-day. www.thenewsonline.es Don’t forget! is Monday coming, September 12th, is Gibraltar Day so some of the shops along Main Street and Irish Town will be closed TOURIST OFFICES Tourist offices in Gibraltar are located in Casemates Square, the Airport Arrivals Hall, the coach terminus and the cruise terminal and at the frontier. Main Tourist Administration Office Duke of Kent House Cathedral Square, Tel: +350 20074950 e-mail: [email protected] The Gibraltar Tourist Board also operates in London at: Gibraltar Government Office150 Strand,London WC 2R 1JA.Tel: +44 (0) 207 836 0777 email: [email protected] Note: Gibraltar phone numbers consist of eight digits. When phoning from within Gibraltar just dial the eight digits.When phoning from the Costa del Sol and the rest of Spain or from abroad precede the number with the international dialling code which is 00350. Gibraltar 2011 Bank Holidays September 12th Gibraltar National Day December 25th Christmas Day December 26th Boxing Day Where can I get my copy of e News? Morrisons, Latinos (Casemates square), Latinos (Main Street), Tourist Centre (Casemates Square), ICC Centre, Newsagents - Albor (Ocean Village), Newsagents - Ocean Village Express, O’Reilley’s (Ocean Village), Bianca’s (Ocean Village) Café Fresco (Ocean Village) If you would like to advertise your business in The News, please call us on 0034 952 454 491 to find out about some fantastic offers we have on this page! Gib fuel prices from Morrisons Is it worth going to Gib with an empty tank? Usually the answer is yes! We check Morrison’s prices each week. Unleaded per litre £1.06(€1.20) Super unleaded £1.16 (€1.31) Diesel per litre £0.99 (€1.12) SPECIAL OFFER: SPEND £50 IN MORRISONS AND GET 6 PENCE A LITRE OFF UNTIL SUNDAY! The exchange rate used by Morrisons is €1.13 to £1 and the prices are as at noon Tuesday September 6th. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the OCEAN!VILLAGE!GIBRALTAR OCEAN !VILLAGE!GIBRAL LTAR A FOR!LEASE FOR !LEASE RESTAURANT REST EST TAURANT AU / BAR Ocean!Village!Promenade Ocean!Village!Promenade 2,691ft22!!internal!+!592!ft internal!+!592!ft2!external !external oof terrace ! FRONT LINE marina pier with optional rroof esidential, business and yachting complex LUXURY RY Y rresidential, ! LUXUR alking distance to BORDER and MAIN STREET Walking !W ARKING estaurants and bars and PARKING PARKI ! Offices, shops, rrestaurants proximity oximity to forthcoming WORLD TRADE CENTER ! Close pr LEASE!TERM: LEASE !TERM: Negotiable PRICE £25.55 / ft2 PRICE: SER SERVICE!CHARGES:!£2.20 VICE!CHARGES:!£2.20 / ft2 CALL CALL!(+350!200)!400!48!!TO!!VIEW!OR!ENQUIRE!FURTHER !(+350!200)!400!48!!TO!!VIEW!OR!ENQUIRE!FURTHER Contact!Info:! Contact !Info:! Office:: +350 200 400 48 email:!! [email protected] email: [email protected] Web:!www.oceanvillage.gi Web:!www.oceanvillage.gi WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Community “THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR NEWS Is there something happening locally that you would like our readers to know about? Is your society or organisation planning a fundraiser or special event? Contact us on [email protected] Do something inspiring Ho, ho The new term at Stagecoach Theatre Arts Schools is open to everyone aged 4 to 18 – you don’t have had previous experience to attend. The most important requirement is enthusiasm. There are no auditions and classes are held out of school hours and rotated, so that every student gets one class each of drama, dance and singing at each session. The school has been established since 1988 and has over 560 thriving branches worldwide offering weekly classes. It boasts Philip Schofield as its patron. from the The chairman for this coming year is Barbara Salisbury who has been a popular resident on the coast for many years. The new club year will commence on Tuesday 20th September 2011, with a flower arranging demonstration by Charles Barnard, NAFAS Area Demonstrator from London. This will take place from 3pm to 5pm at The Oak restaurant, Urb. Benamara, N340 km 168, Estepona 29680. This is the first in an exciting programme of events planned for the coming year when every month the club will be welcoming a NAFAS National or Area Demonstrator to show members how to achieve splendid displays of colour and texture. Estepona Floral Art Club is a very friendly club and they welcome visitors old and new and, of course, all their current members. Refreshments are available Marbella, Fuengirola and Gibraltar schools recently took part in their annual Showcase at the Palacio de Congresos, La Linea. This term there are already many things in the pipeline for the children to get involved in. As a taster, they are planning to produce yet another Stagecoach Showcase next April in Fuengirola. They have also been asked to perform for the Great British Weekend in Fuengirola’s Miramar Shopping Cente, and at a Halloween performance at Kids’ Kingdom in Estepona. They are also are looking to produce their first CD! Further details can be obtained from Warren Webley on 952 900 453 or 666 838 213. Email: costadelsol@stagecoachsc hools.com or visit www.stagecoach.es Taking the burn out of this summer’s heat, Age Care Association celebrated an evening of Christmas cheer, food and entertainment recently on the Paseo Maritimo in Los Boliches. Clients, volunteers and friends all joined in with song, cava, Christmas crackers and Christmas pudding – to cool down and enjoy an entertaining evening out. The La Cala de Mijas Lions choir provided music and group participation. Santa and Mrs. Claus “wannabes” were spotted in festive dress and generous prizes were awarded to the raffle winners. A three-course Christmas dinner including all the traditionaltrimmings indulged the taste buds of the displaced-in-time guests. Ho, ho, ho – the Christmas spirit lives on all year round at Age Care! before and after the demonstrations, which are held from 3pm to 5pm on the third Tuesday of every month, except in December when the club meets earlier. They also have a wellstocked sales table where you can purchase flower arranging items at very reasonable prices.Go and join them for some entertaining flower arranging demonstrations! For more information on the above event and future events, please contact the club chairman Barbara Salisbury on 951 170 5 73. ITV & BBC NOW IN FAB “HD” Call 952-661-956 / 456 We can oﬀer same options, but with FTV HD channels for additional 79€ for “ALL” your satellite needs! €uropean SAT”elite” SOLutions RECORDABLE “FREE-TO-VIEW + ” With free 8 GB storage – enough for up to 5 hours of TV recording (and expandable) If your door bell or phone rings, you can pause what you are watching, (the system will continue to record) then you can view from the point in time you “paused”. You can also “re-wind” or “fast-forward” past adverts! All the “free-to-view” channels are available to record – why miss your favourite episodes of “Corre” or “East enders” when you go out !! Total cost including Dish + Receiver + installation = €199!!! OPTION 2 OPTION 1 Local 1A+1B, Calle Orquidea-Edf. El Cambural – Torreblanca, (Opposite the Hotel Gardenia Park, on the roundabout) IF YOU ALREADY HAVE A STANDARD SKY SYSTEM WE CAN UPGRADE YOUR SYSTEM TO A RECORDABLE “FREE-TO-VIEW” OPTION 3 Estepona Floral Art Club ho! If your children have found the long, hot summer a bit of a bore, now’s the time to get them inspired and rekindle their imagination and creativity. www.thenewsonline.es FULLY INSTALLED FTV SKY SYSTEM WITH FTV RECORD Turn your standard sky box into a recordable sat systemWatch 1 channel and record another Free to view channel at the same time! (With features as above) UPGRADED AND INSTALLED €179 No English TV – No problem – let us install a “recordable” satellite system which you can watch or record your favourite programs if you go out ! Watch one channel – record another!! INSTALLED CHILDRENS RADIO CHANS BBC 1 [All regions] BBC 2 + BBC 3 + BBC 4 ITV 1 [ All regions ] ITV 1+1 / ITV 2 / ITV 2+1 / ITV 3 ITV 3+1 / ITV 4 / ITV 4+1 CHANNEL 4 / CHANNEL 4+1 More 4 / More 4+1 / E 4 / E4+1 CHANNEL 5 Film 4 Film 4 + 1 Film 24 Men & Movies Movies 4 Men 1 Movies 4 Men 1+ 1 Movies 4 Men 2 Movies 4 Men 2 + 1 True Entertainment True Movies 1 True Movies 2 Horror Channel Horror Channel +1 CBS Reality CBS Reality + 1 CBS Drama CBS Action Showcase 1 Showcase 2 Chart show Tv Dance Nation TV Vintage Music TV WTF Scuzz Channel AKA Flava The Vault Lava Clubland TV Starz TV NME TV Bliss Brit Asia TV Zing Music India B3U Music HiTV BET BET + 1 Propeller Food Network Food Network + 1 Horse & County Travel Channel Travel Channel + 1 The Active Channel Fitness TV Gala TV S- Events 1 – 6 Luxury Life Renault TV Community Channel Controversial TV Wedding TV My Channel Information TV Information TV+1 Body in Balance Gala TV Super Casino Jackpot Games CBeebies CBBC Channel Tiny Pop Tiny Pop + 1 Pop Girl Pop Girl + 1 CITV Kix ! jazeera Children BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 4FM BBC Radio 4LW BBC Radio 5L BBC Radio 5SX BBC Radio 6Music BBC Radio 7 BBC Radio 1 Extra BBC London BBC Radio Scot BBC Radio Wales BBC Radio Ulster BBC Radio Cymru BBC Radio n Gael BBC World Service RTE Radio 1 RTE Radio 2FM RTE Lyric FM RTE Radio na G NEWS + BUSINESS BBC News BBC Parliament Sky News & Sky News Ireland C.N.N. C.N.B.C Bloomberg Euro News Al Jazeera News Press TV France 24 + Russia Today NHK World CCTV News ++++ PLUS ++++ Shopping TV International TV Adult TV Music Radio CALL IN OR PHONE 952 661 956 - 952 661 456 for full details - WE LEAD - OTHERS FOLLOW NO OTHER SAT COMPANY BEATS OUR PRICE / QUALITY / CHANNELS - GUARANTEED!! Why “pay to view” when you can “free to view” - [email protected] WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World OUT & the ABOUT Your weekly entertainment Guide INsIde thIs week divas and divos at e salon tickets available - don’t miss it! Films in english are back at La trocha Cinema, Coin Friends in Focus trip to extremadura - few tickets left A picnic with the Virgen de las Nieves Written by Jean Joss The annual El Burgo romeria takes place at the beginning of August when the pueblo's patron saint is carried in procession to an area known as La Fuensanta, some two kilometres away in the heart of woodland alongside the river. get cooler towards the autumn this area is well worth a visit, particularly if you enjoy nature and beautiful views. La Fuensanta lies at the foot of the Sierras de las Nieves – you can approach it either by driving the inland route through Coin, Alozaina and Yunquera, turning off before you reach El Burgo, or you can drive through Ronda and out to the other side of El Burgo – either way the scenery is spectacular and gives you a real sense of how vast and unspoiled huge tracts of Andalusia can be. Much of the land here once belonged to an old convent and the mill was first described in the land registry of the Marqués de la Ensenada (1751-1761), “The Convent of the Religiosas Descalzadas of the Order of Saint Francis in the town of Ronda has an oil mill in the administrative area of Fuensanta that uses water from their spring, considered to have an annual value of 436 reals.” Subsequent owners were one Don Luis Corvó de Ronda (1850) and a Don Antonio Perea Fernández – today the buildings and surrounding area are state owned and designated a recreational area. You turn off the main road into a shady quiet track – it's not a made-up road but is quite passable even if you haven't got a fourwheel drive, my little Ford Focus had no problems, just keep your eyes open for the odd pothole. This winds through pine trees alongside a small river, a reserve for whatever fish lurk under the vegetation growing along its banks. Further in is an old forest nursery after which you come to the Fuensanta mill, hidden away beyond a picnic area with tables and benches and barbecues (no fires allowed during the summer months). The mill is closed up now, apart from the inner courtyard where there are showers/toilets – always useful if you are out for the day! Around the back is a huge fig tree and a waterfall that seems to splash and crash all year round as it feeds round into the mill stream. At the front, nestled in a niche almost obscured by pink oleander bushes, is a ceramic plaque of the Virgen de las Nieves herself keeping a quiet watch over the visitors. This is a lovely spot for a picnic, though I confess we have never been on a weekend, preferring to go during the week when it is less likely to be busy. If you drive past the mill you come to La Rejertilla, an activity centre offering camping, horse-riding, mountain biking and paintballing among other things, and up to Los Sauces, another camping/picnic site even further into the mountains. On the way the crossroads are marked with old stone crosses topped with weathered carvings of the Virgen and Child. The tracks are clearly marked and there are way markers telling walkers how far they have to go. From the Puerto de la Mujer there are wonderful views across to el Mirador del Guarda Forestal on the Ronda road. ‘s Fine Dining W TORREBLANCA DEL SOL Fantasic new venue * waitress service * free nightly raffle Premium Spirit & Mixer €4 * Bottled Beer €1.50 - €3 (with bucket discounts) * Cocktails from €3 * Extensive Wine List Local 14, Plaza Ibensa, Benalmadena (under Eduardo’s Restaurant) Call 605 663 335 (mid-day to mid-night) Booking Advisable BANK BANCO AV DA OPEN FRIDAYS AND SATURDAYS Ladies - Bring this advert with you for a free House Cocktail! Doors open 8pm ‘til late -Admission €5 booking advisable Show starts promptly at 9:30 Featuring ROB STEVENS - Man of many faces and FAYLEY - female vocalist with tributes to Barbra Streisand and Shirley Bassey EXCLUSIVE TO PICASSO’S Table Magician 8 - 9pm (subject to bookings) TO RRE Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in ABOUT Your Weekly Entertainment Guide In Cahoots - art on display “In Cahoots” is a new painting exhibition by five local artists. The show portrays the artists' traditional and abstract impressions of Andalucía and Spain each using different techniques and materials – oils, fabrics, threads and embroidery, acrylics, coloured pencils, graphite and the more adventurous gouache. The paintings depict various aspects of Andalucian life, both indoors and outdoors, portraits and landscapes – showing the intriguing qualities of Spanish light. Some are in strong bold separate colours, others in subtle shades all hugging closely together. The artists, Margit Björklund from Sweden, Elaine Carlton, Sally Huntington and Lavinia Croft from the UK and Ursula Williams from Peru obviously come from different walks of life but they have successfully joined together and assembled this impressive amalgamated exhibition of their work. The venue is El Jinete Venta (restaurant) and the exhibition is on from 5th September until 7th November – new pictures being added on 3rd October. El Jinete (the horseman) is easy to find just outside La Cala de Mijas. To get there by car take the N340 coast road to La Cala de Mijas and turn inland on the road towards the golf course. It is open everyday except Friday from 1.00 pm until late. More details can be found through www.sallyhuntington.com or call 678 179 416 or 952 666 950 www.thenewsonline.es Club is back Club Charity and Pleasure’s weekly coffee mornings will resume from 11 a.m. on Wednesday 14th September at their new venue which is “The Oak” at El Paraiso Barronal (beachside, next to the Steak and Rib Shak). Forthcoming events (available to members and members’ guests only) include Sunday lunch at the Tamisa Golf Hotel, Mijas on Sunday 2nd October, their next Gibraltar trip on Tuesday 4th October, and a trip to see Oliver! at the Salon Varietes, Fuengirola, planned for Friday 21st October. CAPS is a friendly, social organisation based in El Paraiso, Estepona, meeting at 11 a.m. each Wednesday morning. Weekly activities include bridge, whist and bowls, and members have recently started a choir. Other events and excursions include visits to the theatre and exhibitions; lunches and dinners at different venues along the coast; mystery trips, etc. They also raise money for local charities, mainly Alzheimer’s, Aprona, Aspandem and Cudeca. For more information contact Denise Ghazi, President, on 952 810 989, or visit www.capsonlinemag.net. % ( Still time to book The Friends in Focus Camera Club are going on a coach trip to explore the province of Extremadura on Wednesday October 19th. They are staying in a 4star hotel in Trujillo for four nights on a half board basis. Trips included are a visit to the Roman settlement at Merida, the town of Caceres and the area’s National Park. There is also an optional Jeep safari. There are still a few places left, so if anyone would like to join the club on what promises to be a most interesting trip please contact Lyn Carter for further details on 605 423 985 or visit their website on http://friendsinfocuscame raclub.com CASA KON-TIKI The Home of Fish and Chips OPEN ALL DAY 7 DAYS A WEEK 12 NOON ‘TIL 11PM NEW! Early Bird Special 7 Days, noon until 6pm Fish, Chips, Peas, Bread only €3.95pp Lunch time sandwiches €1.50 Main meals from €4.95 Sunday Roast Lunch €5.95pp Buy two jumbo fish, chips & mushy peas, get a bottle of wine free only €9.95 each Chris The Dish: 667 842 359 John The Fish: 678 292 792 2nd street behind Yaramar Hotel, Los Boliches Visit us at www.los-boliches.es * Chill Out to the Sounds of Dave Lee from 3 pm * Welcome Cava * Ask Dave to sing your favourite Dean Martin song * Traditional Sunday Lunch Menu from 11.95 euros * Happy Hour from 6 to 8pm * Spa Treatments vouchers available ( previous reservation ) ! " )&$ (%& '%# KM 194 off the N340 Pueblo Andaluz Las Chapas * Special Sunday Night Room rates ask at Reception Book your table at Reception 952 585 988 Book your table at Reception or call Hotel Tamisa Golf on WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Free wi-fi zone Sky Sports Alhaurin el Grande’s NEWEST biSTRO CAFE Serving a selection of snacks, paninis, baguettes, etc., Plus main meals including Rack of Ribs, and Entrecôte steaks. Sunday Roast €7.95 OAP special price €5.95 Children €4.95 On Fridays you can enjoy fresh battered Cod, Chips & Mushy Peas Daily from 9am Sat. & Sun. 10am 952 597 188 Calle Gerald Brenan 89 Alhaurin El Grande Tom´s Irish Bar MUMTAZ MAHAL A warm Irish welcome Come and enjoy the best of Indian cuisine in our newly refurbished airconditioned restaurant or dine on our fabulous terrace For all your Premier League Football 600 060 563 C/ Salvador Rueda 65, Los Boliches Indian Restaurante Menu del Dia 3 courses €9,95 EAT FROM OUR MENU WITH PRICES REDUCED BY UP TO 10 & 15% EL MOJITO Plaza de Remo La Carihuela Torremolinos 952 057 062 SPECIAL OFFER! 8oz entrecôte steak with all trimmings & bottle Rioja - only €20 per couple FREE ENTRY Shows start at 9.30pm. Open all day. 952 466 955 632 284 234 Fresh Filtered Coffee Pol. Ind La Trocha, Coin C/ de la Cruz 3, Fuengirola There's no audition - all they need is enthusiasm. Open Daily 1pm -1am Decaffeinated served as any of the above JK’s is open from 2pm Call Stagecoach in Spain on 952 900 453 or Gibraltar 200 44885 Our students grow in confidence and self-esteem... Skills for life! £1.50 Sunday Pool, darts & pinball competitions Home Delivery The skills they learn aren't just for the stage. Three Course Special Menu €8,95 20p Friday 9th The fabulous Phoebe - stunning female vocalist, back by popular request NOW ENROLLING Here's a way to spend Saturdays that'll have 4-18 year olds buzzing. Enrol them in your local Stagecoach Theatre Arts School where they learn to act, sing and dance. Tandoori lal a H Specialists JK’s This Wee k! Wednesdays 8.30pm Bingo - jackpot €400 Quiz with jackpot Monday, Wednesday & Thursday Robbie’s Karaoke Roadshow from 9.30pm. Come and be the star in the bar. Tuesday “Black Bais” male vocals, soul, Tamla Motown, R&B, great voice! Friday Siobhan - female vocalist from Dublin Fun for all ages Saturday Night Life - comedy vocal duo, not to be missed! Sunday “Mr Blue Eyed Soul” Danny Stone OLLYWOOD Bindian restaurant Av Antonio Machado benalmadena Tel.: 645404911 £1.10 Now Open from 4pm with Janine (J9) Hot Chocolate New menu includes Kangaroo and Swordfish - try something new today! Act, sing and dance at your local Stagecoach www.stagecoach.es popular BBQ menu and enjoy the views from our fabulous garden terrace. 952·454·267 Terry @ Buzby ad ’ Wednesday 7th Mad Terry - man of many voices Thursday 8th September Ian Jacks - popular guitarist and vocalist Friday 9th Alexandra Avery -female vocalist Saturday 10th The Cleverley’s - Everley Brothers tribute Sunday 11th Black Baise - Tribute to Michael Jackson & Lionel Ritchie then Mad Terry Monday 12th Tony Montana tribute to Michael Bublé - followed by Natalie Monroe Tuesday 13th Lesley Harrison-female vocalist Karaoke from midnight every night with Mad Terry, and Tomo the King of Karaoke. £1.40 CALL GEOFF AT THE NEWS 622 050 409 Grand Opening Food served daily this Sunday from 1pm except 19th June Monday when it’s Don’t miss 6pm. it! See article, leftTry our very LAS PALMERAS,COIN Opposite Dia Supermarket Free Entry! In La Trocha Commercial Centre. All Live football on Sky Sports Coming soon will be “Super 8” so watch these pages for more news of upand-coming films. La Trocha is easy to get to and its easy to park! Always check www.coinlife.info for up-to-date movie news and any last minute changes to the programmes plus more views and reviews of films coming your way. Siboney Pot of Tea for one GOT AN EVENT OR SPECIAL OFFER? weapons against well, who knows what weaponry! It sounds absolutely bonkers but it works in this cowboy/sci fi escapade. One not to be missed! Selection of Speciality Twinings Teas BARS & RESTAURANTS... £1.50 New slimming club at La Risa. Fridays 9:30 to 10.30am. No faddy diets and no making you feel awful about yourself! Call 660 350 896 for info INTERNET HOTSPOT Get Slim! Selection of various drinks available at the counter The town comes under attack by an alien spacecraft and the aliens make off with a few of the townsfolk. Thus starts a rescue by the two unlikely heroes with plenty of Magnificent Seven style escapades. The two main characters put aside their differences to save the town (and, of course, the world) with 19th century See all our future events on Facebook Freshly made Thick and Creamy Milkshakes Sunday Lunch from 1.30 The film is set in 1875 in the New Mexico desert. A man (Craig) wakes in a desert canyon. He has no idea who he is or how he came to be there although he has a strange metal band around his wrist. Off he totters into the town of Absolution. The town is very unwelcoming and is ruled by iron-fisted Colonel Dolarhyde (Ford). Craig Now open in Ibensa Square Benalmadena. See page 17 for main ad & further details Strawberry Hot & Cold food served every day. discovers he is an outlaw on the run called Jake Lonergan. The two, of course, don’t get along at all. Show Bar 1 N E OPEN FROM 11am Starting on Monday 12th at 6pm and on Thursday 15th at 8.05pm they will be showing the new Harrison Ford and Daniel Craig movie, “Cowboys and Aliens”. The film was reviewed last week on the cinema page but, for those of you who missed it ... ‘s o Chocolate At last The News can inform you that the much missed films in English at the La Trocha Commercial Centre are back! BAR Banana Films are back at last! Take-away service Free home delivery with orders over €25.00 OPEN 7 DAYS Lunch 1.30 - 4.00pm Dinner 7.00 - 12.00pm Urb. El Rodeo, Coin 952 455 599 626 977 224 La Risa @ Lauro Golf Ladies Lunch - Thursday 15th September, starts 1.30 - booking essential Monday: 2 course menu only €7.50 per person Wednesday & Friday Our popular Fish & Chips available all day Saturday Night: Special Menu available Sunday: Excellent La Risa Sunday Lunch NEW! La Risa Simply Slimmer Slimming Club Fridays at 9.30am Kitchen now open to 9pm Monday - Saturday For further details of all these events call us on 660 350 896 or pop into the bar. On the road between Alhaurin el Grande & Alhaurin de la Torre Across From the Clubhouse Reservations: 660 350 896 Sassy, sexy witches email: [email protected] web: www.coinlife.info A MoViES to WAtcH out FoR Final Destination 5 By Steve Quale starring Nicholas D'Agosto, Emma Bell. Who would have thought it – eleven years on and the Final Destination franchise is still coming up with gory deaths that are beyond most peoples' imaginations! We all know what to expect by now. This time it's Sam (D'Agosto) who has the requisite premonition. As he and co-workers on their way to a works meeting sit in a bus about to cross a suspension bridge he forsees that the bridge is about to collapse. He manages to persuade seven other folk on board to believe him and they flee the vehicle. Minutes later the bridge and everything on it plunges earthwards in the most spectacular manner – and that's the first reel. There are no other survivors, but we know that it won't be too long before the lucky eight start to pay the price for avoiding their destiny with Death. The basic plotline has been the same since the first movie, so the real interest lies in just how Death catches up with the destiny dodgers. They were not meant to survive, but this movie introduces a new element – is it possible to cheat destiny if you can find a substitute to take your place? Hmm, well, what do you think? Can there be any more gruesome ways for Death to catch up with the survivors than have been explored in the first four movies of the franchise? Well, as it happens, yes. The fourth in the series was off form, but generally the critics have been a lot kinder to the latest installment. Director Quale has worked with James Cameron and his use of 3D is effective, plus he ratchets up the suspense in a most satisfactory manner. There are some stomach churning moments and you may want to bury your head in your hands, but generally, if you have enjoyed the earlier movies then this will be a must-see. And if you are just catching up with the franchise this is as good a place to start as any. sk a child to draw a witch and you’ll probably receive a picture of a haggard old woman with a pointed nose, warts and straggly hair. Not so your average movie witch! Even though Emma Thompson actually started out looking like a traditional witch in Nanny McPhee (2005), she soon blossomed into a beautiful, kindly faced woman, having won the charms of the feral children in her charge. Julie Andrews certainly didn’t appear as a haggard witch in Mary Poppins either but then she was never expressly labelled as a witch, just a woman with spell-making powers. Same thing eh? lthough no Oscars were forthcoming for the film, the actors did receive several other awards. The film still has a good critical rating on the Rotten Tomatoes website and even after 24 years, is one of the best modern witch themed films. H A owever, the best and most glamorous witches on film have to be the three single mums that form an unwitting coven in the 1987 film adaptation of John Updike’s novel, ‘The Witches of Eastwick”. W GLASS CURTAINS THE ORIGINAL AND THE BEST 10 YEARS Special o 25% diS ﬀer of in Summ count er mont hs - Use your terrace whatever weather - Increase your living space - Increase the value of your home - Reduce noise, wind, rain and dust - Our guarantee of the best product on the market, old fashioned customer service and exceptional value CALL NOW FOR A QUOTATION. CHECK THE WEBSITE OR BETTER STILL, COME AND VISIT OUR SHOWROOM Tel: + 34 952 050 850 Web: www.glasscurtains.es e-mail: [email protected] Calle Manuel Franco Cubeiro n17 Parque empresarial El Pinillo Torremolinos & CERTIFICATIONS ith an all-star cast consisting of Susan Sarandon, Michelle Pfeifer and Cher, the film could be nothing less than glamorous really. Seduced by Jack Nicholson as the devilish but ultimately brow beaten Daryl, the three women find themselves empowered to take revenge on those members of their community that have wronged them but panic when they realize Daryl’s spells have led to a death in the community. Initially agreeing to stay away from each other, the three women decide the best form of defense is attack after Daryl visits upon them their worst nightmares. They gather materials and spell books to create a voodoo doll representing Daryl but as he starts to feel the onset of their spell, he rushes home to confront his three prodigies. In ensuing panic the wax doll is thrown into the fire and Daryl vanishes. At the end of the film you see the three yummy mummies sitting in Daryl’s mansion house with three new baby boys, courtesy of the outcast demon. As he tries to communicate to the boys via the TV, the mums rush to turn oﬀ the screen, worried about his influence on their children. T he three actresses were superbly cast in their roles and Jack Nicholson could not have been either more menacing or more charming as the devil incarnate. A nother favourite witch film is the 1996 teen horror “The Craft”. Again, none of the witches in this film are ugly, disfigured or warty. Four young teenage girls each have their own emotional scars and baggage but when they come together to form a coven, they begin to possess powers that lead to death, anguish and infatuation amongst those around them. Fearing that fellow witch Nancy is taking things too far, Sarah decides to try to bind her friend from doing harm to herself or others. Although the spell doesn’t work it causes a rift between the girls that leaves Sarah experiencing nightmares and paranoia as the rest of the coven invade her dreams with swarms of insects and snakes. Angry that their friend has tried to put a spell on one of them, the three remaining witches then try to persuade Sarah to commit suicide before Nancy forces the issue by cutting Sarah’s wrists. Being the more powerful witch, Sarah eventually gains control, scaring oﬀ Bonnie and Rochelle and successfully binding Nancy from doing harm. The last scenes of the film show Nancy incarcerated in a mental hospital. T he moral of the story is “You may appear to be young, beautiful and wart free but if you use your powers inappropriately, the ugliness on the inside will surely come out”! L et that be a lesson to all supernatural teenagers and corrupt politicians. em June 22nd July 22nd by Cathy Stronach This week clarity resumes and your intellect soars, things just start clicking into place and you are able to make sense of the complicated. If you are single there is a strong chance of attracting some romance in your life and if already taken, there could be some rekindling of the flames. Friends whom you haven’t seen for a while starting getting in touch, social invites increase and your popularity is sky high. Finance comes from an unexpected source. Communication is important this week especially when expressing yourself towards a loved one. Misunderstandings could occur and the last thing you want is crossed wires. Financial opportunities are on the horizon, make sure you stay focused and keep your eye on the ball. There is a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction to be had out of a project that is showing signs of coming to fruition. Keep juggling, Taurus. Listen intently to what others are saying to you this week as messages and insights can come from strange sources. Before rushing in where angels fear to tread it would be a good idea to use others as a sounding board and listen for their feedback, they could have an interesting perspective on an old problem. There is likely to be the odd flirtation and this will do your ego the world of good, this too could happen in an unusual setting. Work pressures are heightened and there is the possibility of having new responsibilities placed on your shoulders. A whole new system may need to be implemented, in which you play an important role. Romance is a distraction but a welcome one and the fires will be hotting up in this area of your life. Travel is likely - even if it is a short journey, it will be memorable and unforgettable in some way. Keep a tight hold on your finances. Kym’s Kitchen ...you don’t have to be a chef! There are loads of tomatoes about in the garden and in the shops right now so, while they last, why not make the best of them? This recipe can also be made and put in the freezer. Double wrap it in foil and the pie will last up to three months. You can then cook it from frozen in a 200ºC oven for around half an hour. Tomato Pie Ingredients: ● 1 (9 inch) deep-dish pie crust made in advance and cooled, or shop bought ● 4 large tomatoes, peeled and sliced ● 20gr chopped fresh basil ● 3 salad onions, (spring onions or scallions) thinly sliced ● 225gr bacon - cooked, drained, and chopped ● 3 cloves garlic, crushed ● 2gr dried oregano ● 2gr finely chopped red pepper rd VIRGO August 23rd September 22nd You could have an urge to entertain at home this week, to get out the best crockery and invite some friends around for a catch up. You could have an inner desire to get what you want regardless of what others think, you are more self-assertive now and this is because you are determined to move your life forward, too long have you lived with the past. A lot of romantic and social opportunities are coming your way. The end of August moon in your sign indicates that this week of September is a new start for you, a time of new beginnings. Expect an increase in well being, vitality and an energy boost. You will be able to express yourself easier and define what your goals are. This is a good time for meetings or visiting friends as you will find no problem with speaking clearly and explaining your thoughts. Basically you will become quite chatty. ● 225gr grated Cheddar cheese ● 60 ml mayonnaise Directions Preheat oven to 190º C LEO (Serves 6) 1. In alternating layers, fill pastry shell with tomatoes, basil, onion, bacon, garlic , oregano, and red pepper. 2. In a small bowl, mix the cheese with the mayonnaise. Spread the mixture over the top of pie. Cover loosely with aluminum foil. 3. Bake in the preheated oven for 30 minutes. 4. Remove the foil from the top of the pie and bake for an additional 30 minutes. Serve warm or cold. Nutritional Information - OK, because I’m on a diet, here’s how much weight you’ll put on with this….. not much eh? Amount per serving calories: 476 /Total fat: 36.4g/ Cholesterol: 56mg LIBRA Someone you care about could be trying to tell you something - make sure that you take the time to listen, it could be important. Often it takes viewing things from several diﬀerent angles before you can get the total picture as to why something may be happening. You could be involved with people who are not usually your type and go against the grain - these people can become rd September 23 like teachers who show you another part of yourself. nd October 22 SCORPIO October 23rd November 21st Financial concerns reign supreme this month and you will spend a lot of time coming up with financial ideas to plan for the future. Others are depending upon you for your expertise and their happiness is directly related to the work that you do. People are drawn to you like a magnet and there will be possibilities to expand your friendship base and make new ones. You may be concerned about a friend, let them know how you feel. SAGITTARIUS Enlightening insights may come your way from your partner or a committed other in your life. There is a fine line between love and pain but it is your sense of humour that bridges the gap perfectly. There could be a situation that is slightly pressurised and something reaches breaking point. You always have a way of landing on your feet and know that you will find a way to do it again nd November 22 December 21st – this will remind you of how strong your really are. CAPRICORN Be careful not to push yourself too hard, Capricorn, this could lower your vitality and leave you feeling a bit drained. There is a lot going on still and things are still not totally sorted in one area of your life and this can leave you feeling uptight and stressed. There are those around who are just waiting to be asked and would love to give you a hand or a bit of support, so “ask and you shall nd December 22 receive” seems to be the message. th January 19 AQUARIUS PISCES February 19th March 20th If there is a will there is a way – or so they say. Something that you desire keeps you moving in a steady direction towards your goal – the inner restlessness that you are feeling is trying to trip you up as you are essentially in a party mood. Keep focused and make sure that you follow through, you have a lot of creativity within that is seeking an expression, so these are the days when what you put your mind to, you can really make it count. Perhaps you are on the edge of success but you don’t realise how close you are. Things are changing and a pathway is about to open up, carving a promise for the future. All you have to do is act as if you are there. Your career gets a big push from those around you and you may be just a bit surprised by all the attention you are now getting, although you will never let this on outwardly. There is a strong possibility of travel and this could lead to a romantic experience. Directions to our Coin Supermarket AGUAMANIA 7.30 Just off the Horse Roundabout at El Rodeo WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Contemporary lifestyle and celebrity gossip TIMBERLAKE BUYS INTO SOCIAL NETWORKING Not a woodentop The phenomenon of Social Networking sites has been surprising to some and a lifestyle necessity to others. Musician Justin Timberlake has been so impressed with social networking and the aid to selling records that they have become that he has bought into MySpace. He says that the site will be a platform for young, up-andcoming musicians to get their work out in the public domain without having to find record labels who will back them. He added: “ I Greatest person ever? After a bizarre performance of David Bowies “Life On Mars” and a scathing opinion from X-Factor judge Gary Barlow, the weird and wonderful David Wilder, 42, has said that he is “the greatest person ever” to have been on the show! The busker got four “yes’s” on Saturday to carry on in the show adding that taking part in it should be a massive boost to his singing career. CRYSTAL CLEAR ANNE Tarot card readings Palmistry Chakra cleansing International Psychic Medium Spiritualist Phone readings Healing massage Therapeutic massages Need help with your life direction, worries or fears For guidance and support Contact Anne Mon., Wed. & Fri. at Toni’s Ist in Cards, Fuengirola [email protected] make music because I want a lot of people to hear it. The network sites are the easiest way of achieving that.” Justin was the star of the Oscar winning film about Facebook, Social Network. Along with advertising agency Specific Media, he said that he is looking forward to the “exciting new challenge”. And it’s not just the new Pitt kids go to school Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie’s vast brood may well be home tutored when they are in the States but the parents have enrolled them at a school in south west London while Brad’s new film, World War Z , has overrun. They said that they like the children to go to “ordinary” schools so that they can soak up the culture of wherever they are staying. potentially great artistes that are using the sites. Lady Gaga for instance has over 13 million followers on her site – even more than President Obama – and Beyonce broke all records last weekend with 8,868 Tweets per second following the confirmation that she is expecting a baby. Newcomers like Britain's Jessie J, who won a Justin Timberlake dedicated following from her bedroom by posting videos on YouTube, built their careers on the internet. It’s the fastest way to get your name out there and build up a fan base. Jeremy Silver the chairman of data analysis group Semetric said: "They're learning how to use it most eﬀectively and that means not only in terms of how they communicate out but also how they read what information is coming back. There's a saying at the moment in the music industry that data is the new oil." Friday nights are slob by the telly nights... Strictly is back! Friday nights are going to be back to staying in until the end of the new Strictly Come Dancing shows finish. From Friday September 30th, millions of people will be glued to the screen to see who is a natural dancer and who looks a bit like a yellow Easter chicken that’s just come out of it’s shell! This season’s line-up of stars about to put themselves through some serious exercise include 60s pop star Lulu (not fair really as she’s always kept herself in shape – remember “Shout!”), Harry Judd – heart-throb from band McFly who famously won a recent spot dancing with Ola Jordan for Children In Need, ITV sports presenter Dan Lob, soap Waterloo Road’s Chelsee Healey, exEastender Anita Dobson – she must be fit from dancing around her living room to other half’s Queen records, The One Show’s Alex Jones, Astrologer Russell Grant – that should be interesting, I wonder if he can already see in the stars how far he gets?, Sven’s ex Nancy Dell’Olio, Edwina Currie – minus the frying pan we hope, impressionist Rory Bremner, plus former Neighbours stars Holly Valance and the ever moaning Jason Donovan. One of the two last male places may be going to exboxer Audley Harrison. The show will, of course be presented by Sir Bruce Forsyth and Tess Dayley. It simply doesn’t work without them. Oh yes, and Aussie judge Craig Revel-Horwood became a British citizen last weekend. Now then, where’s my slippers and cocoa!... A fab new clothing shop now open in Alhaurin There’s a new concept for buying fashionable clothes or something for that special occasion in Alhaurin el Grande. The Wardrobe opened to great reviews from those browsing round the shop last week. Owner Sue Hart (pictured below left) has opened the shop – selling new and “as new” ladies clothing – to offer quality styles at a fraction of the price you would normally pay. There are designer brands with dresses, skirts, trousers, tops, shoes and handbags, plus jewellery, underwear from La Seza and M&S and cosmetics. Sue has been in the retail trade all her working life, starting in cosmetics with Elizabeth Arden followed by Estée Lauder whom she worked with for 18 years, training with House Of Fraser and Beattie’s and becoming top sales girl in the Midlands. She met Mrs Estée Lauder and was promoted to their training executive for the Midlands. She went to South Africa and came back with her two lovely daughters, Jemma and Victoria and opened a children’s As New shop back in the Midlands which was very successful. Sue came to Spain and has lived in Alhaurin el Grande for 12 years with husband Sid and the girls. She said that she has always felt that the area needed a Ladies As New Shop. We all have a wardrobe where we have good quality, hardly worn clothes so why not make something from them? Take them along to The Wardrobe and Sue will put them in her shop to sell and take a commission from whatever they are sold for. Clothes must be clean and of a good quality but all the items you’ve grown out of or just won’t wear again could make you money and be a fabulous find for someone else. You can find The Wardrobe on Calle Gerald Brennan nº 46 in Alhaurin el Grande, opposite Supersol. Just walk through to the back of Papeleria Martin and you’ll find The Wardrobe. The shop is open from Tuesday to Saturday, 10am – 2pm every day. For more information, call Sue Hart on 952 595 514 or 669 514 733 Pop in, have a browse and pick up a bargain – I bought some fabulous designer leather boots for just €40, two pairs of brilliant quality trousers for €6 a pair and a Morgan shirt for just €10! And the Karen Millen dress below was just €30 but I would need to diet more to get into it! By Kym Wickham WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the New uses for common remedies TREAT YOURSELF to an organic FISH PEDICURE (no appointment necessary) Probably the best €10 you will ever spend on yourself! 627 428 161 Plaza Olé, Benalmadena Costa (behind Barclays Bank) part 1 When minor medical issues like nosebleeds, insect stings, or dandruﬀ crop up, chances are you'll find eﬀective – if surprising – fixes for what ails you in your medicine cabinet. Here are several common household items that all do double duty, saving you a trip to the pharmacy – and cash in the process! • Antacid tablets are for heartburn, the effervescent type with sodium bicarbonate helps to neutralise the acid that causes painful heartburn symptoms. But try it for soothing insect bites – antacid formulations such as AlkaSeltzer contain aspirin, an anaesthetic that can help ease the sting and itch of insect bites. Make a paste with a crushed antacid tablet, a pinch of oatmeal (also a skin soother), and water and apply it to the skin. Results are immediate – and this DIY formula has a healing bonus that other anti-itch salves lack because it has no dehydrating side effects, unlike Calamine lotion which contains zinc oxide, that can be drying to the skin. • Mouthwash is for freshening breath but it can also prevent athlete's foot. To prevent athlete's foot, soak a cotton ball with alcohol mouthwash and swab the bottoms of your feet and between toes after every shower. The high alcohol content of traditional mouthwash helps ward off fungal infections. • Baking soda is recommended by many dentists to help remove superficial stains from enamel, making teeth appear whiter. It also prevents bad breath and gets rid of plaque embedded in the area between the teeth and gums. But used topically, baking soda takes the sting out of sunburn and minimises the itch and discomfort caused by a variety of skin conditions, including eczema, prickly heat, and poison ivy. To get relief, place a cup of baking soda under a running bath tap so it dissolves completely, and then soak in the water for about 30 minutes. none of these measures works, see a health care provider for treatment. • Witch hazel helps fight acne by drying out excess oil in the skin. Because it contains alcohol, witch hazel can help kill the bacteria that cause infection and lead to breakouts. Because witch hazel is a natural astringent, it is a primary ingredient in many haemorrhoid wipes and medicated pads. Used alone, witch hazel may dry out delicate tissue, so also apply a cream, such as Vaseline or A+D original ointment, to moisturise the area. • Aloe vera applied to first- and second-degree burns speeds the healing because it contains vitamins as well as amino acids that help repair damaged tissues. Several compounds found in aloe vera work together to decrease or prevent inflammation and control pain and a recent study found that canker sore sufferers who applied aloe vera gel healed about 50% faster than those who didn't. • Nasal spray does more than just ease congestion – it can also stop nosebleeds. Most nosebleeds can be stopped by simply pinching the nose for 10 to 20 minutes, but if yours persists, nasal spray may do the trick. About two-thirds of people who visit an emergency room for a persistent nosebleed are successfully treated with oxymetazoline, the decongestant found in common over-the-counter nasal sprays. To stop the bleeding, tilt your head forward and clear your nose by blowing out any clots (this may increase bleeding for a few seconds). Inhale through your nose while spraying oxymetazoline into the affected nostril(s), and then pinch the soft part of your nose closed. Maintain pressure for 10 full minutes. If the bleeding hasn't stopped, continue pinching for another 10 minutes. If • Tea tree oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties and is ¡¡INCREDIBLE PRICES!! MENS HAIRCUT 20€ WASH CUT & STYLE 10€ COLOUR & STYLE PLUS CUT FROM €5 extra 5€ often applied topically for acne and athlete's foot but it also gets rid of dandruff. An American study found that people who used a shampoo with 5% tea tree oil reduced their dandruff 41% and significantly improved the itchiness and greasiness of their scalp. It can also be added in small amounts to your own shampoo to get a similar effect. Just use it sparingly, no more than a few drops per bottle, to prevent overdrying of your scalp. • Yoghurt helps foster healthy digestion and keep you regular but it can also be used to prevent gum disease. A Japanese study found that adults who consume 55g of yoghurt per day have significantly fewer markers of periodontal disease than those who don't include this food in their diets. That's because the lactic acid in yoghurt helps protect their gums from the harmful bacteria that cause this chronic condition. Part two next week. The Nail & Beauty Salon + Hairdressing All aspects of beauty & hairdressing - Special Oﬀer! Wash & Blowdry from only €5 Specialists in all types of nail extensions including the new Dip & Go System for only 25€ and the 3 week Manicure for 25€ Wedding and Pamper packages available Sol Nail Supplies Are pleased to oﬀer both training and products for all types of nail extensions including the new Dip & Go System with no damage to the natural nail and very quick to apply Centro Commercial San Juan 35 Opp Train Station Arroyo de la Miel Tel: 952 442 270 Mob: 670 695 860 STEPHANIE & CO Homecare and assistance 7 days a week * Shopping * Home Help * Breakfast - Lunch Dinner * Medical Assistance * Collecting Prescriptions, etc. * UK Registered Nurse available if required * House work * Cleaning * Outings to the hairdresser, shopping or just for coffee! ' ) ( ' WEDNESDAY September 7 Mon, Sept 12th 23:05 Michael Clayton A `fixer' at a corporate law firm faces the biggest challenge of his career when a guiltridden attorney has a breakdown during a class-action lawsuit. Stars George Clooney FILM Fri, Sept 9th 00:35 The Lives of the Saints Mr Karva runs a shady little empire in North London. His stepson, Othello, has ambitions to take over and Othello's cowardly friend, Emilio, has ambitions of his own. However, when a small child is found some strange things start to happen. FILM Sun, Sept 11th 22:45 Sixty Six A young Jewish boy fears disaster when his bar mitzvah is scheduled for the same day as England take on Germany in the 1966 World Cup final. FILM Fri, Sept 9th 23:05 Aliens Futuristic marines are sent to eradicate the deadly `xenomorphs' which are blamed when contact is lost with a space outpost. As the sole survivor of the first encounter, Ripley is assigned to lead the platoon of marines. FILM Sun, Sept 11th 23:00 Once Upon a Time in Mexico Druglord Barillo is planning to kill the Mexican president and take control himself, so oddball CIA agent Sands recruits deadly musician El Mariachi to foil the coup. Mariachi has been in retirement since the deaths of his wife and daughter and is unwilling to kill again, but.... FILM Face/Oﬀ Wed, Sept 7th 21:00 Sir Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly begin the ninth series of the celebrity dance contest with a special red carpet launch show. Fourteen brand new stars discover who their professional partners will be for the rest of the competition, and they all take to the dance floor for the very first time. Sat, Sept 10th 18.10 September 8 FRIDAY September 9th 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Operation Hospital Food with James Martin 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 School of Silence 16:30 Serious Explorers: Livingstone 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 National Treasures Live 20:00 Village SOS 21:00 Who Do You Think You Are? 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 The Lottery Draws 22:45 Live at the Apollo 23:30 Green Card 01:10 Weatherview 01:15 Watchdog 02:15 Bang Goes the Theory 02:45 Raymond Blanc's Kitchen Secrets 03:15 Country Tracks 04:10 Newsday 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Operation Hospital Food with James Martin 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Gimme a Break 16:30 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab: The Experiments 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Watchdog 21:00 Torchwood: Miracle Day 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Question Time 23:35 The Unbearable Lightness of Being 02:20 Holiday Weatherview 02:25 Panorama 02:55 Countryfile 03:55 Food Fighters 04:40 HARDtalk 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Operation Hospital Food with James Martin 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 16:30 Serious Explorers: Livingstone 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 A Question of Sport 21:00 Outnumbered 21:30 Would I Lie to You? 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 John Bishop's Britain 23:05 Mrs Brown's Boys 23:35 The Lottery Draws 23:45 Hart's War 01:40 Weatherview 01:45 Monty Halls' Great Irish Escape 02:45 Wonderstuﬀ 03:15 Saints and Scroungers 03:45 Antiques Road Trip 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:30 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:40 Kerwhizz 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:40 Waybuloo 11:00 In the Night Garden 11:30 The Daily Politics 13:00 See Hear 13:30 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Dragons' Den 20:00 The Natural World 21:00 Horizon 22:00 Have I Got Old News for You 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 The Secret War on Terror 00:20 The Tudors 01:15 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 08:25 Green Balloon Scrapbook 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:50 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Live: IAAF Diamond League Athletics 21:00 Adopting Abroad: Saira's Story 22:00 Mock the Week 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Conspiracy Files 00:20 The Tudors 01:15 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Coast 19:30 Gorillas Revisited with Sir David Attenborough 20:30 Gardeners' World 21:00 Digging for Britain 22:00 QI XL 22:30 Newsnight 23:35 The Secret World of Whitehall 00:35 The Lives of the Saints 02:10 BBC News 02:30 HARDtalk 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 20:00 Red or Black? 21:00 Coronation Street 21:30 Red or Black? 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Mystery Men 00:45 The Zone 02:50 ITV Nightscreen 04:05 Yu-Gi-Oh! 05:30 ITV Morning News 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Tonight 20:00 Red or Black? 21:00 Coronation Street 21:30 Red or Black? 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 The Jonathan Ross Show 23:35 Strictly Kosher 00:35 The Zone 02:35 British Touring Car Championships 03:50 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Live: World Cup Rugby 09:15 Live: World Cup Rugby 11:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Red or Black? 21:00 Coronation Street 21:30 Red or Black? 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 World Cup Rugby 23:35 Smile: This Was Candid Camera 00:30 The Zone 01:30 Live: World Cup Rugby 04:10 Live: World Cup Rugby 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 According to Jim 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Secret Millionaire USA 09:55 Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:10 Black Narcissus 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Location, Location, Location 21:00 Bin Laden: Inside the War Room 22:40 Shameless 23:45 Chris Moyles' Quiz Night 00:35 The Album Chart Show 00:50 4Play 01:05 The Album Chart Show 01:20 Basic 03:00 Hung 03:30 Smallville 06:00 The Treacle People 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 According to Jim 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Secret Millionaire USA 09:55 Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:10 Sainsbury's and Channel 4 Present... 13:15 Live: Channel 4 Racing 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Country House Rescue 21:00 The Killing 22:00 Undercover Boss USA 23:05 Seven Dwarves 00:05 4Play 00:25 Hollyoaks Music Show 00:50 4Play 01:05 Sounds from the Cities 01:30 Last Days 03:05 Brothers & Sisters 03:50 Smallville 04:30 Countdown 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:25 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 According to Jim 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Secret Millionaire USA 09:55 Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:10 Sainsbury's and Channel 4 Present... 13:15 Live: Channel 4 Racing 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:30 4thought.tv 19:35 First Cut 20:00 Come Dine with Me 21:00 The Million Pound Drop 22:30 Comedy Showcase 23:05 Aliens 01:55 My Name Is Earl 02:20 My Name Is Earl 02:45 The Real Housewives of New Jersey 03:30 Smallville 04:15 Countdown 07:05 The Little Princess 07:15 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Milkshake 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Celebrity Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 15:15 A Kiss at Midnight 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Garden ER 20:00 Emergency Bikers 21:00 Justin Lee Collins: Living Las Vegas 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 The Beat Goes On 23:55 Poker 00:55 Super Casino 03:55 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:10 HouseBusters 07:00 The Little Princess 07:10 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Celebrity Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 15:15 Accidental Friendship 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Meerkat Manor 20:00 Cowboy Builders 21:00 Celebrity Big Brother: The Story So Far 21:30 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 Super Casino 03:55 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:10 Cowboy Builders 05:00 Rough Guide to Cities 07:10 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 11:45 5 News Lunchtime 11:50 Celebrity Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 15:15 Incident in a Small Town 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 The Gadget Show 21:00 Celebrity Big Brother: The Winner's Story 21:30 Big Brother 23:00 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 One-Day International Cricket 00:55 Super Casino 04:05 Motorsport Mundial 04:30 Nick's Quest 19:00 The World's Strictest Parents 20:00 Junior Doctors: Your Life in Their Hands 20:55 Pop's Greatest Dance Crazes 21:00 Face/Oﬀ 23:10 Family Guy 23:55 American Dad 00:15 American Dad 00:40 Edinburgh Comedy Fest Live 2011 01:40 Edinburgh Comedy Fest Live 2011 02:35 The Real Hustle 03:05 Junior Doctors: Your Life in Their Hands 04:00 The World's Strictest Parents 05:00 The Real Hustle 05:30 SIGN OFF 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Don't Tell the Bride 21:00 9/11: Conspiracy Road Trip 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:10 Wilfred 00:30 9/11: Conspiracy Road Trip 01:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 02:00 The Real Hustle 02:30 Don't Tell the Bride 03:30 Sex, Lies and Gagging Orders 04:25 Don't Tell the Bride 05:25 SIGN OFF 19:00 Doctor Who 19:45 Doctor Who Confidential 20:00 9/11: Conspiracy Road Trip 21:00 Little Britain 21:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Him & Her 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 American Dad 00:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:00 Little Britain 01:30 Him & Her 02:00 World's Craziest Fools 02:30 Three at the Fringe 03:00 The Real Hustle 03:30 Doctor Who 04:10 Doctor Who Confidential WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the NOTE: Add 1 hour for Spanish viewing times. TUESDAY September 13th 06:00 Breakfast 10:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 11:30 Football Focus 12:00 BBC News 12:05 BBC London News 12:10 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 14:15 Live: Walker Cup Golf 16:30 Final Score 17:10 BBC News 17:20 BBC London News 17:25 Epic Win 18:10 Strictly Come Dancing 19:15 Doctor Who 20:00 The National Lottery: Secret Fortune 20:50 BBC News 21:10 BBC Proms 22:45 Match of the Day 00:05 The Football League Show 01:20 Weatherview 01:25 BBC News 01:30 Portrait of an Artist 02:00 BBC News 02:30 Dateline London 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Click 06:00 Breakfast 07:40 Match of the Day 09:00 The Andrew Marr Show 10:00 Sunday Morning Live 11:00 Country Tracks 12:00 BBC News 12:10 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 15:15 Britain Remembers September 11th 16:15 Songs of Praise 16:55 BBC News 17:15 BBC London News; Weather 17:25 Strictly Come Dancing 18:30 Nature's Miracle Babies 19:30 Countryfile 20:30 Inspector George Gently 22:00 BBC News 22:15 BBC London News; Weather 22:25 My Favourite Joke 22:55 Outnumbered 23:25 Sirens 00:55 Weatherview 01:00 Dragons' Den 02:00 Holby City 03:00 The Good Cook 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 04:30 HARDtalk 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 16:30 Horrible Histories 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Bang Goes the Theory 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Panorama 21:00 The Queen's Palaces 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 A Question of Sport 23:05 Michael Clayton 01:00 Weatherview 01:05 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 02:05 Food Fighters 02:50 Antiques Road Trip 03:35 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Gimme a Break 16:30 Barney's Latin America 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Holby City 21:00 The Body Farm 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The Bomb Squad 23:35 My Boyfriend the War Hero 00:35 Weatherview 00:40 Harry's Arctic Heroes 01:40 Can't Take It with You 02:40 Antiques Road Trip 03:25 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 06:00 Little Robots 06:10 Guess with Jess 06:20 Pinky Dinky Doo 06:35 Little Charley Bear 06:45 Rastamouse 07:00 Roar 07:30 Arthur 07:50 Dennis & Gnasher 08:05 Hounded 08:35 Splatalot 09:00 Live `n' Deadly 09:55 Dick & Dom Go Wild 10:25 League of Super Evil 10:40 Wolverine and the XMen 11:00 OOglies 11:15 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab: The Experiments 11:40 MOTD Kickabout 12:00 The Sky at Night 12:20 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 13:20 Escape to the Country 14:05 EastEnders Omnibus 16:00 Victorian Pharmacy 16:30 Live: Walker Cup Golf 18:15 Flog It! 19:00 Dad's Army 19:30 Live: BBC Proms 21:00 QI XL 21:45 Making of QI 22:45 QI 23:15 QI 23:45 QI 00:15 TOTP 2 Goes Disco! 01:45 Exiled 03:25 Pages from Ceefax 06:00 Little Robots 06:10 Guess with Jess 06:20 Pinky Dinky Doo 06:35 Little Charley Bear 06:45 Rastamouse 07:00 Roar 07:30 Arthur 07:55 Junior MasterChef 08:25 Bear Behaving Badly 08:45 Me and My Monsters 09:15 Jinx 09:35 Wingin' It 10:00 Something for the Weekend 11:30 Live: Walker Cup Golf 13:30 America Remembers September 11th 15:15 Live: Walker Cup Golf 18:00 Digging for Britain 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Operation Crossbow 21:00 World's Most Dangerous Roads 22:00 Match of the Day 2 23:00 Mock the Week 23:30 Two Days in Paris 01:05 Photographing Fairies 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:30 The Super League Show 04:00 Pages from Ceefax 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon Scrapbook 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Coast 20:00 University Challenge 20:30 Antiques Master 21:00 Dragons' Den 22:00 Shooting Stars 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 World's Most Dangerous Roads 00:20 Torchwood: Miracle Day 01:15 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon Scrapbook 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Dragons' Den 20:00 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 21:00 Hairy Bikers' Meals on Wheels 22:00 Never Mind the Buzzcocks 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Tootsie 01:10 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 06:40 Live: World Cup Rugby 09:00 Live: World Cup Rugby 12:00 ITV News and Weather 12:05 Corontion Street Omnibus 14:50 Johnny English 16:25 World Cup Rugby 17:40 London Tonight 17:50 ITV News and Weather 18:05 All Star Family Fortunes 19:00 Red or Black? 20:15 The X Factor 21:15 Red or Black? 21:45 The Jonathan Ross Show 22:45 ITV News and Weather 23:00 United 93 01:00 The Zone 03:20 Heist 04:10 Live: World Cup Rugby 06:30 Live: World Cup Rugby 09:10 IRB Rugby World Cup 12:00 ITV News and Weather 12:10 Funniest Ever You've Been Framed! 13:15 Survival: Tales from the Wild 14:15 The X Factor 15:15 Midsomer Murders 17:15 World Cup Rugby 18:30 London Tonight 18:45 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Holding Out for a Hero 20:00 The X Factor 21:00 Appropriate Adult 22:30 ITV News and Weather 22:45 Sixty Six 00:30 The Zone 02:05 Motorsport UK 03:00 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Little England 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Doc Martin 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 The Big Tease 00:10 Grimefighters 00:35 The Zone 02:40 UEFA Champions League Weekly 03:05 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Mayday Mayday 20:00 Missing Millions 21:00 71 Degrees North 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Land of the Dead 00:15 The Zone 02:20 Heist 03:10 Live: World Cup Rugby 06:55 Motorcycle Racing 07:25 British Formula 3 Motor Racing 07:55 The Morning Line 08:55 Hollyoaks Music Show 09:25 90210 10:20 Smallville 11:15 David Guetta's VIP Party! 11:50 The Simpsons 12:20 The Big Bang Theory 13:20 Road to London 2012: That Paralympic Show 13:55 Live: Channel 4 Racing 16:05 Sainsbury's Super Saturday 16:35 Come Dine with Me 17:05 Come Dine with Me 17:35 Come Dine with Me 18:10 Come Dine with Me 18:40 Come Dine with Me 19:10 Channel 4 News 19:40 4thought.tv 19:45 Bin Laden: Inside the War Room 21:15 The Million Pound Drop 22:40 Rhod Gilbert and the Cat That Looked Like Nicholas Lyndhurst 23:45 Sainsbury's Super Saturday 01:10 Garden State 02:50 Mesh 02:55 Mesh 03:00 3 Minute Wonder 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Mobil 1: The Grid 07:25 Fencing 07:55 One Tree Hill 08:50 Hollyoaks Omnibus 11:25 Ibiza Rocks with XBox Kinect 11:40 Sainsbury's Super Saturday 13:10 Around the World in 80 Days 15:30 The Simpsons 16:05 The Simpsons 16:35 Deal or No Deal 17:35 4thought.tv 17:40 Channel 4 News 18:10 Journey to the Center of the Earth 20:00 Back from the Dead 21:00 Children of 9/11 22:35 World Trade Center 01:00 Live: American Football 04:45 Wogan's Perfect Recall 06:00 The Treacle People 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Secret Millionaire USA 09:55 Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 This Happy Breed 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Dispatches 21:00 Embarrassing Bodies 22:00 Rude Tube 23:10 Coming Up 23:45 Comedy Showcase 00:15 4Play 00:30 Rockfeedback Presents 00:50 WWI: Finding the Lost Battalions 02:20 Not Forgotten 03:15 Atlantic Convoys: The War at Sea 04:10 Smallville 06:15 The Hoobs 06:40 The Hoobs 07:05 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:25 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:50 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 The Secret Supper Club 13:30 Comanche 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Inside Nature's Giants 21:00 Seven Dwarves 22:00 Shameless 23:05 True Blood 00:10 Poker's Million Dollar Girl 01:10 Sailing: Americas Cup Uncovered 01:35 KOTV 02:00 Fencing 02:30 Freesports on 4 02:55 Mobil 1: The Grid 03:20 Beach Volleyball 07:05 Milkshake Monkey 07:10 The Save-Ums! 07:25 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 08:00 The Little Princess 08:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:10 The Mr Men Show 09:25 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Animal Families 10:05 Meerkat Manor 10:35 The Gadget Show 11:35 Big Brother 13:05 Calamity Jane 15:05 Chief Crazy Horse 16:45 White Hunter, Black Heart 19:00 5 News Weekend 19:05 Law & Order 19:55 NCIS 20:50 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 21:45 Big Brother 22:45 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:40 Forensic Files 00:10 Super Casino 04:05 The FBI Files 04:50 Chinese Food in Minutes 07:05 Roobarb and Custard Too 07:10 The Save-Ums! 07:25 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 07:55 The Little Princess 08:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:25 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:10 The Mr Men Show 09:25 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Animal Families 10:00 Garden ER 10:30 Mexican Food Made Simple 11:00 Cowboy Builders 12:00 Big Brother 13:00 Murder by Death 14:50 Big Fish 17:10 Beetlejuice 19:00 One-Day International Cricket 20:00 Five News 20:05 Vantage Point 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Once Upon a Time in Mexico 01:00 Super Casino 03:55 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:10 Great Scientists 04:35 Divine Designs 07:10 The Mr Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:15 The Circuit 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 How Do They Do It? 20:00 Royal Navy: Submarine Mission 21:00 Soho Blues 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 Grey's Anatomy 00:50 Inside Hollywood 01:00 Super Casino 03:50 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:05 HouseBusters 04:30 HouseBusters 07:10 The Mr Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:15 Mind Over Murder 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Chinese Food in Minutes 20:00 Revealed... 21:00 CSI: Miami 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:55 CSI: NY 00:45 Forensic Files 01:15 Super Casino 03:50 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:05 HouseBusters 04:35 HouseBusters 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Doctor Who Confidential 20:45 World's Craziest Fools 21:15 Face/Oﬀ 23:25 Family Guy 23:45 Family Guy 00:10 American Dad 00:30 American Dad 00:55 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:25 Sex, Lies and Gagging Orders 02:25 World's Craziest Fools 02:55 Three at the Fringe 03:25 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 03:55 Three at the Fringe 04:25 Sex, Lies and Gagging Orders 05:25 SIGN OFF 19:00 Formula 1 Motor Racing 20:00 The World's Strictest Parents 21:00 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 22:00 Family Guy 22:45 American Dad 23:30 Wilfred 23:50 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 00:50 The Real Hustle 01:20 Jamelia: Shame about Single Mums 02:20 Three at the Fringe 02:50 The World's Strictest Parents 03:50 The Real Hustle 04:20 Jamelia: Shame about Single Mums 05:20 SIGN OFF 19:00 Don't Tell the Bride 20:00 Snog Marry Avoid? 20:30 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 21:00 Britain's Youngest Undertaker 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Three at the Fringe 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 Britain's Youngest Undertaker 00:45 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 01:15 Three at the Fringe 01:45 Don't Tell the Bride 02:45 Snog Marry Avoid? 03:15 Sex, Lies and Gagging Orders 04:15 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 05:15 SIGN OFF 19:00 Total Wipeout 20:00 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 21:00 Don't Tell the Bride 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Wilfred 22:50 Family Guy 23:10 Family Guy 23:35 Don't Tell the Bride 00:35 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 01:35 Wilfred 01:55 Britain's Youngest Undertaker 02:55 Three at the Fringe 03:25 Three at the Fringe 03:55 Total Wipeout 04:55 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 05:25 SIGN OFF WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Take a break TARGET PUZZLE SUDOKU by Papocom Fill in the grid so that every row, every column and every 3 x 3 grid contains the digits 1 through 9. With no repeats, that means that no number is repeated in any row, column or box. Level: Level: MEDIUM HARD See how many words of four or more letters you can make from the given nine letters. In making a word each letter may be used only once. The key letter must be used in each word. H R I C EM T Y S NO S I DU E H C Target 1-3 Poor 4-9 Average 10-17 Good 18-19 Excellent 1-3 Poor 4-9 Average 10-17 Good 18-19 Excellent The following are not allowed: - Words beginning with a capital letter - Words with a hyphen or apostrophe - Plural words ending in “s” The 9-letter word CHEMISTRY Across Down 1. Town centre transport system, maybe? (4,3,4) 9. In biological factor turn to artless actress. (7) 10. One of a lawfully selected twelve. (5) 11. I had preceded a vegetated condition. (5) 12. Gig also performed in galleries. (7) 13. Murmers something about mister thus. (6) 15. Stern cannon positioned for gaunt fellow to use. (3,3) 18. Rerun production in flowing style. (7) 20. Latin music played in a plectrum ballad rhythm. (5) 22. Tolerated home accommodation. (5) 23. Yarrow plant secreting oil film. (7) 24. If at first you don’t succeed, give up? Not at all said Burns. (3,3,5) 2. Glean example from heavenly messenger. (5) 3. Empire of majesty and state. (7) 4. Provoke point of demand that the French request. (6) 5. Rearrange in a factory or plant. (5) 6. Fifty one with grand ideas about my loved one. (7) 7. Governmental or clerical dress before den retreat. (11) 8. Gift of an eﬃcient display but seemingly modest. (11) 14. Ill-will shown toward Tehran courier. (7) 16. Golfers cry to support of either equines front limb. (7) 17. By way of Birmingham on an Australian horse. (6) 19. Inter acquiescent dull idler. (5) 21. New Zealand race expression. (5) 1 22 21 4. Elizabeth Taylor made a fortune from what business aside from acting: Horse breeding; Limousine hire; Perfume; or Vegetarian cookbooks? 23 5. How many senators make up the US Senate? 24 1 Down 1. Depressed - feathers (4) 3. Making negative judgments (8) 8. Additional (4) 9. Withdraw opinion or claim (4,4) 11. Inflammation of the windpipe (10) 14. Sexually mature (6) 15. Look through thoroughly (6) 17. Unprovoked attack (10) 20. Pipework (8) 21. Drop (4) 22. Cross (8) 23. Close - stingy (4) 1. Dough ball cooked in stew (8) 2. (Closet for) clothes (8) 4. Person moving and setting up band's equipment (6) 5. Relax (4,2,4) 6. Expanded part of bird's throat (4) 7. Period before Easter (4) 10. Not qualified - lie in bilge (anag) (10) 12. Water land by means of ditches etc (8) 13. Dealer in specialized merchandise (8) 16. Man's swimming costume (6) 18. Slight argument (4) 19. Distinctive air (4) Quick 22 23 10. In the Netherlands in 1932 Adriaan Van Well founded which acronymic international grocery chain business, represented by a fir-tree logo? SOLUTION FOR QUIZ 15. search 17. aggression 20. plumbing 21. fall 22. traverse 23. near 1. down 3. critical 8. more 9. back down 11. laryngitis 14. nubile 15. aft gun 18. runnier 20. rumba 22. abode 23. milfoil 24. try, try, again 1. park and ride 9. ingenue 10. juror 11. idled 12. loggias 13. thrums Across 1. dumpling 2. wardrobe 4. roadie 5. take it easy 6. crop 7. lent 2. angel 3. kingdom 4. needle 5. rejig 6. darling 7. ministerial Down 6. A Novocastrian, is a native of which English and Australian cities? 9 SOLUTION FOR CRYPTIC / QUICK CROSSWORD 7 18 1. In Japan, the high-speed Shinkansen train is better known by what name? 1. Bullet Train 2. Gout 3. Henry VIII 4. Perfume 5. 100 6. Newcastle 7. Reminiscence 8. The Tate Modern 9. Oscar Wilde 10. SPAR Cryptic ‘General knowledge’ QUIZ CROSSWORD 10. ineligible 12. irrigate 13. chandler 16. trunks 18. spat 19. aura 8. presentable 14. rancour 16. foreleg 17. brumby 19. inert 21. Maori WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the “THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR VIEWS Send letters to the editor as part of an e-mail text to [email protected] Jag Hagelen Always a pleasure to read your Wickham’s World column on page 2. I would like to contribute to your comments a couple of weeks ago about diesel prices. I live in the Mijas Pueblo area so I know a little bit what is going on here. Just to share this information with your readers. The cheapest petrol station is Petroleros Mijas, Poligono Molino de Viento, Mijas Costa. Coming from Fuengirola take Mijas Pueblo the exit towards the Miramar Commercial Centre, pass Iceland, pass the Miramar petrol station, second roundabout to the right and back at the next roundabout taking the slip road. Next is of course the Miramar petrol station. On the Carretera de Mijas one will find the GALP petrol station and its shop called Tangerina (like all of them). Other GALP stations are in Los Pacos, Fuengirola, taking the British Vice Consul You may be interested to know of some important changes which are about to take place. As from September 1st 2011 all passports processed by the Madrid Regional Passport Centre will be printed in the UK and dispatched from there directly to the customer. This is part of a wider project which aims to repatriate all passport work to the UK by 01.04.2013. The changes are explained on the website. http://ukinspain.fco.gov.uk/en /help-for-britishnationals/passports/how-toapply/spain The basic message is that until I realise that you have many British readers who enquire For the fourth time in almost as many weeks the town water pipe is leaking all down the camino hill in La Carreta. Having had some areas with no water at all for six weeks recently, it seems to me that this situation is absolutely barking. Every so often we have to pay for the hill to be redone due to the amount of heavy lorries people have going up and down to do illegal building – and yes, I’m talking about all nationalities – but this time it’s being washed away by the river of water going down it. Funny thing is that the fontanera from the town hall also lives down there so, why he can’t fix it, who knows? Maybe it’s the latest job creation scheme and a neighbour informed me this morning that they will repair Editor says: Thanks for this. I don’t see why anybody should pay over the odds for fuel and this week, Gibraltar’s National Week, Morrisons are taking 6 pence a litre off if you spend £50 in their store! about passports and that it’s important to be aware of any significant changes. Editor says: I have spoken with the consulate and the idea is that this should cut down considerably on the possibility of identity theft once everything is done from one source which is obviously a good thing. However, Pete from Woody’s in Los Boliches will still be there to help you out with any renewals and I always get him to do mine – much more reliable than doing it yourself and finding your photo is rejected for one reason or another! Call him on 952 471 877 for more info. by email the town pipes – which is what they are before they get to our meters – if we pay between two and three thousand euros! She also told me that they intend to cut our water off after Thursday so I shall be going home this evening to make sure all the washing’s done and that we have plenty in the tank and stored in bottles in case they cut us off for the six weeks the people above us were off for. It can’t be that the pipes are full of “cal” as they told the people before as they’ve already had the pipes repaired on a number of occasions and one would think that, if they had any intelligence at all, they would have noticed then if the pipes were bad. Oh for a plumber who knows what he’s doing! All it takes is a couple of pairs of Stilsons, a bit of pipe and Stargazing By Ken Campbell If you would like to be kept up to date or take part in any of the events then go to www.kencampbell.info Well, I hope this information is useful. British Embassy, Madrid April 2013, customers from the countries we serve will continue to apply to Madrid. They will receive their new passport directly from the UK while any supporting documentation will be returned to them from Madrid. There is a flat courier fee of €24 which covers both shipments. It is expected that newly printed passports will be dispatched from the UK within 48 hours of the moment the application is validated. The new service has been rolled out in five other regions and, to date, is working well. Pamela Edwards exit to Benalmadena Costa and after that follow the signs to Los Pacos and at the exit of the A7 Motorway to Arroyo de la Miel. maybe a couple of joints – I know this and I’m a “girlie” so why the officials seem to find it so hard I have no idea! Editor says: Not again! I live in that area as everyone knows and it’s beginning to get beyond a joke. I, too, shall be checking my deposito to make sure it’s full up! CENTRO DE IDIOMAS COIN Book 3 available now! 952 45 07 47 [email protected] www. cslspain.com You can now buy Valerie’s books online from her website, Woody’s Bookshop, David’s Books & The News office in Coin Astronomy or Astrology? I wish I had a pound for every time someone has asked me if I was an astrologer! A stronomy and astrology are two different sides of the same coin but are really as different as heads or tails. Everybody at some time or another has read their ‘stars’ in the newspapers and we are all familiar with our own individual star signs be they Virgo, Gemini, Taurus, Leo etc. But how many people realise that these are all real constellations in the sky? S ince the beginning of time humans have looked up at the moon, planets and stars and with no better understanding or explanation as to what they could possibly be they became wrapped in stories and myths. It was also presumed that they must have some supernatural influence on people’s lives. Probably one of the first things that ancient man noticed about the stars what that at different times of the year as the earth went around the sun different stars were visible. And that the sun, the moon plus the five ‘wandering stars’ – which we now know are planets– moved across the sky in a very narrow band. This narrow band is called the ecliptic and with super imagination twelve different constellations were picked out inside the ecliptic and were christened the zodiac. Although I must say that most of them do need a great deal of imagination to recognise what they are meant to represent! I t was believed that where the sun was in relation to the signs of the zodiac on the day that you were born would have an influence on your personal traits and how your life would pan out. Also that the position of the stars could have an outcome on events that were about to happen. And so people who could study the movements of the stars and planets became in great demand by rulers of nations to help them predict forthcoming events. Virtually every nation had their own Royal Astrologer on hand to help with important decisions. Many historical leaders from Alexander the Great to Herr Hitler relied heavily on astrology for their forward planning. And when Halley’s comet appeared in 1066 it was deemed to be a clear omen to William to set about on his conquest of Britain. Well you win some you lose some! S ome astrologers expanded on their work and studied the sky with great accuracy and so serious astronomy was born, as in-depth complicated mathematical calculations were needed to measure the movements of the moon or a certain planet for a particular date. Today the Astronomer Royal has replaced the Royal Astrologer and Martin Rees now fills that position in the UK. F or people who attach importance to their own individual birth signs then unfortunately there is some bad news for you. The original signs of the zodiac and the dates they are meant to cover were invented thousands of years ago. But because of movements in the earth’s orbit known as precession then the star sign that you believe is yours is almost certainly NOT the constellation where the sun was on the day you were born. Whenever I hold a star party I always end the evening by asking folk for their date of birth and which star sign they think is theirs. Then by using a computer program showing exactly where the sun was on the day that they were born I am able to tell them what their true star sign really is. If anyone would like to know his or her true star sign then simply email your birth date to me at [email protected]. V isit www.kencampell.info to learn more. WEDnESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Classifieds BUSInESS OPPS CARPEnTERS COOLFLOW The Air Conditioning Specialists. Installations, servicing and repairs to all makes and models. Special oﬀers available. Call Ian 678491234, Established 9 (141)tnp years on the coast. ---------------------------------------------KOLDAIR Supplying and fitting Europe’s best airconditioners at Spain’s lowest Prices. 605428307 . (0)tnf See advert on page 3 BUSY Cafe Bar in Sol’y’Mar area Los Porches, Benalmadena Costa. Two terraces, one enclosed. Family run for 6 years, genuine reason for (0)ghf sale. 952964753 KITCHEn & bathroom reforms, special oﬀer on water heaters. See our main ad under plumbing and (gh) phone Chris 652665380 CARPEnTER / cabinet maker. Kitchens, wardrobes, small plumbing jobs, painting, tiling, furniture repairs, call Brian (143)tnp 699237828 ---------------------------------------------CUSTOM made furniture and specialist carpentry services. Portfolio available. Stuart 635878116 or email: [email protected] (146)tnp CARS & vAnS CLASSES WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. (0)ascf 609709466 ---------------------------------------------BEnTLEY year 2000, immaculate, full spec, Spanish plates. €48,000 (0)uvef Call 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE Carrera S. Perfect,year 2007. €55,000 Call 609709466 (0)uvef ---------------------------------------------BMW 735i Year 1999. Full M Spec. Beautiful car. €6,950 Call (0)uve 609709466 --------------------------------------------DISPOSE of your car, van, etc. Legally oﬃcial papers. Free. 626950734 (144)atp SEMI InTEnSIvE SPAnISH courses for adults. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, Email: [email protected] (0)tnf www.cslspain.com ---------------------------------------------CHILDREnS Spanish Courses. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, c s l @ c s l s p a i n . c o m , (0)tnf www.cslspain.com ---------------------------------------------PLACE An AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works! Call 952454491 or email [email protected] (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------gOLDEn OLDIES Spanish Courses, Tuesdays and Thursdays, El Rodeo, Coin. For more information Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, Email: [email protected], (0)tnf www.cslspain.com air conditioning Servicing & repairS by panaSonic accredited technicianS top quality installations from €595 coin meters to control electric consumption €300 no obligation quotations and advice - all makes contact Lynne or alison in the airflow offices tel: 952 443 222 [email protected] AIRFLOW Air conditioning, servicing and repairs, oﬃcial Panasonic Centre. No obligation quotations and advice - all makes. Contact Lynne or Alison on 952443222, (0)tnf [email protected] ---------------------------------------------AIRCOnDITIOnIng with heating units. Supplied and professionally installed. €395. 697388449 / 951160490 www.solarsunlite.com (146)tnp AIRPORT PARKIng BUSInESS EQUIPMEnT BUILDIng SERvICES Moving back to the UK? My long wheelbase Ford Transit diesel van is for sale. UK plates. Good condition. €1500 ono call Gordon on 636 198 664 MERCEDES E220 CDi 2002 full / panoramic sunroof, black, nav, Spanish plates, €14.950. Call (0)uvef 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE 911 Carrera 4 Cabriolet, 1990 (model 964), mint condition, in red. Soon to be a classic. €28,750 No time wasters please. (141)plcf Tel: 609461591 ---------------------------------------------TOYOTA Landcruiser D4D, 2003, slate grey, 115,000kms, immaculate condition . Valued €15,000, bargain at €12,200. 654396651 (0)kwf --------------------------------------------UnWAnTED cars, vans. Wanted dead or alive. removed free 616835755 (145)atp INTERNATIONAL ● All Categories ● Valid Worldwide ● Fast Delivery 610 868 748 --------------------------------------------- CAR REPAIRS BRITISH MOBILE MECHAnICS Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 (142)p www.mbcmechanics.com For all your ADvERTISIng needs call Geoﬀ on 622 050 409 EuropEan School of aStrological and QabaliStic StudiES Enjoy learning Astrology, in local small classes or online, whether for self-knowledge, fun, or to acquire a Diploma qualification. Contact Cathy Stronach (Astrologer for The News), MAAT astro.dip at [email protected] or call 666605944 for more information. MR MULTI KLEAn - Professional Window Cleaning, marble floor polishing and carpet & upholstery cleaning. Best price and service. (140)cntp Call Andy on 606590728 ---------------------------------------------CLEAnERS Residential and commercial. Established 2006 in Spain. 10 years in UK. 665269966 (0)gh ---------------------------------------------UPHOLSTERY and steam cleaning, sofas, carpets etc. J A Cleaning (142)p Services 626357955 ---------------------------------------------WInDOW CLEAnERS Husband and (0)tnf wife team. 691140427 ---------------------------------------------CLEAnIng lady oﬀers services in Coin. €7 an hour. Excellent references. (0)mpf Call 678847146 for more info COMPUTERS TONI ’S FIRST IN CARDS 15 minutes for €10! FUENGIROLA Greetings Cards €1 each buy 5 get 1 free (no appointment necessary) Probably the best €10 you will ever spend on yourself! 627 428 161 Plaza Olé, Benalmadena Costa (behind Barclays Bank) COMPUTER Helpline. Desktops, laptops repaired, upgraded. New and used supplied. Internet, email problems solved. 952564274, (140)tnp 677702501 ---------------------------------------------COIn Computer Services. All repairs, virus removal, upgrades, Broadband. Laptop repairs. (144)tnp 951047292, 676909418 ---------------------------------------------LAPTOPS and all computers, sales, repairs, upgrades etc., and oﬃce equipment repairs. Oﬃce Lines (Freddy Smith), Diana Centre, Km (142)gp 168, N340. 952880654 ---------------------------------------------PC DOCTOR desktop and laptop repair centre. Sales and upgrades. ADSL from €20 per month. Full range of internet, Telefonica and Telecom services. Anti-virus program €50 per year. We cover the coast. Certified and bilingual technicians. Call sales 952591071 (0)pwf Support 807488440 ---------------------------------------------- DECORATORS WAnT the best? nº 1 on the coast for painting & decorating. Call nick at Decor8. All aspects no problem. 678889933/952939561 (140)tnp www.decor8.es ---------------------------------------------PAInTIng decorating, plastering, tiling - the complete finish by (153)p tradesmen. 634355214 DOMESTIC APPLIAnCES WASHIng machine repairs, fast, reliable service. All work guaranteed. Also sales from €70. Can deliver. (151)pwp Call Joe 686271836 ELECTRICIAnS CLEAnIng SERvICES TREAT YOURSELF to an organic FISH PEDICURE ELECTRICIAn 16th Edition BS7671 qualified, apprentice trained, 24 years experience. Rewires, extra sockets, lights, fault finding etc. www.electriciancostadelsol.com Contact me by email at [email protected] or (167)tnp call Ian 650151569 FLOOR POLISHIng MARBLE Floor Polishing (€2.50 m2) Why pay more? We clean, then crystalize and polish to a high gloss, non slip. Professional fast services. Cover all Costa. 14 years (140)pwp experience. 671244683 ---------------------------------------------MARBLE polishing, crystallizing, lasting, high shine. Regrinding, restoration of salty, dead floors. (146)pwp Cyril 645840199 HEALTH & BEAUTY See our MAIN ADVERT on PAGE 5 952 917 164 [email protected] HAIRDRESSIng Mobile hairdresser, over 15 years experience, all aspects. Telephone (142)tnp Janet 645037335 ---------------------------------------------gILLIAn your friendly mobile hairdresser for the elderly. Specialist in perms, sets, colours and blow-drys. Good rates. All products supplied unless advised (152)tnp otherwise. 635261483 ---------------------------------------------FULLY equipped beauty therapy / massage room in an established health and wellbeing centre. Benalmadena Costa front line. Rent €70 per week inclusive. Call (139)tnghp 691771586 ---------------------------------------------PLACE An AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works! Call us on 952454491 (f ) HUGE SELECTION OF CARDS AND GIFTS FOR ALL OCCASIONS CRAFTERS CORNER all you need for SCRAPBOOKS AND CARD-MAKING. Tarot readings with Crystal Clear Anne in store Monday, Wednesday & Friday Offex to the UK and Worldwide. Mon - Fri 10.00 - 2.00 pm Sat 10.30 - 2.00 pm 679 017 127 Fuengirola BUS STN HIRE SERvICES LOCKSMITHS www.mobilityabroadspain.com Providing Mobility Solutions since 2001. Mobility scooters, Wheelchairs, walking, Bathing, Mobility aids - Sale & Hire service. Delivered to you when you need it. (151)fgh Tel:952447764 LOCKSMITH Emergency / Appointment. Doors opened without damage, locks changed, patio doors and windows secured. 24 hour honest, fast and reliable service. Call Paul 657466803 (163)tnp HOUSE CLEARAnCES HOUSE Clearances. Full or part. Fast and eﬃcient service. (161)tnp 628239174, 628564634 SALES InSURAnCES HOME InSURAnCE - 100% cover for all eventualities. Our policies include: Subsidence, Landslip and Heave. Accidental damage to both buildings and contents. Worldwide All Risks on your personal possessions (including jewellery). Cash inside and outside your home and much more. We can also arrange insurance for: Motor - Travel - Health - Business - Liability. PRESTIGE INSURANCE CONSULTANTS Tel/Fax: 952453873 Mob. 667982418 www.prestige-insurance.com (143)tnp InvESTMEnTS InvESTOR wanted for high profile media company wishing to expand successful business. Call 661114070 for more detailed (140)p information. LOAnS FULLY LICENSED PAWNBROKER FULLY LICENSED GOLD DEALER FULLY LICENSED JEWELLERS SERVICING THE PUBLIC AND TRADE ALIKE. EST 1983 WHERE ??????? ANTHONYS DIAMONDS AVDA. RAMON Y CAJAL 40 FUENGIROLA, MALAGA 29640 952588795 / 609529633 [email protected] Sundays 10.00am - 2.00pm Only limited space available OPEN 52 WEEKS OF THE YEAR 647 647 637 3 DOUBLE glass fronted bottle fridges, also 2 singles - Like new! 1 ice maker suitable for bar or restaurant. 1 nice, undercounter freezer. Also upright fridge and undercounter fridge. new condition. 636198664 (140)tnp ---------------------------------------------AvAILABLE for roads, tracks, car parks etc., 300 ton crushed concrete. very good material for sub-base can be supplied laid & rolled For a good, free quote in English ring 637179373 or for your quote in Spanish 673250707. (150)tnp ---------------------------------------------CAR BOOTSALE hipodromo racecourse. Every Sunday 9 to 2. Hard standing 654144414 (146) 651585862 ---------------------------------------------CAR BOOT SALE - Hipodromo Racecourse every Sunday 9am 2pm. Hard standing. 654144414, (146)tnp 651585862 WAnTS BOOT SALE items, tools, electrical, paperbacks, household, china etc. Top prices paid. 607780648 (139)catp ---------------------------------------------WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. 609709466(140)asp WEDnESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the MOTOR CYCLES Complete Furniture packages HARLEY DAvIDSOn Rocker C, 2008, only 3,500km, hardly used, seat conversion for two seats and backrest, alternative exhaust. Lots of new chrome. Perfect. €18,750 (139)plcf Tel: 609461591 From 2999€ to 11K MOBILITY www.mobilityabroadspain.com Mobility Scooters, Wheelchairs, Walking, Bathing, Mobility aids Sales & Hire Tel:952447764 (148)fgh PETS & AnIMALS Call 951 913 483 www.thefurniturepackagecompany.com PROPERTY FOR SALE (&$ &(' #%& ! & METS DOg training club. Fuengirola Glyn 605121831, Ken 627851379. Torre del Mar Colin 606616308(150)pwp ---------------------------------------------LAgUnA Kennels and cosy cattery. Five star facilities, fully tiled quarters with airconditioning. Your pets lovingly cared for by English mother and daughter. Near Coin. (148)tnp 952112021 / 606838983 ---------------------------------------------EXPORT Specialists. Cat and Dog World Kennels. 952112978, (136)p 630197435 ---------------------------------------------LUXURY professional kennels, Cat and Dog World. Fully licensed. Cheap collection service. Viewing welcome. www.cat-and-dog-world.com (136)p 952112978 / 630197435 ---------------------------------------------EQUInE veterinary specialists costa del sol emergency 24hs www.serveq.es Tel: 647146284 (140)tnp ---------------------------------------------PROBLEMS? David the Dogman from Estepona to Fuengirola (0)tnf 952883388 / 610868748 ---------------------------------------------CATS & KITTEnS – We have a good selection of all types of cats desperate for a loving home. Tel: 626942427. Visit our website: www.animals-in-distress.eu (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------BERnARD – neutered, I was born February 2010. Thrown out of a car in La Trocha car park, Coin. I am a lovely boy and in the past I have been beaten and left to fend for myself in a finca. I need an understanding owner and one on one training. I am OK with older children. I am castrated, vaccinated and micro chipped. Tel 626942427. www.animals-in(140)tnf distress.eu ---------------------------------------------vP. Born 10th April 2006 - My previous owner died and I have now been in the refuge for far too long. I am a great family dog with lots of character, however, I am not keen on cats. I walk lovely on the lead. 626942427. Visit our website at www.animals-in-distress.eu ---------------------------------------------KAISER - Born 6th March 2008. I am a very cute and friendly small dog with a great personality. I get on well with other dogs and walk nicely on the lead. 626942427. Visit our website www.animals-indistress.eu PLUMBIng SCOTT FORBES the Plumber. All work guaranteed. 20 years British Gas experience (0) 652665410 SpeCiaL oFFeR!!! Fully installed from only 200€ Free advice & estimates on all plumbing works Call Chris on 652 665 380 PROPERTY FInDER. Access to “below market value properties”, repossessions and refurbishments. Housing stock throughout the UK. Combined services available, tailored finance, conveyancing, refurbishment packages, tenant sourcing. Suitable for investment, repatriation and individual needs, block purchases available. Call Carla on 687921481 for an informal chat or email at (rhf) [email protected] ---------------------------------------------REDUCED ALHAURIn gRAnDE 4 bedroom house. €199,000 Details from www.costa-campo.com or (153)p Owner 634355214 ---------------------------------------------COIn TOWn CEnTRE. Lovely large house with potential for B&B. 5 bedrooms, 3.5 bathrooms. Reduced €229,000 negotiable. BARgAIn (139)p 685407610 ---------------------------------------------COIn Legal Country Home. 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, private pool, 1,600m2 irrigated garden. Secure fencing, main services, phone and Sky. Reduced to €250,000. (140)tnp 952455269, 689368014 ---------------------------------------------MULA, MURCIA The new Paramount theme park is going to be opening so get in now to get the holiday crowds bookings with this home and business opportunity. HOUSE 1 consists of 3 bedrooms, 2 reception rooms, kitchen, bathroom, courtyard and roof terrace. Fully rewired. House 2 has 4 bedrooms, 2 receptions plus cave room for wine, kitchen, bathroom. courtyard and huge roof terrace. HOUSE 2 needs total refurbishment but is structurally sound and would yield in the region of €700 per week for holiday rental income when done up. Mula is also known for its hot spring baths. Price for both houses is €125,000. Don’t miss out on this great opportunity! Tel: 661114 070 TO REnT www.GApp-propErTiEs.CoM LonG LETs Studio Minerva pool British TV w/machine 330€month Modern 1 bed apt close to Arroyo station Sat TV no pool 400€ / m 2 bed 2 bath Paloma Park Sat TV Pool parking 600€month 3bed Arroyo centre no pool or parking 550€month 2 bed 1 bath Jardines de Gamonal parking free Sept 550€month 3 bed El Pinillo pool Sat TV sunny terrace 650€month MAnY MORE PROPERTIES AvAILABLE, TOO MAnY TO LIST WE ALSO DO HOLIDAY LETS, jUST ASK FOR PAT REnTAL PROPERTIES URgEnTLY REQUIRED In jUPITER AnD MInERvA Avenida Gamonal, Local 9, Edificio Jupiter, 29631 Arroyo de la Miel, Malaga Tel: (0034) 952 57 40 51 (0034) 952 57 77 51 Fax: (0034) 952 44 26 51 [email protected] LOng TERM Rentals, super prices, no commissions, apartments, townhouses, villas, fincas, coast and (127)p inland. 679111522 PROPERTY vALUATIOnS PROPERTY Valuation in your language. Flat rates. Call Patrick 616672211 or 952417095 (oﬃce (143)p hours). [email protected] REMOvALS & STORAgE FREnCH POLISHIng repairs, restoration etc. Restore your valuable furniture to its former glory. 647579519 / 952119190 (144)p --------------------------------------------COIn WInDOWS We make aluminium windows, doors and mosquito screens, also supply and fit sun canopies, blinds, shower screens, etc. Spanish owned business. Call Lisa Marie (148)tnp 646066351 SOLAR water heating. Repairs, sales, design, servicing, maintenance, decalcifying. Reasonable prices. Very experienced. 697388449 / 951160490 (146)tnp www.solarsunlite.com WInDOWS " !!! ALL STYLES curtains, upholstery, soft furnishings and bean bags made to measure. Sensible prices. Also repairs/alterations. All areas. Call 678910117 or email [email protected] (139)tnp SITUATIOnS vACAnT # (*,$)) ! ! (&$ &(' #%& & REMOVALS & STORAGE Under New Management!!! Competitive rates For a stress free move call: 679 128 617 or email: [email protected] UnIOn jACK Removals (The Original) See main advert on front (0)p page. 90210956 ---------------------------------------------REMOvALS Man and large van. Experienced. From €20 per hour. Extra help available. 619604114 (140)p ---------------------------------------------CHEAP as Chips. Van and man removals, anywhere, anytime. (141)bfp 635253549 ---------------------------------------------vAn SPAIn-UK-PORTUgAL Regular deliveries - full/part loads. Competitive rates, honest and reliable. 25 years on the coast. Contact Dave on 952724698, 610686273 or email at (141)tnp [email protected] ---------------------------------------------W W W. S PA I n U K S PA I n . CO M Vehicle leaving Spain on 9th, 19th 28th of each month, returning 10th, 20th, 29th of each month. Prices from £80 per cubic metre. Cars £495, bikes £250, dogs £395, cats £295. 952160096 / 665150227 (144)p SERvICES R E F R I g E R A T I O n / airconditioning. Same day repair specialist. Fridges, displays, bottle (146)tnp coolers etc. 627769969 Adverts Editorial Local Events Tel 952 471 877 advertising agents for THE EWS N Classified or Display Adverts SALOn vARIETES THEATRE Fuengirola is urgently looking for volunteers to assist in all aspects of backstage work - set building, painting, scene shifting, props, costumes etc. for more details or if you think you can help out in any way - even if you only have a few hours a week to spare - please contact Lyn on 952452258 (141)tnf ---------------------------------------------EXPERIEnCED telesales staﬀ required. Must be enthusiastic and highly motivated. Full or part time hours. High earning potential. Based in Coin. For more details and to arrange an interview call 622050409 ---------------------------------------------SALES STAFF wanted - Marbella to gibraltar. great rates of commission. Must have proven sales record and speak Spanish and English. Call 622050409 Tv, vIDEO & DvD SKY in the campo. Realignments, dishes, boxes. Ardales, Coin, Monda, (145)gh Alora, Mijas 691097059 !" Call our classifieds help-line on 952 45 44 41 WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 30 n Sports & Motors Motors Flash Motors Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Citroen to unveil futuristic minivan Citroen will present the futuristic Tubik concept, a nine-seat hybrid minivan, at this month's Frankfurt auto show. The brand says the study is based on the idea that travel should be fun.The concept offers passengers a lounge-style area behind the driving compartment, with modular seating that can be arranged centrally around a table or moved to take advantage of a large multimedia screen.''dedicated to comfort and relaxation,'' Citroen says. Lorenzo on cruise control MotoGP world champion Jorge Lorenzo made it three wins for the season with a dominant performance at the Misano San Marino MotoGP. The Yamaha star then absorbed constant pressure from the Repsol Honda rider for the first half of the race – after which Stoner began unexpectedly dropping back. Stoner later revealed that he was simply physically exhausted – not having slept well since last Sunday's Indianapolis round – and just didn't have the strength to push as hard as he wished. Lorenzo remained in total control to the chequered flag to win his first race since Mugello by 7.299sec and reduce Stoner's points lead from 44 to 35 with five rounds to go. The nine-point change was due to Dani Pedrosa finishing in second, ahead of the tiring Stoner. Third on the grid Pedrosa had dropped back from the leading pair during the first half of the race. But Stoner's loss of pace allowed Pedrosa to close quickly on the Australian and he wasted no time in drafting past along the back straight with six laps to go. Stoner – who has won seven races this season, including the previous three events – was left to collect the final podium place, 11.967sec behind the victorious Lorenzo. The highlight of the closing stages was a thrilling three-way fight between Marco Simoncelli, Andrea Dovizioso and Ben Spies for fourth, after they had dropped Rossi. Repsol rider Dovizioso tried every trick in the book to pass fellow Italian Simoncelli, but the Gresini Honda star thwarted his every effort. The trio were David Cameron welcomes two millionth MINI e new Jaguar 12MY is on sale now The fastest and most eﬃcient production Jaguars ever created are now available. The new XF 2.2, capable of travelling in excess of 800miles on a single tank of diesel while emitting just 149 g/km of CO2 is joined by the XKR-S – a car that can accelerate from rest to 100 mph in 8.7 seconds before reaching an electronically limited 186 mph. Each model forms part of the new Jaguar 12MY programme of ongoing upgrades and improvements that sees the XF take on an elegant new look. The new 12MY range is launched at an exciting time for Jaguar as it prepares to unveil the next stage in its bold, productled strategy for growth at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The two millionth MINI was driven off the production line last week at Plant Oxford by Prime Minister David Cameron. Of the two million, more than 1.5 million MINI’s have been exported to customers in more than 90 countries around the world, from Australia to Venezuela. Prime Minister David Cameron said: “It’s a real privilege to drive this true British icon off the production line today. The 2 millionth MINI to be made here in Oxford is a fantastic symbol of the UK’s strength in the global automotive industry and a great British manufacturing success story. side-by-side into a braking zone on the final lap, but it was Simoncelli who held his line and regained fourth on the exit. The #58 took fourth by 0.037sec from Dovizioso, with Factory Yamaha rider Ben Spies, seventh early in the race, just 0.702sec further behind Colin Edwards has confirmed he will leave the Tech 3 Yamaha team to ride for newcomers Forward Racing next year. Fun at the feria In spite of heavy thunder showers in the morning, crowds turned out in Ronda on the first day of the Pedro Romero feria. Among the attractions was a display by SOL Classic Car Club who were given permission to park at the bull ring – next to the carriage pulled by a single horse power (a stocky, spotted, four-legged character known as Bocholo!). For several hours the locals and visitors enjoyed being photographed next to their favourite models, then it was time for the first of the bull fights, so the cars left the area to fans of this long-standing Ronda tradition! Normal Club activities begin again this month with a club night dinner and a car run, see the website and the blog at www.solclassiccarclub.net for details. By Jean Joss The departure of the 37year-old leaves a space alongside British rider Cal Crutchlow in the Tech 3 garage, with Bradley Smith and Eugene Laverty both linked with the space. AUTOSALON COIN leO’S AUTOS enGlISH MeCHAnICS WOrkSHOp & MOBIle prompt reliable Service City & Guilds Qualified Open MOndAy TO FrIdAy 10 - 7 pM nO SIeSTA Beat the Credit CrunCh Optimise your car to save you money itVs repAIrS TO All MAkeS ITvS - OIl CHAnGeS ClUTCHeS - ServICInG TyreS - eXHAUSTS BATTerIeS - BrAkeS 952 917 353 687 727 460 - 687 727 516 at the end of the Coin road MIJAS COSTA www.autosaloncoin.com Defying the falling rain on the grid, Lorenzo snatched the lead with a firm pass on title leader and polesitter Casey Stoner at turn one. Luxury Limos available for hire with driver. Weddings, Parties, or just go out for the day in a beautiful car and feel special ALL MAKES CAR SERVICING SAVE BETWEEN WITH NO EFFECT ON YOUR WARRANTY Part worn tyres from €25 Qualified English and German Mechanics, ITV Services available.Vehicle Transfers and Registration undertaken • • • Aircon re-gas and leak testing TEL: 952 45 45 27 Diagnostic fault reading and emissions All makes and models - Petrol / Diesel www.autosaloncoin.com Fax: 952 453 144 Pol.Ind, Cantarranas. C/ Acero, 6. 29100Coin (Malaga) WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Mo Farah earns his gold Farah, who won the silver medal in the 10,000m, held oﬀ the challenge of Bernard Lagat of the United States and Ethiopia's Imane Merga, to win in 13 minutes, 23.36 seconds, in one of the best races seen at the championships. "I can't quite believe it," Farah said afterwards. "I pictured the 10k on the last lap thinking, I came so close then I'm not going to let anyone pass me." Farah, has made huge sacrifices in his quest to become one of GB’s finest long distance runners spending months training with the Kenyans at altitude, and moving with his family to Oregon at the start of the year to be coached by Alberto Salazar. He kept himself out of trouble at the back of the pack for the first 2,000m in a slow-paced race. A break from Saudi Arabian Hussain Jamaan Alhamdah stretched the pack but Farah moved up through the field to sit on his shoulder as the race entered the final kilometre. Lagat tracked Farah throughout the second half of the race, but was unable to match his victory over this distance in 2007 and had to settle for a second successive silver. Farah, who covered the final 400m in 52.87 seconds to become the first British world champion over the distance, added: "It's been hard work and a lot of sacrifices and I have to thank so many people who've been behind me. "But you can't get carried away. It's a long way (to the London 2012 Olympics). The aim is to stay injury free. Anything can happen in long distance." Local cricket returns The club’s mission statement is “Cricket 4 All”. This means that whatever your age or ability there is a game of cricket waiting for you. Currently ages range from 13 to Bus Pass and beyond with seven different nationalities. We are also committed to developing youth and people that have never played the game before ... so there is no excuse! Why not get rid of your partner for the day? A lot of work has been done on and off the pitch. The wicket has been expertly turned 90 degrees so that the winter sun doesn't affect the batsmens' eyes. A big thank you to David Cooper and his Grass Europa team for doing such a professional job. No Bjorn again Denmark's Thomas Bjorn clinched back-to-back titles with victory at the European Masters in Switzerland. The 40-yearold two-time Ryder Cup star, who won last week's event at Gleneagles, shot a final-round of 62 to win by four shots at Crans-surSierre. Germany's Martin Kaymer was second on 16 under with Rory McIlroy, Jamie Donaldson and Jaco van Zyl tied for third one shot further back. England's world number two Lee Westwood finished tied for sixth on 14 under. Bjorn arrived in Switzerland in good form having triumphed in a fiveman play-off at the Johnnie Walker Championship in Scotland. Beginning the day three shots behind Challenge Cup Trophy Benalmadena Bowls Club Vs Lauro Golf Bowls Club With the new season getting underway on Sunday 11th September. After a very short break cricket returns again next Sunday to the Cartama Oval with the newly formed local side named as Costa del Sol Cricket Club. Farah’s tactics this time were spot on, saving his kick until the final 200 metres after gradually increasing the pace. It’s hard to say “if only” after winning silver and gold, but it could have so easily been double gold if Farah had used these tactics in the 10,000m. He has an incredible turn of speed and is now quite rightly Nº 1 in the world. Who would have thought that a couple of years ago? Triple jump defending champion Phillips Idowu was pipped to gold by Christian Taylor. Idowu jumped a season's best 17.70m in the third round to stretch his lead in the triple jump, but American Taylor responded with a 17.96m effort. And that proved the winning leap as Idowu, who improved to 17.77m in the fourth round, was unable to jump further in his final two attempts and he had to settle for silver. "It wasn't my day," said the 2009 world champion. "I felt I had that distance in my legs but it never came. "I jumped two seasons’ best but it wasn't enough. Hopefully I can do it at next year’s Olympics and get gold.” Last Friday saw the completion of the Annual Benalmadena v Lauro Challenge Cup Competition. Friday Benalmadena needed to win by 5 games to 2 to take the Trophy. After 9 ends the scores were very some hope. But it was not to be, with Lauro winning 5 of the next 6 games to win 5 – 2 and be worthy winners and In last week’s game Benalmadena had a fine win, winning 5 ½ to 1 ½ to make the overall score 16 – 18 in Lauro’s favour. So on close. The first match to finish was the pairs with the Benalmadena team coming back to win after being 9 – 0 down to give Benalmadena retain the trophy. After the game the 40 bowlers plus spectators sat down and had a fish and chip lunch. The trophy was presented by Mike Monk from Sierra Gorda Bistro in Coin. more “I couldn't see the ball for the sun!” Batsmen will need new excuses for the coming season. The new nets provided by Cricket Espana are up and running and 15 players practised their skills in a very enthusiastic session last Saturday. Off the field a meeting has been held to recruit/press gang volunteers into the various positions required to effectively run a cricket club. The match next Sunday will be an on-house team A v team B game at 10.30am. Nets are Saturdays 10am12noon. Please phone first to confirm. If you are interested in playing – whatever age and ability you are very welcome to attend. If you are interested in umpiring/scoring or being a part of the cricket scene please contact Tim Meal on [email protected] or telephone 662 233 302 Mike Monk of Sierra Gorda Bistro presents the trophy Any one who is interested in bowling should contact Benalmadena Bowls Club 952 386 371 or www.benalmadenabowls club.com or Lauro Bowls Club 659 889 878 or www.laurogolfbowls club.com overnight leader Jamie Donaldson, the Danish veteran started slowly, sinking pars in the first three holes before a bogey on the fourth. But he followed that up with four straight birdies and added another at the 11th to race ahead. A second bogey came on the 12th, but he sank a 12-foot putt for eagle at the par-five 15th and then nailed two eight-foot putts in the closing par fours to ease to his third victory of the season. Bjorn, who also won in Qatar in February has now won 13 times on the European Tour stretching back to 1996, but he has had a somewhat rollercoaster career, admitting to "fighting demons" after he lost the 2003 Open from three ahead with four to play. Jose Cobo climbs into lead Chris Froome and Bradley Wiggins are second and third respectively in the overall standings after Juan José Cobo (Geox) climbed to victory on an epic stage 15 of the Vuelta a España to take the leader's red jersey on Sunday. Cobo made his move with just under seven kilometres remaining on the fearsome final climb of the Alto de L'Angliru(pictured below). That 12.5km ascent had an average gradient of over 10%, with ramps of up to 23.5% in places, and not surprisingly it splintered the field – with even two television motorbikes struggling to cope with the extreme steepness of the slopes. Monday was a well earned rest day in the tour with stage 16 on Tuesday heading to the Basque region of Spain. Report courtesy of www.teamsky.com WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Sports flash Sports Kenteris and anou acquitted An Athens appeals court has acquitted Greek sprinters Costas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou of faking a motorcycle crash in 2004. A panel of three judges ruled there was a lack of evidence to prove the pair staged the crash to avoid a doping test on the eve of the Athens Olympics. The two had been found guilty of perjury in May. A 33-month suspended sentence against coach Christos Tzekos for possessing banned substances was reduced. Storms ahead for Andy Murray At the time of going to press Andy Murray’s US Open plans could have been thrown into turmoil with a horrendous spell of wet weather forecast to hit New York. US Open chiefs were last night on the verge of cancelling today's afternoon session with heavy rain and thunderstorms set to hit Flushing Meadow. But, following a two-hour meeting, they instead opted to front-load their schedule in an effort to get the fourth round completed with Murray, weather permitting, first up on Arthur Ashe stadium at 11am (4pm UK time) against Donald Young. Murray admits he's out for revenge against Young as he attempts to erase the painful memories of his darkest hour this season. The British No.1 takes on the American youngster for a place in the quarter-final of the US Open but there is additional motivation for him. Murray was at his lowest ebb when he suffered back-to-back defeats against early on and had good intensity.” That lasting memory of losing to Young should be more than enough to maintain Murray’s intensity. Donald Young celebrates his victory over No. 14 Stanislas Wawrinka. Young and Alex Bogomolov jnr at Indian Wells and Miami in the wake of his crushing Australian Open final hammering at the hands of Serbian ace Djokovic. Young was then ranked No143 in the world. That was back in March and Murray wants to erase that memory for good. Murray said, “It’s not so much revenge against Donald; it’s more for the VICTORIA £99 per week Fully inclusive No hidden extras Delivery & Collection Gatwick Airport only Tel: 0044 1293 432155 Fax: 0044 1293 402600 JUST DO IT ONCE! after before Painting & Small reforms, Rendering, Plastering...... Kitchen, Bathroom, all around the house, inside and out. All trades. Reliable. All work guaranteed. 633 745 305 Fully registered First for Quality First for Choice air Conditioning ServiCing & repairS oFFiCial panaSoniC Centre top quality installations from €595 Coin meters to control electric consumption €300 no obligation quotations and advice - all makes situation I was in there and making sure that I can move on from that.” And Murray has definately moved on from his slow start at Flushing Meadows. He eased past Feliciano Lopez 6-1, 6-4, 6-2 on Sunday, not giving away a point in the opening 11 minutes of the match. “Getting off to a good start was going to be important,” he said. “I was moving well Young, now ranked 84, has spent most of his young life struggling under the pressure of being the next great American hope. At 15, he was the best junior in the world and he found himself surrounded by agents, sponsors and members of the US Tennis Association. He was bombarded with wild cards into high-profile professional tournaments in the hope he would sweep all before him in his push to the top. But instead, he was beaten week-in, and weekout and his confidence was in tatters. It is only now, aged 22, that he is beginning to show signs he could make a name for himself. Ethiopian distance runner Haile Gebrselassie has been awarded the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for Sports. During his career, the 38-year-old has won two Olympic gold medals in 10,000 meters, (Atlanta 1996 and Sydney 2000) and has been crowned as world champion four times, while also winning two silver and one bronze medals. Gebreselassie has also won four gold medals at varying distances at the world indoor championships and several marathons, including the Berlin Marathon on four separate occasions. Gebreselassie was chosen ahead of several strong rivals, including former Spain and Real DEAD FLOOR? BRING IT BACK TO LIFE! Marble Restoration Service and Floor Polishing TONY’S for a truly professional long lasting high gloss finish at a realistic 620 726 875 price Your satisfaction is my motivation Ring for quotation without obligation ELECTRICIAN The specialist for new & rewiring of Bars, restaurants, businesses & houses [email protected] Germany's Martin Kaymer has joined US Open champion Rory McIlroy in withdrawing from this month's Seve Trophy in France. World number five Kaymer was set to be the leading player in captain Jean van de Velde's Continental team. The biennial matchplay competition, named in Seve Ballesteros' honour, sees Continental Europe play Great Britain and Ireland over four days. McIlroy withdrew saying he needed two weeks rest from his schedule. Kaymer said he was feeling the effects of a head cold and he wanted a rest ahead of the Alfred Dunhill Links in Scotland which starts on 29th September. Madrid striker, Raul Gonzalez, who now plays for German side Schalke 04, and the successful Spanish women's synchronised swimming side. The 2010 Prince of Asturias Award was won by the Spanish national football team, who are the reigning world and European Champions. The Prince of Asturias Awards are given every year in eight different fields, such as Concord, International Cooperation, Letters, Sports, Social Sciences, Technical and Scientific Research, Arts and Communication and Humanities. The Depot Andalucian Freight UK SPAIN IRELAND International & Local Removal Specialists Best prices on the Costa del Sol Packing materials sold Contact lynne or alison in the airflow offices tel: 952 443 222 Kaymer pulls out of Seve Trophy Haile Gebrselassie wins Prince of Asturias Award for Sport Call Projects & Certiﬁcates provided for legal electrical connections C ALL F RANK	Spar (retailer)
What type of creature is a Storm-petrel?	The News Newspaper - Issue 140 by The News Newspaper - issuu Pakistan military claim they have detained a senior al-Qaeda leader and two accomplices POEMS AND QUOTES - World News Anniversary of 9/11 marked President Barack Obama and New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg will join former President George W. Bush, former Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, former New York Governor George Pataki, Current New York Governor Andrew Cuomo and New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, among many others, at a ceremony at the World Trade Center site to mark the 10th anniversary of the terrorist attacks. Victims' families will have the chance to view the names of loved ones etched into the memorial. Speaking on his weekly radio show on Friday on WOR-AM, Mayor Bloomberg said the lawmakers will read short poems or quotes. He said: "This cannot be political, so that's why there's a poem or a quote or something that each of the readers will read. No speeches whatsoever. That's not an appropriate thing." for the names of their loved ones, which appear etched into the railings at two huge waterfalls built in the footprint of the ill-fated World Trade Center. The falls descend from street level down into a void. % . The ceremony will be held on the highway to the west of the site, and only relatives will be allowed inside the memorial to look Continued on Page 2 902 585 569 / 652 986 088 UNION JACK REMOVALS ThE ORIgINAL - Established over 30 years National, International & Worldwide shipping TEL: 951 773 598 See Page 10 For Our Summer deals Every Saturday for 4-18 year olds 952 900 453 www.stagecoach.es Call Jack direct, who will visit you to discuss your removal plans over a coﬀee. MALAGA . MARBELLA . NERJA . ALMERIA . GRANADA . CADIZ . GIBRALTAR . ALICANTE . LA MANGA . MADRID FRANCE . ITALY . PORTUGAL . SWITZERLAND [email protected] • www.unionjackremovals.co.uk Very good for sub-base, can be supplied laid & rolled. 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( 951 242 873 637 179 373 [email protected] WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 WORLD Good news By Kym Wickham [email protected] At last the weather seems to be calming down and I’ve always thought that May and June, and September and October are the best months of all to be here in Spain. Maybe it’s because I’m a northern European that, although I never did like the grey, drizzly gloominess and lack of colours in the uK, I just wish that it wouldn’t get quite as hot as it does in the summer here. I have been working in a virtual cave for the last three months as, although our big oﬃce has airconditioning, the three smaller ones don’t and, guess what, all the men on the team work in the one that has the airconditioning whereas the women have to have the persianas down because that’s the side that gets the sun all day - and, yes, it is quite mad that the side that doesn’t get the sun has the Ac - we have the lights on and the fans going mental! Still, the last two days I’ve been able to get some air in the place and it’s been really quite pleasant. At home, the pool is getting quite cool too and, as I’m not one that relishes getting cold and wet, I think that over the next couple of days my daily swims will come to an end. It’s a shame because that , coupled with the diet (I’ll tell you more about that in a couple of weeks time), it seems to have been keeping me a bit fitter and more toned and it’s sooooo worth it when someone says: “Have you lost weight?” and I can get into some of my clothes that haven’t met in the middle for around five years! I suppose I will just have to start parking the car well out of town and walking the last kilometre or so into work once it properly cools down and before the rains start again. I shall be going home in a minute (it’s 8pm and we’ve just put the paper you’re reading to bed) and I’m hoping that the river that’s running down our camino (see the letter on page 27) has stopped as the road will be like a pudding again soon! exhibitiOn eVent On Cemetery tour The Cementario Ingles - the English Cemetery - in Malaga is running the fourth of its guided tours this week. This fascinating place is full of history and is an oasis of calm in the bustle of the city. See www.cementarioinglesmalaga.org Saturday 10th. Tickets are €5 and can be purchased by calling 692 717 612 www.thenewsonline.es Kids summer camps Faces of London Photo exhibition with photos from the likes of David Hockney, Francis Bacon & Lucien Freud of people of London, young and old. Fundacion Museo del Grabador, Marbella. Mon & Sat 9-2, Tue - Fri 9-2 and 3-9pm €3 entry (Sat Free) Call 952 765 741 SUmmeR WHAT’S Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Lots to do for the kids. Weekly summer camps including golf, tennis, swimming, dancing, outdoor games, working with clay etc Weekly from now until October. €130 per week El Campanario 952 904 233 continued from FRONT PAGE Anniversary of 9/11 marked The names of the nearly 3,000 victims – including those who died at the Pentagon and on board United Flight 93 that went down in Shanksville, Pennsylvania – will be read aloud for the first time. The general public will be allowed into the space, still a major construction site, the day after the ceremony but only with tickets. Bloomberg said limiting the number of people is a safety precaution as the work continues on 1 World Trade Center, the PATH station and museum. He said there have been a couple of hundred thousand reservations, and a few days are already booked solid. He estimated that a million people annually will visit the site. The museum is still under construction and is scheduled to open next year. Artefacts from the terrorist attacks are slowly being accumulated for the space, including a steel Tbeam shaped like a cross that was discovered by a construction worker in the smouldering rubble. Bloomberg said other religious relics would be in the museum – a star of David cut from World Trade Center steel, a Bible found during the recovery effort and a Jewish prayer shawl. (See page 12 for the toxic aftermath of the attacks.) 'One position, one salary' UK drugs gang smashed The Socialist candidate in the November 20th general election, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, proposed a new rule on Tuesday to prevent party members from concurrently holding elected oﬃces at both the local and national levels. The Guardia Civil have broken up the biggest gang of British drug traffickers who went to Ibiza specifically for the summer season every year to supply the huge demand for drugs. He told the party's executive committee that Socialists who are already serving in office – as mayor, for example – will not be able to run on the party slates for MPs and members of the Upper House and expect to hold both offices. The Popular Party's Maria Dolores de Cospedal has roused Socialist ire for drawing three salaries, as the premier of the Castilla- La Mancha since May 22nd, as a member of the Upper House and as PP secretary general, which add up to more than €200,000 a year. On Monday, Rubalcaba confirmed that he will raise taxes in the banking sector and resurrect the wealth tax that Zapatero abolished in 2008 in the hope of collecting around €2.5 billion that would be used to create jobs, especially for young people. Judge lets ex-PP treasurer oﬀ hook Madrid High Court Judge Antonio Pedreira has dropped the investigation against former Partido Popular (PP) treasurer Luis Bárcenas, accused of money laundering and tax evasion in the huge socalled Gürtel kickbacks-for-contracts case. Anti-corruption prosecutors said on Friday that they will appeal the ruling. Judge Pedreira ruled that Bárcenas actually tried to stop the PP from continuing to do business with alleged Gürtel ringleader Francisco Correa. Sr Pedreira wrote in his ruling that relations between Correa and Bárcenas “were bad", saying “Bárcenas warned about WEATHER WEATHER be charged with bribery because as party treasurer he was not an elected official. Bárcenas, was the highest PP official to be implicated in the Gürtel scandal when it broke in February 2009. He resigned as PP treasurer in April 2010, and days later gave up his seat. WeeKLY WeAtheR FOReCASt FOR COStA DeL SOL MALAGA TODAY Francisco Correa's irregular conduct and warned about the need for the Popular Party's leadership to cut ties with Francisco Correa and his businesses". The judge also said that the statute of limitations had run out on the tax evasion charges Bárcenas was facing for the years 2002 and 2003. He also said Bárcenas could not They said most of the 3,600 ecstasy pills seized in the operation were branded as Pink Rock Star, similar to those believed to have caused the death of a British woman and the poisoning of eight other people on Ibiza in July. In raids on eight properties, they arrested 13 people, including 10 from the UK and two from the Republic of Ireland, and seized 69,000 in cash and a stash of cocaine and ecstasy crystals. The UK's Serious Organised Crime Agency (Soca) was also involved in the investigation. AndAlucIA TOdAY news Your outlook on the World the ON THIS DATE IN National News King confined to palace King Juan Carlos left the USP San José Clinic early on Monday after undergoing surgery to repair damage to the Achilles tendon of his left foot late on Sunday evening. A clinic spokesman said the operation, in which only a local anaesthetic was given, was done overnight so as “not to interfere with the clinic's functioning”. The king will not be able stand for at least 10 days and his full recovery will take seven to ten weeks. The king will continue to work in his office at the Zarzuela Palace but his public duties will be undertaken by Crown Prince Felipe. Doctors said the damage was caused by the King having to rely too heavily on his left leg after he underwent an operation on his right knee in June. Jobless figures up The number of unemployed rose by 51,185 in August, bringing to an end a four-month-long drop. The number of people on the dole now stands at 4,130,927 but when the number of unemployed people not receiving financial help from the state is taken into account it rises to 4.8 million. The services sector registered the highest number of jobs lost, followed by construction and industry. The biggest rises were registered in Catalonia, Murcia and Extremadura EURoPE’s BEsT aiRCoNDiTioNERs ews n N THE EWS the MEDIA MEDIA GROUP GROUP aT sPaiN’s LoWEsT PRiCEs! the news Media group The Coin News Group S.L. Luxury, whisper quiet aircons that never need servicing and at guaranteed low prices! C/ Vicario nº34-36, 2nd Floor - Oﬃce C 29100 Coin (Malaga) FUJIMA MFX tel: (0034) 952 45 44 91 Fax: (0034) 952 45 44 41 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.thenewsonline.es executive editor: Kym Wickham design and layout: Damian Merino advertising manager: Geoﬀ Heading advertising sales: Susan Kerrigan accounts: COHESA contributors / colaboradores: Martin Delfín - Cathy Stronach Pete Woodall - Andrea Maclean Mike Kerrigan - Muriel Pilkington Ricky Leach - Alan Hill Valerie Mitchell The News is a free and independent newspaper distributed weekly and edited by The Coin News Group S.L. The News is independent of political parties, private interests and/or government. Our policy is to provide readers with a news and information service that is fair, accurate and balanced. The Coin News Group S.L. accepts no responsibility for the claims or content of any letter, editorial, article, advertorial or advertisement. No part of this newspaper may be reproduced in part or whole without written permission from the publishers. The News Media Group Deposito Legal: GR 2794-2008 “mf” moDELs aRE maiNTENaNCE fREE WE DO NOT EMPLOY SALESMEN BUT BIG JOHN WILL CALL TO MEASURE UP AND SHOW YOU THE AIRCONS. HE WILL ONLY TAKE UP 15 MINS OF YOUR TIME. OUR FITTERS ARE ENGLISH AND WILL MAKE A NEAT AND TIDY JOB IN ABOUT 2½ HOURS. PHONE JOHN NOW D.i.Y moDEL mf 7000 - € 335 9000 - € 365 12000 - € 4 0 5 INCLUDES BRACKETS, TUBES & ENGLISH INSTRUCTIONS. READY GASSED NO VACUUM PUMP NEEDED - EASY PEASY! UK s ChEqUE ED aCCEPT while the number of unemployed remained stable in Navarre, La Rioja and the Canary Islands. 952 960 372 622768 775 COHESA CONSULTING ASESORES Company set-ups, payroll, accountancy & book keeping. We provide tax & Social Security advice for companies, self employed and individuals - IN YOUR LANGUAGE! 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Food served ‘til 11pm Information & Reservations Tel: 952 112 123 2 minutes from La Trocha towards Cartama at Km 9 www.lesliesbistro.com WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Police denounce government The Federal Police Union (UFP) presented a resolution to the Eurocop Executive Committee in Brussels last week denouncing what policemen have been suffering since May 15th “because of the inaction of the government and police chiefs” and the marked difference between the way the M-15 youth movement and other protest groups are treated. A spokesman said the UFP had decided to appeal to the European Union because the Spanish government “clearly leans towards the so-called indignant ones rather than its own police forces”. The spokesman said the police were not to blame for anything “except working interminable shifts, putting up with all kinds of abuse from the protesters, giving security both to those who want to exercise their right to freely walk the streets and those who impede them day after day, clearly breaking the law.”, adding “We are fed up”. Drunk pedestrians beware Driving while drunk is obviously dangerous but so is walking while drunk, according to a report prepared for the 4th International Congress on the Prevention of Risky Highway Behaviours (Precovir), to be held in Valencia in November. The National Institute of Toxicology analysed data on more than 1,100 people who had died in road accidents and found that 55 per cent of the pedestrians who were killed had been committing some kind of infraction at the time. Just over 24 per cent had been Mayoress caught having public sex A photo came to light recently showing a woman apparently having sex on top of one of the towers of the Royal Palace in Olite, Navarre province. drunk, another 9 per cent registered positive for “drugs of abuse” such as cocaine, marijuana or heroine, and 13 per cent had taken mind-altering drugs. More than half of those who died drunk or drugged were aged between 21 and 40. The report said the number of deaths due to alcohol had dropped while deaths due to drugs had tripled. Just under a third were women and out of the total number studied two thirds had died at weekends. The incident happened about four years ago and after the tourist – who took the photo from another tower – posted it on the internet, the woman turned out to be Ilse Uyttesprot, mayor of Aalst in Belgium and a member of the European Partido Popular group. The Kings of Navarre held court at the Palace until 1512, when the region merged with Castille. It was considered one of the most luxurious medieval palaces in Europe. It obviously bewitched the mayor who said on Twitter that it had been a private moment with her partner and was “politically irrelevant”. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the 'Franco relic' to retire N The 88-year-old former premier of the Galicia regional government rose to prominence in 1962 when he became Franco’s tourism minister. He invented the catch phrase “Spain is different” to attract foreign tourists. During his seven years as minister, he relaxed the censorship laws which allowed slightly more explicit sex scenes in films, popularly summarised in the expression Con Fraga hasta la braga (With Fraga IN BRIEF Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] MADRID Summer road deaths at all-time low PP founder and last surviving minister from the Franco years, Manuel Fraga, has decided not to run in the November 20th election. He had a hip operation a few months ago and has not occupied his seat in the Upper House since then. EWS you can even see the panties). On March 8th, 1966, he went swimming with then American ambassador Angier Biddle Duke at Palomares to prove that the area had not been contaminated by nuclear warheads which had fallen into the sea and on land when two American planes crashed in mid-air just off the coast. He was Spain’s ambassador to St James’s Court when Franco died in 1975 and he was active in the Transition, being one of the authors of the 1978 Constitution. Franco and his hardliners never trusted Fraga completely – they felt he was too much of a reformist. But in the new democratic Spain he was considered too much of a hardliner. In 1978 he formed the right-wing Alianza Popular (Peoples’ Alliance) which fared increasingly badly in elections. He resigned as president of the party in 1986, by which time the Alliance was considered too reactionary to be a viable alternative to the Socialist Party, which went from strength to strength under Felipe Gonzalez after he won the 1982 election. In 1989, Fraga founded the Partido Popular, leaving it in the hands of his protégé, Jose Maria Aznar, to go back to his native Galicia to win that year’s regional election for the PP. He governed for the next 15 years and during his years in power, he modernised Galicia, building highways which opened up the region to tourism and in 2000, he approved the Galician Plan to build Spain's first high speed bullet train. But to his opponents he was always an authoritarian relic from the Franco era. Paradoxically, he has maintained a friendship with Cuba’s Fidel Castro, whose grandparents were Galician immigrants. www.markdentalclinic.com Interior Minister Antonio Camacho has said the figures for the July/August Summer Traﬃc Operation – 321, down 41 from 362 last year – were "the best figure in a decade, probably the best in history, " adding that "321 fatalities is a lot, too many”. This year’s figures were similar to those of the 1970s, when there were 2.1 million drivers in Spain compared to 26 million today. Just over half died in cars, 17 per cent were on motorbikes and nine per cent were pedestrians. MADRID Twitter asked not to promote anorexia The Health Ministry asked the social network Twitter last week to delete profiles of users who explicitly encourage eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. The ministry posted the request on its own Twitter page: @sanidadgob. The ministry, together with the Guardia Civil’s Telemetric Crime Unit of the Civil Guard, has created a network for the eﬃcient detection of profiles that promote eating disorders. Once identified, the Guardia Civil will ask Twitter to block or delete the accounts. GALICIA Town holds 3rd Celtic wedding fest It was a mass wedding with a diﬀerence. The Celts felt forever was too long so couples married for one year only, at the end of which they renewed their vows or separated. Last week, 25 couples gathered on the beach at Cedeira to be married by the self-proclaimed druid "Dos Ártabros," (aka Manuel Aneiro), after walking round the town dressed in their Celtic finery. Only eight couples were married at the first Celtic wedding in 2009, while 15 made it last year. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in ON THIS DATE IN Google was founded by Stratford University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin Al-Qaeda chief arrested in Pakistan N wanted terrorists, but an unnamed western intelligence official told the AFP news agency: "If it's confirmed, it's a good catch." The two other men arrested were named as Abdul Ghaffar al-Shami and Messara al-Shami. The White House praised the UN warns of 750,000 deaths The UN warned on Monday that as many as 750,000 people could die as Somalia's drought worsens in the coming months, as it declared a famine in a new area. Bay becomes the sixth area to be officially declared a famine zone – mostly in parts of southern Somalia controlled by the Islamist al-Shabab. A senior UN technical adviser said the situation in the Bay region was worse than anything previously recorded, adding that some 12 million people across the region need food aid. He said tens of thousands of people have already died as a result of East Africa's worst drought for 60 years. Neighbouring Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda have also been affected by the severe lack of rain but 20 years of fighting and the lack of a national government mean that Somalia is by far the worst affected country. capture – reportedly the result of co-operation between US and Pakistani intelligence. Relations between Pakistan and the US have been deteriorating ever since the killing of Osama Bin Laden by US special forces in the Pakistani town of Flights were cancelled, trains and buses stopped and most government offices were closed. Italy's largest union federation, the left-wing CGIL, which called the strike is demanding stronger action against tax dodgers and continuing job protection. Abbottabad in early May. The increasing US drone attacks on militants inside Pakistan along the Afghan border is also a continuing source of antagonism. In early July the US announced plans to withhold hundreds of millions of dollars worth of military aid to Pakistan. Smaller, more moderate union federations rejected the strike, saying there was no point in striking against employers when everybody's jobs are at risk. Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right coalition is being forced into cutting government spending and raising some taxes by Italy's eurozone partners. German Chancellor Angela Merkel has compared Italy's economic plight to that of Greece. Town declares independence The town of Filettino, 100km east of Rome, has declared its independence as a protest against austerity measures. It has only 550 inhabitants and under the new measures it will be forced to merge with neighbouring Trevi. Mayor Luca Sellari, who stands to lose his job under the new rules, has created his own currency, called the Fiorito. Banknotes with his head on the back are already being used in local shops and are being snapped up as souvenirs by an influx of tourists. CANADA Workers ill after cannabis brownie Three oﬃce employees in Victoria fell ill after a colleague unwittingly gave them chocolate brownies laced with cannabis. They were taken to hospital feeling dizzy and disorientated, and the woman who brought in the cakes told the police, who were investigating a possible case of poisoning, that she had found them in her freezer. Her son later admitted he had baked the cannabis cakes some time ago and forgotten about them. The police are not pressing charges because there had been no criminal intent. • Create an all year round usable terrace. • Undisturbed views. • Trade and commercial welcome. M: 630 625 085 or 650503088 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB: www.eliteglasscurtains.com T: 952 830 503 ELITE GLASS CURTAINS S.L., POLIGONO ELVIRIA 26, MARBELLA 29600 • [email protected] ITALY References available upon request. From quotation to installation you can be sure of a first class product and services from Elite Glass Curtains. EE For your FR otation u q n no obligatio : call now on Send your stories or pictures to The News The government has admitted its state-run weapons manufacturers held talks in July with representatives of Colonel Gaddafi. A spokeswoman said the meetings in Beijing took place without the knowledge of the government. She said that no contracts were signed and no arms supplied. The UN Security Council passed an arms embargo on Libya in February. The meetings were first reported in the Torontobased Globe and Mail newspaper, citing documents found among rubbish in the Tripoli home of a Gaddafi senior oﬃcial. SPECIALIST MANUFACTURERS AND INSTALLERS OF GLASS CURTAINS • Protect and reduce the effect of dust, wind, noise and rain. • Frameless glazing system. • Specialist in manufacturing glass curtains. IN BRIEF Got a story? Got pictures? Weapons firms met Gaddafi envoys Italians strike against austerity Millions of Italian trade union members staged a day-long strike on Tuesday against the government's latest austerity measures, infuriated by a new clause that will make it easier to dismiss workers. EWS CHINA Pakistan's army said on Monday that it had arrested a man it described as a senior al-Qaeda leader and two of his accomplices. In a statement, the military said Younis al-Mauritani (pictured) “was tasked personally by Osama Bin Laden to focus on hitting targets of economical importance in United States of America, Europe and Australia." Mr Mauritani is not on the FBI's list of most www.thenewsonline.es news Your outlook on the World the Texas fires at 'crucial stage' As firefighters in drought-stricken Texas struggled to contain the 16-mile-wide Bastrop wildfire that has destroyed almost 500 homes, oﬃcials on Monday said it had "grown considerably" and was burning on 25,000 acres. The fire is the largest of dozens of wildfires burning throughout the state, including more than 60 that started on Sunday. An estimated 5,000 people have been forced to leave their homes because of the Bastrop fire, which is about 30 miles south-east of Austin and moving away from the state capital. Powerful winds from Tropical Storm Lee, hundreds of miles to the east, have fanned the flames. Jan Amen of the Texas Forest Service described the central Texas blaze as "a monster" that had been "zero percent contained". Texas governor Rick Perry cut short presidential campaigning, and said the next 48 to 72 hours would be "crucial". He urged people to heed evacuation orders and not to stay in their homes if they had lost power: "I understand that losing your home or lifetime possessions is incredibly difficult, but do not put your life in jeopardy." A blaze in east Texas killed a 20-yearold woman and her baby daughter on Sunday before it was extinguished. Texas has been suffering its worst drought since the 1950s. Robert Mugabe 'has cancer' Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe has prostate cancer which has spread to other organs, according to a leaked US diplomatic cable published by Wikileaks, which cites central bank governor Gideon Gono as saying Mr Mugabe's doctors had told him to step down immediately. The cable, written in 2008 by the US embassy in Harare, also said 87-yearold Mr Mugabe could die by 2013. Mr Gono, a staunch ally of Mr Mugabe, dismissed the cable as "fiction". In an interview with Reuters news agency last September, Mr Mugabe – who has been in power since 1980 – dismissed rumours that he was dying of cancer and had suffered a stroke. The cable also said that Gono had said Mugabe had told his doctor that he would leave office after the 2008 election. FACTORY CLEARANCE! 2 single mattresses with base and legs €295 per pair 135 x 190 mattress with base and legs €175 150 x 190 mattress with base and legs €195 Corner Sofa with sliding sprung seats and reclining backs with 2 stools in the end arm. Large selection of colours and patterns €995 3 seater + 2 seater sofas with washable covers €495 the pair Large selection of quality beds & sofas A selection of Garden Furniture BED SOFA & FURNITURE CENTRE Next to Sunshine Golf on Slip Road next to BP La Cala 637 431 006 WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Join free save tomorrow! Helle Hollis Car Rental Club We offer significant savings on car hire for you, your family or friends. UK News Brown’s temper Cameras to be exposed A new book of Alistair Darling’s memoirs is to be published today by Atlantic Books. The book, entitled “Back From The Brink: 1000 Days At No 11” is said to contain detailed stories of Gordon Brown’s allegedly nasty temper and singles out former business minister Shriti Vadera, in collusion with the then shadow chancellor Ed Balls, as running “what amounted to a parallel treasury within the government”. Former chancellor Darling details the arguments that went on behind the scenes at Number 10 and 11 Downing Street up to the crash from office of the Labour party. According to a blog by Labour Uncut, the book also details the time in 2009 when Brown tried to sack his chancellor and tells the true story of Brown’s famously volcanic temper towards the end of his days as the UK’s prime minister. Following news from the blog, Saveeda Warsi said that the book would prove that infighting within the labour party was the direct cause of their being kicked out of Number 10 and they had put infighting ahead of the nation’s interests. She said: “Alistair Darling’s memoirs should give Ed Miliband some concerns about Ed Balls’ suitability to be shadow chancellor. Ed Balls recently claimed that he “did his politics on the record” but has already been shown to have been at the heart of the plot to oust Tony Blair. Now Alistair Darling accuses him of running a shadow treasury operation within his own government. “No wonder Labour left the nation’s finances in such a mess when they put party political plotting above the national interest.” A Sunday newspaper has done a deal to serialise the book. 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Call Martin for telephone orders on 671 464 400 UK FOOD SUPPLIES BRITISH SUPERMARKETS Great choice from your local store! 250m2 store in Alhaurin el Grande NEW SHOP, Now opened in Arroyo Benalmadena next to the ice rink Spend €10 or more and we pay for 1 hour parking in ice rink Call us today on 952 24 55 44 www.hellehollis.com Find us at Málaga Airport and in Fuengirola www.thenewsonline.es We stock Pukka Pies, Qu n & Weight Watchor ers products 4 CURRY PIES €1.95 S.FRIED CHICKEN PORTIONS 500g €2.50 8 SUNBLEST CRUMPETS 2 PACKS FOR €2 FAMILY RHUBARB CRUMBLE 1.25 kg €3.95 FAMILY CHERRY PIE 2 FOR €1.95 BREADED COD FISH CAKES 700g €1.95 Open seven days a week Alhaurin 952 597 282 - Arroyo 952 566 315 allowed It was announced yesterday (Tuesday) that cameras are to be allowed in British courts for the first time. The cameras may be allowed to record some opening and closing statements by lawyers and barristers and some sentencing procedures. However, measures are to be put in place to protect sensitive cases such as family division cases and vulnerable witnesses will not be filmed. Judges, at least for the time being, will be allowed to decide whether or not to let the cameras into their courts. Still photography was banned from British courts in the 1920’s and since then the only way to depict what has been going on inside a court of law has been by sketching done by artists. The Associate Editor of Sky News, Simon Bucks, said that the procedure may help to clarify in people’s minds why some sentences are handed down, giving the example of the vast differences in sentencing following the recent London riots. However, it is not envisioned that British Law Courts are likely to go the way of the likes of the American TV programme Judge Judy and The People’s Court that are similar to British small claims courts and are, frankly, hilarious but not at all “British”. Brrrr... David Williams, star of TV’s Little Britain, swam the channel last year for charity and raised a small fortune. This year he is attempting to swim the Thames. That is along its entire length that is approximately 140 miles, again to raise money for Sport Relief. However, with the recent cold snaps hitting the UK overnight, he had to be taken out of the water on Monday as he had turned blue with the cold, finishing just a couple of miles short of his day one stopping point. However, he is carrying on with the challenge. WEDNESDAY, september 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Got a story? Got pictures? send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] NewCAstLe Alleged killer arrested Graeme Jarman, 47, has been arrested in Filey, North Yorkshire after a librarian recognised him from CCtV shown on tV. he had been on the run after allegedly attacking 77-year-old pensioner, Judith richardson, and killing her with a hammer. her handbag, inside which police found her name and address, was found dumped in a bin in hexham and police constables going to her home to return it assumed that they were looking at a case of theft when theycame upon her battered body on August 19th. A hammer in a plastic bag later found nearby was confirmed as the murder weapon. the public had been told that the educated, well-spoken Jarman could convince people that he wasn’t the man in the footage and that he was likely to be found in a library or similar place. After the call from the librarian, Jarman was arrested at 3pm on saturday and charged with her murder. he is to appear in front of Newcastle Magistrates Court later today, wednesday. Cheshire Jailed nurse released Nurse rebecca Leighton, 27, was released from styal Prison, Cheshire without charge in connection with the deaths of several patients poisoned with contaminated saline drips at stepping hill hospital. several cases had been referred to police by stockport Coroner John Pollard but it has been found that some 500 people could have had access to the saline bags. Ms Leighton, who is now staying with her parents was remanded in styal for 45 days and said: “it was so frustrating for me knowing that the person who actually carried out these terrible acts is still out there.” her barrister had described the case against her as “weak” and that there was no case to answer. CPs Prosecutor Nazur Afzal said: “On the evidence currently available there is not a case in law that could proceed.” New candidate for Mayor The Liberal Democrats have named former Metropolitan Police Deputy Assistant Commissioner Brian Paddick as their candidate in the running for next year’s mayor of London. Paddick, 49, secured the candidacy after winning a ballot of the party’s London members. He was the first high-ranking openly gay police officer before he resigned. He caused a great deal of controversy when he was still in his post by ordering police in Brixton not to arrest people being found in possession of cannabis years before the drug had been officially downgraded from class C to B. He said that cleaner air, less crime and less Londoners living in poverty were “crucial” to London adding that “for too long Londoners have been denied a serious debate on the future of their city”. He will come up against current mayor of London, Conservative Boris Johnson and Labour’s former mayor Ken Livingstone. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 10 n Inland & Coastal News Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in ON THIS DATE IN Local News Arrested for defacing Alhambra A member of Jordan's armed forces was detained in early August after being caught writing his name on a wall of the Carlos V palace in the Alhambra. This is considered a crime against a historical heritage site and carries a jail sentence of one to three years and a fine. The officer had come to Spain as part of a military delegation sent to purchase a plane. He decided to take advantage of his stay in Seville to go to Granada and visit the Alhambra. By carving his name, he was following a tradition that goes back centuries. When Washington Irving, the author of Tales of the Alhambra, first visited the Moorish palace in the late 1820s he was horrified by the graffiti defacing the walls. He suggested introducing a visitors' book which largely eliminated such defacement from that day to this. The Alhambra's governing body is inclined to be lenient with the Jordanian, because the damage was easily repaired but the Junta de Andalucia wants to make an example of him, as a warning to future visitors. www.thenewsonline.es 1940 the German Air Force blitzed London for the 1st of 57 consecutive nights Call for more eﬃcient campaigns Torremolinos mayor Pedro Fernandez Montes has urged the Junta de Andalucia and the government to develop “more efficient” campaigns to attract tourists to the Costa del Sol. He was speaking at the town's 23rd Tourist Day, which is held on the first Thursday in September to honour those who provide the services and the tourists who return to Torremolinos year after year. He said Andalucia depended on media impact and photographs to attract tourists whereas other destinations like the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands deployed very professional campaigns on the tourists' home grounds, mainly Britain and Germany. He also called on hotels to restructure their rates. He said they were currently working at subsistence level to avoid frightening away tourists but this meant they did not earn enough money to invest in infrastructure with the resulting loss of quality. Plastic bags fast disappearing The Junta de Andalucia's environment chief, José Juan Diaz Trillo, said the war declared on single-use plastic bags was proceeding satisfactorily and that the the objective of eliminating 90 per cent of them by 2016 was perfectly feasible. A tax of five cents on each bag bought by supermarkets, stores and other businesses was introduced in May. Part of the tax is passed on to the consumer and Sr Diaz said this, plus an ongoing awareness-raising campaign, was changing the habits of consumers, who are opting to pay 50 cents for a sturdy, reusable bag rather than spend two cents or more on a singleuse bag every time they go to the supermarket. Fantastic selection of Greeting Cards, gifts and party goods. Plus Royal Mail postal service & passport renewals C/ El Troncon, 14 behind the main Fuengirola Post Oﬃce Tel. 952 588 731 [email protected] Fuengirola launches 'Stop manta' Mayor Esperanza Oña introduced the council's “Stop manta”campaign to the media last week, assuring journalists that it was not “aimed at anyone in particular but at avoiding the proliferation of the submerged economy by convincing residents and visitors alike not to buy counterfeit goods”. More than 10,000 leaflets will be distributed and 3,000 stickers will be posted in local stores.” The leaflet explains that buying illegal products “encourages the submerged economy and tax fraud, helps to destroy jobs and turns the buyer into the accomplice of an activity that breaks the law”. 'Fishers' of clients to be fined Mijas council has decided to rid the town's streets of the so-called “pescadores” (fishers) who try to entice passing tourists into bars, restaurants or shops by fining them up to €3,000, depending on the degree of harassment. Councillor Juan Carlos Gonzalez said the objective was to improve the town's image and make sure tourists could visit it in peace without being pestered by people who want to do business. The practice has increased in recent months as businesses are forced to compete more aggressively to stay afloat. The proposed regulation is expected to become law in the near future. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Inland & Coastal News n 11 news Your outlook on the World the 19411/ 9+6* 18'4 #07(#%674'& +0 Marbella mayor in life-saving attempt The driver who stopped to help a man who fell oﬀ his motorbike on the Ronda-Estepona road on Sunday was surprised when the woman whose car he flagged down for help turned out to be Marbella mayor Angeles Muñoz. Sra Muñoz was a doctor before she went into politics. Unfortunately her attempts to keep him conscious failed and the 35-year-old man slipped into a coma and died before the ambulance arrived. The accident happened when the cyclist lost Gay town causes uproar The town of Moclinejo (pop. 1,270) in the Axarquia hit the headlines last week when the organiser of Expogays, to be held in Torremolinos in October, announced that it would become “the first gay town in the world”. Javier Checa said there were plans to build 600 houses and apartments exclusively for gays and that the town's inhabitants were willing to paint their houses pink. Mayor Antonio Muñoz Anaya immediately went on record to say that things were not exactly as Sr Checa portrayed. He said the two men had met and that he had approved – in principle – Sr Checa's proposal to build 50 houses on land provided by the council which would be advertised at the October Expogay. Sr Muñoz added: “I told him I didn't care who he sold the houses to as long as they were bought.” The Colega Federation of Andalucia which works for the rights of gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transsexuals was not impressed either. A spokesman said Sr Checa had abused the local council's trust by lying about the size of the project. control of his bike on a curve just before 11 am on Sunday. ambulance being sent at 11.13am from Ronda, 19 kilometres away. The first call to 112 was made at 10.53am but the person who answered it was unable to transfer it to 061 which is manned by medics. Further calls to 112 and the Guardia Civil finally resulted in an Sra Muñoz stayed until the ambulance arrived. She said afterwards that the man's injuries would probably have been fatal “even if the ambulance arrived sooner, as it should have done”. N -+6%'05 ,756 61 +052+4' '4/#0; 9+6 56700+0) 37#.+6; +0+5* .#55+% 61 %#0&+0#8+#0 /1&'40 4+%'5 !#6'8'4 ;174 $7&)'6 740+0) "174 +6%'0 +&'#5 061 4'#.+6; Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] SEVILLA Baby survives 4-storey fall A 16-month-old girl survived a fall from a fourth floor balcony on Saturday because she landed on the roof of car parked below. The car roof acted as a trampoline and she bounced on to the pavement. She was rushed to hospital and underwent a battery of tests – including a CAT scan – but no internal injuries or broken bones were found. Police believe she climbed on to a chair on the balcony and lost her balance when she leaned over the metal railing. COTO DOÑANA Lynx learns to cross road Staﬀ working at the lynx breeding project in Doñana were delighted by photographs taken on Sunday showing a young lynx entering and leaving a so-called ecoduct – a raised passage over a road designed to prevent lynx living in the wild, many of whom were bred in captivity – from being hit by traﬃc, one of the greatest threats to the animals' survival. It was the first time they had seen evidence that the endangered cats were learning to use the ecoducts. SEVILLA Life clashes with art Work on Sacha Baron Cohen's new film Finchley Dreams, about a Gaddafi-style dictator, came to a standstill when a march protesting last week's constitutional reform ran into barriers around a square where some 400 “revolutionaries” were pulling down an invisible statue of the dictator, Aladeen. They started arguing with the film's security staﬀ and there were a few tense moments until Mayor Juan Ignacio Zoido turned up to persuade the police to allow the protesters a safe passage through the square. 999 %1%+0#52.75 %1/ /#+. +0(1 161)4#0&' Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Toxic dust legacy of 9/11 plagues thousands More than 18,000 people are suﬀering from illnesses linked to the dust from the attacks on New York's World Trade Center on September 11th 2001, according to the US government's monitoring and treatment programme for 9/11 emergency workers, volunteers and local residents. Dr John Howard, Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, who is the senior official managing the health legacy of the attacks, said the most common problems are respiratory, including asthma and sinusitis, but muscular and intestinal conditions have also been reported. Dr Howard said people could die of "many of these conditions that we have seen associated with these exposures". Researchers found a high proportion of highly alkaline particles from the pulverised concrete, as well as asbestos and heavy metals like lead and mercury from thousands of computers and lights in the dust that blew though neighbouring streets and settled over Lower Manhattan. 60,000 people registered as potentially vulnerable – spells out the risks: Nearly 3,000 people died when the two 110-storey buildings were destroyed the single greatest atrocity on US soil – but up to 80,000 people, including firemen, police officers, emergency workers, contractors and cleaning staff, who rushed to help in the aftermath are among potential victims of a toxic fallout. Soon after the attacks people started reporting what became known as "World Trade Center cough" but symptoms have since become more serious. "There is no question that thousands of World Trade Center responders have developed chronic, disabling illnesses as a result of their horrific exposures. The US government's WTC Health Programme – which has more than 5 00 "Based on accumulated knowledge and medical science, occupational medicine physicians have now learned that, for many responders, WTC-related physical and mental conditions are likely to be permanent. "Sadder still, new patients are still being seen who haven't been evaluated before or treated." The firemen who led the effort to search for survivors and, later, for remains seem to be the most vulnerable. One major study of New York fire fighters carried out last year found significant decreases in lung capacity – even six years after the attacks. More controversial is the question of whether the conditions associated with the dust have so far caused any deaths. In 2006, a New Jersey pathologist ruled that a detective, James Zadroga, died of lung disease that was linked to WTC dust. The finding was challenged by the New York medical examiner, but the detective's case was deemed serious enough for his name to be given to new legislation. The Zadroga 9 95 Act, passed in December last year and written into law in January this year, authorises $4.7 billion for monitoring, treatment and compensation for victims. One rescuer, police officer Jeff Endean, has retired on health grounds including respiratory problems, headaches and sinus trouble. Mr Endean said: "The bad days are when it's very hard to breathe. There's a lot of coughing and anybody who's had bronchitis or something like that, knows the more you cough the more it hurts." "The headaches start and it inhibits you from doing many things. You can't run. I really don't run anymore. I haven't run since 9/11." 6 95 Spare ribs menu Fish & Chips menu 1 Roasted chicken Fish burger menu 4.95€, Tuna salad 4.95€, Half chicken 2.75€, TFC Beef burger 4.95€, Chicken Burger 2.00€, Baguette Ham 2.50€, Baguette Thin chicken slices 2.50€, Soft ice cream from 0.80€, Menú grill sausages 6.95€, Kid box chicken nuggets 3.95€ and a lot more.. Urbanización Jardín Botánico, La Cala de Mijas, Malaga. [email protected] www.thefoodcompany.es WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Martin Delfín Writes for the English language version of Dangers of minority rule T I he minority parties’ apocalyptic reaction to last week’s extremely rare alliance between the ruling Socialist party and the Partido Popular only served to underline the fact that Spain has been governed by a minority since March 2004, when Zapatero took power. I n a strategy designed to reduce the PP’s anticipated victory as much as possible in March 2004, he wooed the Catalan nationalists, especially the Catalan Republic Left party (ERC), and the Izquierda Unida (IU, United Left), which is the old Communist party in disguise. W e'll never know if it was this strategy that brought him to power, or whether the March 11th training bombings in Madrid – which brought out the anti-war faction – played a more important role. He won the election without an absolute majority and ERC and IU duly enabled him to form a government – and then took him hostage. T he Socialists adopted the IU's proposal to set up a parliamentary commission to investigate the March train bombings but by December that year, everything surrounding the attacks was as murky as ever because the commission devoted itself to blackening the previous PP government, and especially José Maria Aznar. The commission was allowed to quietly fade away because by then the reform of the Catalan statute had taken centre stage. T he so-called autonomous statutes set out regional powers and every region negotiates its own statute with the central government. Zapatero had rashly promised the Catalans he would back any and all reforms they put forward for parliament’s approval. The ERC made sure that the statute which eventually landed on his desk in Madrid was just a step short of total independence from Spain. It met with bitter opposition from several quarters, including some elements in the Socialist party itself, and Zapatero was forced to do one of his famous U-turns. He finally convinced the Catalans to accept a watered-down version acceptable to parliament, for which the Catalan nationalists have never forgiven him. S omething similar happened with the IU – the favourite bee in their bonnet being the abolition of the monarchy and the resuscitation of the glorious Second Republic, to be called the Third this time around. The Historical Memory Law the IU proposed “to redress the wrongs of the Franco regime”made an awful lot of people see blood. Just one small example – the El Mundo newspaper began printing dozens of obituaries from relatives of people who had been assassinated by the Republicans during the civil war. One listed 14 male members of the same family – the youngest being a 14-year-old. A toned-down version of the law was finally passed, but people still have the impression that it was the Socialist government who gave the descendants of Republicans assassinated by Franco the possibility of finding their bones and giving them a decent burial. In fact, approval was given for mass graves to be opened in 2000, when the PP was in power. W e'll never know how much these two initiatives influenced voters in the March 2008 general election but the IU lost five of the eight seats it won in 2004 and the ERC lost three seats, to be left with a pathetic two. Z apatero won without an overall majority – again – and has had to rely on the Basque Nationalist Party and to a lesser extent the Galician, Balearic and Canary Island Nationalist parties to keep his current administration going. n recent weeks, some of Europe’s wealthiest families have publicly asked their governments to tax them more so they can contribute to helping their countries’ rising debt problems. They began following the pied-piper call made by US billionaire Warren Buffet (pictured) who said rich Americans must be subjected to a higher tax rate to help their country’s economic woes. In Germany, a group of about the 50 richest people has asked Chancellor Angela Merkel to make them pay more taxes to close the gap between the wealthy and the poor. In France, L'Oreal heiress Lilliane Bettencourt and Total Oil company chief executive Christophe de Margerie joined a dozen others in signing a petition calling on the wealthy to make a "special contribution" to the government's finances. Ferrari chairman Luca di Montezemolo told La Republica newspaper that it was "correct" that he should pay more in Italy because he is wealthy. So where do all the rich Spaniards stand on this? They aren’t saying. T here's nothing wrong in having to depend on another party to form a government but all the parties involved here have very specific interests and most of them couldn't give a damn about the “Spanish people”. The Catalans in particular view the Spanish as the enemy. W hat the minority parties, trade unions and “progressives” fear is that this cap on deficit spending will lead to a drastic slashing of social spending if the PP should win the next election. The PP has said it will respect basic social spending but unlike Zapatero it won’t go in for stupid schemes like the so-called baby cheques, which were nothing more than an attempt to buy votes, and had to be dropped because they were too costly. T here are many ways of tightening belts, and a lot of them won’t affect the working or middle classes, just those who’ve fed at the central, regional and local government troughs ever since Franco died. T he Cabinet has been mulling over whether to reintroduce the wealth tax it cancelled in 2008 when it determined that it was affecting mostly the middle class. Many rich people were skirting the tax law by putting their money in financial shelters and hedge funds abroad. But because the exemption was low, many middle-class and upper-middle-class citizens, who could not find ways to sidestep the law, were feeling the crunch. The proposal now is to raise the exemption to €1 million for each taxpayer. That would affect a lesser number of people than the previous wealth tax law. According to studies, 90 per cent of those who paid the wealth tax in 2007 will now be exempt. Nevertheless, it won’t affect the nation’s projected incoming revenue much. Four years ago, the government collected €2.1 billion from the wealth tax, and financial experts believe that revenue would only drop by 50 per cent under the new version. Twenty-five per cent of those who were covered by the wealth tax in 2007 – some 250,000 people – paid 70 per cent, or some €1.4 billion, of what was collected that year, according to figures by the Spanish tax agency AEAT. T I n March 2008, the Socialist and the PP won 83.75 per cent of the vote between them, up from 79.3 per cent in the 2004 general election. The figures speak for themselves – a respectable majority of Spaniards prefer the two main parties. The Socialists have always complained that the PP is “obstructive” – it didn't support quickie divorces or the Historical Memory Law, or the original proposals to reform the Catalan statute (for obvious reasons). On the other hand, the Socialists rejected any and all – usually economyrelated – proposals put forward by the PP over the years, only to have to implement similar ones in the past year to cut the deficit. For example, Mariano Rajoy has been wanting to cap deficit for years. easy for Rajoy. R eintroducing the wealth tax stands to become a major issue in the upcoming general elections. While at first saying that he didn’t want to “get into that debate,” Socialist candidate Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba announced on Monday that he would include this proposal in his manifesto. Under the plan, he projects to collect some €1.4 billion from the rich with an additional €1 billion coming from a tax hike he will impose on Spanish banks. It was a political gesture made to the Left, which believes that the Socialist party has abandoned its principles, and to the 15Movement, whose members have attacked the financial sector for not doing its part in keeping people from losing their homes. It is also the opposite of what Popular Party (PP) candidate Mariano Rajoy has been doing by asking his party’s regional leaders not to raise taxes as they struggle to contain spending and provide services in the cash-strapped governments they won in the May 22nd regional and local elections. In fact, Rajoy has said that he favours dropping taxes so that individuals will have more money on hand to deal with their day-to-day needs. But, with today’s economy, sticking to either of these pledges is not going to be he banks have been very reluctant to pump what money they have on hand back into the economy and too much time has passed for the government to continue to ignore this. A banking tax is what might be needed to provide Rubalcaba with some financial backing for a job stimulus programme. However, what is urgently needed at this juncture is a complete restructuring of the economy. Spain must begin to look for new models to generate cash and forget about trying to reinvigorate a bygone construction industry. You can only build so much in a small country. Nevertheless, the government should help Spanish developers seek out more construction contracts outside of the country, aptly in North African nations such as war-torn Libya which is going to need a lot of rebuilding in the coming years. At the same time, the Spanish government should also continue to strengthen its export technology programme, concentrating on its commendable renewable energy and transportation industries. Promoting efficient renewable energy in emerging nations, such as wind power and solar heating, as well as pitching Spain's prizewinning high speed train network and quick reliable public transport systems, such as the efficient city coach lines in Madrid, are good ways to help get the Spanish economy going. Whoever wins the upcoming election knows that it won’t be easy to come up with all the answers to solve the country's economic needs. But taxing those who have the most is a good way to help many get back on their feet. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Gibraltar News Gib facts - did Nurofen Plus you know...? recall for Gib In the ancient times, right through the age of empires and in the global conflicts of our own century, Gibraltar has stood guard over the western Mediterranean, its unique position making it the focus of a continuous struggle for power. This spectacular rock monolith, covering a land area of about six square kilometres, is situated at the southern tip of Spain overlooking the strait to Africa. It is known as the Meeting Place of Continents. Here, the sub-tropical climate is warm and welcoming throughout the year. The local people smile their welcome with friendly charm born from a blend of many cultures united in a unique community. Gibraltar's history and environment are captivating – from its formation millions of years before and the myths surrounding its dominant presence, to the territory's status today as a prominent tourism and business destination. For further information please contact the Gibraltar Tourist Board; Gibraltar: Tel: +350 20074950, Email: [email protected] London: Tel: +44 (0) 2078360777, Email: [email protected] Or visit www.visitgibraltar.gi National Week events Yes, it’s that time of year again and Gibraltar is on full fun mode for their National Week. Gibraltar Day itself is on Monday 12th so don’t forget that a lot of the shops will be closed so that staff and owners can join in the fun or have a well-earned day of rest. On Thursday September 8th, the Ceremony of the Keys will take place in Casemates Square at 7pm. For further information on this event call +350 20055083. On Saturday 10th, Ocean Village will be having a fun day including bouncy castles, clowns giving out free balloons, face painting , a tattoo stall, mini-make-overs, a treasure hunt, and colouring competitions with prizes for the children. From Wednesday 14th until Saturday October 8th there will be an exhibition of paintings by Ilka Garcia entitled “12 years of images”. This exhibition will be in the House of Sacarello’s coffee shop in Irish Town. And for something a little out of the ordinary, on Saturday September 17th, Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society are having an outing starting at 8.30pm meeting at the Alameda Gardens open air theatre entitled “Bat Night” to view and learn about these wonderful creatures. Info from +350 20078333 A general recall of Nurofen Plus was issued last week by the Gibraltar Health Authority due to fears that they could be contaminated with other drugs. The initial withdrawal was for specific batch numbers but was upgraded to all supplies once the UK had issued a total recall three days earlier. Anti-psychotics such as Seroquel XL used in the treatment of schizophrenia, manic depression and mania, and Neurontin used for the treatment of epilepsy were found in some packs of the drug in the UK and Northern Ireland. However, the drugs are clearly marked in their own blister pack within the boxes of Nurofen Plus. The alert was sent out late on Friday evening by fax from the MRHA in the UK to the chief pharmacist on Gibraltar and it was last Tuesday morning before the fax from the UK was noticed but should have been treated as a Class 1 emergency requiring immediate action at patient level including out-of-hours response. Producers of the drug Reckitt Benckiser say that there is a possibility of sabotage which they are looking into but British Government health officials are also looking at the possibility that the pills could have been incorrectly repacked as part of a process known as “consolidation”, where left over medicines are put in new boxes by pharmacies, or where pharmaceuticals are returned to wholesalers. A statement from the company said: “The safety of our customers is paramount. Distribution of Nurofen Plus has been halted and we are working with the police on a formal investigation to find the person or persons responsible.” No-one so far has in any way been harmed. People who have bought Nurofen Plus in Gibraltar before Tuesday morning, 30th August are advised to check the packets and make sure ALL blister packs are labelled Nurofen Plus. No other Nurofen products are reported to have been affected. If you find any suspect blister packs, please return them to your pharmacy in Gibraltar. Cruise ships in Tomorrow, Thursday 8th September Classic International’s Princess Danae will be in port from 8am to 1.30pm and Princess Line’s Ocean Princess arrives at 8am and 5pm. On Saturday Hapag Lloyd’s Europa is in from 8am until 1.30pm. On Monday Disney’s Disney Magic is in from 6am to 6pm and P&O’s Ventura is in from 8am to 2pm. And on Tuesday Celebrity’s Celebrity Constellation is in from 7am and mid-day. www.thenewsonline.es Don’t forget! is Monday coming, September 12th, is Gibraltar Day so some of the shops along Main Street and Irish Town will be closed TOURIST OFFICES Tourist offices in Gibraltar are located in Casemates Square, the Airport Arrivals Hall, the coach terminus and the cruise terminal and at the frontier. Main Tourist Administration Office Duke of Kent House Cathedral Square, Tel: +350 20074950 e-mail: [email protected] The Gibraltar Tourist Board also operates in London at: Gibraltar Government Office150 Strand,London WC 2R 1JA.Tel: +44 (0) 207 836 0777 email: [email protected] Note: Gibraltar phone numbers consist of eight digits. When phoning from within Gibraltar just dial the eight digits.When phoning from the Costa del Sol and the rest of Spain or from abroad precede the number with the international dialling code which is 00350. Gibraltar 2011 Bank Holidays September 12th Gibraltar National Day December 25th Christmas Day December 26th Boxing Day Where can I get my copy of e News? Morrisons, Latinos (Casemates square), Latinos (Main Street), Tourist Centre (Casemates Square), ICC Centre, Newsagents - Albor (Ocean Village), Newsagents - Ocean Village Express, O’Reilley’s (Ocean Village), Bianca’s (Ocean Village) Café Fresco (Ocean Village) If you would like to advertise your business in The News, please call us on 0034 952 454 491 to find out about some fantastic offers we have on this page! Gib fuel prices from Morrisons Is it worth going to Gib with an empty tank? Usually the answer is yes! We check Morrison’s prices each week. Unleaded per litre £1.06(€1.20) Super unleaded £1.16 (€1.31) Diesel per litre £0.99 (€1.12) SPECIAL OFFER: SPEND £50 IN MORRISONS AND GET 6 PENCE A LITRE OFF UNTIL SUNDAY! The exchange rate used by Morrisons is €1.13 to £1 and the prices are as at noon Tuesday September 6th. WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the OCEAN!VILLAGE!GIBRALTAR OCEAN !VILLAGE!GIBRAL LTAR A FOR!LEASE FOR !LEASE RESTAURANT REST EST TAURANT AU / BAR Ocean!Village!Promenade Ocean!Village!Promenade 2,691ft22!!internal!+!592!ft internal!+!592!ft2!external !external oof terrace ! FRONT LINE marina pier with optional rroof esidential, business and yachting complex LUXURY RY Y rresidential, ! LUXUR alking distance to BORDER and MAIN STREET Walking !W ARKING estaurants and bars and PARKING PARKI ! Offices, shops, rrestaurants proximity oximity to forthcoming WORLD TRADE CENTER ! Close pr LEASE!TERM: LEASE !TERM: Negotiable PRICE £25.55 / ft2 PRICE: SER SERVICE!CHARGES:!£2.20 VICE!CHARGES:!£2.20 / ft2 CALL CALL!(+350!200)!400!48!!TO!!VIEW!OR!ENQUIRE!FURTHER !(+350!200)!400!48!!TO!!VIEW!OR!ENQUIRE!FURTHER Contact!Info:! Contact !Info:! Office:: +350 200 400 48 email:!! [email protected] email: [email protected] Web:!www.oceanvillage.gi Web:!www.oceanvillage.gi WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Community “THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR NEWS Is there something happening locally that you would like our readers to know about? Is your society or organisation planning a fundraiser or special event? Contact us on [email protected] Do something inspiring Ho, ho The new term at Stagecoach Theatre Arts Schools is open to everyone aged 4 to 18 – you don’t have had previous experience to attend. The most important requirement is enthusiasm. There are no auditions and classes are held out of school hours and rotated, so that every student gets one class each of drama, dance and singing at each session. The school has been established since 1988 and has over 560 thriving branches worldwide offering weekly classes. It boasts Philip Schofield as its patron. from the The chairman for this coming year is Barbara Salisbury who has been a popular resident on the coast for many years. The new club year will commence on Tuesday 20th September 2011, with a flower arranging demonstration by Charles Barnard, NAFAS Area Demonstrator from London. This will take place from 3pm to 5pm at The Oak restaurant, Urb. Benamara, N340 km 168, Estepona 29680. This is the first in an exciting programme of events planned for the coming year when every month the club will be welcoming a NAFAS National or Area Demonstrator to show members how to achieve splendid displays of colour and texture. Estepona Floral Art Club is a very friendly club and they welcome visitors old and new and, of course, all their current members. Refreshments are available Marbella, Fuengirola and Gibraltar schools recently took part in their annual Showcase at the Palacio de Congresos, La Linea. This term there are already many things in the pipeline for the children to get involved in. As a taster, they are planning to produce yet another Stagecoach Showcase next April in Fuengirola. They have also been asked to perform for the Great British Weekend in Fuengirola’s Miramar Shopping Cente, and at a Halloween performance at Kids’ Kingdom in Estepona. They are also are looking to produce their first CD! Further details can be obtained from Warren Webley on 952 900 453 or 666 838 213. Email: costadelsol@stagecoachsc hools.com or visit www.stagecoach.es Taking the burn out of this summer’s heat, Age Care Association celebrated an evening of Christmas cheer, food and entertainment recently on the Paseo Maritimo in Los Boliches. Clients, volunteers and friends all joined in with song, cava, Christmas crackers and Christmas pudding – to cool down and enjoy an entertaining evening out. The La Cala de Mijas Lions choir provided music and group participation. Santa and Mrs. Claus “wannabes” were spotted in festive dress and generous prizes were awarded to the raffle winners. A three-course Christmas dinner including all the traditionaltrimmings indulged the taste buds of the displaced-in-time guests. Ho, ho, ho – the Christmas spirit lives on all year round at Age Care! before and after the demonstrations, which are held from 3pm to 5pm on the third Tuesday of every month, except in December when the club meets earlier. They also have a wellstocked sales table where you can purchase flower arranging items at very reasonable prices.Go and join them for some entertaining flower arranging demonstrations! For more information on the above event and future events, please contact the club chairman Barbara Salisbury on 951 170 5 73. ITV & BBC NOW IN FAB “HD” Call 952-661-956 / 456 We can oﬀer same options, but with FTV HD channels for additional 79€ for “ALL” your satellite needs! €uropean SAT”elite” SOLutions RECORDABLE “FREE-TO-VIEW + ” With free 8 GB storage – enough for up to 5 hours of TV recording (and expandable) If your door bell or phone rings, you can pause what you are watching, (the system will continue to record) then you can view from the point in time you “paused”. You can also “re-wind” or “fast-forward” past adverts! All the “free-to-view” channels are available to record – why miss your favourite episodes of “Corre” or “East enders” when you go out !! Total cost including Dish + Receiver + installation = €199!!! OPTION 2 OPTION 1 Local 1A+1B, Calle Orquidea-Edf. El Cambural – Torreblanca, (Opposite the Hotel Gardenia Park, on the roundabout) IF YOU ALREADY HAVE A STANDARD SKY SYSTEM WE CAN UPGRADE YOUR SYSTEM TO A RECORDABLE “FREE-TO-VIEW” OPTION 3 Estepona Floral Art Club ho! If your children have found the long, hot summer a bit of a bore, now’s the time to get them inspired and rekindle their imagination and creativity. www.thenewsonline.es FULLY INSTALLED FTV SKY SYSTEM WITH FTV RECORD Turn your standard sky box into a recordable sat systemWatch 1 channel and record another Free to view channel at the same time! (With features as above) UPGRADED AND INSTALLED €179 No English TV – No problem – let us install a “recordable” satellite system which you can watch or record your favourite programs if you go out ! Watch one channel – record another!! INSTALLED CHILDRENS RADIO CHANS BBC 1 [All regions] BBC 2 + BBC 3 + BBC 4 ITV 1 [ All regions ] ITV 1+1 / ITV 2 / ITV 2+1 / ITV 3 ITV 3+1 / ITV 4 / ITV 4+1 CHANNEL 4 / CHANNEL 4+1 More 4 / More 4+1 / E 4 / E4+1 CHANNEL 5 Film 4 Film 4 + 1 Film 24 Men & Movies Movies 4 Men 1 Movies 4 Men 1+ 1 Movies 4 Men 2 Movies 4 Men 2 + 1 True Entertainment True Movies 1 True Movies 2 Horror Channel Horror Channel +1 CBS Reality CBS Reality + 1 CBS Drama CBS Action Showcase 1 Showcase 2 Chart show Tv Dance Nation TV Vintage Music TV WTF Scuzz Channel AKA Flava The Vault Lava Clubland TV Starz TV NME TV Bliss Brit Asia TV Zing Music India B3U Music HiTV BET BET + 1 Propeller Food Network Food Network + 1 Horse & County Travel Channel Travel Channel + 1 The Active Channel Fitness TV Gala TV S- Events 1 – 6 Luxury Life Renault TV Community Channel Controversial TV Wedding TV My Channel Information TV Information TV+1 Body in Balance Gala TV Super Casino Jackpot Games CBeebies CBBC Channel Tiny Pop Tiny Pop + 1 Pop Girl Pop Girl + 1 CITV Kix ! jazeera Children BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 4FM BBC Radio 4LW BBC Radio 5L BBC Radio 5SX BBC Radio 6Music BBC Radio 7 BBC Radio 1 Extra BBC London BBC Radio Scot BBC Radio Wales BBC Radio Ulster BBC Radio Cymru BBC Radio n Gael BBC World Service RTE Radio 1 RTE Radio 2FM RTE Lyric FM RTE Radio na G NEWS + BUSINESS BBC News BBC Parliament Sky News & Sky News Ireland C.N.N. C.N.B.C Bloomberg Euro News Al Jazeera News Press TV France 24 + Russia Today NHK World CCTV News ++++ PLUS ++++ Shopping TV International TV Adult TV Music Radio CALL IN OR PHONE 952 661 956 - 952 661 456 for full details - WE LEAD - OTHERS FOLLOW NO OTHER SAT COMPANY BEATS OUR PRICE / QUALITY / CHANNELS - GUARANTEED!! Why “pay to view” when you can “free to view” - [email protected] WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World OUT & the ABOUT Your weekly entertainment Guide INsIde thIs week divas and divos at e salon tickets available - don’t miss it! Films in english are back at La trocha Cinema, Coin Friends in Focus trip to extremadura - few tickets left A picnic with the Virgen de las Nieves Written by Jean Joss The annual El Burgo romeria takes place at the beginning of August when the pueblo's patron saint is carried in procession to an area known as La Fuensanta, some two kilometres away in the heart of woodland alongside the river. get cooler towards the autumn this area is well worth a visit, particularly if you enjoy nature and beautiful views. La Fuensanta lies at the foot of the Sierras de las Nieves – you can approach it either by driving the inland route through Coin, Alozaina and Yunquera, turning off before you reach El Burgo, or you can drive through Ronda and out to the other side of El Burgo – either way the scenery is spectacular and gives you a real sense of how vast and unspoiled huge tracts of Andalusia can be. Much of the land here once belonged to an old convent and the mill was first described in the land registry of the Marqués de la Ensenada (1751-1761), “The Convent of the Religiosas Descalzadas of the Order of Saint Francis in the town of Ronda has an oil mill in the administrative area of Fuensanta that uses water from their spring, considered to have an annual value of 436 reals.” Subsequent owners were one Don Luis Corvó de Ronda (1850) and a Don Antonio Perea Fernández – today the buildings and surrounding area are state owned and designated a recreational area. You turn off the main road into a shady quiet track – it's not a made-up road but is quite passable even if you haven't got a fourwheel drive, my little Ford Focus had no problems, just keep your eyes open for the odd pothole. This winds through pine trees alongside a small river, a reserve for whatever fish lurk under the vegetation growing along its banks. Further in is an old forest nursery after which you come to the Fuensanta mill, hidden away beyond a picnic area with tables and benches and barbecues (no fires allowed during the summer months). The mill is closed up now, apart from the inner courtyard where there are showers/toilets – always useful if you are out for the day! Around the back is a huge fig tree and a waterfall that seems to splash and crash all year round as it feeds round into the mill stream. At the front, nestled in a niche almost obscured by pink oleander bushes, is a ceramic plaque of the Virgen de las Nieves herself keeping a quiet watch over the visitors. This is a lovely spot for a picnic, though I confess we have never been on a weekend, preferring to go during the week when it is less likely to be busy. If you drive past the mill you come to La Rejertilla, an activity centre offering camping, horse-riding, mountain biking and paintballing among other things, and up to Los Sauces, another camping/picnic site even further into the mountains. On the way the crossroads are marked with old stone crosses topped with weathered carvings of the Virgen and Child. The tracks are clearly marked and there are way markers telling walkers how far they have to go. From the Puerto de la Mujer there are wonderful views across to el Mirador del Guarda Forestal on the Ronda road. ‘s Fine Dining W TORREBLANCA DEL SOL Fantasic new venue * waitress service * free nightly raffle Premium Spirit & Mixer €4 * Bottled Beer €1.50 - €3 (with bucket discounts) * Cocktails from €3 * Extensive Wine List Local 14, Plaza Ibensa, Benalmadena (under Eduardo’s Restaurant) Call 605 663 335 (mid-day to mid-night) Booking Advisable BANK BANCO AV DA OPEN FRIDAYS AND SATURDAYS Ladies - Bring this advert with you for a free House Cocktail! Doors open 8pm ‘til late -Admission €5 booking advisable Show starts promptly at 9:30 Featuring ROB STEVENS - Man of many faces and FAYLEY - female vocalist with tributes to Barbra Streisand and Shirley Bassey EXCLUSIVE TO PICASSO’S Table Magician 8 - 9pm (subject to bookings) TO RRE Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in ABOUT Your Weekly Entertainment Guide In Cahoots - art on display “In Cahoots” is a new painting exhibition by five local artists. The show portrays the artists' traditional and abstract impressions of Andalucía and Spain each using different techniques and materials – oils, fabrics, threads and embroidery, acrylics, coloured pencils, graphite and the more adventurous gouache. The paintings depict various aspects of Andalucian life, both indoors and outdoors, portraits and landscapes – showing the intriguing qualities of Spanish light. Some are in strong bold separate colours, others in subtle shades all hugging closely together. The artists, Margit Björklund from Sweden, Elaine Carlton, Sally Huntington and Lavinia Croft from the UK and Ursula Williams from Peru obviously come from different walks of life but they have successfully joined together and assembled this impressive amalgamated exhibition of their work. The venue is El Jinete Venta (restaurant) and the exhibition is on from 5th September until 7th November – new pictures being added on 3rd October. El Jinete (the horseman) is easy to find just outside La Cala de Mijas. To get there by car take the N340 coast road to La Cala de Mijas and turn inland on the road towards the golf course. It is open everyday except Friday from 1.00 pm until late. More details can be found through www.sallyhuntington.com or call 678 179 416 or 952 666 950 www.thenewsonline.es Club is back Club Charity and Pleasure’s weekly coffee mornings will resume from 11 a.m. on Wednesday 14th September at their new venue which is “The Oak” at El Paraiso Barronal (beachside, next to the Steak and Rib Shak). Forthcoming events (available to members and members’ guests only) include Sunday lunch at the Tamisa Golf Hotel, Mijas on Sunday 2nd October, their next Gibraltar trip on Tuesday 4th October, and a trip to see Oliver! at the Salon Varietes, Fuengirola, planned for Friday 21st October. CAPS is a friendly, social organisation based in El Paraiso, Estepona, meeting at 11 a.m. each Wednesday morning. Weekly activities include bridge, whist and bowls, and members have recently started a choir. Other events and excursions include visits to the theatre and exhibitions; lunches and dinners at different venues along the coast; mystery trips, etc. They also raise money for local charities, mainly Alzheimer’s, Aprona, Aspandem and Cudeca. For more information contact Denise Ghazi, President, on 952 810 989, or visit www.capsonlinemag.net. % ( Still time to book The Friends in Focus Camera Club are going on a coach trip to explore the province of Extremadura on Wednesday October 19th. They are staying in a 4star hotel in Trujillo for four nights on a half board basis. Trips included are a visit to the Roman settlement at Merida, the town of Caceres and the area’s National Park. There is also an optional Jeep safari. There are still a few places left, so if anyone would like to join the club on what promises to be a most interesting trip please contact Lyn Carter for further details on 605 423 985 or visit their website on http://friendsinfocuscame raclub.com CASA KON-TIKI The Home of Fish and Chips OPEN ALL DAY 7 DAYS A WEEK 12 NOON ‘TIL 11PM NEW! Early Bird Special 7 Days, noon until 6pm Fish, Chips, Peas, Bread only €3.95pp Lunch time sandwiches €1.50 Main meals from €4.95 Sunday Roast Lunch €5.95pp Buy two jumbo fish, chips & mushy peas, get a bottle of wine free only €9.95 each Chris The Dish: 667 842 359 John The Fish: 678 292 792 2nd street behind Yaramar Hotel, Los Boliches Visit us at www.los-boliches.es * Chill Out to the Sounds of Dave Lee from 3 pm * Welcome Cava * Ask Dave to sing your favourite Dean Martin song * Traditional Sunday Lunch Menu from 11.95 euros * Happy Hour from 6 to 8pm * Spa Treatments vouchers available ( previous reservation ) ! " )&$ (%& '%# KM 194 off the N340 Pueblo Andaluz Las Chapas * Special Sunday Night Room rates ask at Reception Book your table at Reception 952 585 988 Book your table at Reception or call Hotel Tamisa Golf on WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Free wi-fi zone Sky Sports Alhaurin el Grande’s NEWEST biSTRO CAFE Serving a selection of snacks, paninis, baguettes, etc., Plus main meals including Rack of Ribs, and Entrecôte steaks. Sunday Roast €7.95 OAP special price €5.95 Children €4.95 On Fridays you can enjoy fresh battered Cod, Chips & Mushy Peas Daily from 9am Sat. & Sun. 10am 952 597 188 Calle Gerald Brenan 89 Alhaurin El Grande Tom´s Irish Bar MUMTAZ MAHAL A warm Irish welcome Come and enjoy the best of Indian cuisine in our newly refurbished airconditioned restaurant or dine on our fabulous terrace For all your Premier League Football 600 060 563 C/ Salvador Rueda 65, Los Boliches Indian Restaurante Menu del Dia 3 courses €9,95 EAT FROM OUR MENU WITH PRICES REDUCED BY UP TO 10 & 15% EL MOJITO Plaza de Remo La Carihuela Torremolinos 952 057 062 SPECIAL OFFER! 8oz entrecôte steak with all trimmings & bottle Rioja - only €20 per couple FREE ENTRY Shows start at 9.30pm. Open all day. 952 466 955 632 284 234 Fresh Filtered Coffee Pol. Ind La Trocha, Coin C/ de la Cruz 3, Fuengirola There's no audition - all they need is enthusiasm. Open Daily 1pm -1am Decaffeinated served as any of the above JK’s is open from 2pm Call Stagecoach in Spain on 952 900 453 or Gibraltar 200 44885 Our students grow in confidence and self-esteem... Skills for life! £1.50 Sunday Pool, darts & pinball competitions Home Delivery The skills they learn aren't just for the stage. Three Course Special Menu €8,95 20p Friday 9th The fabulous Phoebe - stunning female vocalist, back by popular request NOW ENROLLING Here's a way to spend Saturdays that'll have 4-18 year olds buzzing. Enrol them in your local Stagecoach Theatre Arts School where they learn to act, sing and dance. Tandoori lal a H Specialists JK’s This Wee k! Wednesdays 8.30pm Bingo - jackpot €400 Quiz with jackpot Monday, Wednesday & Thursday Robbie’s Karaoke Roadshow from 9.30pm. Come and be the star in the bar. Tuesday “Black Bais” male vocals, soul, Tamla Motown, R&B, great voice! Friday Siobhan - female vocalist from Dublin Fun for all ages Saturday Night Life - comedy vocal duo, not to be missed! Sunday “Mr Blue Eyed Soul” Danny Stone OLLYWOOD Bindian restaurant Av Antonio Machado benalmadena Tel.: 645404911 £1.10 Now Open from 4pm with Janine (J9) Hot Chocolate New menu includes Kangaroo and Swordfish - try something new today! Act, sing and dance at your local Stagecoach www.stagecoach.es popular BBQ menu and enjoy the views from our fabulous garden terrace. 952·454·267 Terry @ Buzby ad ’ Wednesday 7th Mad Terry - man of many voices Thursday 8th September Ian Jacks - popular guitarist and vocalist Friday 9th Alexandra Avery -female vocalist Saturday 10th The Cleverley’s - Everley Brothers tribute Sunday 11th Black Baise - Tribute to Michael Jackson & Lionel Ritchie then Mad Terry Monday 12th Tony Montana tribute to Michael Bublé - followed by Natalie Monroe Tuesday 13th Lesley Harrison-female vocalist Karaoke from midnight every night with Mad Terry, and Tomo the King of Karaoke. £1.40 CALL GEOFF AT THE NEWS 622 050 409 Grand Opening Food served daily this Sunday from 1pm except 19th June Monday when it’s Don’t miss 6pm. it! See article, leftTry our very LAS PALMERAS,COIN Opposite Dia Supermarket Free Entry! In La Trocha Commercial Centre. All Live football on Sky Sports Coming soon will be “Super 8” so watch these pages for more news of upand-coming films. La Trocha is easy to get to and its easy to park! Always check www.coinlife.info for up-to-date movie news and any last minute changes to the programmes plus more views and reviews of films coming your way. Siboney Pot of Tea for one GOT AN EVENT OR SPECIAL OFFER? weapons against well, who knows what weaponry! It sounds absolutely bonkers but it works in this cowboy/sci fi escapade. One not to be missed! Selection of Speciality Twinings Teas BARS & RESTAURANTS... £1.50 New slimming club at La Risa. Fridays 9:30 to 10.30am. No faddy diets and no making you feel awful about yourself! Call 660 350 896 for info INTERNET HOTSPOT Get Slim! Selection of various drinks available at the counter The town comes under attack by an alien spacecraft and the aliens make off with a few of the townsfolk. Thus starts a rescue by the two unlikely heroes with plenty of Magnificent Seven style escapades. The two main characters put aside their differences to save the town (and, of course, the world) with 19th century See all our future events on Facebook Freshly made Thick and Creamy Milkshakes Sunday Lunch from 1.30 The film is set in 1875 in the New Mexico desert. A man (Craig) wakes in a desert canyon. He has no idea who he is or how he came to be there although he has a strange metal band around his wrist. Off he totters into the town of Absolution. The town is very unwelcoming and is ruled by iron-fisted Colonel Dolarhyde (Ford). Craig Now open in Ibensa Square Benalmadena. See page 17 for main ad & further details Strawberry Hot & Cold food served every day. discovers he is an outlaw on the run called Jake Lonergan. The two, of course, don’t get along at all. Show Bar 1 N E OPEN FROM 11am Starting on Monday 12th at 6pm and on Thursday 15th at 8.05pm they will be showing the new Harrison Ford and Daniel Craig movie, “Cowboys and Aliens”. The film was reviewed last week on the cinema page but, for those of you who missed it ... ‘s o Chocolate At last The News can inform you that the much missed films in English at the La Trocha Commercial Centre are back! BAR Banana Films are back at last! Take-away service Free home delivery with orders over €25.00 OPEN 7 DAYS Lunch 1.30 - 4.00pm Dinner 7.00 - 12.00pm Urb. El Rodeo, Coin 952 455 599 626 977 224 La Risa @ Lauro Golf Ladies Lunch - Thursday 15th September, starts 1.30 - booking essential Monday: 2 course menu only €7.50 per person Wednesday & Friday Our popular Fish & Chips available all day Saturday Night: Special Menu available Sunday: Excellent La Risa Sunday Lunch NEW! La Risa Simply Slimmer Slimming Club Fridays at 9.30am Kitchen now open to 9pm Monday - Saturday For further details of all these events call us on 660 350 896 or pop into the bar. On the road between Alhaurin el Grande & Alhaurin de la Torre Across From the Clubhouse Reservations: 660 350 896 Sassy, sexy witches email: [email protected] web: www.coinlife.info A MoViES to WAtcH out FoR Final Destination 5 By Steve Quale starring Nicholas D'Agosto, Emma Bell. Who would have thought it – eleven years on and the Final Destination franchise is still coming up with gory deaths that are beyond most peoples' imaginations! We all know what to expect by now. This time it's Sam (D'Agosto) who has the requisite premonition. As he and co-workers on their way to a works meeting sit in a bus about to cross a suspension bridge he forsees that the bridge is about to collapse. He manages to persuade seven other folk on board to believe him and they flee the vehicle. Minutes later the bridge and everything on it plunges earthwards in the most spectacular manner – and that's the first reel. There are no other survivors, but we know that it won't be too long before the lucky eight start to pay the price for avoiding their destiny with Death. The basic plotline has been the same since the first movie, so the real interest lies in just how Death catches up with the destiny dodgers. They were not meant to survive, but this movie introduces a new element – is it possible to cheat destiny if you can find a substitute to take your place? Hmm, well, what do you think? Can there be any more gruesome ways for Death to catch up with the survivors than have been explored in the first four movies of the franchise? Well, as it happens, yes. The fourth in the series was off form, but generally the critics have been a lot kinder to the latest installment. Director Quale has worked with James Cameron and his use of 3D is effective, plus he ratchets up the suspense in a most satisfactory manner. There are some stomach churning moments and you may want to bury your head in your hands, but generally, if you have enjoyed the earlier movies then this will be a must-see. And if you are just catching up with the franchise this is as good a place to start as any. sk a child to draw a witch and you’ll probably receive a picture of a haggard old woman with a pointed nose, warts and straggly hair. Not so your average movie witch! Even though Emma Thompson actually started out looking like a traditional witch in Nanny McPhee (2005), she soon blossomed into a beautiful, kindly faced woman, having won the charms of the feral children in her charge. Julie Andrews certainly didn’t appear as a haggard witch in Mary Poppins either but then she was never expressly labelled as a witch, just a woman with spell-making powers. Same thing eh? lthough no Oscars were forthcoming for the film, the actors did receive several other awards. The film still has a good critical rating on the Rotten Tomatoes website and even after 24 years, is one of the best modern witch themed films. H A owever, the best and most glamorous witches on film have to be the three single mums that form an unwitting coven in the 1987 film adaptation of John Updike’s novel, ‘The Witches of Eastwick”. W GLASS CURTAINS THE ORIGINAL AND THE BEST 10 YEARS Special o 25% diS ﬀer of in Summ count er mont hs - Use your terrace whatever weather - Increase your living space - Increase the value of your home - Reduce noise, wind, rain and dust - Our guarantee of the best product on the market, old fashioned customer service and exceptional value CALL NOW FOR A QUOTATION. CHECK THE WEBSITE OR BETTER STILL, COME AND VISIT OUR SHOWROOM Tel: + 34 952 050 850 Web: www.glasscurtains.es e-mail: [email protected] Calle Manuel Franco Cubeiro n17 Parque empresarial El Pinillo Torremolinos & CERTIFICATIONS ith an all-star cast consisting of Susan Sarandon, Michelle Pfeifer and Cher, the film could be nothing less than glamorous really. Seduced by Jack Nicholson as the devilish but ultimately brow beaten Daryl, the three women find themselves empowered to take revenge on those members of their community that have wronged them but panic when they realize Daryl’s spells have led to a death in the community. Initially agreeing to stay away from each other, the three women decide the best form of defense is attack after Daryl visits upon them their worst nightmares. They gather materials and spell books to create a voodoo doll representing Daryl but as he starts to feel the onset of their spell, he rushes home to confront his three prodigies. In ensuing panic the wax doll is thrown into the fire and Daryl vanishes. At the end of the film you see the three yummy mummies sitting in Daryl’s mansion house with three new baby boys, courtesy of the outcast demon. As he tries to communicate to the boys via the TV, the mums rush to turn oﬀ the screen, worried about his influence on their children. T he three actresses were superbly cast in their roles and Jack Nicholson could not have been either more menacing or more charming as the devil incarnate. A nother favourite witch film is the 1996 teen horror “The Craft”. Again, none of the witches in this film are ugly, disfigured or warty. Four young teenage girls each have their own emotional scars and baggage but when they come together to form a coven, they begin to possess powers that lead to death, anguish and infatuation amongst those around them. Fearing that fellow witch Nancy is taking things too far, Sarah decides to try to bind her friend from doing harm to herself or others. Although the spell doesn’t work it causes a rift between the girls that leaves Sarah experiencing nightmares and paranoia as the rest of the coven invade her dreams with swarms of insects and snakes. Angry that their friend has tried to put a spell on one of them, the three remaining witches then try to persuade Sarah to commit suicide before Nancy forces the issue by cutting Sarah’s wrists. Being the more powerful witch, Sarah eventually gains control, scaring oﬀ Bonnie and Rochelle and successfully binding Nancy from doing harm. The last scenes of the film show Nancy incarcerated in a mental hospital. T he moral of the story is “You may appear to be young, beautiful and wart free but if you use your powers inappropriately, the ugliness on the inside will surely come out”! L et that be a lesson to all supernatural teenagers and corrupt politicians. em June 22nd July 22nd by Cathy Stronach This week clarity resumes and your intellect soars, things just start clicking into place and you are able to make sense of the complicated. If you are single there is a strong chance of attracting some romance in your life and if already taken, there could be some rekindling of the flames. Friends whom you haven’t seen for a while starting getting in touch, social invites increase and your popularity is sky high. Finance comes from an unexpected source. Communication is important this week especially when expressing yourself towards a loved one. Misunderstandings could occur and the last thing you want is crossed wires. Financial opportunities are on the horizon, make sure you stay focused and keep your eye on the ball. There is a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction to be had out of a project that is showing signs of coming to fruition. Keep juggling, Taurus. Listen intently to what others are saying to you this week as messages and insights can come from strange sources. Before rushing in where angels fear to tread it would be a good idea to use others as a sounding board and listen for their feedback, they could have an interesting perspective on an old problem. There is likely to be the odd flirtation and this will do your ego the world of good, this too could happen in an unusual setting. Work pressures are heightened and there is the possibility of having new responsibilities placed on your shoulders. A whole new system may need to be implemented, in which you play an important role. Romance is a distraction but a welcome one and the fires will be hotting up in this area of your life. Travel is likely - even if it is a short journey, it will be memorable and unforgettable in some way. Keep a tight hold on your finances. Kym’s Kitchen ...you don’t have to be a chef! There are loads of tomatoes about in the garden and in the shops right now so, while they last, why not make the best of them? This recipe can also be made and put in the freezer. Double wrap it in foil and the pie will last up to three months. You can then cook it from frozen in a 200ºC oven for around half an hour. Tomato Pie Ingredients: ● 1 (9 inch) deep-dish pie crust made in advance and cooled, or shop bought ● 4 large tomatoes, peeled and sliced ● 20gr chopped fresh basil ● 3 salad onions, (spring onions or scallions) thinly sliced ● 225gr bacon - cooked, drained, and chopped ● 3 cloves garlic, crushed ● 2gr dried oregano ● 2gr finely chopped red pepper rd VIRGO August 23rd September 22nd You could have an urge to entertain at home this week, to get out the best crockery and invite some friends around for a catch up. You could have an inner desire to get what you want regardless of what others think, you are more self-assertive now and this is because you are determined to move your life forward, too long have you lived with the past. A lot of romantic and social opportunities are coming your way. The end of August moon in your sign indicates that this week of September is a new start for you, a time of new beginnings. Expect an increase in well being, vitality and an energy boost. You will be able to express yourself easier and define what your goals are. This is a good time for meetings or visiting friends as you will find no problem with speaking clearly and explaining your thoughts. Basically you will become quite chatty. ● 225gr grated Cheddar cheese ● 60 ml mayonnaise Directions Preheat oven to 190º C LEO (Serves 6) 1. In alternating layers, fill pastry shell with tomatoes, basil, onion, bacon, garlic , oregano, and red pepper. 2. In a small bowl, mix the cheese with the mayonnaise. Spread the mixture over the top of pie. Cover loosely with aluminum foil. 3. Bake in the preheated oven for 30 minutes. 4. Remove the foil from the top of the pie and bake for an additional 30 minutes. Serve warm or cold. Nutritional Information - OK, because I’m on a diet, here’s how much weight you’ll put on with this….. not much eh? Amount per serving calories: 476 /Total fat: 36.4g/ Cholesterol: 56mg LIBRA Someone you care about could be trying to tell you something - make sure that you take the time to listen, it could be important. Often it takes viewing things from several diﬀerent angles before you can get the total picture as to why something may be happening. You could be involved with people who are not usually your type and go against the grain - these people can become rd September 23 like teachers who show you another part of yourself. nd October 22 SCORPIO October 23rd November 21st Financial concerns reign supreme this month and you will spend a lot of time coming up with financial ideas to plan for the future. Others are depending upon you for your expertise and their happiness is directly related to the work that you do. People are drawn to you like a magnet and there will be possibilities to expand your friendship base and make new ones. You may be concerned about a friend, let them know how you feel. SAGITTARIUS Enlightening insights may come your way from your partner or a committed other in your life. There is a fine line between love and pain but it is your sense of humour that bridges the gap perfectly. There could be a situation that is slightly pressurised and something reaches breaking point. You always have a way of landing on your feet and know that you will find a way to do it again nd November 22 December 21st – this will remind you of how strong your really are. CAPRICORN Be careful not to push yourself too hard, Capricorn, this could lower your vitality and leave you feeling a bit drained. There is a lot going on still and things are still not totally sorted in one area of your life and this can leave you feeling uptight and stressed. There are those around who are just waiting to be asked and would love to give you a hand or a bit of support, so “ask and you shall nd December 22 receive” seems to be the message. th January 19 AQUARIUS PISCES February 19th March 20th If there is a will there is a way – or so they say. Something that you desire keeps you moving in a steady direction towards your goal – the inner restlessness that you are feeling is trying to trip you up as you are essentially in a party mood. Keep focused and make sure that you follow through, you have a lot of creativity within that is seeking an expression, so these are the days when what you put your mind to, you can really make it count. Perhaps you are on the edge of success but you don’t realise how close you are. Things are changing and a pathway is about to open up, carving a promise for the future. All you have to do is act as if you are there. Your career gets a big push from those around you and you may be just a bit surprised by all the attention you are now getting, although you will never let this on outwardly. There is a strong possibility of travel and this could lead to a romantic experience. Directions to our Coin Supermarket AGUAMANIA 7.30 Just off the Horse Roundabout at El Rodeo WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Contemporary lifestyle and celebrity gossip TIMBERLAKE BUYS INTO SOCIAL NETWORKING Not a woodentop The phenomenon of Social Networking sites has been surprising to some and a lifestyle necessity to others. Musician Justin Timberlake has been so impressed with social networking and the aid to selling records that they have become that he has bought into MySpace. He says that the site will be a platform for young, up-andcoming musicians to get their work out in the public domain without having to find record labels who will back them. He added: “ I Greatest person ever? After a bizarre performance of David Bowies “Life On Mars” and a scathing opinion from X-Factor judge Gary Barlow, the weird and wonderful David Wilder, 42, has said that he is “the greatest person ever” to have been on the show! The busker got four “yes’s” on Saturday to carry on in the show adding that taking part in it should be a massive boost to his singing career. CRYSTAL CLEAR ANNE Tarot card readings Palmistry Chakra cleansing International Psychic Medium Spiritualist Phone readings Healing massage Therapeutic massages Need help with your life direction, worries or fears For guidance and support Contact Anne Mon., Wed. & Fri. at Toni’s Ist in Cards, Fuengirola [email protected] make music because I want a lot of people to hear it. The network sites are the easiest way of achieving that.” Justin was the star of the Oscar winning film about Facebook, Social Network. Along with advertising agency Specific Media, he said that he is looking forward to the “exciting new challenge”. And it’s not just the new Pitt kids go to school Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie’s vast brood may well be home tutored when they are in the States but the parents have enrolled them at a school in south west London while Brad’s new film, World War Z , has overrun. They said that they like the children to go to “ordinary” schools so that they can soak up the culture of wherever they are staying. potentially great artistes that are using the sites. Lady Gaga for instance has over 13 million followers on her site – even more than President Obama – and Beyonce broke all records last weekend with 8,868 Tweets per second following the confirmation that she is expecting a baby. Newcomers like Britain's Jessie J, who won a Justin Timberlake dedicated following from her bedroom by posting videos on YouTube, built their careers on the internet. It’s the fastest way to get your name out there and build up a fan base. Jeremy Silver the chairman of data analysis group Semetric said: "They're learning how to use it most eﬀectively and that means not only in terms of how they communicate out but also how they read what information is coming back. There's a saying at the moment in the music industry that data is the new oil." Friday nights are slob by the telly nights... Strictly is back! Friday nights are going to be back to staying in until the end of the new Strictly Come Dancing shows finish. From Friday September 30th, millions of people will be glued to the screen to see who is a natural dancer and who looks a bit like a yellow Easter chicken that’s just come out of it’s shell! This season’s line-up of stars about to put themselves through some serious exercise include 60s pop star Lulu (not fair really as she’s always kept herself in shape – remember “Shout!”), Harry Judd – heart-throb from band McFly who famously won a recent spot dancing with Ola Jordan for Children In Need, ITV sports presenter Dan Lob, soap Waterloo Road’s Chelsee Healey, exEastender Anita Dobson – she must be fit from dancing around her living room to other half’s Queen records, The One Show’s Alex Jones, Astrologer Russell Grant – that should be interesting, I wonder if he can already see in the stars how far he gets?, Sven’s ex Nancy Dell’Olio, Edwina Currie – minus the frying pan we hope, impressionist Rory Bremner, plus former Neighbours stars Holly Valance and the ever moaning Jason Donovan. One of the two last male places may be going to exboxer Audley Harrison. The show will, of course be presented by Sir Bruce Forsyth and Tess Dayley. It simply doesn’t work without them. Oh yes, and Aussie judge Craig Revel-Horwood became a British citizen last weekend. Now then, where’s my slippers and cocoa!... A fab new clothing shop now open in Alhaurin There’s a new concept for buying fashionable clothes or something for that special occasion in Alhaurin el Grande. The Wardrobe opened to great reviews from those browsing round the shop last week. Owner Sue Hart (pictured below left) has opened the shop – selling new and “as new” ladies clothing – to offer quality styles at a fraction of the price you would normally pay. There are designer brands with dresses, skirts, trousers, tops, shoes and handbags, plus jewellery, underwear from La Seza and M&S and cosmetics. Sue has been in the retail trade all her working life, starting in cosmetics with Elizabeth Arden followed by Estée Lauder whom she worked with for 18 years, training with House Of Fraser and Beattie’s and becoming top sales girl in the Midlands. She met Mrs Estée Lauder and was promoted to their training executive for the Midlands. She went to South Africa and came back with her two lovely daughters, Jemma and Victoria and opened a children’s As New shop back in the Midlands which was very successful. Sue came to Spain and has lived in Alhaurin el Grande for 12 years with husband Sid and the girls. She said that she has always felt that the area needed a Ladies As New Shop. We all have a wardrobe where we have good quality, hardly worn clothes so why not make something from them? Take them along to The Wardrobe and Sue will put them in her shop to sell and take a commission from whatever they are sold for. Clothes must be clean and of a good quality but all the items you’ve grown out of or just won’t wear again could make you money and be a fabulous find for someone else. You can find The Wardrobe on Calle Gerald Brennan nº 46 in Alhaurin el Grande, opposite Supersol. Just walk through to the back of Papeleria Martin and you’ll find The Wardrobe. The shop is open from Tuesday to Saturday, 10am – 2pm every day. For more information, call Sue Hart on 952 595 514 or 669 514 733 Pop in, have a browse and pick up a bargain – I bought some fabulous designer leather boots for just €40, two pairs of brilliant quality trousers for €6 a pair and a Morgan shirt for just €10! And the Karen Millen dress below was just €30 but I would need to diet more to get into it! By Kym Wickham WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the New uses for common remedies TREAT YOURSELF to an organic FISH PEDICURE (no appointment necessary) Probably the best €10 you will ever spend on yourself! 627 428 161 Plaza Olé, Benalmadena Costa (behind Barclays Bank) part 1 When minor medical issues like nosebleeds, insect stings, or dandruﬀ crop up, chances are you'll find eﬀective – if surprising – fixes for what ails you in your medicine cabinet. Here are several common household items that all do double duty, saving you a trip to the pharmacy – and cash in the process! • Antacid tablets are for heartburn, the effervescent type with sodium bicarbonate helps to neutralise the acid that causes painful heartburn symptoms. But try it for soothing insect bites – antacid formulations such as AlkaSeltzer contain aspirin, an anaesthetic that can help ease the sting and itch of insect bites. Make a paste with a crushed antacid tablet, a pinch of oatmeal (also a skin soother), and water and apply it to the skin. Results are immediate – and this DIY formula has a healing bonus that other anti-itch salves lack because it has no dehydrating side effects, unlike Calamine lotion which contains zinc oxide, that can be drying to the skin. • Mouthwash is for freshening breath but it can also prevent athlete's foot. To prevent athlete's foot, soak a cotton ball with alcohol mouthwash and swab the bottoms of your feet and between toes after every shower. The high alcohol content of traditional mouthwash helps ward off fungal infections. • Baking soda is recommended by many dentists to help remove superficial stains from enamel, making teeth appear whiter. It also prevents bad breath and gets rid of plaque embedded in the area between the teeth and gums. But used topically, baking soda takes the sting out of sunburn and minimises the itch and discomfort caused by a variety of skin conditions, including eczema, prickly heat, and poison ivy. To get relief, place a cup of baking soda under a running bath tap so it dissolves completely, and then soak in the water for about 30 minutes. none of these measures works, see a health care provider for treatment. • Witch hazel helps fight acne by drying out excess oil in the skin. Because it contains alcohol, witch hazel can help kill the bacteria that cause infection and lead to breakouts. Because witch hazel is a natural astringent, it is a primary ingredient in many haemorrhoid wipes and medicated pads. Used alone, witch hazel may dry out delicate tissue, so also apply a cream, such as Vaseline or A+D original ointment, to moisturise the area. • Aloe vera applied to first- and second-degree burns speeds the healing because it contains vitamins as well as amino acids that help repair damaged tissues. Several compounds found in aloe vera work together to decrease or prevent inflammation and control pain and a recent study found that canker sore sufferers who applied aloe vera gel healed about 50% faster than those who didn't. • Nasal spray does more than just ease congestion – it can also stop nosebleeds. Most nosebleeds can be stopped by simply pinching the nose for 10 to 20 minutes, but if yours persists, nasal spray may do the trick. About two-thirds of people who visit an emergency room for a persistent nosebleed are successfully treated with oxymetazoline, the decongestant found in common over-the-counter nasal sprays. To stop the bleeding, tilt your head forward and clear your nose by blowing out any clots (this may increase bleeding for a few seconds). Inhale through your nose while spraying oxymetazoline into the affected nostril(s), and then pinch the soft part of your nose closed. Maintain pressure for 10 full minutes. If the bleeding hasn't stopped, continue pinching for another 10 minutes. If • Tea tree oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties and is ¡¡INCREDIBLE PRICES!! MENS HAIRCUT 20€ WASH CUT & STYLE 10€ COLOUR & STYLE PLUS CUT FROM €5 extra 5€ often applied topically for acne and athlete's foot but it also gets rid of dandruff. An American study found that people who used a shampoo with 5% tea tree oil reduced their dandruff 41% and significantly improved the itchiness and greasiness of their scalp. It can also be added in small amounts to your own shampoo to get a similar effect. Just use it sparingly, no more than a few drops per bottle, to prevent overdrying of your scalp. • Yoghurt helps foster healthy digestion and keep you regular but it can also be used to prevent gum disease. A Japanese study found that adults who consume 55g of yoghurt per day have significantly fewer markers of periodontal disease than those who don't include this food in their diets. That's because the lactic acid in yoghurt helps protect their gums from the harmful bacteria that cause this chronic condition. Part two next week. The Nail & Beauty Salon + Hairdressing All aspects of beauty & hairdressing - Special Oﬀer! Wash & Blowdry from only €5 Specialists in all types of nail extensions including the new Dip & Go System for only 25€ and the 3 week Manicure for 25€ Wedding and Pamper packages available Sol Nail Supplies Are pleased to oﬀer both training and products for all types of nail extensions including the new Dip & Go System with no damage to the natural nail and very quick to apply Centro Commercial San Juan 35 Opp Train Station Arroyo de la Miel Tel: 952 442 270 Mob: 670 695 860 STEPHANIE & CO Homecare and assistance 7 days a week * Shopping * Home Help * Breakfast - Lunch Dinner * Medical Assistance * Collecting Prescriptions, etc. * UK Registered Nurse available if required * House work * Cleaning * Outings to the hairdresser, shopping or just for coffee! ' ) ( ' WEDNESDAY September 7 Mon, Sept 12th 23:05 Michael Clayton A `fixer' at a corporate law firm faces the biggest challenge of his career when a guiltridden attorney has a breakdown during a class-action lawsuit. Stars George Clooney FILM Fri, Sept 9th 00:35 The Lives of the Saints Mr Karva runs a shady little empire in North London. His stepson, Othello, has ambitions to take over and Othello's cowardly friend, Emilio, has ambitions of his own. However, when a small child is found some strange things start to happen. FILM Sun, Sept 11th 22:45 Sixty Six A young Jewish boy fears disaster when his bar mitzvah is scheduled for the same day as England take on Germany in the 1966 World Cup final. FILM Fri, Sept 9th 23:05 Aliens Futuristic marines are sent to eradicate the deadly `xenomorphs' which are blamed when contact is lost with a space outpost. As the sole survivor of the first encounter, Ripley is assigned to lead the platoon of marines. FILM Sun, Sept 11th 23:00 Once Upon a Time in Mexico Druglord Barillo is planning to kill the Mexican president and take control himself, so oddball CIA agent Sands recruits deadly musician El Mariachi to foil the coup. Mariachi has been in retirement since the deaths of his wife and daughter and is unwilling to kill again, but.... FILM Face/Oﬀ Wed, Sept 7th 21:00 Sir Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly begin the ninth series of the celebrity dance contest with a special red carpet launch show. Fourteen brand new stars discover who their professional partners will be for the rest of the competition, and they all take to the dance floor for the very first time. Sat, Sept 10th 18.10 September 8 FRIDAY September 9th 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Operation Hospital Food with James Martin 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 School of Silence 16:30 Serious Explorers: Livingstone 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 National Treasures Live 20:00 Village SOS 21:00 Who Do You Think You Are? 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 The Lottery Draws 22:45 Live at the Apollo 23:30 Green Card 01:10 Weatherview 01:15 Watchdog 02:15 Bang Goes the Theory 02:45 Raymond Blanc's Kitchen Secrets 03:15 Country Tracks 04:10 Newsday 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Operation Hospital Food with James Martin 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Gimme a Break 16:30 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab: The Experiments 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Watchdog 21:00 Torchwood: Miracle Day 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Question Time 23:35 The Unbearable Lightness of Being 02:20 Holiday Weatherview 02:25 Panorama 02:55 Countryfile 03:55 Food Fighters 04:40 HARDtalk 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Operation Hospital Food with James Martin 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 16:30 Serious Explorers: Livingstone 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 A Question of Sport 21:00 Outnumbered 21:30 Would I Lie to You? 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 John Bishop's Britain 23:05 Mrs Brown's Boys 23:35 The Lottery Draws 23:45 Hart's War 01:40 Weatherview 01:45 Monty Halls' Great Irish Escape 02:45 Wonderstuﬀ 03:15 Saints and Scroungers 03:45 Antiques Road Trip 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:30 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:40 Kerwhizz 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:40 Waybuloo 11:00 In the Night Garden 11:30 The Daily Politics 13:00 See Hear 13:30 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Dragons' Den 20:00 The Natural World 21:00 Horizon 22:00 Have I Got Old News for You 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 The Secret War on Terror 00:20 The Tudors 01:15 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 08:25 Green Balloon Scrapbook 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:50 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Live: IAAF Diamond League Athletics 21:00 Adopting Abroad: Saira's Story 22:00 Mock the Week 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Conspiracy Files 00:20 The Tudors 01:15 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 The Hairy Bikers' Food Tour of Britain 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Coast 19:30 Gorillas Revisited with Sir David Attenborough 20:30 Gardeners' World 21:00 Digging for Britain 22:00 QI XL 22:30 Newsnight 23:35 The Secret World of Whitehall 00:35 The Lives of the Saints 02:10 BBC News 02:30 HARDtalk 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 20:00 Red or Black? 21:00 Coronation Street 21:30 Red or Black? 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Mystery Men 00:45 The Zone 02:50 ITV Nightscreen 04:05 Yu-Gi-Oh! 05:30 ITV Morning News 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Tonight 20:00 Red or Black? 21:00 Coronation Street 21:30 Red or Black? 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 The Jonathan Ross Show 23:35 Strictly Kosher 00:35 The Zone 02:35 British Touring Car Championships 03:50 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Live: World Cup Rugby 09:15 Live: World Cup Rugby 11:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Red or Black? 21:00 Coronation Street 21:30 Red or Black? 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 World Cup Rugby 23:35 Smile: This Was Candid Camera 00:30 The Zone 01:30 Live: World Cup Rugby 04:10 Live: World Cup Rugby 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 According to Jim 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Secret Millionaire USA 09:55 Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:10 Black Narcissus 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Location, Location, Location 21:00 Bin Laden: Inside the War Room 22:40 Shameless 23:45 Chris Moyles' Quiz Night 00:35 The Album Chart Show 00:50 4Play 01:05 The Album Chart Show 01:20 Basic 03:00 Hung 03:30 Smallville 06:00 The Treacle People 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 According to Jim 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Secret Millionaire USA 09:55 Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:10 Sainsbury's and Channel 4 Present... 13:15 Live: Channel 4 Racing 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Country House Rescue 21:00 The Killing 22:00 Undercover Boss USA 23:05 Seven Dwarves 00:05 4Play 00:25 Hollyoaks Music Show 00:50 4Play 01:05 Sounds from the Cities 01:30 Last Days 03:05 Brothers & Sisters 03:50 Smallville 04:30 Countdown 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:25 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 According to Jim 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Secret Millionaire USA 09:55 Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 River Cottage Bites 13:10 Sainsbury's and Channel 4 Present... 13:15 Live: Channel 4 Racing 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:30 4thought.tv 19:35 First Cut 20:00 Come Dine with Me 21:00 The Million Pound Drop 22:30 Comedy Showcase 23:05 Aliens 01:55 My Name Is Earl 02:20 My Name Is Earl 02:45 The Real Housewives of New Jersey 03:30 Smallville 04:15 Countdown 07:05 The Little Princess 07:15 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Milkshake 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Celebrity Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 15:15 A Kiss at Midnight 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Garden ER 20:00 Emergency Bikers 21:00 Justin Lee Collins: Living Las Vegas 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 The Beat Goes On 23:55 Poker 00:55 Super Casino 03:55 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:10 HouseBusters 07:00 The Little Princess 07:10 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Celebrity Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 15:15 Accidental Friendship 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Meerkat Manor 20:00 Cowboy Builders 21:00 Celebrity Big Brother: The Story So Far 21:30 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 Super Casino 03:55 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:10 Cowboy Builders 05:00 Rough Guide to Cities 07:10 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 11:45 5 News Lunchtime 11:50 Celebrity Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 15:15 Incident in a Small Town 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 The Gadget Show 21:00 Celebrity Big Brother: The Winner's Story 21:30 Big Brother 23:00 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 One-Day International Cricket 00:55 Super Casino 04:05 Motorsport Mundial 04:30 Nick's Quest 19:00 The World's Strictest Parents 20:00 Junior Doctors: Your Life in Their Hands 20:55 Pop's Greatest Dance Crazes 21:00 Face/Oﬀ 23:10 Family Guy 23:55 American Dad 00:15 American Dad 00:40 Edinburgh Comedy Fest Live 2011 01:40 Edinburgh Comedy Fest Live 2011 02:35 The Real Hustle 03:05 Junior Doctors: Your Life in Their Hands 04:00 The World's Strictest Parents 05:00 The Real Hustle 05:30 SIGN OFF 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Don't Tell the Bride 21:00 9/11: Conspiracy Road Trip 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:10 Wilfred 00:30 9/11: Conspiracy Road Trip 01:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 02:00 The Real Hustle 02:30 Don't Tell the Bride 03:30 Sex, Lies and Gagging Orders 04:25 Don't Tell the Bride 05:25 SIGN OFF 19:00 Doctor Who 19:45 Doctor Who Confidential 20:00 9/11: Conspiracy Road Trip 21:00 Little Britain 21:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Him & Her 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 American Dad 00:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:00 Little Britain 01:30 Him & Her 02:00 World's Craziest Fools 02:30 Three at the Fringe 03:00 The Real Hustle 03:30 Doctor Who 04:10 Doctor Who Confidential WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the NOTE: Add 1 hour for Spanish viewing times. TUESDAY September 13th 06:00 Breakfast 10:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 11:30 Football Focus 12:00 BBC News 12:05 BBC London News 12:10 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 14:15 Live: Walker Cup Golf 16:30 Final Score 17:10 BBC News 17:20 BBC London News 17:25 Epic Win 18:10 Strictly Come Dancing 19:15 Doctor Who 20:00 The National Lottery: Secret Fortune 20:50 BBC News 21:10 BBC Proms 22:45 Match of the Day 00:05 The Football League Show 01:20 Weatherview 01:25 BBC News 01:30 Portrait of an Artist 02:00 BBC News 02:30 Dateline London 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Click 06:00 Breakfast 07:40 Match of the Day 09:00 The Andrew Marr Show 10:00 Sunday Morning Live 11:00 Country Tracks 12:00 BBC News 12:10 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 15:15 Britain Remembers September 11th 16:15 Songs of Praise 16:55 BBC News 17:15 BBC London News; Weather 17:25 Strictly Come Dancing 18:30 Nature's Miracle Babies 19:30 Countryfile 20:30 Inspector George Gently 22:00 BBC News 22:15 BBC London News; Weather 22:25 My Favourite Joke 22:55 Outnumbered 23:25 Sirens 00:55 Weatherview 01:00 Dragons' Den 02:00 Holby City 03:00 The Good Cook 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 04:30 HARDtalk 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 16:30 Horrible Histories 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Bang Goes the Theory 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Panorama 21:00 The Queen's Palaces 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 A Question of Sport 23:05 Michael Clayton 01:00 Weatherview 01:05 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 02:05 Food Fighters 02:50 Antiques Road Trip 03:35 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Gimme a Break 16:30 Barney's Latin America 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Holby City 21:00 The Body Farm 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 The Bomb Squad 23:35 My Boyfriend the War Hero 00:35 Weatherview 00:40 Harry's Arctic Heroes 01:40 Can't Take It with You 02:40 Antiques Road Trip 03:25 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 06:00 Little Robots 06:10 Guess with Jess 06:20 Pinky Dinky Doo 06:35 Little Charley Bear 06:45 Rastamouse 07:00 Roar 07:30 Arthur 07:50 Dennis & Gnasher 08:05 Hounded 08:35 Splatalot 09:00 Live `n' Deadly 09:55 Dick & Dom Go Wild 10:25 League of Super Evil 10:40 Wolverine and the XMen 11:00 OOglies 11:15 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab: The Experiments 11:40 MOTD Kickabout 12:00 The Sky at Night 12:20 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 13:20 Escape to the Country 14:05 EastEnders Omnibus 16:00 Victorian Pharmacy 16:30 Live: Walker Cup Golf 18:15 Flog It! 19:00 Dad's Army 19:30 Live: BBC Proms 21:00 QI XL 21:45 Making of QI 22:45 QI 23:15 QI 23:45 QI 00:15 TOTP 2 Goes Disco! 01:45 Exiled 03:25 Pages from Ceefax 06:00 Little Robots 06:10 Guess with Jess 06:20 Pinky Dinky Doo 06:35 Little Charley Bear 06:45 Rastamouse 07:00 Roar 07:30 Arthur 07:55 Junior MasterChef 08:25 Bear Behaving Badly 08:45 Me and My Monsters 09:15 Jinx 09:35 Wingin' It 10:00 Something for the Weekend 11:30 Live: Walker Cup Golf 13:30 America Remembers September 11th 15:15 Live: Walker Cup Golf 18:00 Digging for Britain 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Operation Crossbow 21:00 World's Most Dangerous Roads 22:00 Match of the Day 2 23:00 Mock the Week 23:30 Two Days in Paris 01:05 Photographing Fairies 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:30 The Super League Show 04:00 Pages from Ceefax 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon Scrapbook 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Coast 20:00 University Challenge 20:30 Antiques Master 21:00 Dragons' Den 22:00 Shooting Stars 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 World's Most Dangerous Roads 00:20 Torchwood: Miracle Day 01:15 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon Scrapbook 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Dragons' Den 20:00 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 21:00 Hairy Bikers' Meals on Wheels 22:00 Never Mind the Buzzcocks 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Tootsie 01:10 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 06:40 Live: World Cup Rugby 09:00 Live: World Cup Rugby 12:00 ITV News and Weather 12:05 Corontion Street Omnibus 14:50 Johnny English 16:25 World Cup Rugby 17:40 London Tonight 17:50 ITV News and Weather 18:05 All Star Family Fortunes 19:00 Red or Black? 20:15 The X Factor 21:15 Red or Black? 21:45 The Jonathan Ross Show 22:45 ITV News and Weather 23:00 United 93 01:00 The Zone 03:20 Heist 04:10 Live: World Cup Rugby 06:30 Live: World Cup Rugby 09:10 IRB Rugby World Cup 12:00 ITV News and Weather 12:10 Funniest Ever You've Been Framed! 13:15 Survival: Tales from the Wild 14:15 The X Factor 15:15 Midsomer Murders 17:15 World Cup Rugby 18:30 London Tonight 18:45 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Holding Out for a Hero 20:00 The X Factor 21:00 Appropriate Adult 22:30 ITV News and Weather 22:45 Sixty Six 00:30 The Zone 02:05 Motorsport UK 03:00 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Little England 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Doc Martin 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 The Big Tease 00:10 Grimefighters 00:35 The Zone 02:40 UEFA Champions League Weekly 03:05 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Mayday Mayday 20:00 Missing Millions 21:00 71 Degrees North 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Land of the Dead 00:15 The Zone 02:20 Heist 03:10 Live: World Cup Rugby 06:55 Motorcycle Racing 07:25 British Formula 3 Motor Racing 07:55 The Morning Line 08:55 Hollyoaks Music Show 09:25 90210 10:20 Smallville 11:15 David Guetta's VIP Party! 11:50 The Simpsons 12:20 The Big Bang Theory 13:20 Road to London 2012: That Paralympic Show 13:55 Live: Channel 4 Racing 16:05 Sainsbury's Super Saturday 16:35 Come Dine with Me 17:05 Come Dine with Me 17:35 Come Dine with Me 18:10 Come Dine with Me 18:40 Come Dine with Me 19:10 Channel 4 News 19:40 4thought.tv 19:45 Bin Laden: Inside the War Room 21:15 The Million Pound Drop 22:40 Rhod Gilbert and the Cat That Looked Like Nicholas Lyndhurst 23:45 Sainsbury's Super Saturday 01:10 Garden State 02:50 Mesh 02:55 Mesh 03:00 3 Minute Wonder 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Mobil 1: The Grid 07:25 Fencing 07:55 One Tree Hill 08:50 Hollyoaks Omnibus 11:25 Ibiza Rocks with XBox Kinect 11:40 Sainsbury's Super Saturday 13:10 Around the World in 80 Days 15:30 The Simpsons 16:05 The Simpsons 16:35 Deal or No Deal 17:35 4thought.tv 17:40 Channel 4 News 18:10 Journey to the Center of the Earth 20:00 Back from the Dead 21:00 Children of 9/11 22:35 World Trade Center 01:00 Live: American Football 04:45 Wogan's Perfect Recall 06:00 The Treacle People 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:25 Frasier 08:55 Secret Millionaire USA 09:55 Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 This Happy Breed 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Dispatches 21:00 Embarrassing Bodies 22:00 Rude Tube 23:10 Coming Up 23:45 Comedy Showcase 00:15 4Play 00:30 Rockfeedback Presents 00:50 WWI: Finding the Lost Battalions 02:20 Not Forgotten 03:15 Atlantic Convoys: The War at Sea 04:10 Smallville 06:15 The Hoobs 06:40 The Hoobs 07:05 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:25 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:50 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 13:05 The Secret Supper Club 13:30 Comanche 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Inside Nature's Giants 21:00 Seven Dwarves 22:00 Shameless 23:05 True Blood 00:10 Poker's Million Dollar Girl 01:10 Sailing: Americas Cup Uncovered 01:35 KOTV 02:00 Fencing 02:30 Freesports on 4 02:55 Mobil 1: The Grid 03:20 Beach Volleyball 07:05 Milkshake Monkey 07:10 The Save-Ums! 07:25 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 08:00 The Little Princess 08:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:10 The Mr Men Show 09:25 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Animal Families 10:05 Meerkat Manor 10:35 The Gadget Show 11:35 Big Brother 13:05 Calamity Jane 15:05 Chief Crazy Horse 16:45 White Hunter, Black Heart 19:00 5 News Weekend 19:05 Law & Order 19:55 NCIS 20:50 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 21:45 Big Brother 22:45 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:40 Forensic Files 00:10 Super Casino 04:05 The FBI Files 04:50 Chinese Food in Minutes 07:05 Roobarb and Custard Too 07:10 The Save-Ums! 07:25 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 07:55 The Little Princess 08:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:25 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:10 The Mr Men Show 09:25 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Animal Families 10:00 Garden ER 10:30 Mexican Food Made Simple 11:00 Cowboy Builders 12:00 Big Brother 13:00 Murder by Death 14:50 Big Fish 17:10 Beetlejuice 19:00 One-Day International Cricket 20:00 Five News 20:05 Vantage Point 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Once Upon a Time in Mexico 01:00 Super Casino 03:55 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:10 Great Scientists 04:35 Divine Designs 07:10 The Mr Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:15 The Circuit 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 How Do They Do It? 20:00 Royal Navy: Submarine Mission 21:00 Soho Blues 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 Grey's Anatomy 00:50 Inside Hollywood 01:00 Super Casino 03:50 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:05 HouseBusters 04:30 HouseBusters 07:10 The Mr Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:15 Mind Over Murder 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Chinese Food in Minutes 20:00 Revealed... 21:00 CSI: Miami 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:55 CSI: NY 00:45 Forensic Files 01:15 Super Casino 03:50 Chinese Food in Minutes 04:05 HouseBusters 04:35 HouseBusters 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Doctor Who Confidential 20:45 World's Craziest Fools 21:15 Face/Oﬀ 23:25 Family Guy 23:45 Family Guy 00:10 American Dad 00:30 American Dad 00:55 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:25 Sex, Lies and Gagging Orders 02:25 World's Craziest Fools 02:55 Three at the Fringe 03:25 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 03:55 Three at the Fringe 04:25 Sex, Lies and Gagging Orders 05:25 SIGN OFF 19:00 Formula 1 Motor Racing 20:00 The World's Strictest Parents 21:00 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 22:00 Family Guy 22:45 American Dad 23:30 Wilfred 23:50 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 00:50 The Real Hustle 01:20 Jamelia: Shame about Single Mums 02:20 Three at the Fringe 02:50 The World's Strictest Parents 03:50 The Real Hustle 04:20 Jamelia: Shame about Single Mums 05:20 SIGN OFF 19:00 Don't Tell the Bride 20:00 Snog Marry Avoid? 20:30 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 21:00 Britain's Youngest Undertaker 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Three at the Fringe 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 Britain's Youngest Undertaker 00:45 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 01:15 Three at the Fringe 01:45 Don't Tell the Bride 02:45 Snog Marry Avoid? 03:15 Sex, Lies and Gagging Orders 04:15 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 05:15 SIGN OFF 19:00 Total Wipeout 20:00 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 21:00 Don't Tell the Bride 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Wilfred 22:50 Family Guy 23:10 Family Guy 23:35 Don't Tell the Bride 00:35 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 01:35 Wilfred 01:55 Britain's Youngest Undertaker 02:55 Three at the Fringe 03:25 Three at the Fringe 03:55 Total Wipeout 04:55 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 05:25 SIGN OFF WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Take a break TARGET PUZZLE SUDOKU by Papocom Fill in the grid so that every row, every column and every 3 x 3 grid contains the digits 1 through 9. With no repeats, that means that no number is repeated in any row, column or box. Level: Level: MEDIUM HARD See how many words of four or more letters you can make from the given nine letters. In making a word each letter may be used only once. The key letter must be used in each word. H R I C EM T Y S NO S I DU E H C Target 1-3 Poor 4-9 Average 10-17 Good 18-19 Excellent 1-3 Poor 4-9 Average 10-17 Good 18-19 Excellent The following are not allowed: - Words beginning with a capital letter - Words with a hyphen or apostrophe - Plural words ending in “s” The 9-letter word CHEMISTRY Across Down 1. Town centre transport system, maybe? (4,3,4) 9. In biological factor turn to artless actress. (7) 10. One of a lawfully selected twelve. (5) 11. I had preceded a vegetated condition. (5) 12. Gig also performed in galleries. (7) 13. Murmers something about mister thus. (6) 15. Stern cannon positioned for gaunt fellow to use. (3,3) 18. Rerun production in flowing style. (7) 20. Latin music played in a plectrum ballad rhythm. (5) 22. Tolerated home accommodation. (5) 23. Yarrow plant secreting oil film. (7) 24. If at first you don’t succeed, give up? Not at all said Burns. (3,3,5) 2. Glean example from heavenly messenger. (5) 3. Empire of majesty and state. (7) 4. Provoke point of demand that the French request. (6) 5. Rearrange in a factory or plant. (5) 6. Fifty one with grand ideas about my loved one. (7) 7. Governmental or clerical dress before den retreat. (11) 8. Gift of an eﬃcient display but seemingly modest. (11) 14. Ill-will shown toward Tehran courier. (7) 16. Golfers cry to support of either equines front limb. (7) 17. By way of Birmingham on an Australian horse. (6) 19. Inter acquiescent dull idler. (5) 21. New Zealand race expression. (5) 1 22 21 4. Elizabeth Taylor made a fortune from what business aside from acting: Horse breeding; Limousine hire; Perfume; or Vegetarian cookbooks? 23 5. How many senators make up the US Senate? 24 1 Down 1. Depressed - feathers (4) 3. Making negative judgments (8) 8. Additional (4) 9. Withdraw opinion or claim (4,4) 11. Inflammation of the windpipe (10) 14. Sexually mature (6) 15. Look through thoroughly (6) 17. Unprovoked attack (10) 20. Pipework (8) 21. Drop (4) 22. Cross (8) 23. Close - stingy (4) 1. Dough ball cooked in stew (8) 2. (Closet for) clothes (8) 4. Person moving and setting up band's equipment (6) 5. Relax (4,2,4) 6. Expanded part of bird's throat (4) 7. Period before Easter (4) 10. Not qualified - lie in bilge (anag) (10) 12. Water land by means of ditches etc (8) 13. Dealer in specialized merchandise (8) 16. Man's swimming costume (6) 18. Slight argument (4) 19. Distinctive air (4) Quick 22 23 10. In the Netherlands in 1932 Adriaan Van Well founded which acronymic international grocery chain business, represented by a fir-tree logo? SOLUTION FOR QUIZ 15. search 17. aggression 20. plumbing 21. fall 22. traverse 23. near 1. down 3. critical 8. more 9. back down 11. laryngitis 14. nubile 15. aft gun 18. runnier 20. rumba 22. abode 23. milfoil 24. try, try, again 1. park and ride 9. ingenue 10. juror 11. idled 12. loggias 13. thrums Across 1. dumpling 2. wardrobe 4. roadie 5. take it easy 6. crop 7. lent 2. angel 3. kingdom 4. needle 5. rejig 6. darling 7. ministerial Down 6. A Novocastrian, is a native of which English and Australian cities? 9 SOLUTION FOR CRYPTIC / QUICK CROSSWORD 7 18 1. In Japan, the high-speed Shinkansen train is better known by what name? 1. Bullet Train 2. Gout 3. Henry VIII 4. Perfume 5. 100 6. Newcastle 7. Reminiscence 8. The Tate Modern 9. Oscar Wilde 10. SPAR Cryptic ‘General knowledge’ QUIZ CROSSWORD 10. ineligible 12. irrigate 13. chandler 16. trunks 18. spat 19. aura 8. presentable 14. rancour 16. foreleg 17. brumby 19. inert 21. Maori WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the “THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR VIEWS Send letters to the editor as part of an e-mail text to [email protected] Jag Hagelen Always a pleasure to read your Wickham’s World column on page 2. I would like to contribute to your comments a couple of weeks ago about diesel prices. I live in the Mijas Pueblo area so I know a little bit what is going on here. Just to share this information with your readers. The cheapest petrol station is Petroleros Mijas, Poligono Molino de Viento, Mijas Costa. Coming from Fuengirola take Mijas Pueblo the exit towards the Miramar Commercial Centre, pass Iceland, pass the Miramar petrol station, second roundabout to the right and back at the next roundabout taking the slip road. Next is of course the Miramar petrol station. On the Carretera de Mijas one will find the GALP petrol station and its shop called Tangerina (like all of them). Other GALP stations are in Los Pacos, Fuengirola, taking the British Vice Consul You may be interested to know of some important changes which are about to take place. As from September 1st 2011 all passports processed by the Madrid Regional Passport Centre will be printed in the UK and dispatched from there directly to the customer. This is part of a wider project which aims to repatriate all passport work to the UK by 01.04.2013. The changes are explained on the website. http://ukinspain.fco.gov.uk/en /help-for-britishnationals/passports/how-toapply/spain The basic message is that until I realise that you have many British readers who enquire For the fourth time in almost as many weeks the town water pipe is leaking all down the camino hill in La Carreta. Having had some areas with no water at all for six weeks recently, it seems to me that this situation is absolutely barking. Every so often we have to pay for the hill to be redone due to the amount of heavy lorries people have going up and down to do illegal building – and yes, I’m talking about all nationalities – but this time it’s being washed away by the river of water going down it. Funny thing is that the fontanera from the town hall also lives down there so, why he can’t fix it, who knows? Maybe it’s the latest job creation scheme and a neighbour informed me this morning that they will repair Editor says: Thanks for this. I don’t see why anybody should pay over the odds for fuel and this week, Gibraltar’s National Week, Morrisons are taking 6 pence a litre off if you spend £50 in their store! about passports and that it’s important to be aware of any significant changes. Editor says: I have spoken with the consulate and the idea is that this should cut down considerably on the possibility of identity theft once everything is done from one source which is obviously a good thing. However, Pete from Woody’s in Los Boliches will still be there to help you out with any renewals and I always get him to do mine – much more reliable than doing it yourself and finding your photo is rejected for one reason or another! Call him on 952 471 877 for more info. by email the town pipes – which is what they are before they get to our meters – if we pay between two and three thousand euros! She also told me that they intend to cut our water off after Thursday so I shall be going home this evening to make sure all the washing’s done and that we have plenty in the tank and stored in bottles in case they cut us off for the six weeks the people above us were off for. It can’t be that the pipes are full of “cal” as they told the people before as they’ve already had the pipes repaired on a number of occasions and one would think that, if they had any intelligence at all, they would have noticed then if the pipes were bad. Oh for a plumber who knows what he’s doing! All it takes is a couple of pairs of Stilsons, a bit of pipe and Stargazing By Ken Campbell If you would like to be kept up to date or take part in any of the events then go to www.kencampbell.info Well, I hope this information is useful. British Embassy, Madrid April 2013, customers from the countries we serve will continue to apply to Madrid. They will receive their new passport directly from the UK while any supporting documentation will be returned to them from Madrid. There is a flat courier fee of €24 which covers both shipments. It is expected that newly printed passports will be dispatched from the UK within 48 hours of the moment the application is validated. The new service has been rolled out in five other regions and, to date, is working well. Pamela Edwards exit to Benalmadena Costa and after that follow the signs to Los Pacos and at the exit of the A7 Motorway to Arroyo de la Miel. maybe a couple of joints – I know this and I’m a “girlie” so why the officials seem to find it so hard I have no idea! Editor says: Not again! I live in that area as everyone knows and it’s beginning to get beyond a joke. I, too, shall be checking my deposito to make sure it’s full up! CENTRO DE IDIOMAS COIN Book 3 available now! 952 45 07 47 [email protected] www. cslspain.com You can now buy Valerie’s books online from her website, Woody’s Bookshop, David’s Books & The News office in Coin Astronomy or Astrology? I wish I had a pound for every time someone has asked me if I was an astrologer! A stronomy and astrology are two different sides of the same coin but are really as different as heads or tails. Everybody at some time or another has read their ‘stars’ in the newspapers and we are all familiar with our own individual star signs be they Virgo, Gemini, Taurus, Leo etc. But how many people realise that these are all real constellations in the sky? S ince the beginning of time humans have looked up at the moon, planets and stars and with no better understanding or explanation as to what they could possibly be they became wrapped in stories and myths. It was also presumed that they must have some supernatural influence on people’s lives. Probably one of the first things that ancient man noticed about the stars what that at different times of the year as the earth went around the sun different stars were visible. And that the sun, the moon plus the five ‘wandering stars’ – which we now know are planets– moved across the sky in a very narrow band. This narrow band is called the ecliptic and with super imagination twelve different constellations were picked out inside the ecliptic and were christened the zodiac. Although I must say that most of them do need a great deal of imagination to recognise what they are meant to represent! I t was believed that where the sun was in relation to the signs of the zodiac on the day that you were born would have an influence on your personal traits and how your life would pan out. Also that the position of the stars could have an outcome on events that were about to happen. And so people who could study the movements of the stars and planets became in great demand by rulers of nations to help them predict forthcoming events. Virtually every nation had their own Royal Astrologer on hand to help with important decisions. Many historical leaders from Alexander the Great to Herr Hitler relied heavily on astrology for their forward planning. And when Halley’s comet appeared in 1066 it was deemed to be a clear omen to William to set about on his conquest of Britain. Well you win some you lose some! S ome astrologers expanded on their work and studied the sky with great accuracy and so serious astronomy was born, as in-depth complicated mathematical calculations were needed to measure the movements of the moon or a certain planet for a particular date. Today the Astronomer Royal has replaced the Royal Astrologer and Martin Rees now fills that position in the UK. F or people who attach importance to their own individual birth signs then unfortunately there is some bad news for you. The original signs of the zodiac and the dates they are meant to cover were invented thousands of years ago. But because of movements in the earth’s orbit known as precession then the star sign that you believe is yours is almost certainly NOT the constellation where the sun was on the day you were born. Whenever I hold a star party I always end the evening by asking folk for their date of birth and which star sign they think is theirs. Then by using a computer program showing exactly where the sun was on the day that they were born I am able to tell them what their true star sign really is. If anyone would like to know his or her true star sign then simply email your birth date to me at [email protected]. V isit www.kencampell.info to learn more. WEDnESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Classifieds BUSInESS OPPS CARPEnTERS COOLFLOW The Air Conditioning Specialists. Installations, servicing and repairs to all makes and models. Special oﬀers available. Call Ian 678491234, Established 9 (141)tnp years on the coast. ---------------------------------------------KOLDAIR Supplying and fitting Europe’s best airconditioners at Spain’s lowest Prices. 605428307 . (0)tnf See advert on page 3 BUSY Cafe Bar in Sol’y’Mar area Los Porches, Benalmadena Costa. Two terraces, one enclosed. Family run for 6 years, genuine reason for (0)ghf sale. 952964753 KITCHEn & bathroom reforms, special oﬀer on water heaters. See our main ad under plumbing and (gh) phone Chris 652665380 CARPEnTER / cabinet maker. Kitchens, wardrobes, small plumbing jobs, painting, tiling, furniture repairs, call Brian (143)tnp 699237828 ---------------------------------------------CUSTOM made furniture and specialist carpentry services. Portfolio available. Stuart 635878116 or email: [email protected] (146)tnp CARS & vAnS CLASSES WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. (0)ascf 609709466 ---------------------------------------------BEnTLEY year 2000, immaculate, full spec, Spanish plates. €48,000 (0)uvef Call 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE Carrera S. Perfect,year 2007. €55,000 Call 609709466 (0)uvef ---------------------------------------------BMW 735i Year 1999. Full M Spec. Beautiful car. €6,950 Call (0)uve 609709466 --------------------------------------------DISPOSE of your car, van, etc. Legally oﬃcial papers. Free. 626950734 (144)atp SEMI InTEnSIvE SPAnISH courses for adults. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, Email: [email protected] (0)tnf www.cslspain.com ---------------------------------------------CHILDREnS Spanish Courses. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, c s l @ c s l s p a i n . c o m , (0)tnf www.cslspain.com ---------------------------------------------PLACE An AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works! Call 952454491 or email [email protected] (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------gOLDEn OLDIES Spanish Courses, Tuesdays and Thursdays, El Rodeo, Coin. For more information Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, Email: [email protected], (0)tnf www.cslspain.com air conditioning Servicing & repairS by panaSonic accredited technicianS top quality installations from €595 coin meters to control electric consumption €300 no obligation quotations and advice - all makes contact Lynne or alison in the airflow offices tel: 952 443 222 [email protected] AIRFLOW Air conditioning, servicing and repairs, oﬃcial Panasonic Centre. No obligation quotations and advice - all makes. Contact Lynne or Alison on 952443222, (0)tnf [email protected] ---------------------------------------------AIRCOnDITIOnIng with heating units. Supplied and professionally installed. €395. 697388449 / 951160490 www.solarsunlite.com (146)tnp AIRPORT PARKIng BUSInESS EQUIPMEnT BUILDIng SERvICES Moving back to the UK? My long wheelbase Ford Transit diesel van is for sale. UK plates. Good condition. €1500 ono call Gordon on 636 198 664 MERCEDES E220 CDi 2002 full / panoramic sunroof, black, nav, Spanish plates, €14.950. Call (0)uvef 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE 911 Carrera 4 Cabriolet, 1990 (model 964), mint condition, in red. Soon to be a classic. €28,750 No time wasters please. (141)plcf Tel: 609461591 ---------------------------------------------TOYOTA Landcruiser D4D, 2003, slate grey, 115,000kms, immaculate condition . Valued €15,000, bargain at €12,200. 654396651 (0)kwf --------------------------------------------UnWAnTED cars, vans. Wanted dead or alive. removed free 616835755 (145)atp INTERNATIONAL ● All Categories ● Valid Worldwide ● Fast Delivery 610 868 748 --------------------------------------------- CAR REPAIRS BRITISH MOBILE MECHAnICS Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 (142)p www.mbcmechanics.com For all your ADvERTISIng needs call Geoﬀ on 622 050 409 EuropEan School of aStrological and QabaliStic StudiES Enjoy learning Astrology, in local small classes or online, whether for self-knowledge, fun, or to acquire a Diploma qualification. Contact Cathy Stronach (Astrologer for The News), MAAT astro.dip at [email protected] or call 666605944 for more information. MR MULTI KLEAn - Professional Window Cleaning, marble floor polishing and carpet & upholstery cleaning. Best price and service. (140)cntp Call Andy on 606590728 ---------------------------------------------CLEAnERS Residential and commercial. Established 2006 in Spain. 10 years in UK. 665269966 (0)gh ---------------------------------------------UPHOLSTERY and steam cleaning, sofas, carpets etc. J A Cleaning (142)p Services 626357955 ---------------------------------------------WInDOW CLEAnERS Husband and (0)tnf wife team. 691140427 ---------------------------------------------CLEAnIng lady oﬀers services in Coin. €7 an hour. Excellent references. (0)mpf Call 678847146 for more info COMPUTERS TONI ’S FIRST IN CARDS 15 minutes for €10! FUENGIROLA Greetings Cards €1 each buy 5 get 1 free (no appointment necessary) Probably the best €10 you will ever spend on yourself! 627 428 161 Plaza Olé, Benalmadena Costa (behind Barclays Bank) COMPUTER Helpline. Desktops, laptops repaired, upgraded. New and used supplied. Internet, email problems solved. 952564274, (140)tnp 677702501 ---------------------------------------------COIn Computer Services. All repairs, virus removal, upgrades, Broadband. Laptop repairs. (144)tnp 951047292, 676909418 ---------------------------------------------LAPTOPS and all computers, sales, repairs, upgrades etc., and oﬃce equipment repairs. Oﬃce Lines (Freddy Smith), Diana Centre, Km (142)gp 168, N340. 952880654 ---------------------------------------------PC DOCTOR desktop and laptop repair centre. Sales and upgrades. ADSL from €20 per month. Full range of internet, Telefonica and Telecom services. Anti-virus program €50 per year. We cover the coast. Certified and bilingual technicians. Call sales 952591071 (0)pwf Support 807488440 ---------------------------------------------- DECORATORS WAnT the best? nº 1 on the coast for painting & decorating. Call nick at Decor8. All aspects no problem. 678889933/952939561 (140)tnp www.decor8.es ---------------------------------------------PAInTIng decorating, plastering, tiling - the complete finish by (153)p tradesmen. 634355214 DOMESTIC APPLIAnCES WASHIng machine repairs, fast, reliable service. All work guaranteed. Also sales from €70. Can deliver. (151)pwp Call Joe 686271836 ELECTRICIAnS CLEAnIng SERvICES TREAT YOURSELF to an organic FISH PEDICURE ELECTRICIAn 16th Edition BS7671 qualified, apprentice trained, 24 years experience. Rewires, extra sockets, lights, fault finding etc. www.electriciancostadelsol.com Contact me by email at [email protected] or (167)tnp call Ian 650151569 FLOOR POLISHIng MARBLE Floor Polishing (€2.50 m2) Why pay more? We clean, then crystalize and polish to a high gloss, non slip. Professional fast services. Cover all Costa. 14 years (140)pwp experience. 671244683 ---------------------------------------------MARBLE polishing, crystallizing, lasting, high shine. Regrinding, restoration of salty, dead floors. (146)pwp Cyril 645840199 HEALTH & BEAUTY See our MAIN ADVERT on PAGE 5 952 917 164 [email protected] HAIRDRESSIng Mobile hairdresser, over 15 years experience, all aspects. Telephone (142)tnp Janet 645037335 ---------------------------------------------gILLIAn your friendly mobile hairdresser for the elderly. Specialist in perms, sets, colours and blow-drys. Good rates. All products supplied unless advised (152)tnp otherwise. 635261483 ---------------------------------------------FULLY equipped beauty therapy / massage room in an established health and wellbeing centre. Benalmadena Costa front line. Rent €70 per week inclusive. Call (139)tnghp 691771586 ---------------------------------------------PLACE An AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works! Call us on 952454491 (f ) HUGE SELECTION OF CARDS AND GIFTS FOR ALL OCCASIONS CRAFTERS CORNER all you need for SCRAPBOOKS AND CARD-MAKING. Tarot readings with Crystal Clear Anne in store Monday, Wednesday & Friday Offex to the UK and Worldwide. Mon - Fri 10.00 - 2.00 pm Sat 10.30 - 2.00 pm 679 017 127 Fuengirola BUS STN HIRE SERvICES LOCKSMITHS www.mobilityabroadspain.com Providing Mobility Solutions since 2001. Mobility scooters, Wheelchairs, walking, Bathing, Mobility aids - Sale & Hire service. Delivered to you when you need it. (151)fgh Tel:952447764 LOCKSMITH Emergency / Appointment. Doors opened without damage, locks changed, patio doors and windows secured. 24 hour honest, fast and reliable service. Call Paul 657466803 (163)tnp HOUSE CLEARAnCES HOUSE Clearances. Full or part. Fast and eﬃcient service. (161)tnp 628239174, 628564634 SALES InSURAnCES HOME InSURAnCE - 100% cover for all eventualities. Our policies include: Subsidence, Landslip and Heave. Accidental damage to both buildings and contents. Worldwide All Risks on your personal possessions (including jewellery). Cash inside and outside your home and much more. We can also arrange insurance for: Motor - Travel - Health - Business - Liability. PRESTIGE INSURANCE CONSULTANTS Tel/Fax: 952453873 Mob. 667982418 www.prestige-insurance.com (143)tnp InvESTMEnTS InvESTOR wanted for high profile media company wishing to expand successful business. Call 661114070 for more detailed (140)p information. LOAnS FULLY LICENSED PAWNBROKER FULLY LICENSED GOLD DEALER FULLY LICENSED JEWELLERS SERVICING THE PUBLIC AND TRADE ALIKE. EST 1983 WHERE ??????? ANTHONYS DIAMONDS AVDA. RAMON Y CAJAL 40 FUENGIROLA, MALAGA 29640 952588795 / 609529633 [email protected] Sundays 10.00am - 2.00pm Only limited space available OPEN 52 WEEKS OF THE YEAR 647 647 637 3 DOUBLE glass fronted bottle fridges, also 2 singles - Like new! 1 ice maker suitable for bar or restaurant. 1 nice, undercounter freezer. Also upright fridge and undercounter fridge. new condition. 636198664 (140)tnp ---------------------------------------------AvAILABLE for roads, tracks, car parks etc., 300 ton crushed concrete. very good material for sub-base can be supplied laid & rolled For a good, free quote in English ring 637179373 or for your quote in Spanish 673250707. (150)tnp ---------------------------------------------CAR BOOTSALE hipodromo racecourse. Every Sunday 9 to 2. Hard standing 654144414 (146) 651585862 ---------------------------------------------CAR BOOT SALE - Hipodromo Racecourse every Sunday 9am 2pm. Hard standing. 654144414, (146)tnp 651585862 WAnTS BOOT SALE items, tools, electrical, paperbacks, household, china etc. Top prices paid. 607780648 (139)catp ---------------------------------------------WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. 609709466(140)asp WEDnESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the MOTOR CYCLES Complete Furniture packages HARLEY DAvIDSOn Rocker C, 2008, only 3,500km, hardly used, seat conversion for two seats and backrest, alternative exhaust. Lots of new chrome. Perfect. €18,750 (139)plcf Tel: 609461591 From 2999€ to 11K MOBILITY www.mobilityabroadspain.com Mobility Scooters, Wheelchairs, Walking, Bathing, Mobility aids Sales & Hire Tel:952447764 (148)fgh PETS & AnIMALS Call 951 913 483 www.thefurniturepackagecompany.com PROPERTY FOR SALE (&$ &(' #%& ! & METS DOg training club. Fuengirola Glyn 605121831, Ken 627851379. Torre del Mar Colin 606616308(150)pwp ---------------------------------------------LAgUnA Kennels and cosy cattery. Five star facilities, fully tiled quarters with airconditioning. Your pets lovingly cared for by English mother and daughter. Near Coin. (148)tnp 952112021 / 606838983 ---------------------------------------------EXPORT Specialists. Cat and Dog World Kennels. 952112978, (136)p 630197435 ---------------------------------------------LUXURY professional kennels, Cat and Dog World. Fully licensed. Cheap collection service. Viewing welcome. www.cat-and-dog-world.com (136)p 952112978 / 630197435 ---------------------------------------------EQUInE veterinary specialists costa del sol emergency 24hs www.serveq.es Tel: 647146284 (140)tnp ---------------------------------------------PROBLEMS? David the Dogman from Estepona to Fuengirola (0)tnf 952883388 / 610868748 ---------------------------------------------CATS & KITTEnS – We have a good selection of all types of cats desperate for a loving home. Tel: 626942427. Visit our website: www.animals-in-distress.eu (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------BERnARD – neutered, I was born February 2010. Thrown out of a car in La Trocha car park, Coin. I am a lovely boy and in the past I have been beaten and left to fend for myself in a finca. I need an understanding owner and one on one training. I am OK with older children. I am castrated, vaccinated and micro chipped. Tel 626942427. www.animals-in(140)tnf distress.eu ---------------------------------------------vP. Born 10th April 2006 - My previous owner died and I have now been in the refuge for far too long. I am a great family dog with lots of character, however, I am not keen on cats. I walk lovely on the lead. 626942427. Visit our website at www.animals-in-distress.eu ---------------------------------------------KAISER - Born 6th March 2008. I am a very cute and friendly small dog with a great personality. I get on well with other dogs and walk nicely on the lead. 626942427. Visit our website www.animals-indistress.eu PLUMBIng SCOTT FORBES the Plumber. All work guaranteed. 20 years British Gas experience (0) 652665410 SpeCiaL oFFeR!!! Fully installed from only 200€ Free advice & estimates on all plumbing works Call Chris on 652 665 380 PROPERTY FInDER. Access to “below market value properties”, repossessions and refurbishments. Housing stock throughout the UK. Combined services available, tailored finance, conveyancing, refurbishment packages, tenant sourcing. Suitable for investment, repatriation and individual needs, block purchases available. Call Carla on 687921481 for an informal chat or email at (rhf) [email protected] ---------------------------------------------REDUCED ALHAURIn gRAnDE 4 bedroom house. €199,000 Details from www.costa-campo.com or (153)p Owner 634355214 ---------------------------------------------COIn TOWn CEnTRE. Lovely large house with potential for B&B. 5 bedrooms, 3.5 bathrooms. Reduced €229,000 negotiable. BARgAIn (139)p 685407610 ---------------------------------------------COIn Legal Country Home. 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, private pool, 1,600m2 irrigated garden. Secure fencing, main services, phone and Sky. Reduced to €250,000. (140)tnp 952455269, 689368014 ---------------------------------------------MULA, MURCIA The new Paramount theme park is going to be opening so get in now to get the holiday crowds bookings with this home and business opportunity. HOUSE 1 consists of 3 bedrooms, 2 reception rooms, kitchen, bathroom, courtyard and roof terrace. Fully rewired. 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Tel: 661114 070 TO REnT www.GApp-propErTiEs.CoM LonG LETs Studio Minerva pool British TV w/machine 330€month Modern 1 bed apt close to Arroyo station Sat TV no pool 400€ / m 2 bed 2 bath Paloma Park Sat TV Pool parking 600€month 3bed Arroyo centre no pool or parking 550€month 2 bed 1 bath Jardines de Gamonal parking free Sept 550€month 3 bed El Pinillo pool Sat TV sunny terrace 650€month MAnY MORE PROPERTIES AvAILABLE, TOO MAnY TO LIST WE ALSO DO HOLIDAY LETS, jUST ASK FOR PAT REnTAL PROPERTIES URgEnTLY REQUIRED In jUPITER AnD MInERvA Avenida Gamonal, Local 9, Edificio Jupiter, 29631 Arroyo de la Miel, Malaga Tel: (0034) 952 57 40 51 (0034) 952 57 77 51 Fax: (0034) 952 44 26 51 [email protected] LOng TERM Rentals, super prices, no commissions, apartments, townhouses, villas, fincas, coast and (127)p inland. 679111522 PROPERTY vALUATIOnS PROPERTY Valuation in your language. Flat rates. Call Patrick 616672211 or 952417095 (oﬃce (143)p hours). 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Competitive rates For a stress free move call: 679 128 617 or email: [email protected] UnIOn jACK Removals (The Original) See main advert on front (0)p page. 90210956 ---------------------------------------------REMOvALS Man and large van. Experienced. From €20 per hour. Extra help available. 619604114 (140)p ---------------------------------------------CHEAP as Chips. Van and man removals, anywhere, anytime. (141)bfp 635253549 ---------------------------------------------vAn SPAIn-UK-PORTUgAL Regular deliveries - full/part loads. Competitive rates, honest and reliable. 25 years on the coast. Contact Dave on 952724698, 610686273 or email at (141)tnp [email protected] ---------------------------------------------W W W. S PA I n U K S PA I n . CO M Vehicle leaving Spain on 9th, 19th 28th of each month, returning 10th, 20th, 29th of each month. Prices from £80 per cubic metre. Cars £495, bikes £250, dogs £395, cats £295. 952160096 / 665150227 (144)p SERvICES R E F R I g E R A T I O n / airconditioning. Same day repair specialist. Fridges, displays, bottle (146)tnp coolers etc. 627769969 Adverts Editorial Local Events Tel 952 471 877 advertising agents for THE EWS N Classified or Display Adverts SALOn vARIETES THEATRE Fuengirola is urgently looking for volunteers to assist in all aspects of backstage work - set building, painting, scene shifting, props, costumes etc. for more details or if you think you can help out in any way - even if you only have a few hours a week to spare - please contact Lyn on 952452258 (141)tnf ---------------------------------------------EXPERIEnCED telesales staﬀ required. Must be enthusiastic and highly motivated. Full or part time hours. High earning potential. Based in Coin. For more details and to arrange an interview call 622050409 ---------------------------------------------SALES STAFF wanted - Marbella to gibraltar. great rates of commission. Must have proven sales record and speak Spanish and English. Call 622050409 Tv, vIDEO & DvD SKY in the campo. Realignments, dishes, boxes. Ardales, Coin, Monda, (145)gh Alora, Mijas 691097059 !" Call our classifieds help-line on 952 45 44 41 WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 30 n Sports & Motors Motors Flash Motors Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Citroen to unveil futuristic minivan Citroen will present the futuristic Tubik concept, a nine-seat hybrid minivan, at this month's Frankfurt auto show. The brand says the study is based on the idea that travel should be fun.The concept offers passengers a lounge-style area behind the driving compartment, with modular seating that can be arranged centrally around a table or moved to take advantage of a large multimedia screen.''dedicated to comfort and relaxation,'' Citroen says. Lorenzo on cruise control MotoGP world champion Jorge Lorenzo made it three wins for the season with a dominant performance at the Misano San Marino MotoGP. The Yamaha star then absorbed constant pressure from the Repsol Honda rider for the first half of the race – after which Stoner began unexpectedly dropping back. Stoner later revealed that he was simply physically exhausted – not having slept well since last Sunday's Indianapolis round – and just didn't have the strength to push as hard as he wished. Lorenzo remained in total control to the chequered flag to win his first race since Mugello by 7.299sec and reduce Stoner's points lead from 44 to 35 with five rounds to go. The nine-point change was due to Dani Pedrosa finishing in second, ahead of the tiring Stoner. Third on the grid Pedrosa had dropped back from the leading pair during the first half of the race. But Stoner's loss of pace allowed Pedrosa to close quickly on the Australian and he wasted no time in drafting past along the back straight with six laps to go. Stoner – who has won seven races this season, including the previous three events – was left to collect the final podium place, 11.967sec behind the victorious Lorenzo. The highlight of the closing stages was a thrilling three-way fight between Marco Simoncelli, Andrea Dovizioso and Ben Spies for fourth, after they had dropped Rossi. Repsol rider Dovizioso tried every trick in the book to pass fellow Italian Simoncelli, but the Gresini Honda star thwarted his every effort. The trio were David Cameron welcomes two millionth MINI e new Jaguar 12MY is on sale now The fastest and most eﬃcient production Jaguars ever created are now available. The new XF 2.2, capable of travelling in excess of 800miles on a single tank of diesel while emitting just 149 g/km of CO2 is joined by the XKR-S – a car that can accelerate from rest to 100 mph in 8.7 seconds before reaching an electronically limited 186 mph. Each model forms part of the new Jaguar 12MY programme of ongoing upgrades and improvements that sees the XF take on an elegant new look. The new 12MY range is launched at an exciting time for Jaguar as it prepares to unveil the next stage in its bold, productled strategy for growth at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The two millionth MINI was driven off the production line last week at Plant Oxford by Prime Minister David Cameron. Of the two million, more than 1.5 million MINI’s have been exported to customers in more than 90 countries around the world, from Australia to Venezuela. Prime Minister David Cameron said: “It’s a real privilege to drive this true British icon off the production line today. The 2 millionth MINI to be made here in Oxford is a fantastic symbol of the UK’s strength in the global automotive industry and a great British manufacturing success story. side-by-side into a braking zone on the final lap, but it was Simoncelli who held his line and regained fourth on the exit. The #58 took fourth by 0.037sec from Dovizioso, with Factory Yamaha rider Ben Spies, seventh early in the race, just 0.702sec further behind Colin Edwards has confirmed he will leave the Tech 3 Yamaha team to ride for newcomers Forward Racing next year. Fun at the feria In spite of heavy thunder showers in the morning, crowds turned out in Ronda on the first day of the Pedro Romero feria. Among the attractions was a display by SOL Classic Car Club who were given permission to park at the bull ring – next to the carriage pulled by a single horse power (a stocky, spotted, four-legged character known as Bocholo!). For several hours the locals and visitors enjoyed being photographed next to their favourite models, then it was time for the first of the bull fights, so the cars left the area to fans of this long-standing Ronda tradition! Normal Club activities begin again this month with a club night dinner and a car run, see the website and the blog at www.solclassiccarclub.net for details. By Jean Joss The departure of the 37year-old leaves a space alongside British rider Cal Crutchlow in the Tech 3 garage, with Bradley Smith and Eugene Laverty both linked with the space. AUTOSALON COIN leO’S AUTOS enGlISH MeCHAnICS WOrkSHOp & MOBIle prompt reliable Service City & Guilds Qualified Open MOndAy TO FrIdAy 10 - 7 pM nO SIeSTA Beat the Credit CrunCh Optimise your car to save you money itVs repAIrS TO All MAkeS ITvS - OIl CHAnGeS ClUTCHeS - ServICInG TyreS - eXHAUSTS BATTerIeS - BrAkeS 952 917 353 687 727 460 - 687 727 516 at the end of the Coin road MIJAS COSTA www.autosaloncoin.com Defying the falling rain on the grid, Lorenzo snatched the lead with a firm pass on title leader and polesitter Casey Stoner at turn one. Luxury Limos available for hire with driver. Weddings, Parties, or just go out for the day in a beautiful car and feel special ALL MAKES CAR SERVICING SAVE BETWEEN WITH NO EFFECT ON YOUR WARRANTY Part worn tyres from €25 Qualified English and German Mechanics, ITV Services available.Vehicle Transfers and Registration undertaken • • • Aircon re-gas and leak testing TEL: 952 45 45 27 Diagnostic fault reading and emissions All makes and models - Petrol / Diesel www.autosaloncoin.com Fax: 952 453 144 Pol.Ind, Cantarranas. C/ Acero, 6. 29100Coin (Malaga) WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Mo Farah earns his gold Farah, who won the silver medal in the 10,000m, held oﬀ the challenge of Bernard Lagat of the United States and Ethiopia's Imane Merga, to win in 13 minutes, 23.36 seconds, in one of the best races seen at the championships. "I can't quite believe it," Farah said afterwards. "I pictured the 10k on the last lap thinking, I came so close then I'm not going to let anyone pass me." Farah, has made huge sacrifices in his quest to become one of GB’s finest long distance runners spending months training with the Kenyans at altitude, and moving with his family to Oregon at the start of the year to be coached by Alberto Salazar. He kept himself out of trouble at the back of the pack for the first 2,000m in a slow-paced race. A break from Saudi Arabian Hussain Jamaan Alhamdah stretched the pack but Farah moved up through the field to sit on his shoulder as the race entered the final kilometre. Lagat tracked Farah throughout the second half of the race, but was unable to match his victory over this distance in 2007 and had to settle for a second successive silver. Farah, who covered the final 400m in 52.87 seconds to become the first British world champion over the distance, added: "It's been hard work and a lot of sacrifices and I have to thank so many people who've been behind me. "But you can't get carried away. It's a long way (to the London 2012 Olympics). The aim is to stay injury free. Anything can happen in long distance." Local cricket returns The club’s mission statement is “Cricket 4 All”. This means that whatever your age or ability there is a game of cricket waiting for you. Currently ages range from 13 to Bus Pass and beyond with seven different nationalities. We are also committed to developing youth and people that have never played the game before ... so there is no excuse! Why not get rid of your partner for the day? A lot of work has been done on and off the pitch. The wicket has been expertly turned 90 degrees so that the winter sun doesn't affect the batsmens' eyes. A big thank you to David Cooper and his Grass Europa team for doing such a professional job. No Bjorn again Denmark's Thomas Bjorn clinched back-to-back titles with victory at the European Masters in Switzerland. The 40-yearold two-time Ryder Cup star, who won last week's event at Gleneagles, shot a final-round of 62 to win by four shots at Crans-surSierre. Germany's Martin Kaymer was second on 16 under with Rory McIlroy, Jamie Donaldson and Jaco van Zyl tied for third one shot further back. England's world number two Lee Westwood finished tied for sixth on 14 under. Bjorn arrived in Switzerland in good form having triumphed in a fiveman play-off at the Johnnie Walker Championship in Scotland. Beginning the day three shots behind Challenge Cup Trophy Benalmadena Bowls Club Vs Lauro Golf Bowls Club With the new season getting underway on Sunday 11th September. After a very short break cricket returns again next Sunday to the Cartama Oval with the newly formed local side named as Costa del Sol Cricket Club. Farah’s tactics this time were spot on, saving his kick until the final 200 metres after gradually increasing the pace. It’s hard to say “if only” after winning silver and gold, but it could have so easily been double gold if Farah had used these tactics in the 10,000m. He has an incredible turn of speed and is now quite rightly Nº 1 in the world. Who would have thought that a couple of years ago? Triple jump defending champion Phillips Idowu was pipped to gold by Christian Taylor. Idowu jumped a season's best 17.70m in the third round to stretch his lead in the triple jump, but American Taylor responded with a 17.96m effort. And that proved the winning leap as Idowu, who improved to 17.77m in the fourth round, was unable to jump further in his final two attempts and he had to settle for silver. "It wasn't my day," said the 2009 world champion. "I felt I had that distance in my legs but it never came. "I jumped two seasons’ best but it wasn't enough. Hopefully I can do it at next year’s Olympics and get gold.” Last Friday saw the completion of the Annual Benalmadena v Lauro Challenge Cup Competition. Friday Benalmadena needed to win by 5 games to 2 to take the Trophy. After 9 ends the scores were very some hope. But it was not to be, with Lauro winning 5 of the next 6 games to win 5 – 2 and be worthy winners and In last week’s game Benalmadena had a fine win, winning 5 ½ to 1 ½ to make the overall score 16 – 18 in Lauro’s favour. So on close. The first match to finish was the pairs with the Benalmadena team coming back to win after being 9 – 0 down to give Benalmadena retain the trophy. After the game the 40 bowlers plus spectators sat down and had a fish and chip lunch. The trophy was presented by Mike Monk from Sierra Gorda Bistro in Coin. more “I couldn't see the ball for the sun!” Batsmen will need new excuses for the coming season. The new nets provided by Cricket Espana are up and running and 15 players practised their skills in a very enthusiastic session last Saturday. Off the field a meeting has been held to recruit/press gang volunteers into the various positions required to effectively run a cricket club. The match next Sunday will be an on-house team A v team B game at 10.30am. Nets are Saturdays 10am12noon. Please phone first to confirm. If you are interested in playing – whatever age and ability you are very welcome to attend. If you are interested in umpiring/scoring or being a part of the cricket scene please contact Tim Meal on [email protected] or telephone 662 233 302 Mike Monk of Sierra Gorda Bistro presents the trophy Any one who is interested in bowling should contact Benalmadena Bowls Club 952 386 371 or www.benalmadenabowls club.com or Lauro Bowls Club 659 889 878 or www.laurogolfbowls club.com overnight leader Jamie Donaldson, the Danish veteran started slowly, sinking pars in the first three holes before a bogey on the fourth. But he followed that up with four straight birdies and added another at the 11th to race ahead. A second bogey came on the 12th, but he sank a 12-foot putt for eagle at the par-five 15th and then nailed two eight-foot putts in the closing par fours to ease to his third victory of the season. Bjorn, who also won in Qatar in February has now won 13 times on the European Tour stretching back to 1996, but he has had a somewhat rollercoaster career, admitting to "fighting demons" after he lost the 2003 Open from three ahead with four to play. Jose Cobo climbs into lead Chris Froome and Bradley Wiggins are second and third respectively in the overall standings after Juan José Cobo (Geox) climbed to victory on an epic stage 15 of the Vuelta a España to take the leader's red jersey on Sunday. Cobo made his move with just under seven kilometres remaining on the fearsome final climb of the Alto de L'Angliru(pictured below). That 12.5km ascent had an average gradient of over 10%, with ramps of up to 23.5% in places, and not surprisingly it splintered the field – with even two television motorbikes struggling to cope with the extreme steepness of the slopes. Monday was a well earned rest day in the tour with stage 16 on Tuesday heading to the Basque region of Spain. Report courtesy of www.teamsky.com WEDNESDAY, September 7th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Sports flash Sports Kenteris and anou acquitted An Athens appeals court has acquitted Greek sprinters Costas Kenteris and Katerina Thanou of faking a motorcycle crash in 2004. A panel of three judges ruled there was a lack of evidence to prove the pair staged the crash to avoid a doping test on the eve of the Athens Olympics. The two had been found guilty of perjury in May. A 33-month suspended sentence against coach Christos Tzekos for possessing banned substances was reduced. Storms ahead for Andy Murray At the time of going to press Andy Murray’s US Open plans could have been thrown into turmoil with a horrendous spell of wet weather forecast to hit New York. US Open chiefs were last night on the verge of cancelling today's afternoon session with heavy rain and thunderstorms set to hit Flushing Meadow. But, following a two-hour meeting, they instead opted to front-load their schedule in an effort to get the fourth round completed with Murray, weather permitting, first up on Arthur Ashe stadium at 11am (4pm UK time) against Donald Young. Murray admits he's out for revenge against Young as he attempts to erase the painful memories of his darkest hour this season. The British No.1 takes on the American youngster for a place in the quarter-final of the US Open but there is additional motivation for him. Murray was at his lowest ebb when he suffered back-to-back defeats against early on and had good intensity.” That lasting memory of losing to Young should be more than enough to maintain Murray’s intensity. Donald Young celebrates his victory over No. 14 Stanislas Wawrinka. Young and Alex Bogomolov jnr at Indian Wells and Miami in the wake of his crushing Australian Open final hammering at the hands of Serbian ace Djokovic. Young was then ranked No143 in the world. That was back in March and Murray wants to erase that memory for good. Murray said, “It’s not so much revenge against Donald; it’s more for the VICTORIA £99 per week Fully inclusive No hidden extras Delivery & Collection Gatwick Airport only Tel: 0044 1293 432155 Fax: 0044 1293 402600 JUST DO IT ONCE! after before Painting & Small reforms, Rendering, Plastering...... Kitchen, Bathroom, all around the house, inside and out. All trades. Reliable. All work guaranteed. 633 745 305 Fully registered First for Quality First for Choice air Conditioning ServiCing & repairS oFFiCial panaSoniC Centre top quality installations from €595 Coin meters to control electric consumption €300 no obligation quotations and advice - all makes situation I was in there and making sure that I can move on from that.” And Murray has definately moved on from his slow start at Flushing Meadows. He eased past Feliciano Lopez 6-1, 6-4, 6-2 on Sunday, not giving away a point in the opening 11 minutes of the match. “Getting off to a good start was going to be important,” he said. “I was moving well Young, now ranked 84, has spent most of his young life struggling under the pressure of being the next great American hope. At 15, he was the best junior in the world and he found himself surrounded by agents, sponsors and members of the US Tennis Association. He was bombarded with wild cards into high-profile professional tournaments in the hope he would sweep all before him in his push to the top. But instead, he was beaten week-in, and weekout and his confidence was in tatters. It is only now, aged 22, that he is beginning to show signs he could make a name for himself. Ethiopian distance runner Haile Gebrselassie has been awarded the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for Sports. During his career, the 38-year-old has won two Olympic gold medals in 10,000 meters, (Atlanta 1996 and Sydney 2000) and has been crowned as world champion four times, while also winning two silver and one bronze medals. Gebreselassie has also won four gold medals at varying distances at the world indoor championships and several marathons, including the Berlin Marathon on four separate occasions. Gebreselassie was chosen ahead of several strong rivals, including former Spain and Real DEAD FLOOR? BRING IT BACK TO LIFE! Marble Restoration Service and Floor Polishing TONY’S for a truly professional long lasting high gloss finish at a realistic 620 726 875 price Your satisfaction is my motivation Ring for quotation without obligation ELECTRICIAN The specialist for new & rewiring of Bars, restaurants, businesses & houses [email protected] Germany's Martin Kaymer has joined US Open champion Rory McIlroy in withdrawing from this month's Seve Trophy in France. World number five Kaymer was set to be the leading player in captain Jean van de Velde's Continental team. The biennial matchplay competition, named in Seve Ballesteros' honour, sees Continental Europe play Great Britain and Ireland over four days. McIlroy withdrew saying he needed two weeks rest from his schedule. Kaymer said he was feeling the effects of a head cold and he wanted a rest ahead of the Alfred Dunhill Links in Scotland which starts on 29th September. Madrid striker, Raul Gonzalez, who now plays for German side Schalke 04, and the successful Spanish women's synchronised swimming side. The 2010 Prince of Asturias Award was won by the Spanish national football team, who are the reigning world and European Champions. The Prince of Asturias Awards are given every year in eight different fields, such as Concord, International Cooperation, Letters, Sports, Social Sciences, Technical and Scientific Research, Arts and Communication and Humanities. The Depot Andalucian Freight UK SPAIN IRELAND International & Local Removal Specialists Best prices on the Costa del Sol Packing materials sold Contact lynne or alison in the airflow offices tel: 952 443 222 Kaymer pulls out of Seve Trophy Haile Gebrselassie wins Prince of Asturias Award for Sport Call Projects & Certiﬁcates provided for legal electrical connections C ALL F RANK	i don't know
What is both an ancient twisted metal necklace and a force causing rotation?	Torque \| Define Torque at Dictionary.com torque noun 1. Mechanics. something that produces or tends to produce torsion or rotation; the moment of a force or system of forces tending to cause rotation. 2. Machinery. the measured ability of a rotating element, as of a gear or shaft, to overcome turning resistance. 3. Optics. the rotational effect on plane-polarized light passing through certain liquids or crystals. 4. Also, torc . a collar, necklace, or similar ornament consisting of a twisted narrow band, usually of precious metal, worn especially by the ancient Gauls and Britons. verb (used with object), torqued, torquing. 5. Machinery. to apply torque to (a nut, bolt, etc.). 6. to cause to rotate or twist. verb (used without object), torqued, torquing. 7.	Torque
In the children's stories of Thomas the Tank Engine, what is the name of the Fat Controller?	torque Interpretation Translation torque 1. A rotatory force . 2. In dentistry , a torsion force applied to a tooth to produce or maintain crown or root movement . [L. torqueo, to twist] * * * torque 'tȯrk n a force that produces or tends to produce rotation or torsion also a measure of the effectiveness of such a force that consists of the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation torque vt , torqued; torqu·ing to impart torque to: cause to twist (as a tooth about its long axis) * * * (tork) [L. torquēre to twist] 1. a rotatory force causing part of a structure to twist about an axis. Symbol τ . 2. the rotation of a tooth on its long axis, especially moving the root apex in a buccal or lingual direction through the application of force produced by torsion within the arch wire. See also torsion . Medical dictionary. 2011. torr Look at other dictionaries: torque — [ tɔrk ] n. m. et f. • XIIIe ; lat. torques → torche 1 ♦ N. m. Archéol. Collier métallique rigide des Gaulois, puis des soldats romains. 2 ♦ N. f. (1419) Techn. Rouleau de fil de fer. ♢ (1690) Blas. Bourrelet d étoffe tortillée figurant le cimier … Encyclopédie Universelle Torque — Torque, n. [L. torques a twisted neck chain, fr. torquere to twist.] 1. A collar or neck chain, usually twisted, especially as worn by ancient barbaric nations, as the Gauls, Germans, and Britons. [1913 Webster] 2. [L. torquere to twist.] (Mech.) … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English torque — 1. (tor k ) s. f. 1° Terme de blason. Bourrelet d étoffe tortillée, des deux principaux émaux de l écu, lequel se place quelquefois pour cimier sur le heaume qui couronne les armoiries. 2° Botte de fil de laiton pliée en cercle. ÉTYMOLOGIE… … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré torque — ► NOUN Mechanics ▪ a force that tends to cause rotation. ► VERB ▪ apply torque to. DERIVATIVES torquey adjective. ORIGIN from Latin torquere to twist … English terms dictionary torque — [tôrk] n. [&LT; L torques (infl. in senses 2 & 3 by torquere): see TORQUES] 1. a twisted metal collar or necklace worn by ancient Teutons, Gauls, Britons, etc. 2. Physics a measure of the tendency of a force to cause rotation, equal to the force… … English World dictionary torque — [to:k US to:rk] n [U] [Date: 1800 1900; : Latin; Origin: torquere to twist ] technical the force or power that makes something turn around a central point, especially in an engine … Dictionary of contemporary English torque — [ tɔrk ] noun uncount TECHNICAL the force that causes something to turn around a central point … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English Torque — Le nom est porté dans le Nord Pas de Calais, mais on le rencontre aussi dans le domaine occitan (87, 07), où il faut sans doute le rattacher au verbe torcar (= frotter, nettoyer). Pour le nord de la France, on peut faire le même rapprochement,… … Noms de famille torque — (n.) rotating force, 1884, from L. torquere to twist (see THWART (Cf. thwart)). The verb is attested from 1954. The word also is used (since 1834) by antiquarians and others as a term for the twisted metal necklace worn anciently by Gauls,… … Etymology dictionary torque — s. m. 1. Bracelete ou colar, geralmente de ouro, usado por povos antigos. 2. [Física] Tendência de uma força para rodar um objeto em torno de um eixo. ‣ Etimologia: latim torques ou torquis, is, colar … Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Torque — For other uses, see Torque (disambiguation). Classical mechanics Newton s Second Law … Wikipedia 16+	i don't know
Ganesh, Murugan and their father Shiva feature in which religion?	1000+ images about Ganesh and friends... on Pinterest \| Hindus, Hindu deities and Ganesh temple Learn more at worldhistorycharts.com HINDU GODS CHART There are four main sects within Hinduism: 1. Shaivism (in which Shiva is worshipped as the main god); 2. Vaishnavism (in which Vishnu worshipped as the main god); 3. Shaktism (in which the female aspects of god are primarily worshipped); and 4. Smartism (in which six main gods are worshipped: Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Ganesh, Murugan and Surya). More	Hindu
Which international statesman was voted 'Left-Hander of the Year' in 2008 by the Left-Handers Club?	Hindu Gods & Goddesses Hindu Gods & Goddesses Please consider supporting our efforts. Amount: Hindu Gods Dear Children, The great God that has created us and all the lives as well as of this universe is also protects all. There is no place without the God and he is inside as well as outside of all. We worship the almighty God in various forms; Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, Lord Brahma, Goddess Durga, the Goddess Kali, the Goddess Saraswati, Goddess Lakshmi Devi, Lord Muruga, the Lord Ganesha are to name a few. You may wonder why so many various forms of God are there. Let us consider water as an example. When it is in liquid form we use it for drinking, cleaning, cooking and generating electricity etc. When it is frozen, the ice is utilized for a variety of purposes and also for preserving food products. Yet when it boiling, the stream will power engines and also used in many other ways. One material, different forms and different usages. Right? Likewise the great God has taken various forms to fulfil different duties and reasons. We shall now read about those different forms in this section. Lord Ganesh WE SHALL WORSHIP THE LOTUS FEET OF, HE WHO HAS TEN SACRED HANDS AND FIVE FAIR HEADS; HE WHO HAS THE CHARIOT LIKE LOTUS THAT HE ADORNS, HE WHO LIVES IN THE HEAVENS WHERE THE DHARMACHAKRA REVOLVES; HE WHO PERVADES ALL THE LOKAS, WE SHALL WORSHIP HIS LOTUS FEET. (Kandapurana on HerampaVinayaka - one of the 32 forms of Vinayaka) Lord Ganesh, the highly popular hindu deity Lord Ganesh, the highly popular hindu deity Lord Ganesh is extremely popular hindu deity all over the world. He is liked not only for his appearance but also of the simplicity in worshpping him. Shall we explore more about him... Elephent and the Elephent Headed Dear Children, You must be aware of, and must have read about, a lot of animals. All animals fall within the two categories of wild and domestic animals. You must also have seen a lot of animals, from the wild animals like the lion, tiger, fox, and wolf to the domestic animals like the dog, cat, cow, goat and horse. But then, there is one animal that is capable of delighting and surprising small children at first sight. Can you guess which animal is it? Yes, it is the elephant. It is a wonderful wild animal that can delight all children. A very large torso... broad ears like sleeves, very tiny eyes, a beautiful trunk, large pillar-like legs... More than all this the beautiful ivory coloured tusks that are unique to the elephant alone... yes, the elephant is indeed a beautiful animal. Even though the elephant is enormous in size, it obeys the orders of the mahout, and follows him like a child. It retains calm and quiet eating leaves, grass and sugar cane. But when the same elephant rises up in anger, no one can face its wrath. It can uproot and crush even very large trees and stamp people to death. Just as the saying, "Beware the fury of a patient man" goes; an elephant can be very dangerous when it is enraged. But it does not get angry that easily. It generally remains calm and would shake its head in glee when it sees children. It accepts with its trunk the bananas and sugar canes that are offered lovingly by children.The elephant's trunk has extraordinary powers. No other animal in the world has such a wonderful limb. The same trunk that picks up and carries easily huge logs from the ground can also pick up a small pin from the ground with the same ease. Moreover, it has the ability to distill potable water from muddy water. Moving about majestically in the jungle, the elephant clears up its passage ahead, by breaking and removing trees and bushes on its way. Other animals that take this cleared path, find it easy not only to move along the path, but also to feed off the leaves and shoots of the trees and bushes, broken and pulled down by the elephant. Lord Ganesh Lord Ganesh Now shall we get to know about Lord Ganesh, who has this wondrous animal's head as His own? Dear children, We worship God who is prevalent in all worlds, in various forms, and by various names. Yet, Lord Ganesh is one God who is lovingly worshipped by one and all, both by children and adults. We call Lord Ganesh fondly by various names like Pillaiyar, Vinayaga, Ganapati, Ganesha, Vigneshwar, Gajananar, Ayngaran,and worship him. But he is known more by the name of Ganesh than any other, since he has the qualities of an innocent, guileless child. Lord Ganesh has a strange but beautiful figure, that of an elephant's face and a human body. A big belly with a snake tied around it. He has four hands, each holding the 'Ankusa', the 'noose', 'modakam' and the broken end of his tusk respectively. The ears are very big, big enough to hear the prayers of all the people of the world. He too has a wisdom eye in the centre of his forehead, just like his father Lord Shiva. Peer into Pillaiyar's beautiful face. You will realize another strange truth. If you put together, Pillaiyar's face, the forehead, the eyes, the curved trunk. You will see the form of the Pranav Mantra. This is the unique feature of Pillaiyar's figure. The Pranav Mantra 'Om' is the basis of the entire Universe. Pillaiyar is a representative figure of this Pranav Mantra. The Pranav Mantra 'Om' is the foundation of all knowledge. And Pillaiyar is the Lord of all knowledge. Pillaiyar is the eldest son of Lord Shiva. The younger son is Lord Muruga. The eldest son is the Lord of knowledge and the younger son is the Lord of Power. And thus they both remain the basis of the earth's existence, knowledge and power, both are indispensable to us. Aren't they? Pillaiyar's trunk has wonderful powers. There is no other tool that is as wonderful as the trunk. Are you curious to know how?You must have seen tools like the pincers, chisel, screwdriver, spanner and so on. You must have used them too. They might have been useful in helping you to remove the wheels of your bicycle. But can you use the same spanner to remove the minute parts of your wrist watch? Well, you cannot. That requires other specialized tools. But the elephant’s trunk has such specialized abilities, like I told you before; it can pick up a small pin from the ground as easily as it can handle large logs with that same trunk and bend them, lift them and throw them in another direction. What does Lord Ganesh make us realise with his trunk? Just as the elephant's trunk has the ability to distil water from mud and thus quench its thirst we should also discard evil and take only what is good. Moreover, just as the elephant' trunk clears obstacles in its way and helps other animals; we should also help others and not be selfish. Just as the elephant is able to handle with equal ease large logs and small pin, our Lord Ganesh also does not differentiate between greater devotees and lesser devotees, small work and great work, small prayer and big prayer. He accepts the prayers of all people of the earth and blesses them as they deserve. Lord Ganesh's 'vahana' or vehicle is the shrew (of the mouse family). The shrew which is small made is the 'vahana' of the big made Lord Ganesh. The shrew which makes a small hole in the wall of the house and makes its entry, keeps tunneling until it makes a large hole. In the same manner, small desires which form in our heart, keep growing and finally pervade our whole heart. It is to show us that we should prevent this that Lord Ganesh keeps the shrew under his control and has made it his 'Vahana'. Let's pray to Pillaiyar so that he would keep under restraint our worldly desires. Pillaiyar: Very easy going deity Pillaiyar: Very easy going deity We read before that Pillaiyar is easy to worship. If we offer even an arugam grass with true love and devotion and worship Him, He would become pleased. Apart from the arugam grass, the leaves of the vanni tree, and the mantara Flowers are also suitable for Pillaiyar Pooja. Sweet dishes like the 'Mothagam', 'sweet pongal’ (sweet milk rice) and 'sundal' (chick peas) and the grass, vanni leaf and the flower of the 'manthara' are an integral part of Pillaiyar worship. Especially the grass, known as the 'Arugampul' is Pillaiyar's favorite pooja item. The grass can ordinarily be found growing wild at the edge of fields and grassy meadows. We should not forget that this grass which is so commonly found has rare medicinal purposes and powers. Our ancestors had realized the medicinal powers of the grass several thousand years ago itself and had made several medicinal preparations from it. Even western scientists have now realized the medicinal properties of the 'grass'. The rare medicinal herbs like the neem, the gooseberry, Aswagandha, Sarpagandhi that our ancestors discovered have amazed the western scientists. Doctors have proved that the juice extracted from the 'Arugampul', if drunk on an empty stomach every morning, would keep one insulated from any kind of disease. The 'Arugampul' which has such powers is a boon gifted to us by Pillaiyar. We can see the 'Mothagam' in Pillaiyar's hand. The Mothagam has a sweet filling inside. Mothagam, laddu, fruits, Appam, Aval, Pori, and Sundal are offered to Pillaiyar and then distributed among the children. Pillaiyar is pleased on seeing the children's happiness. There is a custom of smashing coconuts before Pillaiyar and then worshipping him. Shall we see what is the philosophy behind this practice?. There is sweet water and delicious white kernel inside the coconut. But before we can get it we have to remove the coconut fiber and break the hard strong outer shell. Our hearts too have lots of worldly desires like the coconut fiber. Next to the fiber is the hard outer shell which is akin to arrogant pride. If we discard these we can see the innocent heart which has (Bhakthi) devotion and love like the sweet coconut water and the white kernel. It is this pure heart that Pillaiyar desires from us. It is just to show that we are offering our pure heart to Pillaiyar that we break the coconut and offer its sweet water and kernel to Pillaiyar. Pillaiyar temples abound everywhere. In many places there are big temples for Pillaiyar alone, with him as the presiding deity. For example, the Trichy fort temple the Pillaiyar temple in Pillaiyarpatti, The eight Suyambu Vinayaga temples in Maharastra, North India (In these eight temples are Vinayaga statues that appeared from nowhere, they were not man-made. In SriLanka, the Manipai Maruthadi Pillaiyar temple, the Segaraasa Sekarappillaiyar temple in Inuvil, the Maamangappillaiyar Temple in Mattakkilappu are very famous Pillaiyar Temples. Pillaiyar is worshipped in many ways like this. It is quite easy to perform Pillaiyar worship. He has the heart of a child. He forgets our faults immediately and blesses us. Do you not have a Pillaiyar idol in your home? Never mind. Take some cow dung, moisture it and make it into the shape of a small pyramid, and that is Pillaiyar for you. If you cannot get cow dung too, never mind. There is no cause for worry. Take some turmeric powder, mix it with water and make a Pillaiyar out of it. Then decorate him with Arugam grass and flowers. Sing songs in his praise and worship him with pleasure. No other God mentioned in the Hindu religion can be worshipped so simply and easily. Some homemade Vinayaga for Poojas... Pillaiyar's figure resembles the shape of the Pranav Mantra, 'Om!'. The Pranav mantra 'Om' is the alpha and beta of all sounds, letters and vedas of the world. The Birth of Lord Ganesh The Birth of Lord Ganesh Pillaiyar appeared out of the Pranav Mantra as Lord of ‘ohmhara’ rhythm to bless the lives of the universe. There was a magical ‘sithira’ hall in Shivaloga and it was full of endless mantras. Of these, two Pranav Mantras, Samashtip Pranav and Viyashtip Pranav sounded central to all the rest of the Mantras. These two Pranav Mantras which were responsible for the construction and destruction of all worlds chimed 'Om', 'Om' endlessly. Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvathi who happened to visit the hall at that time, lost themselves in the sweet music of the Pranav Mantras and were delighted. So they blessed that a beautiful child should be born as a unified form of the two Pranav Mantras, so that the world would be able to appreciate and realize the greatness of the Pranavas. And they focused their heavenly eyes on the Pranavas. The two Pranavas united into one and there appeared a blinding light. The heavenly music 'Om' echoed in all directions and there appeared Pillaiyar the as the Lord of ‘ohmhara’ rhythm. His face resembled that of the Pranav Mantra, taking the shape of the elephant. Pillaiyar worshipped his parents lovingly. Goddess Parasakthi embraced her son lovingly and making him sit on her lap, blessed him. Lord Shiva who saw the powers of his son, was immensely pleased. He made him the head of all Sivaganas. Therefore Pillaiyar came to be known as Lord Ganapathi. Lord Shiva ordained that whoever on earth begins any work, should begin it after worshipping his son Vigneshwar. Therefore Pillaiyar also came to be known as Lord Vignehwar. Vinayaga became the Lord who removes all obstructs and gives his blessings. From that day on, the Devas and the humans, all of them worshipped Vinayaga and sought his blessings before beginning any work. This custom still persists. When we start writing any topics or a letter, we always begin by writing the holy Sanskrit symbolic letter of Vinayaga and to offer our first prayers to him before we start writing. This will please Lord Vigneshwar and in return he offers us his blessings and sees to that our efforts are successful. Does this custom apply to the Omnipotent Gods too? Yes, it does. Read the next two stories and you'll understand this. Praying Vinayaga before we start something new Lord Shiva and Vinayaga Long back, the three Tripura kings, Kamalakshan, Tharakatchan and Vidyunmali, performed very rigorous penance and received in return numerous boons. They made three flying forts of Iron, Silver and Gold. They would often flew in those forts and troubled the Sages, Devas and the humans. The Devas, Sages and almost everyone went appealing to Lord Shiva "Lord, there is no end to the wickedness that the Tripura kings perpetrate upon us. Lord, you should redeem us from their troubles", they begged. Lord Shiva consented and asked them to construct a chariot for him. All the Devas got together, pooled all their powers and resources and constructed a very big chariot. Lord Shiva, who wanted everyone to know the greatness of Lord Vinayaga, got into the chariot without offering his prayers to Lord Vinayaga. At the same instant, the axle of the chariot broke, the chariot tumbled down and the Devas trembled in their clothes. Lord Shiva got down from the chariot and called his eldest son affectionately. Lord Vinayaga came running as soon as he heard father's call and gave his blessing and the axle was repaired. The chariot righted itself. Lord Shiva started for the war. The Tripura kings came rushing in their flying forts to fight Him. Lord Shiva did not use any weapons to destroy them. He just smiled and from that smile flew three sparks. The Tripura kings' forts were reduced to ashes. The Asuras, realizing the truth, surrendered to the Lord. Lord Shiva returned victorious and came to be known as the Lord who destroyed Tripura. This is a divine play that both Lord Shiva and his son Vinyaga enacted together. The other story concerns Lord Brahma. Lord Brahma and Vinayaga You all know very well that Lord Brahma is responsible for the act of creation. Brahma was employed in the work of creation, right from the Universe itself. He created the Suryas, the worlds, animals, humans, devas and every other being. He was involved in the work of creation with an arrogant pride. But surprisingly none of his creations were proper and regular. Contrary to his perceptions, all his creations turned out to be disfigured. The human and devas figures all turned out to be crooked. This disturbed as well as surprised Lord of creator and he wanted to learn the reason. Soon he realized that he did not offer prayer to Lord Vinayaga before he begins his job of creating the new universe. He stooped his work and prayed to Lord Vinayaga with eyes brimmed with tears. Hearing to his prayers Lord Vinayaga appeared there in his 'visvarupa' (true enlarged form) as well as blessed him and even presented him with two new powers namely, 'Kriya Shakthi' and 'Gnana Shakthi'. With the support of the new powers or Shakthies and also of the true blessings, Lord Birmha began the creation works and this time all worked out as expected. New universe with Sun, Planets and Stars formed well. Devas, Asuras, Humans, Animals, Birds, fish and vegetations all materialized in the perfect manner. This is what ancient legendary 'Vinayaga Purana' tells us. Accordingly we also must offer prayers to Lord Ganesh before we venture out in to a brand-new undertaking. Parvathi Devi and Lord Vinayaga Parvathi Devi is not just the mother of Lord Ganesh and Lord Muruga (Skanda) but also the mother of the all living beings of this world. Lord Ganesh has immense love as well as affection to his mother. There is a story that informs us how did Lord Ganesh realised, when he was little, that she is actually the mother of all. Once 'Bala Ganapathy' was playing with a cat and in the speed of the game, his finger nails made couple scratches in the cat's face. As a result the cat moved away in pain. When the little Ganesh came back to his mother, he noticed the scratches in her face too. This disturbed him and he asked 'Who did this to you, mother?'. For that the mother expressed, 'It was you, my son'. 'Really?' Bala Ganapathy was shocked. 'Yes, my boy. I present in all lives as the mother. So when one life is hurt, I get hurt too as an effect.' expressed Parvathi Devi. Pillaiyar's vehicle is the shrew. How did Pillaiyar get the shrew as his vehicle? Vinayaga purana, also known as Parkhava purana, tells us the story. The vehicle of Lord Ganesh is shrew (a tiny animal in the mouse family). Exactly how this has actually become the vehicle of Lord Ganesh? Let us now see just how the historical legendary 'Parhava Puranam' which is also known as 'Vinayaga Puranam' clarified this. Once upon a time, a great sage 'Mahathar' and an Asura woman 'Viputhai' had a boy that was named as 'Gajamugan'. He grew up as a dreadful demon. He had an elephant face with two horns in his head. Obeying the advise of 'Sukirachariyar', the master guru of Asuras, he performed severe penance towards Lord Shiva, chanting his name for very long time. Pleased by that, Lord Shiva appeared in front of him blessed him and asked, 'what boon do you wish'?. 'Lord, my death must not take place by any weapons and if death befalls me due to the manoeuvres of venomous enemies, then I should not get another life' requested Gajamugan. The Lord gave the required boons with a smile and disappeared. The outcome of the boon was that he would be immortal, if he outmaneuvered his enemies. The triumphant demon, Gajamugan, created a city, 'Mathangamapuram' and reigned from there. He harassed the Devas and Sages and ordered them to do 1008 'Thoppu-Karanam' (knee-bend) in front of him three times daily. When they dropped to the floor, exhausted he giggled at them. When they came to be incapable to endure these any more, they prayed to Lord Ganesh to save them from him. Consoling them, Lord Ganesh set off to battle with the demon Gajamuga. Heavy fighting busted out between the two. The Lord Ganesh had demolished the chariot, forces as well as all the weapons of the Gajamuga yet could not eliminate him. This was because of the boon of Lord Shiva. Gajamugan giggled off with pride. All of a sudden there was an oracle from the sky of Lord Shiva which expressed, 'Son, Gajamugan just can't be eradicated by any weapons'. On hearing this, Vinayaga, who is actually the Lord of knowledge and wisdom, broke off his right tusk and threw it vigorously to Gajamugan. The tusk that had the vitality equivalent to thousands of suns plunged into Gajamugan as well as tumbled him down. The Gajamugan, soon took a form of a shrew, came to eradicate Vinayaga. At that point, the Lord Ganesh viewed it with his 'wisdom' eye and this forced the shrew to be 'enlightened'. Tumbling at the feet of the Lord, the enlightened strew prayed. The Lord Ganesh blessed it and made it as his vehicle. Thoppu-karanam (knee-bend bowing) Thoppu-karanam (knee-bend bowing) The Devas and Sages who were freed from the Gajamugan, gave thanks to Lord Ganesh and crossing and folding both hands across the chest, holding the right ear with the left hand and left ear with the right hand, they did (Thoppu-karanam) knee-bend three times with love and devotion. Since then when we see the statue of Ganesh, we carry out in the same way and pray him with love and devotion. When we carry out Thoppu-karanam, we receive the true blessing of Lord Ganesh in return. As the blood circulated through the body, the physical health and wellness also improves due to this performance. This is indeed a good one when we carry out this more than three times in case if we are doing this as an offering when Lord Ganesh answered our prayer. Knocking the forehead with clenched fist Knocking the forehead with clenched fist Wherever we see the statue of Ganesh, as we stand in front with homage, we, cross our hands and softly knocking both sides of our forehead with our fist. This we accomplish before we do the 'toppuk-karanam' (knee-bend) worship. (we can see the details of 'Toppuk-Karanam' separately). When this practice of knocking our forehead softly whenever we see the Ganesh statuary began? Who started it? Let's see that now... Once more this had also been clarified in the legendary 'Vinayaga Purana' with a story. This story is actually hilarious yet it also reveals the cleverness of Lord Ganesh. Long ago Lanka (Sri Lanka) was reigned by a King known as Raavana (' raa' means dark and 'vana' means colour). His names denotes that he was a person of dark skin tone/colour and so he was named Raavana. Raavana was very evil. He harassed the Devas as well as Sages with many atrocities. He created a palace in Lanka and from there ruled the three worlds. Although Ravana maintains villainy, he had some very good qualities too. He was a wonderful devotee of Lord Shiva as well as professional entertainer in lute (veena). Once he went to the Kailash and prayed to Lord Shiva. He played the lute instrument with a sweet tune, to worship God. Extremely pleased by this and also of his affection, Lord Shiva appeared before him and inquired, 'Raavana, I am pleased with you and tell me exactly what boon you prefer from me?' With excellent joy, Raavana asked, 'Lord, if all three world are to wreck, bless that my 'Lankapuri' is not going to be wrecked at all. Its reputation must not be destroyed forever.' Lord Shiva granted him the boon gladly and additionally he presented him a beautiful Linga and stated, "Raavana, this is actually a most powerful 'Athma-Linga' and so its is very sacred. Take this to your Lanka and set up a temple and conduct poojas daily. If you do this with extreme care, Lanka will be saved from any harms. Moreover there is also a condition attached with this. You should, without using any vehicle, walk all the way back to Lanka carrying this sacred Linga and you must not leave it on the ground anywhere in between". Saying this and handing over the Linga, the Lord disappeared. Raavana was extremely happy to have the 'Athmalinga'. Praying and thanking the Lord for the boon and the Linga, Raavana began to walk towards Lanka carrying the Linga with devotion. The message that Raavana had acquired a powerful Athmalinga had reached Devaloga. Indra, the king of Devaloga, and the sages were actually dumbfounded. The Raavana is already an evil and if he and his kingdom Lanka receiving long lasting power means he can not be defeated. They were worried that the difficulties experienced by them due to Raavana's evil acts will certainly go on without end. All the Devas went and expressed their concerns to Lord Ganesh who heard the details with his big ears and promised to assist. The Lord chose to solved it tactfully and so he took the form as a brahmin boy. He called upon the God of water (Varuna Deva) and ordered to do some works in Raavana's tummy. As a result, the water accumulated in his stomach and he became desperate to pass urine. But the trouble was he won't be able to do that while having a 'sacred Linga' in his hand which as per the condition should not be left on the ground. He was not sure as to what to do and so looked around for ideas. And he observed a brahmin kid standing at a little distance away. Approached him, he inquired, 'Oh boy, I am actually very desperate to pass urine and until I complete this and return, can you hold this Linga in the hands without leaving it on the ground'. The boy agreed. Yet he put up a condition. "Oh, ten heads King ..., I am actually a youngster and the Linga looks massive for me. I can not carry it long and I call you three times and if you don't come back by then, I will place the Linga on the ground," he said. Having no option other than agreeing, Raavana, gave the Linga in the hands of the brahmin kid and walked little away to pass the urine. The Lord Ganesh who was actually in the form as the brahmin boy started his game. Calling out loudly, "Hey, ten heads king ... ten heads king, ... ten head king, ...", he positioned the Linga at a sacred site on the ground. The sacred Atmalinga established itself solidly on the ground. Washing his feet and hands quickly, Raavana returned only to see that the sacred Linga was on the ground. He used of his strong hands to dig the Linga out but was unsuccessful. Then he tried to hold the Linga by both hands and pull it out. Every time he tried, his hands slipped out like the gripe less wheels on an icy surface. Same effects as that if one tries to pull a cow by its ear. Disappointed Ravana became angry and chased the boy who caused all these and knocked his head with his clenched fist. Lord Vinayaga decided to reveal the facts to Ravana. Taking his original form and picking Raavana up by his trunk threw him away like a ball. Threw away as if to reach the sky, Ravana realized the truth, and confessed himself and prayed to Lord Vinayaga. The Lord had forgiven him and said, "Raavana you pray me knocking your head in the identical manner you knocked my head." Ravana prayed the Lord with worship by knocking his head three times. "I will get rid of the sorrows of all of those devotees who pray me knocking their heads", expressing this, the Lord blessed him and gave many boons and faded away. Since then, the praying habits of devotees in knocking their heads in front of Lord Ganesh had commenced. Some scientists agree that by knocking in our head, we stimulate nerves which in turn increase blood circulation. The Athma-Linga that the Lord Ganesh positioned by deceiving Raavana became known as Kokarnam. ('Ko' means Cow and 'Karnam' means Ear). Slipping to Raavana's pull like a cow's ear or 'Kokarnam' was the reason for the name. One of the popular Sivasthalas, Kokarnam is actually located in Karnataka state of Western India. Another usage of the Lord's Broken Tusk Another usage of the Lord's Broken Tusk We have seen earlier that the demon Gajamuga was brought under control by the tusk of the Lord Ganesh. However, the broken tusk of Lord Ganesh aided to make yet another fantastic task. Shall we see, how? Vedic Vyasa was an exceptional sage who learned all the Vedas as well as Epics and understood the meanings of all in great deal. He meditated for many years and had had developed the story of great epic Maha Bharatha in his mind. It was a massive work with millions of the slogans (poems and chants, written in Sanskrit language). He wanted an individual to compose as he express it out. On the advice of Lord Brahma, sage Vyasa went to see Lord Ganesh. "Lord, I have created an excellent epic Mahabharata for the people of this globe, preaching the truths and I would like you to compose it as I express it out", he requested. Lord Ganesh laughed off affectionately and stated, 'So be it, Vedic Vyasa, so be it but on one condition. Once I begin I won't cease and so you should keep going without any break.' Vyasa agreed. Nonetheless, he has also placed an ingenious condition as well. "Oh my Lord, I will keep on going without any interruption, however you really should compose it down when you understand the meaning of the slogan," he said. Utilizing the broken tusk, Lord Ganesh began writing in the same speed as it is expressed by the sage Vyasa. Occasionally whenever he needed more time for planning, the sage will insert tough words and phrase. The Lord would interrupt as if taking time to understand the meaning of those words and phrase and then proceed to compose again. Taking advantage of the gab, Vyasa might rephrase some slogans. Thus, one of the world's biggest epic Mahabharata was composed. How a Robber became a great Sage How a Robber became a great Sage Let us now move on to read a tale of a vicious thug who emerged as a great sage by the grace of Lord Ganesh There was a forest close to the boarder of the stunning city 'Nanthuram'. In this forest, hunters as well as some vicious robbers resided. 'Vippiratan' was a such robber. He was a very evil person and he never ever known to have shown sympathy or kindness to anybody. He used to ambush and often beat up or kill passers-by of the paths through woodland to take their money, jewels and other items. One day, Vippirathan was hiding behind a tree awaitting his potential target and saw a young brahmin was walking along. Assuming that he may have some great deals to rob, Vippirathan, yanking his sword out, start chasing him. Realising the hazard, the young brahmin fled away as quick as he could. Chasing for long in vain, the fatigued Vippirathan came back and on his way back he saw a temple and it's holy pond. To do away with the thirst as well as fatigues, he got into the pond, quench his thirst, had a bath and then resting under the shade of a large tree. At that point a great sage 'Muttkalar' was stepping towards the temple. When he saw the sage, Vippiratan got up very quickly and raised his sword to kill him. The sage was not scared at all but he smiled and looked at him sympathetically. The robber who used to see his targets scream out in fear, saw for the first time someone absolutely opposite and the love as well as compassion that he witnessed in the eyes of the sage made him feel differently and as an result there were sudden but exceptional changes in his mind and the sword dropped out of his hand inadvertently. He tumbled at the feet of the sage and pleaded, 'oh, my lord, I am actually a great sinner, please forgive me and show me a righteous path to follow' ... "Oh son, who am I to forgive you?... The presiding deity of this temple is Lord Ganesh. Beg (entreat) for his mercy. Lord Ganesh's grace is actually such it may make an dead timber stick to become a very large tree. First, bath in the holy pond, this time thinking only of the Lord and return here", stated the sage. Vippiratan had a bath and came back and the sage put his right palm on his head and blessed him as well as preached him the mantra of the Lord, "Ohm Ganesaya Namaha". He planted a dead wooded stick in the ground and said before leaving, "Son, pour water daily to this and always think of the Lord, chant the mantra that I preached and the Lord will bless you". Reformed robber, Vippiratan, sitting near the stick chanted the Vinayaga Mantara devotionally and poured water to the stick three times daily. Many years passed. The stick has grown as a huge tree with branches, leaves and flowers. The sage Muttkalar came back there one day and was amazed to find the tree and also of the love and devotion of Vippirathan. Using his palm and fingers, he splashed the holy water off his 'Kamandala' (small holy water pot carried by the sages) on him and with that the sins were cleaned away off the reformed Vippirathan. By the grace of Lord Vinayaga, a proboscis (Trunk or a lengthy 'trunk' like nose) appeared in the middle of his eyebrows. The sage blessed him and also preached him the 'Biranava Mantra' and said, "Son, you may still be here for many years prior to getting to the holy feet of the Lord Vinayaga and the tree will grow further as a 'Katpaga Virudsa' as well as provide all you want. (' Katpaga' means the capability to generate or produce more and more as one take and take thus no scarcity to feed any many and 'Virudsa' suggests huge tree). As a result of the probascis, he became known as sage 'Purusundi' and lived there long and assist thousands with the 'Katpaga Virudsa' and afterwards reached the holy feet of the Lord Ganesh. Lord Ganesh worshipping: Then and Now Little ones, We have seen some stories telling us the glories of Lord Vinayaga. Ganesha statues in various types dug out in archaeological researches in nations like China, Japan, Thailand, Java, Sumatra, Cambodia, Burma, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Borneo, Nepal, Indonesia etc. This proves that the Lord Ganesh was actually worshipped in those countries in ancient time. Around 4000 years back, there was a civilization existed in the Northwest India, along the stream bank of River Sindu. It was recognized as Indus Valley Civilisation where there were two cities existed, Mohanja-daro and Harraph. There were many items dug out from here by the archaeologists. An item that was looking like an elephant faced figure and the scholars thought of that as a prove of Vinayaga worshipping existed 4,000 years back. There were slogans which determined to be around 3,500 years old discussed about Lord Vinayaga. These are actually the solid proves of the Lord Ganesh worshipping in ancient time. Presently, Lord Ganesh is being worshiped throughout India and Sri Lanka as well as Malaysia, Singapore, England, France, Canada, Africa and spread to numerous nations in the world. Ganesha temples can be seen anywhere. There are popular major temples dedicated to Lord Ganesh. Trichy Rockfort Ganesha Temple in Tamil Nadu, India as well as Karpaka Vinayagar Temple in Pillaiyarpatti in Tamil Nadu, India and Eight suyampu (the statues found naturally and not man made) Ganesha Temple in the western Indian state of Maharashtra and Manipay Maruthadi Pillaiyar Temple and Inuvil Seka Raja Sekara Pillaiyar Temple both in Northern Sri Lanka and Batticalo Mamangap Pillaiyar Temple in Eastern Sri Lanka are to name a few. Essentially the Lord Ganesh can be observed as well as worshipped in all most all the Hindu temples. He may even be found in some Buddhist temples as well. (remember Buddha is the 9th incarnation of Lord Vishnu) This is because all the devotees start their worshipping with praying Lord Ganesh first and also the poojas too begin first with Lord Ganesh. Tuesdays, Fridays greatest days for fasting as well as worshipping Lord Ganesh. In South India unmarried young females fasting on Tuesdays and Fridays and worship Vinayaga. By this they seek the true blessings for a very good life partner and a trouble free life. Men also do the same too. Special festival day of Lord Ganesh is 'Vinayaga Chaturthi'. This festival is celebrated in the month of August. Mumbai and other major cities cities in India, celebrate this beautifully. Giant Vinayaka statue taken in procession to a water front Stunning Ganesha idols made in hundreds taken in procession in the streets and these statues are taken out on the beach front or to the waterfront where when the prayers are over dissolved in water at the end. As one might have guessed that for this celebration, the statues are actually made out of dissoluble materials such as clay. "Om Sri Ganesaya nama" is the Mantra for Lord Ganesh. Hello Kids, You too should recite this mantra every morning with devotion, love and revere and pray Lord Ganesh. He will certainly bless you with good education, wealth and good health. Let us now sing a devotional song for Lord Ganesh. Vaakundam, nalla manamundam, Maa malaraal nokundam, Meni nudangaadu pookondu, (Granny Avvaiyaar) Meaning: If one prays daily, without failing, by offering delicate flowers (like jasmine) to the feet of Lord Vinayaka whose body is deep red like the coral, with a beautiful trunk on his elephant face, would be granted the silver-tongue (power to speak or sing well) and a good mind that always think of good things. He will also ensure the blessing of the three Devis so that education, wealth and good health would be theirs. We sincerely belive that the blessing and grace of the almighty the Lord Ganesh are with this great project of educating you with Hindu religious aspects. Also Please see the Milk Miracle of Lord Ganesh Let us now watch a beautiful song on Lord Ganesh Lord Birahma Tri Murties: Lord Birahma One of the Three Murties, Lord Brahma is recognized as the creator of the Universe. He is the originator and the generator of the mankind and all living being in the universe. Hindu God Brahma can be seen as a four-faced, four-armed, bearded deity. He carries a lotus and a manuscript of vedas in the upper hands and a water pot (kamandala) in the lower hand and one hand is always there to bestow grace. The four faces represent the holy knowledge of the four Vedas namely, Riga, Yajur, Sama and Atharva. It symbolizes that Brahma is the foundation of all the knowledge required for the creation of the universe. The four arms represent the four directions and therefore symbolize that Lord Brahma is the omnipresent and the omnipotent. The white beard conveys wisdom and the long beard gives the idea that creation is a never-ending process. The crown on the head of Brahma implies that the Lord has the supreme power and authority over the process of creation. Brahma sitting on a lotus represents the creative power of the Supreme Reality. As per the Hindu mythology, a swan is possessed with an exceptional discerning sense, which enables it to distinguish pure milk from a mixture of milk and water. Brahma uses the swan as a vehicle, which is known for its discerning abilities. This conveys the idea that, the Lord uses exceptional senses such as foreseeing the entire life of a mankind or other living being and also the enitire universe. The Consort of Lord Brahma is Saraswathy Devi. Why there are not many worshipers for Lord Brahma? Our fate or destiny and important aspects such as our sex, shape, whom we are to born and how our life is going to be are believed to be decided by Lord Brahma, the Creator, even before we are born and hindus believe that these can not be changed. This means that there is less or no business with him after our birth and so it is understandable that there would not be many worshippers for Lord Brahma and we will not see many temples for him comparing to the other two. Have you ever wondered comparing two children; one born in to a poor family often go hungry while another that born in to a rich family fed often by a golden spoon? Or why someone is destined to rule a Kingdom while another is to fight a war and die to save the King and the Kingdom. Who decides these and why? Certainly luck can't play any part in it. Can it? Let's think about this! An Example: A Beggar In this picture you are seeing a highly disabled person who was begging for alms. While he would be considered as a person who was extremely unlucky, in countries where there are social security systems are in place, he would be looked after by the state. However, in the view of Hinduism he would be considered as a person who committed extreme sins in his previous birth to earn this. Some of those who help him with money or food would be often seen saying sympathetically, 'what have you done to deserve this?, Pray the God to wash away those sins'. Likewise if someone recovered from a major disease or escape unhurt from a major accident, those who talk about him would say, 'he must have done some thing/s good (in his previous birth) to be blessed this way'. This show that as per the Hindu believes, the occurring in a person life was the result of the good/bad deeds of the previous life. Lord Shiva (OMneity is He who is rare to be comprehended. And expressed in words by all the worlds; In His crest rest the crescent and the flood; Limitless is His effulgence; He dances in the Ambalam. We hail and adore His ankleted flower-feet. ) Some Background Information One of the main pillars of the Hinduism is Saivam. The first and foremost god of Saivam is Lord Shiva and those who worship Lord Shiva as their first and foremost god, are known as ‘Saivas’. Most of the Saivas are living in South India, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, Bali, Fiji, Mauritius and Caribbean Islands. In recent years, many saivas emigrated mainly from Sri Lanka and living in North America, Australia, New Zealand and countries in European Community and Scandinavia. The ancient holy scripts like ‘vedas’ and ‘puranas’ are explaining us about the Tri Murties. Lord Birahma, Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva are known as the Tri Murties. Lord Birama is creating a living being and Lord Vishnu is protecting it and Lord Shiva destroys it. Our relationship with Lord Birahma ends even before we are born as he who decides our sex, whom and where we are to be born, how our life, our fate and destiny etc, are going to be in this world. So it is understandable that there would not be many worshippers for him as nothing can’t be changed once we are born. We worship Lord Vishnu to be protected from harms and diseases. Those who worship Lord Vishnu as their first and foremost god are known as ‘Vaishnavas’. It is Lord Shiva who decides when our life in this world, come to the conclusion. ‘Death’ is the process through which he removes us from this world. We, therefore call him as the destroyer. The surprising fact is that, why there are many worshipers for Lord Shiva, the destroyer than Lord Biramha, the Creator. Parents can decide when to have a baby and the modern medical facilities will determine precisely if a foetus in womb is a boy or a girl. Advanced medical facilities will save us from major diseases and increase our life span. However no one knows the date of their death which is an absolute certainty for all living beings. How and when it is going to happen is something no one can predict precisely and this is something that Lord Shiva only knows. One may die of heart attack and another may die in an accident or by an incurable disease or many can die in a natural disaster like tsunami or an earthquake. The destroyer Lord Shiva keeps this as a top secret. According to Hindu religious philosophy, those who do a lot of good deeds in their life time will be in heaven and at the lotus feet of the great god, after their death. Those who committed sinful deeds will be sent to hell and then back to this earth again as a result of those sins in the previous birth. Depending the level of sins they will born either in to a rich or poor families or even in a royal family. There are many who finish off significant part of their life in prison and these are not without reasons. So by worshiping Lord Shiva, the devotees ask him to remove all the sins away from them committed in the previous and present births before their death which is of course a certainty. Thus there wouldn’t be any reason for them to come back to this earth which is full of trouble and instead they will enjoy the great boon of being close to lotus feet of the Lord in heaven. It is then obvious that when the devotees ask for the removal of the sins of the previous births will not be committing anything further in this birth. Even though he is doing the job of destroying all of us, Lord Shiva is full of kindness and grace. The purana stories explain us how he appeared in different forms to alleviate the sufferings of his devotees. Lord Shiva is known by many different names as well. Haran, Neelakandan, Uruthiran, Umamakeswarar, Parameswaran, Sambu, Mukannan are just a few names. Family of Lord Shiva Family of Lord Shiva Lord Shiva's consort is Uma Devi. she is also known as Bharvathi Devi.She is the goddesses of bravery. Lord Ganesh and Lord Muruga are their children. The four, Lord Shiva, Uma Devi, Ganesh and Muruga (Skanda) appearing beautifully as a family is explaining us the importance of a family life. Also the animals such as Ox, Lion, Peacock, Snake and Mouse which normally hostile against each other can be seen along with these god family in a friendly way reflecting the fact that all are equals and at peace in front of the god. The Lord Shiva Family The view of Lord Shiva, Uma Devi and their youngest son Lord Muruga appearing together is known as ‘Soma-skanda moortham’. The Vehicle:'Nandi Devar' The Vehicle:'Nandi Devar' The vehicle of Lord Shiva is Ox which is called ‘Nandi Devar’. In a Lord Shiva’s temple we can see the statue of Nandi Devar mounted directly in front the sanctuary. Lord Shiva's adobe Lord Shiva's adobe According to puranas, Lord Shiva with Uma Devi resides in ‘Sivaloga’ and blessing all living beings of the entire universe is gracing us, the inhabitants of this earth by mounting majestically in the highest mountain on earth, the ‘mount kailash’. (mount everest). The volunteers, ‘sivaganas’ who serves the lord and the great sages are fortunate enough to be at his lotus feet in ‘Sivaloga’. Description of the Lord Description of the Lord Lord Shiva is seen as an embodiment of love and kindness. His fair coloured skin is appearing white due to the application of ‘veepoothi’ (holy ash or thiru-neeru). There is a third eye in his forehead known as ‘wisdom eye’. He wears a snake around his neck like a garland and a crescent is appear in his head. The ‘Ganga Devi’ is sitting on his head’s crest. The tiger skin is used as a cloth around his hip. The Tiger represents desires (wishes). The ancient puranas say that all problems that the human beings face are because of the ‘desires’. To indicate that he won all kind of desires, he wears the tiger skin. Sivalinga Sivalinga In the sanctuary (‘karpa-kiraga’) of many Shiva’s temples, we can see and worship Lord Shiva in the form ‘sivalinga’. The figure ‘sivalinga’ is giving us a great philosophical explanation. The bottom part of the link is known as ‘aavudaiyar’ and that represent Sakthi, the Uma Devi. The Linga mounted on aavvudaiyar, represents Shiva. Thus the figure ‘sivalinga’ illustrates the point that the whole universe emanated from the union of Shiva and Sakthi. ‘Shiva-maha-purana’, an ancient scipts tells us the story of how ‘sivalinga’ formed. When this universe came in to existence, there was an argument developed between Lord Brahma and Lord Vishnu as to who was the greatest between themselves. Both argued that they were the greatest and it went on endlessly. Suddenly there was a huge torch (jothy) appeared between them like a pillar of fire. This surprised the duelists who stopped their arguments and stood there speechless. They then decided to figure out the beginning and the end of that torch. Lord Vishnu took the form of a very large pig and saying, ‘I will find the bottom of the torch’, dug the land and went down under. Lord Birahma took the shape as a beautiful swan and saying, ‘I am determined to find the top portion of the torch’, flew above. The swan could not find the top of the torch and the pig also failed to find the bottom of the torch. Tired and exhausted, both returned and standing next to each other, bowed to the torch and said; ‘you are the biggest than both of us and who you are?’. At that point, the Lord Shiva’ emerged as ‘Ligootpavar’ from within that jothy and bless them both. The sivalingas are carved out of granite stones. Some time metals are used too. There are some sivalingas made of special crystal called ‘spadikam’. This rare ‘spadikam’ stones are formed naturally in the bed of the river Narmada of India. A linga generates naturally out of ice during winter in a cave at ‘Amarnath’, a village in the Himalayan mountain region of North India. Every year millions of pilgrims throng to worship this ‘ice-linga’. In 1010 AD, in Tanjavur of South India, the Chola emperor ‘Raaja Raaja Cholan’ (Means; Chola King of the Kings) had built a magnificent temple for Lord Shiva. This beautiful temple known as ‘Periya Kovil’ (Great Temple) was built of granite stones. The sanctuary of this temple has a 13 feet high ‘linga’ which is considered the biggest of all at sanctuaries. 13 Feet Linga is given an (Milk) Abishek by a priest. The movements of the universe and its living beings are controlled by the cosmic dance of the Lord Shiva. The form of ‘dancing with one leg while throwing the other leg in the air’ is known as ‘Nadaraja Moorthy’. The idol of ‘Nadaraja’ at the sanctuary of Shiva’s temple at Cithamparam of South India, has many significance. The Chidamparam Nadaraja Temple sanctuary with gold plated roof All the things that we see in the nature, are in motion. The motion of the sun is generating energy and thereby giving us the light and heat. The earth and all other planets are in a motion and thereby revolving in a circular path around sun. The scientists had proved that the tiny micro particles known as electrons that are invisible to naked eye are spinning at high speed. We, the human beings born, grow and die which are in an order. As per the Hindu philosophy, the dance of the Lord Shiva is the source for all things to be in regulated motion. The Lord performs ‘aanatha nadanam’ (dancing in delight or happiness) in tranquil position (calmness) known as ‘shantha moorthy’. But unable to tolerate the evils of the evils, he sets off to destroy them with great anger while performing very powerful ‘ugkira thandavam’ (dancing or surging with a rage). Nadaraja Moorthy shows with four hands. A drum (udukkai), flame and a small deer can be seen In the palms of his hands. Thatchana Moorthy Thatchana Moorthy The Lord who is known as the destroyer also shows as the ‘ghnaguru’ (guru who teaches the meaning of wisdom) who preaches the ‘sivanghnam’ to the world. This special appearance is called ‘Thatchana Moorthy’. In some saiva temples we can see and worship Thatchana Moorthy who would be mounted as facing towards southern direction. Under a banyan tree that carved out of stone, Thatchana Moorthy, the Lord is sitting peacefully as an embodiment of kindness. The Lord’s right hand is showing a remarkable seal (sign of assurance). There are four sages (Rishies) seen sitting at his feet, bowing him while being preached by the ‘Mowna Guru’ (the quiet guru). Aartha Naareeswarar Aartha Naareeswarar Lord Shiva is also seen in ‘aartha naareeswarar’ form as well. Aartha means half and Naree means woman. In this form the Lord is seen as half man and half woman. The male part represents Lord Shiva and the female part represents Uma Devi, the sakthi. The ‘sivam’ can’t function without ‘sakthy’ is the philosophical message that is being given out by this wonderful appearance. One may wonder that this is not possible in reality but the flowers in our garden stand as a perfect example for this rare philosophy. In flowers both male and female parts can be seen together. Fruits and vegetables are made available to us by their union. Meaning of Thiruneeru (Vipoothy) The devotees who worship Lord Shiva apply the holy ash known as Thiru-neeru (Vipoothy) in there forehead, shoulders, hands and chest. They apply thiruneeru as three parallel lines. (In the picture right, note the application of Thiru-neeru) The holy ash or thiruneeru is obtained by burning the husk of rice along with the dung of sacred cow. An emperor may reign a great empire and a poor may live off of alms of others. On death their bodies will be cremated and what will be left behind at the end of all would be a handful of ash which will soon mixed off with the soil and disappear. By applying ‘thiru neeru’, we are reminded of this great philosophy that ‘we don’t bring any thing when we arrive and we won’t be taking any when we depart’ and so we must refrain from committing sins after sins. What is counted in the court of the great Lord is our good deeds vs baddeeds. When we apply thiruneeru, we must utter the name of the lord; ‘siva, siva’ or ‘ohm namashivaya’. You may be asked by curious other non hindus about 'ThiruNeeru' that you may have applied and it that situations simple and acceptable answer is to refer it as 'blessing'. The festival for Lord Shiva is ‘Maha Shivaraathiri’ (The Great Night of Lord Shiva) (we will learn later about this). The ‘pancha adchara mantra’ (pancha means ‘five’ and adchara means ‘letter’) that we must utter when worshiping Lord Shiva is ‘Ohm Namashivaaya’. ('na' -1st , 'ma' - 2nd, 'shi' - 3rd, 'vaa' - 4th and 'ya' - 5th) Like the 12 'Alwars' who sung about Lord Vishnu, the glories of Lord Shiva was sung by the four ‘samaya kuravars’ (great volunteers of saivam). They are Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar and Manicavasakar. They were the four of the 63 ‘Nayanmars’ and about whom we will learn later. Now it is time for us to sing a song that glorify the ‘pancha adchara mantra’. This was sung by ‘Thiru Ghna sambantha Moorthy Nayanar’ (Sambandar). "kaatha laakik kasi:nthuka'n 'neermalki (with love growing tender hearted. with profuse tears rolling down the cheeks. will direct those who recite the mantiram in the path to salvation. is the essential truth dealt with in the four Vētams. namacCivaya which is the name of the master, Civan) Watch & Listen this song here (there are two song here) Tri Murties: Lord Vishnu Lord Vishnu is one of the Tri Murties. The Lord also known by many names. Mayan, Narayanan, Thirumal, Perumal etc are to name a few. The name ‘Vishnu’ means ‘omni-present’. The god and his limitless graces can be felt everywhere. Lord Vishnu is the preserver of this universe. His consort is ‘Luxmi Devi ‘who is also known as ‘Thirumakal’. As per the Puranas, the adobe of the Lord Vishnu and Luxmi Devi is ‘Vaikundam’. To protect us, he is reclining on a massive snake called ‘Adisheshan’ in the ‘Milky Ocean’. The vehicle of Lord Vishnu is Garuda. The Lord has four arms and in them he holds chakra (discus), couch shell (shangu), a mace and also a lotus. The couch shell represents the universe and when held closer to the ear, one can hear a deep humming sound like that of a cosmic. This represents that the ‘pancha poothas’ (the five elements) namely the water, soil (ground), fire, air and the sky are all generated off him. The discus denotes that the universe revolves around like a discus and that the Lord maintains the order of it in the righteousness way. The mace represent that the Lord will not tolerate evils. The Lotus represents grace and also of another significance aspect in that our life on this world is like the water drops on the lotus petal in that the drops just rolled away without being absorbed by the petal. The significance of this is that we don't bring any we we are born and we don't take any when we are gone. For the betterment of this universe and to destroy the evils and to to save lives, the Lord Vishnu had taken many incarnations known as ‘avatars’. They are ‘Matsya’, ‘Kurma’, ‘Varaha’, ‘Narashimha’, ‘Vamana’, ‘Parasurama’, ‘Rama’, ‘Krishna’ and ‘Buddha’ avatars. The upcoming 10th avatar will be the ‘Kalki’ avatar. In Vishnu temples we can worship the god in three positions. Standing, reclining and sitting positions. In standing position, one hand of the Lord pointing towards the devotees and the other shows the ‘assuring’ sign. This signifies the facts that if we surrender ourselves fully and completely to the god, he will protect us. In the famous ‘Thirupathy’ temple in Andra Pardash state of India, that draws thousands (between 50,000 and 100,000 and one of the richest temple of the world) each day, the Lord can be seen in standing position. In Badrinath temple in Uttar Pradesh in North India, the Lord can be seen in sitting position. In Sri Rangam in Tamil Nadu and in the Sri Padmanabha Swamy Temple Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala of South India the Lord can be seen in reclining position. (Sri Padmanaha temple stunned India and the World recently after the discovery of one billion US dollar worth of treasure found in the six underground chambers that opened after 130 years on India's superme court order) Similar to the four of the sixty three ‘Nayanmars’ who sunk on Lord Shiva, there were 12 Alwars sung on Lord Vishnu. In later lessons we will learn about them too. These 12 Alwars sung on 108 Vishnu Temples known as ‘Divya Desams’ (‘holy places that are sweet enough like nectar’). Out of these 108, only 106 refer those in material word and the rest 2 are the ‘Vaikundam’ adobe of the Lord and the ‘Lotus feet of Lord Vishnu’. Let us worship the great Lord who could wipe out our sorrow and to grace us to lead a full life with any troubles. We shall now see the different avatars of the Lord. Matsya Avatar Matsya, the one-horned fish, is the first among, the ten avatars Lord Biramha is accomplishing the job of creation. As per puranas he carries on this for a prolonged duration known as 'Kalapam' and at the end he rests by remain dormant. This is the period of destruction of the universe. At that point when he wakes up, a new universe would be created. Once when he was dormant, the vedas (manuscripts) fell down and a horse-faced demon, 'yayakirevan' had actually nicked it. He deliberately did this to disturb the Lord's job of creations using the mantras from the 'vedas'. Meanwhile, a raja-rishi (king who turn into ascetic and became saint) call 'Sathiya-Virathan' was performing penance towards Lord Vishnu and he was on a consuming water only. When he went to the nearby river to collect some water for his pooja, in his cupped hands, a little fish also located in the hands. Unknowing, that the Lord Vishnu himself was in the form of that fish, he was attempting to leave it back to the river. The little fish expressed, 'O, Maha Rishi, please don't leave me back in the river as some big fish were trying to swallow me. Please save me'. Accordingly, the sage put the fish in to his 'kamadala' (water vessell). In a little while, the fish grown bigger than the kamadala. At that point the Rishi moved it a larger vessel where it grew larger again. Then he dropped it in a pond and then in to a lake. Every where the fish kept on growing and finally he try to leave it in a ocean when the fish stated, 'O' Rishi, the whales in this ocean could swallow me' ... At this point the Rishi understood that it was none other than Lord Vishnu who came as the fish and so he requested him, 'My Lord please advise me why you have actually come to me in this form?'. 'O, Maha Rishi, Lord Birahma is in deep dormant (sleep) and in seven days time the Earth would immerse in great deluge. At that moment a canoe will come up here with seven rishies (' Saptha Rishes') in it. You must also get into it with herb seeds and I will save the canoe from capsizing while shuttling. Just at that point you will definitely understand the reason of my fish form and my glory as well'. Expressing this the fish disappeared. Thereafter the 'Sathiya-Virathan' was meditating for Lord Vishnu who came in the form of a fish. On the seventh day, the earth submerged in deluge and a huge canoe with seven rishes turned up. As per Lord words, the Raja Rish got on to the canoe with botanical herb seeds and shuttle along with the other seven rishes. At that moment Lord Vishnu appeard as 'Matsya Moorthy' (one horned fish) tied the canoe with its horn using a snake and navigated it to safety to the top of mount Meru. At this time he preached 'Matcha Purana' to Raja-Rishi 'Sathiya-Virathan'. Reason of this is to save some peoples and plants from overall destruction and to move them to the forthcoming new yuga (next period of the cycle of the universe). Lord Biramha, meanwhile awakened from sleep and realized that the vedas were lost and because of this the creation of the new universe was delayed and he asked the help of 'Matchya Moorthy' who fought with demon, 'yayakirevan' and killed him. When the vedas were returned to Lord Birahma, he began his creation job. Kurma Avatar Koorma Avatar By the grace of Lord Vishnu, the Devas were living comfortably. One day, sage Thurvasar, visited the 'Vaikuntham' to worship Lord Vishnu and Mahaluxmi. Delighted by this, Mahaluxmi gifted, a beautiful lotus flower garland to the sage Thurvasar. When the sage Thurvasar was returning with the holy garland in his hand, he bumped into Devendran, the king of Devas who was parading on his elephant, 'Jaravatham'. Greeting him, sage Thurvasar gave the garland to Devendran, explaining who gave him that. Yet Devendran did not really show any interest or respect, taken it reluctantly and threw it on to nape of the elephant. The garland fell to the ground from the nape and almost right away the elephant 'Jaravatham' stamped on it. This disrespectful act of Devendran upset and angered the sage Thurvasar. The sage who was renown for his anger and cursing, stared at Devendran and stated angrily," Devendra, you have actually failed to remember that it was because of the blessing and grace of Lord Vishnu, you are savouring the life as the king of Devas. You have insulted Mahaluxmi by way of the improper handling of that holy garland". The sage went on to cursed him," as a result you will certainly lose her grace and eventually lose the crown and throne as well". As an outcome of that curse, the Devaloga (Kingdom of Devas) became lifeless and all the devas lost their physical strength. This made their enemies, the 'Asuras' pleased. They started attacking the Devas and chased all the Devas away from the Devaloga and took it for themselves. Devendran and all other Devas ran to Lord Biramha and sought refuge. Nonetheless Lord Biramha could not alleviate their sorrw and hence they all went to seek refuge with Lord Vishnu. Lord Maha Vishnu listened to them and stated," Devendra, you do not have the power to combat and demolish the Asuras at present and so negotiate peace with them and with them churn the 'Thirupaatkadal' (holy milky ocean) and obtain the 'divinely nectar'. Once you drink it you all will become immortal and then you will get back all that you lost by the curse". Devendran went ahead to negotiate peace with Asuras and then all began the substantial job of getting the nectar off the milky ocean. They all determined that the 'Mountain Manthara' can easily be utilized as the 'nectar-churn' for churning out the nectar and so raised it and brought in to the sea. While accomplishing that they dropped it due to heaviness and many in the ground perished of it. Lord Vishnu appeared there and raised the mountain with his hands and placed it in the middle of the ocean. A massive snake called 'Vasuki' wrapped itself around the mountain. Then Devas began off with the head side of the snake while the Asuras were on the tail side. Asuras then disputed it by stating that they ought to be on the head side as they are more powerful than the Devas and as a result they switched over sides and began churning. While executing thus, the mountain had immersed in to the ocean. To help the situation, Lord Vishnu had actually taken a form of a tortoise (Kurma) and went into the ocean and underneath of the mountain and lifted it up using tortoise's back. When both parties started their work once more, an enormous poisonous gas emerged from the snake's mouth. The Asuras who were in the head side of the snake were attacked by this gas and became weak. At the same time a deadly poison 'aalakala poison' came out of the ocean. Scared of its speed the Devas and Asuras ran away in different directions. Devandran and some devas went to appealed to Lord Shiva and begged for help. Lord Shiva appeared there and gathered the poison with his hands and drank it himself. To stop the poison going below the throat, Barvathi Devi hold the neck of Lord Shiva tight with her hands. As a result the poison trapped at throat and it became blue in color. Following this the Lord Shiva became known as 'Neelakandar'. (Blue Necker) When the churning started once more, a cow known as 'Kamathenu' appearded and the sages have taken it for them. Then a white horse came out and the Assuras caught it for themselves. Then a tree called 'Katpakam' and female dancers called 'apsaras' appeared one after the other. Both were taken by Devas. Then Mahaluxmi appeared and garlanded Lord Vishnu who was there as the tortoise. Next one to come out was Varuni Devi who was captured by the Asuras. Finally, Thanvanthiri, a form of Lord Vishnu appeared by having celestial nectar in a gold casket. The Asuras were faster than Devas to run and picked it up from the Thanvanthiri. At that point Lord Vishnu, took the form of a gorgeous female, Mohini, mesmerized Asuras and taken away the nectar and began sharing it among the Devas. There was an Asura known as 'Raagu', who was not really at all mesmerized by Mohini, understood that the Asuras were cheated and he tricked the Devas to infiltrate and stood between two Devas, the sun and the moon and got a segment of a nectar and drank it prior to others recognized their mistake. When this became known Lord Vishnu cut off his head using his chakkaraayutha. Nonetheless due to the power of nectar he was not dead at all. At that point, Lord Birahma, the creater, had merged Raagu's head along with the body of a snake called 'Kethu' and merged Raagu's body with the head of that snake and there by way of created two 'kirahas' known as Raagu and Kethu. As an outcome of the immortality and the new strength by way of drinking of nectar, the Devas, chased the Asuras out of Devaloga and re-conquest it. Note: You might have played or heard of the game of 'rope pulling or tug of war'. This is a very popular game all over the world. The origin of this game is from the story above. The researchers discovered solid archaeological roots to this effects. The Ankor Vat in Cambodia which is the world'd largest Hindu Temple devoted to Lord Vishnu has the Churning of the Ocean of Milk, depicted in bas-relief on the south of the east wall of its third enclosure. Notice the tortoise at the bottom Varaha Avatar (Two Tusked wild Boar) At one time, when four Maha Rishies (Great Sages) went to ‘Vaikundam’ to worship Lord Vishnu, they were stopped at the 7th gate by Jeyan and Vijayan who guarded it. The Sages who were already blessed by the Lord to visit him any time they want were angered by this and they cursed them to ‘born as humans on the earth’. Bowing them and asking for the forgiveness for their blunder they also asked for a wish (boon) ‘of not forgetting the name of the Lord in their lives on the earth’. The Lord Vishnu also appeared there and said to the Sages that ‘the curse was the right one for the blunder and they will born three times on earth as terrible Asuras and then by our grace they will come back here to us’. Accordingly, both Jeyan and Vijan born to Sage Kacipa and his wife Athithi. Older one was Hiranyakashyap and the younger one was Hiranyaksha. Hiranyakashyap performed penance to Lord Birahma and obtained a tricky boon and by which his death will not occur by any human, devas and by any weapons. He conquered all three world (Deva Loga, Asura Loga and Pooh Loga or Earth) and made the devas to be his slaves and to bow him. His brother Hiranyaksha also did the same and obtained wishes from Lord Birahma. This made him strong and he too killed the devas. Many davas were in hiding to escape him and his older brother. With too much of arrogance, Hiranyaksha teased ‘varuna bhavan’ (god of rain). But the Varuna Bhavan told him politely that he was not a perfect match for him but Lord Vishnu will take the form as a ‘Varaha Moorthy’ (Pig form) and come down and so he must fight with him’. Hearing this Hiranyaksha wandered in search in all directions for Varaha Moorthy. Varuna Bahavan, meanwhile made the earth plunge in water. Lord Biramha was doing a penance asking the ‘protector’ Lord Vishnu to save the earth. Out of his breath, a tiny white varaham (boar) emerged and grown enormous. It jumped in to the ocean to lift to save the submerged earth. Hiranyaksha, who was tired and exhausted in his search for Varaha Moorthy had returned to Asura Loga and resting. The sage Narada went to him and said that ‘Varaha Moorthy is at the ocean to save the earth’. On hearing this Hiranyaksha picked up his huge mace and rushed. When he saw Varaha Moorthy, lifting the earth with his two tusks, he attacked him with the mace. The mace in the hand of the Varaha Moorthy was fell off due to the attacked and this shocked the devas. However when Hiranyaksha tried to attack again, the Lord has stopped it with his left leg and attacked him using his ‘chakra’ (the discus). Thus there was a huge fight between the two and Hiranyaksha was fighting with vigor. He then magically vanished and using stones and other weapons attacked from the sky. Lord Vishnu was having fun with him for a while and in the meantime many Asuras came to help Hiranyaksha. Not wanting to waste any more time, Varaha Moorthy, hit him in head with his mace. Hiranyaksha fell on the earth, bleeding and died. Devas bowed to Varaha Moorthy who blessed them all and disappeard. Narasimha Avatar On realising that his brother Hiranyaksha was killed by 'Varaha Moorthy', Hiranyakashya was agitated with rage. He figured that to win over Devas, he should eliminate Lord Vishnu who was the guardian of the Devas. He understood that the 'yaakas' or 'yagnas' (exceptional poojas) conducted by Maha Rishies or great holy Sages on the earth, were giving strength to the Devas as well as Lord Vishnu. He, therefore, destroyed all those places where the 'yaakas' were taking places and beaten up and even tortured the Sages (Rishes). Thus the Sages as well as Devas were hiding in order to escape from the atrocities of Hiranyakashyap. Additionally, Hiranyaksha performed penance towards Lord Birahma. When Lord Birahma appeared before him and asked for his wish after blessing, he demanded a tricky wish. He asked for the boon that he could not be killed by human beings or devas and not by any weapons and also his death should not occurduring the day or during the night and never on the ground (earth) nor in air (sky). Lord Birahma granted the wishes that Hiranyakasha asked for. Following this, Hiranyakasha turned into even more arrogant and made the devas, human and the Asuras as his slaves and ruled all the three worlds. He ordered all to worship him as their god. All the Devas were obeying him and lived in disgrace. Not able to bear the anxiety they all went to Lord Vishnu and complained. The Lord promised them to eliminate Hiranyakasha and to alleviate them of their sorrow. When the wife of Hiranyakasha became pregnant, she remained in a hermit for relaxation. When heard of this news, Devendran, the king of devas arranged for the sage Naradha to preach her of the glories of Lord Vishnu. By God’s grace, the foetus also paid attention to the preaching of sage Naradha and born as an exceptional devotee of Lord Vishnu. That child was Pirahalada. While all others were worshiping Hiranyakasha as their god, his son Pirahalada constantly worshipped Lord Vishnu. This angered Hiranyakasha and without even considering that it was his own son, he tried to kill him in various ways, such as using lethal weapons, throwing him in to the burning fire, deliberately drowning him down into the deep sea and placing him in a cave full of poisonous snakes. Yet in each instances, he was saved by Lord Vishnu. Exhausted with his efforts and also surprised, the father requested the son to explain, how he was able to return unharmed every time. For which the son stated without hesitation that 'each time he was saved by Lord Harry who is in other ways known as Lord Vishnu'. On hearing this, Hiranyakasha requested 'where is that Harry now?' For which, pointing a pillar close at hand, Pirahalada said, 'the omnipresent Lord may be in this pillar also'. Frenzied with rage, Hiranyakasha picked up his massive mace and hit the pillar. The pillar shattered and from which the Lord Vishnu came out as 'Narasimha Moorthy' with human body and lion's head. Hiranyakasha had jumped to attack him. However Lord Narasimmha picked him up and placed him on his lap and utilizing his sharp nails, tore off his stomach and pulled out the intestines and wore it as a garland. Thus, the demon Hiranyakasha was destroyed by Lord Narasimmha Moorthy, a physique of half human and half animal by way of placing him on his lap which is not on ground and not in air at a moment when it was not a day or night yet the time of sunset and using his own fingers which were not a weapons. The gory picture and the frightening form of Lord Narasimmha Moorthy, frightened off the devas and they were scared to come near and so worshiped him from a distance. The little boy Pirahalada went closer and sung in praise of Lord Maha Vishnu. Having his anger leveled off, Lord Narasimmha Moorthy blessed everyone and disappeared. Vamana Avatar Vamana Avatar (Dwarf) In Kurma Avatar we have seen how Devas managed to share the nectar among themselves except one Asuras. When the Asuras (demons) realised that they were cheated, there was a fight broke out and in which an asura called ‘Bali’ was badly hurt. The Sages among asuras and their guru ‘Sukracharya’ helped him to get well and also his strength again. They made him to conduct a great ‘yagnas’ (great pooja). At the end of the great ‘yagnas’ a chariot came out of it. The Bali got on to it and went to Devaloga where he chased away the Devendran and conquered the capital of Devaloga, the Amarawathy’. He became known as emperor Mahabali. His reign spread all there worlds and also he started performing the superme of yagnas known as Ashwamedha Yagna. Devas, realising that if he had successfully finish off 1oo of this yagnas, he will be unwinnable and unstoppable, ran here and there in fear and confusion. The news of this had pained Athithi, the mother of devas. She consulted about this with her husband who advised her to go on fasting for Lord Vishnu. After 11 days of tough fasting the Lord appear and blessed her and said, ‘Oh mother of the daves, Mahabali had became strong due to the ‘yagnas’ conducted by the Brahmin priests. He is a righteous king, nonetheless, and there is no reason for me to destroy him as he has not committed any wrongs or sins. Also he is my devotee too. However I will born as a son to you an get the develoga from him and return that to Devas’’. Accordingly the Lord had born as ‘Vamana Moorthy’ to Atithi. Vamana Moorthy was a dwarf and he grew up well. Vamana, garbed like a bramin, had gone to the place where Mahabali was conducting the ‘Ashwamedha Yagna’. Mahabali as a customary practice of yagna to offer charity to bramins, had also welcomed Vamana who was holding and umbrella and a kamadala (jar, full of water) and served him well and had him seated. He also washed his feet and sprinkled the washed water in his head. After this, Mahabali promised the dwarf Vamana saying ‘I shall be gratified to give you whatever you desire. Please let me know of your desires’. ‘Mahabali, you promised to fulfil my wish. All I want it is three steps of land that I can measure with my own feet. That is enough for me!’’. Mahabali was surprised and asked, ‘O Brahmin, I can give you more than what you asked for but you only want three feet. Are you sure’?. Vamana said ‘yes’. On hearing this everybody laughed as the Vamana was so little and all he can measure was less than what a normal person can measure. Yet he still insists that he only needs three steps of land. Watching all these this time the wiser guru of Asuras, Sukracharya sensing trouble warned Mahabali saying that the dwarf was non other than Lord Vishnu. However Mahabali said he can not break his promise at this time but to go ahead what may come. Charity is sealed when the donor pour the water from a vessel in to the hand of the recipient. Hence the Guru Sukuracharya made a final effort stop all by taking a form of a bee and entered the vessel and blocked it mouth. But when the water failed to flow out, Vamana used a sacred darbha grass and pierced the mouth of the vessel. The grass pricked the guru’s eye. This made the guru blind in one eye and he came off with the pain. When the water was freely flowed the charity was sealed. The next moment Vamana started growing bigger and bigger until he reached the sky. As everyone was looking, astonished, Vamana took the first step, encompassing the earth and the devaloga was covered with the second. Having gained the two of the three world, Vamana looked down and shouted, “O king, I have taken the two steps, but where can I place my 3rd step?. Without hesitating, Mahabali replied, ‘O Lord, please bless me by placing your 3rd step on my head’. Saying this Mahabali, kneeled, tilted his head and his palms were joined in prayer. Vamana brought his foot down and place it on Mahabali’s head and said, ‘Bali, you kept your promise and your integrity. I have happily taken the two of the three worlds you gave me as your charity. Now you are left with your Asura loga, the nether world. You shall get back there with other Asuras’. The Lord Vamana Moorthy also said ‘Bali, your Ashwamedha Yagna had been completed successfully and you will get the benefit of this by becoming the king of devaloga, Devendra in the next ‘savarani manu’ yuga. (another period in the cycle of the universe). Blessing all, Lord disappeared, completing the purpose of ‘Vamana’ avatar. In this avatar the Lord did not destroy anyone but taught us lessons on intergrity. Parasurama Avatar Pruvarasu and Urvasi the beautiful dancer at the devaoga had six children. One of them was ‘Kathi’ who was a very popular king in the ‘chandra’ dynasty. Kathi’s daughter was ‘Sathiyawathy’ and was very prety. A brahmin called ‘Rishikan’ wanted to marry her. But the king did not want his daughter to marry a poor bramin. So as an excuse he told him to ‘if bring a horse with an ear in green and the rest of the features in white, you can have my daughter hands in marriage’. The king thought that it was impossible for the biramin Rishikan to meet the demand. But Risikan, plead with ‘varuna bahavan’ (the god of rain) and came back with, not one but 1000 horses and married to Sathiyawathy. Some time later she wanted to have a baby and also her mother longed for a baby girl too. Rishikan, the highly learned birahmin, wanted to fulfil the wishes of both. So he prepared milk rice and divided in to two portions. Before going to have a bath, he advised the maids to give the first portion to his wife and the second portion to his mother-in-law. The mother-in-law who came there first had the first portion herself and left the second for her daughter. Rishikan who came back there little later, learned what had happened, agitated. ‘Your mother had eaten the food that was chanted with ‘biranava’ mantra and so she will have a son who would be a ‘birama-ghnai’ (supreme intellectual) while you ate the food that was chanted with ‘shasthria’ mantra (shastria means braveness) and so you will have a son who will be with the characteristic of a cruel king’, Rishikan said this and regretted. Sathiyawathy had a son called ‘Yamathgani’. He married to Renukadevi and had many children. Th older one was ‘Asumanan’ and another one was ‘Parasuramar’, an avatar of Lord Vishnu. He thought he was the only person with supreme strength and there was no match for him. With this idea he went around the earth twenty one times. The king of kekaya, ‘Thirutha-veeriyan’ was from the Sooriya dynasty. His son was ‘Karthaweeri-archunan’. He was legless when born. He was preached by ‘Thaththrayer’ and went to the throne as a strong person when he was 12 years of age. Once he went into jungle for hunting. They became very hungry and went to the hermit of a sage called ‘Yamathgani’ (father of Parasurama) who fed them all with help of ‘kamadenu’, a divinely cow. Karthaweeri-archunan was naturally an arrogant king and so he was ungrateful and so he demanded the sage to give him the cow kamadenu, saying the sage who lives in the jungle does not need it. When the sage refused, the king took the cow forcefully, with him to his palace. Hearing these, Parasurama, the son of the sage Yamathgani became angary. He wore the body armour and picked up his axe, bow and arrow to rushed to the king’s palace where he fought with the king and chopped off his head and rescued the cow, kamadenu. The sage Yamathgani was very sad and upset about his son’s deeds. ‘Killing a king is most pitiful thing than killing a birahmin’. In order to get rid of the sin that you committed you must go on pilgrimage’, saying this he sent him off and Parasuramar departed as his father wished. Renukadevi, the wife of Yamathgani, went to the riverside to get some water for his husband’s hohma (ritual). She was delayed as she was attracted by the sight of a handsome man. By the power of his penance, the sage realised what went on and so he angrily ordered his son Parasurama to chopped off her head as punishment. Parasuramar went and carried out his father’s order with his axe. His brothers who came to the rescue of the mother also killed by him. The father who was delighted that his son was obeying him without any hesitation, he siad him, ‘Son, I can grant you any of your wish. Ask me now’. Parasuramar, without hesitation asked that his mother and brothers should come back alive’. The sage blessed so and all came back alive again. Parasuramar realised that his father go so much divinely power through penance and so he left to the dense forest to do the same. Meanwhile, the sons of the king Karthaweeri-archunan killed by Parasurama wanted revenge and they ambushed and cut off the head of sage Yamathgani. His wife Renukadevi yelled and that was heard by Parasuramar who rushed with his axe and killed off the princes. He wowed to ‘annihilate the ‘shasthria’ dynasty so that it will not raise up again for the next 21 generations’. Then he completed the last rituals for his father. He then went around 21 times and annihilated all shasthrias and seized the whole earth from them and gifted it to Kacipar and went to ‘Mahendra Parvatham’ where he is still doing penance. As per Puranas, Parasuramar was blessed to be immortal (siramseevi) and so he is considered alive even today. Note: Those who are blessed to be immortal are known as siramseevis and they are exempt from death. Another of these siramseevis is Markkanteyar. We will read his beautiful story soon. Background Story The two of the ‘duvara-palakarkal’ (gate keepers) in ‘Vaikunda’, Jayan and Vijayan, in another (cursed to born three time on earth) birth born in earth as ‘Ravana’ and ‘Kumpakarna’. Visuvarasu had two wives. Kubera was born to the first wife ‘Sali’ and ‘Ravana’ was born to the second wife ‘Keikayi’. Thinking that his son should get all the blessings and wealth, Keikayi, told her son Ravana to perform tough penance. Ravana did so and at the end of it, in order to complete it, he was trying to take off his head and put in to the ‘yagna’ (great pooja) fire. But before he did this, Lord Birhma appeared. Ravana, obtained a wish from him and thereby his death would not occur by devas, asuras and animals. After this boon power, he conquered devaloga and captured ‘Amarawathy’. In the earth, the Lanka was owned by his brother Kubera. When Ravana, asked for it, Kubera handed it over and also gave him the the title ‘Lankeswaran’ (King of Lanka). However on realising that he did not leave behind the flying object, ‘Puspak Vimana’ for him and taken it along with him, he declared war in great angry on his brother, defeated him and took the Puspak Vimana for himself. The acts of Ravana was going beyond limits and devas went to Lord Birahma to complain. The Lord who granted the wish, did not know what to do and so he and others went to Lord Shiva. Lord Shiva, in turn took all of them to Lord Vishnu and appealed. Lord Vishnu pointed out that when Ravana asked for his wish, he did not request that his death should not occur by a ‘human’ and so he will take an avatar as Rama and destroy him. Rama Avatar The Emperor Thasaratha of the ‘sooriya dynasty’ was reigning Ayodhya in earth. He had three wife but all were childless for long. He conducted a yagna (ritual) known as ‘puthira kamadchi’ and there by received the blessing to have children. The first wife ‘Kosalai’ was blessed with Rama who was the form of Lord Vishnu and the second wife ‘Subathirai’ was blessed with Luxman who was the form of discus of Lord Vishnu and ‘Sathurukan’ as the form of conch. Parathan who was the form of ‘Chakaraththalwar’ was blessed to the third wife ‘Kaikeki’. All four grew well and and learned from sage ‘vashitar’. Once they grew older, the sage Visuvamithirar, took Rama and Luxmana with him to protect the yagna (ritual) from the demons (asuras). He taught them some mantras and when the ritual was completed successfully, the sage Visuvamithirar took both princes to Midilai that was being reinged by Janakar. In Midilai, Rama broke the huge bow in a competition and there by won the hands of princess Janaki (Sita), the daughter of Janakar. The Emperor Thasarathar wanted Rama to take over the throne and was making arrangements. But his third wife Kaikeki, listened to an old maid kooni, demanded his son Paratha to reign the country and Rama to go exile in to the forest for 14 years. This she achieved by using a promise given by Thasaratha to her long before. Accordingly Rama and Sita left Ayothi to the forest. Luxmana went with them too. The shock of parting children this way end the life of Thasaratha. In the forest, the trio used the help of Kuga to go the hermit of sage Baranthuvaja. Then they moved to ‘sithrakooda’ and stayed there. Paratha who was away inviting other kings for the coronation of his brother Rama came back and on realising the bad deeds of her mother, he was ashamed and wept in sorrow. He went to sithrakooda to persuade the return of his brother Rama. But Rama refused and sent Paratha back saying that he must be in the forest for 14 years as per the late fathers order. Then they quitted sithrakooda and went to ‘Thandakaranya and stayed with some sages (saint). The sister of Ravana, ‘Soorpanakai’ who came that side saw the handsome Rama and became crazy on him. In order to teach a lesson to her, Luxmana, cut off her nose. Angered by this she went and brought many demons and all were destroyed by Rama and Luxmana. This event was the initial cause of Ravana’s destruction. The Soorpanakai wanted to take revenge on the brothers and she went to her brother Ravana and complained. When Raman ignored it she stated describing about the beauty of Sita. As a result Ravana wanted to have beautiful Sita for himself and he cunningly took her away from the forest and imprisoned her in Asokavana in Lanka. Rama and Luxmana received the help of Hanuman, the son of Vaayu (wind) who went to Lanka in search of Sita and found out where she had been kept. The brothers built a bridge with the help of Hanuman went to Lanka and killed Ravana in a war. His brother Vibheeshna was made the king of Lanka. The Sita who was a prisoner of Ravana walked through huge fire (agni pariksha or test by fire) to prove her purity to the world. Then all three returned to Ayodhya and Rama became the king. However when he heard that some are still taking bad about Sita’s imprisonment by Ravana, he banished her to forest. The pregnant Sita went to stay in Sage Vaalmeeki ‘s hermit where she gave birth two twins Lava, Kusa. She then finished off her life mission and disappeared in to the earth. Rama also wade into the river Sarayu and completed his mission and returned to ‘Vaikunda’. Krishna Avatar Krishna Avatar As the bad deeds of the demons (asuras) on Earth escalated the accumulated sins also gone up. This pained Mother Earth and she complaint to Lord Birahma. Lord Birahma, Lord Shiva and devas consulted in relation to this with Lord Vishnu, the protector, who promised to eliminate the evils and restore Dharma (righteousness). ********* In Dwaraga yuga, the North of Madura was reigned by King Ukirasena who was from the 'Pohya' clan of the 'Yathu' dynasty. His son was Kamsan who had two sisters, Kamsai and Devaki. Kamsan was very attached to his younger sister 'Devaki. When the time came, Kamsan gave his sister's hand in marriage to Vasudeva, son of King Soorasena. The new couple got on to a chariot and went on the wedding procession. A proud Kamsan was riding the chariot through the capital when an oracle heard from the sky in thundering voice. 'Kamsa, you will certainly be killed by the 8th child of Devaki', was the message of the oracle. Confused and agitated Kamsa was trying to kill his sister but was stopped by Vasudeva who said, 'Kamsa, your life is not really threatened by your sister and so leave her alone. In return I promised to handover each and every child that born to her'. Kamsa accepted it and spared her life. Nonetheless he imprisoned them both as he did not want to take any chance. One after the other six babies were born and were handed over to Kamsa who killed them mercilessly. The seventh foetus was the form of 'adisheshan' (the massive snake on which Lord Vishnu reclines in the Milky Ocean). Nonetheless at the 7th month, the foetus was moved by way of the divinly act of the Lord Vishnu, to the womb of Rohini, the 1st wife of Vasudevar, and born as 'Palarama'. Told of the 'miscarriage' of the 7th child, frenzied Kamsa was waiting eagerly for the 8th. It was none other than Lord Vishnu who was the 8th baby. As per the instructions of the Lord, the little one was swapped by Vasudevar secretaly, with a baby girl born to Yasotha, wife of Nandagopar in Kokula. When the news of the 8th baby's birth reached Kamsa, he came running and grabbed it from his sister's hand. However the little one escaped from his hand and flew in to the sky. Saying, "Kamsa, you cannot really kill me and the person by whom you are to be killed have already born", it vanished. Meanwhile, Palarama and Krishna were growing and playing all together in Kokula. They were herding the cattle of Kokula. Kamsa was sending out countless demons in search of the 8th baby, Krishna and to destroy it, yet was not really successful. The annually celeberated 'festival of Indra' at the 'aayarpadi' was blocked by Krishna in order to teach a lesson to devendra, the king of devas, who became arrogant. This had infuriated Indra and on his instruction 'Varuna deva' (god of rain) and 'Vayu deva' (god of wind) were lashing out at Kokula to punish the people. Indra was humbled when Krishna raised the mount Kovarthan and kept it as an umbrella for the people to take shelter there. Kamsan had sent two wrestlers to challenge both Palarama and Krishna and to kill them. When both wrestlers were killed, Kamsan jumed in to attack Krishna. However at the end Krishna pushed Kamsa to the ground and sat on top of him. As Krishna's weight magically began to escalate Kamsa died at the end due to the burden of that. Then both Palarama and Krisha had their parents released from the jail and they were staying with Vasudevar. They were both educated by the saint Sabdeepa. As the 'guru dhachana' (offering to the teacher for the selfless service of educating) they returned his son who was considered dead. The two widows of Kamsa, who were also sisters went to their father, Jarasanthan and sobbed and cried. This made him furious and he vowed to eliminate the 'yadaya' clan and came with his forces but was defeated. He was attacking again and again and each time he could not succeed. To save the 'yadavas' from enemies, Krishna, got the great architect 'Viswakarma' to build a more secure city called 'Dwaraka'. The king of 'Vitharpaa' was planing to give her daughter Rukmini's hand in marriage to Sisupala. When reluctant Rukmini sent message of this to Krishna, he rescued and then married her. When he heard of the desperate position of his relative 'Kunthi Devi', a widow with five children, he assisted them. Her children, the 'Pandawas' lost their country Astinapura, kingdom and all wealth to Duryodhana who snatched them away by gambling. The Duryodhana and his brother also disrespected and insulted the spouse of Pandawas. Duryodhana did not fulfil his pledge that 'If Pandawas go exile, he will certainly return all that he won in the gambling, on their return'. He even insulted Krishna who went as a messenger on behalf of Pandawas. At the end the 'great war of bharatha' had begun. Krishna was driver of the chariot of Archuna. At one point Archuna was standing back, Krishna has actually shown his real form as Lord Vishnu and preached him the 'Bhagavad Gita'. At the end of the war Pandawas won Astinapura back. Meanwhile in Dwaraka, the Yadawas were started behaving badly assuming that they were untouchable due to the power of Krishna and Palarama. Both Krishna and Palarama too discovered it difficult to contained them at times. Once when some saints (sages) paid a visit to Dwaraka, they were mocked. A man, disguised as a pregnant lady was brought in front of the saints and were requested to predict the sex of the baby. This infuriated the saints and they cursed them saying, 'an iron pestle will certainly be born and that will eliminate your clan utterly'. As per the saint words the man developed a bumpy belly with iron pestle in it. This scared yadawas who removed it away off him and powdered it and dissolved it in the sea water. There was a modest bit left and they threw it close to the shore. A fish swallowed it but was soon caught by a fisherman. When cleansing the fish, he found the iron bit and threw it away. It was then found by a hunter who picked it up and fitted it to the tip of his arrow. The iron powder the the yadawas dissolved in to the sea were washed to the shore and absorbed by the lengthy grasses and had grown like iron petals. At one point the heavily drunk yadawas started fighting. They pulled out the lengthy grass to attack each other and died of it. Observing the destruction with great sorrow, Palarama went and sat on the shore and left for 'Vaikunda' The hunter shot a an animal with his arrow. However it missed the target and hit Krishna. With that he completed his mission and left for 'Vaikunda' Let's listen to this all time best song on Kanna.	i don't know
Dating back to 1801, what is the more common name for a circle graph, said to be the most commonly used graph in business and media?	Statistics: Power from data! Graph types: Circle graphs/pie charts Circle graphs/pie charts Archived Content Information identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please contact us to request a format other than those available. Circle graphs/pie charts versus bar graphs A circle graph/pie chart is a way of summarizing a set of categorical data or displaying the different values of a given variable ( e.g. , percentage distribution). This type of chart is a circle divided into a series of segments. Each segment represents a particular category. The area of each segment is the same proportion of a circle as the category is of the total data set. Circle graphs/pie charts usually show the component parts of a whole. Often you will see a segment of the drawing separated from the rest of the pie in order to emphasize an important piece of information. The circle graph/pie chart above clearly shows that 90% of all students and faculty members at Avenue High School do not want to have a uniform dress code and that only 10% of the school population would like to adopt school uniforms. This point is clearly emphasized by its visual separation from the rest of the pie. The use of the circle graph/pie chart is quite popular, as the circle provides a visual concept of the whole (100%). Circle graphs/pie charts are also one of the most commonly used charts because they are simple to use. Despite its popularity, circle graphs/pie charts should be used sparingly for two reasons. First, they are best used for displaying statistical information when there are no more than six components only—otherwise, the resulting picture will be too complex to understand. Second, circle graphs/pie charts are not useful when the values of each component are similar because it is difficult to see the differences between slice sizes. A circle graph/pie chart uses percentages to compare information. Percentages are used because they are the easiest way to represent a whole. The whole is equal to 100%. For example, if you spend 7 hours at school and 55 minutes of that time is spent eating lunch, then 13.1% of your school day was spent eating lunch. To present this in a circle graph/pie chart, you would need to find out how many degrees represent 13.1%. This calculation is done by developing the equation: percent ÷ 100 x 360 degrees = the number of degrees This ratio works because the total percent of the circle graph/pie chart represents 100% and there are 360 degrees in a circle. Therefore 47.1 degrees of the circle (13.1%) represents the time spent eating lunch. A circle graph/pie chart is constructed by converting the share of each component into a percentage of 360 degrees. In Figure 2, music preferences in 14- to 19-year-olds are clearly shown. The circle graph/pie chart quickly tells you that half of students like rap best (50%), and the remaining students prefer alternative (25%), rock and roll (13%), country (10%) and classical (2%). Tip! When drawing a circle graph/pie chart, ensure that the segments are ordered by size (largest to smallest) and in a clockwise direction. In order to reproduce this circle graph/pie chart, follow this step-by-step approach: If 50% of the students liked rap, then 50% of the whole circle graph/pie chart (360 degrees) would equal 180 degrees. Draw a circle with your protractor. Starting from the 12 o'clock position on the circle, measure an angle of 180 degrees with your protractor. The rap component should make up half of your circle. Mark this radius off with your ruler. Repeat the process for each remaining music category, drawing in the radius according to its percentage of 360 degrees. The final category need not be measured as its radius is already in position. Labeling the segments with percentage values often makes it easier to tell quickly which segment is bigger. Whenever possible, the percentage and the category label should be indicated beside their corresponding segments. This way, users do not have to constantly look back at the legend in order to identify what category each colour represents. The circle graph/pie chart above conveys a clear message to the user—that 88% of all students in the World Religions class celebrate Easter. We can easily tell what the message is by simply looking at the accompanying percentages. Unfortunately, the category labels are too long to fit beside the pie segments, so they had to be placed in the legend. Ideally, these labels would also accompany the pie segments. It is more difficult to understand the message behind Figure 4 because there are no percentage figures given for each slice of the pie. This is why it is important to label the slices with actual values. The user can still develop a picture of what is being said about the type of pets sold by this store, but the message is not as clear as it would have been had the parts of the pie been labelled. In the circle graph/pie chart above, the legend is formatted properly and the percentages are included for each of the pie segments. However, there are too many items in the circle graph/pie chart to quickly give a clear picture of the distribution of movie genres. If there are more than five or six categories, consider using a another graph to display the information. Figure 5 would certainly be easier to read as a bar graph. Tip! Many software programs will draw circle graphs/pie charts for you quickly and easily. However, research has shown that many people can make mistakes when trying to compare circle graph/pie chart values. In general, bar graphs communicate the same message with less chance for misunderstanding.	Pie chart
Who wrote the poems If, Gunga Din, Mandalay, and The Female of the Species?	Statistics: Power from data! Graph types: Circle graphs/pie charts Circle graphs/pie charts Archived Content Information identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please contact us to request a format other than those available. Circle graphs/pie charts versus bar graphs A circle graph/pie chart is a way of summarizing a set of categorical data or displaying the different values of a given variable ( e.g. , percentage distribution). This type of chart is a circle divided into a series of segments. Each segment represents a particular category. The area of each segment is the same proportion of a circle as the category is of the total data set. Circle graphs/pie charts usually show the component parts of a whole. Often you will see a segment of the drawing separated from the rest of the pie in order to emphasize an important piece of information. The circle graph/pie chart above clearly shows that 90% of all students and faculty members at Avenue High School do not want to have a uniform dress code and that only 10% of the school population would like to adopt school uniforms. This point is clearly emphasized by its visual separation from the rest of the pie. The use of the circle graph/pie chart is quite popular, as the circle provides a visual concept of the whole (100%). Circle graphs/pie charts are also one of the most commonly used charts because they are simple to use. Despite its popularity, circle graphs/pie charts should be used sparingly for two reasons. First, they are best used for displaying statistical information when there are no more than six components only—otherwise, the resulting picture will be too complex to understand. Second, circle graphs/pie charts are not useful when the values of each component are similar because it is difficult to see the differences between slice sizes. A circle graph/pie chart uses percentages to compare information. Percentages are used because they are the easiest way to represent a whole. The whole is equal to 100%. For example, if you spend 7 hours at school and 55 minutes of that time is spent eating lunch, then 13.1% of your school day was spent eating lunch. To present this in a circle graph/pie chart, you would need to find out how many degrees represent 13.1%. This calculation is done by developing the equation: percent ÷ 100 x 360 degrees = the number of degrees This ratio works because the total percent of the circle graph/pie chart represents 100% and there are 360 degrees in a circle. Therefore 47.1 degrees of the circle (13.1%) represents the time spent eating lunch. A circle graph/pie chart is constructed by converting the share of each component into a percentage of 360 degrees. In Figure 2, music preferences in 14- to 19-year-olds are clearly shown. The circle graph/pie chart quickly tells you that half of students like rap best (50%), and the remaining students prefer alternative (25%), rock and roll (13%), country (10%) and classical (2%). Tip! When drawing a circle graph/pie chart, ensure that the segments are ordered by size (largest to smallest) and in a clockwise direction. In order to reproduce this circle graph/pie chart, follow this step-by-step approach: If 50% of the students liked rap, then 50% of the whole circle graph/pie chart (360 degrees) would equal 180 degrees. Draw a circle with your protractor. Starting from the 12 o'clock position on the circle, measure an angle of 180 degrees with your protractor. The rap component should make up half of your circle. Mark this radius off with your ruler. Repeat the process for each remaining music category, drawing in the radius according to its percentage of 360 degrees. The final category need not be measured as its radius is already in position. Labeling the segments with percentage values often makes it easier to tell quickly which segment is bigger. Whenever possible, the percentage and the category label should be indicated beside their corresponding segments. This way, users do not have to constantly look back at the legend in order to identify what category each colour represents. The circle graph/pie chart above conveys a clear message to the user—that 88% of all students in the World Religions class celebrate Easter. We can easily tell what the message is by simply looking at the accompanying percentages. Unfortunately, the category labels are too long to fit beside the pie segments, so they had to be placed in the legend. Ideally, these labels would also accompany the pie segments. It is more difficult to understand the message behind Figure 4 because there are no percentage figures given for each slice of the pie. This is why it is important to label the slices with actual values. The user can still develop a picture of what is being said about the type of pets sold by this store, but the message is not as clear as it would have been had the parts of the pie been labelled. In the circle graph/pie chart above, the legend is formatted properly and the percentages are included for each of the pie segments. However, there are too many items in the circle graph/pie chart to quickly give a clear picture of the distribution of movie genres. If there are more than five or six categories, consider using a another graph to display the information. Figure 5 would certainly be easier to read as a bar graph. Tip! Many software programs will draw circle graphs/pie charts for you quickly and easily. However, research has shown that many people can make mistakes when trying to compare circle graph/pie chart values. In general, bar graphs communicate the same message with less chance for misunderstanding.	i don't know
Where mega means a million (106) what commonly used prefix means a millionth (10-6)?	Million \| Define Million at Dictionary.com million noun, plural millions (as after a numeral) million. 1. a cardinal number, a thousand times one thousand. 2. a symbol for this number, as 1,000,000 or M̅. 3. millions, a number between 1,000,000 and 999,999,999, as in referring to an amount of money: His fortune was in the millions of dollars. 4. the amount of a thousand thousand units of money, as pounds, dollars, or francs: The three Dutch paintings fetched a million. 5. a very great number of times: Thanks a million. the million(s) the mass of the common people; the multitude: poetry for the millions. amounting to one million in number. 8. amounting to a very great number: a million things to do. Origin of million early Italian 1350-1400 1350-1400; Middle English milioun < Middle French < early Italian millione, equivalent to mille thousand (< Latin) + -one augmentative suffix Related forms Examples from the Web for million Expand Contemporary Examples How many pieces by Basquiat can Jay-Z can buy with $95 million? How an iPod Can Fight Alzheimer’s and Dementia Dr. Bill Thomas July 19, 2014 Historical Examples But that one idea in a thousand can also pay off in odds of a million to one, when and if a man has it. Star Hunter Andre Alice Norton They might never have existed, for all the trace he could find of them in the city of a million. British Dictionary definitions for million Expand noun (pl) -lions, -lion 1. the cardinal number that is the product of 1000 multiplied by 1000 See also number (sense 1) 2. a numeral, 1 000 000, 106, M, etc, representing this number 3. (often pl) (informal) an extremely large but unspecified number, quantity, or amount: I have millions of things to do determiner preceded by a or by a numeral amounting to a million: a million light years away (as pronoun): I can see a million under the microscope 5. (Austral, informal) gone a million, done for; sunk related C17: via Old French from early Italian millione, from mille thousand, from Latin Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for million Expand n. late 14c., from Old French million (late 13c.), from Italian millione (now milione), literally "a great thousand," augmentative of mille "thousand," from Latin mille, which is of uncertain origin. Used mainly by mathematicians until 16c. India, with its love of large numbers, had names before 3c. for numbers well beyond a billion. The ancient Greeks had no name for a number greater than ten thousand, the Romans for none higher than a hundred thousand. "A million" in Latin would have been decies centena milia, literally "ten hundred thousand." Million to one as a type of "long odds" is attested from 1761. Related: Millions. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Idioms and Phrases with million Expand	Micro
The Bodleian Library is part of which highly regarded universtity?	What are the basic prefixes used in the metric system, and what do they mean? \| eNotes What are the basic prefixes used in the metric system, and what do they mean? ishpiro \| College Teacher \| (Level 1) Educator Posted on These are prefixes commonly used in the metric system for quantities that are very small: centi- is one-hudredth. For example, 5 cm (centimeters) equals 0.05 meters. Milli- is one-thousandth. For example, 5 milligrams equals 0.005 gram. Micro- is one-millionth. For example, 5 `muA` (microAmperes) is 0.000005 Amperes. This is a unit in which electric current is measured. Nano- is one-billions. For example, 5 ns (nanoseconds) equals 0.000000005 seconds. Occasionally you might also see such prefixes as pico- (`10^(-12))` and fempto- (`10^(-15)).` The following are the prefixes that are commonly used in the metric system for quantities that are very large: kilo- is thousand. For example, 5 kg (kilogram) equals 5,000 gram. Mega- is million. For example, 5 MW (megawatts) is 5,000,000 Watts. This is a unit in which electric power is measured. Giga- is billion. For example, 5 gigabytes is 5,000,000,000 bytes. Even though I am not sure if the units for measuring data officially belong to the metric system, the prefix is still the same. Occasionally you might also see such prefixes as tera-, `10^12` and peta-, `10^15.`	i don't know
The British Assured Food Standards scheme for food and farm quality is represented in its branding and website name by a?	The News Newspaper - Issue 142 by The News Newspaper - issuu VICTORIA CAR HIRE UK UK Self Drive £99 per week Fully inclusive No hidden extras Delivery & Collection Gatwick Airport only Tel: 0044 1293 432155 Fax: 0044 1293 402600 Issue 142 Wednesday, September 21ST 2011 Stricter fire laws for Mijas P10 After last week’s devastating blaze the council are planning to ban lighting any type of fire all year round Longer hours and cuts - National News Teachers' strikes heat up election The first day of strikes that will be spread out over the next week kicked oﬀ in Madrid on Tuesday, with more than 19,000 teachers in schools across the Community expected to participate. A Madrid regional government spokesman said only 43 per cent had answered the call though the unions put the figure at between 70 and 80 per cent. which, they say, will affect some 3,000 teachers. But Madrid regional premier Esperanza Aguirre thinks the strikes are not simply about pay and working hours. % . The unions called the strikes to protest against longer hours and cuts in the number of supply teachers, ( CASA COIN Legal Administration & Rentals Let us take out the stress of Spanish paperwork and bureaucracy We offer long term rental and NIE & Residencia, IBI, Taxes, Self maintenance services with a employment, Conveyancing & wide selection of properties contracts, E121, Interpreting, from €300 - €2000 per month. Vehicle name transfers, Driving licences, Taxes, Wills, plus many 622 303 447 more services all along the coast [email protected] & inland. [email protected] BEST PRICES & SERVICE! www.casacoin.webs.com ( Private Health Insurance From 49€ per month Funeral Plans Easy payment options, from 53€ per month 952 010 017 www.staysureabroad.com Calle de Marques del Duero 17 San Pedro de Alcántara, Málaga, 29670 Staysure.co.uk Ltd is a FSA regulated company. No. 436804. URBANISATIONS ROADS AND PARKING AREAS LAID IN ASPHALT PLUS! CRUSHED CONCRETE FOR ROADS, TRACKS CAR PARKS ETC. LAID & ROLLED 300 ton crushed concrete. Available for road, tracks, carparks, etc. Very good for sub-base, can be supplied laid & rolled. For a good free quote in English ring 637 179 373 or in Spanish 673 250 707 James Ridgley 951 242 873 637 179 373 [email protected] WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Exhibition of photos By David Douglas Duncan depicting Picasso at work This event closes on the 25th so you’ll need to be quick to catch it. Palacio de Buenavista, Calle San Agustin, 8, Malaga [email protected] www.thenewsonline.es e Great British Weekend at Myramar Modern Tradition is the name of an exhibition at the Museo Carmen Thyssen in Malaga showing examples of paintings by Monet, Picasso, Matisse & Miró Museo Carmen Thyssen, Calle Compañia 10, Malaga From now until 16th October Call 902 303 131 EvEnT Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in ExhiBiTion PhoToGRAPhY 02 n General News A weekend of all things British including Harry Potter Workshops and find out what Scouting is all about for the kids Friday & Saturday 23rd & 24th Sept. See page 18 for more information. continued from FRONT PAGE WORLD Teachers' strikes Bad hair day? heat up election By Kym Wickham [email protected] Have you had a look at our fantastic cruise Readers Oﬀers on page 12? They are brilliant value and you can save hundreds of pounds so, if you’re a regular cruiser or if you are someone who has always fancied it - have a look now and make your dreams come true! We had Angels nursing Group come to the oﬃce the other day that supply a service to keep people safe. The general idea is that you have a small box somewhere in your house or apartment and you have a small alarm pendant so that if, for instance, you are taken ill and you either live on your own or everybody else is out and you can’t get help for yourself, you press the alarm which goes through to a central emergency oﬃce and, almost instantly they have who you are, exactly where you live and your total medical history pops up on their screens. If you’re in the house they can talk to you via the box and, if you’ve fallen over at the end of the garden or in the garage they will be able to get help to you plus they will translate anything that needs to be communicated to the ambulance personnel or doctor. I thought this was a good idea for anybody of any age and not just if you’re retired. let’s face it, if you’re on your own at any age, you could trip over the cat or fall ill and be in trouble. neat idea, eh? We will soon be starting a questions and answers section on the Health and Beauty pages so, if you have any beauty problems why not email them to us at [email protected], phone them in to us on 952 454 491, or write to us at the address on page 3 and we’ll do our best to get them answered for you by our inhouse expert. I didn’t get to my slimming class last week as I unfortunately had to have one of my cats put to sleep and they come first. Tiggy was 15-years-old and very sick but it’s still not easy. Esperanza Aguirre told reporters on Tuesday that she wouldn't be surprised if Socialist Party candidate Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba is encouraging the strikes in an attempt to reduce the number of votes the Partido Popular expects to get in Madrid in the November 20th general election. The capital has been a PP stronghold for decades. Sra Aguirre's education councillor, Lucia Figar, echoed her belief during a television interview. She said Sr Rubalcaba and the unions will try to extend the conflict to election day as part of their strategy to try to win Madrid for the Socialists. On Monday, Sra Aguirre had enraged teachers by saying that although education is obligatory and free in certain age groups, “maybe it shouldn't be free and obligatory in subsequent age groups". Free-butvoluntary schooling in Spain is currently available for three-to-16-year-olds, students studying the Baccalaureate and vocational training. She had upset teachers last week by accusing them of complaining about working "just" 20 hours per week — the amount of contact time teachers clock in a working week of 37.5 hours. According to a recent report by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on education in its 34 member countries, Spanish secondary school teachers work fewer hours (1,425 a school year) than the OECD countries' average of 1,660 and spend fewer days in their classrooms – 176 as opposed to 185. There are also fewer pupils per teacher (8.6 to 13.5) and they earn more (€46,000 a year) than their OECD counterparts (€37,000). Meanwhile, teachers in Galicia, Castilla-La Mancha, Andalucia, the Balearic Islands, CastillaLeon, Extremadura, Murcia and Melilla also took strike action on Tuesday, to be followed by strikes in the other regions in the next few days. Back in the UK Unions have called on a nationwide "day of action" for November 30th, which threatens to disrupt public services across the UK. Strikes, rallies and other events will be held in protest at the government's decision to increase workers' pension contribution payments. If the strikes go ahead it will be the "biggest trade union mobilisation for a generation", said TUC General Secretary Brendan Barber. Chancellor George Osborne has said union leaders are being "deeply irresponsible". He urged unions to "get back to the negotiating table" and make an agreement over public sector pensions. Billing to educate patients and save money Madrid is the latest region to adopt the so-called shadow billing (factura sombra, which you're not expected to pay) to show people how much medical attention costs, in the hope that they will use the health services in a more rational way and save money for the regional governments. Shadow bills are already being handed out in selected hospitals in Andalucia, Valencia and Galicia, with mixed results. Some hospitals have reported that they confuse patients, especially the older ones, who think they're expected to pay amounts of money they can't afford. Others see just how much their “free” medical care is costing the authorities and are beginning to resist the temptation to rush to the WEATHER WEATHER happen with shadow billing. Most operations can't be avoided but many visits to “Urgencias ” are not really necessary and could be dealt with by local health centres, saving the authorities €122. Other costs: childbirth €1,603, ultrasound €63, a cataract operation €1,399, a WEEKLY WEAThER FoRECAST FoR CoSTA DEL SoL MALAGA TODAY local health centre at the first spasm of pain. Health experts say that as long as older patients can be made to understand what the billing is all about, it will eventually achieve the desired results. They point out that people resisted recycling when it was introduced but now make the effort to sort out their garbage. The same will colonoscopy €202 and at the top of the scale, heart attack treatment €4,953. AndAlucIA TOdAY 1998 Bill Clinton's testimony about his relationship with a young female assistant is released Govt calls for 'intolerance' After the deaths of three women over the weekend, the government's delegate for gender violence, Miguel Lorente, said official institutions and organisations, and Spanish society itself, should not “tolerate the fear and shame” of the victims of gender violence. Sr Lorente also said that to confront this “social evil”, it is necessary to question the social model that, in his opinion, “generates lopsided relations of power”. Two women died at the hands of their partners on Sunday – one in Arona, Tenerife, and the other in Lora de Rio, Sevilla province. The body of the third woman who had disappeared in Amposta, Tarragona province, last Thursday, was found the same day. The partners of all three women are under arrest. words where signals in this case refer to those that indicate a couple's relations could end in violence. Forty-four women have been killed so far this year. PM skips UN Assembly Foreign Minister Trinidad Jimenez is standing in for Prime Minister José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero at the UN General Assembly in New York this week. The deaths came after the launching of a new campaign by the Health Ministry called “Don't jump the signals, choose life,” a play on It is the first time the PM has missed the sessions since 2004 when he made his UN début launching his so-called Alliance of Civilisations initiative. Sr Zapatero will attend the last control session in Parliament this Wednesday and the last normal session on Thursday before Parliament is dissolved on September 27th to free members for the political campaigns ahead of the November 20th general election. GREETINGS CARDS, HELIUM BALLOONS, PARTY DECORATIONS the party people!! For all your dressing up and party goods. Bars & restaurants - we have all your party decs. we can deliver heliuM Balloons every day including sundays. Royal Mail Post service now available Upstairs Opp. Dunnes Stores. Las Rampas Fuengirola. 696 818 595 ews n N THE EWS the MEDIA MEDIA GROUP GROUP sPaiN’s BEsT aiR-CoNDiTioNERs NoW WiTh €100 off! the news Media group The Coin News Group S.L. Luxury, whisper quiet aircons that never need servicing and at guaranteed low prices! C/ Vicario nº34-36, 2nd Floor - Oﬃce C 29100 Coin (Malaga) FUJIMA MFX tel: (0034) 952 45 44 91 Fax: (0034) 952 45 44 41 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.thenewsonline.es executive editor: Kym Wickham design and layout: Damian Merino advertising manager: Geoﬀ Heading advertising sales: Susan Kerrigan accounts: COHESA contributors / colaboradores: Martin Delfín - Cathy Stronach Pete Woodall - Andrea Maclean Mike Kerrigan - Muriel Pilkington Ricky Leach - Alan Hill Valerie Mitchell The News is a free and independent newspaper distributed weekly and edited by The Coin News Group S.L. The News is independent of political parties, private interests and/or government. Our policy is to provide readers with a news and information service that is fair, accurate and balanced. The Coin News Group S.L. accepts no responsibility for the claims or content of any letter, editorial, article, advertorial or advertisement. No part of this newspaper may be reproduced in part or whole without written permission from the publishers. The News Media Group Deposito Legal: GR 2794-2008 2011 fUjima-ToshiBa mfx NoW WiTh fREE aiR ioNisER!! oNLY 75cm PRiCEs iNCLUDE fiTTiNG aND Tax D.i.Y moDEL mf 7000 - € 335 9000 - € 365 12000 - € 4 0 5 INCLUDES BRACKETS, TUBES & ENGLISH INSTRUCTIONS. READY GASSED NO VACUUM PUMP NEEDED - EASY PEASY! UK s ChEqUE ED aCCEPT Company set-ups, payroll, accountancy & book keeping. We provide tax & Social Security advice for companies, self employed and individuals - IN YOUR LANGUAGE! ch Lun iver, f a for n-Sat, o M l 6pm i unt Sierra Gorda Bistro Mik And e & wel rea com you e ! CUT YoUR ELECTRiCiTY BiLL! THIS SATURDAY OPEN UNTIL 9PM LAST FOOD ORDERS 6.30PM BAR & RESTAURANT CLOSED FOR A PRIVATE PARTY FROM 9PM ONWARDS. All our airconditioners provide heating at very low cost. 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Last food orders 9.30pm Information & Reservations Tel: 952 112 123 2 minutes from La Trocha towards Cartama at Km 9 www.lesliesbistro.com WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Patients 'needn't worry' 'Meet the public' plan a success Residents return home after fire More than 1,000 people who were forced out of their homes on Sunday as a forest fire raged just 20-odd kilometres from Formentera, the capital of Ibiza, were allowed to return after the blaze was brought under control on Monday afternoon. Only one of the 800 houses scattered around the golf course at Roca Llisa was destroyed. The gardens, porches and walls of another six were slightly burned. It was the second serious fire on the island this summer. The other candidates running in the November 20th general election are using party rallies as a way of getting their message across but Rosa Diez of the Union, Progress and Democracy party (UP&D) is also adding a personal touch. She has set aside Tuesday mornings to meet members of the public at the party's headquarters in Madrid to deal with their questions and concerns about the political situation. Thirtyfive people turned up last week for the first session, most of them from Madrid and surrounding towns but one woman doctor had travelled all the way from Cadiz. She was among the 15 Sra Diez saw that morning and the remaining 20 were given appointments for this week. According to the news reports, they all went away happy, even those who would have to return. A UP&D spokesman said the effort was worthwhile because the people who go away satisfied after talking to the candidate will end up convincing family and friends to vote for her as well. The Ministry of Health said on Saturday that it does not believe the Roche pharmaceutical company will stop supplying medication to Spanish hospitals as it has done in Greece, because of the money it is owed there. Roche president Sverin Schwan said in an interview published in the Wall Street Journal on Saturday said the company may cut supplies to other countries, and specifically mentioned Spain. A Ministry source said steps had already been taken to guarantee that the health service would continue operating normally. â€œSpain is not Greeceâ€?, he added. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 news Your outlook on the World the 1000s of HarleyDavidsons threatened As many as 5,000 Harleys could be taken off the roads following the detection of a scam used by some importers to send Harleys bought in the US to privately-owned MOT centres in Spain that have been willing to overlook the legal requirements for vehicles here. Infuriated Harley owners who have paid upwards of €16,000 for their machines, claim Harley Davidson España is trying to stop second-hand imports in order to sell more motorbikes through its official dealers. The company has categorically denied this: "The police have detected that some MOT centres are giving imported second-hand Harleys a bill of health when they have not been adapted to Spanish norms," a company spokesman said. "It has nothing to do with us." He added: “"We understand N Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] MADRID Wealth tax approved The Cabinet has restored the wealth tax that was put on hold in 2007 but it is not quite clear just how many people will have to pay it. Public Works minister José Blanco has said 90,000 wealthy individuals will have to contribute but Economy minister Elena Salgado put the number at an estimated 160,000 people with assets of over €700,000. The tax is expected to bring in over €1 billion, which will be used to create jobs for young people. that some people like to get bikes from the US because they think of them as more authentic. There is no problem with imported second-hand bikes as a whole, only with illegal ones." Importers stressed they follow the guidelines and change everything that has to be changed before taking the bikes to the MOT to make them legal to ride. They said one or two bikes might get through without being properly adapted – but not as many as 5,000. Spain is one of the top markets in Europe for Harleys which became a cult machine here as a result of the 1969 classic road movie Easy Rider, starring Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper. Most Harley owners are in their forties or older, but younger Spaniards are also beginning to show an interest. Barcelona has become the European city in which most new Harleys are sold. CUENCA Much ado about a wig The Guardia Civil were called in last week to referee a dispute between Mayor Aurelia Palomares and, she claimed, a majority of townspeople who wanted the Virgin of Tejeda to wear a wig for her annual procession through the town, and the opposing party led by the local priest. The Virgin had always worn a wig in the past and the mayor said “a priest can’t change that because it suits him”. The Guardia backed the mayor and the Virgin duly went out bewigged. ALICANTE e most generous region Guardia against later retirement The Unified Guardia Civil Association (AUGC) is opposed to a measure approved by the government to raise the agents' retirement age to 65 until problems affecting the institution are solved. An AUGC statement said the government was once again patching over the institution's real problems without having studied them in depth. It said the retirement age could not be raised without specifying the positions agents older than 50 – the age at which they can currently retire – should occupy. “The very idea of a 50-year-old Guardia being able to run after a delinquent 30 years younger and catch him is simply too ridiculous for words.” www.markdentalclinic.com The people of the province donated €21 million to the Spanish Red Cross last year, making it the most generous of all the country’s regions. Deputy president Fernando del Rosario said that some of the money went to earthquakestricken Haiti and some to refugee camps in Tanzania and the Sudan. But he admitted that a considerable amount was used at home to help the unemployed. Sr Rosario said the economic situation was forcing the charity to create new strategies for dealing with it. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] DeNmARK Titanic necklace stolen from expo Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has oﬀered to hold direct talks with Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas (pictured) at the UN General Assembly in a move aimed at stopping Mr Abbas from launching his UN membership request. Mr Abbas said he was willing to meet Mr Netanyahu but was determined to push ahead with a bid for UN recognition of a Palestinian state. The US and Israel oppose the bid and there has been intense diplomacy to avert a crisis over the move. Peace talks between the Palestinians and Israel broke down a year ago. The Palestinians are seeking international recognition of their state based on the borders that existed in 1967, which would give them the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. Israel and the US have said a Palestinian state can only be achieved through Officials said 12.3 million people were affected in Sichuan, Henan and Shaanxi provinces — in the south-west, centre and north of China. They said the flooding in Sichuan was expected to be the worst since records the Palestinians argue that it would strengthen their hands in peace talks with Israel, especially on the final status issues that divide them. These are the precise location of the border, the status of Jerusalem, the right of return of Palestinian refugees, water, and security. Rescuers struggle to reach quake victims China floods kill dozens A week of heavy rain has caused floods and landslides which have so far killed at least 57 people and forced more than a million from their homes. direct negotiation, but the Palestinian leadership says this approach has got them nowhere. Mr Abbas has said he will launch the process on Friday, when he submits a written request to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon after his address to the General Assembly. UN recognition would have largely symbolic value, but began in 1847. Crops have been damaged, harvests have been delayed and more than 120,000 houses have collapsed. Economic losses are estimated at £1.7 billion, the Ministry of Civil Affairs said. China continues to be badly affected by flooding every year. Last year's floods — the worst in a decade — killed or left missing more than 4,000 people. Rescue workers in the Indian state of Sikkim are struggling to reach victims of Sunday's powerful Himalayan earthquake. The magnitude 6.9 quake struck the mountainous state of Sikkim at 18:10 (12:40 GMT) on Sunday and was followed by two strong aftershocks. More than 70 people were killed, at least 40 of them in Sikkim. The quake was felt elsewhere in India, as well as in Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan. The earthquake triggered numerous landslides which crushed homes and blocked roads. Troops and road workers managed to restore the main highway linking Sikkim with the rest of India, but elsewhere explosives are being used to unblock roads. Officials said the biggest challenge is reaching those villages in the most isolated areas amid fears that people may still be trapped under debris. Similar efforts were under way in Nepal and Tibet. Nepal's government said seven people had died, including two men and a child who were killed when a wall of the British Embassy collapsed in the capital, Kathmandu. China's official Xinhua news agency said that seven people had died and 24 others had been injured in Tibet. Landslides have also disrupted power and water supplies. A necklace that once belonged to a passenger on the Titanic has been stolen from an exhibition at copenhagen's Tivoli Park. The gold-plated necklace was part of a temporary display of artefacts from the Titanic and Tivoli has oﬀered a €1,000 reward for its recovery. it is mexico Struggle to get Vegemite on plane Australian Foreign minister Kevin Rudd ran into trouble when oﬃcials at mexico city spotted a suspicious liquid in his cabin baggage — a jar of Vegemite. With help from local diplomats, mr Rudd explained that the dark brown paste was his breakfast and was allowed through. Vegemite, similar to marmite, is popular in Australia but is hard to buy abroad. mr Rudd tweeted: "only problem travelling to NY is that they tried to confiscate our Vegemite at the airport. Needed Foreign ministerial intervention." cHiNA ‘Heroic’ pig cloned Scientists have cloned a pig which was hailed a hero in 2008 after surviving more than a month under earthquake rubble. Six piglets have been produced with DNA identical to Zhu Jiangqiang, or "Strong-Willed Pig", who survived the 8.0 magnitude quake that rocked Sichuan province. more than 90,000 people died or went missing in china’s worst natural disaster in a generation. He is thought to have survived in the ruins of his sty by chewing charcoal and drinking rainwater. SPECIALIST MANUFACTURERS AND INSTALLERS OF GLASS CURTAINS • Protect and reduce the effect of dust, wind, noise and rain. • Frameless glazing system. • Specialist in manufacturing glass curtains. • Create an all year round usable terrace. • Undisturbed views. • Trade and commercial welcome. References available upon request. From quotation to installation you can be sure of a first class product and services from Elite Glass Curtains. EE For your FR otation u q n no obligatio : call now on M: 630 625 085 or 650503088 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB: www.eliteglasscurtains.com T: 952 830 503 ELITE GLASS CURTAINS S.L., POLIGONO ELVIRIA 26, MARBELLA 29600 • believed the necklace belonged to first-class US passenger eleanor Widener, who survived the 1912 sinking. The travelling exhibition includes china, ship’s fittings and other items recovered from the famous disaster in which more than 1,500 people died. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Ban on gays in US military ends The "don't ask, don't tell" policy banning open homosexuality in the US military has been repealed after nearly two decades. Service members can now reveal they are gay without fear of investigation or discharge. The US Congress voted last year to repeal the law, which was introduced in 1993 under the Clinton administration. Under the policy, gay people were permitted to serve as long as they did not openly acknowledge their sexual orientation, while commanders were not allowed to ask. Pentagon press secretary George Little told reporters on Monday that the Department of Defense was fully prepared for repeal, and that 97% of military personnel had received training on the new law. The armed forces have been accepting applications from openly gay recruits for a number of weeks and will begin processing them now that the new law has taken effect. The military has also published a revised set of regulations, without references to any ban against homosexual service members. Pending investigations, discharges and other administrative proceedings have now been dropped and those who were discharged under the don't ask, don't tell rule are entitled to re-enlist. "Repeal Day" parties have been organised across the country to mark the victory for gay rights. Europe failing Libya's refugees European Union countries have "shamefully failed" to help thousands of refugees stranded near Libya's borders, according to Amnesty International. In its report — Europe, Now It Is Your Turn to Act — Amnesty strongly criticises EU governments over their failure to act on the refugee issue. The human rights group said that about 1,000 people are still stranded in Egypt's Saloum camp and another 3,800 people in Tunisia's Choucha camp. The refugees are living in "harsh conditions" and cannot go back to their home countries because they face "a real risk of persecution". Nicolas Beger, director of Amnesty's European Institutions Office, said: the response has been “abysmal”. So far only eight nations of the 27member EU — Belgium, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Ireland, Norway, Portugal and Sweden — have offered to take less than 700 refugees. 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We offer our members MASSIVE savings on Car hire for you, your family & friends • 15% DISCOUNT off car hire cost • Fair Fuel Policy - ONLY pay for what you use • A 15% discount for members FRIENDS AND FAMILY who quote the members club number Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in UK News No test lout kills again Graeme Eden, 31, has been jailed for seven years and banned from driving for ten years by Judge Brian Foster at Newcastle Crown Court for causing the death of a passenger, his long-term partner Victoria Little, 30. She was the mother of a nine-year-old girl, worked as a carer and died from multiple injuries sustained after he lost control of the car while “accelerating violently past a roundabout” in his Toyota GT4. The crash happened in November 2010 on the A183 Chester Road, Penshaw near Sunderland. Eden has never passed his driving test but owned high performance cars which he had a habit of driving at speeds beyond his capabilities. His partner's mother Sheila Bainbridge had previously warned him to slow down when she accompanied him in the Celica when driving on the same stretch of road. She said he was a speed freak and that he had driven so recklessly on that occasion that she felt sick afterwards. "Despite my shouting and screaming he would not slow down," the court heard she told police. "He would not take any notice of what I was saying as an experienced driver." Eden had previously caused the death of a pillion passenger, John Hancock, on his Yamaha 600 motorbike in 2002 after drinking ten pints of lager the previous evening at a biker rally. He died after they both came off the bike when he hit a wall. On that occasion he was convicted of causing death by careless driving under the influence of alcohol. Butchery Carniceria (under completely new ownership) • FREE Fast Lane Service - no waiting upon arrival • FREE Upgrade offer - pay 15 days in advance and we will upgrade your car! 9.30am till 4.30pm Tues / Fri - 8.30am till 2pm Sat 41, Calle Blas Infante, Alhaurin el Grande. Call Martin for telephone orders on 671 464 400 • Extra driver - FREE • Plus many other DISCOUNTS on Green Fees and tourist attractions on the coast ODAY T N I JO REE! F S ’ T I Call us on 952 245 544 or log on www.hellehollis.com Find us at Malaga Airport & Fuengirola Glen Gatland, prosecuting, said: "Eden was a learner driver driving a potent and fast motorcar showing off in adverse conditions to his long-time partner and that behaviour caused her untimely death." Eden of Halesworth Drive, Sunderland, did not react as he was sentenced. ird fire victim dies Ye Ole’ OPEN for the sale of high quality traditional English cuts of beef, lamb, pork and chicken and their Deli counter serving a selection of cooked meats, ham, turkey etc and cheeses, cream, butter, sauces and condiments. Home delivery now available. • 10% ADDED BONUS discount for ALL members for use against next years car rental www.thenewsonline.es UK FOOD SUPPLIES BRITISH SUPERMARKETS Great choice from your local store! 250m2 store in Alhaurin el Grande NEW SHOP, Now opened in Arroyo Benalmadena next to the ice rink Spend €10 or more and we pay for 1 hour parking in ice rink We stock Pukka Pies, Qu n & Weight Watchor ers products 4 CURRY PIES €1.95 S.FRIED CHICKEN PORTIONS 500g €2.50 FAMILY RHUBARB CRUMBLE 1.25 kg €3.95 FAMILY CHERRY PIE 2 FOR €1.95 BREADED COD FISH CAKES 700g €1.95 Open seven days a week Alhaurin 952 597 282 - Arroyo 952 566 315 Mark Crook, 39, the third victim of an arson fire in Chatham, Kent, has died in East Grinstead Hospital. The fire also claimed the lives of his daughter Melissa, aged 20 and her 15-month-old son Noah the previous week. His wife Amanda, 49 and son Bohdan, 21, had also been injured in the blaze but had been released from hospital following treatment. Melissa’s estranged husband Danai Muhammadi, 23 and his friend, Farhad Muhmud, 35, had already been charged with two counts of murder and it is expected that the charge will be amended to include the death of Mr Crook. Muhammadi’s girlfriend, Emma Smith, 21, has been charged with conspiracy to murder and arson with intent to endanger life. All three have been remanded in custody to appear in court for a plea hearing on November 25th. A fourth man was released on police bail pending further enquiries. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] LoNDoN Twins separated 11-month-old conjoined twin girls, Rital and Ritag Gbora were finally separated after four operations at Great ormond Children’s Hospital London. The twins who were born in Khartoum, Sudan to Abdel Majeed, 31 and wife Enas, 27, who are both doctors, arrived in the UK in April. The parents contacted the charity Facing The World for help to find the right people to carry out the operation on the girls who were suﬀering from cranipagus and Ritag’s heart was failing. The craniofacial team led by David Dunaway donated their services and the girls had two operations in May including the insertion of tissue expanders. The final operation to separate them gave them a 10,000,000 to one chance of both girls surviving but it was announced on Monday that within days they had been transferred to a general ward and were playing happily as usual together. The parents said: We are very grateful to be able to look forward to being able to return home with two healthy separate girls. The charity said: “Their laughter and delight in their new world has been an inspiration throughout all the months of worry.” UK Bouncer arrested Jonathan Dixon, the 40-year-old bouncer at a club in New Zealand, has been arrested and charged with obtaining CCTV footage for dishonest purposes after footage spread around the world of Zara Phillips’ new husband being kissed on the head by a blonde during down-time on their ruby tour. It has been reported that the girl was an old friend and that Zara is not worried by it. Dixon has been remanded on bail. UK More strikes Strikes are being planned for November by police, ambulance service personnel and teachers following the row about pensions. Protecting his family Homeowner Vincent Cooke, 39, had two men break into his home in Bramhall, Stockport — an affluent area of mostly large, detached houses. At the time the two men broke in, Mr Cooke was home alone and was threatened by the intruders. Then his wife Karen and their twelve-year-old son returned while the incident was in progress and one of the intruders, reported to be a man named Raymond Jacob (although police have not confirmed the name) was stabbed by Mr Cooke. Mrs Cooke and their son escaped unharmed and the other intruder fled the scene in a white Citroen van. He was later arrested. An ambulance was called to the scene where paramedics tried to revive the injured intruder but he was pronounced dead. Mr Cooke was then arrested on suspicion of murder. A neighbour said that the family hadn’t lived in the area for very long adding: “I can’t imagine anything like that happening here. If you have children though, you will do anything to protect them and your home.” WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 10 n Inland & Coastal News Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es 1964 Malta gained independence from Britain. Mijas to have stricter fire laws To avoid the devastation caused by last week's fire, Mijas council intends to ban the lighting of any type of fire in specially protected areas all year round. ree killed in helicopter crash Three people died when a Bell-42 helicopter crashed in La Peza, Granada province, on Monday. It belonged to a company based in Cordoba and was on its way to the Infoca fire fighting base in Alhama in Almeria as a substitute for another helicopter which was being overhauled. The company said the helicopter had been completely overhauled and serviced on September 7th and at press time was unable to give a cause for the crash. The helicopter burst into flames on impact. Two bodies were found inside it but the third one had been thrown clear and was not found until a few hours later. This will include smoking, as well as barbecues and bonfires. Town planning councillor Manuel Navarro said home owners in the campo would have to keep their land clear of dry vegetation and this would also apply to gardens in the urban area. He said firefighters last week had been hampered by fences and other barriers and said all properties would be inspected to avoid similar situations in the future. Mijas is one of the top fireprone areas in the country. Ten years ago, some 700 hectares were devastated by a fire which was started by a car engine blowing up near an area of dry vegetation. Since 1991 records show that there were 415 fires in the Mijas area – an average of 20 a year – out of a total of 4,743 fires in the whole province during the same period. Losing cities create network Representatives from the five Spanish cities – Cordoba, Zaragoza, Las Palmas, Burgos and Segovia – that were not named European Capital of Culture 2016 on June 28th this year met in the Andalucian provincial capital on Monday to create a network for a joint promotion of their cultural activities to take advantage of the great efforts made by all five to win the title. When the title went to San Sebastian, the five cities had asked for a “recount”, claiming that the decision to choose the Basque city was a political not a cultural one, and that the international jury had been 'leaned on'. However, the ensuing investigation concluded that San Sebastian had won the title fairly and squarely. e Telegraph focuses on Coin For the first time ever, Coin was the subject of a news story in The Telegraph last week under the title 'Electricity cut off to Spanish town over unpaid bills'. Coin council owes €280,000 to Endesa which has cut off the electricity supply to certain public buildings and areas. As the article points out, the situation in Coin is illustrative of what is happening in hundreds of towns across the country which are on the verge of bankruptcy and are struggling to pay council workers' wages, let alone any other bills. New mayor Fernando Fernandez (Partido Popular) has managed to pay his workers half of this months wages and hopes to pay the rest at the end of the month. Last week, he announced that he was calling in independent auditors to find out exactly what the last Socialist council did with the town's money. Fantastic selection of Greeting Cards, gifts and party goods. Plus Royal Mail postal service & passport renewals C/ El Troncon, 14 behind the main Fuengirola Post Oﬃce Tel. 952 588 731 [email protected] Tennis club to open next month Fuengirola's municipal tennis centre is to open during the second half of next month. The five-court centre which can seat 1,200 spectators cost €1.1 million to build and its management will be put to tender. The winning company will be expected to create a municipal tennis school. It will also have to build a small clubhouse with a restaurant, a bar and relaxation areas. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Inland & Coastal News n 11 news Your outlook on the World the 19411/ 9+6* 18'4 ‘Treasure’ leads church a merry dance Two weeks ago, a flamenco group hired to perform at a wedding in the Santo Domingo de Guzman church in Lepe, Huelva province, found a letter under a loose tile in the part of the church where they were warming up for their performance. It was dated 1936 and read: “The reds (Republicans) are chasing me, I have hidden my best treasure five tiles to the left. If I die I hope it falls into good hands.” The group handed the letter to the priest who informed the Bishop of Huelva who reported the matter to the local mayor who said it was a church matter and he did not want to get involved. The priest, Father Feliciano Fernandez, had his doubts about the letter. The paper was old, and had in fact started crumbling when it was first handled, but the handwriting looked too modern. However, the bishop gave the go ahead and last week workmen lifted several tiles but no treasure appeared. Finally, ashamed of the inconvenience they had caused, members of the N .. 241('55+10#..; +056#..'& 740+0) "174 +6%'0 +&'#5 061 4'#.+6; choir admitted that they had planted the letter in a fit of pique. The choir always performs at weddings and its members were annoyed when they were passed over for the flamenco group. The letter was deliberately left where the choir knew the group would perform in the hope that it would look as if the group was responsible for the hoax. Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] ALMAYATE Wrong city, minister Foreign Minister Trinidad Jimenez visited Malaga over the weekend to accept the Socialist Party's nomination to head their regional slate for the November 20th general election. Sra Jimenez was born in Malaga in June, 1962, but her father, a judge, was transferred to the High Court in Madrid when she was in her late teens and she has lived there ever since. Hence reporters almost missed her slip of the tongue when she noted the many delays in getting the Malaga Metro up and running. She said that if elected she would do her best to get the metro works completed “en beneficio de los ciudadanos madrileños” (for the benefit of the people of Madrid). She immediately corrected herself, stressing that she knows the province and all its corners very well. Spanish take over nudist camp Spanish tourists are no longer a minority at the Almanat nudist camp in this town near Velez-Malaga. Manager Juan Antonio Díaz said that around 80 per cent of the visitors to the camp this summer were from other parts of Spain, especially Andalucia, Madrid, Valencia and the Basque Country. He pointed out that the number of Spaniards holidaying at nudist camps elsewhere had also increased dramatically. Sr Diaz said most of the foreign nudists visiting his camp were from France and Portugal. MALAGA Two hospitals receive awards Seven hospitals in Andalucia, including two in Malaga province, have been chosen as the best in Spain in specific specialist fields and will receive “Best in Class” awards oﬀered yearly by the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid on October 5th. The Carlos Haya Hospital has won the Neurology award, and the Costa del Sol Hospital came out tops in Cardiology. The hospital oﬀering the best all-round services in 2011 is the San Juan de Dios Hospital in Aljarafe, Sevilla province. BENALMADENA Dirty dog owners face fines The council has announced that dog owners who do not clean up their pet's droppings will be fined — €750 for the first oﬀence and up to €3,000 for repeat oﬀenders. Health councillor Maria del Carmen Florido said the ayuntamiento receives several complaints a day about dog droppings in the streets, which is “an unsustainable situation for a tourist town and we will not continue to tolerate it”. She said the local police would be in charge of enforcing the ordinance. 999 %1%+0#52.75 %1/ /#+. +0(1 161)4#0&' Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Put the ‘Wow Factor’ back in your floor! The News Readers Offers 2011 Autumn River Cruising at Amazing Prices Rhine Cruise to Switzerland SAVE £300 per cabin! Depart 8th Oct. - 9 days Was £1049pp Now £899pp Magic Moselle Cruise SAVE £300 per cabin! Depart 16th October - 9 days Was £1049pp Now £899pp Four Rivers Cruise SAVE £300 per cabin! Depart 24th October - 9 days Was £1049pp Now £899pp Rhine Cruise to Switzerland SAVE £500 per cabin! Depart 1st November - 9 days Was £1049pp Now £799pp Heidelberg & Black Forest Cruise SAVE £300 per cabin! Depart 9, 14 & 19 Nov. - 6 days Was £749pp Now £599pp All prices are based on the shared occupancy of a grade 1 cabin and include return flights, transfers and check in and full board onboard ship. Baggage will be charged at airline’s standard tariff. All prices are correct at time of going to press. Phoenix Holidays and M H Bland Travel Services operate fluid pricing based on supply and demand meaning that prices may fluctuate. Prices can be amended or withdrawn at any time. 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Call them now for a no obligation quotation on 620 726 875 and take the first step to brightening up your home and your life. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Martin Delfín Writes for the English language version of Men of the future The Otegi dilemma W ith the conviction and sentence of Batasuna’s longtime spokesperson Arnaldo Otegi, members of the Basque “abertzale” radical movement have been left with a bitter taste in their mouths. Just as the abertzale left was making political inroads, winning support and capturing elected posts throughout the Basque Country and Navarre, the courts delivered a vicious blow. Otegi and four others were found guilty and sentenced to jail terms of up to 10 years last Friday after the High Court found they had been members of ETA or had close ties to the armed terrorist group. The conviction apparently didn’t come as surprise to Otegi. He reportedly left word with the abertzale to continue on their charted course in the hopes of winning more elected posts, and maybe even five seats in parliament, come November 20th, when the general elections are scheduled. El Pais sources say that Otegi has asked them to release a public statement demonstrating their willingness to continue to reject violence and seek peaceful means to finding a political solution for Basque independence. ith just over eight weeks to go to the general election on November 20th, it's time to start giving more background about the main runners. Foreigners can't vote in a general election, but like everyone else they have to put up with the winner for at least the next four years, so I'm going to concentrate on Mariano Rajoy and Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba. The candidate I like best – Rosa Diez of the Union, Progress and Democracy (UP&D) – doesn't stand a chance of winning but hopefully she'll get more seats this time around. As for the other minority party candidates, usually nationalists, if any one of them were to win I'd be advising you all to pack your bags and run. The very thought of a Catalan or Basque nationalist running the country makes me shudder. I know a lot of readers will think I'm all for Rajoy, and I would be if Zapatero were still in the running, but I quite like Rubalcaba – I have a soft spot for wily old foxes – and I also believe you shouldn't kick a man when he's down. It will be the biggest upset in democratic voting history here in Spain if he wins, though I suppose some people out there still believe in miracles. But the biggest obstacle in Rubalcaba's way is that he belongs to the same party as Zapatero and an awful lot of people want to bury him and his government as far under as possible. W ith the opinion polls in his favour for months now, Rajoy has been careful not to put his foot in it. He leaves the more inflammatory remarks to Javier Arenas, who is expected to win Andalucia for the Partido Popular, and he also has two feisty ladies by his side – Castilla-La Mancha premier Maria Dolores de Cospedal and PP parliamentary spokeswoman Soraya Saenz de Santamaria – who are never at a loss for words and just love slinging political mud around, leaving Rajoy's hands clean. In fact, I've always felt that one of Rajoy's biggest drawbacks is that he is too much of a gentleman to be the prime minister of a country where people love a wicked tongue. B ut he drew out all the big guns on Monday when he presented his biography “En Confianza” (In Confidence) to the public. According to the critics, he gives little away about his private life but he's always kept his family out of the limelight. I haven't read the book yet and don't know that I ever will but I gather the key word is moderation. Even when he was a minister in the Aznar government he was a moderate and this trait has distanced him from his former boss, who has been moving steadily to the right since he opted not to run in the 2004 election. H owever, Aznar and all the PP's big guns, both past and present, were among the 600 people who attended the presentation. And very tellingly, so were all the country's top businessmen. During his speech, Rajoy said dividing people for political ends is very dangerous and that if people could be persuaded to pull together for the good of all, it would be possible to start talking about “optimism” again. That's a far cry from what's been happening here in recent years. I doubt that Rajoy's expected victory has anything to do with politics but a lot to do with a desire for change – any change at all – in the hope that things will start getting better. I don't think the Spanish expect a miracle but they definitely need something to lift their spirits. A recent article in El Pais titled “Who do the Spanish trust?”reveals that they've never trusted so many so little as they do now. Politicians are way down on the list of people to be trusted but they're savvy enough to believe that it's the economic crisis which is eroding the quality of democracy (67 per cent) and not any political party in particular. They also suspect that it's not governments who rule but “the markets”. The Spanish have been learning some hard political and economic lessons recently and we can only hope that their politicians have been learning along with them. W I t may not be easy for many abertzale hardliners to follow Otegi’s wishes, even though he has been seen as their unofficial leader. They believe that the courts, and especially the government, are not giving them a chance to demonstrate their commitment to engage in peaceful politics. The Otegi sentence left them staggered; they didn’t believe the High Court would be so hard on him. But past criminal actions cannot be overlooked. As the entire world continues to await some signal from a badly weakened ETA to finally announce its definite surrender after a 50-year violent struggle, there is concern that the Otegi conviction may have put things on the backburner. N ow comes the government’s intentions to ensure that the abertzale’s new formation, the Sortu, doesn’t win its appeal before the Constitutional Court to become a legalised party. Prosecutors continue to insist – as they did last April before the Supreme Court, which rejected Sortu’s plans to field candidates in the May 22 local and regional elections – that the formation is ETA’s new political wing. Sortu is struggling to get on the November 20th ballot, and if it is allowed to, it could become a strong political force in the Basque region, wresting power and influence from the conservative Basque Nationalist Party (PNV). This is the abertzale’s dream. U ntil then, the abertzale will have to make do with its Bildu coalition – the political force formed though a partnership with the small traditional non-radical parties Eusko Alkartasuna (EA) and Alternatiba last May. It was through Bildu that the radical left was able to capture so many municipalities, including the provincial administrative office in Gipuzkoa last May. Now another non-violent separatist party Aralar has said that it will join the coalition for the upcoming race. J udging by Bildu’s success at the ballot box, the abertzale hardliners may find themselves cooling down a bit and looking to form similar partnerships with less radical groups. The problem is that many of the traditional leaders – many long suspected of having ties to ETA – want to be on the November ticket and the government will definitely see to it that their aspirations are quashed. A wealth of confusion T he wealth tax, which was passed by the Cabinet on Friday, is continuing to create a lot of uncertainty. There is some dispute as to the actual number of taxpayers who will have to pay this new rate. At the same time, when the tax was cancelled in 2008, the government made up for the difference to regions, who were sharing in the pot, by giving them €2.1 billion – the same amount the Zapatero government took in the last year the tax was collected. Now Economy Minister Elena Salgado says that there is not enough time to abolish the special financing law and has suggested that the regions would continue to get pay-outs from the special fund. But Socialist candidate Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba corrected her by saying that regions – such as those governed by the Popular Party (PP) which from the start had been against reinstating the wealth tax – that refuse to collect would lose out on their special financing. The government hopes to rake in some €1.08 billion with the tax, which would be in place for this year and in 2012. The new exemption was set at €700,000, up from €120,000 in 2007 the last year it was collected. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 14 n Community News Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Community Happy 65th, Harold of Coin Local Coin man, Harold Rice who is famous for riding around on his horses Lucky and Bullet, was 65years-old last Friday and had a rip-roaring party to celebrate at his house. Harold is the owner of a full DJ set-up so celebrations took place until the early hours of the morning with music and dancing from all eras until everybody was fit to drop. His wife, Jackie, put on a sumptuous buffet meal for the almost 70 guests, including a huge, fresh paella that was made while people watched, salads of all kinds, a fabulous honey glazed ham, chicken, fresh salmon, prawns, and a cheese board plus all the wine and spirits people could drink! Harold says: “For all those who came to my 65th birthday party, a big thankyou goes to all for the great company and especially for all the gifts you bought: just some memorable ones are a lovely pair of chaps (no not men!) for my horse riding and a matching belt, and not forgetting, of course, a gift of 14 bales of hay from Kym the editor of The News and her hubby Geoff, who also helped out Ian Leslie who produced that huge paella. Guess I will really be the cowboy of the campo now wearing all that gear! It was a night to remember!” ADVERTISING FEATURE Liberty insurance here for you Liberty Seguros renews its media advertising campaign to include Home, Life and Business products Liberty Seguros has begun the second wave of its advertising campaign by promoting, for the first time on television, its Home and Business products. This advertising campaign includes the company’s entire product portfolio as opposed to previous campaigns that focused solely on Motor products. Liberty Seguros remains committed to person-toperson customer service through their mediators and brokers. Under the claim "Human Quality", the company chooses to have real people as customer service representatives over the more commonly used recordings. The television ads and radio spots reflect this with a humorous touch by exaggerating the misunderstandings that occur when attempting to communicate with automated customer service recordings, demonstrating the value of working with professional mediators. The new Liberty Seguros adverts will be broadcast on radio and television, incorporating new channels to its strategy and exclusive blocks of advertising space on Tele 5, Antena 3 and La Sexta. With the launch of this campaign, the company aims to be among the top five advertisers in the industry. The campaign will expand the company’s advertising reach and through television alone, will reach 70% of the target audience with its entire product portfolio. "We maintain our commitment in supporting person-toperson customer service through our mediators’ professionalism and work. With this campaign we intend to see our home and business products on TV and hear about our Life products on the radio; expanding our advertising efforts which to date has been limited to our Motor products,” says Pablo Robles, director of Liberty Group Marketing Insurance. The campaign was developed by the agency Remo and continues the "Join the fight against the machines" campaign, which received numerous awards, such as, the award for Best Radio Ad of the Year by Anuncios and Control magazines, the AMPE Gold for best radio campaign of 2009 and the Award for Best Advertising Campaign of the Financial Sector. About Liberty Seguros Liberty Seguros is the leading expatriate insurance provider in Spain with over 150,000 international clients, committed to providing high quality, competitively priced insurance products and services to both personal and business users. Liberty Seguros has been in operation since 2001 and is one of the top 10 insurers in Spain with a total of 1.5 million customers. It is part of the Liberty Mutual Group of Companies, the 5th largest property and casualty insurance company in the US with more than 90 years experience in the sector. To see the TV ads visit: http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=u_jOmGqVdp c&feature=related http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=AVmcBH5dqP c&feature=related For more information on Liberty visit: http://www.libertyseguros. es/ www.thenewsonline.es news Your outlook on the World the Growing up! by Kym Wickham Well, getting older anyway! COGS Golf Society secretary Andy MacFarlane (pictured left) hit 50 last weekend and to celebrate, had a party at the Sierra Gorda Bistro on Saturday night surrounded by seventy of his friends. Mike and his staff from the Sierra Gorda Bistro produced a buffet of chilli con-carne with rice, spicey chicken wings, quiches, mini sausage rolls, plus a spinach and cheese dip that was beautifully presented in a hollowed out cottage loaf with chunks of bread to dip. Then to top it all off was a tree of cup-cakes (provided by Maureen)in all colours and flavours. Delicious! Entertainment was provided throughout the evening by Rob Stevens (pictured right). I had heard he was good before the night, but had never actually seen him before. “Good” is nowhere near good enough a word to use for him. He sang everything from Nessan Dorma to Meatloaf and everything in-between, and voice perfect too. Nessan had goose bumps running down people’s spines while Bat out of Hell in full costume had everyone crowding round to get a better view. For both these numbers Rob Stevens got a well-deserved standing ovation — he was magic! A great night out was had by all who went. Fantastic result Save your life? for PAD golf A lovely sunny September Saturday, perfect for golf! Champagne/bucks fizz on the 10th tee, post competition drinks on the shady terrace,a wonderful dinner with auction and live music in the evening — perfect ingredients for PAD's charity golf competition at Miraflores Golf Club on Saturday September 10th. Beautiful golf prizes were presented in late afternoon by Mags Luffingham who is the Vice President of PAD, and the raffle was drawn, featuring a quirky hand-knitted prize — a very large golfing doll complete with club and balls, aptly named "Mr Miraflores". During the dinner Nigel Goldman conducted one of his many superb auctions, in itself raising over €1,000. The committee, the volunteers and all associated with PAD would like to thank all those who contributed so generously to the day, including the sponsors for all eighteen holes, the Miraflores club captains, the bar and restaurant staff, not forgetting the players themselves. They say that their very special thanks, however, must go to Robin Spearman who so ably organised the event for the ninth year running. A master in his field! It was all so worthwhile when the magnificent sum of €5,200 was raised, enabling PAD to continue their ongoing care for the many abandoned cats and dogs who arrive at their gates. We are about to launch a project to create an Association of Freemasons and form a GRAND LODGE of British Freemasons in Spain If you are interested please contact [email protected] Positively Pink is dedicated to education and early detection and their free screening programme ensures that all British women have access to breast screening. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women. It is also one of the most treatable if detected early enough. The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is one in nine. 44,000 women were diagnosed in the UK alone last year. Lorraine Palmer the founder of the charity believes that “early detection is your protection”. This year’s campaign is sponsored by The Hospital Group,The British Surgical Clinic and Medilink in La Cala de Mijas — all local healthcare businesses who have an ethos of “Working together with our local community because your health really does matter”. It has seen a gold standard screening process that includes a physical examination and medical history followed by a mammogram or ultrasound or, in some cases, both. The scheme started in mid-July and to date in excess of 200 women have been screened. Over 90 more women are booked in and the service is available until the end of October. Lorraine works tirelessly to ensure that she raises adequate funding so she is able to help as many British women here on the Coast as she can. The main fund raising event is the “Pink Ball” held every October at the fabulous El Oceano Hotel. The Pink Ball will be on Thursday 6th October and promises to be a spectacular evening. For more information on this event call the hotel. Appointments are still available for late September and October so please call Clinica Medicare now on 952 835 776 to take advantage of this amazing opportunity. Editor’s note: I had this done a couple of months ago and there was no fuss, no bother, and no cost — just confirmation that I’m fine. I went through Medilink in La Cala de Mijas. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Gibraltar News Marriage - Gib style Readers oﬀers! You can get married on Gibraltar but there are rules and regulations that have to be followed. Last week we told readers how to go about it. In this, the second part, you will see some other details you will need to consider. Next week we’ll tell you what locations other than the Gibraltar register office are allowed and are suitable for that special day. OTHER DOCUMENTATION In addition to the documentation mentioned in last week’s article, the Registrar may, at his sole discretion, ask for other documents considered necessary. For example, if you are a non-EEA national residing in the EEA, the Registrar may ask you to produce your residence document. MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES If you are a member of the armed forces you will also need to produce your Commanding Officer’s consent in writing. (If you were born or married in the United Kingdom or your spouse passed away in the United Kingdom and you do not have copies of the relevant birth, marriage or death certificates you should contact the General Register Office (GRO) at www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/ to order duly certified replacement copies. MAKING AN APPOINTMENT FOR MARRIAGE To initiate the process you will, in the first instance, need to provide the Gibraltar authorities with the required documentation prior to making a provisional booking for the marriage ceremony. You may do this either by attending their offices in person if you are in Gibraltar or by submitting the documents by email or by post. The offices are open to the public:Mondays to Fridays 09:00 to 12:45 (mid September to mid June) and 09:00 to 13:00 (mid June to mid September) If you telephone, office hours are: Mondays to Thursdays 08:45 – 17.30 (mid September to mid June) and Fridays 08:45 – 17.15 Mondays to Fridays 08.00 – 14.30 (mid June to mid September) Gibraltar time is GMT+1 (winter) and GMT+2 (summer) so it is the same as Spanish time. Contact numbers and email address are as follows:Tel : + (350) 200 72289 Fax : + (350) 200 42706 Email [email protected] A provisional booking may be made for ceremonies to be held within a maximum period of one year from the date of the booking. You will need to indicate whether you wish to be married at the Registry or at one of the approved external locations which The News will give you in next week’s article. (Part three next week) The News has teamed up with well-known Gibraltar Cruise specialists M H Bland to be able to offer our readers some fantastic discounts on cruises from now until the end of November. With cruises along the Rhine and into the Moselle and Switzerland why not take a well deserved break and relax on board the fantastic boats that cruise the Rhine? Scenery on these cruises is stunning with soaring mountains and sweeping valleys to drift through while enjoying the full onboard meals that cruises are famous for. The offers include all air fares and transfers from the airport to the boat and the only extra is whatever the airline charges for the luggage you want to take with you and your travel insurance if you haven’t already got it. If you haven’t M H Bland can also arrange that for you! Offers include two different departure dates for a Rhine cruise to Switzerland, a magic Moselle cruise, a four rivers cruise, and three dates to enjoy a Heidelberg and Black Forest Cruise. Savings per cabin with two sharing are from €300 to €500 depending on the cruise, definitely making it worthwhile going on a trial cruise if you haven’t been before – though once you have, most people are absolutely hooked on this form of holidaying! Have a look at the advert on page 12 for further details and book now! New playground opens The Government of Gibraltar is pleased to announce that, as part of its playgrounds project, the newly refurbished playground at Edinburgh Estate will be opening for use as from 4pm yesterday, Tuesday 20th September. The Gibraltar Sports and Leisure Authority will be responsible for its upkeep – as is the case with the other playgrounds on the Rock. Cruise ship arrivals This week sees a few of the big cruise ships arriving at the Port of Gibraltar. Today, Wednesday 21st September, has the arrival of the Prinsendam, while tomorrow, Thursday, the MSC Opera returns. On Saturday 24th, the lovely Azura arrives while on Monday 26th the Port will see the arrival of MSC Orchestra. Next Wednesday, 28th the Oceana arrives and lastly for this month on Friday September 30th, the Grandeur of the Seas arrives. TOURIST OFFICES Tourist offices in Gibraltar are located in Casemates Square, the Airport Arrivals Hall, the coach terminus and the cruise terminal and at the frontier. Main Tourist Administration Office Duke of Kent House Cathedral Square, Tel: +350 20074950 e-mail: [email protected] The Gibraltar Tourist Board also operates in London at: Gibraltar Government Office150 Strand,London WC 2R 1JA.Tel: +44 (0) 207 836 0777 email: [email protected] Note: Gibraltar phone numbers consist of eight digits. When phoning from within Gibraltar just dial the eight digits.When phoning from the Costa del Sol and the rest of Spain or from abroad precede the number with the international dialling code which is 00350. Gibraltar 2011 Bank Holidays December 25th Christmas Day December 26th Boxing Day Where can I get my copy of e News? Morrisons, Latinos (Casemates square), Latinos (Main Street), Tourist Centre (Casemates Square), ICC Centre, Newsagents - Albor (Ocean Village), Newsagents - Ocean Village Express, O’Reilley’s (Ocean Village), Bianca’s (Ocean Village) Café Fresco (Ocean Village) If you would like to advertise your business in The News, please call us on 0034 952 454 491 to find out about some fantastic offers we have on this page! Gib fuel prices from Morrisons Is it worth going to Gib with an empty tank? Usually the answer is yes! We check Morrison’s prices each week. Unleaded per litre £1.06 (€1.25) Super unleaded £1.16 (€1.37) Diesel per litre £0.99 (€1.17) The exchange rate used by Morrisons is €1.18 to £1 and the prices are as at noon Tuesday, September 20th. WEDNESDAY, September 21st2011 news Your outlook on the World OUT & the ABOUT Your weekly entertainment Guide InsIde thIs week e Great British weekend at Parque Myramar new play coming up at the salon new season starts for thesPA A morning at the market Written by Jean Joss The commercial centre in Coin, La Trocha, is fairly quiet on weekdays but on Sundays the car parks and cafés are seething with visitors to the weekly market. D uring the week there are real bargains to be had in the Corte Ingles discount store, if you have the time and the energy to sort through the crammed racks of clothes on offer. There is also a Dunnes Stores and the CHAIN charity shop on the ground floor is well worth a visit – but what we would give for an inland Iceland! H through second-hand clothes in the hope of discovering designer labels at a fraction of the price or pick up enough reading matter to last the winter at 1 euro a book. You can even bring your dog to be clipped or buy fly spray for your horse! The choice is endless … A nd it's not just a retail experience these days. The Sunday market has, for many, become a social occasion to meet up with friends and have a good gossip. A lot of people bring their pets along – not just a bewildering variety of dogs either, I have seen a parakeet perched on a shoulder and a ferret on a harness too! Upstairs the cafés and bars are offering ‘s ns ’ owever the “rastrillo” on Sunday mornings has really taken off and if you are looking for somewhere to mooch around before lunch it's a great place to be. The La Trocha market has a big advantage since it spreads through the covered car parking area underneath the shops so you can get out of the baking sun in the summer and keep dry in the winter while browsing round the incredible variety of stalls. Here you can buy anything from dog treats to plants, second-hand furniture to medicinal herbs, bric a brac to genuine antiques (though the stall-holder asking 10,000 euros for the life-size “bronze” horse is probably a little optimistic!). There are charity stalls for abandoned animals, the British Legion and African children; you can have your nails done or change your watch battery; have your portrait painted or stock up on your office stationery; buy a new handbag or some fashionable “bling”; sort Ro The Costa del Sol’s newest Show Bar THIS WEEK OPEN: Friday 23rd & Sunday 25th Sept Ladies - Bring this advert with you for a free House Cocktail! Doors open 8pm ‘til late -Admission €5 booking advisable Show starts promptly at 9:30 Featuring ROB STEVENS - Man of many faces and FAYLEY - female vocalist with tributes to Barbra Streisand and Shirley Bassey EXCLUSIVE TO PICASSO’S Table Magician 8 - 9pm (subject to bookings) Fantasic new venue waitress service * Premium Spirit & Mixer €4 * Bottled Beer €1.50 - €3 (with bucket discounts) * Cocktails from €3 * Extensive Wine List Local 14, Plaza Ibensa, Benalmadena (under Eduardo’s Restaurant) Call 605 663 335 (mid-day to mid-night) Booking Advisable full English breakfasts, coffee and cakes or anything else you might fancy after a hard morning's browsing. And Siboneys is now open at lunchtime for barbecue and drinks – you can either sit inside the bar area or outside and admire the bustling view of Coin. La Trocha, incidentally, is shaped like a ship and Siboneys' lounging area with its long cushions outside makes you feel as though you are sitting at the prow of a cruising vessel under the cream awnings! T he market opens from 10.00am to 2.00pm though many people come earlier and stall-holders arrive at about 7.00am. (You can buy English Sunday papers at the garage to read over breakfast, but remember they don't arrive in Coin until around 11.00am.) It's easy to find the centre from the coast – take either the Ojen road from La Canada and follow it to the end, turning left where it stops at the “temporary” roundabout or come up from Fuengirola towards Alhaurin el Grande on the Camino de Coin (watching the fluctuating speed limits on the new road), take the Coin road at Venta los Morenos and then turn right on to the same Marbella-Cartama road. La Trocha is clearly visible as you come down the hill to the bottom. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es ABOUT It’s the Great British Weekend this weekend Your Weekly Entertainment Guide at Parque Myramar Centre, Fuengirola Among the events taking place at the 3rd Parque Myramar shopping centre Great British event this weekend, Friday 23rd and Saturday 24th September will be a celebration of the best British cheeses and finest Scottish sweets, an authentic Tea Dance with live band and dance instructor, fun and games for kids with Harry Potter, Rugby Tots and the Fuengirola Scouts, plus a very surreal Mad Hatter’s Tea Party! The festival presents the best curiosities, quirks and culture of the British. Come and marvel at some of the strangest events in their Bizarre Britain Gallery. From the quirky, to the marvellous, to the most bizarre! Take part in the fabulous Tea Dance, with music and songs from the 1940s with the wonderful T.A.P.A.S Society. Plus brush up on your Fox Trot, Quick Step and Cha, Cha, Cha moves with award winning dance instructor Nicolas Valiente. A tea dance wouldn’t be complete without a delicious afternoon tea, with sandwiches, petit fours and a spot of iced tea. All the better for being free to visitors who dare to dance! British ‘Food Glorious Food’ is represented in the Great British cheese tasting sessions and they have flown over some of Britain’s most delicious and awardwinning cheeses, rich in heritage and flavour. For those with a sweeter tooth, there are traditional Scottish sweets from Edinburgh’s wonderful Shortbread House. There are lots of activities for children including Harry Potter’s Magic Workshops for budding magicians. To celebrate the Rugby World Cup, the Rugby Tots will be on hand to show you how to kick a rugby ball Johnny Wilkinson-style and if you ever wanted to find out what it’s all about to be a Scout, come along, as the Fuengirola Scouts will be recreating a real scout meeting, plus lots more. Little ones will also be transported into a magical setting in the Alice in Wonderland’s ‘Mad Hatter’s Tea Party’. With ‘Eat Me’ cakes and ‘Drink Me’ juice being served. Also joining the party during the weekend are the Cudeca Foundation and the Angels Nursing Group, who will be presenting some of the inspiring work they do to help those who need it most on the coast. The Lions Club Diabetes Group will also be on hand to give advice and offer free glucose sugar level tests for visitors. This wonderful celebration of Great Britain will take place on the first floor of the Parque Miramar Shopping Centre at the A40 Sports Screen area, next to the restaurant and bar zone on the first floor. Please check the agenda for times of the free activities and performances below: Friday 23rd September: 4.00 to 4.30pm: The Mad Hatter’s tea party plus the Great British Cheese tasting. 5pm: Harry Potter’s Magic Workshop 6pm: Dyb, Dyb, Dyb –What it’s all about to be a Scout. Plus Tea Dance with TAPAS society and dance instruction. 7pm: Scottish sweet tasting. 7pm to 8pm: Sing along with some of Britain’s greatest stars. Saturday 24th September: 12.30 & 6pm: Dyb, Dyb, Dyb - What it’s all about to be a Scout. 1.30pm: Great British Tea Tasting. 4.00 to 4.30pm: The Mad Hatter’s tea party 5pm: Harry Potter’s Magic Workshop. 7pm: Scottish sweet tasting. 7.30 to 8pm: Sing along with some of Britain’s greatest stars. CASA KON-TIKI The Home of Fish and Chips OPEN ALL DAY 7 DAYS A WEEK 10am ‘TIL 11pm €5 Meal Deal 10am ‘til 6pm Main Meal and Drink only €5 Double English breakfast Chicken curry & rice Liver, onion & mash Roast pork lunch Spaghetti Bolognese Lasagne & garlic bread Pork chop, chips & veg Fish, chips & mushy peas Scampi, chips & salad Steak pie, chips & peas Chili con carne & rice Beefburger, chips & salad Sausage, mash, peas & gravy Vegetarian option... Just ask! Includes a drink of tea, coffee, small beer, water, house wine or fruit juice. Chris The Dish: 667 842 359 John The Fish: 678 292 792 2nd street behind Yaramar Hotel, Los Boliches Visit us at www.los-boliches.es ! " )&$ (%& '%# KM 194 off the N340 Pueblo Andaluz Las Chapas Book your table at Reception or call Hotel Tamisa Golf on 952 585 988 Pot of Tea for one See all our future events on Facebook Selection of Speciality Twinings Teas Three Course Special Menu €8,95 Selection of various drinks available at the counter 600 060 563 C/ Salvador Rueda 65, Los Boliches Get Slim! New slimming club at La Risa. Fridays 9:30 to 10.30am. No faddy diets and no making you feel awful about yourself! Call 660 350 896 for info M Tandoori lal a H Specialists Hot & cold food + tapas served every day. Sunday Lunch from 1.30 Grand EVERY SUNDAY! Opening Live Music Sessions this Sunday fromJune 4 - 7pm 19th Don’t miss This week, it!25th September: See article, The Reverend Toonleft Ska & Northern Soul For all your Premier League Football Bindian restaurantD In La Trocha Commercial Centre. A warm Irish welcome ’s 1 o A bitter aging couple with the help of alcohol, use a young couple to fuel their anguish and emotional pain towards each other. Little do Nick and Honey realise when they accept an invitation to visit George and Martha’s home that the events that follow that night will change all of their lives......... £1.50 t’s r spor ba For further information on the event and the Parque Miramar shopping centre, go to www.parquemiramar.com or contact: Carmen Gámez on email at marketing@parquemirama r.com or María Garnacho at email parquemiramar@ parquemiramar.com or call them on 952 198 195. Freshly made Thick and Creamy Milkshakes BAR The full programme can be found at www.cinesur.com It is directed by Matt Murphy (who brought us the acclaimed View from a Bridge) and stars Stephen Burns, Lizz Freeman, Peter Geldard and Lily McGregor. This powerful drama was nominated for five academy awards and was voted the second best American play of the century. Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf runs from Wednesday September 28th to Sunday October 2nd. To book tickets call the theatre box office on 952 474 542. No-one will leave the theatre unaffected by this not-tobe-missed masterpiece. Strawberry It is expected that the film “Super 8” will be showing at La Trocha Cinema in Coin next week but days and times are yet to be confirmed. Please go to www.coinlife.info for further information. Parque Miramar shopping centre CineSur 3D will be presenting a marvellous Season of Opera starting from Thursday September 29th including two live shows from Paris and the Teatro Alla Scala in Milan. The Salon Varietes Theatre in Fuengirola presents Edward Albee's “Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?” Chocolate at the Myramar Banana The 33rd season of THESPA starts on Wednesday September 28th with doors opening at 6.30pm for the first of this season’s plays. The first is “Villa for Sale” by Sacha Guitry, directed by Margaret Spencer-Brooks. This will be followed by the usual excellent four course dinner, then the second play “Jayne with a Y” by Ian Hornby will be performed. Advance booking is necessary so call 952 472 985 to book your seats. New play at e Salon Wednesday 21st Tomo - King of Karaoke Thursday 22nd Ian Jacks - popular guitarist and vocalist Friday 23rd Alexandra Avery -female vocalist Saturday 24th Mario Ross Sunday 25th Black Baise - Tribute to Michael Jackson & Lionel Ritchie Monday 26th Rhianna - female vocalist Tuesday27th Lesley Harrison-female vocalist Karaoke from midnight every night with Mad Terry, and Tommo the King of Karaoke. Now Open from 4pm with Janine (J9) LIVE MUSIC Av Antonio Machado benalmadena Tel.: 645404911 To advertise in The News call 952 454 491 or 622 050 409 Free wi-fi zone Sky Sports Alhaurin el Grande’s NEWEST biSTRO CAFE Serving a selection of snacks, paninis, baguettes, etc., Plus main meals including Rack of Ribs, and Entrecôte steaks. Sunday Roast €7.95 OAP special price €5.95 Children €4.95 On Fridays you can enjoy fresh battered Cod, Chips & Mushy Peas Daily from 9am Sat. & Sun. 10am 952 597 188 Calle Gerald Brenan 89 Alhaurin El Grande MUMTAZ MAHAL Indian Restaurante Come and enjoy the best of Indian cuisine in our newly refurbished airconditioned restaurant or dine on our fabulous terrace Menu del Dia 3 courses €9,95 EAT FROM OUR MENU WITH PRICES REDUCED BY UP TO 10 & 15% Take-away service Free home delivery with orders over €25.00 OPEN 7 DAYS Lunch 1.30 - 4.00pm Dinner 7.00 - 12.00pm Urb. El Rodeo, Coin 952 455 599 626 977 224 La Risa @ Lauro Golf Monday: 2 course menu only €7.50 per person In loving memory of JAKE Friend and companion to Terry & Julie “Sleep well Jakey, we will miss you” Wednesday & Friday Our popular Fish & Chips available all day Saturday Night: Special Menu available Sunday: Excellent La Risa Sunday Lunch NEW! La Risa Simply Slimmer Slimming Club Fridays at 9.30am Kitchen now open to 9pm Monday - Saturday For further details of all these events call us on 660 350 896 or pop into the bar. On the road between Alhaurin el Grande & Alhaurin de la Torre Across From the Clubhouse Reservations: 660 350 896 By Mof at the movies UK DVD Releases for September 2011. T his September sees an interesting selection of releases including a few classics and a couple of box sets from TV History. MoViES to WAtcH out FoR Midnight in Paris Director: Woody Allen starring: Owen Wilson, Rachel McAdams and Kathy Bates With "Midnight in Paris," Allen has indulged himself and in the process created a gift for everyone. His new film is simple, and a romantic fantasy adventure enhanced by appealing performers like Owen Wilson, Marion Cotillard and Rachel McAdams. It is his warmest, mellowest and funniest venture of recent years, beautifully shot by Darius Khondji. The film opens with an extended montage of Paris's tourist landmarks, a montage that lasts longer than necessary www.skydigital.es Complete systems from €195 Pub & Sports deals - Abu Dhabi Irish and UK HD boxes - Best prices Standard receivers from €85 No fix - no fee! All areas covered Tel: 657 081 492 / 952 464 378 email: [email protected] to simply establish location, that shows off the City of Light from dawn to darkness. Allen is saying: Pay attention — this is a special place, a place where magic can happen. Owen Wilson is Gil, a wealthy Hollywood scriptwriting hack who still yearns to write a great literary novel. A visit to Paris with his testy fiancée Inez (Rachel McAdams) and her grouchy parents triggers a mid-career crisis. Irritated by the banality of contemporary culture, and electrified by his own idealised view of bygone bohemian Paris, Gil takes a midnight stroll, and gets picked up by mysterious revellers in a vintage automobile. He finds himself whisked back in time, hanging out with F Scott Fitzgerald (a nice performance from Britain's Tom Hiddleston) not to mention Dalí, Hemingway, Picasso, Buñuel, TS Eliot and many, many more. There is even a cameo from Carla Bruni-Sarkozy, playing a deadpan, tolerant museum guide. GLASS CURTAINS THE ORIGINAL AND THE BEST T his classic comedydrama released in 1967 tells the story of college graduate Benjamin Braddock (superbly played by Dustin Hoﬀman) who is wandering aimlessly until being seduced by Anne Bancroft who plays the character of Mrs Robinson. And, of course, he ends up falling for her daughter Elaine ( played by Katharine Ross). In 1996 the American Film Registry ranked The Graduate as seventh in the top 100 films. T he Graduate received two BAFTA awards, one for best film and a second for best editing. At the time of its release the original movie earned a raft of brilliant reviews and the story has been retold on stage in both the West End and on Broadway, again to critical acclaim. Special o 25% diS ﬀer of - Increase your living space - Increase the value of your home - Reduce noise, wind, rain and dust - Our guarantee of the best product on the market, old fashioned customer service and exceptional value T CALL NOW FOR A QUOTATION. CHECK THE WEBSITE OR BETTER STILL, COME AND VISIT OUR SHOWROOM Tel: + 34 952 050 850 Web: www.glasscurtains.es e-mail: [email protected] Calle Manuel Franco Cubeiro n17 Parque empresarial El Pinillo Torremolinos & CERTIFICATIONS R obert Morley’s character is killed oﬀ after an altercation with German soldiers when he dies after a severe beating. Rose then enlists the help of Charlie Allnut (Bogart) to bury her brother and the pair become embroiled in a plan to convert Charlie’s boat into a torpedo-toting vessel in order to dispose of a German gunboat that is blocking British counter attacks. A fter encountering a German fort, shooting many rapids and being shot at, (which damages Charlies’ boat) Rose manages to come up with all sorts of suggestions which Charlie dutifully exercises. The pair find oxygen cylinders and some gelatin explosives together with detonators … I sn’t it amazing what you find on a riverbank? Anyway, in the end they predictably fall in love and save the world! I n 2009 Paramount restored the film to its former glory and it can now be bought on DVD and Blueray disc. T V boxed sets for September include “Lost Series 6: The final season” This is the last part in the Mysterious Island Series which has been immensely popular over the past few years. W in Summ count er mont hs - Use your terrace whatever weather delivers mail and supplies. he African Queen was a 1951 release of the C.S. Forrester novel directed by John Huston and starring Humphrey Bogart, Robert Morley and Katharine Hepburn. (This film gave Bogart his only Oscar.) S et during the first World War, Morley and Hepburn play Samuel and Rose, brother and sister missionaries in German East Africa and Bogart plays a Canadian boat captain who orld at War is the ultimate restored version of the long-running TV documentary series first broadcast in 1973 and narrated by Sir Lawrence Olivier. The series consisted of 26 episodes full of personal recollections and original movie footage. The series was one of the most powerful and successful historical documentaries ever produced. T his release sees the addition of “hard of hearing” subtitles and the format has been converted from the original 4:3 to 16:9 aspect which means it is now suitable for those with the more modern widescreen TVs. email: [email protected] web: www.coinlife.info em August 23rd September 22nd by Cathy Stronach Be ready to take a project near to completion - focused action right now brings spectacular results, so make sure you remain positive and alert. Keep your eyes open for bargains - something you have had your eye on for a while could be winging its way towards you. Progress is the keyword of the week with events and progression occurring in all sectors of your life. Relationships are no exception and others will be magnetically drawn to your presence. This can be a testing week emotionally and mentally when it is vital that you do not allow any personal negativity to get in the way. This always happens when you are close to a major breakthrough - you of all people know how easy it is to dream but how many follow their dreams through to reality? You will at last find a solution to an old problem, once you receive this revelation it will be time to start pushing those personal dreams. A deep desire has a chance of manifesting this week as an opportunity comes your way that delivers an opening for you to use as a platform. Do not let small problems build up in your mind so that they become huge. Make sure you have someone’s ear; you need a sounding board at this point in time to allow you to keep that sense of perspective. New and exciting directions are coming your way, you are being asked to visualise the bigger picture now. When your heart is in something there is nothing that will get in your way or stop you from getting what you want. Life has picked up speed significantly and you are in the process of figuring out a long-term plan. This energy makes for a passionate and sensual week as your feelings and emotions are heightened. Get the tough and diﬃcult tasks done and let your talents rise to the surface, catching the attention of those who can help you change your position. You are blessed with self-confidence and inner self-esteem to accomplish whatever you set your mind to – this is a real feel good factor week. The attention will be focused and locked on you; others will not be able to resist being in your company as your energy screams out success and everyone loves a winner. Keep your head and you will sparkle like never before. Things can happen suddenly and unexpectedly at warp speed, so hold onto your hat, Leo, you are in for a hell of a ride. You are bundle of electricity this week fully charged and ready for output. This charge will lift you up from your current location and transport you to higher ground. You will not accept the old distractions that get in the way of you being yourself - you just won’t tolerate it any more. Others rely on you to know the right way to do things, to see things from that practical angle. The strength within you, Virgo, is grounded and solid – others admire you for this. Kym’s Kitchen ...you don’t have to be a chef! This may look like a lot of ingredients but the result is worth it and, once you’ve got all the stuﬀ weighed out, the actual cooking takes just a few minutes. Prawn lemon pepper pasta Ingredients: ● 224gr linguine pasta ● 15ml olive oil ● 6 cloves garlic, minced ● 120ml chicken broth ● 60ml white wine ● 1 lemon, juiced ● 1gr lemon zest ● salt to taste ● freshly ground black pepper to taste ● 500gr fresh prawns, peeled and de-veined ● 50gr butter ● 10gr chopped fresh parsley ● 3gr chopped fresh basil Directions Bring a large pot of lightly salted water to the boil then add the linguine, and cook for 9 to 13 minutes or until al dente. Drain the linguine and reserve. Heat the oil in a large saucepan over a medium heat, and sauté the garlic for about a minute. Mix in chicken broth, wine, lemon juice, lemon zest, salt, and pepper. Reduce the heat, and simmer until the liquid is reduced by about a half. Add the prawns, butter, parsley, and basil into the saucepan and cook for 2 to 3 minutes, until prawns are opaque. Stir in the cooked linguine, and continue cooking for 2 minutes, until well coated and the pasta is warmed through. LIBRA You have already been told countless times by now with Saturn trudging through your sign, that your very best and nothing less is being asked of you. For some of you it has been “boot camp city” and any break you can get is sincerely enjoyed and appreciated. There is payment for your diligence, dedication and hard work that reminds you how good it is to be alive. rd September 23 Relationships and connections with others are on the up and are set to nd October 22 improve. SCORPIO October 23rd November 21st An outside force may be trying to make its way into your love life, this can be personal temptation or other forms of betrayal. If it is happening to you then you had better find a way to rise above it - if it isn’t then pay attention to what is happening behind the scenes as you may be privy to some secret information. Pay attention to the details and get your priorities in order, making sure that those who mean the most to you fit into your life totally. SAGITTARIUS Your chart indicates the very things that have held you back in the past will now prove to be the things that cause you to rise above all chaos and reach the levels of success that you always knew could be possible. This also means that there is likely to be an inflowing of material wealth as well as personal satisfaction. This is a great opportunity for you to take up a chance that you nd November 22 December 21st have been waiting for all your life – it is there now in front of you. CAPRICORN It is time to look at your life and figure out what is working and what clearly isn’t, what brings you rewards and what appears to be a wasted eﬀort. By the weekend you will have some idea of where things fit - sifting out the wheat from the chaﬀ. Fun and adventure are on their way, making it the perfect time to deal with love and romance. A relationship becomes closer as you share nd December 22 more intimate secrets and details together. th January 19 AQUARIUS PISCES February 19th March 20th It is a good time to ask questions to find the answers you are not sure about and you will be glad you did - later on it will make you sure that you are getting things right. You have an amazing ability to teach and interact with others and it would be a shame for this talent to go to waste, so get preaching, Aquarius, you will be amazed at how many people are ready to learn. Get all the details in an agreement, make sure it is all written down; a key factor is likely to be found in the small print. You could feel caught between two diﬀerent worlds, you wish to embrace the present and yet the past keeps calling you to stand up and be counted. Get ready for a change as you realise that something has run its course and it is now over. Be willing to trust your gut instincts, even if it means confronting what you would prefer not to. Social activities are highlighted and you are likely to bump into old friends for a good catch up. Why not join our ChriStMAS CLuB And Be the firSt to reCeive ChriStMAS offerS Directions to our Coin Supermarket Just off the Horse Roundabout at El Rodeo WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Contemporary lifestyle and celebrity gossip ThE briTish Do nonE Too bADly AT This yEAr’s AwArDs e Emmys Kate Winslett thanks her mum and Julian Fellows gives thanks for coming out of retirement A few surprises were to unfold at this year’s Emmy awards, some of which had absolutely nothing to do with film or TV. The big gossip was about the fact that a sketch filmed for the occasion, starring Alec Baldwin, was dropped because it contained a joke about phone hacking and was considered to be inappropriate given recent phone hacking scandals that have come to light. The actor was due to be part of the ceremony's opening video – but it was not shown by Fox, which is owned by News Corp, the parent company of News International. A furious Baldwin said merely: “The decision sucks!” Another wobble to the proceedings was a prerecorded piece from Ricky Gervais who had been told that anything that went out had to be pre-recorded – following his sometimes outrageous comments when he presented the Golden Globes. He was told that he wasn’t to say anything rude or controversial or it would be edited out. They also said that they would know if his speech had been edited by his team. Gervais appeared on his prerecorded speech explaining this to the audience and ending with: “What a bunch of cowardly count- (and here there appears to be a momentary break in the film) rymen”. Crass as ever then! Kate Winslett won the award for Outstanding Lead Actress for her appearance as Mildred Pierce in the HBO television mini series originally aired on US TV but recently shown on British TV. During her speech, the somewhat overwrought actress said that she wanted to share the award with her mother adding: "It doesn't matter how old you are or what you do in your life, you never stop needing your mum and I will never stop needing mine, so thanks Mum, thank you so much." Luther actor Idris Elba was deservedly in the running for Lead Actor in a Mini-series or Movie but lost out to Barry Kennedy who won it for his part in The Kennedys. Nice frock, shame about the speech - Kate Winslett picks up her gong All was not lost for the British though with Downton Abbey, which started its second series just last Sunday here in the UK, winning four awards. Julien Fellows, creator of the series won the award for Creator of the Best Mini-series saying: “When we were in the hotel a bit earlier, my wife said to me, 'I think we should just relax and enjoy the evening, because I don't think we're going to win'. Well, we're going to enjoy the evening now. And at the risk of sounding grandiloquent, I would like to thank you, the American industry. Ten years ago you kick-started my second career with an Oscar, tonight you have nurtured it, I am very grateful, thank you." Dame Maggie Smith got a gong for Best Supporting Actress in a Mini-series Or Movie for her part in Downton but was not at the ceremony. Brian Percival also scooped an award for directing the hit period drama. Downton has A fag will cost you an 18 rating a new rival Just as the dust is beginning to settle from ITV’s achievements at the Emmy Awards with their First World War popular drama Downton Abbey, the BBC has announced that they will be showing their new five-part drama Parade’s End which is set in the Edwardian era towards the end of the First World War, based on the four-part book set written by Ford Madox Ford. Executive producer Damien Timmer from Mammoth Screen that is making the series said: : "I can honestly say that we started off doing this great big story about Edwardian England going into the First World War before any of us had ever heard about Downton Abbey." The controller of the BBC, Ben Stephenson, added: "Just because things are set in a similar period doesn't mean that they are the same." He also said that the series will show that the BBC is still committed to making original British drama – even though they shut down their in-house drama script unit that helped up-and-coming British writers some years ago, thereby farming out all future work. The cast includes veteran actress Miranda Richardson as well as Rebecca Hall and Benedict Cumberbatch. All films that show anyone smoking are soon to be given an “18” certificate as the depiction of smoking is said to glamourise the habit and encourage young people to take up smoking, according to a report issued by the UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies that was printed in The Lancet. The chief executive of anti-smoking lobby group ASH, Deborah Arnott agreed with the report saying: "Smoking in films encourages children to take up smoking. And that's no surprise. That is why tobacco advertising was banned, because showing images of people, particularly glamorous young people smoking encourages children to smoke." According to a recent report by Cancer Research one in seven children are smoking habitually by the age of 15. And while film makers have said that it is freedom of expression to depict what actually happens in real lives in films film critic Mark Ecclestone agreed saying: "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, which will be up in award ceremonies, everyone smokes pretty much constantly in that movie. It would annoy a lot of people in that film if they were not allowed to do that as it is detail which gives the whole project authenticity." A film of something happening in the ‘50s and ‘60s would not be accurate if it did not depict people smoking, as that is what the majority of people did in those days and to leave it out would leave a big gap in reality as it was. Even Cruella de Ville could be re-rated 18 because of her hugely long filtered cigarette she constantly puffs leaving children unable to see the baddy get her comeuppance. And what about old pipe-puffing Gandalf in Lord of the Rings. Not to CRYSTAL CLEAR ANNE Tarot card readings Palmistry Chakra cleansing International Psychic Medium Spiritualist Phone readings Healing massage Therapeutic massages Need help with your life direction, worries or fears For guidance and support Contact Anne Mon., Wed. & Fri. at Toni’s Ist in Cards, Fuengirola [email protected] mention of course, Bridget Jones, James Bond and Holly Golightly. Researchers have already said that they are not sure if it will make a difference or not! WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Health &beauty News - Breakthroughs - Treatments - Trends Four weight loss mistakes to avoid Ignoring portion size The food you are eating may be fine but research shows that average portion sizes have increased by up to 50% over the last thirty years so if you are struggling to lose weight it could just be that you are eating too much. Altruism is good for you Reduce the size of your meals and snacks by 1520%. This small and simple change can make a big impact on your waistline. breakfast Cynics don’t believe that good deeds are rewarded in kind, but Skipping Breakfast eaters are studies indicate that being nice to others is also good for you. invariably thinner and Research has found that helping others can actually reduce stress and improve your mental health. A study of churchgoers found that people who offer love and support to others have better mental health than those who only receive help. Being habitually altruistic can raise dopamine levels in the brain, which makes the altruist happier and calmer, and gives them a greater feeling of selfworth. An added plus is that helping others may help you fend off your own problems and anxiety. You focus outside the self – away from the inwardlooking nature of anxiety and depression. But the benefit of being helpful does not merely come from the good deed. The recipient’s mood is likely to be improved by your deed, and through empathy, your mood benefits too. So good deeds keep on giving. You help someone, which makes you feel good; they feel better, and make you feel even better. However, you should not give beyond your abilities – if you do, you may experience worse mental health as a result. Origins of altruism Scientists believe that the propensity for altruism evolved, because it communicated to a potential mate that a person could be a good parent. This increased their likelihood of finding a mate and producing offspring. Altruism, when broadly practised, is also a very canny way of making life easier. Not only does being nice and helpful make you happier and saner – it also reduces the amount of work you have to do. A study of common etiquette found that acts of courtesy may have a practical, shared motivation. If you hold the door for someone, or they hold it for you, it reduces work for those involved, making life easier for everyone. In a nutshell, altruism will make you happier, help you find a partner, and reduce the amount of work you have to do. TREAT YOURSELF to an organic FISH PEDICURE , 20€ WASH CUT & STYLE 10€ COLOUR & STYLE PLUS CUT FROM €5 extra OFFERS VALID UNTIL 30th OF SEPTEMBER Tel: 952 917 126 Opening Hours 10.00-20.00 - 10.00-14.00 Sat Bernabé Tierno 3, Edif. Lindamar 2 29640 Fuengirola, Malaga Street between Paseo Mercadona & Feria www.hanna-salon.com 5€ Commercially prepared sandwiches and salads can be far higher in fat than you might think and poor labelling can make it difficult to know exactly how many calories you’re eating. The National Consumer Council recently criticised a number of high street sandwich chains for selling seemingly healthy sandwiches that had more than twice as much saturated fat in them as a McDonald's! Wine before meals Alcohol lowers blood sugar levels making you feel tired and over stimulates your appetite. It also robs the body of a great many essential vitamins and minerals and may increase the likelihood of food calories being stored as fat. Never drink alcohol before your evening meal. Hunger increases the craving for alcohol but drinking it only serves to lower blood sugars further so hold off, at least until after you’ve eaten. ! ! " ! "# " ! % ( The Nail & Beauty Salon + Hairdressing ¡¡INCREDIBLE P RI CES !! **** % ! % 21 minutes yoga or just take a brisk walk around the block. Research shows that people who exercise before breakfast not only burn more calories and experience better fat loss; they also automatically eat a healthier diet throughout the rest of the day. All aspects of beauty & hairdressing - Special Oﬀer! Wash & Blow dry from only €5 Specialists in all types of nail extensions including the new Dip & Go System for only 25€ and the 3 week Manicure for 25€ Wedding and Pamper packages available Sol Nail Supplies Are pleased to oﬀer both training and products for all types of nail extensions including the new Dip & Go System with no damage to the natural nail and very quick to apply Centro Commercial San Juan 35 Opp Train Station Arroyo de la Miel Tel: 952 442 270 Mob: 670 695 860 /"- . * -%"-. ) /) 3 ++%).("). +",#" . - $.( %' /& 111 # " *& ( +",#" . - - ') ", '! ,") ) ++-%." 3( , '$ /,%) "' , )!" new Zamba & dancercise new weiGht los s / Gain boxinG classes Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in New Series: Superior Interiors with Kelly Hoppen The Spitfire: Britain's Flying Past Tues, Sept 27th 20.00 WEDNESDAY September 21 Fri, Sept 23rd 23:45 Rounders Mike McDermott is a poker addict who knows the game inside out, but loses his money one night in a game to Russian-American gangster Teddy KGB. Promising his partner Jo he'll give up, he meets up with best friend Lester `Worm' Murphy, just out of prison and owing lots of money to the wrong kind of people.... FILM Sun, Sept 25th 23:20 New Jack City A New York police detective, blocked in his attempts to control a local drug baron, hires two maverick ex-cops to nail him. Learning that the police are on his tail, the baron takes his operation to a large tenement block and transforms it into a giant fortress, in preparation for a pistol-packing showdown. FILM Sat, Sept 24th 22:15 American Gangster Harlem drug dealer Frank Lucas rises to power in corrupt 1970s New York, equalling and surpassing the notorious Mafia families with the reach of his empire. On the other side of the law, honest cop Richie Roberts dedicates himself to taking down `the most dangerous man walking the streets'.... FILM Mon, Sept 26th 00:00 Incendiary To escape her empty marriage, a young woman commences an aﬀair, but while spending time with her lover, she learns that her husband and infant son have become victims of a suicide bombing at a soccer match. FILM Sun, Sept 25th 22:00 From Hell Inspector Fred Abberline is determined to track down Jack the Ripper in Victorian east London. As well as by his Sergeant Peter Godley, Abberline is helped on the case by visions he has while high on opium, and adding urgency to his investigations is `unfortunate' Mary Kelly, a potential Ripper victim.... FILM Wed, Sept 21st 22:00 War of the Worlds Passionate flying enthusiast and broadcaster John Sergeant celebrates the 75th anniversary of the Spitfire with a TV love letter to this most British triumph of design and endeavour. The film follows the story of a Spitfire from birth to retirement and tells the stories of ordinary people with extraordinary tales. Thur, Sept 22nd 21.00 September 22 FRIDAY September 23rd 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Hotel Trubble 16:30 Serious Explorers: Livingstone 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:55 Party Political Broadcast 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Waterloo Road 20:30 Planet Dinosaur 21:00 Who Do You Think You Are? 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 The Lottery Draws 22:45 Ask Rhod Gilbert 23:20 The League Cup Show 00:15 Weatherview 00:20 See Hear 00:50 Watchdog 01:50 Bang Goes the Theory 02:20 Julia Bradbury's Icelandic Walk 03:20 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Natural Born Hunters 15:35 Wingin' It 16:00 Copycats 16:30 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Watchdog 21:00 Crimewatch UK 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Crimewatch UK 22:45 Question Time 23:45 This Week 00:30 Holiday Weatherview 00:35 Panorama 01:05 Countryfile 02:05 Food Fighters 02:50 Antiques Road Trip 03:35 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Natural Born Hunters 15:35 Wingin' It 16:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 16:30 Barney's Latin America 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Nigel Slater's Simple Cooking 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Celebrity MasterChef 21:00 Outnumbered 21:30 Would I Lie to You? 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Come Fly with Me 23:05 Mrs Brown's Boys 23:35 The Lottery Draws 23:45 Rounders 01:40 Weatherview 01:45 Question Time 02:45 Monty Halls' Great Irish Escape 03:45 The Code 08:30 Green Balloon 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 Daily Politics Conference 13:00 See Hear 13:30 Lifeline 13:40 Coast 14:00 Daily Politics Conference 16:00 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 17:55 Party Political Broadcast 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Escape to the Country 20:00 The Natural World 21:00 Dragons' Den: How to Win in the Den 22:00 Never Mind the Buzzcocks 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Today at Conference 23:50 Damages 01:10 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 If Walls Could Talk: The History of the Home 20:00 Monty Halls' Great Irish Escape 21:00 The Spitfire: Britain's Flying Past 22:00 Mock the Week 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Toughest Place to... 00:20 Damages 01:00 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon Club 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Highlands on Film 19:30 Coast 20:30 Gardeners' World 21:00 Digging for Britain 22:00 QI XL 22:30 Newsnight 23:00 The Review Show 23:50 Later... with Jools Holland 00:50 Searchers 2.0 02:30 HARDtalk 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Click 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 18:50 Party Political Broadcast 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Midsomer Murders 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Cops with Cameras 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:05 Grimefighters 00:30 The Zone 02:30 Columbo 03:55 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Tonight 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Billy Connolly's Route 66 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 The Jonathan Ross Show 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:05 71 Degrees North 01:00 The Zone 03:00 British Touring Car Championships 04:15 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:15 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 11:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Love Your Garden 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 DCI Banks 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Four of a Kind 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:05 Smugglers 01:00 The Zone 03:15 Assassins 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:35 River Cottage Bites 12:50 The Caine Mutiny 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Location, Location, Location 21:00 Grand Designs 22:00 Fresh Meat 22:55 Shameless 23:55 Ibiza Rocks on With XBox Kinect 00:30 The Killing 02:15 Without a Trace 03:00 Brothers & Sisters 03:45 Smallville 04:30 Countdown 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:30 Ice Station Zebra 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Country House Rescue 21:00 Educating Essex 22:00 Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares USA 23:05 Seven Dwarves 00:05 The Vue Film Show 00:40 The Shockwaves Album Chart Show 00:55 Hollyoaks Music Show 01:20 Embarrassing Bodies 02:15 Dispatches 03:05 Brothers & Sisters 03:50 Smallville 04:35 Countdown 06:15 The Hoobs 06:40 The Hoobs 07:05 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:35 River Cottage Bites 12:55 Live: Channel 4 Racing 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:30 4thought.tv 19:35 Father Ted 20:00 Come Dine with Me 21:00 The Million Pound Drop 22:30 8 Out of 10 Cats 23:05 My Funniest Year 01:05 The Crush 02:00 My Name Is Earl 02:25 Without a Trace 03:10 The Real Housewives of New Jersey 03:55 Smallville 04:40 Countdown 07:05 The Mr Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:10 On Hostile Ground 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Highland Emergency 20:00 Emergency Bikers 21:00 Law and Order: Criminal Intent 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Banged up Abroad 00:00 Poker 00:55 Super Casino 03:55 Meals in Moments 04:05 Nick's Quest 04:30 Nick's Quest 04:55 County Secrets 07:05 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:20 Miles from Nowhere 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 How Do They Do It? 20:00 When Killer Whales Attack 21:00 The Big Celebrity Swim 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 Super Casino 03:55 Meals in Moments 04:05 Nick's Quest 04:30 Nick's Quest 05:00 County Secrets 07:05 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:10 The Family Recipe 15:15 Ice Dreams 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 The Gadget Show 21:00 Big Brother 22:00 The Bachelor 23:00 Big Brother 23:30 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:15 Super Casino 04:05 Motorsport Mundial 04:30 The Gadget Show 05:25 County Secrets 19:00 The World's Strictest Parents 20:00 Junior Doctors 21:00 The Fades 22:00 War of the Worlds 23:50 Family Guy 00:10 Family Guy 00:30 The Fades 01:30 My Forced Unwanted Wedding 02:30 Junior Doctors 03:30 Bizarre ER 04:00 Bizarre ER 04:25 Cherry's Body Dilemmas 05:25 SIGN OFF 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Don't Tell the Bride 21:00 Young Soldiers 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:45 Young Soldiers 00:45 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:15 Wilfred 01:35 World's Craziest Fools 02:05 EastEnders Greatest Exits 03:35 Wilfred 03:55 World's Craziest Fools 04:25 Don't Tell the Bride 05:25 SIGN OFF 19:00 Doctor Who 19:50 Doctor Who Confidential 20:00 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 20:30 E20 21:00 Little Britain 21:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Him & Her 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 American Dad! 00:30 The Fades 01:30 Little Britain 02:00 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 02:30 World's Craziest Fools 03:00 Him & Her 03:30 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 04:00 E20 h NoTE: Add 1 hour for Spanish viewing times. TUESDAY September 27th 06:00 Breakfast 10:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 11:30 Nigel Slater's Simple Cooking 12:00 BBC News 12:10 BBC London News; Weather 12:15 Football Focus 13:00 Live: World Road Championship Cycling 14:00 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 16:30 Final Score 17:10 BBC News 17:20 BBC London News; Weather 17:30 Epic Win 18:10 Celebrity MasterChef 19:10 Doctor Who 19:55 The National Lottery: Secret Fortune 20:45 Casualty 21:35 Live at the Apollo 22:05 BBC News 22:25 Match of the Day 23:50 The Football League Show 01:05 Weatherview 01:10 BBC News 01:30 British Olympic Dreams 02:00 BBC News 02:30 Dateline London 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World 04:00 BBC News 04:30 On the Road With... 06:00 Breakfast 07:35 Match of the Day 09:00 The Andrew Marr Show 10:00 Sunday Morning Live 11:00 Politics Show 12:10 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 15:30 A Question of Sport 16:00 Deadly 60 on a Mission 16:30 Planet Dinosaur 17:00 Songs of Praise 17:35 BBC News 17:50 BBC London News; Weather 18:00 Nature's Miracle Babies 19:00 Countryfile 20:00 Antiques Roadshow 21:00 Spooks 22:00 BBC News 22:15 BBC London News; Weather 22:25 My Favourite Joke 22:55 Outnumbered 23:25 Ask Rhod Gilbert 00:00 The Lonely Guy 01:25 Weatherview 01:30 Dragons' Den 02:30 Holby City 03:30 Antiques Road Trip 04:15 Newsday 04:30 HARDtalk 05:00 BBC News 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Natural Born Hunters 15:35 Wingin' It 16:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 16:30 Blue Peter 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Bang Goes the Theory 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Panorama 21:00 The Queen's Palaces 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 A Question of Sport 23:05 Spooks 00:05 White Mischief 01:50 Weatherview 01:55 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 02:55 The Body Farm 03:55 Antiques Road Trip 04:40 HARDtalk 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Natural Born Hunters 15:35 Wingin' It 16:00 Hotel Trubble 16:30 Blue Peter 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Holby City 21:00 The Body Farm 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Hedge Wars 23:15 What's the Point of ... 23:45 The Best of Times 01:25 Weatherview 01:30 Village SOS 02:30 Food Fighters 03:15 Antiques Road Trip 04:00 Newsday 04:30 HARDtalk 06:00 Little Robots 06:10 Guess with Jess 06:20 The Pingu Show 06:35 Little Charley Bear 06:45 Rastamouse 07:00 Roar 07:30 Arthur 07:55 Dennis & Gnasher 08:05 Hounded 08:35 Splatalot 09:00 Live `n' Deadly 10:00 Who Let the Dogs Out? 10:25 League of Super Evil 10:40 Wolverine and the XMen 11:00 Eliot Kid 11:15 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab 11:40 MOTD Kickabout 12:00 Homes Under the Hammer 12:30 Rampage 14:05 Krakatoa: East of Java 16:10 Escape to the Country 17:10 Live: Match of the Day 19:15 Flog It! 19:45 Dad's Army 20:15 The 1951 Festival of Britain: A Brave New World 21:15 QI XL 22:00 Calendar Girls 23:45 Calendar Girls: Ten Years On 00:45 Drop Dead Gorgeous 02:15 Later... with Jools Holland 03:20 Pages from Ceefax 06:00 Little Robots 06:10 Guess with Jess 06:20 The Pingu Show 06:35 Little Charley Bear 06:45 Rastamouse 07:00 Roar 07:30 Eliot Kid 07:45 Live: IAAF Athletics 10:45 Something for the Weekend 12:15 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 13:15 EastEnders Omnibus 15:10 Live: World Road Championships Cycling 17:00 Super League Rugby 18:00 Dragons' Den: How to Win in the Den 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 A South American Journey with Jonathan Dimbleby 21:00 Fry's Planet Word 22:00 Match of the Day 2 22:50 Mock the Week 23:20 New Jack City 00:55 Click 01:00 Newsday 01:30 The Reporters 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 04:10 Pages fr0m Ceefax 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon Club Goes on Holiday 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:30 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:40 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:00 Get Squiggling 10:15 ZingZillas 10:40 Waybuloo 11:00 Daily Politics Conference 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 The Weakest Link 15:00 Wanted Down Under 15:45 Escape to the Country 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Coast 20:00 University Challenge 20:30 Home Cooking Made Easy 21:00 Dragons' Den 22:00 Have I Got Old News for You 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Today at Conference 23:50 Fry's Planet Word 00:50 Damages 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 Daily Politics Conference 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:40 Coast 14:00 Daily Politics Conference 16:00 Escape to the Country 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Dragons' Den 20:00 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 21:00 Hairy Bikers' Meals on Wheels 22:00 Later... Live with Jools Holland 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Today at Conference 23:50 A South American Journey with Jonathan Dimbleby 00:50 Damages 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 06:00 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 09:10 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 12:00 ITV News and Weather 12:05 Coronation Street Omnibus 14:50 The X Factor 15:50 People Do the Funniest Things Abroad 16:35 World Cup Rugby Union 17:35 London Tonight 17:45 ITV News and Weather 18:00 You've Been Framed! 19:00 All Star Family Fortunes 20:00 The X Factor 21:15 The Jonathan Ross Show 22:15 American Gangster 23:15 ITV News and Weather 23:30 American Gangster 01:20 The Zone 03:00 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 05:30 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 06:00 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 08:00 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 11:00 ITV News and Weather 11:15 Thunderbirds 12:55 The X Factor 14:10 Midsomer Murders 15:45 Downton Abbey 17:15 World Cup Rugby Union 18:00 London Tonight 18:15 ITV News and Weather 18:30 Holding Out for a Hero 19:30 The X Factor 21:00 Downton Abbey 22:15 That Sunday Night Show 22:45 ITV News and Weather 23:00 Missing Millions 00:00 Aviva Premiership Rugby 00:55 The Zone 02:00 Motorsport UK 02:55 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 07:15 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 09:30 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 There's No Taste Like Home 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Little England 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Doc Martin 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Exposure 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:05 That Sunday Night Show 00:30 The Zone 02:35 UEFA Champions League Weekly 03:00 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 There's No Taste Like Home 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Mayday Mayday 20:00 Missing Millions 21:00 71 Degrees North 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 DCI Banks 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:20 Billy Connolly's Route 66 01:15 The Zone 03:15 Crossing Jordan 04:05 ITV Nightscreen 06:20 Sali Mali 06:25 The Treacle People 06:35 The Vue Film Show 07:05 Dunlop MSA Formula Ford Championship of GB Motor Racing 07:30 Mobil 1 The Grid 07:55 The Morning Line 08:55 Example and Wretch 32's Beat Stacking 50 09:55 Smallville 10:50 The Simpsons 11:20 Made in Chelsea 12:25 The Big Bang Theory 12:55 The Big Bang Theory 13:25 That Paralympic Show 13:55 Live: Channel 4 Racing 16:10 Come Dine with Me 16:40 Come Dine with Me 17:10 Come Dine with Me 17:40 Come Dine with Me 18:10 Come Dine with Me 18:40 Channel 4 News 19:10 4thought.tv 19:15 Dambusters: Building the Bouncing Bomb 21:15 The Million Pound Drop 22:50 8 Out of 10 Cats Uncut 23:40 Rude Tube 00:35 Straw Dogs 02:40 Lucky Escape 02:45 Enough 02:50 Without a Trace 03:35 Without a Trace 06:35 The Treacle People 06:45 The Hoobs 07:10 Sainsbury's UK School Games, Athletics 08:00 One Tree Hill 08:45 Battlefront Television 09:00 Hollyoaks Omnibus 11:30 Ibiza Rocks with XBox Kinect 11:50 The Big Bang Theory 12:25 The Big Bang Theory 13:00 One Fine Day 15:05 The Simpsons 15:40 The Simpsons 16:15 Deal or No Deal 17:15 Best of British 18:15 Channel 4 News 18:45 4thought.tv 18:50 X-Men Origins: Wolverine 21:00 Fighting on the Frontline 22:00 Predator 00:00 Dylan Moran: Aim Low 01:00 Live: NFL Football 04:45 Dunlop MSA Formula Ford Championship of GB Motor Racing 05:15 Brief Encounters of the Sporting Mind 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:35 The Secret Supper Club 13:05 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 BT and Channel 4 Present... 20:00 Dispatches 21:00 Embarrassing Bodies 22:00 Rude Tube 23:05 Fresh Meat 23:55 4thought.tv 00:00 Incendiary 01:45 David Blaine's Street Magic 02:40 The Curse of the Hope Diamond 03:35 Atlantic Convoys: The War at Sea 04:30 Smallville 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:40 River Cottage Bites 12:55 Shane 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 18:55 4thought.tv 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 BT and Channel 4 Present... 20:00 Gok's Clothes Roadshow: 21:00 Seven Dwarves 22:00 Shameless 23:45 True Blood 00:55 Pokerstars.co.uk UK & Ireland Tour, Poker 01:50 Sailing: Americas Cup Uncovered 02:15 Sainsbury's UK School Games, Athletics 03:10 FIM Superbike Motorcycle Racing 06:50 Elmo's World 07:05 The Save-Ums! 07:20 Noddy in Toyland 07:35 Hana's Helpline 07:50 The Little Princess 08:05 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:20 Angelina Ballerina 08:40 Rupert 08:55 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:45 Animal Families 10:00 Inside Hollywood 10:10 Pawn Stars 10:40 The Gadget Show 11:40 Big Brother 12:40 Big Brother 13:10 Royal Navy: Submarine Mission 14:05 The Bridge at Remagen 16:25 The Stand at Apache River 18:00 Zulu Dawn 20:10 5 News Weekend 20:15 NCIS 21:15 Big Brother 22:15 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 23:10 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 00:05 Super Casino 04:05 The FBI Files 04:55 Meals in Moments 06:05 Roary the Racing Car 06:15 Fifi and the Flowertots 06:25 Fireman Sam 06:35 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 06:50 Elmo's World 07:05 The Save-Ums! 07:20 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 07:50 The Little Princess 08:05 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:25 Angelina Ballerina 08:40 Rupert 08:55 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:45 Animal Families 10:00 Meerkat Manor 10:20 The Beat Goes On 11:20 Big Brother 12:20 The Bachelor 13:15 Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London 15:10 The Princess Bride 17:05 Mrs Doubtfire 19:30 5 News 19:35 Warship 21:00 Big Brother 22:00 From Hell 00:25 Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Story 01:20 Super Casino 04:00 Meals in Moments 04:10 Great Scientists 04:40 Divine Designs 07:15 The Mr. Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 LIVE with Gabby 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:10 The Family Recipe 15:15 Love Takes Wing 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 The Gadget Show 21:00 Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Story 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 Extraordinary People 00:55 Super Casino 04:05 Meals in Moments 04:15 Grey's Anatomy 05:00 County Secrets 07:15 The Mr. Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 LIVE with Gabby 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:15 Chinese Food in Minutes 15:20 Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Real Food Family Cookoﬀ 20:00 Superior Interiors with Kelly Hoppen 21:00 CSI: Miami 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 The Woods 00:45 Inside Hollywood 01:00 Super Casino 04:05 Meals in Moments 04:15 Brian Sewell's Grand Tour 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Doctor Who Confidential 20:45 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 21:15 War of the Worlds 23:05 Family Guy 23:50 American Dad 00:35 Wilfred 00:55 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:25 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 02:25 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 02:55 World's Craziest Fools 03:25 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 03:55 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 04:55 World's Craziest Fools 05:25 SIGN OFF 19:00 Formula 1 Motor Racing 20:00 Young Soldiers 21:00 Live at the Apollo 21:30 Live at the Apollo 22:00 The Fades 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:40 American Dad! 00:05 American Dad! 00:30 American Dad! 00:50 American Dad! 01:10 Live at the Apollo 01:40 Live at the Apollo 02:10 Young Soldiers 03:10 My Forced Unwanted Wedding 04:10 Britain's Youngest Undertaker 05:10 SIGN OFF 19:00 Don't Tell the Bride 20:00 Planet Dinosaur 20:30 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 21:00 Jono: Finding My Family on Facebook 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 The Fades 23:30 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:15 Jono: Finding My Family on Facebook 01:10 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 01:45 Don't Tell the Bride 02:40 Snog Marry Avoid? 03:10 Underage and Pregnant 03:40 Underage and Pregnant 04:10 The Fades 05:10 SIGN OFF 19:00 Total Wipeout 20:00 Jono: Finding My Family on Facebook 21:00 Don't Tell the Bride 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Wilfred 22:55 Family Guy 23:15 Family Guy 23:40 Don't Tell the Bride 00:40 Young Soldiers 01:40 Wilfred 02:00 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 03:00 Cherry's Parenting Dilemmas 04:00 Underage and Pregnant 04:30 Jono: Finding My Family on Facebook 05:25 SIGN OFF WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Take a break TARGET PUZZLE SUDOKU by Papocom Fill in the grid so that every row, every column and every 3 x 3 grid contains the digits 1 through 9. With no repeats, that means that no number is repeated in any row, column or box. Level: Level: MEDIUM HARD See how many words of four or more letters you can make from the given nine letters. In making a word each letter may be used only once. The key letter must be used in each word. UN T R A T L C E E N T O C I AND Target 1-8 Poor 9-16 Average 17-29 Good 30-31 Excellent 1-8 Poor 9-16 Average 17-29 Good 30-31 Excellent The following are not allowed: - Words beginning with a capital letter - Words with a hyphen or apostrophe - Plural words ending in “s” The 9-letter word RELUCTANT Down 1. Early school of singing poets tour around entertaining the poor we own. (11) 9. Epitome of the British breed. (7) 10. They come out with time to run up ious. (5) 11. Materialise from post hoc current. (5) 12. Precast colourful registers. (7) 13. Retain hesitant dodge. (6) 15. Modestly followed it’s said. (6) 18. Heat energy unit from race oil extraction. (7) 20. Painful confidence trick. (5) 22. Messages on stone construction. (5) 23. Tense up joust if fencing is part of the game. (7) 24. Reference to try on one short day or relating to. (11) 2. Fragment of pure licence. (5) 3. Withstand beneath fall out. (7) 4. Distinguished calendar month. (6) 5. Possibly decrepit but generally golden. (5) 6. Concessions returned are best adapted. (7) 7. Dying out, US coin following honour and loss transfer. (11) 8. Purveyor of properties in the manor of an aristocrat. (6,5) 14. Having good taste we hear for an artistic utensil. (7) 16. Shine as buﬀed with coarse cloth. (7) 17. Debris from fountain, man made junk. (6) 19. Arrange again to undertake another examination. (5) 21. Under dig missing from exploration in France. (5) 1 Across Down 1. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (4,2,4) 7. Ostentatious exhibitionist (4-3) 8. Buddhist concept of inevitable consequence (5) 10. Inclination - dissolute man (4) 11. Intimidate (8) 13. Stinging weed (6) 15. Cavity formed by explosion (6) 17. Sedative derived from opium (8) 18. Study intensively (4) 21. Small particle of bread (5) 22. Condition in agreement (7) 23. Address, name etc printed at top of notepaper (10) 1. Booth (5) 2. Not fast (4) 3. University city (6) 4. Tepid (8) 5. Undergo chemical reaction such as when sugar turns to alcohol (7) 6. Incredibly large - so romantic (anag) (10) 9. Change (10) 12. Set of letters used in writing (8) 14. Deliberately inflict severe pain for some purpose (7) 16. Rifleman firing from concealed location (6) 19. Uncanny (5) 20. Bird of peace (4) 2 17 18 20 22 5. Kebero, tabor, bodhran and cajon (pronounced cahon) are types of which musical instruments? 6. Porifera, meaning 'pore bearer' is a marine life form better known by what name, now strongly associated with its traditional human use? 12 19 7. In which country is the Vatnajokull Glacier, covering 8% of its land, and the largest ice cap by volume in Europe? 8. Which professional undertaking begins with the words "I swear by Apollo..."? 23 15. crater 17. morphine 18. swot 21. crumb 22. proviso 23. letterhead 1. kiss of life 7. show-oﬀ 8. karma 10. rake 11. browbeat 13. nettle 15. chaste 18. calorie 20. sting 22. notes 23. stiﬀen 24. testimonial 1. troubadours 9. bulldog 10. debts 11. occur 12. spectra 13. employ Across 1. kiosk 2. slow 3. oxford 4. lukewarm 5. ferment 6. astronomic 2. relic 3. undergo 4. August 5. oldie 6. rebates 7. obsolescent Down Cryptic Across 1. Oxford 2. Red tractor 3. Vodka 4. Armenia 5. Drums 6. Sponge 7. Iceland 8. Hippocratic Oath Quick ‘General knowledge’ QUIZ CROSSWORD 9. alteration 12. alphabet 14. torture 16. sniper 19. weird 20. dove 8. estate agent 14. palette 16. hessian 17. jetsam 19. resit 21. infra WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 news Your outlook on the World the “THe News”wANTs TO HeAr yOur views Send letters to the editor as part of an e-mail text to [email protected] Hilary Grainger Monte Alto, Arroyo de la Miel other scammers, I have credentials, please call this number etc., etc., I told him I didn't care if he had the ID card/credentials of the King of Spain he was NOT coming through my gates. He said if I didn't let him in now he would come back at a later date with his boss! At this point he hedged towards my gate, just wedging his foot in the gate, with me now protesting louder that I couldn't care less who is was he was NOT coming into my property. I soon saw his face change when my husband appeared (who is Spanish!), I would have written this sooner, but have been waiting for the person in question to return! Two weeks ago my door bell rang, standing at my gate was a nicely dressed young man who announced he was from the Junta de Andalucia and had to come to inspect my gas pipes etc. I was suspicious from the start, having been caught once by this scam! Wondering what the devil the Junta de Andalucia has got to do with gas pipes. I told him to go away, was not interested and that I was all electric. This guy then started with the same statement as the Jorgen C. F. I assume you have also seen the horrible pictures on TV of the torture and painful death of a bull in one of the socalled fiestas here in Spain. What happened to that proud and beautiful but defenseless young bull was barbarous, and it's hard to believe that the perpetrators are "normal" Spaniards — families with children. The whole incident — of which there are hundreds each year all over Spain — is obscure, obscene and degrading to everything "normal" humans should stand for. I have been sick in my heart, since I saw the episode and I feel so frustrated that there is nothing, I can do myself to Editor says: Way to go, Hilary! Well done and let’s all give these nasty scammers a run for their money! stop the barbarism. Isn't it possible that The News could take the initiative on behalf of your readers with a letter of protest to the Spanish goverment and to the European Union. I will be the very first to sign it... The torture and murder of animals in Spain MUST be stopped now. The horror on TV was MURDER. Don't bulls have rights to welfare in Spain? Unfortunately, the killings in Spain also include dogs, horses, donkeys and even dogs in dog fights. Is the Spanish society sick? Editor says: It’s good to see that a lot of Spanish people are now against this practice but let’s not forget the British and their hunting practices until it was made illegal in very recent years. And what was their reaction? “We’ll have to kill off all the hounds, then!” They had apparently not heard of drag hunting to exercise their hounds, horses and themselves to the shout of “Tally Ho!” Not so good either, I think. Also, we are very quick to criticise but we also need to be aware that us Brits have the RSPCA, PDSA and, while I in no way condone any cruelty to animals we are not entirely whiter than white ourselves. Pensioner, Calypso, Mijas Costa was to tell me that I couldn’t be sent them as I wasn’t in the UK! I could understand it in the “olden days” when the papers had to be flown into Spain from the UK and we all moaned about them being a day behind but these days they are all printed in Spain so I don’t see the logic in the prices at all, other than the papers filling their coffers with the money they are ripping us off for. People say, go online and read them but, in the first place I don’t posess an expensive lap top and in the second case, I don’t want to be bothered with lugging round a ton of equipment just to find out what’s going on. Stargazing By Ken Campbell If you would like to be kept up to date or take part in any of the events then go to www.kencampbell.info e Andromeda Galaxy All the stars throughout the universe are not just scattered around but instead are grouped together into galaxies. There are billions of stars in an infinite number of galaxies. W Malaga. By email Cynthia Oldham While I absolutely love The News as it gives a good variety of subjects and sizes of articles to keep me going throughout most of the week, can somebody explain to me why, on the odd occasion I wish to buy one of the English daily papers I have to pay through the nose for the pleasure? In the UK the Daily Telegraph this week has a special offer on for only 10p and, what do I have to pay here? A whopping €2.10 is what! Sunday papers come even dearer and, do we get the magazine inserts, CD’s, DVD’s and all the other freebies we had come to enjoy in the UK? No we don’t. A lot of the “Sundays” tell you to contact them if you can’t get them but the answer when I did this upon hearing my husband ask what is going on here, in Spanish the guy backed off, rearranged his papers, looked innocent and promptly disappeared! So be warned out there they are about again, this time using yet another "name" to gain entrance into your property..........PS I am still waiting for him to come back! With or without his boss! I will be putting my money where my mouth is from now on and boycotting the UK dailies in future and sticking to The News! CENTRO DE IDIOMAS COIN Book 3 available now! 952 45 07 47 [email protected] www. cslspain.com You can now buy Valerie’s books online from her website, Woody’s Bookshop, David’s Books & The News office in Coin e live inside a galaxy and on a dark clear night you can see part of our galaxy stretching right across the sky — we call it the Milky Way. Our galaxy is huge; it is about 100,000 light years across and contains around 400 billion stars. All of the individual stars that you can see are really quite close to us in astronomical terms. The most distant star that you can see with the naked eye is called Deneb at a ‘mere’ 1500 light years away. many other Galaxies that have been observed which have already collided. B T ut if you know exactly where to look and you have a perfectly clear, dark, moonless sky then you should be able to make out a very faint ‘smudge’ of light called the Andromeda Galaxy. The Andromeda Galaxy is a separate galaxy 2.5 million light years away and is the most distant object visible to the unaided eye. Even a cheap pair of binoculars will show it very clearly as a fuzzy elongated smudge and through a telescope it is truly spectacular! I t is called the Andromeda Galaxy because it sits just above the constellation of Andromeda. It is also know as M31 or Messier 31 after the French astronomer Charles Messier who in 1771 published a catalogue of objects that were ‘not comets’. Messier was a comet hunter and he was frustrated by constantly finding galaxies, nebulae and other objects in his telescope that could be mistaken for a distant comet so he set about cataloguing 110 objects. His catalogue was so accurate and concise that it is still in use today. M 31 is a much bigger galaxy than our Milky Way at over 220,000 light years across and containing close to a trillion stars. It is classified as a spiral galaxy because it has a central bulging central core with arms spiralling out and around it. It is also on the move and headed towards us at over 100 miles per second. It will eventually collide with our galaxy in about four billion years time, so no need to start worrying just yet! The outcome of the collision will probably be the formation of one huge spiral galaxy — evidence of this comes from here are two simple ways to find the Andromeda Galaxy. Give your eyes a good 15 minutes outside to become dark-adapted and then look toward the eastern sky and you should be able to see four fairly obvious stars that make a large square shape, this is the square of Pegasus. From the bottom left-hand star of the square follow the line of three stars that sweep away to the lower left. At the second star move directly up a little and you should see the galaxy looking like a faint smudge. Another way to find it is again look to the east and find five stars that form a distinct W or zig-zag shape, the upper part of the zig-zag forms a V shape that points more or less to the Andromeda Galaxy. If you sweep slowly around this area with binoculars you will be sure to find it. I have put exact details on how to find it on my website. I t is amazing to think that the light you are seeing from the Andromeda Galaxy has been travelling for 2.5 million years before it reached you. The debate as to how far away M31 really is raged for many years until in 1922 American astronomer Edwin Hubble proved conclusively that it was outside of our galaxy and that it really was 2.5 million light years away. This dramatic discovery paved the way to Hubble describing the size of the entire universe. He was posthumously rewarded by having the Hubble Space Telescope named in his honour. V isit www.kencampell.info to learn more. WEDnESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Classifieds BUSInESS OPPS CAR REPAIRS COOLFLOW The Air Conditioning Specialists. Installations, servicing and repairs to all makes and models. Special oﬀers available. Call Ian 678491234, Established 9 (147)tnp years on the coast. ---------------------------------------------KOLDAIR Supplying and fitting Europe’s best airconditioners at Spain’s lowest Prices. 605428307 . (0)tnf See advert on page 3 BUSY Cafe Bar in Sol’y’Mar area Los Porches, Benalmadena Costa. Two terraces, one enclosed. Family run for 6 years, genuine reason for (0)ghf sale. 952964753 BRITISH MOBILE MECHAnICS Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 (142)p www.mbcmechanics.com BUILDIng SERvICES www.completehomeworks.com New build, reforms, swimming pools and repairs. Antonio (146)p 633347221 ---------------------------------------------KITCHEn & bathroom reforms, special oﬀer on water heaters. See our main ad under plumbing and (gh) phone Chris 652665380 CARS & vAnS air conditioning Servicing & repairS by panaSonic accredited technicianS top quality installations from €595 coin meters to control electric consumption €300 no obligation quotations and advice - all makes contact Lynne or alison in the airflow offices tel: 952 443 222 [email protected] AIRFLOW Air conditioning, servicing and repairs, oﬃcial Panasonic Centre. No obligation quotations and advice - all makes. Contact Lynne or Alison on 952443222, (0)tnf [email protected] ---------------------------------------------AIRCOnDITIOnIng with heating units. Supplied and professionally installed. €395. 697388449 / 951160490 (180)tnp www.solarsunlite.com AIRPORT PARKIng From 3,75€ per day with free car wash. Meet and greeet at the airport 952 576 155 www.cannycars.com BUSInESS EQUIPMEnT Moving back to the UK? My long wheelbase Ford Transit diesel van is for sale. UK plates. Good condition. €1500 ono call Gordon on 636 198 664 WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. (0)ascf 609709466 ---------------------------------------------BEnTLEY year 2000, immaculate, full spec, Spanish plates. €48,000 (0)uvef Call 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE Carrera S. Perfect,year 2007. €55,000 Call 609709466 (0)uvef ---------------------------------------------BMW 735i Year 1999. Full M Spec. Beautiful car. €6,950 Call (0)uve 609709466 --------------------------------------------DISPOSE of your car, van, etc. Legally oﬃcial papers. Free. 626950734 (144)atp --------------------------------------------MERCEDES E220 CDi 2002 full / panoramic sunroof, black, nav, Spanish plates, €14,950. Call (0)uvef 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE 911 Carrera 4 Cabriolet, 1990 (model 964), mint condition, in red. Soon to be a classic. €28,750 No time wasters please. (145)plcf Tel: 609461591 ---------------------------------------------TOYOTA Landcruiser D4D, 2003, slate grey, 115,000kms, immaculate condition. Valued €15,000, bargain at €12,200. 654396651 (0)kwf ---------------------------------------------UnWAnTED cars, vans. Wanted dead or alive. Removed free (147)atp 616835799 ---------------------------------------------PEUgEOT 406 Petrol. Saloon. 80.000km. White. Drives like new. Good condition. 1.450€ (143)p 600099100 INTERNATIONAL ● All Categories ● Valid Worldwide ● Fast Delivery 610 868 748 For all your ADvERTISIng needs call Geoﬀ on 622 050 409 CLASSES SEMI InTEnSIvE SPAnISH courses for adults. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, Email: [email protected] (0)tnf www.cslspain.com ---------------------------------------------CHILDREnS Spanish Courses. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, c s l @ c s l s p a i n . c o m , (0)tnf www.cslspain.com EuropEan School of aStrological and QabaliStic StudiES Enjoy learning Astrology, in local small classes or online, whether for self-knowledge, fun, or to acquire a Diploma qualification. Contact Cathy Stronach (Astrologer for The News), MAAT astro.dip at [email protected] or call 666605944 for more information. CLEAnIng SERvICES MR MULTI KLEAn - Professional Window Cleaning, marble floor polishing and carpet & upholstery cleaning. Best price and service. (146)cntp Call Andy on 606590728 ---------------------------------------------CLEAnERS Residential and commercial. Established 2006 in Spain. 10 years in UK. 665269966 (0)gh ---------------------------------------------UPHOLSTERY and steam cleaning, sofas, carpets etc. J A Cleaning (142)p Services 626357955 ---------------------------------------------WInDOW CLEAnERS Husband and (0)tnf wife team. 691140427 ---------------------------------------------CLEAnIng lady oﬀers services in Coin. €7 an hour. Excellent references. (0)mpf Call 678847146 for more info COMPUTERS COMPUTER Helpline. Desktops, laptops repaired, upgraded. New and used supplied. Internet, email problems solved. 952564274, (147)tnp 677702501 MISCELLAnEOUS Probably the best €10 you will ever spend on yourself! 627 428 161 Plaza Olé, Benalmadena Costa CARPEnTERS CARPEnTER / cabinet maker. Kitchens, wardrobes, small plumbing jobs, painting, tiling, furniture repairs, call Brian (143)tnp 699237828 ---------------------------------------------CUSTOM made furniture and specialist carpentry services. Portfolio available. Stuart 635878116 or email: [email protected] (146)tnp TREAT YOURSELF to an organic FISH PEDICURE (behind Barclays Bank) COIn Computer Services. All repairs, virus removal, upgrades, Broadband. Laptop repairs. (144)tnp 951047292, 676909418 ---------------------------------------------LAPTOPS and all computers, sales, repairs, upgrades etc., and oﬃce equipment repairs. Oﬃce Lines (Freddy Smith), Diana Centre, Km (142)gp 168, N340. 952880654 ---------------------------------------------PC DOCTOR desktop and laptop repair centre. Sales and upgrades. ADSL from €20 per month. Full range of internet, Telefonica and Telecom services. Anti-virus program €50 per year. We cover the coast. Certified and bilingual technicians. Call sales 952591071 (0)pwf Support 807488440 ---------------------------------------------- gILLIAn your friendly mobile hairdresser for the elderly. Specialist in perms, sets, colours and blow-drys. Good rates. All products supplied unless advised (152)tnp otherwise. 635261483 ---------------------------------------------FULLY equipped beauty therapy / massage room in an established health and wellbeing centre. Benalmadena Costa front line. Rent €70 per week inclusive. Call (139)tnghp 691771586 ---------------------------------------------SET YOURSELF up for the weekend with a massage at Arte Hair & Beauty every Thursday & Friday in Alhaurin. Highly qualified therapist. See full range and info on www.artehairandbeauty.com (146)p or call 952490326 WAnT the best? nº 1 on the coast for painting & decorating. Call nick at Decor8. All aspects no problem. 678889933/952939561 (193)tnp www.decor8.es ---------------------------------------------PAInTIng decorating, plastering, tiling - the complete finish by (153)p tradesmen. 634355214 ---------------------------------------------PAInTER and decorator. English, reliable, professional, all areas. Free quotation. Airless paint sprayers hire & sales. 628066308 Daniel www.rainbowpinturas.com (142)p MARK DEnTAL CLInIC See our MAIN ADVERT on PAGE 5 952 917 164 DOMESTIC APPLIAnCES HIRE SERvICES WASHIng machine repairs, fast, reliable service. All work guaranteed. Also sales from €70. Can deliver. (151)pwp Call Joe 686271836 www.mobilityabroadspain.com Providing Mobility Solutions since 2001. Mobility scooters, Wheelchairs, walking, Bathing, Mobility aids - Sale & Hire service. Delivered to you when you need it. (151)fgh Tel:952447764 ELECTRICIAnS ELECTRICIAn 16th Edition BS7671 qualified, apprentice trained, 24 years experience. Rewires, extra sockets, lights, fault finding etc. www.electriciancostadelsol.com Contact me by email at [email protected] or (167)tnp call Ian 650151569 FLOOR POLISHIng MARBLE Floor Polishing (€2.50 m2) Why pay more? We clean, then crystalize and polish to a high gloss, non slip. Professional fast services. Cover all Costa. 14 years (140)pwp experience. 671244683 ---------------------------------------------MARBLE polishing, crystallizing, lasting, high shine. Regrinding, restoration of salty, dead floors. (146)pwp Cyril 645840199 ---------------------------------------------PLACE An AD! It’s quick, it’s easy (f ) and it works. Call 952454491 gUTTERIng gUTTERIng projects your property, prevents damp and saves you money. To arrange for a free no obligation survey call (142)tnp 622082213 HEALTH & BEAUTY HAIRDRESSIng Mobile hairdresser, over 15 years experience, all aspects. Telephone (142)tnp Janet 645037335 Sundays 10.00am - 2.00pm Only limited space available OPEN 52 WEEKS OF THE YEAR 647 647 637 3 DOUBLE glass fronted bottle fridges, also 2 singles - Like new! 1 ice maker suitable for bar or restaurant. 1 nice, undercounter freezer. Also upright fridge and undercounter fridge. new (141)tnp condition. 636198664 TONI ’S FIRST IN CARDS FUENGIROLA HUGE SELECTION OF CARDS AND GIFTS FOR ALL OCCASIONS Presents Crystal Clear Anne International Psychic Medium Fri October 7th Fri November 11th Fri December 8th From 5 - 9pm Drinks & Buffet €5 Tarot voucher + 10% discount in shop All inclusive price €25 Book in shop or call 652 394 224 Mon - Fri 10.00 - 3.00 pm & 5 - 8pm Sat 10.30 - 3.00 pm 679 017 127 Fuengirola SQUaRe. HOUSE CLEARAnCES HOUSE Clearances. Full or part. Fast and eﬃcient service. (161)tnp 628239174, 628564634 InSURAnCES HOME InSURAnCE - 100% cover for all eventualities. Our policies include: Subsidence, Landslip and Heave. Accidental damage to both buildings and contents. Worldwide All Risks on your personal possessions (including jewellery). Cash inside and outside your home and much more. We can also arrange insurance for: Motor - Travel - Health - Business - Liability. PRESTIGE INSURANCE CONSULTANTS Tel/Fax: 952453873 Mob. 667982418 www.prestige-insurance.com (143)tnp InvESTMEnTS InvESTOR wanted for high profile media company wishing to expand successful business. Call 661114070 for more detailed (140)p information. LOCKSMITHS LOCKSMITH Emergency / Appointment. Doors opened without damage, locks changed, patio doors and windows secured. 24 hour honest, fast and reliable service. Call Paul 657466803 (163)tnp TONI’S Sea BUS STN AvAILABLE for roads, tracks, car parks etc., 300 ton crushed concrete. very good material for sub-base can be supplied laid & rolled For a good, free quote in English ring 637179373 or for your quote in Spanish 673250707. (150)tnp ---------------------------------------------CAR BOOT SALE - Hipodromo Racecourse every Sunday 9am 2pm. Hard standing. 654144414, (146)tnp 651585862 ---------------------------------------------COMPUTER DESK 100cm extends to 130cm €30. Camera tripod €30. Old original sheet music. Gent dinner suit black 30” waist €30 (142)p 619941971 WEDnESDAY, September 21st 2011 news Your outlook on the World the WAnTS WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. 609709466(140)asp MOTOR CYCLES HARLEY DAvIDSOn Rocker C, 2008, only 3,500km, hardly used, seat conversion for two seats and backrest, alternative exhaust. Lots of new chrome. Perfect. €18,750 (145)plcf Tel: 609461591 MOBILITY www.mobilityabroadspain.com Mobility Scooters, Wheelchairs, Walking, Bathing, Mobility aids Sales & Hire Tel:952447764 (148)fgh PETS & AnIMALS (&$ &(' #%& ! & METS DOg training club. Fuengirola Glyn 605121831, Ken 627851379. Torre del Mar Colin 606616308(150)pwp ---------------------------------------------LAgUnA Kennels and cosy cattery. Five star facilities, fully tiled quarters with airconditioning. Your pets lovingly cared for by English mother and daughter. Near Coin. (148)tnp 952112021 / 606838983 ---------------------------------------------EXPORT Specialists. Cat and Dog World Kennels. 952112978, (136)p 630197435 ---------------------------------------------LUXURY professional kennels, Cat and Dog World. Fully licensed. Cheap collection service. Viewing welcome. www.cat-and-dog-world.com (136)p 952112978 / 630197435 ---------------------------------------------EQUInE veterinary specialists Costa del Sol emergency 24hs www.serveq.es Tel: 647146284 (140)tnp ---------------------------------------------PROBLEMS? David the Dogman from Estepona to Fuengirola (0)tnf 952883388 / 610868748 ---------------------------------------------CATS & KITTEnS – We have a good selection of all types of cats desperate for a loving home. Tel: 626942427. Visit our website: www.animals-in-distress.eu (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------vP. Born 10th April 2006 - My previous owner died and I have now been in the refuge for far too long. I am a great family dog with lots of character, however, I am not keen on cats. I walk lovely on the lead. 626942427. Visit our website at www.animals-in-distress.eu PLUMBIng Fully installed from only 200€ Free advice & estimates on all plumbing works Call Chris on 652 665 380 SCOTT FORBES the Plumber. All work guaranteed. 20 years British Gas experience (0) 652665410 PROPERTY FOR SALE REDUCED ALHAURIn gRAnDE 4 bedroom house. €199,000 Details from www.costa-campo.com or (153)p Owner 634355214 ---------------------------------------------COIn TOWn CEnTRE. Lovely large house with potential for B&B. 5 bedrooms, 3.5 bathrooms. Reduced €229,000 negotiable. BARgAIn (139)p 685407610 PROPERTY FInDER. Access to “below market value properties”, repossessions and refurbishments. Housing stock throughout the UK. Combined services available, tailored finance, conveyancing, refurbishment packages, tenant sourcing. Suitable for investment, repatriation and individual needs, block purchases available. Call Carla on 687921481 for an informal chat or email at (rhf) [email protected] ---------------------------------------------COIn Legal Country Home. 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, private pool, 1,600m2 irrigated garden. Secure fencing, main services, phone and Sky. Reduced to €250,000. (140)tnp 952455269, 689368014 ---------------------------------------------MULA, MURCIA The new Paramount theme park is going to be opening so get in now to get the holiday crowds bookings with this home and business opportunity. HOUSE 1 consists of 3 bedrooms, 2 reception rooms, kitchen, bathroom, courtyard and roof terrace. Fully rewired. House 2 has 4 bedrooms, 2 receptions plus cave room for wine, kitchen, bathroom. courtyard and huge roof terrace. HOUSE 2 needs total refurbishment but is structurally sound and would yield in the region of €700 per week for holiday rental income when done up. Mula is also known for its hot spring baths. Price for both houses is €125,000. Don’t miss out on this great opportunity! Tel: 661114 070 D.L.S. Fabrications Welding Engineers Competitive rates For a stress free move call: 679 128' 617 or email: ! ! [email protected] ' TO REnT %+) LonG LETs Studio Minerva pool British TV w/machine 330€month 2 bed 2 bath Paloma Park Sat TV Pool parking 600€month 3bed Arroyo centre no pool or parking 550€month 2 bed 1 bath Jardines de Gamonal parking free Sept 550€month 3 bed El Pinillo pool Sat TV sunny terrace 650€month MAnY MORE PROPERTIES AvAILABLE, TOO MAnY TO LIST WE ALSO DO HOLIDAY LETS, jUST ASK FOR PAT REnTAL PROPERTIES URgEnTLY REQUIRED In jUPITER AnD MInERvA Avenida Gamonal, Local 9, Edificio Jupiter, 29631 Arroyo de la Miel, Malaga Tel: (0034) 952 57 40 51 (0034) 952 57 77 51 Fax: (0034) 952 44 26 51 [email protected] LOng TERM Rentals, super prices, no commissions, apartments, townhouses, villas, fincas, coast and (127)p inland. 679111522 PROPERTY vALUATIOnS PROPERTY Valuation in your language. Flat rates. Call Patrick 616672211 or 952417095 (oﬃce (143)p hours). [email protected] REMOvALS & STORAgE UnIOn jACK Removals (The Original) See main advert on front (0)p page. 90210956 W W W. S PA I n U K S PA I n . CO M Vehicle leaving Spain on 9th, 19th 28th of each month, returning 10th, 20th, 29th of each month. Prices from £80 per cubic metre. Cars £495, bikes £250, dogs £395, cats £295. 952160096 / 665150227 (144)p --------------------------------------------vAn MOvES removals, deliveries, Ikea runs, extra man available. 100% reliable. 622793989 (153)tnp SERvICES R E F R I g E R A T I O n / airconditioning. Same day repair specialist. Fridges, displays, bottle (146)tnp coolers etc. 627769969 --------------------------------------------FREnCH POLISHIng repairs, restoration etc. Restore your valuable furniture to its former glory. 647579519 / 952119190 (144)p --------------------------------------------COIn WInDOWS We make aluminium windows, doors and mosquito screens, also supply and fit sun canopies, blinds, shower screens, etc. Spanish owned business. Call Lisa Marie (148)tnp 646066351 $ #% 657 081 492 952 464 378 %" +, ',) ,'( & +, ',) ,'+ SITUATIOnS vACAnT SALOn vARIETES THEATRE Fuengirola is urgently looking for volunteers to assist in all aspects of backstage work - set building, painting, scene shifting, props, costumes etc. for more details or if you think you can help out in any way - even if you only have a few hours a week to spare - please contact Lyn on 952452258 (141)tnf ---------------------------------------------EXPERIEnCED telesales staﬀ required. Must be enthusiastic and highly motivated. Full or part time hours. High earning potential. Based in Coin. For more details and to arrange an interview call 622050409 ---------------------------------------------SALES STAFF wanted - Marbella to gibraltar. great rates of commission. Must have proven sales record and speak Spanish and English. Call 622050409 # " ALL STYLES curtains, upholstery, soft furnishings and bean bags made to measure. Sensible prices. Also repairs/alterations. All areas. Call 678910117 or email [email protected] (139)tnp www.GApp-propErTiEs.CoM ,$%!# , %!# ! % #$ %# % ) ! $' ! %# & , $% ) , !( '$ $$ , (!# ' TRAnSLATIOnS All language combinations, all fields. Certified and ordinary translations. Best rates. Translations Network 952776803 Fax 952824630, [email protected] (142)tnp ---------------------------------------------THE MOSQUITO SCREEn COMPAnY. Manufacturers and installers of all types of insect screens. Also UPVC and alluminium windows and doors. We will not be beaten on price or quality. w w w.mosquitoscreenco.com 952565225 or 690296952 (143)tnp ---------------------------------------------SOLAR water heating. Repairs, sales, design, servicing, maintenance, decalcifying. Reasonable prices. Very experienced. 697388449 / 951160490 (180)tnp www.solarsunlite.com SEWIng SERvICES & Modern 1 bed apt close to Arroyo station Sat TV no pool 400€ / m Established 14 years - [email protected] www.dlsfabs.com 952 590 651 - 649 696 453 Under New Management!!! " • Security fencing for swimming pools, • Car parks and urbanisations. • Automatic Gates, sliding or swing. • Security Doors and Window grilles • Stair rails, Staircases, Scissor gates. • Galvanised Guttering, Ducting + Flashing • Mezzanine Floors, Water + cesspit tanks & ! ()( # !! #() !! %#( 7 &'% ! " (%!, # '%, # 30 n Sports & Motors Motors Flash Motors Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es One more year in Moto2 for Smith TTech 3 team boss Herve Poncharal believes an additional year in Moto2 will ensure that Bradley Smith is competitive in the top class from the outset when he steps up to MotoGP in 2013. It was announced on Monday that current Tech 3 Moto2 rider Smith had agreed a new three-year deal with the squad that would see him stay in the intermediate category for another season before racing in MotoGP in 2013 and '14. Solid Stoner storms to win In his new all orange Honda livery Casey Stoner extended his MotoGP championship lead with an eighth win of the season at Aragon in Spain. Yamaha rider Ben Spies made a storming start to take the lead into turn one, Pedrosa charged past Repsol Honda team-mate Stoner, but it was the Australian who was soon into the lead at the end of the long straight. Stoner then proceeded to streak away. As those hoping for a close race had feared, noone could match the Australian's pace and Stoner continued to pull steadily away from Pedrosa to claim a 8.162sec victory. Pedrosa in turn rode to a lonely second, but Spies was soon under pressure for third from Gresini Honda's Marco Simoncelli, who passed him into the final turn on lap 9. The Italian then rashly undid all his good work by carrying too much speed into the turn at the end of the long straight on the next lap, dropping him to fifth behind Spies and factory Yamaha team-mate making his way through the field after starting in the pit lane, and his battle with sending them both down with seven laps to go. Elias was quick to check on the well being of the slow-tostand Capirossi as they walked away. Stoner then, eased to his 31st victory in the top class, putting him joint fifth on the all-time list, as he moved 44 points clear with just 100 points left to play for. Jorge Lorenzo. Lorenzo, Stoner's nearest title challenger, had predicted third would be all he could hope for after struggling all weekend, and the Spaniard achieved that target when he passed Spies with ten laps to go. Simoncelli was able to follow the Spaniard through and and retake fourth spot. Valentino Rossi was British rider Cal Crutchlow was great to watch with the rider from Coventry coming out on top with a ninth place finsh. The third Repsol rider Andrea Dovizioso failed to last the first lap as he crashed out. Other non finishers included Capirossi, who banged the rear wheel of Tony Elias, Lorenzo said: "It was impossible to win today so third is not too bad. Casey was just too fast." Stoner had this to say after the race: "It felt good all weekend. The bike has been fantastic and the only problem was the wind - it was changing direction and speed every lap so that was a challenge but I just had to bring it home. "It was my race to lose today and I did the job." MotoGP will now head for the first of three consecutive flyaway races, at Motegi (Japan) at the end of this month, before returning to Spain for the Valencia season finale. Huge Boost for the British car industry Jaguar Land Rover is to announce a £400 million expansion that will create up to 2,000 jobs in the UK. The luxury carmaker will locate an engine plant in the West Midlands after fears the investment and jobs might go abroad – possibly to India. It is understood to have secured around £10 million support from the government, which believes the motor industry is ‘crucial’ to the economy. The engine plant will be built over two years at the i54 business park in Wolverhampton. Jaguar Land Rover, which employs 19,000 in the UK, already has three factories here – at Castle Bromwich and Solihull in the West Midlands and For friendly service, please call now on 952 86 67 48 NEWMARBELLA IN MARBELLA IN p p p p Repairs and maintenance Discount on original Mercedes Benz parts The best Mercedes Benz Trained Technicians Specialised in luxury cars Mercedes Benz, Audi, BMW, Bentley and Lamborghini p Free pick-up and delivery service! www.autosaloncoin.com AUTOSALON COIN Jaguar executive Dr Ralf Speth said: ‘We have the capacity and very good engineers. Therefore, we have the influence and freedom to develop and produce engines on our own.’ Tata Motors, controlled by Indian entrepreneur Ratan Tata, bought the company from Ford for £1.5 billion in June 2008. leO’S AUTOS Luxury Limos available for hire with driver. Weddings, Parties, or just go out for the day in a beautiful car and feel special ALL MAKES CAR SERVICING SAVE BETWEEN WITH NO EFFECT ON YOUR WARRANTY Part worn tyres from €25 Qualified English and German Mechanics, ITV Services available.Vehicle Transfers and Registration undertaken • • • Aircon re-gas and leak testing TEL: 952 45 45 27 Diagnostic fault reading and emissions Pol. Ind. Incomar 13-14 2960 Marbella 952 86 67 48 (we speak English) Halewood on Merseyside. The company is on course to build 300,000 cars a year but is understood to have ambitions to increase this to 500,000. Its engines are supplied by Ford from plants including Bridgend and Dagenham. But it wants greater control over production as it prepares to create more fuel efficient engines for its expansion into the Asian market. All makes and models - Petrol / Diesel www.autosaloncoin.com Pol.Ind, Cantarranas. C/ Acero, 6. 29100Coin (Malaga) enGlISH MeCHAnICS WOrkSHOp & MOBIle prompt reliable Service City & Guilds Qualified Open MOndAy TO FrIdAy 10 - 7 pM nO SIeSTA Beat the Credit CrunCh Optimise your car to save you money itVs repAIrS TO All MAkeS ITvS - OIl CHAnGeS ClUTCHeS - ServICInG TyreS - eXHAUSTS BATTerIeS - BrAkeS 952 917 353 687 727 460 - 687 727 516 at the end of the Coin road MIJAS COSTA news Your outlook on the World the C.O.G.S. celebrate Andy’s Workmanlike Malaga Future’s 50th birthday at Cabopino. secure good away win Rosy After a promising 4-0 Coin Open Golf Society travelled to Cabopino for this month’s win at home to competition and to wish club secretary Andy Macfarlane a Granada, Malaga happy fiftieth birthday. went to Mallorca in The course had been Birtles. 3rd with 30 points thanks to the amazing Rob hope of another three subject to severe wild boar was the one with the silly Stevens for the damage, which probably hat, Ian Robinson. entertainment. points to push them was a result of boars Andy would like to thank escaping from the fire last The team prize was won all those who attended and up the league. week in the adjacent with 103 points by the team all the people that mountains. Credit must be given to all the ground staff in their efforts to restore the course to a playable condition. The course played relatively hard which reflected in some unusually low scores. Nearest the pin on hole 13 was won by Dave Williams. Longest drive hole 5 was won by Ian Robinson. It must have been because of that silly hat he was wearing! Individual winners were as follows. 1st with 33 points was Ian Vaughan. 2nd with 30 points (on count back) was Terry consisting of Ian Vaughan, Adam Robinson, Russell Wood and Nig Bowler (whose points contribution was as always beyond belief). Terry’s Par three Competition, Terry Birtles, Alan Loftus, Andy Macfarlane and Ian Vaughan. In the evening we all attended Andy’s birthday celebrations at The Bistro and a good time was had by all. Thanks must go to Mike and Andrea and all the staff for their hard work in making it a success. Also contributed in the monetory collection that was presented to him in his birthday card. It was very much appreciated and will go towards his very much needed next set of golf lessons! Anyone wishing to join this motley crew on our next outing at Alhaurin Golf Club on the 15th October is more than welcome and you will find details on the notice board in The Bistro at Sierra Gorda and the relevant contact phone numbers. Report by: Nig Bowler, Captain. Julio Baptista made his first league start for Malaga this season in place of Buonanotte. But it was Van Nistelrooy who came closest to scoring in the opening period clipping the bar with a chip over the keeper. Malaga had general control of the game, Carzola had a volley blocked off the line by Aouate, and then after 39 minutes Malaga made a deserved breakthrough, a Carzola cross was met by Demichelis whose header was deflected in by Mallorca defender Caceres. for Justin Mallorca’s Nsue and Malaga’s Gamez Mallorca had penalty claims tuned down in the second half and Rondon who had come on for Baptista at half time, had a good goal disallowed for offside on 74 minutes. Mallorca failed to press Malaga and were overall disappointing. Rondon had another good chance before the end but Aoute saved the effort well. A good three points in the end and with Athletico Bilbao at La Rosaleda at 8pm on Wednesday things are looking good so far. Report by: Scott Forbes Strong finish for Teamsky Hot day at the Oval Alex Dowsett powered to victory in the London time trial Fuengirola (139 all out) lose to Combined Colleges who managed to on the penultimate stage(8A) at the Tour of Britain. knock up a winning 140/7. Dowsett held off the attentions of race leader Lars Boom (Rabobank) by an impressive five seconds over the 8.8-kilometre course in the centre of the British capital to take a memorable win in front of his home fans. The victory was all the more sweet for the 22-yearold as it came in his first race as British National Time Trial champion, debuting the jersey in fine style with a time of ten minutes and 14 seconds. Sky’s Steve Cummings finished safely on the final stage(8B) of the Tour of Britain in London to secure an impressive second overall. The Brit had a comfortable run to the finish after his exploits in the earlier time trial had seen him gain three places on the leaderboard, ending the race 36 seconds off the race Mark Cavendish takes the final stage just ahead of teammate Renshaw winner Lars Boom. The Rabobank rider was a model of consistency throughout the race despite coming up against a hard-charging Geraint Thomas and leaves the UK with the IG Markets winners gold jersey. Thomas was again in the mix for the sprint and took fourth on the final stage, securing the points jersey as the race came to a head over 10 laps on the streets of London, culminating in a bunch sprint. With the Team Sky riders finishing safely in the bunch the squad were confirmed as winners of the teams classification, taking a convincing victory of one minute and 28 seconds over their nearest rivals. At the finish it was Mark Cavendish who took the bunch kick, leading home HTC-Highroad team-mate Mark Renshaw on wet roads to take his second victory of the race. Seve Trophy 2011 GB&I 15.5-12.5 Continental Europe On another hot but breezy Sunday afternoon at the Cartama Oval Fuengirola won the toss and elected to bat. Fuengirola made 139 in 25 overs, a very acceptable run rate of 5.5 an over. However the key to their demise were four absolutely stunning catches made by the Combined Colleges fielders. All four were going at bullet speed and would have impressed any Test Match crowd. The pick of the four was made by Brian Barrett who hung on to what would have been a certain boundary six if it hadn't been for his cat-like reaction to claw it safely into his hands. In reply Combined Colleges made a light work response although not winning as comfortably as they thought on 140/7. This week at the oval Great Britain and Ireland held off a strong challenge to beat Continental Europe 15.5-12.5 on the final day of the Seve Trophy in France. Continental Europe recovered from an overnight deficit of 11.5-6.5 to level the tie at 11.5 points each. But GB&I, led by Paul McGinley, did enough in the (Sunday 25th)Costa del Sol CC take on a challenge from the newly reformed Mijas CC which should be an interesting encounter. If you are interested in playing cricket whatever age,watching,umpiring or sponsoring please contact Tim Meal on 662 233 302 or [email protected]. Nets are available most Saturday mornings so don't be shy..have a go it's CRICKET4ALL. England’s Justin Rose won the BMW Championship by two strokes, giving him a shot at the FedEx Cup's $10 million prize. The first-round leader, Justin Rose, shot 71 to finish off a wire-to-wire win by two strokes over John Senden (69) and by three strokes over Geoff Ogilvy (69). The top three finishers — who began the week outside the top 30 on the points list — were propelled into next week’s Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta. These three best performers all get to play in the season finale, all with a chance to win the FedEx Cup and the $10 million bonus that goes with it. It was a significant personal achievement for Rose, 31, who had held or shared the 54-hole lead seven previous times, but winning just once. After starting strong, opening a five-stroke lead over Senden after consecutive birdies at holes 6 and 7, Rose began to wobble on the back nine. He hit three drives wildly to the right, and his lead shrank to one stroke after a bogey at the par-5 15th hole. But he closed out the win on a very wet day with style, pitching in from 35 feet for birdie on the 17th hole to widen his lead, then ripping his final drive down the middle of the fairway, and hitting a crisp iron shot hole-high from 190 yards to set up an easy par at the brutal 497-yard, par-4 18th hole to finish at 13-under 271. Report by: Tim Meal final matches to wrap up a sixth consecutive win in the trophy. Victory came when Mark Foster sealed a one-up win over Raphael Jacquelin to reach the decisive 14.5point mark. Earlier, David Horsey finished all square against Nicolas Colsaerts to halt Continental Europe's run of five straight wins at the start of the day. Ian Poulter sank a crucial birdie on the 18th to seal a one-up victory over Matteo Manassero, before Foster secured the trophy. The final pairing of the day, Ross Fisher and Peter Hanson, ended all square. "It feels amazing and I'm pleased for the boys," said Foster. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in sports flash Sports “Mr Aintree” Ginger McCain dies aged 80 Ginger McCain, trainer of the legendary Grand National winner Red Rum, has died aged 80 after suffering from cancer. McCain guided "Rummy" to three victories and two second places in a five-year period during the 1970s. He won a fourth National with Amberleigh House in 2004. McCain's wife Beryl said: "Donald - Ginger as we all knew him - passed away peacefully in his sleep after a short illness this morning (Monday) - he would have been 81 on Wednesday.” Sporting Stuttering win for England as Ireland impress Ireland will attempt to persuade Ronan O'Gara to shelve any retirement plans after he hinted that he would quit international duty after the World Cup. O’Gara told Irish television after Saturday's stunning 15-6 win over Australia that he would be "done with Ireland in a few weeks". However, Ireland team manager Paul McNaughton said that the fly-half would be "encouraged to stay on". The other home nations had good wins at the weekend. Wales beat Samoa 17-10, Samoa led 10-6 at the break through an Anthony Perenise try and Paul Williams' conversion and penalty. James Hook kicked two first-half penalties for Wales and Rhys Priestland two more after the break. Wales wing Williams sealed victory 15 minutes from the end with a vital try. It was Wales' first World Cup win over the islanders in three attempts, having lost to them in Cardiff at the 1991 and 1999 tournaments and left Samoa needing to beat Fiji and reigning champions South Africa in their remaining games if they are to progress. But after an opening 1716 defeat by South Africa, this victory has set up Warren Gatland's side for a possible quarter-final against Ireland. England beat Georgia 41-10 in their Pool B World Cup match in Dunedin but the stuttering nature of the performance will be of concern to manager Martin Johnson. VICTORIA £99 per week Fully inclusive No hidden extras Delivery & Collection Gatwick Airport only Tel: 0044 1293 432155 Fax: 0044 1293 402600 JUST DO IT ONCE! after before Painting & Small reforms, Rendering, Plastering...... Kitchen, Bathroom, all around the house, inside and out. All trades. Reliable. All work guaranteed. 633 745 305 Fully registered First for Quality First for Choice air Conditioning ServiCing & repairS oFFiCial panaSoniC Centre top quality installations from €595 Coin meters to control electric consumption €300 no obligation quotations and advice - all makes SPOTLIGHT boxing Georgia, ranked 16th in the world, dominated the breakdown before halftime and forced England into a host of infringements, England giving away six penalties in the first 15 minutes and lucky to still have 15 men on the pitch, but Kvirikashvili missed two very makeable penalties in quick succession as Georgia were unable to take advantage of significant territorial advantage. Centre Shontayne Hape scored two tries for England before the break, while Georgia number eight Dimitri Basilaia touched down to make it 17-10 at half-time. But England's superior fitness told in the second half, with Delon Armitage, Manu Tuilagi and Chris Ashton (two) going over for tries to secure a bonuspoint win. Last year's series win in South America means Scotland go into the vital World Cup showdown with Argentina on Sunday in good shape, according to Gregor Townsend. "The loser is going to find it tough to get into the next stage of the tournament," said the attack coach. "But I believe the team we've got is more than capable of delivering the huge performance that we'll need. flip of a coin helps heating engineer to unlikely Prizefighter title Even the referee looked shocked as Mayweather landed the blows Controversy as Mayweather wins American Floyd Mayweather claimed the WBC welterweight title with a controversial victory over Victor Ortiz in Las Vegas – before getting involved in an ugly spat with HBO's Larry Merchant. interview with Merchant. Mayweather knocked out Ortiz at the end of the fourth round to extend his unbeaten record to 42 fights. But the 34-year-old landed the knockout blows while Ortiz was not ready after being penalised for a headbutt seconds earlier. Just before the bell to end the fourth round Ortiz had Mayweather on the ropes for a third time, only to be penalised for a headbutt. Merchant replied: “I wish I was 50 years younger and I'd kick your a.” The 24-year-old then seemed to be apologising and was not protecting himself as Mayweather landed two punches – the second a big right hand – to end the fight. “I got hit by a dirty shot. The rule is protect yourself at all time,” Mayweather insisted in a post-fight DEAD FLOOR? BRING IT BACK TO LIFE! Marble Restoration Service and Floor Polishing TONY’S Call for a truly professional long lasting high gloss finish at a realistic 620 726 875 price Your satisfaction is my motivation Ring for quotation without obligation ELECTRICIAN The specialist for new & rewiring of Bars, restaurants, businesses & houses [email protected] When Merchant tried to press Mayweather about the controversial ending, the boxer raged: “You never give me a fair shake. You don't know s** about boxing.” Speaking at a post-fight press conference, Mayweather later added: “I was always told to protect yourself at all times. My mouth was split open. I said keep it clean. Once you touch gloves, it is go time. “We came together to fight. It is fight time. You want to do me dirty and then two minutes later you want to be my friend? This is the hurting business.” Ortiz, for his part, said of his headbutt: “I fouled Floyd, I apologised in the ring and apologised after the fight as well. I would really like the rematch. “I thought the ref (Joe Cortez) called a break and I am pretty sure he did and then I was like ‘whoa, whoa’, and then I woke up after.” Mayweather also shrugged off renewed calls for a superfight with Manny Pacquiao, insisting his Filipino rival “has to get his business in order” before the two can meet. The Depot Andalucian Freight UK SPAIN IRELAND International & Local Removal Specialists Best prices on the Costa del Sol Packing materials sold Contact lynne or alison in the airflow offices tel: 952 443 222 Projects & Certiﬁcates provided for legal electrical connections C ALL F RANK	Assured Food Standards
The so-called 'spade hacker' - a 75 year-old Georgian woman digging for copper scrap - accidentally cut off the internet connection for five hours in April 2011 for the entire 3.2m population of which bordering nation?	Clearer Labelling Starts On Farm With Red Tractor - Farming Monthly National Clearer Labelling Starts On Farm With Red Tractor Tweet Assured Food Standards (AFS) has completed a major project to deliver a more joined up approach and clearer labelling to the Red Tractor farm assurance schemes. From April this year the schemes 45,000 farmers and growers will implement these standards that are aligned across all farm sectors for the first time. The review is designed to make sure there is more consistency across the standards in the Red Tractor family and consistency behind the Red Tractor logo that all the sector schemes support. As part of this new approach AFS has re-branded the current standards as Red Tractor Farm Assurance, to highlight the logos direct link with product marketing under the Red Tractor banner. All farmers and growers in the scheme will receive new manuals to help them meet industry standards for their sector. Chief Executive of Assured Food Standards David Clarke said: Promotion of assured food to consumers using the Red Tractor logo is getting an ever-increasing profile and it is essential that all sector standards include the same core values. It is important for the future of the Red Tractor that we continue to evolve our farm standards and share our values right across the food chain. British food is world class. It is produced on farms that are well-managed, by highly professional, well-qualified and caring producers. Certification to the Red Tractor scheme standards allows farmers and growers to demonstrate to their customers that they meet nationally agreed levels of best practice, which are second to none. David Clarke added; Re-branding the schemes will link the farm logo with the consumer Red Tractor logo and help shoppers identify that the products they are buying are from a Red Tractor farm. The Red Tractor logo is going from strength to strength with more than 10 billion worth of products currently carrying the quality assurance mark. New funding from the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board will help to deliver strong messages about the quality and standards of production across the food chain. NFU President Peter Kendall said: The alignment of farm standards along with the new funding from the AHDB will help to achieve clearer messages about the quality and standards of production by our committed farmers and growers. It is vital that our agricultural and horticultural products, which are produced to high, independently inspected standards, are distinguishable in the market place by the Red Tractor logo. This is even more pertinent after the publication of the Governments Food Vision which is encouraging consumers to buy British and supports our calls for clearer labelling. All assured farmers will receive the new manuals together with newsletters by February 2010. These new standards will be effective for farm inspections from April 1 2010. Producers can see any updates that might affect them at the Red Tractor website ( www. redtractor.org.uk/standards ). For further information please contact Debbie Cawood at Assured Food Standards on 020 7630 3320	i don't know
Kebero, tabor, bodhran and cajon (pronounced cahon) are types of which musical instruments?	Issue 198 by East Cork Journal (page 54) - issuu issuu 44 Wednesday, July 6th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal 54 TEL. (021) 4630066 WITH OUR 4 4 7 24 23 SARAH MOYNIHAN, KILLEAGH 17. Top-up drink (6) 21. Amusing (7) 22. Fashion (5) 23. Aromatic flavouring (7) DOWN 2. Temperature scale (10) 3. Told (8) 4. Pain (4) R Test your concentration with this word ladder 19 Congratulations to last week’s winner: ACROSS 1. Disgrace (7) 7. One of mankind (5) 8. Chaos (7) 9. Underground r oom (6) 11. Last (5) 13. Legend (4) 14. Instruct (7) 15. Without hair (4) 16. Power of reason (5) Y E 5. Large (4) 6. Handle roughly (4) 9. Play unfairly (5) 10. Expect (10) 12. Student (5) 13. Recollections of the past (8) 18. Failure (4) 19. Noisy (4) 20. Grumble (4) ANSWERS TO LAST WEEK’S CROSSWORD: ACROSS: 1.Chapter 7.Media 8.Hammock 9.Solemn 11.Tweed 13.Hint 14. Economy 15.Stud 16. Frock 17. Brandy 21. Penguin 22. Filth 23. Dignity. DOWN: 2. Head waiter 3. Pampered 4. Each 5. Zero 6. Rice 9. Stool 10. Manuscript 12. Poppy 13.Hydrogen 18.Avid 19. Duty 20. Kepi. Name: ______________________________ Address: ____________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Tel (mobile):______________________________ Home:_______________________________ Entries to East Cork Journal, 1st Floor, Watersedge, Riverside Way, Midleton B I K E Five Minutes - Five Questions 1. Kebero, tabor, bodhran and cajon (pronounced cahon) are types of which musical instruments? 2. Porifera, meaning 'pore bearer' is a marine life-form better known by what name, now strongly associated with its traditional human use? 3. Which professional undertaking begins with the words ‘I swear by Apollo...?’ 4. When an orchestra tunes up before playing, what instrument conventionally provides the initial 'A' guide note? 5. The Roscher System and the Henry Classification System are used by the police for what? Answer to last week’s Medium 3 ANSWERS TO WORDGAMES: 1. TERABYTES 2. BAKE SAKE SAGE ANSWERS: 1. Drums 2. Sponge 3. Hippocratic Oath 4. Oboe 5. Fingerprint- 2	Drum kit
Porifera, meaning 'pore bearer' is a marine life form better known by what name, now strongly associated with its traditional human use?	The News Newspaper - Issue 142 - Documents The News Newspaper - Issue 142 Share The News Newspaper - Issue 142 Embed <iframe src="http://docslide.us/embed/the-news-newspaper-issue-142.html" width="750" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="http://docslide.us/documents/the-news-newspaper-issue-142.html" title="The News Newspaper - Issue 142" target="_blank">The News Newspaper - Issue 142</a></div> size(px) The News Newspaper - Issue 142 by the-news-newspaper The News Newspaper - Issue 142 Download The News Newspaper - Issue 142 Transcript A Madrid regional government spokesman said only 43 per cent had answered the call though the unions put the figure at between 70 and 80 per cent. The unions called the strikes to protest against longer hours and cuts in the number of supply teachers, which, they say, will affect some 3,000 teachers. But Madrid regional premier Esperanza Aguirre thinks the strikes are not simply about pay and working hours. Stricter fire laws for Mijas After last week’s devastating blaze the council are planning to ban lighting any type of fire all year round P10 UK Self Drive £99 per week Fully inclusive No hidden extras Delivery & Collection Gatwick Airport only CAR HIRE UK VICTORIA Tel: 0044 1293 432155 Fax: 0044 1293 402600 www.thenewsonline.es nthe ews “A cheerful face makes a feast of the simplest meal” Woody Allen Longer hours and cuts - National News Costa del Sol edition Issue 142 www.staysureabroad.com Travel Insurance From 3.69€ Home Insurance Funeral Plans Easy payment options, from 53€ per month Staysure Insurance WE SPEAK YOUR LANGUAGE Private Health Insurance From 49€ per month Buildings & contents From 123€ Staysure.co.uk Ltd is a FSA regulated company. No. 436804. 952 010 017 Calle de Marques del Duero 17 San Pedro de Alcántara, Málaga, 29670 Car Insurance From 230€ CONTINueD ON PAge 2 25.500 copies every week Wednesday, September 21ST 2011 National, International & Worldwide shipping PET TRANSPORT • LOCAL REMOVALS • STORAGE FROM €10 pw UNION JACK REMOVALS ThE ORIgINAL - Established over 30 years Call Jack direct, who will visit you to discuss your removal plans over a coﬀee. MALAGA . MARBELLA . NERJA . ALMERIA . GRANADA . CADIZ . GIBRALTAR . ALICANTE . LA MANGA . MADRID WEEKLY UK - IRELAND SERVICE [email protected] • www.unionjackremovals.co.uk FRANCE . ITALY . PORTUGAL . SWITZERLAND 902 109 560 UK FREEPHONE 0800 321 3499 CASA COIN Legal Administration & Rentals Let us take out the stress of Spanish paperwork and bureaucracy We offer long term rental and maintenance services with a wide selection of properties from €300 - €2000 per month. 622 303 447 [email protected] [email protected] www.casacoin.webs.com NIE & Residencia, IBI, Taxes, Self employment, Conveyancing & contracts, E121, Interpreting, Vehicle name transfers, Driving licences, Taxes, Wills, plus many more services all along the coast & inland. BEST PRICES & SERVICE! The first day of strikes that will be spread out over the next week kicked oﬀ in Madrid on Tuesday, with more than 19,000 teachers in schools across the Community expected to participate. SECURED LOANS 902 585 569 / 652 986 088 NO INCOME CHECKS NO CREDIT CHECKS ON MORTGAGE FREE PROPERTIES FOR ALL URBANISATIONS ROADS AND PARKING AREAS LAID IN ASPHALT 951 242 873 637 179 373 [email protected] ASPHALT AND BLOCKPAVING J R ames idgley PLUS! CRUSHED CONCRETE FOR ROADS, TRACKS CAR PARKS ETC. LAID & ROLLED 300 ton crushed concrete. Available for road, tracks, carparks, etc. Very good for sub-base, can be supplied laid & rolled. For a good free quote in English ring 637 179 373 or in Spanish 673 250 707 �� !" ��#�� !��!�� $ � ��% �&� �� '�� #�� ! ()� + �� ,�� -��!�� %�� %�.� �(�� ,(-. (/'�%�0 �-� -� �� %��(1� 2 � -�� (� (.3 �-4� ��% �-4� 5)��6 TEL: 951 773 598 See Page 10 For Our Summer deals Teachers' strikes heat up election Act, sing and dance Every Saturday for 4-18 year olds 952 900 453 www.stagecoach.es FULLY LICENSED PAWNBROKER FULLY LICENSED GOLD DEALER FULLY LICENSED JEWELLERS AVDA. RAMON Y CAJAL 40 FUENGIROLA, MALAGA 29640 952 588 795 609 529 633 [email protected] ANTHONYS DIAMONDS TOP LONDON PRICES PAID FOR GOLD & SILVER. ESTABLISHED 1983 Esperanza Aguirre told reporters on Tuesday that she wouldn't be surprised if Socialist Party candidate Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba is encouraging the strikes in an attempt to reduce the number of votes the Partido Popular expects to get in Madrid in the November 20th general election. The capital has been a PP stronghold for decades. Sra Aguirre's education councillor, Lucia Figar, echoed her belief during a television interview. She said Sr Rubalcaba and the unions will try to extend the conflict to election day as part of their strategy to try to win Madrid for the Socialists. On Monday, Sra Aguirre had enraged teachers by saying that although education is obligatory and free in certain age groups, “maybe it shouldn't be free and obligatory in subsequent age groups". Free-but- voluntary schooling in Spain is currently available for three-to-16-year-olds, students studying the Baccalaureate and vocational training. She had upset teachers last week by accusing them of complaining about working "just" 20 hours per week — the amount of contact time teachers clock in a working week of 37.5 hours. According to a recent report by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on education in its 34 member countries, Spanish secondary school teachers work fewer hours (1,425 a school year) than the OECD countries' average of 1,660 and spend fewer days in their classrooms – 176 as opposed to 185. There are also fewer pupils per teacher (8.6 to 13.5) and they earn more (€46,000 a year) than their OECD counterparts (€37,000). Meanwhile, teachers in Galicia, Castilla-La Mancha, Andalucia, the Balearic Islands, Castilla- Leon, Extremadura, Murcia and Melilla also took strike action on Tuesday, to be followed by strikes in the other regions in the next few days. Back in the UK Unions have called on a nationwide "day of action" for November 30th, which threatens to disrupt public services across the UK. Strikes, rallies and other events will be held in protest at the government's decision to increase workers' pension contribution payments. If the strikes go ahead it will be the "biggest trade union mobilisation for a generation", said TUC General Secretary Brendan Barber. Chancellor George Osborne has said union leaders are being "deeply irresponsible". He urged unions to "get back to the negotiating table" and make an agreement over public sector pensions. WHAT’S Ph o To G R A Ph Y Ev En T WICKHAM’SORLD By Kym Wickham [email protected] Have you had a look at our fantastic cruise Readers Oﬀers on page 12? They are brilliant value and you can save hundreds of pounds so, if you’re a regular cruiser or if you are someone who has always fancied it - have a look now and make your dreams come true! We had Angels nursing Group come to the oﬃce the other day that supply a service to keep people safe. The general idea is that you have a small box somewhere in your house or apartment and you have a small alarm pendant so that if, for instance, you are taken ill and you either live on your own or everybody else is out and you can’t get help for yourself, you press the alarm which goes through to a central emergency oﬃce and, almost instantly they have who you are, exactly where you live and your total medical history pops up on their screens. If you’re in the house they can talk to you via the box and, if you’ve fallen over at the end of the garden or in the garage they will be able to get help to you plus they will translate anything that needs to be communicated to the ambulance personnel or doctor. I thought this was a good idea for anybody of any age and not just if you’re retired. let’s face it, if you’re on your own at any age, you could trip over the cat or fall ill and be in trouble. neat idea, eh? We will soon be starting a questions and answers section on the Health and Beauty pages so, if you have any beauty problems why not email them to us at [email protected], phone them in to us on 952 454 491, or write to us at the address on page 3 and we’ll do our best to get them answered for you by our in- house expert. I didn’t get to my slimming class last week as I unfortunately had to have one of my cats put to sleep and they come first. Tiggy was 15-years-old and very sick but it’s still not easy. Bad hair day? on e Great British Weekend at Myramar A weekend of all things British including Harry Potter Workshops and find out what Scouting is all about for the kids Friday & Saturday 23rd & 24th Sept. See page 18 for more information. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn General News02 continued from FRONT PAGE WEEKLY WEAThER FoRECAST FoR CoSTA DEL SoL WEATHER MALAGA TEMPERATURES IN ºC TODAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY WEATHER 27 20 26 19 26 19 28 18 26 18 AlMERIA cAdIZ cORdOBA GRAnAdA HuElVA JAEn MAlAGA SEVIllA 28 19 29 18 32 17 29 12 27 18 329 18 27 20 32 18 AndAlucIA TOMORROW AndAlucIA TOdAY Information provided by ANDALUCIA TODAY TEMPERATURES IN ºC Ex h iB iT io nExhibition of photosBy David Douglas Duncan depicting Picasso at work This event closes on the 25th so you’ll need to be quick to catch it. Palacio de Buenavista, Calle San Agustin, 8, Malaga [email protected] Modern Tradition is the name of an exhibition at the Museo Carmen Thyssen in Malaga showing examples of paintings by Monet, Picasso, Matisse & Miró Museo Carmen Thyssen, Calle Compañia 10, Malaga From now until 16th October Call 902 303 131 Teachers' strikes heat up election Madrid is the latest region to adopt the so-called shadow billing (factura sombra, which you're not expected to pay) to show people how much medical attention costs, in the hope that they will use the health services in a more rational way and save money for the regional governments. Shadow bills are already being handed out in selected hospitals in Andalucia, Valencia and Galicia, with mixed results. Some hospitals have reported that they confuse patients, especially the older ones, who think they're expected to pay amounts of money they can't afford. Others see just how much their “free” medical care is costing the authorities and are beginning to resist the temptation to rush to the local health centre at the first spasm of pain. Health experts say that as long as older patients can be made to understand what the billing is all about, it will eventually achieve the desired results. They point out that people resisted recycling when it was introduced but now make the effort to sort out their garbage. The same will happen with shadow billing. Most operations can't be avoided but many visits to “Urgencias ” are not really necessary and could be dealt with by local health centres, saving the authorities €122. Other costs: childbirth €1,603, ultrasound €63, a cataract operation €1,399, a colonoscopy €202 and at the top of the scale, heart attack treatment €4,953. Billing to educate patients and save money Foreign Minister Trinidad Jimenez is standing in for Prime Minister José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero at the UN General Assembly in New York this week. It is the first time the PM has missed the sessions since 2004 when he made his UN début launching his so-called Alliance of Civilisations initiative. Sr Zapatero will attend the last control session in Parliament this Wednesday and the last normal session on Thursday before Parliament is dissolved on September 27th to free members for the political campaigns ahead of the November 20th general election. wednesday, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nNational News 03the ewsn National News ON THISDATE IN 1998 Bill Clinton's testimony about his relationship with a young female assistant is released The News Media Group THE EWS N MEDIA GROUP the news Media group The Coin News Group S.L. C/ Vicario nº34-36, 2nd Floor - Oﬃce C 29100 Coin (Malaga) executive editor: Kym Wickham design and layout: Damian Merino advertising manager: Geoﬀ Heading advertising sales: Susan Kerrigan accounts: COHESA contributors / colaboradores: Martin Delfín - Cathy Stronach Pete Woodall - Andrea Maclean Mike Kerrigan - Muriel Pilkington Ricky Leach - Alan Hill Valerie Mitchell The News is a free and independent newspaper distributed weekly and edited by The Coin News Group S.L. The News is independent of political parties, private interests and/or government. Our policy is to provide readers with a news and information service that is fair, accurate and balanced. The Coin News Group S.L. accepts no responsibility for the claims or content of any letter, editorial, article, advertorial or advertisement. No part of this newspaper may be reproduced in part or whole without written permission from the publishers. tel: (0034) 952 45 44 91 Fax: (0034) 952 45 44 41 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.thenewsonline.es Deposito Legal: GR 2794-2008 nthe ewsMEDIA GROUP Govt calls for 'intolerance' 952 451 318 952 453 699 [email protected] COHESA CONSULTING ASESORES Company set-ups, payroll, accountancy & book keeping. 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FACT: No other air conditioner has all these features! www.koldairspain.com After the deaths of three women over the weekend, the government's delegate for gender violence, Miguel Lorente, said official institutions and organisations, and Spanish society itself, should not “tolerate the fear and shame” of the victims of gender violence. Sr Lorente also said that to confront this “social evil”, it is necessary to question the social model that, in his opinion, “generates lop- sided relations of power”. Two women died at the hands of their partners on Sunday – one in Arona, Tenerife, and the other in Lora de Rio, Sevilla province. The body of the third woman who had disappeared in Amposta, Tarragona province, last Thursday, was found the same day. The partners of all three women are under arrest. The deaths came after the launching of a new campaign by the Health Ministry called “Don't jump the signals, choose life,” a play on words where signals in this case refer to those that indicate a couple's relations could end in violence. Forty-four women have been killed so far this year. Upstairs Opp. Dunnes Stores. Las Rampas Fuengirola. 696 818 595 Royal Mail Post service now available GREETINGS CARDS, HELIUM BALLOONS, PARTY DECORATIONS For all your dressing up and party goods.For all your dressing up and party goods. Bars & restaurants - we have all your party decs.Bars & restaurants - we have all your party decs. we can deliver heliuM Balloons every daywe can deliver heliuM Balloons every day including sundays.including sundays. the party people!! Information & Reservations Tel: 952 112 123 2 minutes from La Trocha towards Cartama at Km 9 www.lesliesbistro.com Now open from 9am - midnight, 7 days a week. Last food orders 9.30pm Mike &Andreawelcomeyou! 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All of our favourite offers now available every day SATURDAY OCTOBER 29TH Fancy Dress Halloween Party New winter opening hours & Menu Kitchen open 9am, last orders 9.30pm, close midnight Bookings now being taken for Christmas WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn National News04 More than 1,000 people who were forced out of their homes on Sunday as a forest fire raged just 20-odd kilometres from Formentera, the capital of Ibiza, were allowed to return after the blaze was brought under control on Monday afternoon. Only one of the 800 houses scattered around the golf course at Roca Llisa was destroyed. The gardens, porches and walls of another six were slightly burned. It was the second serious fire on the island this summer. Residents return home after fire The other candidates running in the November 20th general election are using party rallies as a way of getting their message across but Rosa Diez of the Union, Progress and Democracy party (UP&D) is also adding a personal touch. She has set aside Tuesday mornings to meet members of the public at the party's headquarters in Madrid to deal with their questions and concerns about the political situation. Thirty- five people turned up last week for the first session, most of them from Madrid and surrounding towns but one woman doctor had travelled all the way from Cadiz. She was among the 15 Sra Diez saw that morning and the remaining 20 were given appointments for this week. According to the news reports, they all went away happy, even those who would have to return. A UP&D spokesman said the effort was worthwhile because the people who go away satisfied after talking to the candidate will end up convincing family and friends to vote for her as well. 'Meet the public' plan a success The Ministry of Health said on Saturday that it does not believe the Roche pharmaceutical company will stop supplying medication to Spanish hospitals as it has done in Greece, because of the money it is owed there. Roche president Sverin Schwan said in an interview published in the Wall Street Journal on Saturday said the company may cut supplies to other countries, and specifically mentioned Spain. A Ministry source said steps had already been taken to guarantee that the health service would continue operating normally. “Spain is not Greece”, he added. Patients 'needn't worry' As many as 5,000 Harleys could be taken off the roads following the detection of a scam used by some importers to send Harleys bought in the US to privately-owned MOT centres in Spain that have been willing to overlook the legal requirements for vehicles here. Infuriated Harley owners who have paid upwards of €16,000 for their machines, claim Harley Davidson España is trying to stop second-hand imports in order to sell more motorbikes through its official dealers. The company has categorically denied this: "The police have detected that some MOT centres are giving imported second-hand Harleys a bill of health when they have not been adapted to Spanish norms," a company spokesman said. "It has nothing to do with us." He added: “"We understand that some people like to get bikes from the US because they think of them as more authentic. There is no problem with imported second-hand bikes as a whole, only with illegal ones." Importers stressed they follow the guidelines and change everything that has to be changed before taking the bikes to the MOT to make them legal to ride. They said one or two bikes might get through without being properly adapted – but not as many as 5,000. Spain is one of the top markets in Europe for Harleys which became a cult machine here as a result of the 1969 classic road movie Easy Rider, starring Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper. Most Harley owners are in their forties or older, but younger Spaniards are also beginning to show an interest. Barcelona has become the European city in which most new Harleys are sold. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nNational News 05the ewsn N EWS IN BRIEF The Cabinet has restored the wealth tax that was put on hold in 2007 but it is not quite clear just how many people will have to pay it. Public Works minister José Blanco has said 90,000 wealthy individuals will have to contribute but Economy minister Elena Salgado put the number at an estimated 160,000 people with assets of over €700,000. The tax is expected to bring in over €1 billion, which will be used to create jobs for young people. Wealth tax approved MADRID Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] The Guardia Civil were called in last week to referee a dispute between Mayor Aurelia Palomares and, she claimed, a majority of townspeople who wanted the Virgin of Tejeda to wear a wig for her annual procession through the town, and the opposing party led by the local priest. The Virgin had always worn a wig in the past and the mayor said “a priest can’t change that because it suits him”. The Guardia backed the mayor and the Virgin duly went out bewigged. Much ado about a wig CUENCA The people of the province donated €21 million to the Spanish Red Cross last year, making it the most generous of all the country’s regions. Deputy president Fernando del Rosario said that some of the money went to earthquake- stricken Haiti and some to refugee camps in Tanzania and the Sudan. But he admitted that a considerable amount was used at home to help the unemployed. Sr Rosario said the economic situation was forcing the charity to create new strategies for dealing with it. e most generous region ALICANTE www.markdentalclinic.com 1000s of Harley- Davidsons threatened The Unified Guardia Civil Association (AUGC) is opposed to a measure approved by the government to raise the agents' retirement age to 65 until problems affecting the institution are solved. An AUGC statement said the government was once again patching over the institution's real problems without having studied them in depth. It said the retirement age could not be raised without specifying the positions agents older than 50 – the age at which they can currently retire – should occupy. “The very idea of a 50-year-old Guardia being able to run after a delinquent 30 years younger and catch him is simply too ridiculous for words.” Guardia against later retirement WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn World News06 World News ON thIs dAtE IN 1931 Britain went oﬀ the gold standard. Rescue workers in the Indian state of Sikkim are struggling to reach victims of Sunday's powerful Himalayan earthquake. The magnitude 6.9 quake struck the mountainous state of Sikkim at 18:10 (12:40 GMT) on Sunday and was followed by two strong aftershocks. More than 70 people were killed, at least 40 of them in Sikkim. The quake was felt elsewhere in India, as well as in Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan. The earthquake triggered numerous landslides which crushed homes and blocked roads. Troops and road workers managed to restore the main highway linking Sikkim with the rest of India, but elsewhere explosives are being used to unblock roads. Officials said the biggest challenge is reaching those villages in the most isolated areas amid fears that people may still be trapped under debris. Similar efforts were under way in Nepal and Tibet. Nepal's government said seven people had died, including two men and a child who were killed when a wall of the British Embassy collapsed in the capital, Kathmandu. China's official Xinhua news agency said that seven people had died and 24 others had been injured in Tibet. Landslides have also disrupted power and water supplies. Israel oﬀers peace talks N EWS IN BRIEF Got a story? Got pictures?Send your stories or pictures to The [email protected] A necklace that once belonged to a passenger on the Titanic has been stolen from an exhibition at copenhagen's Tivoli Park. The gold-plated necklace was part of a temporary display of artefacts from the Titanic and Tivoli has oﬀered a €1,000 reward for its recovery. it is believed the necklace belonged to first-class US passenger eleanor Widener, who survived the 1912 sinking. The travelling exhibition includes china, ship’s fittings and other items recovered from the famous disaster in which more than 1,500 people died. Titanic necklace stolen from expo DeNmARK Scientists have cloned a pig which was hailed a hero in 2008 after surviving more than a month under earthquake rubble. Six piglets have been produced with DNA identical to Zhu Jiangqiang, or "Strong-Willed Pig", who survived the 8.0 magnitude quake that rocked Sichuan province. more than 90,000 people died or went missing in china’s worst natural disaster in a generation. He is thought to have survived in the ruins of his sty by chewing charcoal and drinking rainwater. ‘Heroic’ pig cloned cHiNA Australian Foreign minister Kevin Rudd ran into trouble when oﬃcials at mexico city spotted a suspicious liquid in his cabin baggage — a jar of Vegemite. With help from local diplomats, mr Rudd explained that the dark brown paste was his breakfast and was allowed through. Vegemite, similar to marmite, is popular in Australia but is hard to buy abroad. mr Rudd tweeted: "only problem travelling to NY is that they tried to confiscate our Vegemite at the airport. Needed Foreign ministerial intervention." Struggle to get Vegemite on plane mexico Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has oﬀered to hold direct talks with Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas (pictured) at the UN General Assembly in a move aimed at stopping Mr Abbas from launching his UN membership request. T: 952 830 503 M: 630 625 085 or 650503088 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB: www.eliteglasscurtains.com ELITE GLASS CURTAINS S.L., POLIGONO ELVIRIA 26, MARBELLA 29600 References available upon request. From quotation to installation you can be sure of a fi rst class product and services from Elite Glass Curtains. For your FRE E no obligation quotation call now on: • Protect and reduce the effect of dust, wind, noise and rain. • Create an all year round usable terrace. • Frameless glazing system. • Undisturbed views. • Specialist in manufacturing glass curtains. • Trade and commercial welcome. • • SPECIALIST MANUFACTURERS AND INSTALLERS OF GLASS CURTAINS Rescuers struggle to reach quake victims A week of heavy rain has caused floods and landslides which have so far killed at least 57 people and forced more than a million from their homes. Officials said 12.3 million people were affected in Sichuan, Henan and Shaanxi provinces — in the south-west, centre and north of China. They said the flooding in Sichuan was expected to be the worst since records began in 1847. Crops have been damaged, harvests have been delayed and more than 120,000 houses have collapsed. Economic losses are estimated at £1.7 billion, the Ministry of Civil Affairs said. China continues to be badly affected by flooding every year. Last year's floods — the worst in a decade — killed or left missing more than 4,000 people. China floods kill dozens Mr Abbas said he was willing to meet Mr Netanyahu but was determined to push ahead with a bid for UN recognition of a Palestinian state. The US and Israel oppose the bid and there has been intense diplomacy to avert a crisis over the move. Peace talks between the Palestinians and Israel broke down a year ago. The Palestinians are seeking international recognition of their state based on the borders that existed in 1967, which would give them the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. Israel and the US have said a Palestinian state can only be achieved through direct negotiation, but the Palestinian leadership says this approach has got them nowhere. Mr Abbas has said he will launch the process on Friday, when he submits a written request to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon after his address to the General Assembly. UN recognition would have largely symbolic value, but the Palestinians argue that it would strengthen their hands in peace talks with Israel, especially on the final status issues that divide them. These are the precise location of the border, the status of Jerusalem, the right of return of Palestinian refugees, water, and security. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nWorld News 07the ewsn Service members can now reveal they are gay without fear of investigation or discharge. The US Congress voted last year to repeal the law, which was introduced in 1993 under the Clinton administration. Under the policy, gay people were permitted to serve as long as they did not openly acknowledge their sexual orientation, while commanders were not allowed to ask. Pentagon press secretary George Little told reporters on Monday that the Department of Defense was fully prepared for repeal, and that 97% of military personnel had received training on the new law. The armed forces have been accepting applications from openly gay recruits for a number of weeks and will begin processing them now that the new law has taken effect. The military has also published a revised set of regulations, without references to any ban against homosexual service members. Pending investigations, discharges and other administrative proceedings have now been dropped and those who were discharged under the don't ask, don't tell rule are entitled to re-enlist. "Repeal Day" parties have been organised across the country to mark the victory for gay rights. Ban on gays in US military ends European Union countries have "shamefully failed" to help thousands of refugees stranded near Libya's borders, according to Amnesty International. In its report —Europe, Now It Is Your Turn to Act — Amnesty strongly criticises EU governments over their failure to act on the refugee issue. The human rights group said that about 1,000 people are still stranded in Egypt's Saloum camp and another 3,800 people in Tunisia's Choucha camp. The refugees are living in "harsh conditions" and cannot go back to their home countries because they face "a real risk of persecution". Nicolas Beger, director of Amnesty's European Institutions Office, said: the response has been “abysmal”. So far only eight nations of the 27- member EU — Belgium, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Ireland, Norway, Portugal and Sweden — have offered to take less than 700 refugees. 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CLEARANCE RANGE 90 x 190 beds €295 a pair 135 x 190 €175 150 x 190 €195 150 x 200 €225 Above mattresses with slat base 3 seater plus 2 seater sofas from €495 the pair - WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn UK News08 HELLE HOLLIS VIP CAR RENTAL CLUB We offer our members MASSIVE savings on Car hire for you, your family & friends IT’S FREE - JOIN TODAY, SAVE TOMORROW! • 15% DISCOUNT off car hire cost • Fair Fuel Policy - ONLY pay for what you use • A 15% discount for members FRIENDS AND FAMILY who quote the members club number • 10% ADDED BONUS discount for ALL members for use against next years car rental • FREE Fast Lane Service - no waiting upon arrival • FREE Upgrade offer - pay 15 days in advance and we will upgrade your car! • Extra driver - FREE • Plus many other DISCOUNTS on Green Fees and tourist attractions on the coast Call us on 952 245 544 or log on www.hellehollis.com Find us at Malaga Airport & Fuengirola JOIN T ODAY IT’S FR EE! UK News Carniceria 9.30am till 4.30pm Tues / Fri - 8.30am till 2pm Sat 41, Calle Blas Infante, Alhaurin el Grande. Call Martin for telephone orders on 671 464 400 Ye Ole’ Butchery (under completely new ownership) OPEN for the sale of high quality traditional English cuts of beef, lamb, pork and chicken and their Deli counter serving a selection of cooked meats, ham, turkey etc and cheeses, cream, butter, sauces and condiments. Home delivery now available. UK FOOD SUPPLIES Great choice from your local store! Spend €10 or more and we pay for 1 hour parking in ice rink Open seven days a week Alhaurin 952 597 282 - Arroyo 952 566 315 BRITISH SUPERMARKETS We stockPukka Pies, Quorn& Weight Watchersproducts 4 CURRY PIES €1.95 S.FRIED CHICKEN PORTIONS 500g €2.50 FAMILY RHUBARB CRUMBLE 1.25 kg €3.95 FAMILY CHERRY PIE 2 FOR €1.95 BREADED COD FISH CAKES 700g €1.95 250m2 store in Alhaurin el Grande NEW SHOP, Now opened in Arroyo Benalmadena next to the ice rink Graeme Eden, 31, has been jailed for seven years and banned from driving for ten years by Judge Brian Foster at Newcastle Crown Court for causing the death of a passenger, his long-term partner Victoria Little, 30. She was the mother of a nine-year-old girl, worked as a carer and died from multiple injuries sustained after he lost control of the car while “accelerating violently past a roundabout” in his Toyota GT4. The crash happened in November 2010 on the A183 Chester Road, Penshaw near Sunderland. Eden has never passed his driving test but owned high performance cars which he had a habit of driving at speeds beyond his capabilities. His partner's mother Sheila Bainbridge had previously warned him to slow down when she accompanied him in the Celica when driving on the same stretch of road. She said he was a speed freak and that he had driven so recklessly on that occasion that she felt sick afterwards. "Despite my shouting and screaming he would not slow down," the court heard she told police. "He would not take any notice of what I was saying as an experienced driver." Eden had previously caused the death of a pillion passenger, John Hancock, on his Yamaha 600 motorbike in 2002 after drinking ten pints of lager the previous evening at a biker rally. He died after they both came off the bike when he hit a wall. On that occasion he was convicted of causing death by careless driving under the influence of alcohol. Glen Gatland, prosecuting, said: "Eden was a learner driver driving a potent and fast motorcar showing off in adverse conditions to his long-time partner and that behaviour caused her untimely death." Eden of Halesworth Drive, Sunderland, did not react as he was sentenced. No test lout kills again ird fire victim dies Mark Crook, 39, the third victim of an arson fire in Chatham, Kent, has died in East Grinstead Hospital. The fire also claimed the lives of his daughter Melissa, aged 20 and her 15-month-old son Noah the previous week. His wife Amanda, 49 and son Bohdan, 21, had also been injured in the blaze but had been released from hospital following treatment. Melissa’s estranged husband Danai Muhammadi, 23 and his friend, Farhad Muhmud, 35, had already been charged with two counts of murder and it is expected that the charge will be amended to include the death of Mr Crook. Muhammadi’s girlfriend, Emma Smith, 21, has been charged with conspiracy to murder and arson with intent to endanger life. All three have been remanded in custody to appear in court for a plea hearing on November 25th. A fourth man was released on police bail pending further enquiries. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nUK News 09the ewsn N EWS IN BRIEF 11-month-old conjoined twin girls, Rital and Ritag Gbora were finally separated after four operations at Great ormond Children’s Hospital London. The twins who were born in Khartoum, Sudan to Abdel Majeed, 31 and wife Enas, 27, who are both doctors, arrived in the UK in April. The parents contacted the charity Facing The World for help to find the right people to carry out the operation on the girls who were suﬀering from cranipagus and Ritag’s heart was failing. The craniofacial team led by David Dunaway donated their services and the girls had two operations in May including the insertion of tissue expanders. The final operation to separate them gave them a 10,000,000 to one chance of both girls surviving but it was announced on Monday that within days they had been transferred to a general ward and were playing happily as usual together. The parents said: We are very grateful to be able to look forward to being able to return home with two healthy separate girls. The charity said: “Their laughter and delight in their new world has been an inspiration throughout all the months of worry.” Twins separated LoNDoN Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] Jonathan Dixon, the 40-year-old bouncer at a club in New Zealand, has been arrested and charged with obtaining CCTV footage for dishonest purposes after footage spread around the world of Zara Phillips’ new husband being kissed on the head by a blonde during down-time on their ruby tour. It has been reported that the girl was an old friend and that Zara is not worried by it. Dixon has been remanded on bail. Bouncer arrested UK UK More strikes Strikes are being planned for November by police, ambulance service personnel and teachers following the row about pensions. Protecting his family Homeowner Vincent Cooke, 39, had two men break into his home in Bramhall, Stockport — an affluent area of mostly large, detached houses. At the time the two men broke in, Mr Cooke was home alone and was threatened by the intruders. Then his wife Karen and their twelve-year-old son returned while the incident was in progress and one of the intruders, reported to be a man named Raymond Jacob (although police have not confirmed the name) was stabbed by Mr Cooke. Mrs Cooke and their son escaped unharmed and the other intruder fled the scene in a white Citroen van. He was later arrested. An ambulance was called to the scene where paramedics tried to revive the injured intruder but he was pronounced dead. Mr Cooke was then arrested on suspicion of murder. A neighbour said that the family hadn’t lived in the area for very long adding: “I can’t imagine anything like that happening here. If you have children though, you will do anything to protect them and your home.” For the first time ever, Coin was the subject of a news story in The Telegraph last week under the title 'Electricity cut off to Spanish town over unpaid bills'. Coin council owes €280,000 to Endesa which has cut off the electricity supply to certain public buildings and areas. As the article points out, the situation in Coin is illustrative of what is happening in hundreds of towns across the country which are on the verge of bankruptcy and are struggling to pay council workers' wages, let alone any other bills. New mayor Fernando Fernandez (Partido Popular) has managed to pay his workers half of this months wages and hopes to pay the rest at the end of the month. Last week, he announced that he was calling in independent auditors to find out exactly what the last Socialist council did with the town's money. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Inland & Coastal News10 Local News On This daTE in 1964 Malta gained independence from Britain. Tel. 952 588 731 C/ El Troncon, 14 behind the main Fuengirola Post Oﬃce [email protected] Fantastic selection of GreetingFantastic selection of Greeting Cards, gifts and party goods.Cards, gifts and party goods. Plus Royal Mail postal servicePlus Royal Mail postal service & passport renewals& passport renewals It belonged to a company based in Cordoba and was on its way to the Infoca fire fighting base in Alhama in Almeria as a substitute for another helicopter which was being overhauled. The company said the helicopter had been completely overhauled and serviced on September 7th and at press time was unable to give a cause for the crash. The helicopter burst into flames on impact. Two bodies were found inside it but the third one had been thrown clear and was not found until a few hours later. ree killed in helicopter crash Three people died when a Bell-42 helicopter crashed in La Peza, Granada province, on Monday. Losing cities create network This will include smoking, as well as barbecues and bonfires. Town planning councillor Manuel Navarro said home owners in the campo would have to keep their land clear of dry vegetation and this would also apply to gardens in the urban area. He said firefighters last week had been hampered by fences and other barriers and said all properties would be inspected to avoid similar situations in the future. Mijas is one of the top fire- prone areas in the country. Ten years ago, some 700 hectares were devastated by a fire which was started by a car engine blowing up near an area of dry vegetation. Since 1991 records show that there were 415 fires in the Mijas area – an average of 20 a year – out of a total of 4,743 fires in the whole province during the same period. Mijas to have stricter fire laws e Telegraph focuses on Coin Representatives from the five Spanish cities – Cordoba, Zaragoza, Las Palmas, Burgos and Segovia – that were not named European Capital of Culture 2016 on June 28th this year met in the Andalucian provincial capital on Monday to create a network for a joint promotion of their cultural activities to take advantage of the great efforts made by all five to win the title. When the title went to San Sebastian, the five cities had asked for a “recount”, claiming that the decision to choose the Basque city was a political not a cultural one, and that the international jury had been 'leaned on'. However, the ensuing investigation concluded that San Sebastian had won the title fairly and squarely. To avoid the devastation caused by last week's fire, Mijas council intends to ban the lighting of any type of fire in specially protected areas all year round. Fuengirola's municipal tennis centre is to open during the second half of next month. The five-court centre which can seat 1,200 spectators cost €1.1 million to build and its management will be put to tender. The winning company will be expected to create a municipal tennis school. It will also have to build a small clubhouse with a restaurant, a bar and relaxation areas. Tennis club to open next month Foreign Minister Trinidad Jimenez visited Malaga over the weekend to accept the Socialist Party's nomination to head their regional slate for the November 20th general election. Sra Jimenez was born in Malaga in June, 1962, but her father, a judge, was transferred to the High Court in Madrid when she was in her late teens and she has lived there ever since. Hence reporters almost missed her slip of the tongue when she noted the many delays in getting the Malaga Metro up and running. She said that if elected she would do her best to get the metro works completed “en beneficio de los ciudadanos madrileños” (for the benefit of the people of Madrid). She immediately corrected herself, stressing that she knows the province and all its corners very well. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nInland & Coastal News 11the ewsn �� 1#56��1#& �� /#+.��+0(1�%1%+0#52.75�%1/ �740+0)�"174��+6%'0�+&'#5 �061�4'#.+6; �� 999�%1%+0#52.75�%1/ �#��#.#�&'��+,#5��/�� WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Advertising features12 The News Readers Offers 2011 Autumn River Cruising at Amazing Prices Rhine Cruise to Switzerland SAVE £300 per cabin! Magic Moselle Cruise SAVE £300 per cabin! Four Rivers Cruise SAVE £300 per cabin! Rhine Cruise to Switzerland SAVE £500 per cabin! 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Memo from Madrid Martin Delfín Writes for the English language version of The Local Voice Muriel Pilkington With just over eight weeks to go tothe general election onNovember 20th, it's time to start giving more background about the main runners. Foreigners can't vote in a general election, but like everyone else they have to put up with the winner for at least the next four years, so I'm going to concentrate on Mariano Rajoy and Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba. The candidate I like best – Rosa Diez of the Union, Progress and Democracy (UP&D) – doesn't stand a chance of winning but hopefully she'll get more seats this time around. As for the other minority party candidates, usually nationalists, if any one of them were to win I'd be advising you all to pack your bags and run. The very thought of a Catalan or Basque nationalist running the country makes me shudder. Iknow a lot of readers will think I'm allfor Rajoy, and I would be if Zapaterowere still in the running, but I quite like Rubalcaba – I have a soft spot for wily old foxes – and I also believe you shouldn't kick a man when he's down. It will be the biggest upset in democratic voting history here in Spain if he wins, though I suppose some people out there still believe in miracles. But the biggest obstacle in Rubalcaba's way is that he belongs to the same party as Zapatero and an awful lot of people want to bury him and his government as far under as possible. With the opinion polls in hisfavour for months now, Rajoyhas been careful not to put his foot in it. He leaves the more inflammatory remarks to Javier Arenas, who is expected to win Andalucia for the Partido Popular, and he also has two feisty ladies by his side – Castilla-La Mancha premier Maria Dolores de Cospedal and PP parliamentary spokeswoman Soraya Saenz de Santamaria – who are never at a loss for words and just love slinging political mud around, leaving Rajoy's hands clean. In fact, I've always felt that one of Rajoy's biggest drawbacks is that he is too much of a gentleman to be the prime minister of a country where people love a wicked tongue. But he drew out all the big guns onMonday when he presented hisbiography “En Confianza” (In Confidence) to the public. According to the critics, he gives little away about his private life but he's always kept his family out of the limelight. I haven't read the book yet and don't know that I ever will but I gather the key word is moderation. Even when he was a minister in the Aznar government he was a moderate and this trait has distanced him from his former boss, who has been moving steadily to the right since he opted not to run in the 2004 election. However, Aznar and all the PP's bigguns, both past and present, wereamong the 600 people who attended the presentation. And very tellingly, so were all the country's top businessmen. During his speech, Rajoy said dividing people for political ends is very dangerous and that if people could be persuaded to pull together for the good of all, it would be possible to start talking about “optimism” again. That's a far cry from what's been happening here in recent years. Idoubt that Rajoy's expected victoryhas anything to do with politics but alot to do with a desire for change – any change at all – in the hope that things will start getting better. I don't think the Spanish expect a miracle but they definitely need something to lift their spirits. Arecent article in El Pais titled “Whodo the Spanish trust?”reveals thatthey've never trusted so many so little as they do now. Politicians are way down on the list of people to be trusted but they're savvy enough to believe that it's the economic crisis which is eroding the quality of democracy (67 per cent) and not any political party in particular. They also suspect that it's not governments who rule but “the markets”. The Spanish have been learning some hard political and economic lessons recently and we can only hope that their politicians have been learning along with them. The Otegi dilemmaMen of the future With the conviction and sentenceof Batasuna’s longtimespokesperson Arnaldo Otegi, members of the Basque “abertzale” radical movement have been left with a bitter taste in their mouths. Just as the abertzale left was making political inroads, winning support and capturing elected posts throughout the Basque Country and Navarre, the courts delivered a vicious blow. Otegi and four others were found guilty and sentenced to jail terms of up to 10 years last Friday after the High Court found they had been members of ETA or had close ties to the armed terrorist group. The conviction apparently didn’t come as surprise to Otegi. He reportedly left word with the abertzale to continue on their charted course in the hopes of winning more elected posts, and maybe even five seats in parliament, come November 20th, when the general elections are scheduled. El Pais sources say that Otegi has asked them to release a public statement demonstrating their willingness to continue to reject violence and seek peaceful means to finding a political solution for Basque independence. It may not be easy for many abertzalehardliners to follow Otegi’s wishes,even though he has been seen as their unofficial leader. They believe that the courts, and especially the government, are not giving them a chance to demonstrate their commitment to engage in peaceful politics. The Otegi sentence left them staggered; they didn’t believe the High Court would be so hard on him. But past criminal actions cannot be overlooked. As the entire world continues to await some signal from a badly weakened ETA to finally announce its definite surrender after a 50-year violent struggle, there is concern that the Otegi conviction may have put things on the backburner. Now comes the government’sintentions to ensure that theabertzale’s new formation, the Sortu, doesn’t win its appeal before the Constitutional Court to become a legalised party. Prosecutors continue to insist – as they did last April before the Supreme Court, which rejected Sortu’s plans to field candidates in the May 22 local and regional elections – that the formation is ETA’s new political wing. Sortu is struggling to get on the November 20th ballot, and if it is allowed to, it could become a strong political force in the Basque region, wresting power and influence from the conservative Basque Nationalist Party (PNV). This is the abertzale’s dream. Until then, the abertzale will have tomake do with its Bildu coalition –the political force formed though a partnership with the small traditional non-radical parties Eusko Alkartasuna (EA) and Alternatiba last May. It was through Bildu that the radical left was able to capture so many municipalities, including the provincial administrative office in Gipuzkoa last May. Now another non-violent separatist party Aralar has said that it will join the coalition for the upcoming race. Judging by Bildu’s success at the ballotbox, the abertzale hardliners may findthemselves cooling down a bit and looking to form similar partnerships with less radical groups. The problem is that many of the traditional leaders – many long suspected of having ties to ETA – want to be on the November ticket and the government will definitely see to it that their aspirations are quashed. A wealth of confusion The wealth tax, which was passed bythe Cabinet on Friday, is continuingto create a lot of uncertainty. There is some dispute as to the actual number of taxpayers who will have to pay this new rate. At the same time, when the tax was cancelled in 2008, the government made up for the difference to regions, who were sharing in the pot, by giving them €2.1 billion – the same amount the Zapatero government took in the last year the tax was collected. Now Economy Minister Elena Salgado says that there is not enough time to abolish the special financing law and has suggested that the regions would continue to get pay-outs from the special fund. But Socialist candidate Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba corrected her by saying that regions – such as those governed by the Popular Party (PP) which from the start had been against reinstating the wealth tax – that refuse to collect would lose out on their special financing. The government hopes to rake in some €1.08 billion with the tax, which would be in place for this year and in 2012. The new exemption was set at €700,000, up from €120,000 in 2007 the last year it was collected. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nPolitical Update 13the ewsn WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Community News14 Community Liberty Seguros has begun the second wave of its advertising campaign by promoting, for the first time on television, its Home and Business products. This advertising campaign includes the company’s entire product portfolio as opposed to previous campaigns that focused solely on Motor products. Liberty Seguros remains committed to person-to- person customer service through their mediators and brokers. Under the claim "Human Quality", the company chooses to have real people as customer service representatives over the more commonly used recordings. The television ads and radio spots reflect this with a humorous touch by exaggerating the misunderstandings that occur when attempting to communicate with automated customer service recordings, demonstrating the value of working with professional mediators. The new Liberty Seguros adverts will be broadcast on radio and television, incorporating new channels to its strategy and exclusive blocks of advertising space on Tele 5, Antena 3 and La Sexta. With the launch of this campaign, the company aims to be among the top five advertisers in the industry. The campaign will expand the company’s advertising reach and through television alone, will reach 70% of the target audience with its entire product portfolio. "We maintain our commitment in supporting person-to- person customer service through our mediators’ professionalism and work. With this campaign we intend to see our home and business products on TV and hear about our Life products on the radio; expanding our advertising efforts which to date has been limited to our Motor products,” says Pablo Robles, director of Liberty Group Marketing Insurance. The campaign was developed by the agency Remo and continues the "Join the fight against the machines" campaign, which received numerous awards, such as, the award for Best Radio Ad of the Year by Anuncios and Control magazines, the AMPE Gold for best radio campaign of 2009 and the Award for Best Advertising Campaign of the Financial Sector. About Liberty Seguros Liberty Seguros is the leading expatriate insurance provider in Spain with over 150,000 international clients, committed to providing high quality, competitively priced insurance products and services to both personal and business users. Liberty Seguros has been in operation since 2001 and is one of the top 10 insurers in Spain with a total of 1.5 million customers. It is part of the Liberty Mutual Group of Companies, the 5th largest property and casualty insurance company in the US with more than 90 years experience in the sector. To see the TV ads visit: http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=u_jOmGqVdp c&feature=related http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=AVmcBH5dqP c&feature=related For more information on Liberty visit: http://www.libertyseguros. es/ Liberty Seguros renews its media advertising campaign to include Home, Life and Business products Liberty insurance - here for you Happy 65th, Harold of Coin Local Coin man, Harold Rice who is famous for riding around on his horses Lucky and Bullet, was 65- years-old last Friday and had a rip-roaring party to celebrate at his house. Harold is the owner of a full DJ set-up so celebrations took place until the early hours of the morning with music and dancing from all eras until everybody was fit to drop. His wife, Jackie, put on a sumptuous buffet meal for the almost 70 guests, including a huge, fresh paella that was made while people watched, salads of all kinds, a fabulous honey glazed ham, chicken, fresh salmon, prawns, and a cheese board plus all the wine and spirits people could drink! Harold says: “For all those who came to my 65th birthday party, a big thank- you goes to all for the great company and especially for all the gifts you bought: just some memorable ones are a lovely pair of chaps (no not men!) for my horse riding and a matching belt, and not forgetting, of course, a gift of 14 bales of hay from Kym the editor of The News and her hubby Geoff, who also helped out Ian Leslie who produced that huge paella. Guess I will really be the cowboy of the campo now wearing all that gear! It was a night to remember!” ADVERTISING FEATURE WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nCommunity News 15the ewsn Positively Pink is dedicated to education and early detection and their free screening programme ensures that all British women have access to breast screening. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women. It is also one of the most treatable if detected early enough. The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is one in nine. 44,000 women were diagnosed in the UK alone last year. Lorraine Palmer the founder of the charity believes that “early detection is your protection”. This year’s campaign is sponsored by The Hospital Group,The British Surgical Clinic and Medilink in La Cala de Mijas — all local healthcare businesses who have an ethos of “Working together with our local community because your health really does matter”. It has seen a gold standard screening process that includes a physical examination and medical history followed by a mammogram or ultrasound or, in some cases, both. The scheme started in mid-July and to date in excess of 200 women have been screened. Over 90 more women are booked in and the service is available until the end of October. Lorraine works tirelessly to ensure that she raises adequate funding so she is able to help as many British women here on the Coast as she can. The main fund raising event is the “Pink Ball” held every October at the fabulous El Oceano Hotel. The Pink Ball will be on Thursday 6th October and promises to be a spectacular evening. For more information on this event call the hotel. Appointments are still available for late September and October so please call Clinica Medicare now on 952 835 776 to take advantage of this amazing opportunity. Editor’s note: I had this done a couple of months ago and there was no fuss, no bother, and no cost — just confirmation that I’m fine. I went through Medilink in La Cala de Mijas. Save your life? We are about to launch a project to create an Association of Freemasons and form a GRAND LODGE of British Freemasons in Spain If you are interested please contact [email protected] Growing up! Well, getting older anyway! COGS Golf Society secretary Andy MacFarlane (pictured left) hit 50 last weekend and to celebrate, had a party at the Sierra Gorda Bistro on Saturday night surrounded by seventy of his friends. Mike and his staff from the Sierra Gorda Bistro produced a buffet of chilli - con-carne with rice, spicey chicken wings, quiches, mini sausage rolls, plus a spinach and cheese dip that was beautifully presented in a hollowed out cottage loaf with chunks of bread to dip. Then to top it all off was a tree of cup-cakes (provided by Maureen)in all colours and flavours. Delicious! Entertainment was provided throughout the evening by Rob Stevens (pictured right). I had heard he was good before the night, but had never actually seen him before. “Good” is nowhere near good enough a word to use for him. He sang everything from Nessan Dorma to Meatloaf and everything in-between, and voice perfect too. Nessan had goose bumps running down people’s spines while Bat out of Hell in full costume had everyone crowding round to get a better view. For both these numbers Rob Stevens got a well-deserved standing ovation — he was magic! A great night out was had by all who went. by Kym Wickham Fantastic result for PAD golf A lovely sunny September Saturday, perfect for golf! Champagne/bucks fizz on the 10th tee, post competition drinks on the shady terrace,a wonderful dinner with auction and live music in the evening — perfect ingredients for PAD's charity golf competition at Miraflores Golf Club on Saturday September 10th. Beautiful golf prizes were presented in late afternoon by Mags Luffingham who is the Vice President of PAD, and the raffle was drawn, featuring a quirky hand-knitted prize — a very large golfing doll complete with club and balls, aptly named "Mr Miraflores". During the dinner Nigel Goldman conducted one of his many superb auctions, in itself raising over €1,000. The committee, the volunteers and all associated with PAD would like to thank all those who contributed so generously to the day, including the sponsors for all eighteen holes, the Miraflores club captains, the bar and restaurant staff, not forgetting the players themselves. They say that their very special thanks, however, must go to Robin Spearman who so ably organised the event for the ninth year running. A master in his field! It was all so worthwhile when the magnificent sum of €5,200 was raised, enabling PAD to continue their ongoing care for the many abandoned cats and dogs who arrive at their gates. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Gibraltar News16 Gibraltar News December 25th Christmas Day December 26th Boxing Day Gibraltar 2011 Bank Holidays Gib fuel prices from Morrisons Is it worth going to Gib with an empty tank? Usually the answer is yes! We check Morrison’s prices each week. Unleaded per litre £1.06 (€1.25) Super unleaded £1.16 (€1.37) Diesel per litre £0.99 (€1.17) The exchange rate used by Morrisons is €1.18 to £1 and the prices are as at noon Tuesday, September 20th. Where can I get my copy of e News? Morrisons, Latinos (Casemates square), Latinos (Main Street), Tourist Centre (Casemates Square), ICC Centre, Newsagents - Albor (Ocean Village), Newsagents - Ocean Village Express, O’Reilley’s (Ocean Village), Bianca’s (Ocean Village) Café Fresco (Ocean Village) If you would like to advertise your business in The News, please call us on 0034 952 454 491 to find out about some fantastic offers we have on this page! TOURIST OFFICES Tourist offices in Gibraltar are located in Casemates Square, the Airport Arrivals Hall, the coach terminus and the cruise terminal and at the frontier. Main Tourist Administration Office Duke of Kent House Cathedral Square, Tel: +350 20074950 e-mail: [email protected] The Gibraltar Tourist Board also operates in London at: Gibraltar Government Office150 Strand,London WC 2R 1JA.Tel: +44 (0) 207 836 0777 email: [email protected] Note: Gibraltar phone numbers consist of eight digits. When phoning from within Gibraltar just dial the eight digits.When phoning from the Costa del Sol and the rest of Spain or from abroad precede the number with the international dialling code which is 00350. Readers oﬀers! The News has teamed up with well-known Gibraltar Cruise specialists M H Bland to be able to offer our readers some fantastic discounts on cruises from now until the end of November. With cruises along the Rhine and into the Moselle and Switzerland why not take a well deserved break and relax on board the fantastic boats that cruise the Rhine? Scenery on these cruises is stunning with soaring mountains and sweeping valleys to drift through while enjoying the full onboard meals that cruises are famous for. The offers include all air fares and transfers from the airport to the boat and the only extra is whatever the airline charges for the luggage you want to take with you and your travel insurance if you haven’t already got it. If you haven’t M H Bland can also arrange that for you! Offers include two different departure dates for a Rhine cruise to Switzerland, a magic Moselle cruise, a four rivers cruise, and three dates to enjoy a Heidelberg and Black Forest Cruise. Savings per cabin with two sharing are from €300 to €500 depending on the cruise, definitely making it worthwhile going on a trial cruise if you haven’t been before – though once you have, most people are absolutely hooked on this form of holidaying! Have a look at the advert on page 12 for further details and book now! Marriage - Gib style You can get married on Gibraltar but there are rules and regulations that have to be followed. Last week we told readers how to go about it. In this, the second part, you will see some other details you will need to consider. Next week we’ll tell you what locations other than the Gibraltar register office are allowed and are suitable for that special day. OTHER DOCUMENTATION In addition to the documentation mentioned in last week’s article, the Registrar may, at his sole discretion, ask for other documents considered necessary. For example, if you are a non-EEA national residing in the EEA, the Registrar may ask you to produce your residence document. MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES If you are a member of the armed forces you will also need to produce your Commanding Officer’s consent in writing. (If you were born or married in the United Kingdom or your spouse passed away in the United Kingdom and you do not have copies of the relevant birth, marriage or death certificates you should contact the General Register Office (GRO) at www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/ to order duly certified replacement copies. MAKING AN APPOINTMENT FOR MARRIAGE To initiate the process you will, in the first instance, need to provide the Gibraltar authorities with the required documentation prior to making a provisional booking for the marriage ceremony. You may do this either by attending their offices in person if you are in Gibraltar or by submitting the documents by email or by post. The offices are open to the public:- Mondays to Fridays 09:00 to 12:45 (mid September to mid June) and 09:00 to 13:00 (mid June to mid September) If you telephone, office hours are: Mondays to Thursdays 08:45 – 17.30 (mid September to mid June) and Fridays 08:45 – 17.15 Mondays to Fridays 08.00 – 14.30 (mid June to mid September) Gibraltar time is GMT+1 (winter) and GMT+2 (summer) so it is the same as Spanish time. Contact numbers and email address are as follows:- Tel : + (350) 200 72289 Fax : + (350) 200 42706 Email [email protected] A provisional booking may be made for ceremonies to be held within a maximum period of one year from the date of the booking. You will need to indicate whether you wish to be married at the Registry or at one of the approved external locations which The News will give you in next week’s article. (Part three next week) The Government of Gibraltar is pleased to announce that, as part of its playgrounds project, the newly refurbished playground at Edinburgh Estate will be opening for use as from 4pm yesterday, Tuesday 20th September. The Gibraltar Sports and Leisure Authority will be responsible for its upkeep – as is the case with the other playgrounds on the Rock. New playground opens Cruise ship arrivals This week sees a few of the big cruise ships arriving at the Port of Gibraltar. Today, Wednesday 21st September, has the arrival of the Prinsendam, while tomorrow, Thursday, the MSC Opera returns. On Saturday 24th, the lovely Azura arrives while on Monday 26th the Port will see the arrival of MSC Orchestra. Next Wednesday, 28th the Oceana arrives and lastly for this month on Friday September 30th, the Grandeur of the Seas arrives. O U T & Your weekly entertainment Guide e Great British weekend at Parque Myramar new play coming up at the salon new season starts for thesPA Written by Jean Joss InsIde thIs week WEDNESDAY, September 21st2011 Your outlook on the World nOut & About 17the ewsn ‘s Show BarRo b St ev en s’ THIS WEEK OPEN: Friday 23rd & Sunday 25th Sept Ladies - Bring this advert with you for a free House Cocktail! Doors open 8pm ‘til late -Admission €5 - booking advisable Show starts promptly at 9:30 Show starts promptly at 9:30 Featuring ROB STEVENS - Man of many faces Featuring ROB STEVENS - Man of many faces and FAYLEY - female vocalist with tributes to and FAYLEY - female vocalist with tributes to Barbra Streisand and Shirley BasseyBarbra Streisand and Shirley Bassey EXCLUSIVE TO PICASSO’SEXCLUSIVE TO PICASSO’S Table Magician 8 - 9pm (subject to bookings)Table Magician 8 - 9pm (subject to bookings) The Costa del Sol’s newest Show Bar Fantasic new venue * waitress service * Premium Spirit & Mixer €4 * Bottled Beer €1.50 - €3 (with bucket discounts) * Cocktails from €3 * Extensive Wine List Local 14, Plaza Ibensa, Benalmadena (under Eduardo’s Restaurant) Call 605 663 335 (mid-day to mid-night) Booking Advisable ABOUT A morning at the market The commercial centre in Coin, La Trocha, is fairly quiet on weekdays but on Sundays the car parks and cafés are seething with visitors to the weekly market. During the weekthere are realbargains to be had in the Corte Ingles discount store, if you have the time and the energy to sort through the crammed racks of clothes on offer. There is also a Dunnes Stores and the CHAIN charity shop on the ground floor is well worth a visit – but what we would give for an inland Iceland! However the“rastrillo” onSunday mornings has really taken off and if you are looking for somewhere to mooch around before lunch it's a great place to be. The La Trocha market has a big advantage since it spreads through the covered car parking area underneath the shops so you can get out of the baking sun in the summer and keep dry in the winter while browsing round the incredible variety of stalls. Here you can buy anything from dog treats to plants, second-hand furniture to medicinal herbs, bric a brac to genuine antiques (though the stall-holder asking 10,000 euros for the life-size “bronze” horse is probably a little optimistic!). There are charity stalls for abandoned animals, the British Legion and African children; you can have your nails done or change your watch battery; have your portrait painted or stock up on your office stationery; buy a new handbag or some fashionable “bling”; sort through second-hand clothes in the hope of discovering designer labels at a fraction of the price or pick up enough reading matter to last the winter at 1 euro a book. You can even bring your dog to be clipped or buy fly spray for your horse! The choice is endless … And it's not just aretail experiencethese days. The Sunday market has, for many, become a social occasion to meet up with friends and have a good gossip. A lot of people bring their pets along – not just a bewildering variety of dogs either, I have seen a parakeet perched on a shoulder and a ferret on a harness too! Upstairs the cafés and bars are offering full English breakfasts, coffee and cakes or anything else you might fancy after a hard morning's browsing. And Siboneys is now open at lunchtime for barbecue and drinks – you can either sit inside the bar area or outside and admire the bustling view of Coin. La Trocha, incidentally, is shaped like a ship and Siboneys' lounging area with its long cushions outside makes you feel as though you are sitting at the prow of a cruising vessel under the cream awnings! The market opensfrom 10.00am to2.00pm though many people come earlier and stall-holders arrive at about 7.00am. (You can buy English Sunday papers at the garage to read over breakfast, but remember they don't arrive in Coin until around 11.00am.) It's easy to find the centre from the coast – take either the Ojen road from La Canada and follow it to the end, turning left where it stops at the “temporary” roundabout or come up from Fuengirola towards Alhaurin el Grande on the Camino de Coin (watching the fluctuating speed limits on the new road), take the Coin road at Venta los Morenos and then turn right on to the same Marbella-Cartama road. La Trocha is clearly visible as you come down the hill to the bottom. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Out & About18 Your Weekly Entertainment Guide CASA KON-TIKI The Home of Fish and Chips Chris The Dish: 667 842 359 John The Fish: 678 292 792 2nd street behind Yaramar Hotel, Los Boliches Visit us at www.los-boliches.es OPEN ALL DAY 7 DAYS A WEEKOPEN ALL DAY 7 DAYS A WEEK 10am ‘TIL 11pm10am ‘TIL 11pm €5 Meal Deal 10am ‘til 6pm€5 Meal Deal 10am ‘til 6pm Main Meal and Drink only €5Main Meal and Drink only €5 Book your table at Reception or call Hotel Tamisa Golf on 952 585 988952 585 988 O U T & ABOUT �� !�� KM 194 o� the N340 Pueblo Andaluz Las Chapas ��"�)&$�(%&�'%# �� Double English breakfast Chicken curry & rice Liver, onion & mash Roast pork lunch Spaghetti Bolognese Lasagne & garlic bread Pork chop, chips & veg Fish, chips & mushy peas Scampi, chips & salad Steak pie, chips & peas Chili con carne & rice Beefburger, chips & salad Sausage, mash, peas & gravy Vegetarian option... Just ask! Includes a drink of tea, coffee, small beer, water, house wine or fruit juice. It’s the Great British Weekend this weekend at Parque Myramar Centre, Fuengirola Among the events taking place at the 3rd Parque Myramar shopping centre Great British event this weekend, Friday 23rd and Saturday 24th September will be a celebration of the best British cheeses and finest Scottish sweets, an authentic Tea Dance with live band and dance instructor, fun and games for kids with Harry Potter, Rugby Tots and the Fuengirola Scouts, plus a very surreal Mad Hatter’s Tea Party! The festival presents the best curiosities, quirks and culture of the British. Come and marvel at some of the strangest events in their Bizarre Britain Gallery. From the quirky, to the marvellous, to the most bizarre! Take part in the fabulous Tea Dance, with music and songs from the 1940s with the wonderful T.A.P.A.S Society. Plus brush up on your Fox Trot, Quick Step and Cha, Cha, Cha moves with award winning dance instructor Nicolas Valiente. A tea dance wouldn’t be complete without a delicious afternoon tea, with sandwiches, petit fours and a spot of iced tea. All the better for being free to visitors who dare to dance! British ‘Food Glorious Food’ is represented in the Great British cheese tasting sessions and they have flown over some of Britain’s most delicious and award- winning cheeses, rich in heritage and flavour. For those with a sweeter tooth, there are traditional Scottish sweets from Edinburgh’s wonderful Shortbread House. There are lots of activities for children including Harry Potter’s Magic Workshops for budding magicians. To celebrate the Rugby World Cup, the Rugby Tots will be on hand to show you how to kick a rugby ball Johnny Wilkinson-style and if you ever wanted to find out what it’s all about to be a Scout, come along, as the Fuengirola Scouts will be recreating a real scout meeting, plus lots more. Little ones will also be transported into a magical setting in the Alice in Wonderland’s ‘Mad Hatter’s Tea Party’. With ‘Eat Me’ cakes and ‘Drink Me’ juice being served. Also joining the party during the weekend are the Cudeca Foundation and the Angels Nursing Group, who will be presenting some of the inspiring work they do to help those who need it most on the coast. The Lions Club Diabetes Group will also be on hand to give advice and offer free glucose sugar level tests for visitors. This wonderful celebration of Great Britain will take place on the first floor of the Parque Miramar Shopping Centre at the A40 Sports Screen area, next to the restaurant and bar zone on the first floor. Please check the agenda for times of the free activities and performances below: Friday 23rd September: 4.00 to 4.30pm: The Mad Hatter’s tea party plus the Great British Cheese tasting. 5pm: Harry Potter’s Magic Workshop 6pm: Dyb, Dyb, Dyb –What it’s all about to be a Scout. Plus Tea Dance with TAPAS society and dance instruction. 7pm: Scottish sweet tasting. 7pm to 8pm: Sing along with some of Britain’s greatest stars. Saturday 24th September: 12.30 & 6pm: Dyb, Dyb, Dyb - What it’s all about to be a Scout. 1.30pm: Great British Tea Tasting. 4.00 to 4.30pm: The Mad Hatter’s tea party 5pm: Harry Potter’s Magic Workshop. 7pm: Scottish sweet tasting. 7.30 to 8pm: Sing along with some of Britain’s greatest stars. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World n 19the ewsn Monday, Wednesday & Thursday Robbie’s Karaoke Roadshow from 9.30pm. Come and be the star in the bar. Tuesday “Black Bais” male vocals, soul, Tamla Motown, R&B, great voice! Friday Siobhan - female vocalist from Dublin Fun for all ages Saturday Night Life - comedy vocal duo, not to be missed! Sunday “Mr Blue Eyed Soul” Danny Stone FREE ENTRY Shows start at 9.30pm. Open all day. EL MOJITOEL MOJITO Plaza de Remo La Carihuela Torremolinos 952 057 062952 057 062 SPECIAL OFFER! 8oz entrecôte steak with all trimmings & bottle Rioja - only €20 per couple MUMTAZ MAHAL Indian Restaurante OPEN 7 DAYS Free home delivery with orders over €25.00 Lunch 1.30 - 4.00pm Dinner 7.00 - 12.00pm Urb. El Rodeo, Coin 952 455 599 626 977 224 Come and enjoy the best of Indian cuisine in our newly refurbished airconditioned restaurant or dine on our fabulous terrace EAT FROM OUR MENU WITH PRICES REDUCED BY UP TO 10 & 15% Take-away service Menu del Dia 3 courses €9,95 Out & About On the road between Alhaurin el Grande & Alhaurin de la Torre Reservations: 660 350 896 Across From the Clubhouse La Risa @ Lauro Golf Kitchen now open to 9pm Monday - Saturday For further details of all these events call us on 660 350 896 or pop into the bar. Wednesday & Friday - Our popular Fish & Chips available all day Monday: 2 course menu only €7.50 per person Saturday Night: Special Menu available Sunday: Excellent La Risa Sunday Lunch This Week! 654 396 651 Pol. Ind La Trocha, Coin [email protected] JK’s Wednesdays 8.30pm Bingo - jackpot €200 Quiz - jackpot €190 Saturday 24th Sept Auction: sellers from 11am for auction start at 2pm Sunday Pool, darts & pinball competitions JK’s is open from 2pm Siboney GrandOpeningthis Sunday19th JuneDon’t missit!See article,left CALL FOR MORE iNFO 654 396 651 In La Trocha Commercial Centre. EVERY SUNDAY! Live Music Sessions from 4 - 7pm This week, 25th September: The Reverend Toon- Ska & Northern Soul Food served daily - from 1pm except Monday when it’s 6pm. Try our very popular BBQ menu and enjoy the views from our fabulous garden terrace. Ma d Terr y @ Buzby’s “LIVE” Now Open from 4pm with Janine (J9) Av Antonio Machado benalmadena Tel.: 645404911 LIVE MUSI C Wednesday 21st Tomo - King of Karaoke Thursday 22nd Ian Jacks - popular guitarist and vocalist Friday 23rd Alexandra Avery -female vocalist Saturday 24th Mario Ross Sunday 25th Black Baise - Tribute to Michael Jackson & Lionel Ritchie Monday 26th Rhianna - female vocalist Tuesday27th Lesley Harrison-female vocalist Karaoke from midnight every night with Mad Terry, and Tommo the King of Karaoke. Free Entry! Regular Large C ap p uccino £1.30 £1.50 Latte £1.30 £1.50 Esp resso £1.30 £1.50 M ocha £1.30 £1.50 Fresh Filtered C offee £1.30 £1.50 D ecaffeinated served as any of the ab ove £1.30 £1.50 Extra Shots 20p H ot C hocolate £1.30 £1.50 H ot chocolate w ith C ream £1.40 £1.60 Pot of Tea for one £1.10 Selection of Sp eciality Tw inings Teas £1.10 Selection of various drinks availab le at the counter Freshly m ade Thick and C ream y M ilkshakes £1.50 Straw b erry C hocolate Banana Alhaurin el Grande’s NEWEST biSTRO CAFE Daily from 9am Sat. & Sun. 10am 952 597 188 Calle Gerald Brenan 89 Alhaurin El Grande Free wi-fi zone Sky Sports Serving a selection of snacks, paninis, baguettes, etc., Plus main meals including Rack of Ribs, and Entrecôte steaks. Sunday Roast €7.95 OAP special price €5.95 Children €4.95 On Fridays you can enjoy fresh battered Cod, Chips & Mushy Peas sport ’s bar Hot & cold food + tapas served every day. Sunday Lunch from 1.30 See all our future events on Facebook OPEN FROM 11am 1 o N E LAS PALMERAS,COIN Opposite Dia Supermarket 952·454·267 BAR INTERNET HOTSPOT All Live football on Sky Sports NEW! La Risa Simply Slimmer Slimming Club Fridays at 9.30am OLLYWOOB D indian restaurant Hal al Three Course Special Menu €8,95 Tandoori Specialists Open Daily 1pm - 1am 952 466 955 632 284 234 C/ de la Cruz 3, Fuengirola Home Delivery To advertise in The News call 952 454 491 or 622 050 409 In loving memory of JAKE Friend and companion to Terry & Julie “Sleep well Jakey, we will miss you” The Salon Varietes Theatre in Fuengirola presents Edward Albee's “Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?” It is directed by Matt Murphy (who brought us the acclaimed View from a Bridge) and stars Stephen Burns, Lizz Freeman, Peter Geldard and Lily McGregor. This powerful drama was nominated for five academy awards and was voted the second best American play of the century. A bitter aging couple with the help of alcohol, use a young couple to fuel their anguish and emotional pain towards each other. Little do Nick and Honey realise when they accept an invitation to visit George and Martha’s home that the events that follow that night will change all of their lives......... Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf runs from Wednesday September 28th to Sunday October 2nd. To book tickets call the theatre box office on 952 474 542. No-one will leave the theatre unaffected by this not-to- be-missed masterpiece. Tom´s Irish Bar A warm Irish welcome For all your Premier League Football 600 060 563 C/ Salvador Rueda 65, Los Boliches Get Slim! New slimming club at La Risa. Fridays 9:30 to 10.30am. No faddy diets and no making you feel awful about yourself! Call 660 350 896 for info New play at e SalonTHESPA The 33rd season of THESPA starts on Wednesday September 28th with doors opening at 6.30pm for the first of this season’s plays. The first is “Villa for Sale” by Sacha Guitry, directed by Margaret Spencer-Brooks. This will be followed by the usual excellent four course dinner, then the second play “Jayne with a Y” by Ian Hornby will be performed. Advance booking is necessary so call 952 472 985 to book your seats. Opera at the Myramar Parque Miramar shopping centre CineSur 3D will be presenting a marvellous Season of Opera starting from Thursday September 29th including two live shows from Paris and the Teatro Alla Scala in Milan. The full programme can be found at www.cinesur.com For further information on the event and the Parque Miramar shopping centre, go to www.parquemiramar.com or contact: Carmen Gámez on email at marketing@parquemirama r.com or María Garnacho at email parquemiramar@ parquemiramar.com or call them on 952 198 195. Film It is expected that the film “Super 8” will be showing at La Trocha Cinema in Coin next week but days and times are yet to be confirmed. Please go to www.coinlife.info for further information. MOVIES TO WATCH OUT FOR CROSSWORD SUDOKU CULTURE & LEISURE FOOD & DRINKHOROSCOPES Magazine MOVIE SPOTLIGHT By Mof at the movies With "Midnight in Paris," Allen has indulged himself and in the process created a gift for everyone. His new film is simple, and a romantic fantasy adventure enhanced by appealing performers like Owen Wilson, Marion Cotillard and Rachel McAdams. It is his warmest, mellowest and funniest venture of recent years, beautifully shot by Darius Khondji. The film opens with an extended montage of Paris's tourist landmarks, a montage that lasts longer than necessary to simply establish location, that shows off the City of Light from dawn to darkness. Allen is saying: Pay attention — this is a special place, a place where magic can happen. Owen Wilson is Gil, a wealthy Hollywood scriptwriting hack who still yearns to write a great literary novel. A visit to Paris with his testy fiancée Inez (Rachel McAdams) and her grouchy parents triggers a mid-career crisis. Irritated by the banality of contemporary culture, and electrified by his own idealised view of bygone bohemian Paris, Gil takes a midnight stroll, and gets picked up by mysterious revellers in a vintage automobile. He finds himself whisked back in time, hanging out with F Scott Fitzgerald (a nice performance from Britain's Tom Hiddleston) not to mention Dalí, Hemingway, Picasso, Buñuel, TS Eliot and many, many more. There is even a cameo from Carla Bruni-Sarkozy, playing a deadpan, tolerant museum guide. Director: Woody Allen starring: Owen Wilson, Rachel McAdams and Kathy Bates MoViES to WAtcH out FoR WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Magazine20 UK DVD Releases for September 2011. Midnight in Paris - Use your terrace whatever weather - Increase your living space - Increase the value of your home - Reduce noise, wind, rain and dust - Our guarantee of the best product on the market, old fashioned customer service and exceptional value CALL NOW FOR A QUOTATION. CHECK THE WEBSITE OR BETTER STILL, COME AND VISIT OUR SHOWROOM Tel: + 34 952 050 850 Web: www.glasscurtains.es e-mail: [email protected] Calle Manuel Franco Cubeiro n17 Parque empresarial El Pinillo Torremolinos GLASS CURTAINS THE ORIGINAL AND THE BEST CERTIFICATIONS Special oﬀer of 25% diScountin Summer months & This September sees aninteresting selection of releases including a few classics and a couple of box sets from TV History. This classic comedy-drama released in 1967 tells the story of college graduate Benjamin Braddock (superbly played by Dustin Hoﬀman) who is wandering aimlessly until being seduced by Anne Bancroft who plays the character of Mrs Robinson. And, of course, he ends up falling for her daughter Elaine ( played by Katharine Ross). In 1996 the American Film Registry ranked The Graduate as seventh in the top 100 films. The Graduate receivedtwo BAFTA awards, one for best film and a second for best editing. At the time of its release the original movie earned a raft of brilliant reviews and the story has been retold on stage in both the West End and on Broadway, again to critical acclaim. The African Queen was a1951 release of the C.S. Forrester novel directed by John Huston and starring Humphrey Bogart, Robert Morley and Katharine Hepburn. (This film gave Bogart his only Oscar.) Set during the first WorldWar, Morley and Hepburn play Samuel and Rose, brother and sister missionaries in German East Africa and Bogart plays a Canadian boat captain who delivers mail and supplies. Robert Morley’s characteris killed oﬀ after an altercation with German soldiers when he dies after a severe beating. Rose then enlists the help of Charlie Allnut (Bogart) to bury her brother and the pair become embroiled in a plan to convert Charlie’s boat into a torpedo-toting vessel in order to dispose of a German gunboat that is blocking British counter attacks. After encountering aGerman fort, shooting many rapids and being shot at, (which damages Charlies’ boat) Rose manages to come up with all sorts of suggestions which Charlie dutifully exercises. The pair find oxygen cylinders and some gelatin explosives together with detonators … Isn’t it amazing what youfind on a riverbank? Anyway, in the end they predictably fall in love and save the world! In 2009 Paramountrestored the film to its former glory and it can now be bought on DVD and Blueray disc. TV boxed sets forSeptember include “Lost Series 6: The final season” This is the last part in the Mysterious Island Series which has been immensely popular over the past few years. World at War is theultimate restored version of the long-running TV documentary series first broadcast in 1973 and narrated by Sir Lawrence Olivier. The series consisted of 26 episodes full of personal recollections and original movie footage. The series was one of the most powerful and successful historical documentaries ever produced. This release sees theaddition of “hard of hearing” subtitles and the format has been converted from the original 4:3 to 16:9 aspect which means it is now suitable for those with the more modern widescreen TVs. em www.skydigital.es Complete systems from €195 Pub & Sports deals - Abu Dhabi Irish and UK HD boxes - Best prices Standard receivers from €85 No fix - no fee! All areas covered Tel: 657 081 492 / 952 464 378 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] web: www.coinlife.info ARIES TAURUS GEMINI CANCER LEO VIRGO LIBRA SCORPIO SAGITTARIUS CAPRICORN AQUARIUS PISCES Be ready to take a project near to completion - focused action right now brings spectacular results, so make sure you remain positive and alert. Keep your eyes open for bargains - something you have had your eye on for a while could be winging its way towards you. Progress is the keyword of the week with events and progression occurring in all sectors of your life. Relationships are no exception and others will be magnetically drawn to your presence. This can be a testing week emotionally and mentally when it is vital that you do not allow any personal negativity to get in the way. This always happens when you are close to a major breakthrough - you of all people know how easy it is to dream but how many follow their dreams through to reality? You will at last find a solution to an old problem, once you receive this revelation it will be time to start pushing those personal dreams. A deep desire has a chance of manifesting this week as an opportunity comes your way that delivers an opening for you to use as a platform. Do not let small problems build up in your mind so that they become huge. Make sure you have someone’s ear; you need a sounding board at this point in time to allow you to keep that sense of perspective. New and exciting directions are coming your way, you are being asked to visualise the bigger picture now. When your heart is in something there is nothing that will get in your way or stop you from getting what you want. Life has picked up speed significantly and you are in the process of figuring out a long-term plan. This energy makes for a passionate and sensual week as your feelings and emotions are heightened. Get the tough and diﬃcult tasks done and let your talents rise to the surface, catching the attention of those who can help you change your position. You are blessed with self-confidence and inner self-esteem to accomplish whatever you set your mind to – this is a real feel good factor week. The attention will be focused and locked on you; others will not be able to resist being in your company as your energy screams out success and everyone loves a winner. Keep your head and you will sparkle like never before. Things can happen suddenly and unexpectedly at warp speed, so hold onto your hat, Leo, you are in for a hell of a ride. You are bundle of electricity this week fully charged and ready for output. This charge will lift you up from your current location and transport you to higher ground. You will not accept the old distractions that get in the way of you being yourself - you just won’t tolerate it any more. Others rely on you to know the right way to do things, to see things from that practical angle. The strength within you, Virgo, is grounded and solid – others admire you for this. You have already been told countless times by now with Saturn trudging through your sign, that your very best and nothing less is being asked of you. For some of you it has been “boot camp city” and any break you can get is sincerely enjoyed and appreciated. There is payment for your diligence, dedication and hard work that reminds you how good it is to be alive. Relationships and connections with others are on the up and are set to improve. An outside force may be trying to make its way into your love life, this can be personal temptation or other forms of betrayal. If it is happening to you then you had better find a way to rise above it - if it isn’t then pay attention to what is happening behind the scenes as you may be privy to some secret information. Pay attention to the details and get your priorities in order, making sure that those who mean the most to you fit into your life totally. Your chart indicates the very things that have held you back in the past will now prove to be the things that cause you to rise above all chaos and reach the levels of success that you always knew could be possible. This also means that there is likely to be an inflowing of material wealth as well as personal satisfaction. This is a great opportunity for you to take up a chance that you have been waiting for all your life – it is there now in front of you. It is time to look at your life and figure out what is working and what clearly isn’t, what brings you rewards and what appears to be a wasted eﬀort. By the weekend you will have some idea of where things fit - sifting out the wheat from the chaﬀ. Fun and adventure are on their way, making it the perfect time to deal with love and romance. A relationship becomes closer as you share more intimate secrets and details together. It is a good time to ask questions to find the answers you are not sure about and you will be glad you did - later on it will make you sure that you are getting things right. You have an amazing ability to teach and interact with others and it would be a shame for this talent to go to waste, so get preaching, Aquarius, you will be amazed at how many people are ready to learn. Get all the details in an agreement, make sure it is all written down; a key factor is likely to be found in the small print. You could feel caught between two diﬀerent worlds, you wish to embrace the present and yet the past keeps calling you to stand up and be counted. Get ready for a change as you realise that something has run its course and it is now over. Be willing to trust your gut instincts, even if it means confronting what you would prefer not to. Social activities are highlighted and you are likely to bump into old friends for a good catch up. A weekly overview HOROSCOPES by Cathy Stronach March 21st - April 19th April 20th - May 20th May 21st - June 21st June 22nd - July 22nd July 23rd - August 22nd August 23rd - September 22nd September 23rd - October 22nd October 23rd - November 21st November 22nd - December 21st December 22nd - January 19th January 20th - February 18th February 19th - March 20th Kym’s Kitchen ...you don’t have to be a chef! WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nMagazine 21the ewsn Bring a large pot of lightly salted water to the boil then add the linguine, and cook for 9 to 13 minutes or until al dente. Drain the linguine and reserve. Heat the oil in a large saucepan over a medium heat, and sauté the garlic for about a minute. Mix in chicken broth, wine, lemon juice, lemon zest, salt, and pepper. Reduce the heat, and simmer until the liquid is reduced by about a half. Add the prawns, butter, parsley, and basil into the saucepan and cook for 2 to 3 minutes, until prawns are opaque. Stir in the cooked linguine, and continue cooking for 2 minutes, until well coated and the pasta is warmed through. Directions This may look like a lot of ingredients but the result is worth it and, once you’ve got all the stuﬀ weighed out, the actual cooking takes just a few minutes. Ingredients: Directions to our Coin Supermarket Just off the Horse Roundabout at El Rodeo ● 224gr linguine pasta ● 15ml olive oil ● 6 cloves garlic, minced ● 120ml chicken broth ● 60ml white wine ● 1 lemon, juiced ● 1gr lemon zest ● salt to taste ● freshly ground black pepper to taste ● 500gr fresh prawns, peeled and de-veined ● 50gr butter ● 10gr chopped fresh parsley ● 3gr chopped fresh basil Why not join our ChriStMAS CLuB And Be the firSt to reCeive ChriStMAS offerS Prawn lemon pepper pasta A few surprises were to unfold at this year’s Emmy awards, some of which had absolutely nothing to do with film or TV. The big gossip was about the fact that a sketch filmed for the occasion, starring Alec Baldwin, was dropped because it contained a joke about phone hacking and was considered to be inappropriate given recent phone hacking scandals that have come to light. The actor was due to be part of the ceremony's opening video – but it was not shown by Fox, which is owned by News Corp, the parent company of News International. A furious Baldwin said merely: “The decision sucks!” Another wobble to the proceedings was a pre- recorded piece from Ricky Gervais who had been told that anything that went out had to be pre-recorded – following his sometimes outrageous comments when he presented the Golden Globes. He was told that he wasn’t to say anything rude or controversial or it would be edited out. They also said that they would know if his speech had been edited by his team. Gervais appeared on his pre- recorded speech explaining this to the audience and ending with: “What a bunch of cowardly count- (and here there appears to be a momentary break in the film) rymen”. Crass as ever then! Kate Winslett won the award for Outstanding Lead Actress for her appearance as Mildred Pierce in the HBO television mini series originally aired on US TV but recently shown on British TV. During her speech, the somewhat overwrought actress said that she wanted to share the award with her mother adding: "It doesn't matter how old you are or what you do in your life, you never stop needing your mum and I will never stop needing mine, so thanks Mum, thank you so much." Luther actor Idris Elba was deservedly in the running for Lead Actor in a Mini-series or Movie but lost out to Barry Kennedy who won it for his part in The Kennedys. All was not lost for the British though with Downton Abbey, which started its second series just last Sunday here in the UK, winning four awards. Julien Fellows, creator of the series won the award for Creator of the Best Mini-series saying: “When we were in the hotel a bit earlier, my wife said to me, 'I think we should just relax and enjoy the evening, because I don't think we're going to win'. Well, we're going to enjoy the evening now. And at the risk of sounding grandiloquent, I would like to thank you, the American industry. Ten years ago you kick-started my second career with an Oscar, tonight you have nurtured it, I am very grateful, thank you." Dame Maggie Smith got a gong for Best Supporting Actress in a Mini-series Or Movie for her part in Downton but was not at the ceremony. Brian Percival also scooped an award for directing the hit period drama. Kate Winslett thanks her mum and Julian Fellows gives thanks for coming out of retirement ThE briTish Do nonE Too bADly AT This yEAr’s AwArDs People fashion& Contemporary lifestyle and celebrity gossip WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Magazine22 Nice frock, shame about the speech - Kate Winslett picks up her gong e Emmys A fag will cost you an 18 rating All films that show anyone smoking are soon to be given an “18” certificate as the depiction of smoking is said to glamourise the habit and encourage young people to take up smoking, according to a report issued by the UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies that was printed in The Lancet. The chief executive of anti-smoking lobby group ASH, Deborah Arnott agreed with the report saying: "Smoking in films encourages children to take up smoking. And that's no surprise. That is why tobacco advertising was banned, because showing images of people, particularly glamorous young people smoking encourages children to smoke." According to a recent report by Cancer Research one in seven children are smoking habitually by the age of 15. And while film makers have said that it is freedom of expression to depict what actually happens in real lives in films film critic Mark Ecclestone agreed saying: "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, which will be up in award ceremonies, everyone smokes pretty much constantly in that movie. It would annoy a lot of people in that film if they were not allowed to do that as it is detail which gives the whole project authenticity." A film of something happening in the ‘50s and ‘60s would not be accurate if it did not depict people smoking, as that is what the majority of people did in those days and to leave it out would leave a big gap in reality as it was. Even Cruella de Ville could be re-rated 18 because of her hugely long filtered cigarette she constantly puffs leaving children unable to see the baddy get her come- uppance. And what about old pipe-puffing Gandalf in Lord of the Rings. Not to mention of course, Bridget Jones, James Bond and Holly Golightly. Researchers have already said that they are not sure if it will make a difference or not! Tarot card readings Palmistry Chakra cleansing International Psychic Medium Spiritualist Phone readings Healing massage Therapeutic massages Need help with your life direction, worries or fears For guidance and support Contact Anne 652 394 224 Mon., Wed. & Fri. at Toni’s Ist in Cards, Fuengirola CRYSTAL CLEAR ANNE [email protected] Downton has a new rival Just as the dust is beginning to settle from ITV’s achievements at the Emmy Awards with their First World War popular drama Downton Abbey, the BBC has announced that they will be showing their new five-part drama Parade’s End which is set in the Edwardian era towards the end of the First World War, based on the four-part book set written by Ford Madox Ford. Executive producer Damien Timmer from Mammoth Screen that is making the series said: : "I can honestly say that we started off doing this great big story about Edwardian England going into the First World War before any of us had ever heard about Downton Abbey." The controller of the BBC, Ben Stephenson, added: "Just because things are set in a similar period doesn't mean that they are the same." He also said that the series will show that the BBC is still committed to making original British drama – even though they shut down their in-house drama script unit that helped up-and-coming British writers some years ago, thereby farming out all future work. The cast includes veteran actress Miranda Richardson as well as Rebecca Hall and Benedict Cumberbatch. Research has found that helping others can actually reduce stress and improve your mental health. A study of churchgoers found that people who offer love and support to others have better mental health than those who only receive help. Being habitually altruistic can raise dopamine levels in the brain, which makes the altruist happier and calmer, and gives them a greater feeling of self- worth. An added plus is that helping others may help you fend off your own problems and anxiety. You focus outside the self – away from the inward- looking nature of anxiety and depression. But the benefit of being helpful does not merely come from the good deed. The recipient’s mood is likely to be improved by your deed, and through empathy, your mood benefits too. So good deeds keep on giving. You help someone, which makes you feel good; they feel better, and make you feel even better. However, you should not give beyond your abilities – if you do, you may experience worse mental health as a result. Origins of altruism Scientists believe that the propensity for altruism evolved, because it communicated to a potential mate that a person could be a good parent. This increased their likelihood of finding a mate and producing offspring. Altruism, when broadly practised, is also a very canny way of making life easier. Not only does being nice and helpful make you happier and saner – it also reduces the amount of work you have to do. A study of common etiquette found that acts of courtesy may have a practical, shared motivation. If you hold the door for someone, or they hold it for you, it reduces work for those involved, making life easier for everyone. In a nutshell, altruism will make you happier, help you find a partner, and reduce the amount of work you have to do. Ignoring portion size The food you are eating may be fine but research shows that average portion sizes have increased by up to 50% over the last thirty years so if you are struggling to lose weight it could just be that you are eating too much. Reduce the size of your meals and snacks by 15- 20%. This small and simple change can make a big impact on your waistline. Skipping breakfast Breakfast eaters are invariably thinner and healthier than breakfast skippers. This is because missing breakfast cheats you of a great opportunity to bank a whole host of important nutrients and causes blood sugars to plummet increasing the likelihood of over-eating throughout the rest of the day. If you can’t face the idea of eating first thing, try stimulating your appetite by getting up a little earlier and going for a run, do a few minutes yoga or just take a brisk walk around the block. Research shows that people who exercise before breakfast not only burn more calories and experience better fat loss; they also automatically eat a healthier diet throughout the rest of the day. Hidden fat for lunch Commercially prepared sandwiches and salads can be far higher in fat than you might think and poor labelling can make it difficult to know exactly how many calories you’re eating. The National Consumer Council recently criticised a number of high street sandwich chains for selling seemingly healthy sandwiches that had more than twice as much saturated fat in them as a McDonald's! Wine before meals Alcohol lowers blood sugar levels making you feel tired and over stimulates your appetite. It also robs the body of a great many essential vitamins and minerals and may increase the likelihood of food calories being stored as fat. Never drink alcohol before your evening meal. Hunger increases the craving for alcohol but drinking it only serves to lower blood sugars further so hold off, at least until after you’ve eaten. Health beauty& News - Breakthroughs - Treatments - Trends WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nMagazine 23the ewsn TREAT YOURSELFTREAT YOURSELF to an organicto an organic FISH PEDICUREFISH PEDICURE (no appointment necessary) 15 minutes for €10!15 minutes for €10! Probably the best €10 you will ever spend on yourself! Plaza Olé, Plaza Olé, Benalmadena CostaBenalmadena Costa (behind Barclays Bank) 627 428 161 Altruism is good for you �� "+."(�",��"�/.3�##",-�#,�4 �� %'��)$�) "(").-�#,(�4 �/"-��.���-%"-.��)��/)��3��++%).(").�� +",#" .�-�$.(�%'� �/&��111�#� "�*&� (�+",#" .�-�-�') ��",�'!��,")�)��++-%."��3(�,��'$�/,%)�"'��,�)!" � �� '$�/,%)5-��"1��)!��)'3��"�/.3��.-+. �,3�/,��,�##%)�1�2��)% /,"��"!% /,"�#,�4� � +'"�-"�(").%)��$"��"1-�.�," "%0"�.$"-"�##",- ¡¡ ¡¡ IINNCCRREEDDIIBBLLEE PPRRIICCEESS!! !! MENS HAIRCUT COLOUR & STYLE PLUS CUT FROM €5 extra WASH CUT & STYLE OFFERS VALID UNTIL 30th OF SEPTEMBER 3€ 5€ 20€ 10€ WASH & STYLE Tel: 952 917 126 Opening Hours 10.00-20.00 - 10.00-14.00 Sat Bernabé Tierno 3, Edif. 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Antonio Machado, Ctra. de Cádiz, Km. 222 Benalmádena Costa, Málaga New Series: Superior Interiors with Kelly Hoppen Tues, Sept 27th 20.00 Doc: The Spitfire: Britain's Flying Past Thur, Sept 22nd 21.00 Passionate flying enthusiast and broadcaster John Sergeant celebrates the 75th anniversary of the Spitfire with a TV love letter to this most British triumph of design and endeavour. The film follows the story of a Spitfire from birth to retirement and tells the stories of ordinary people with extraordinary tales. WEDNESDAY September 21st THURSDAY September 22nd FRIDAY September 23rd 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Animals at Work 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Hotel Trubble 16:30 Serious Explorers: Livingstone 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:55 Party Political Broadcast 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Waterloo Road 20:30 Planet Dinosaur 21:00 Who Do You Think You Are? 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 The Lottery Draws 22:45 Ask Rhod Gilbert 23:20 The League Cup Show 00:15 Weatherview 00:20 See Hear 00:50 Watchdog 01:50 Bang Goes the Theory 02:20 Julia Bradbury's Icelandic Walk 03:20 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 08:30 Green Balloon 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 Daily Politics Conference 13:00 See Hear 13:30 Lifeline 13:40 Coast 14:00 Daily Politics Conference 16:00 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 17:55 Party Political Broadcast 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Escape to the Country 20:00 The Natural World 21:00 Dragons' Den: How to Win in the Den 22:00 Never Mind the Buzzcocks 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Today at Conference 23:50 Damages 01:10 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 18:50 Party Political Broadcast 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Midsomer Murders 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Cops with Cameras 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:05 Grimefighters 00:30 The Zone 02:30 Columbo 03:55 ITV Nightscreen 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:35 River Cottage Bites 12:50 The Caine Mutiny 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Location, Location, Location 21:00 Grand Designs 22:00 Fresh Meat 22:55 Shameless 23:55 Ibiza Rocks on With XBox Kinect 00:30 The Killing 02:15 Without a Trace 03:00 Brothers & Sisters 03:45 Smallville 04:30 Countdown 07:05 The Mr Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:10 On Hostile Ground 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Highland Emergency 20:00 Emergency Bikers 21:00 Law and Order: Criminal Intent 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Banged up Abroad 00:00 Poker 00:55 Super Casino 03:55 Meals in Moments 04:05 Nick's Quest 04:30 Nick's Quest 04:55 County Secrets 19:00 The World's Strictest Parents 20:00 Junior Doctors 21:00 The Fades 22:00 War of the Worlds 23:50 Family Guy 00:10 Family Guy 00:30 The Fades 01:30 My Forced Unwanted Wedding 02:30 Junior Doctors 03:30 Bizarre ER 04:00 Bizarre ER 04:25 Cherry's Body Dilemmas 05:25 SIGN OFF 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Natural Born Hunters 15:35 Wingin' It 16:00 Copycats 16:30 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Watchdog 21:00 Crimewatch UK 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Crimewatch UK 22:45 Question Time 23:45 This Week 00:30 Holiday Weatherview 00:35 Panorama 01:05 Countryfile 02:05 Food Fighters 02:50 Antiques Road Trip 03:35 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 If Walls Could Talk: The History of the Home 20:00 Monty Halls' Great Irish Escape 21:00 The Spitfire: Britain's Flying Past 22:00 Mock the Week 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Toughest Place to... 00:20 Damages 01:00 Newsday 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Tonight 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Billy Connolly's Route 66 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 The Jonathan Ross Show 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:05 71 Degrees North 01:00 The Zone 03:00 British Touring Car Championships 04:15 ITV Nightscreen 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:30 Ice Station Zebra 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Country House Rescue 21:00 Educating Essex 22:00 Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares USA 23:05 Seven Dwarves 00:05 The Vue Film Show 00:40 The Shockwaves Album Chart Show 00:55 Hollyoaks Music Show 01:20 Embarrassing Bodies 02:15 Dispatches 03:05 Brothers & Sisters 03:50 Smallville 04:35 Countdown 07:05 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:20 Miles from Nowhere 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 How Do They Do It? 20:00 When Killer Whales Attack 21:00 The Big Celebrity Swim 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 Super Casino 03:55 Meals in Moments 04:05 Nick's Quest 04:30 Nick's Quest 05:00 County Secrets 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Don't Tell the Bride 21:00 Young Soldiers 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:45 Young Soldiers 00:45 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:15 Wilfred 01:35 World's Craziest Fools 02:05 EastEnders Greatest Exits 03:35 Wilfred 03:55 World's Craziest Fools 04:25 Don't Tell the Bride 05:25 SIGN OFF 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Natural Born Hunters 15:35 Wingin' It 16:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 16:30 Barney's Latin America 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Nigel Slater's Simple Cooking 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Celebrity MasterChef 21:00 Outnumbered 21:30 Would I Lie to You? 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Come Fly with Me 23:05 Mrs Brown's Boys 23:35 The Lottery Draws 23:45 Rounders 01:40 Weatherview 01:45 Question Time 02:45 Monty Halls' Great Irish Escape 03:45 The Code 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon Club 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 Animal 24:7 15:00 The Weakest Link 15:45 Real Rescues 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Highlands on Film 19:30 Coast 20:30 Gardeners' World 21:00 Digging for Britain 22:00 QI XL 22:30 Newsnight 23:00 The Review Show 23:50 Later... with Jools Holland 00:50 Searchers 2.0 02:30 HARDtalk 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Click 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:15 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 11:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Love Your Garden 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 DCI Banks 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Four of a Kind 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:05 Smugglers 01:00 The Zone 03:15 Assassins 06:15 The Hoobs 06:40 The Hoobs 07:05 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:35 River Cottage Bites 12:55 Live: Channel 4 Racing 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:30 4thought.tv 19:35 Father Ted 20:00 Come Dine with Me 21:00 The Million Pound Drop 22:30 8 Out of 10 Cats 23:05 My Funniest Year 01:05 The Crush 02:00 My Name Is Earl 02:25 Without a Trace 03:10 The Real Housewives of New Jersey 03:55 Smallville 04:40 Countdown 07:05 The Mr Men Show 07:25 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 The Wright Stuﬀ Extra 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:10 The Family Recipe 15:15 Ice Dreams 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 The Gadget Show 21:00 Big Brother 22:00 The Bachelor 23:00 Big Brother 23:30 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:15 Super Casino 04:05 Motorsport Mundial 04:30 The Gadget Show 05:25 County Secrets 19:00 Doctor Who 19:50 Doctor Who Confidential 20:00 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 20:30 E20 21:00 Little Britain 21:30 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Him & Her 23:00 Family Guy 23:45 American Dad! 00:30 The Fades 01:30 Little Britain 02:00 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 02:30 World's Craziest Fools 03:00 Him & Her 03:30 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 04:00 E20 Box ON THE Mike McDermott is a poker addict who knows the game inside out, but loses his money one night in a game to Russian-American gangster Teddy KGB. Promising his partner Jo he'll give up, he meets up with best friend Lester `Worm' Murphy, just out of prison and owing lots of money to the wrong kind of people.... Rounders FILM A New York police detective, blocked in his attempts to control a local drug baron, hires two maverick ex-cops to nail him. Learning that the police are on his tail, the baron takes his operation to a large tenement block and transforms it into a giant fortress, in preparation for a pistol-packing showdown. New Jack City FILM Harlem drug dealer Frank Lucas rises to power in corrupt 1970s New York, equalling and surpassing the notorious Mafia families with the reach of his empire. On the other side of the law, honest cop Richie Roberts dedicates himself to taking down `the most dangerous man walking the streets'.... American Gangster FILM To escape her empty marriage, a young woman commences an aﬀair, but while spending time with her lover, she learns that her husband and infant son have become victims of a suicide bombing at a soccer match. Incendiary FILM War of the Worlds FILM FILM Fri, Sept 23rd 23:45 WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn TV Listings24 Sun, Sept 25th 22:00 From Hell Inspector Fred Abberline is determined to track down Jack the Ripper in Victorian east London. As well as by his Sergeant Peter Godley, Abberline is helped on the case by visions he has while high on opium, and adding urgency to his investigations is `unfortunate' Mary Kelly, a potential Ripper victim.... Sun, Sept 25th 23:20 Sat, Sept 24th 22:15 Mon, Sept 26th 00:00 Wed, Sept 21st 22:00 h e s SATURDAY September 24th SUNDAY September 25th MoNDAY September 26th TUESDAY September 27th 06:00 Breakfast 10:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 11:30 Nigel Slater's Simple Cooking 12:00 BBC News 12:10 BBC London News; Weather 12:15 Football Focus 13:00 Live: World Road Championship Cycling 14:00 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 16:30 Final Score 17:10 BBC News 17:20 BBC London News; Weather 17:30 Epic Win 18:10 Celebrity MasterChef 19:10 Doctor Who 19:55 The National Lottery: Secret Fortune 20:45 Casualty 21:35 Live at the Apollo 22:05 BBC News 22:25 Match of the Day 23:50 The Football League Show 01:05 Weatherview 01:10 BBC News 01:30 British Olympic Dreams 02:00 BBC News 02:30 Dateline London 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World 04:00 BBC News 04:30 On the Road With... 06:00 Little Robots 06:10 Guess with Jess 06:20 The Pingu Show 06:35 Little Charley Bear 06:45 Rastamouse 07:00 Roar 07:30 Arthur 07:55 Dennis & Gnasher 08:05 Hounded 08:35 Splatalot 09:00 Live `n' Deadly 10:00 Who Let the Dogs Out? 10:25 League of Super Evil 10:40 Wolverine and the X- Men 11:00 Eliot Kid 11:15 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab 11:40 MOTD Kickabout 12:00 Homes Under the Hammer 12:30 Rampage 14:05 Krakatoa: East of Java 16:10 Escape to the Country 17:10 Live: Match of the Day 19:15 Flog It! 19:45 Dad's Army 20:15 The 1951 Festival of Britain: A Brave New World 21:15 QI XL 22:00 Calendar Girls 23:45 Calendar Girls: Ten Years On 00:45 Drop Dead Gorgeous 02:15 Later... with Jools Holland 03:20 Pages from Ceefax 06:00 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 09:10 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 12:00 ITV News and Weather 12:05 Coronation Street Omnibus 14:50 The X Factor 15:50 People Do the Funniest Things Abroad 16:35 World Cup Rugby Union 17:35 London Tonight 17:45 ITV News and Weather 18:00 You've Been Framed! 19:00 All Star Family Fortunes 20:00 The X Factor 21:15 The Jonathan Ross Show 22:15 American Gangster 23:15 ITV News and Weather 23:30 American Gangster 01:20 The Zone 03:00 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 05:30 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 06:20 Sali Mali 06:25 The Treacle People 06:35 The Vue Film Show 07:05 Dunlop MSA Formula Ford Championship of GB Motor Racing 07:30 Mobil 1 The Grid 07:55 The Morning Line 08:55 Example and Wretch 32's Beat Stacking 50 09:55 Smallville 10:50 The Simpsons 11:20 Made in Chelsea 12:25 The Big Bang Theory 12:55 The Big Bang Theory 13:25 That Paralympic Show 13:55 Live: Channel 4 Racing 16:10 Come Dine with Me 16:40 Come Dine with Me 17:10 Come Dine with Me 17:40 Come Dine with Me 18:10 Come Dine with Me 18:40 Channel 4 News 19:10 4thought.tv 19:15 Dambusters: Building the Bouncing Bomb 21:15 The Million Pound Drop 22:50 8 Out of 10 Cats Uncut 23:40 Rude Tube 00:35 Straw Dogs 02:40 Lucky Escape 02:45 Enough 02:50 Without a Trace 03:35 Without a Trace 06:50 Elmo's World 07:05 The Save-Ums! 07:20 Noddy in Toyland 07:35 Hana's Helpline 07:50 The Little Princess 08:05 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:20 Angelina Ballerina 08:40 Rupert 08:55 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:45 Animal Families 10:00 Inside Hollywood 10:10 Pawn Stars 10:40 The Gadget Show 11:40 Big Brother 12:40 Big Brother 13:10 Royal Navy: Submarine Mission 14:05 The Bridge at Remagen 16:25 The Stand at Apache River 18:00 Zulu Dawn 20:10 5 News Weekend 20:15 NCIS 21:15 Big Brother 22:15 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 23:10 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 00:05 Super Casino 04:05 The FBI Files 04:55 Meals in Moments 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Doctor Who Confidential 20:45 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 21:15 War of the Worlds 23:05 Family Guy 23:50 American Dad 00:35 Wilfred 00:55 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 01:25 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 02:25 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 02:55 World's Craziest Fools 03:25 Lee Nelson's Well Good Show 03:55 Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps 04:55 World's Craziest Fools 05:25 SIGN OFF 06:00 Breakfast 07:35 Match of the Day 09:00 The Andrew Marr Show 10:00 Sunday Morning Live 11:00 Politics Show 12:10 Live: Formula 1 Motor Racing 15:30 A Question of Sport 16:00 Deadly 60 on a Mission 16:30 Planet Dinosaur 17:00 Songs of Praise 17:35 BBC News 17:50 BBC London News; Weather 18:00 Nature's Miracle Babies 19:00 Countryfile 20:00 Antiques Roadshow 21:00 Spooks 22:00 BBC News 22:15 BBC London News; Weather 22:25 My Favourite Joke 22:55 Outnumbered 23:25 Ask Rhod Gilbert 00:00 The Lonely Guy 01:25 Weatherview 01:30 Dragons' Den 02:30 Holby City 03:30 Antiques Road Trip 04:15 Newsday 04:30 HARDtalk 05:00 BBC News 06:00 Little Robots 06:10 Guess with Jess 06:20 The Pingu Show 06:35 Little Charley Bear 06:45 Rastamouse 07:00 Roar 07:30 Eliot Kid 07:45 Live: IAAF Athletics 10:45 Something for the Weekend 12:15 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 13:15 EastEnders Omnibus 15:10 Live: World Road Championships Cycling 17:00 Super League Rugby 18:00 Dragons' Den: How to Win in the Den 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 A South American Journey with Jonathan Dimbleby 21:00 Fry's Planet Word 22:00 Match of the Day 2 22:50 Mock the Week 23:20 New Jack City 00:55 Click 01:00 Newsday 01:30 The Reporters 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 04:10 Pages fr0m Ceefax 06:00 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 08:00 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 11:00 ITV News and Weather 11:15 Thunderbirds 12:55 The X Factor 14:10 Midsomer Murders 15:45 Downton Abbey 17:15 World Cup Rugby Union 18:00 London Tonight 18:15 ITV News and Weather 18:30 Holding Out for a Hero 19:30 The X Factor 21:00 Downton Abbey 22:15 That Sunday Night Show 22:45 ITV News and Weather 23:00 Missing Millions 00:00 Aviva Premiership Rugby 00:55 The Zone 02:00 Motorsport UK 02:55 ITV Nightscreen 06:35 The Treacle People 06:45 The Hoobs 07:10 Sainsbury's UK School Games, Athletics 08:00 One Tree Hill 08:45 Battlefront Television 09:00 Hollyoaks Omnibus 11:30 Ibiza Rocks with XBox Kinect 11:50 The Big Bang Theory 12:25 The Big Bang Theory 13:00 One Fine Day 15:05 The Simpsons 15:40 The Simpsons 16:15 Deal or No Deal 17:15 Best of British 18:15 Channel 4 News 18:45 4thought.tv 18:50 X-Men Origins: Wolverine 21:00 Fighting on the Frontline 22:00 Predator 00:00 Dylan Moran: Aim Low 01:00 Live: NFL Football 04:45 Dunlop MSA Formula Ford Championship of GB Motor Racing 05:15 Brief Encounters of the Sporting Mind 06:05 Roary the Racing Car 06:15 Fifi and the Flowertots 06:25 Fireman Sam 06:35 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 06:50 Elmo's World 07:05 The Save-Ums! 07:20 Noddy in Toyland 07:40 Hana's Helpline 07:50 The Little Princess 08:05 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:25 Angelina Ballerina 08:40 Rupert 08:55 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:45 Animal Families 10:00 Meerkat Manor 10:20 The Beat Goes On 11:20 Big Brother 12:20 The Bachelor 13:15 Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London 15:10 The Princess Bride 17:05 Mrs Doubtfire 19:30 5 News 19:35 Warship 21:00 Big Brother 22:00 From Hell 00:25 Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Story 01:20 Super Casino 04:00 Meals in Moments 04:10 Great Scientists 04:40 Divine Designs 19:00 Formula 1 Motor Racing 20:00 Young Soldiers 21:00 Live at the Apollo 21:30 Live at the Apollo 22:00 The Fades 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:40 American Dad! 00:05 American Dad! 00:30 American Dad! 00:50 American Dad! 01:10 Live at the Apollo 01:40 Live at the Apollo 02:10 Young Soldiers 03:10 My Forced Unwanted Wedding 04:10 Britain's Youngest Undertaker 05:10 SIGN OFF 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Natural Born Hunters 15:35 Wingin' It 16:00 Dick & Dom Go Wild 16:30 Blue Peter 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Bang Goes the Theory 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Panorama 21:00 The Queen's Palaces 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 A Question of Sport 23:05 Spooks 00:05 White Mischief 01:50 Weatherview 01:55 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 02:55 The Body Farm 03:55 Antiques Road Trip 04:40 HARDtalk 08:00 Trapped 08:30 Green Balloon Club Goes on Holiday 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:30 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:40 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:00 Get Squiggling 10:15 ZingZillas 10:40 Waybuloo 11:00 Daily Politics Conference 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:45 To Buy or Not to Buy 14:15 The Weakest Link 15:00 Wanted Down Under 15:45 Escape to the Country 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Coast 20:00 University Challenge 20:30 Home Cooking Made Easy 21:00 Dragons' Den 22:00 Have I Got Old News for You 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Today at Conference 23:50 Fry's Planet Word 00:50 Damages 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 06:00 Daybreak 07:15 Live: World Cup Rugby Union 09:30 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 There's No Taste Like Home 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Little England 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Doc Martin 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Exposure 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:05 That Sunday Night Show 00:30 The Zone 02:35 UEFA Champions League Weekly 03:00 ITV Nightscreen 04:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:35 The Secret Supper Club 13:05 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 BT and Channel 4 Present... 20:00 Dispatches 21:00 Embarrassing Bodies 22:00 Rude Tube 23:05 Fresh Meat 23:55 4thought.tv 00:00 Incendiary 01:45 David Blaine's Street Magic 02:40 The Curse of the Hope Diamond 03:35 Atlantic Convoys: The War at Sea 04:30 Smallville 07:15 The Mr. Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 LIVE with Gabby 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:10 The Family Recipe 15:15 Love Takes Wing 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Pawn Stars 20:00 The Gadget Show 21:00 Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Story 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 Big Brother's Bit on the Side 00:00 Extraordinary People 00:55 Super Casino 04:05 Meals in Moments 04:15 Grey's Anatomy 05:00 County Secrets 19:00 Don't Tell the Bride 20:00 Planet Dinosaur 20:30 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 21:00 Jono: Finding My Family on Facebook 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 The Fades 23:30 Family Guy 23:50 Family Guy 00:15 Jono: Finding My Family on Facebook 01:10 The Real Hustle: New Recruits 01:45 Don't Tell the Bride 02:40 Snog Marry Avoid? 03:10 Underage and Pregnant 03:40 Underage and Pregnant 04:10 The Fades 05:10 SIGN OFF 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Helicopter Heroes 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 To Build or Not to Build 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Celebrity MasterChef 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Natural Born Hunters 15:35 Wingin' It 16:00 Hotel Trubble 16:30 Blue Peter 17:00 Newsround 17:15 Pointless 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Holby City 21:00 The Body Farm 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Hedge Wars 23:15 What's the Point of ... 23:45 The Best of Times 01:25 Weatherview 01:30 Village SOS 02:30 Food Fighters 03:15 Antiques Road Trip 04:00 Newsday 04:30 HARDtalk 08:55 Dirtgirlworld 09:05 The Koala Brothers 09:15 Driver Dan's Story Train 09:35 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 09:45 Nuzzle and Scratch 10:05 Get Squiggling 10:20 ZingZillas 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Pink Panther 12:00 Daily Politics Conference 13:00 Diagnosis Murder 13:40 Coast 14:00 Daily Politics Conference 16:00 Escape to the Country 16:30 Flog It! 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Reel History of Britain 19:00 Dragons' Den 20:00 The Great British Bake Oﬀ 21:00 Hairy Bikers' Meals on Wheels 22:00 Later... Live with Jools Holland 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Today at Conference 23:50 A South American Journey with Jonathan Dimbleby 00:50 Damages 01:30 Asia Business Report 01:45 Sport Today 02:00 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 15:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:00 There's No Taste Like Home 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Mayday Mayday 20:00 Missing Millions 21:00 71 Degrees North 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 DCI Banks 23:35 World Cup Rugby Union 00:20 Billy Connolly's Route 66 01:15 The Zone 03:15 Crossing Jordan 04:05 ITV Nightscreen 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:30 Frasier 09:00 Supernanny US 09:55 Supersize vs Superskinny 10:55 A Place by the Sea 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Four in a Bed 12:40 River Cottage Bites 12:55 Shane 15:10 Countdown 16:00 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Coach Trip 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 18:55 4thought.tv 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 BT and Channel 4 Present... 20:00 Gok's Clothes Roadshow: 21:00 Seven Dwarves 22:00 Shameless 23:45 True Blood 00:55 Pokerstars.co.uk UK & Ireland Tour, Poker 01:50 Sailing: Americas Cup Uncovered 02:15 Sainsbury's UK School Games, Athletics 03:10 FIM Superbike Motorcycle Racing 07:15 The Mr. Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:35 Roary the Racing Car 08:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:10 LIVE with Gabby 12:05 5 News Lunchtime 12:15 Big Brother 13:15 Home and Away 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 CSI: Miami 15:15 Chinese Food in Minutes 15:20 Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door 17:00 5 News at 5 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 OK! TV 19:00 5 News at 7 19:30 Real Food Family Cookoﬀ 20:00 Superior Interiors with Kelly Hoppen 21:00 CSI: Miami 22:00 Big Brother 23:00 The Woods 00:45 Inside Hollywood 01:00 Super Casino 04:05 Meals in Moments 04:15 Brian Sewell's Grand Tour 19:00 Total Wipeout 20:00 Jono: Finding My Family on Facebook 21:00 Don't Tell the Bride 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Wilfred 22:55 Family Guy 23:15 Family Guy 23:40 Don't Tell the Bride 00:40 Young Soldiers 01:40 Wilfred 02:00 Young, Dumb and Living oﬀ Mum 03:00 Cherry's Parenting Dilemmas 04:00 Underage and Pregnant 04:30 Jono: Finding My Family on Facebook 05:25 SIGN OFF Series: The X Factor — Boot Camp 1 Sat Sept 24th 20.00 New Series: Educating Essex Thur Sept 22nd 21:00 NoTE: Add 1 hour for Spanish viewing times. Joining Passmores School's deputy head Mr Drew on the front line of school discipline. Dealing with emotional teenagers, enforcing detentions and maintaining the school's high standards - as well as teaching history - is all in a day's work for Mr Drew. Some love him, others love to hate him. It's the last few days of term before Christmas and Mr Drew has more to contend with than a few snowballs in the playground. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nTV Listings 25the ewsn Take a break SUDOKU by Papocom CROSSWORD ‘General knowledge’ QUIZ TARGET PUZZLE Level: MEDIUM Cr yp ti c Q ui ck Level: HARD Fill in the grid so that every row, every column and every 3 x 3 grid contains the digits 1 through 9. With no repeats, that means that no number is repeated in any row, column or box. See how many words of four or more letters you can make from the given nine letters. In making a word each letter may be used only once. The key letter must be used in each word. Target 1-8 Poor 9-16 Average 17-29 Good 30-31 Excellent Target 1-8 Poor 9-16 Average 17-29 Good 30-31 Excellent The 9-letter word RELUCTANT The 9-letter word CONTAINED E N T O I DNA C U N T R T ECL A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Across 1. Early school of singing poets tour around entertaining the poor we own. (11) 9. Epitome of the British breed. (7) 10. They come out with time to run up ious. (5) 11. Materialise from post hoc current. (5) 12. Precast colourful registers. (7) 13. Retain hesitant dodge. (6) 15. Modestly followed it’s said. (6) 18. Heat energy unit from race oil extraction. (7) 20. Painful confidence trick. (5) 22. Messages on stone construction. (5) 23. Tense up joust if fencing is part of the game. (7) 24. Reference to try on one short day or relating to. (11) Down 2. Fragment of pure licence. (5) 3. Withstand beneath fall out. (7) 4. Distinguished calendar month. (6) 5. Possibly decrepit but generally golden. (5) 6. Concessions returned are best adapted. (7) 7. Dying out, US coin following honour and loss transfer. (11) 8. Purveyor of properties in the manor of an aristocrat. (6,5) 14. Having good taste we hear for an artistic utensil. (7) 16. Shine as buﬀed with coarse cloth. (7) 17. Debris from fountain, man made junk. (6) 19. Arrange again to undertake another examination. (5) 21. Under dig missing from exploration in France. (5) Across 1. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (4,2,4) 7. Ostentatious exhibitionist (4-3) 8. Buddhist concept of inevitable consequence (5) 10. Inclination - dissolute man (4) 11. Intimidate (8) 13. Stinging weed (6) 15. Cavity formed by explosion (6) 17. Sedative derived from opium (8) 18. Study intensively (4) 21. Small particle of bread (5) 22. Condition in agreement (7) 23. Address, name etc printed at top of notepaper (10) Down 1. Booth (5) 2. Not fast (4) 3. University city (6) 4. Tepid (8) 5. Undergo chemical reaction such as when sugar turns to alcohol (7) 6. Incredibly large - so romantic (anag) (10) 9. Change (10) 12. Set of letters used in writing (8) 14. Deliberately inflict severe pain for some purpose (7) 16. Rifleman firing from concealed location (6) 19. Uncanny (5) 20. Bird of peace (4) The following are not allowed: - Words beginning with a capital letter - Words with a hyphen or apostrophe - Plural words ending in “s” 1. The Bodleian Library is part of which highly regarded university? 2. The British Assured Food Standards scheme for food and farm quality is represented in its branding and website name by a: Knife and fork; Red tractor; Bull's head; or String of onions? 3. What alcoholic drink whose name means 'little water' was first distilled from grain in the 8-9th centuries in NE Europe? 4. The so-called 'spade hacker' - a 75 year-old Georgian woman digging for copper scrap – accidentally cut oﬀ the internet connection for five hours in April 2011 for the entire 3.2m population of which bordering nation? 5. Kebero, tabor, bodhran and cajon (pronounced cahon) are types of which musical instruments? 6. Porifera, meaning 'pore bearer' is a marine life form better known by what name, now strongly associated with its traditional human use? 7. In which country is the Vatnajokull Glacier, covering 8% of its land, and the largest ice cap by volume in Europe? 8. Which professional undertaking begins with the words "I swear by Apollo..."? 1.troubadours 9. bulldog 10.debts 11. occur 12. spectra 13. employ 15. chaste 18. calorie 20. sting 22. notes 23. stiﬀen 24. testimonial 2. relic 3. undergo 4. August 5. oldie 6. rebates 7. obsolescent 8. estate agent 14.palette 16. hessian 17. jetsam 19. resit 21. infra 1. kiss of life 7. show-oﬀ 8. karma 10. rake 11. browbeat 13. nettle 15. crater 17. morphine 18. swot 21. crumb 22. proviso 23. letterhead 1. kiosk 2. slow 3. oxford 4. lukewarm 5. ferment 6. astronomic 9. alteration 12. alphabet 14. torture 16. sniper 19. weird 20. dove Across M ed iu m H ar d Across D ow n D ow n 1.Oxford 2.Red tractor 3.Vodka 4.Armenia 5.Drums 6.Sponge 7.Iceland 8.Hippocratic Oath SOLUTION FOR CRYPTIC / QUICK CROSSWORD SOLUTION FOR SUDOKU SOLUTION FOR QUIZ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Magazine26 We live inside a galaxyand on a dark clear night you can see part of our galaxy stretching right across the sky — we call it the Milky Way. Our galaxy is huge; it is about 100,000 light years across and contains around 400 billion stars. All of the individual stars that you can see are really quite close to us in astronomical terms. The most distant star that you can see with the naked eye is called Deneb at a ‘mere’ 1500 light years away. But if you know exactly where tolook and you have a perfectly clear, dark, moonless sky then you should be able to make out a very faint ‘smudge’ of light called the Andromeda Galaxy. The Andromeda Galaxy is a separate galaxy 2.5 million light years away and is the most distant object visible to the unaided eye. Even a cheap pair of binoculars will show it very clearly as a fuzzy elongated smudge and through a telescope it is truly spectacular! It is called the Andromeda Galaxybecause it sits just above the constellation of Andromeda. It is also know as M31 or Messier 31 after the French astronomer Charles Messier who in 1771 published a catalogue of objects that were ‘not comets’. Messier was a comet hunter and he was frustrated by constantly finding galaxies, nebulae and other objects in his telescope that could be mistaken for a distant comet so he set about cataloguing 110 objects. His catalogue was so accurate and concise that it is still in use today. M31 is a much bigger galaxy thanour Milky Way at over 220,000 light years across and containing close to a trillion stars. It is classified as a spiral galaxy because it has a central bulging central core with arms spiralling out and around it. It is also on the move and headed towards us at over 100 miles per second. It will eventually collide with our galaxy in about four billion years time, so no need to start worrying just yet! The outcome of the collision will probably be the formation of one huge spiral galaxy — evidence of this comes from many other Galaxies that have been observed which have already collided. There are two simple ways to findthe Andromeda Galaxy. Give your eyes a good 15 minutes outside to become dark-adapted and then look toward the eastern sky and you should be able to see four fairly obvious stars that make a large square shape, this is the square of Pegasus. From the bottom left-hand star of the square follow the line of three stars that sweep away to the lower left. At the second star move directly up a little and you should see the galaxy looking like a faint smudge. Another way to find it is again look to the east and find five stars that form a distinct W or zig-zag shape, the upper part of the zig-zag forms a V shape that points more or less to the Andromeda Galaxy. If you sweep slowly around this area with binoculars you will be sure to find it. I have put exact details on how to find it on my website. It is amazing to think that the lightyou are seeing from the Andromeda Galaxy has been travelling for 2.5 million years before it reached you. The debate as to how far away M31 really is raged for many years until in 1922 American astronomer Edwin Hubble proved conclusively that it was outside of our galaxy and that it really was 2.5 million light years away. This dramatic discovery paved the way to Hubble describing the size of the entire universe. He was posthumously rewarded by having the Hubble Space Telescope named in his honour. Visit www.kencampell.info to learnmore. “THe News”wANTs TO HeAr yOur views Send letters to the editor as part of an e-mail text to [email protected] Stargazing By Ken Campbell If you would like to be kept up to date or take part in any of the events then go to www.kencampbell.info e Andromeda Galaxy Hilary Grainger Monte Alto, Arroyo de la Miel Jorgen C. F. Malaga. By email Cynthia Oldham Pensioner, Calypso, Mijas Costa WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nOpinion & Comment 27the ewsn I would have written this sooner, but have been waiting for the person in question to return! Two weeks ago my door bell rang, standing at my gate was a nicely dressed young man who announced he was from the Junta de Andalucia and had to come to inspect my gas pipes etc. I was suspicious from the start, having been caught once by this scam! Wondering what the devil the Junta de Andalucia has got to do with gas pipes. I told him to go away, was not interested and that I was all electric. This guy then started with the same statement as the other scammers, I have credentials, please call this number etc., etc., I told him I didn't care if he had the ID card/credentials of the King of Spain he was NOT coming through my gates. He said if I didn't let him in now he would come back at a later date with his boss! At this point he hedged towards my gate, just wedging his foot in the gate, with me now protesting louder that I couldn't care less who is was he was NOT coming into my property. I soon saw his face change when my husband appeared (who is Spanish!), upon hearing my husband ask what is going on here, in Spanish the guy backed off, rearranged his papers, looked innocent and promptly disappeared! So be warned out there they are about again, this time using yet another "name" to gain entrance into your property..........PS I am still waiting for him to come back! With or without his boss! Editor says: Way to go, Hilary! Well done and let’s all give these nasty scammers a run for their money! All the stars throughout the universe are not just scattered around but instead are grouped together into galaxies. There are billions of stars in an infinite number of galaxies. While I absolutely love The News as it gives a good variety of subjects and sizes of articles to keep me going throughout most of the week, can somebody explain to me why, on the odd occasion I wish to buy one of the English daily papers I have to pay through the nose for the pleasure? In the UK the Daily Telegraph this week has a special offer on for only 10p and, what do I have to pay here? A whopping €2.10 is what! Sunday papers come even dearer and, do we get the magazine inserts, CD’s, DVD’s and all the other freebies we had come to enjoy in the UK? No we don’t. A lot of the “Sundays” tell you to contact them if you can’t get them but the answer when I did this was to tell me that I couldn’t be sent them as I wasn’t in the UK! I could understand it in the “olden days” when the papers had to be flown into Spain from the UK and we all moaned about them being a day behind but these days they are all printed in Spain so I don’t see the logic in the prices at all, other than the papers filling their coffers with the money they are ripping us off for. People say, go online and read them but, in the first place I don’t posess an expensive lap top and in the second case, I don’t want to be bothered with lugging round a ton of equipment just to find out what’s going on. I will be putting my money where my mouth is from now on and boycotting the UK dailies in future and sticking to The News! 952 45 07 47 [email protected] www. cslspain.com You can now buy Valerie’s books online from her website, Woody’s Bookshop, David’s Books & The News office in Coin Spanish New! Book 3 available now! CENTRO DE IDIOMAS COIN I assume you have also seen the horrible pictures on TV of the torture and painful death of a bull in one of the so- called fiestas here in Spain. What happened to that proud and beautiful but defenseless young bull was barbarous, and it's hard to believe that the perpetrators are "normal" Spaniards — families with children. The whole incident — of which there are hundreds each year all over Spain — is obscure, obscene and degrading to everything "normal" humans should stand for. I have been sick in my heart, since I saw the episode and I feel so frustrated that there is nothing, I can do myself to stop the barbarism. Isn't it possible that The News could take the initiative on behalf of your readers with a letter of protest to the Spanish goverment and to the European Union. I will be the very first to sign it... The torture and murder of animals in Spain MUST be stopped now. The horror on TV was MURDER. Don't bulls have rights to welfare in Spain? Unfortunately, the killings in Spain also include dogs, horses, donkeys and even dogs in dog fights. Is the Spanish society sick? Editor says: It’s good to see that a lot of Spanish people are now against this practice but let’s not forget the British and their hunting practices until it was made illegal in very recent years. And what was their reaction? “We’ll have to kill off all the hounds, then!” They had apparently not heard of drag hunting to exercise their hounds, horses and themselves to the shout of “Tally Ho!” Not so good either, I think. Also, we are very quick to criticise but we also need to be aware that us Brits have the RSPCA, PDSA and, while I in no way condone any cruelty to animals we are not entirely whiter than white ourselves. COOLFLOW The Air Conditioning Specialists. Installations, servicing and repairs to all makes and models. Special oﬀers available. Call Ian 678491234, Established 9 years on the coast. (147)tnp ---------------------------------------------- KOLDAIR Supplying and fitting Europe’s best airconditioners at Spain’s lowest Prices. 605428307 . See advert on page 3 (0)tnf AIRFLOW Air conditioning, servicing and repairs, oﬃcial Panasonic Centre. No obligation quotations and advice - all makes. Contact Lynne or Alison on 952443222, [email protected] (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------- AIRCOnDITIOnIng with heating units. Supplied and professionally installed. €395. 697388449 / 951160490 www.solarsunlite.com (180)tnp BUSY Cafe Bar in Sol’y’Mar area Los Porches, Benalmadena Costa. Two terraces, one enclosed. Family run for 6 years, genuine reason for sale. 952964753 (0)ghf www.completehomeworks.com New build, reforms, swimming pools and repairs. Antonio 633347221 (146)p ---------------------------------------------- KITCHEn & bathroom reforms, special oﬀer on water heaters. See our main ad under plumbing and phone Chris 652665380 (gh) WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. 609709466 (0)ascf ---------------------------------------------- BEnTLEY year 2000, immaculate, full spec, Spanish plates. €48,000 Call 609709466 (0)uvef ---------------------------------------------- PORSCHE Carrera S. Perfect,year 2007. €55,000 Call 609709466 (0)uvef ---------------------------------------------- BMW 735i Year 1999. Full M Spec. Beautiful car. €6,950 Call 609709466 (0)uve --------------------------------------------- DISPOSE of your car, van, etc. Legally oﬃcial papers. Free. 626950734 (144)atp --------------------------------------------- MERCEDES E220 CDi 2002 full / panoramic sunroof, black, nav, Spanish plates, €14,950. Call 609709466 (0)uvef ---------------------------------------------- PORSCHE 911 Carrera 4 Cabriolet, 1990 (model 964), mint condition, in red. Soon to be a classic. €28,750 No time wasters please. Tel: 609461591 (145)plcf ---------------------------------------------- TOYOTA Landcruiser D4D, 2003, slate grey, 115,000kms, immaculate condition. Valued €15,000, bargain at €12,200. 654396651 (0)kwf ---------------------------------------------- UnWAnTED cars, vans. Wanted dead or alive. Removed free 616835799 (147)atp ---------------------------------------------- PEUgEOT 406 Petrol. Saloon. 80.000km. White. Drives like new. Good condition. 1.450€ 600099100 (143)p BRITISH MOBILE MECHAnICS Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 www.mbcmechanics.com (142)p CARPEnTER / cabinet maker. Kitchens, wardrobes, small plumbing jobs, painting, tiling, furniture repairs, call Brian 699237828 (143)tnp ---------------------------------------------- CUSTOM made furniture and specialist carpentry services. Portfolio available. Stuart 635878116 or email: [email protected] (146)tnp SEMI InTEnSIvE SPAnISH courses for adults. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, Email: [email protected] www.cslspain.com (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------- CHILDREnS Spanish Courses. Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, c s l @ c s l s p a i n . c o m , www.cslspain.com (0)tnf MR MULTI KLEAn - Professional Window Cleaning, marble floor polishing and carpet & upholstery cleaning. Best price and service. Call Andy on 606590728 (146)cntp ---------------------------------------------- CLEAnERS Residential and commercial. Established 2006 in Spain. 10 years in UK. 665269966 (0)gh ---------------------------------------------- UPHOLSTERY and steam cleaning, sofas, carpets etc. J A Cleaning Services 626357955 (142)p ---------------------------------------------- WInDOW CLEAnERS Husband and wife team. 691140427 (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------- CLEAnIng lady oﬀers services in Coin. €7 an hour. Excellent references. Call 678847146 for more info (0)mpf COMPUTER Helpline. Desktops, laptops repaired, upgraded. New and used supplied. Internet, email problems solved. 952564274, 677702501 (147)tnp COIn Computer Services. All repairs, virus removal, upgrades, Broadband. Laptop repairs. 951047292, 676909418 (144)tnp ---------------------------------------------- LAPTOPS and all computers, sales, repairs, upgrades etc., and oﬃce equipment repairs. Oﬃce Lines (Freddy Smith), Diana Centre, Km 168, N340. 952880654 (142)gp ---------------------------------------------- PC DOCTOR desktop and laptop repair centre. Sales and upgrades. ADSL from €20 per month. Full range of internet, Telefonica and Telecom services. Anti-virus program €50 per year. We cover the coast. Certified and bilingual technicians. Call sales 952591071 Support 807488440 (0)pwf ---------------------------------------------- WAnT the best? nº 1 on the coast for painting & decorating. Call nick at Decor8. All aspects no problem. 678889933/952939561 www.decor8.es (193)tnp ---------------------------------------------- PAInTIng decorating, plastering, tiling - the complete finish by tradesmen. 634355214 (153)p ---------------------------------------------- PAInTER and decorator. English, reliable, professional, all areas. Free quotation. 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See full range and info on www.artehairandbeauty.com or call 952490326 (146)p www.mobilityabroadspain.com Providing Mobility Solutions since 2001. Mobility scooters, Wheelchairs, walking, Bathing, Mobility aids - Sale & Hire service. Delivered to you when you need it. Tel:952447764 (151)fgh HOUSE Clearances. Full or part. Fast and eﬃcient service. 628239174, 628564634 (161)tnp HOME InSURAnCE - 100% cover for all eventualities. Our policies include: Subsidence, Landslip and Heave. Accidental damage to both buildings and contents. Worldwide All Risks on your personal possessions (including jewellery). Cash inside and outside your home and much more. We can also arrange insurance for: Motor - Travel - Health - Business - Liability. PRESTIGE INSURANCE CONSULTANTS Tel/Fax: 952453873 Mob. 667982418 www.prestige-insurance.com (143)tnp InvESTOR wanted for high profile media company wishing to expand successful business. Call 661114070 for more detailed information. (140)p LOCKSMITH Emergency / Appointment. Doors opened without damage, locks changed, patio doors and windows secured. 24 hour honest, fast and reliable service. Call Paul 657466803 (163)tnp 3 DOUBLE glass fronted bottle fridges, also 2 singles - Like new! 1 ice maker suitable for bar or restaurant. 1 nice, undercounter freezer. Also upright fridge and undercounter fridge. new condition. 636198664 (141)tnp AvAILABLE for roads, tracks, car parks etc., 300 ton crushed concrete. very good material for sub-base can be supplied laid & rolled For a good, free quote in English ring 637179373 or for your quote in Spanish 673250707. (150)tnp ---------------------------------------------- CAR BOOT SALE - Hipodromo Racecourse every Sunday 9am - 2pm. Hard standing. 654144414, 651585862 (146)tnp ---------------------------------------------- COMPUTER DESK 100cm extends to 130cm €30. Camera tripod €30. Old original sheet music. Gent dinner suit black 30” waist €30 619941971 (142)p AIR COnDITIOnIng AIRPORT PARKIng BUSInESS EQUIPMEnT BUSInESS OPPS BUILDIng SERvICES CARS & vAnS CAR REPAIRS CARPEnTERS CLASSES CLEAnIng SERvICES COMPUTERS DECORATORS DOMESTIC APPLIAnCES ELECTRICIAnS FLOOR POLISHIng HEALTH & BEAUTY HIRE SERvICES HOUSE CLEARAnCES InSURAnCES gUTTERIng InvESTMEnTS LOCKSMITHS MISCELLAnEOUS SALES Classifieds Classified RatePrice per moduleSmall module (10mm) €7,00 + IvAFull module (40mm) €25,00 + IvAClassified RatePrice per wordnormal lineage €0,25 + IvABold lineage €0,50 + IvA DeaDLINeFriday12PM Place an Ad by phone: 952 45 44 91 / 902 00 11 00 Place an Ad by fax: 952 45 44 41 Place an Ad by email: [email protected] WEDnESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Classifieds28 tel: 952 443 222 [email protected] air conditioning Servicing & repairS by panaSonic accredited technicianS top quality installations from €595 coin meters to control electric consumption €300 no obligation quotations and advice - all makes contact Lynne or alison in the airflow offices 952 917 164 [email protected] MARK DEnTAL CLInIC See our MAIN ADVERT on PAGE 5 restorative & cosmetic dentistry MDC La Trocha MarkeT Only limited space available OPEN 52 WEEKS OF THE YEAR 647 647 637 Sundays 10.00am - 2.00pm INTERNATIONAL DRIVING LICENCES ● All Categories ● Valid Worldwide ● Fast Delivery 610 868 748 622 050 409 For all your ADvERTISIng needs call Geoﬀ on From 3,75€ per day with free car wash. Meet and greeet at the airport 952 576 155 www.cannycars.com CANNY AIRPORT PARKING TONI’SFIRST IN CARDS FUENGIROLA Fuengirola TONI’S SQUaRe. BUS STN Sea HUGE SELECTION OF CARDS AND GIFTS FOR ALL OCCASIONS 679 017 127 Mon - Fri 10.00 - 3.00 pm & 5 - 8pm Sat 10.30 - 3.00 pm EuropEan School of aStrological and QabaliStic StudiES Enjoy learning Astrology, in local small classes or online, whether for self-knowledge, fun, or to acquire a Diploma qualification. Contact Cathy Stronach (Astrologer for The News), MAAT astro.dip at [email protected] or call 666605944 for more information. TREAT YOURSELFTREAT YOURSELF to an organicto an organic FISH PEDICUREFISH PEDICURE (no appointment necessary) 15 minutes for €10!15 minutes for €10! Probably the best €10 you will ever spend on yourself! Plaza Olé, Plaza Olé, Benalmadena CostaBenalmadena Costa (behind Barclays Bank) 627 428 161 Moving back to the UK? My long wheelbase Ford Transit diesel van is for sale. UK plates. Good condition. €1500 ono call Gordon on 636 198 664 Presents Crystal Clear Anne - International Psychic Medium Fri October 7th Fri November 11th Fri December 8th From 5 - 9pm Drinks & Buffet €5 Tarot voucher + 10% discount in shop All inclusive price €25 Book in shop or call 652 394 224 �� WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. 609709466(140)asp HARLEY DAvIDSOn Rocker C, 2008, only 3,500km, hardly used, seat conversion for two seats and backrest, alternative exhaust. Lots of new chrome. Perfect. €18,750 Tel: 609461591 (145)plcf www.mobilityabroadspain.com Mobility Scooters, Wheelchairs, Walking, Bathing, Mobility aids - Sales & Hire Tel:952447764 (148)fgh METS DOg training club. Fuengirola Glyn 605121831, Ken 627851379. Torre del Mar Colin 606616308(150)pwp ---------------------------------------------- LAgUnA Kennels and cosy cattery. Five star facilities, fully tiled quarters with airconditioning. Your pets lovingly cared for by English mother and daughter. Near Coin. 952112021 / 606838983 (148)tnp ---------------------------------------------- EXPORT Specialists. Cat and Dog World Kennels. 952112978, 630197435 (136)p ---------------------------------------------- LUXURY professional kennels, Cat and Dog World. Fully licensed. Cheap collection service. Viewing welcome. www.cat-and-dog-world.com 952112978 / 630197435 (136)p ---------------------------------------------- EQUInE veterinary specialists Costa del Sol emergency 24hs www.serveq.es Tel: 647146284 (140)tnp ---------------------------------------------- PROBLEMS? David the Dogman from Estepona to Fuengirola 952883388 / 610868748 (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------- CATS & KITTEnS – We have a good selection of all types of cats desperate for a loving home. Tel: 626942427. Visit our website: www.animals-in-distress.eu (0)tnf ---------------------------------------------- vP. Born 10th April 2006 - My previous owner died and I have now been in the refuge for far too long. I am a great family dog with lots of character, however, I am not keen on cats. I walk lovely on the lead. 626942427. Visit our website at www.animals-in-distress.eu SCOTT FORBES the Plumber. All work guaranteed. 20 years British Gas experience 652665410 (0) REDUCED ALHAURIn gRAnDE 4 bedroom house. €199,000 Details from www.costa-campo.com or Owner 634355214 (153)p ---------------------------------------------- COIn TOWn CEnTRE. Lovely large house with potential for B&B. 5 bedrooms, 3.5 bathrooms. Reduced €229,000 negotiable. BARgAIn 685407610 (139)p PROPERTY FInDER. Access to “below market value properties”, repossessions and refurbishments. Housing stock throughout the UK. Combined services available, tailored finance, conveyancing, refurbishment packages, tenant sourcing. Suitable for investment, repatriation and individual needs, block purchases available. Call Carla on 687921481 for an informal chat or email at [email protected] (rhf) ---------------------------------------------- COIn Legal Country Home. 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, private pool, 1,600m2 irrigated garden. Secure fencing, main services, phone and Sky. Reduced to €250,000. 952455269, 689368014 (140)tnp ---------------------------------------------- MULA, MURCIA The new Paramount theme park is going to be opening so get in now to get the holiday crowds bookings with this home and business opportunity. HOUSE 1 consists of 3 bedrooms, 2 reception rooms, kitchen, bathroom, courtyard and roof terrace. Fully rewired. House 2 has 4 bedrooms, 2 receptions plus cave room for wine, kitchen, bathroom. courtyard and huge roof terrace. HOUSE 2 needs total refurbishment but is structurally sound and would yield in the region of €700 per week for holiday rental income when done up. Mula is also known for its hot spring baths. Price for both houses is €125,000. Don’t miss out on this great opportunity! Tel: 661114 070 LOng TERM Rentals, super prices, no commissions, apartments, townhouses, villas, fincas, coast and inland. 679111522 (127)p PROPERTY Valuation in your language. Flat rates. Call Patrick 616672211 or 952417095 (oﬃce hours). [email protected] (143)p UnIOn jACK Removals (The Original) See main advert on front page. 90210956 (0)p W W W. S PA I n U K S PA I n . CO M Vehicle leaving Spain on 9th, 19th 28th of each month, returning 10th, 20th, 29th of each month. Prices from £80 per cubic metre. Cars £495, bikes £250, dogs £395, cats £295. 952160096 / 665150227 (144)p --------------------------------------------- vAn MOvES removals, deliveries, Ikea runs, extra man available. 100% reliable. 622793989 (153)tnp R E F R I g E R A T I O n / airconditioning. Same day repair specialist. Fridges, displays, bottle coolers etc. 627769969 (146)tnp --------------------------------------------- FREnCH POLISHIng repairs, restoration etc. Restore your valuable furniture to its former glory. 647579519 / 952119190 (144)p --------------------------------------------- COIn WInDOWS We make aluminium windows, doors and mosquito screens, also supply and fit sun canopies, blinds, shower screens, etc. Spanish owned business. Call Lisa Marie 646066351 (148)tnp MAn/vAn Odd jobs/gardening. Richard 698322822, 952452734 (146)p TRAnSLATIOnS All language combinations, all fields. Certified and ordinary translations. Best rates. Translations Network 952776803 Fax 952824630, [email protected] (142)tnp ---------------------------------------------- THE MOSQUITO SCREEn COMPAnY. Manufacturers and installers of all types of insect screens. Also UPVC and alluminium windows and doors. We will not be beaten on price or quality. www.mosquitoscreenco.com 952565225 or 690296952 (143)tnp ---------------------------------------------- SOLAR water heating. Repairs, sales, design, servicing, maintenance, decalcifying. Reasonable prices. Very experienced. 697388449 / 951160490 www.solarsunlite.com (180)tnp ALL STYLES curtains, upholstery, soft furnishings and bean bags made to measure. Sensible prices. Also repairs/alterations. All areas. Call 678910117 or email [email protected] (139)tnp SALOn vARIETES THEATRE Fuengirola is urgently looking for volunteers to assist in all aspects of backstage work - set building, painting, scene shifting, props, costumes etc. for more details or if you think you can help out in any way - even if you only have a few hours a week to spare - please contact Lyn on 952452258 (141)tnf ---------------------------------------------- EXPERIEnCED telesales staﬀ required. Must be enthusiastic and highly motivated. Full or part time hours. High earning potential. Based in Coin. For more details and to arrange an interview call 622050409 ---------------------------------------------- SALES STAFF wanted - Marbella to gibraltar. great rates of commission. Must have proven sales record and speak Spanish and English. Call 622050409 REgISTERED child minder available for private employment. Qualified SVQ III plus nursery nurse. Disclosure Scotland Resident in Los Boliches. Please phone Donna 634073821 (142)p SKY in the campo. Realignments, dishes, boxes. Ardales, Coin, Monda, Alora, Mijas 691097059 (145)gh BEnALMADEnA Young lady, 34, attractive, sexy, educated, for gentleman. €30 Tel: 634209427 (147)tnp ---------------------------------------------- nUEvA AnDALUCIA Patricia, beautiful, 28 years old. Professional traditional, relaxing massage. Full body massage, Reiki, Swiss aromatherapy, sensitive, erotic, happy ending. 680868458 (136)pl PLUMBIng PROPERTY FOR SALE TO REnT PROPERTY vALUATIOnS REMOvALS & STORAgE SERvICES WAnTS MOTOR CYCLES MOBILITY PETS & AnIMALS SEWIng SERvICES SITUATIOnS vACAnT SITUATIOnS WAnTED Tv, vIDEO & DvD WInDOWS WInDOW TInTIng ADULT RELAXATIOn DEADLInE Deadline time is 12 noon each Friday. 952 45 44 91 [email protected] WEDnESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nClassifieds 29the ewsn � � �� www.GApp-propErTiEs.CoM LonG LETs Studio Minerva pool British TV w/machine 330€month Modern 1 bed apt close to Arroyo station Sat TV no pool 400€ / m 2 bed 2 bath Paloma Park Sat TV Pool parking 600€month 3bed Arroyo centre no pool or parking 550€month 2 bed 1 bath Jardines de Gamonal parking free Sept 550€month 3 bed El Pinillo pool Sat TV sunny terrace 650€month MAnY MORE PROPERTIES AvAILABLE, TOO MAnY TO LIST WE ALSO DO HOLIDAY LETS, jUST ASK FOR PAT REnTAL PROPERTIES URgEnTLY REQUIRED In jUPITER AnD MInERvA Avenida Gamonal, Local 9, Edificio Jupiter, 29631 Arroyo de la Miel, Malaga Tel: (0034) 952 57 40 51 (0034) 952 57 77 51 Fax: (0034) 952 44 26 51 [email protected] �� '� �� ! �!�� '�� "��#�(,$)) !��! �� (&$�&('�#%& %+)�� & �� "� �� "�� "� �� !��! �� (&$�&('�#%& %+)�� & Woody’s Los Boliches Tel 952 471 877 advertising agents for Woody’s Los Boliches Tel 952 471 877 advertising agents for THE THE EWSEWSN Adverts Editorial Local Events Bars Businesses Restaurants Classified or Display Adverts Classified or Display Adverts ��(0�,��-�#��'�(0��!�(�7��%##��)%'( �!��)'%#��'�&��'( 4 ��%.�(0�&!�("�0� �� %"��#)�')��#"�#)��%+#��7��(�%# ��"��'�(0��!!�#��'�(�7�&�� ( ��)�!!�)��(/()�"(��%'��!!�#�%#�!��( �%""+#�)/�(�)�!!�)��7��#()�!!�%#�(&��!�()( � /�4 � /A�4 ��4 �� '�%+(��%.�(��%'�(�!��4 #�-�7�(��%#��#� ��(��!��#"�#)(0��2��%�)+#�#��7�%##��)3+&( �&��!�()(��#��!! �#()�!!�%#(�7 &'%�!�"�(%!,�#� '%,��#�� %��%��)%�� %'�)%%�("�!! ��!!�� #%-�%# @�;?;�? �� !��)'%#��( %��!�98 �'�1��%$�� %!� ��!��%#�� (��%()� 5%&&%(�)��!��%�%6 �� GeNeva wiNDowS & DooRS 952665856 www.genevawindows.eu �� !"��#��%�"��()��$ ! �� "��!"�"��"�� &��&�� &�� &�� +,�',)�,'(��&��+,�',)�,'+ SPANISH MOVES Under New Management!!! Competitive rates For a stress free move call: 679 128 617 or email: [email protected] REMOVALS & STORAGE SpeCiaL oFFeR!!! BoiLeRS Fully installed from only 200€ Free advice & estimates on all plumbing works Call Chris on 652 665 380 www.thefurniturepackagecompany.com Complete Furniture packages From 2999€ to 11K Call 951 913 483 With solar tint for glazed balconies, patio doors + Mobile car tinting ITV legal 902 888 176 / 644 546 176 [email protected] PROFESSIONAL WINDOW TINTING Stop the heat Keep the view D.L.S. Fabrications Welding Engineers • Security fencing for swimming pools, • Car parks and urbanisations. • Automatic Gates, sliding or swing. • Security Doors and Window grilles • Stair rails, Staircases, Scissor gates. • Galvanised Guttering, Ducting + Flashing • Mezzanine Floors, Water + cesspit tanks Established 14 years - [email protected] www.dlsfabs.com 952 590 651 - 649 696 453 �� ,$%!#��,��%!#��! %�� #$�� ���� �� %#��%�)� !�$'��! %#��& ��,��$%��$��./�)��#$�� %�� '$%#) ��)�,�!( ��'$� �$$�,��(!#��' ��#%�� (�%��#�� ! $��#�&! �� !-�'##�)��#"�#+�!� (((+�'##�)��#"�#+�!� �� www.skydigital.es re-alignments €40 657 081 492 952 464 378 No fIx? No fee! The luxury carmaker will locate an engine plant in the West Midlands after fears the investment and jobs might go abroad – possibly to India. It is understood to have secured around £10 million support from the government, which believes the motor industry is ‘crucial’ to the economy. The engine plant will be built over two years at the i54 business park in Wolverhampton. Jaguar Land Rover, which employs 19,000 in the UK, already has three factories here – at Castle Bromwich and Solihull in the West Midlands and Halewood on Merseyside. The company is on course to build 300,000 cars a year but is understood to have ambitions to increase this to 500,000. Its engines are supplied by Ford from plants including Bridgend and Dagenham. But it wants greater control over production as it prepares to create more fuel efficient engines for its expansion into the Asian market. Jaguar executive Dr Ralf Speth said: ‘We have the capacity and very good engineers. Therefore, we have the influence and freedom to develop and produce engines on our own.’ Tata Motors, controlled by Indian entrepreneur Ratan Tata, bought the company from Ford for £1.5 billion in June 2008. Yamaha rider Ben Spies made a storming start to take the lead into turn one, Pedrosa charged past Repsol Honda team-mate Stoner, but it was the Australian who was soon into the lead at the end of the long straight. Stoner then proceeded to streak away. As those hoping for a close race had feared, no- one could match the Australian's pace and Stoner continued to pull steadily away from Pedrosa to claim a 8.162sec victory. Pedrosa in turn rode to a lonely second, but Spies was soon under pressure for third from Gresini Honda's Marco Simoncelli, who passed him into the final turn on lap 9. The Italian then rashly undid all his good work by carrying too much speed into the turn at the end of the long straight on the next lap, dropping him to fifth behind Spies and factory Yamaha team-mate Jorge Lorenzo. Lorenzo, Stoner's nearest title challenger, had predicted third would be all he could hope for after struggling all weekend, and the Spaniard achieved that target when he passed Spies with ten laps to go. Simoncelli was able to follow the Spaniard through and and retake fourth spot. Valentino Rossi was making his way through the field after starting in the pit lane, and his battle with British rider Cal Crutchlow was great to watch with the rider from Coventry coming out on top with a ninth place finsh. The third Repsol rider Andrea Dovizioso failed to last the first lap as he crashed out. Other non finishers included Capirossi, who banged the rear wheel of Tony Elias, sending them both down with seven laps to go. Elias was quick to check on the well being of the slow-to- stand Capirossi as they walked away. Stoner then, eased to his 31st victory in the top class, putting him joint fifth on the all-time list, as he moved 44 points clear with just 100 points left to play for. Lorenzo said: "It was impossible to win today so third is not too bad. Casey was just too fast." Stoner had this to say after the race: "It felt good all weekend. The bike has been fantastic and the only problem was the wind - it was changing direction and speed every lap so that was a challenge but I just had to bring it home. "It was my race to lose today and I did the job." MotoGP will now head for the first of three consecutive flyaway races, at Motegi (Japan) at the end of this month, before returning to Spain for the Valencia season finale. TTech 3 team boss Herve Poncharal believes an additional year in Moto2 will ensure that Bradley Smith is competitive in the top class from the outset when he steps up to MotoGP in 2013. It was announced on Monday that current Tech 3 Moto2 rider Smith had agreed a new three-year deal with the squad that would see him stay in the intermediate category for another season before racing in MotoGP in 2013 and '14. One more year in Moto2 for SmithMotors M ot or s F la sh enGlISH MeCHAnICS WOrkSHOp & MOBIle prompt reliable Service City & Guilds Qualified leO’S AUTOS repAIrS TO All MAkeS ITvS - OIl CHAnGeS ClUTCHeS - ServICInG TyreS - eXHAUSTS BATTerIeS - BrAkeS Open MOndAy TO FrIdAy 10 - 7 pM nO SIeSTA 952 917 353 687 727 460 - 687 727 516 at the end of the Coin road MIJAS COSTA WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Sports &Motors30 AUTOSALON COIN Qualified English and German Mechanics, ITV Services available.Vehicle Transfers and Registration undertaken Diagnostic fault reading and emissions All makes and models - Petrol / Diesel Aircon re-gas and leak testing • • • www.autosaloncoin.com Pol.Ind, Cantarranas. C/ Acero, 6. 29100Coin (Malaga) TEL: 952 45 45 27 Fax: 952 453 144 w w w .a u to sa lo n co in .c o m ALL MAKES CAR SERVICING SAVE BETWEEN 30-50% ON MAIN DEALER PRICE WITH NO EFFECT ON YOUR WARRANTY Part worn tyres from €25 Beat the Credit CrunCh Optimise your car to save you money itVs Luxury Limos available for hire with driver. Weddings, Parties, or just go out for the day in a beautiful car and feel special Solid Stoner storms to win In his new all orange Honda livery Casey Stoner extended his MotoGP championship lead with an eighth win of the season at Aragon in Spain. Pol. Ind. Incomar 13-14 2960 Marbella 952 86 67 48 (we speak English) NEW IN MARBELLA Repairs and maintenancep� Discount on original Mercedes Benz partsp� The best Mercedes Benz Trained Techniciansp� Specialised in luxury cars Mercedes Benz, p� Audi, BMW, Bentley and Lamborghini Free pick-up and delivery service!p� For friendly service, please call now on 952 86 67 48 IN MARBELLA � � � � � Huge Boost for the British car industry Jaguar Land Rover is to announce a £400 million expansion that will create up to 2,000 jobs in the UK. Dowsett held off the attentions of race leader Lars Boom (Rabobank) by an impressive five seconds over the 8.8-kilometre course in the centre of the British capital to take a memorable win in front of his home fans. The victory was all the more sweet for the 22-year- old as it came in his first race as British National Time Trial champion, debuting the jersey in fine style with a time of ten minutes and 14 seconds. Sky’s Steve Cummings finished safely on the final stage(8B) of the Tour of Britain in London to secure an impressive second overall. The Brit had a comfortable run to the finish after his exploits in the earlier time trial had seen him gain three places on the leaderboard, ending the race 36 seconds off the race winner Lars Boom. The Rabobank rider was a model of consistency throughout the race despite coming up against a hard-charging Geraint Thomas and leaves the UK with the IG Markets winners gold jersey. Thomas was again in the mix for the sprint and took fourth on the final stage, securing the points jersey as the race came to a head over 10 laps on the streets of London, culminating in a bunch sprint. With the Team Sky riders finishing safely in the bunch the squad were confirmed as winners of the teams classification, taking a convincing victory of one minute and 28 seconds over their nearest rivals. At the finish it was Mark Cavendish who took the bunch kick, leading home HTC-Highroad team-mate Mark Renshaw on wet roads to take his second victory of the race. WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Your outlook on the World nSports & Motors 31the ewsn Fuengirola (139 all out) lose to Combined Colleges who managed to knock up a winning 140/7. On another hot but breezy Sunday afternoon at the Cartama Oval Fuengirola won the toss and elected to bat. Fuengirola made 139 in 25 overs, a very acceptable run rate of 5.5 an over. However the key to their demise were four absolutely stunning catches made by the Combined Colleges fielders. All four were going at bullet speed and would have impressed any Test Match crowd. The pick of the four was made by Brian Barrett who hung on to what would have been a certain boundary six if it hadn't been for his cat-like reaction to claw it safely into his hands. In reply Combined Colleges made a light work response although not winning as comfortably as they thought on 140/7. This week at the oval (Sunday 25th)Costa del Sol CC take on a challenge from the newly reformed Mijas CC which should be an interesting encounter. If you are interested in playing cricket whatever age,watching,umpiring or sponsoring please contact Tim Meal on 662 233 302 or [email protected]. Nets are available most Saturday mornings so don't be shy..have a go it's CRICKET4ALL. Report by: Tim Meal After a promising 4-0 win at home to Granada, Malaga went to Mallorca in hope of another three points to push them up the league. Julio Baptista made his first league start for Malaga this season in place of Buonanotte. But it was Van Nistelrooy who came closest to scoring in the opening period clipping the bar with a chip over the keeper. Malaga had general control of the game, Carzola had a volley blocked off the line by Aouate, and then after 39 minutes Malaga made a deserved breakthrough, a Carzola cross was met by Demichelis whose header was deflected in by Mallorca defender Caceres. Mallorca had penalty claims tuned down in the second half and Rondon who had come on for Baptista at half time, had a good goal disallowed for offside on 74 minutes. Mallorca failed to press Malaga and were overall disappointing. Rondon had another good chance before the end but Aoute saved the effort well. A good three points in the end and with Athletico Bilbao at La Rosaleda at 8pm on Wednesday things are looking good so far. Report by: Scott Forbes Workmanlike Malaga secure good away win Hot day at the Oval Mallorca’s Nsue and Malaga’s Gamez Strong finish for Teamsky Alex Dowsett powered to victory in the London time trial on the penultimate stage(8A) at the Tour of Britain. Mark Cavendish takes the final stage just ahead of teammate Renshaw C.O.G.S. celebrate Andy’s 50th birthday at Cabopino. The course had been subject to severe wild boar damage, which probably was a result of boars escaping from the fire last week in the adjacent mountains. Credit must be given to all the ground staff in their efforts to restore the course to a playable condition. The course played relatively hard which reflected in some unusually low scores. Nearest the pin on hole 13 was won by Dave Williams. Longest drive hole 5 was won by Ian Robinson. It must have been because of that silly hat he was wearing! Individual winners were as follows. 1st with 33 points was Ian Vaughan. 2nd with 30 points (on count back) was Terry Birtles. 3rd with 30 points was the one with the silly hat, Ian Robinson. The team prize was won with 103 points by the team consisting of Ian Vaughan, Adam Robinson, Russell Wood and Nig Bowler (whose points contribution was as always beyond belief). Terry’s Par three Competition, Terry Birtles, Alan Loftus, Andy Macfarlane and Ian Vaughan. In the evening we all attended Andy’s birthday celebrations at The Bistro and a good time was had by all. Thanks must go to Mike and Andrea and all the staff for their hard work in making it a success. Also thanks to the amazing Rob Stevens for the entertainment. Andy would like to thank all those who attended and all the people that contributed in the monetory collection that was presented to him in his birthday card. It was very much appreciated and will go towards his very much needed next set of golf lessons! Anyone wishing to join this motley crew on our next outing at Alhaurin Golf Club on the 15th October is more than welcome and you will find details on the notice board in The Bistro at Sierra Gorda and the relevant contact phone numbers. Report by: Nig Bowler, Captain. Coin Open Golf Society travelled to Cabopino for this month’s competition and to wish club secretary Andy Macfarlane a happy fiftieth birthday. Great Britain and Ireland held off a strong challenge to beat Continental Europe 15.5-12.5 on the final day of the Seve Trophy in France. Continental Europe recovered from an overnight deficit of 11.5-6.5 to level the tie at 11.5 points each. But GB&I, led by Paul McGinley, did enough in the final matches to wrap up a sixth consecutive win in the trophy. Victory came when Mark Foster sealed a one-up win over Raphael Jacquelin to reach the decisive 14.5- point mark. Earlier, David Horsey finished all square against Nicolas Colsaerts to halt Continental Europe's run of five straight wins at the start of the day. Ian Poulter sank a crucial birdie on the 18th to seal a one-up victory over Matteo Manassero, before Foster secured the trophy. The final pairing of the day, Ross Fisher and Peter Hanson, ended all square. "It feels amazing and I'm pleased for the boys," said Foster. Seve Trophy 2011 GB&I 15.5-12.5 Continental Europe The first-round leader, Justin Rose, shot 71 to finish off a wire-to-wire win by two strokes over John Senden (69) and by three strokes over Geoff Ogilvy (69). The top three finishers — who began the week outside the top 30 on the points list — were propelled into next week’s Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta. These three best performers all get to play in the season finale, all with a chance to win the FedEx Cup and the $10 million bonus that goes with it. It was a significant personal achievement for Rose, 31, who had held or shared the 54-hole lead seven previous times, but winning just once. After starting strong, opening a five-stroke lead over Senden after consecutive birdies at holes 6 and 7, Rose began to wobble on the back nine. He hit three drives wildly to the right, and his lead shrank to one stroke after a bogey at the par-5 15th hole. But he closed out the win on a very wet day with style, pitching in from 35 feet for birdie on the 17th hole to widen his lead, then ripping his final drive down the middle of the fairway, and hitting a crisp iron shot hole-high from 190 yards to set up an easy par at the brutal 497-yard, par-4 18th hole to finish at 13-under 271. Future’s Rosy for Justin England’s Justin Rose won the BMW Championship by two strokes, giving him a shot at the FedEx Cup's $10 million prize. American Floyd Mayweather claimed the WBC welterweight title with a controversial victory over Victor Ortiz in Las Vegas – before getting involved in an ugly spat with HBO's Larry Merchant. Mayweather knocked out Ortiz at the end of the fourth round to extend his unbeaten record to 42 fights. But the 34-year-old landed the knockout blows while Ortiz was not ready after being penalised for a headbutt seconds earlier. Just before the bell to end the fourth round Ortiz had Mayweather on the ropes for a third time, only to be penalised for a headbutt. The 24-year-old then seemed to be apologising and was not protecting himself as Mayweather landed two punches – the second a big right hand – to end the fight. “I got hit by a dirty shot. The rule is protect yourself at all time,” Mayweather insisted in a post-fight interview with Merchant. When Merchant tried to press Mayweather about the controversial ending, the boxer raged: “You never give me a fair shake. You don't know s about boxing.” Merchant replied: “I wish I was 50 years younger and I'd kick your a.” Speaking at a post-fight press conference, Mayweather later added: “I was always told to protect yourself at all times. My mouth was split open. I said keep it clean. Once you touch gloves, it is go time. “We came together to fight. It is fight time. You want to do me dirty and then two minutes later you want to be my friend? This is the hurting business.” Ortiz, for his part, said of his headbutt: “I fouled Floyd, I apologised in the ring and apologised after the fight as well. I would really like the rematch. “I thought the ref (Joe Cortez) called a break and I am pretty sure he did and then I was like ‘whoa, whoa’, and then I woke up after.” Mayweather also shrugged off renewed calls for a superfight with Manny Pacquiao, insisting his Filipino rival “has to get his business in order” before the two can meet. Ireland will attempt to persuade Ronan O'Gara to shelve any retirement plans after he hinted that he would quit international duty after the World Cup. O’Gara told Irish television after Saturday's stunning 15-6 win over Australia that he would be "done with Ireland in a few weeks". However, Ireland team manager Paul McNaughton said that the fly-half would be "encouraged to stay on". The other home nations had good wins at the weekend. Wales beat Samoa 17-10, Samoa led 10-6 at the break through an Anthony Perenise try and Paul Williams' conversion and penalty. James Hook kicked two first-half penalties for Wales and Rhys Priestland two more after the break. Wales wing Williams sealed victory 15 minutes from the end with a vital try. It was Wales' first World Cup win over the islanders in three attempts, having lost to them in Cardiff at the 1991 and 1999 tournaments and left Samoa needing to beat Fiji and reigning champions South Africa in their remaining games if they are to progress. But after an opening 17- 16 defeat by South Africa, this victory has set up Warren Gatland's side for a possible quarter-final against Ireland. England beat Georgia 41-10 in their Pool B World Cup match in Dunedin but the stuttering nature of the performance will be of concern to manager Martin Johnson. Georgia, ranked 16th in the world, dominated the breakdown before half- time and forced England into a host of infringements, England giving away six penalties in the first 15 minutes and lucky to still have 15 men on the pitch, but Kvirikashvili missed two very makeable penalties in quick succession as Georgia were unable to take advantage of significant territorial advantage. Centre Shontayne Hape scored two tries for England before the break, while Georgia number eight Dimitri Basilaia touched down to make it 17-10 at half-time. But England's superior fitness told in the second half, with Delon Armitage, Manu Tuilagi and Chris Ashton (two) going over for tries to secure a bonus- point win. Last year's series win in South America means Scotland go into the vital World Cup showdown with Argentina on Sunday in good shape, according to Gregor Townsend. "The loser is going to find it tough to get into the next stage of the tournament," said the attack coach. "But I believe the team we've got is more than capable of delivering the huge performance that we'll need. Ginger McCain, trainer of the legendary Grand National winner Red Rum, has died aged 80 after suffering from cancer. McCain guided "Rummy" to three victories and two second places in a five-year period during the 1970s. He won a fourth National with Amberleigh House in 2004. McCain's wife Beryl said: "Donald - Ginger as we all knew him - passed away peacefully in his sleep after a short illness this morning (Monday) - he would have been 81 on Wednesday.” “Mr Aintree” Ginger McCain dies aged 80 Sports sp or ts fl as h WEDNESDAY, September 21st 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.esn Sports & Motors32 The Depot Andalucian Freight UK SPAIN IRELAND Call 952 450 487 659 249 463 International & Local Removal Specialists Best prices on the Costa del Sol Packing materials sold www.thedepot-andaluciafreight.com DEAD FLOOR?DEAD FLOOR? 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The 31-year-old stepped in at short notice to win Prizefighter after JJ Bird fainted in the dressing room before the tournament at London's iconic York Hall. And the 25-1 outsider, a heating engineer by trade, defeated Takaloo, Peter Vaughan and Nick Quigley on his way to lifting the trophy and walking away with the winner's cheque. tennis Players ‘serious’ about tennis strike over schedules Fernando Torres’ hell continues as he missed an absolute sitter on Sunday at Man Utd. Wayne Rooney also gaffed but saw the funny side, as he slipped when just about to hit the ball from the penalty spot. Andy Murray says top players are "serious" about their call for changes to the tennis calendar – and that some form of strike cannot be ruled out. Players are upset at overcrowding in the schedule and will meet in Shanghai next month to plot their next move. Murray told BBC Sport: "It's a possibility. I know from speaking to some players they're not afraid of doing that (striking). "Let's hope it doesn't come to that but I'm sure the players will consider it." Asked whether the subject of a strike or boycott will be mentioned during the meeting in China, he continued: "Yes I think so.” JUST DO IT ONCE! Painting & Small reforms, Rendering, Plastering...... Kitchen, Bathroom, all around the house, inside and out. 633 745 305 All trades. Reliable. All work guaranteed. before after The specialist for new & rewiring of Bars, restaurants, businesses & houses CALL FRANK on 669 009 821 Projects & Certiﬁcates provided for legal electrical connections ELECTRICIAN football Miss of the century Stuttering win for England as Ireland impress Controversy as Mayweather wins Even the referee looked shocked as Mayweather landed the blows TN01 TN02 TN03 TN04 TN05 TN06 TN07 TN08 TN09 TN10 TN11 TN12 TN13 TN14 TN15 TN16 TN17 TN18-19 TN20 TN21 TN22 TN23 TN24-25 TN26 TN27 TN28-29 TN30 TN31 TN32	i don't know
In which country is the Vatnajokull Glacier, covering 8% of its land, and the largest ice cap by volume in Europe?	Vatnajokull Glacier in Iceland - What, Where & How Mar, 15 \| admin \| Iceland is a land filled with lots of interesting things to do and incredible places to see. Amongst its lovely attractions worth visiting is the Vatnajokull glacier. This glacier is Iceland’s largest glacier and the largest Icecap in Europe with an area of over 8,000 km sq. This glacier contains about 3300 km³ of ice. Tour Services A legendary tour operator that offers a wide variety of bus tours all around Iceland. All RE busses are equipped with FREE WIFI. Single day and multi-day tours in every corner of Iceland. You can also book private tours if you prefer being in a smaller group. Activities, daytours and even trips to Greenland. Iceland Excurcions is part of Gray Line. Themed packages, daytours and very helpful tour guides - all for a convenient price. Vatnajokull glacier has close proximity to Hvannadalshnukur, which is considered the highest peak in the entire country. It will be surprising to know that there are lots of volcanoes right under the ice cap. A volcanic eruption occurred here just recently in 2011. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Vatnajokull glacier is the location of the longest line of sight in the world, which is approximately 550 km. It has been used as the shooting location for several great movies including “A View to Kill”, a James Bond Series. Despite the fact that the shoot location of the movie was at Vatnajokull, Russia was given the credit as scene location. It is also considered to be one of seven natural wonders of Europe. The best way to see and experience Vatnajokull glacier is by booking a tour with any of the tour operators offering services to this part of the country. There are loads of them available out there. You will explore the area using a 4×4 jeep alongside a professional tour guide. Asides that, you can also take a boat ride to the Vatnajokull glacier. Exploring the glaciers through the waterways create a stunning landscape picture and offers you the chance to catch spectacular views of it. Remember to bring your camera along with you as lots of picture taking opportunities awaits you there. Vatnajokull glacier National Park is also considered a perfect place for camping and hiking. Also, travelers can also decide on skiing on the ice caps. This makes Vatnajokull glacier and surrounding areas one of the most visited tourist attractions in Iceland. The glacier attracts thousands of people annually. Covering about 8% of entire country, Vatnajokull glacier has an average thickness of 400m. Underneath Vatnajokull ice-cap are seven central volcanoes. One of the largest volcano underneath the glacier is The Kverkfjöll, located on the northern edge of Vatnajokull. So many travelers who had been opportune to visit the largest glacier in Europe consider it as a beautiful and serene place. It is definitely a beauty to behold. As a result of its massiveness, one can possibly catch spectacular views of this beautiful glacier from the Faroe Islands, which is about 340 miles away. In 2008, the entire glacier and surrounding areas including National Parks as well as several nature reserves, were declared the largest National Park in Europe. The perfect and safest time when visitors can go into the glaciers is during the winter months. Whenever you are planning a vacation to Iceland, be sure to visit the Vatnajokull glacier. Your trip to Iceland will be considered incomplete if you miss out on visiting this incredible place. With the help of a guide, you are definitely going to experience memorable moments here. The Vatnajokull Glaciers a sight you will not want to miss. Search hotels and more...	Iceland
"Which professional undertaking begins with the words ""I swear by Apollo...""?"	15 pictures of Iceland that will compel you to visit it NOW! - HolidayMe HolidayMe Ranked 9th happiest country of the world in, visiting Iceland would ensure two things, one you would be erm happy, second your soul would feast on few of incredible sights that would stay with you forever. Fjallabak Nature Reserve The Fjallabak Nature Reserve is not only Iceland’s most beautiful areas but also one of the greatest treasures in the highlands. The incredible land-forms, the remarkable landscape and the hot spring activity are phenomenally diverse and colorful. Vatnajokull Glacier Vatnajökull, also known as the Vatna Glacier Is the biggest glacier in Europe. Covering about 8% of the country, it is the largest and most voluminous Icelandic ice cap. Rhyolite mountains This is one of the most attractive outdoor havens in Iceland. On a radiant summer’s day, this must be one of the most beautiful places on Earth. Sadly, this colourful view of Landmannalaugar, are only visible to the lucky ones who visit the park on one of those rare days of the year in which the weather is clear enough. Ljotipollur Volcanic Crater Lake You would be amused if I tell you, Ljotipollur means ‘Ugly Puddle’! I mean look at this picture: this beautifully red with the deep trout-filled lake and high edges on its sides, it is anything but ugly! FYI, Ljotipollur is an explosion crater lake in the south highlands. Hveravellir Chilly weather and a warm pool, bliss right? Take a dip in this hotpot and praise the heavens for this oasis like place. Jökulsárlón If you are a movie buff, you would possibly recognise this place better than others. Yes, this incredibly charming glacial lake has made several appearances in movies like Interstellar, Batman Begins, Die another Day etc. Reykjavik A welcome break from the white and blue combination, the colourful houses at Reykjavik would surely uplift any mood. The Great Geysir A snowy backdrop and a small geyser erupting every 5 mins or so, treat to eyes and possibly one of the best gift from Mother Nature. Black Waterfall The Svartifoss or the black waterfall in the Skaftafell National Park is a sight to behold. Pure white water gushing from the contrast background of dark coloured lava will surely leave you spell bound. Mount Kirkjufell (Church mountain) Does looking at this picture giving you a feeling of Déjà vu? Well, I don’t blame you, it is hard to escape the pictures of the ‘most photographed Mountain of Iceland’. But, with a view so scenic, a water fall so majestic and the clear blue skies; you can’t really blame photographer to go click-crazy. Hvitserkur A home to Fulmars and gulls, and with a shape that resembles a dragon drinking water, the 15 m high basalt stack is a tough to miss! Plan your trip around the sunset or just at the break of dawn, you would not regret it! Seljalandsfoss Waterfall There are waterfalls and then there is this view! Located near the town of Selfoss, the USP of this place is that you could have a 360 degree view of the waterfall. No matter, which angle you set your camera, you would surely end up saying “Stunning”, Wanna bet?! Skogar Museum Do not deny, didn’t you just go “awwww”, as you saw this exceptionally pretty place? If you ever wanted to know about the glorious past of Iceland, this place would tell you all and a little more of the present times. Snæfellsjökull Hiking, Skiing, photography, a spectacular drive, fishing, an extended photography session, and a leisurely stroll are few of the many things you could do at this quaint place with a tough to pronounce name. ! Goðafoss Waterfall Picture this: a sprawling landscape covered with virgin white snow with a cascading waterfall, hypnotic isn’t it? Undoubtedly, one of the best waterfalls of the Iceland, Godafoss waterfall are aptly named “waterfall of the gods”. Northern Lights Visiting Iceland and not taking time to catch the Northern Lights is like committing Blasphemy! Imagine sitting in your cosy tent, with a poison of your choice and watching this spectacular display, BLISS…isn’t it? TAGS	i don't know
When an orchestra tunes up before playing, what instrument conventionally provides the initial 'A' guide note?	Marie-Emmanuelle Bayon Louis (1746-1825) I. HER LIFE AND WORKS II. PERFORMER AND COMPOSER III. THE SONATAS IV. FLEUR D’´EPINE V. THE MUSIClivepage.apple.com VI. PERFORMERS AND AUDIENCES VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY Her Life and Works Madame Louis, née Marie-Emmanuelle Bayon, was a French composer, pianist, and salonnière of considerable activity and influence. Her principal published works are, as Mademoiselle Bayon, a collection of six keyboard sonatas, three of them with violin accompaniment, opus 1 (1769), and, as Madame Louis, the full score of her two-act opéra-comique, Fleur d’épine, or “May-Flower” (the heroine’s name), scored for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra. Composed to a libretto by Claude-Henri Fusée, abbé de Voisenon (1704–1775), a leading writer and librettist, Fleur d’épine had twelve performances in Paris during the 1776–77 season by the Comédie Italienne, one of the official, privileged French theatrical companies of the ancien régime; the final performance was attended by the queen, Marie-Antoinette, and members of the royal family. Collections of musical numbers from the work arranged for unaccompanied voice were also published, as was an arrangement of the overture for keyboard with violin and cello accompaniment; other vocal arrangements appeared in music periodicals and collections from 1776 until around 1786. The composer’s unpublished works, discussed during her lifetime but not yet found, include further instrumental chamber music and opéra-comiques, and music for La fête de Saint Pierre, a divertissement to a libretto by Antoine-François Quétant (1733–1823), performed at the Château de la Cour-Neuve in Paris on St. Peter’s day in 1771. According to her husband’s biographer, Victor Marionneau, Marie-Emmanuelle Bayon was born in Marcei, department of Orne (west of Paris), in 1746. In her preface to the op. 1 sonatas she refers to “the many kindnesses bestowed upon me since my tenderest infancy” by the family of Madame la Marquise de Langeron to whom the volume is dedicated. It may be assumed that Bayon grew up in or near Paris and received, perhaps through this patronage, special training in music. Accounts of her activities from the age of about twenty-one appear in the memoirs and correspondence of some of the leading women and men of the eighteenth-century French Enlightenment. The influential playwright, teacher, and musician Stéphanie de Genlis (1746–1830) considered her a friend. The Encyclopedist and philosophe Denis Diderot (1713–1784) loved her like a daughter. His actual daughter, Angélique, later Madame de Vandeul (1753–1824), studied harpsichord with her from about 1765 until 1769 and remained her lifelong friend and confidante. Diderot compared her work to that of Domenico Alberti, Johann Christian Bach, Johann Gottfried Eckard (Eckhardt), Johann Schobert, and other foreign composers whose music was currently admired in Paris. She composed instrumental music and music for plays, which she performed at Madame de Genlis’s salon on the rue de Grenelle in collaboration with noted amateurs like herself as well as internationally known French and foreign professional musicians. She also participated as actor-singer in salon dramatic productions, such as comédies, skits, and proverbs. In 1770, on 20 June, Mlle Bayon married Victor Louis (1731–1800), an architect with important social and political connections similar to her own. In 1774 the couple’s only child was born, Marie-Hélène-Victoire Louis (d. 1848). In the early 1770s, through the patronage of the duc de Richelieu, Louis was commissioned to design and supervise construction of the Grand-Théâtre in Bordeaux, the building for which he is perhaps most famous today. In Bordeaux the Louis residence became the site of a highly select salon. Sources also mention performances of two “opéras” by Mme Louis. It was during this period, probably in 1775–76, that she completed Fleur d’épine. A few months before the Paris premiere of Fleur d’épine, Bordeaux was the site of a great ceremony when Louis-Philippe-Joseph d’Orléans, duc de Chartres, at the invitation of Victor Louis, came to lay the first stone for the new theatre. In the princely retinue was Madame Louis’s friend, Madame de Genlis, who was a lady-in-waiting to the duchesse de Chartres. The full score of Fleur d’épine, probably published around the time of the premiere, includes a dedicatory preface to the duchesse de Chartres in which the composer employs the conventionally flattering, obsequious phrases of a courtier addressing her patron. One of the copies of the full score now in the Bibliothéque Nationale in Paris bears the coat of arms of the duc de Chartres, and another that of Madame de Genlis. With the completion of the magnificent Grand-Théâtre in 1780 the Louis family returned to Paris, where their residence on the rue de la Place-Vendôme became a gathering place for distinguished literary and artistic figures. Louis sought membership in the Académie Royale d’Architecture but, owing to internal politics, was rejected, a major disappointment to him. He began working with the duc de Chartres on plans for extensive development at the Palais Royal, including a newly designed theatre (l’Opéra du Palais-Royal). Correspondence between Diderot and his daughter, Madame de Vendeul, indicates that Mme Louis devoted considerable energy to furthering her husband’s interests. While no new musical works by her are reported, Fleur d’épine was performed in Brussels, and in 1784 it was performed in Bordeaux. A play by Victor Louis was performed in Paris the same year. With the notable exception of Fleur d’épine, Madame Louis evidently wrote and performed music principally for private gatherings. Her social position, both before and after her marriage, prevented her from holding a paid, professional appointment, yet it gave her considerable influence in matters of taste and style. In 1776, a notice in the Correspondance secrète—news of the French court, society, and culture—identified Mme Louis, composer of Fleur d’épine, as the person who was “already famous under the name Mlle Bayon for her musical talents. She is the one who brought into fashion the forte-piano, the instrument that is now all the rage.” During the Revolution of 1789–92 and the even more turbulent times that followed, when the French passion for theatre, including music theatre, continued to find new means of expression, “citizen Louis” still worked in Paris. He designed the Théâtre National and supervised its construction from 1791 to 1793. Mme Louis and Mme de Vandeul continued their friendship; in 1791 M. and Mme de Vandeul signed the Louis daughter’s marriage certificate. By the late 1790s (according to Mme de Vandeul), Mme Louis was becoming deaf and infirme (in what way is not specified) and her husband had little to do with her. Mme de Vandeul, with whom she attended the occasional concert and spent much time, described him as totally selfish and self-centered, concerned only with his projects, while Mme Louis was left with “the children and their thousand complaints, a sick father, a retarded brother, penniless sisters.” After Victor Louis died in 1800, Mme Louis remained in Paris and lived for a time in the Vandeul apartment. Almost nothing else is known of her life. She died at the family’s country residence at Aubevoye, a rich abbey her husband had owned in the vicinity of Rouen, canton of Gaillon, department of Eure, on 19 March 1825. PERFORMER AND COMPOSER Mlle Bayon’s early recognition is evident from writings from the late 1760s. Madame de Genlis in her Mémoires recalls a season of theatrical productions and music. She names the actors—three men and three women, including herself and Mlle Bayon—and refers to fifteen spectators, of whom she names eleven. I had an especially good time at home that winter (1767). My salon was very large. We performed not only some proverbs but an opéra-comique for which my friend Mlle Baillon [sic] (later Mme Louis, wife of the famous architect) composed the music. M. de Sauvigny had written the words and a role for me in which I played the harp, guitar, and musette. We also performed a nice comedy entitled "The Miser in Love" (L'Avare amoureux). Mlle Baillon was a charming young person, pretty, gentle, modest, wise, witty, playing the piano with utmost skill, composing marvelously and with an astonishing facility. She [later] composed an opéra-comique Fleur d'épine which was performed with success .... Our little skits, executed between folding screens, always ended with delicious music, in which the famous Cramer [Wilhelm Cramer, 1746–1799, from Mannheim], who spent that winter in Paris, was first violin and the most perfect I have heard, and Jarnovitz [perhaps Ivan Jarnovitz = Giovanni Mane Giornovichi 1745–1804] second violin; Duport [Jean-Louis Duport, 1749–1819] played violoncello, Mademoiselle Baillon the piano, I sang and played the harp. Friseri who, although blind, played the mandolin in a surprising way, also came, as well as Albanèze [Antoine Albanese, 1729–1800] the Italian singer. Diderot’s first enthusiastic accounts appear in letters to his principal correspondent Mlle Volland. In August 1768, he implies that Bayon had some concern with her musical reputation outside France. In London, Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782), the composer, keyboardist, and royal chapelmaster, had suggested to two English friends that they look up his friend Diderot in Paris. Diderot writes that he took them first to hear Johann Gottfried Eckard (1735–l809) and found Eckard's playing "divine, marvelous, sublime." He then took them one morning to hear Mademoiselle Bayon (whom he had "warned" beforehand). Diderot reports: “She played like an angel. Her soul was entirely at the ends of her fingers. Our good Englishmen believed she was doing all that for them. Of course not! It was for their friend Bach, to whom they would not fail to speak enthusiastically about her—a commission that she was giving them without their being aware of it and perhaps without her being aware of it herself.” A couple of weeks later he again mentions visiting her on occasion, when “she sits down at her harpsichord for me and plays everything I want to hear.” Shortly after she married Victor Louis, Diderot (who may have arranged the marriage) writes to his friend, writer and critic Baron Frédéric-Melchior de Grimm (1723–1807) of the concern caused him by the "fateful ceremony." He writes directly to Victor Louis as well: “O, my friend Louis, your wife is an angel; she composes like an angel, she plays like an angel, she sings like an angel, she has the hands, the character, all the qualities of an angel. I love her as tenderly as my child. I enjoin you to make her happy. . . . She has turned all our heads; remember that you are threatened by a swarm of enemies if you don't behave yourself. Late the year before, in 1769, Diderot had engaged a new teacher for his daughter Angélique, the theorist and pedagogue Anton Bemetzrieder (1739–ca. 1817). In a letter of November 1770 Diderot refers to Bemetzrieder and "Mademoiselle Bayon" (now Madame Louis), Angélique's former teacher, "despising" each other, "unfairly," he believed, although he does not explain their reasons. He invited them both to a party, however, and "by chance" managed to "reconcile" them. She was still an "angelic" musician and so was Bemetzrieder. “I had my daughter's teacher play a concerto. Mademoiselle Bayon heard him and discovered that he played like an angel. I had the girl, now a woman, play and sing. She sang and played like an angel, and he thought so, too." The next year, in 1771, Diderot published his famous account of his daughter's lessons, the Leçons de clavecin et principes d'harmonie, par M. Bemetzrieder. He presents the Leçons as dialogues or dramatic scenes being performed by a "master," (Bemetzrieder), "student" (Angélique Diderot) and philosophe (Dénis Diderot). "I can stumble through almost all the composers," the "student" observes, "but I don't know what harmony is, I can not preludize at all, and I am ignorant of accompaniment." The Leçons cover harmony (scales, chord progressions, formal structure), preludizing (improvisation), and accompaniment (figured bass), in keeping with the theories of Rameau so admired by Diderot and the other Encyclopedists. Some idea of Madame Louis's character, her own music, and the repertoire she has taught Angélique can be derived from the dialogues. At one lesson the student describes her earlier teacher as "a charming woman, in whom one does not know what to praise the most—her mind, her character, her morals, or her talent," and adds that her composition has "facility, expression, grace, melody." At a subsequent lesson the student compares "pieces by my friend Madame Louis" to those of the Venetian composer Domenico Alberti (ca. 1710–1740), a collection of whose sonatas had been published in Paris in 1760: both composers must be played "with delicacy and good taste" and are therefore difficult to perform, the pupil observes. By contrast, she knows pieces that are "strong in harmony, loaded with sounds, varied through modulations," so that, while they may sound difficult, they "require only precision and a steady beat." In this category she names the J.S. Bach disciple Johann-Gottfried Müthel (1718–1798), J.S. Bach's sons Johann Christian Bach and Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach (1714–1803), and the Mannheimer Ignaz-Franz von Beecke (1733–1803). At another lesson the pupil offers to play "Abel [Karl-Friedrich Abel, 1723–1787] Alberti, Emmanuel [Back], Jean Back [sic]." Her father says she can "manage passably" (actually Angélique was considered very skilled) the works of several other composers, naming another Mannheimer, Georg Chrstoph Wagenseil (1715–1777) and three more Germans who had settled in Paris and were currently enjoying great popularity, Leontzi Honauer (1735–?), Eckard, and Johann Schobert (ca. 1730–1767). Diderot's musical references to the current repertoire of the music lesson corroborate Madame de Genlis's naming of performers and instruments at her l767 salon. Solo keyboard sonatas are evidently a large part of this repertoire, for the solo sonata is the genre of Alberti and Eckard. Accompanied sonatas, concertos, and other ensemble music for keyboard with accompanying instruments are also important, although at the lesson and even at some performances the keyboardist evidently foregoes the accompanying instruments. Diderot’s mention of Bemetzrieder's apparently solo performance of a "concerto" was quoted earlier. Similarly at one of her lessons Angélique plays "a concerto by Müthel" but no string players are present to accompany her. At another lesson the teacher, Bemetzrieder, plays Schobert's Sonate en symphonie, Op. 9, no. 3, in F major but he plays only the keyboard part without its accompaniment of violin and two horns. After less than a year of lessons, Diderot no longer had much use for Bemetzrieder. One reason, to be inferred from the Leçons, may have been Bemetzrieder's musical taste and his interest in becoming something of a public figure. While Bemetzrieder (as Diderot describes him) does share Angélique's fondness for Alberti, whom he judges "always new” (and whose music, like Bayon's, requires "delicacy and good taste"), Bemetzrieder prefers music for the "instruction or amusement" of the "multitude" of people over music for a small, select audience, like music of Cramer (the violinist from Mannheim) or "the most sublime sonata by Schobert or Eckard."1 Diderot would seem to prefer the sublime sonata and was even to choose Eckard as Angélique's next teacher in l772. It must be noted that in spite of Eckard's fame his published works consist of only eight sonatas and a set of variations. From this it may be inferred that Madame Louis's similarly small number of published works results from her choosing to preserve most works for private performance only, thus preserving her musical reputation. In the Leçons Angélique sums up her position—and presumably her father's and perhaps Madame Louis's—as follows: “Even supposing that the perception of excellence is not reserved to a few privileged souls, as I am persuaded it is, it would still be better to lead the multitude to recognition of what is beautiful than to stop at mediocrity out of regard for the multitude.” THE SONATAS A set of sonatas was the usual debut publication of a performer and composer already known in private circles, and typically when the composer was around 21, sometimes younger. (In l769 when her op. 1 appeared Mademoiselle Bayon was already 23.) The set of six sonatas was published for her—also a usual arrangement—evidently with financial help from the Marquise de Langeron to whom the volume is dedicated. In her preface, which is around 250 words long, Bayon assumes a conventionally humble tone in praising the Marquise. The composer speaks of her own lack of "genius" and of her "gratitude" to her patron who, while not a performer, is still a "true judge" of music because of her sensitivity, taste, and other natural gifts. The title page says the sonatas were engraved by "Mlle [Marie-Charlotte] Vendôme," who was one of the most important music engravers of the century, and her associate "Sr. [François] Moria." It also says the volume is to be purchased directly from the composer (a financially advantageous arrangement for a composer), whose address is given as "Rue de la Four, opposite the café," or at music publishers' hourses or shops (aux addresses ordinaires de Musique). The absence of a publication date is typical of eighteenth-century music, and was perhaps intended to allow music sellers to proclaim an edition to be the latest thing in subsequent years. The sonatas are designated "for harpsichord or piano," an option offered with increasing frequency, perhaps to appeal to more potential buyers. Half of the movements have forte and piano dynamic markings and there is one pianis.—markings characteristic of piano music—but at the same time, as with harpsichord music, there are almost no articulation markings. Madame de Genlis recalled piano as the instrument at her 1767 salon; Eckard several years earlier had published his preference for piano or clavichord for his Opus 1 sonatas (l763) and a Mademoiselle Lechantre the year before (1768) had given the first public performance in France on a piano, a "clavecin forte-piano" from England, at the Concert Spirituel. The style of the sontatas, as can be guessed from the preceding account of contemporary keyboard repertoire, combines traditional French keyboard writing and German and Italian influences. The first four sonatas—the three for solo keyboard and the first of the sonatas with violin accompaniment—are, like Alberti's sonatas, in two movements, both in the same key but with contrasting tempos and characters. The other two accompanied sonatas, like many sonatas of Eckard and Schobert, have three movements in the pattern fast-slow-fast; middle movements are in the dominant key. Except for Sonata IV/ii, a rondo, the movements are in the usual two-reprise form, that is, "sonata form," of the Classic era; distinctive melodic material marks the second key area of the first reprise and, in the second reprise, a recapitulation of opening material occurs at the return to the home key. In the two-movement works no repeat marks are printed but they may be assumed—at double bars at the end of each reprise and at the end of the rondo's first couplet. There are several printing errors as well—occasional wrong notes, misplaced trills, and, most often, missing sharps or natural-signs with the modulation to the dominant in the first reprise. The sonatas show the usual Classical variety of musical "topics"--marches (as in Sonata V/i), dances such as the minuet (I/ii) and gigue (the final movements of Sonatas III and VI), songs and opera arias (the "cantabile" of VI/ii), symphonies and overtures, and concertos. Sonata I/i is an energetic study with almost continuous sixteenth-note accompaniment patterns; performance seems to require only "precision and a steady beat," a style that, as noted earlier, Angélique Diderot was to find atypical of Bayon. Other movements are more "delicate," or typical. The second movement of Sonata I begins in a melodically elegant and graceful manner; a single-line left-hand accompanying part contributes to the sparse, Italianate texture. This movement, unlike the first movement, has occasional piano and forte markings. Left-hand notation in alto clef occurs here and in other sonatas in this set as well. The first movement of Sonata II is the only first movement not marked Allegro; marked Andante affectuoso, it is an expressive melody over Alberti bass and other accompaniment patterns. The phrasing is regular and galant, in two- and four-measure groupings. The second phrase (mm.9–16) completes the period and gives this main idea added substance and seriousness. Measure 17 moves to the dominant and subsequent phrases remain there to the close of the first reprise in measure 45, after repeated cadential motives. The three sonatas with violin accompaniment are generally of a more lyrical character than the solo sonatas, in keeping with the violin’s ability to sustain tone. The violin is truly "obligatory" (obligé) as described on the title page, and there is a continuous exchange of musical ideas between the two players. Because the sonatas are published in score format the violinist is presumably meant to read over the shoulder of the keyboard player. Solo keyboard performance would be possible, but not as easy as in Schobert's Sonate en symphonie mentioned earlier, where accompanying instrumental parts can simply be omitted. In Bayon's accompanied sonatas a keyboard player performing alone would have to read all three staves and choose the two most important parts to play in each phrase. In several passages the violin melody is set over only a figured bass, not an unusual scoring even at this late date. These passages occur in Sonata IV/i, Sonata V/i and iii, and Sonata VI/i and ii. In Sonata VI/i the violin first states the melody in measures l–8 with figured bass accompaniment; beginning in measure 9 the restatement is by right-hand keyboard with a fully notated left-hand and violin accompaniment. For realization the keyboard player can use the left-hand part of measures 9–15 as a model. It is also acceptable to play the keyboard part as written, preserving the thin texture and subtle harmonic movement of the galant style (as heard in the solo keyboard sonatas). On the other hand, the repetition of opening material in two different instrumentations in this accompanied sonata suggests an allusion to the tutti-solo contast of the concerto format, where the keyboard plus violin is the "tutti" and the keyboard is the solo instrument; if performers choose to dramatize the similarities to concerto texture the pianist should play a full-voiced realization to create a fuller, not thinner, texture for the "tutti" than for the "solo" statement that follows. As this movement proceeds the two instruments alternate more frequently, as in the violin's repetition in measure 16 of the pianist's previous measure. Sonata IV/i shows similar restatement of the opening idea except that the pianist begins and the violin, with figured bass, provides the restatement. A different arrangement occurs in Sonata V/i, where there is only one statement of the initial idea, mm.1–11, by the violin with a fully written-out keyboard part, including half-measure answers in the right hand. The virtuosic violin writing of this sonata, even more than the violin's independence in the other two accompanied sonatas, indicates that they were written for, and performed by, someone as skilled as the famous Cramer whom Madame de Genlis so admired, if not by Cramer himself. The keyboard continues the violin's bravura cadence, mm.12–16, and then continues on to begin the dominant-key material. IV. FLEUR D’EPINE As it was unusual for an amateur musician, let alone a woman, to have an opéra-comique performed by the Comédie Italienne, it is evident that for the production of Fleur dépine Madame Louis had the help of influential people. Her husband specialized in the design and construction of theatres; by the time of his marriage in 1770 he had worked with some of the leading writers, composers, and directors. He was the protégé of the duc de Richelieu who was one of the king’s Premiers Gentilshommes de la Chambre who supervised the Comédie Italienne (which performed Fleur d’épine) and the Comédie Française. In 1763, Louis had been scenic designer for a production at the Comédie Italienne under the direction of Charles-Simon Favart (1710–1795), created at the request of the government in celebration of the ending of the Seven Years War; Voisenon (librettist of Fleur d’épine) wrote the words and François-André Danican-Philidor (1726–1795) the music. Louis apparently became a good friend of the prominent composer André Ernest Modeste Grétry (1741–1813); in late 1782 he accompanied Grétry to the composer’s native Liège, where both men were honored by the government. Voisenon’s friend and secretary, Mme la Comtesse de Turpin, in her edition of the Fleur d’épine libretto published in 1781, notes that it had been set once before, by the abbé Charles Gauzargues (ca. 1725–1799), Maître de la Chapelle du Roi, for the comte de Noailles. Mme Louis asked Voisenon for the play and wrote new music for it. Upon Voisenon’s death in 1775, Mme Turpin had “some men of letters” read Fleur d’épine to members of the Comédie Italienne, in accordance with the troupe’s procedures for considering new plays. They accepted it for performance, and as composer, they chose Mme Louis. The premiere was on 22 August 1776. Information about the circumstances leading to performance appeared around the time of the premiere in the Mémoires secrets, a collection of political, literary, and theatre news gathered by members of a salon in which Voisenon had been a colorful and noteworthy participant. The entry for 20 August reported that the Comédie Italienne was to perform Fleur d’épine. The entry for 21 August referred to the efforts of Mme Turpin, Voisenon’s “intimate acquaintance” whom he had appointed as “his residuary legatee for his manuscripts and literary productions,” to have the play accepted for performance with music by Mme Louis, and noted that it was scheduled ahead of other plays that had been accepted earlier. The libretto was based on L’Histoire de Fleur d’épine, or The Story of May-Flower, a rather long, wonderfully rambling fairy tale by the Irish-born French writer Antoine Hamilton (1646–1720). Hamilton’s story, which was familiar to many in the audiences at the Comédie Italienne in 1776, begins in the court of the idyllic caliphate of Kashmir and recounts the adventures of the courageous Tarare (literally, Nonsense) on his quest for the magical maiden Fleur d’épine (May-Flower) who could save the caliph’s daughter. Voisenon used Hamilton’s main characters and ideas in his Fleur d’épine, which is described (on the title page) as a comédie mêlée d’ariettes—a comedy [spoken dialogue] mixed with arias [and other musical numbers]. Voisenon reduces Hamilton’s story to the plight of the two young lovers, Fleur d’épine and Tarare, a beautiful princess and her brave prince. The evil fairy Dentue has kidnapped Fleur-d’épine, who is the daughter of the good fairy Seraine, and has taken her far away. (Dentue and Seraine are sisters; Dentue detests Seraine’s goodness.) Dentue has a son, the stupid prince Dentillon, whom she wants Fleur-d’épine to marry. If Fleur d’épine made the slightest attempt to flee, Dentue’s mare, named Sonnante (literally, Ringing), who has bells attached to every hair on her body, would emit a “ravishing” harmony. Dentue’s power also depends on a magical luminous cap studded with diamonds; Dentue has locked it up and carries the key. When Tarare comes to rescue Fleur-d’épine, Dentue declares she wants to marry him herself. Tarare is now in danger because Dentue brews a potion—she stirs it with her large tooth (dent)—that transforms men into ugly monsters. (In Hamilton’s story, Dentillon, too, is a monster; in Voisenon’s libretto he is only a stupid prince.) In desperation, Fleur d’épine and Tarare try to convince Dentue that Tarare returns her affection. An old woman, destitute but of good heart, comes upon Fleur d’épine and Tarare. The woman gives Tarare a small packet of bird-salt for ruining Dentue’s brew, and he in turn presents her with a diamond, demonstrating his generosity. In Hamilton’s story, Tarare rescues Fleur d’épine and carries her back to the caliph’s court on the galloping Sonnante with the luminous cap lighting the way. In Voisenon’s version, Fleur d’épine uses her wits to contrive her own rescue. Voisenon writes the scene as follows. Dentue has entrusted Dentillon with the all-important key, which he has attached to his boutonnière. Fleur d’épine, left alone with Dentillon, tries to lull him to sleep so that Tarare, who is hiding in the bushes, can come and steal the key. She sings a brilliant, virtuosic aria, because Dentillon has said that music puts him to sleep—a reaction he attributes to his being a “great nobleman.” When Tarare, hidden, says something to Fleur d’épine, Dentillon half awakes and asks who was talking. “The echo,” she answers. Dentillon wants to try; he talks (sings) and the “echo” answers him. Fleur d’épine now sings a gentler song, her famous “sleep aria”; Dentillon falls asleep, and Tarare steals the key. Dentue’s power is destroyed. The monsters are turned back into men, and Fleur-d’épine and Tarare can be married and live happily ever after. Seraine, exalted and beneficent, appears in all her glory. Lo and behold, the poor old woman whom Tarare presented with a diamond was the good fairy Seraine in disguise! Seraine leads the final ensemble that delivers the point moral: that suffering is good for the soul, that jealousy and inhuman power are not to be feared, and that love triumphs in happy hearts. V. THE MUSIC The published score contains an overture and twenty musical numbers—eleven ariettes, or arias, sung by four of the five characters (Dentillon has no aria), plus two duets, two trios, ensemble finales for each act, two small chorus numbers, and a brief instrumental fanfare for Seraine’s final entrance as dea ex machina. The Overture is in two sections, Allegro and Andante, each in Classic key-area form (sonata form). The energetic opening section in G Major modulates to D major and then explores D minor and other keys, with new melodic motives, before returning to the home key. In the Andante in C major the composer creates a softer texture by omitting horns and scoring initial statments of each melody for strings alone. The expected return to the first key of the overture is accomplished by the opening duet, which begins in G-major. The arias are generally in “ABA” form with a brief orchestral introduction. Voisenon’s ariette texts that contrast two states of mind are given musical settings that contrast “A” and “B” sections in different tempos and keys. The arias are melodious and sophisticated in the currently favored Italianate manner, with much repetition of text and melodic motives. Mme Louis would have written them for particular actor-singers of the Comédie Italienne. Mme Trial and M. Julien, two of the troupe’s leading members, played Fleur d’épine and Tarare, M. Trial was the simpleton Dentillon, M. Michu (in a tenor travesti role) was Dentue, and Mme Moulinghem was Seraine. The Comédie Italienne was a cooperative, profit-sharing troupe; members chose the works to be performed (as noted earlier) and hired the orchestra and chorus. In 1776 the chorus might have consisted of as few as nine men and six women, about two or three singers on each part. The orchestra consisted of about 26 men—18 string players and eight wind players: six first violins, five seconds, two violas, three cellos, two double-basses (the last two instruments doubling the “basso” part), two players doubling flute and oboe (the Fleur d’épine score does not call for flutes and oboes at the same time), two horns, and two bassoons. The concertmaster directed the performance from the first violin part, which may have included some cues for other instruments. Customarily the composer would be expected to supervise rehearsals; the assertiveness this required, however, was not something a woman could display, and thus another, male musician would have acted on behalf of Mme Louis. VI. PERFORMERS AND AUDIENCES The first performance at the Comédie Italienne, on Thursday, 22 August 1776, was followed by performances on the next three Saturdays, Mondays, and Thursdays for a total of ten performances in August and September, and two more on 12 and 14 April 1777, a Saturday and Monday. The Comédie Italienne had been developing a repertoire of musical plays since their merger with the Opéra-Comique in 1762. While the terms of their royal privilege required them to perform Italian plays on Tuesdays and Fridays, they performed French works the other five days of the week. Performances started at 5:30 in the afternoon and lasted about three hours; two plays were presented, sometimes three. The first few evenings of Fleur d’épine’s run, it was preceded by a comedy of Italian origin, such as a harlequin play. Later it was billed with another opéra-comique. These included Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny’s Le roi et le fermier (1761) on 5 September, and, on 7 September, Niccoló Piccinni’s La bonne fille (1771, the French version of La cecchina, ossia, La buona figliuola). On three evenings there was an opéra-comique by Grétry, who since 1771 had been the company’s salaried music director: Le tableau parlant (1769) on 9 September, Silvain (1770) on 12 September, and Le huron (1768) on 12 April 1777. On two of these evenings, in between the singer-actors’ performances of Fleur d’épine and a Grétry work, the company’s Italian actors presented a short Italian comedy. The theatre, in the Hôtel de Bourgogne, held about 1500 people; records of the company indicate good attendance. On 14 April, in the presence of the queen and members of the royal family, sitting in the queen’s box,34 a packed house heard Fleur d’épine and Philidor’s setting of a libretto by Voisenon and Quétant, Le maréchal ferrant (1761), a perennial favorite. The production of Fleur d’épine attracted the attention of several Paris writers and critics. The Mémoires secrètes for 23 August, the day after the premiere, noted that Fleur d’épine, a “fairy play” (féerie), was “well received.” The writer commented that, while the beginning was cold and without wit, the end of the first act was better and the second act was “charming,” with “flashes of wit” and “a magnificent spectacle.” (The theatre had a suspended platform that could be lowered and raised over the stage and this was probably used for Seraine’s final entrance in all her glory.) The short review concluded: “The Comédiens spent a lot of money on this play. The music, not very strong, is pleasant.” A second review, dated 26 August, was longer and more enthusiastic. The plot was recounted at some length and the play was reported to be “wonderfully successful.” The echo scene was singled out for praise, as was the spectacle of Dentue’s “assembled relatives,” an “indescribly laughable” collection of “the most hideous and bizarre figures.” The writer reported that Mme Trial “sings deliciously,” and described the effectiveness of each of the other four actors in glowing terms. The review in the Correspondance secrète dated 31 August pronounced the premiere performance “monstrous,” especially the sight of a man playing a woman (Dentue). The reviewer recounted the plot in detail, noting that the joke about the sleepy “great nobleman” was “singularly applauded.” The writer also reported, erroneously, that Fleur d’Épine was based on “a few fragments” found in Voisenon’s papers, and named “Anseaume, Cagliava [Cailhava] & Saussaye [?]” as the work’s producers The music was described as “sweet but feeble,” offering few memorable tunes. A second report on 7 September noted that in a subsequent performance Fleur-d’Èpine had undergone so many “corrections” that it was “tolerable enough” to continue playing. Diderot attended a performance, as might be expected, and pronounced the production cahin-caha, “so-so.” A substantial review appeared in the Correspondance littéraire, another chronicle of Paris literary culture, this one from Diderot’s circle. The reviewer quoted much dialogue from the scene where Fleur d’épine tricks Dentillon, including the ensuing echo duet, and noted that “the ingenious duet, which the music rendered well, was applauded wildly.” Though referring to some “rather brilliant features” in Mme Trial’s “display aria,” the writer found the work generally “cold” and concluded that “the words and music alike promise only mediocre success.” Another prominent critic, Jean-François de La Harpe, declared that the libretto “falls far short of” Hamilton’s delightful story, and that “the late abbé” had been overrated. “He could have cast some interest into the role of this young Fleur d’épine, oppressed by an evil fairy and longing for her lover and for liberty (la liberté), and into the role of this lover who braves all danger to help the one he loves.” Mme de Genlis, in her Memoires, recalled that although Fleur d’épine was “performed with success,” it would have had more success if the poet had not “absolutely ruined” Hamilton’s charming story. In general, the composer’s contemporaries found the music and production to be stronger than the libretto. Antoine D’Origny in the Annales du Théâtre Italien for August 1776 (published in 1788) reported that, while the words were sometimes funny, sometimes bizarre or in bad taste, the music had “moments of real beauty,” the most striking being a trio in dialogue, Fleur d’épine’s virtuosic aria, and her sleep aria. D’Origny reported also on the April 1777 performances: “The public was satisfied with the return of Fleur d’Épine, considerably embellished since its printing.” The music was very effective, he says, especially the sleep aria with Mme Trial’s “new ornaments,” and M. Julien’s “tasteful” singing of Tarare’s aria, On ne doit compter. Besides the full score, music from Fleur d’épine was published in many different arrangements for smaller, chamber forces. Two collections of ariettes for unaccompanied voice include a duet for Fleur d’épine and Tarare, En quoi déja il faut nous séparer, which may have been performed in the original version but is not in the published score. Another collection included an “Air de Mme Louis” also not part of the full score, Voici les lieux charmans ou mon âme ravie. In periodicals and other collections of theatre music, Mme Louis, barely thirty years old when Fleur d’épine was performed, was in the company of the best men creating opera and opéra-comique—such composers as Philidor, Grétry, Piccinni, Monsigny, Nicolas Dezède, and Antonio Sacchini. Her published music provides a glimpse of a skilled and well-connected eighteenth-century musician. VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY My thanks go to five colleagues for invaluable assistance: Calvert Johnson of Agnes Scott College; David Charlton of Royal Holloway, University of London; Jacqueline Letzter and Robert Adelson of the University of Utah; and M. Elizabeth C. 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Victor Louis, Architecte du Théâtre de Bordeaux: Sa vie, ses travaux et sa correspondance 1731–1800. Bordeaux: G. Gounouilhou, 1881. Massiet du Biest, Jean. La fille de Diderot (Mme de Vandeul). Extraits de sa correspondance inédite, avec son mari, avec Jacques-Henri Meister de Zurich (1746–1826) et de divers lettres et documents inédits du fonds Diderot-Vandeul aux Archives Départementales de la Haute-Marne. Lyon: auteur, 1949. Mémoires secrets, pour servir à l’histoire de la République des Lettres en France depuis 1762 jusqu’à nos jours. Contenant les analyses des pièces de théâtre qui ont paru durant cet intervalle; les relations des assemblées littéraires; les notices des livres nouveaux, clandestins, prohibés; les pièces fugitives, rares ou manuscrites, en prose ou en vers; les vaudevilles sur la cour; les anecdotes & bons mots; les éloges des savants, des artistes, des hommes de lettres morts, &c, &c, &c. Vol. 9. [Edited by Mathieu-François Pidansat de Mairobert.] London: J. Adamson, 1778. Pariset, François-Georges. “Victor Louis: Décorations bordelaises: L’Intendance (1774); La Franc-Maçonnerie (1776).” In Victor Louis et le théatre: Scènographie, mise en scène et architecture théâtrale au XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Actes du colloque tenu les 8, 9 et 10 mai 1980 à Bordeaux à l’occasion du bicentenaire de l’inauguration du Grand-Théâtre, edited by Paul Roudié and Philippe Rouyer. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1982. Robinson, Michael F. “Opera buffa into opéra comique, 1771–90.” In Music and the French Revolution, edited by Malcolm Boyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 169–88. Sadie, Julie Anne. “Musiciennes of the Ancien Régime.” Chapter 8 in Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950, edited by Jane Bowers and Judith Tick. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986. Tate, Robert S. “Louis Petit de Bachaumont and the Origins of the Mémoires Secrets.” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1967. Viano, Richard J. “By Invitation Only: Private concerts in France during the second half of the eighteenth century.” Recherches sur la Musique française classique 27 (1991–1992): 131–62. Voisenon, Claude-Henri Fusée, abbé de. Fleur d’épine, comédie mêlée d’ariettes. Paris: Ruault, 1776. ———. Fleur d’épine. In Oeuvres complettes, edited by Mme Turpin (Elisabeth Marie Constance Woldemar de Lowendal, la comtesse de Turpin de Crissé de Sanzay). 5 vols. Paris: Moutard, 1781. ### VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY I.Her Life and Works Madame Louis, née Marie-Emmanuelle Bayon, was a French composer, pianist, and salonnière of considerable activity and influence. Her principal published works are, as Mademoiselle Bayon, a collection of six keyboard sonatas, three of them with violin accompaniment, opus 1 (1769), and, as Madame Louis, the full score of her two-act opéra-comique, Fleur d’épine, or “May-Flower” (the heroine’s name), scored for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra. Composed to a libretto by Claude-Henri Fusée, abbé de Voisenon (1704–1775), a leading writer and librettist, Fleur d’épine had twelve performances in Paris during the 1776–77 season by the Comédie Italienne, one of the official, privileged French theatrical companies of the ancien régime; the final performance was attended by the queen, Marie-Antoinette, and members of the royal family. Collections of musical numbers from the work arranged for unaccompanied voice were also published, as was an arrangement of the overture for keyboard with violin and cello accompaniment; other vocal arrangements appeared in music periodicals and collections from 1776 until around 1786. The composer’s unpublished works, discussed during her lifetime but not yet found, include further instrumental chamber music and opéra-comiques, and music for La fête de Saint Pierre, a divertissement to a libretto by Antoine-François Quétant (1733–1823), performed at the Château de la Cour-Neuve in Paris on St. Peter’s day in 1771. According to her husband’s biographer, Victor Marionneau, Marie-Emmanuelle Bayon was born in Marcei, department of Orne (west of Paris), in 1746. In her preface to the op. 1 sonatas she refers to “the many kindnesses bestowed upon me since my tenderest infancy” by the family of Madame la Marquise de Langeron to whom the volume is dedicated. It may be assumed that Bayon grew up in or near Paris and received, perhaps through this patronage, special training in music. Accounts of her activities from the age of about twenty-one appear in the memoirs and correspondence of some of the leading women and men of the eighteenth-century French Enlightenment. The influential playwright, teacher, and musician Stéphanie de Genlis (1746–1830) considered her a friend. The Encyclopedist and philosophe Denis Diderot (1713–1784) loved her like a daughter. His actual daughter, Angélique, later Madame de Vandeul (1753–1824), studied harpsichord with her from about 1765 until 1769 and remained her lifelong friend and confidante. Diderot compared her work to that of Domenico Alberti, Johann Christian Bach, Johann Gottfried Eckard (Eckhardt), Johann Schobert, and other foreign composers whose music was currently admired in Paris. She composed instrumental music and music for plays, which she performed at Madame de Genlis’s salon on the rue de Grenelle in collaboration with noted amateurs like herself as well as internationally known French and foreign professional musicians. She also participated as actor-singer in salon dramatic productions, such as comédies, skits, and proverbs. In 1770, on 20 June, Mlle Bayon married Victor Louis (1731–1800), an architect with important social and political connections similar to her own. In 1774 the couple’s only child was born, Marie-Hélène-Victoire Louis (d. 1848). In the early 1770s, through the patronage of the duc de Richelieu, Louis was commissioned to design and supervise construction of the Grand-Théâtre in Bordeaux, the building for which he is perhaps most famous today. In Bordeaux the Louis residence became the site of a highly select salon. Sources also mention performances of two “opéras” by Mme Louis. It was during this period, probably in 1775–76, that she completed Fleur d’épine. A few months before the Paris premiere of Fleur d’épine, Bordeaux was the site of a great ceremony when Louis-Philippe-Joseph d’Orléans, duc de Chartres, at the invitation of Victor Louis, came to lay the first stone for the new theatre. In the princely retinue was Madame Louis’s friend, Madame de Genlis, who was a lady-in-waiting to the duchesse de Chartres. The full score of Fleur d’épine, probably published around the time of the premiere, includes a dedicatory preface to the duchesse de Chartres in which the composer employs the conventionally flattering, obsequious phrases of a courtier addressing her patron. One of the copies of the full score now in the Bibliothéque Nationale in Paris bears the coat of arms of the duc de Chartres, and another that of Madame de Genlis. With the completion of the magnificent Grand-Théâtre in 1780 the Louis family returned to Paris, where their residence on the rue de la Place-Vendôme became a gathering place for distinguished literary and artistic figures. Louis sought membership in the Académie Royale d’Architecture but, owing to internal politics, was rejected, a major disappointment to him. He began working with the duc de Chartres on plans for extensive development at the Palais Royal, including a newly designed theatre (l’Opéra du Palais-Royal). Correspondence between Diderot and his daughter, Madame de Vendeul, indicates that Mme Louis devoted considerable energy to furthering her husband’s interests. While no new musical works by her are reported, Fleur d’épine was performed in Brussels, and in 1784 it was performed in Bordeaux. A play by Victor Louis was performed in Paris the same year. With the notable exception of Fleur d’épine, Madame Louis evidently wrote and performed music principally for private gatherings. Her social position, both before and after her marriage, prevented her from holding a paid, professional appointment, yet it gave her considerable influence in matters of taste and style. In 1776, a notice in the Correspondance secrète—news of the French court, society, and culture—identified Mme Louis, composer of Fleur d’épine, as the person who was “already famous under the name Mlle Bayon for her musical talents. She is the one who brought into fashion the forte-piano, the instrument that is now all the rage.” During the Revolution of 1789–92 and the even more turbulent times that followed, when the French passion for theatre, including music theatre, continued to find new means of expression, “citizen Louis” still worked in Paris. He designed the Théâtre National and supervised its construction from 1791 to 1793. Mme Louis and Mme de Vandeul continued their friendship; in 1791 M. and Mme de Vandeul signed the Louis daughter’s marriage certificate. By the late 1790s (according to Mme de Vandeul), Mme Louis was becoming deaf and infirme (in what way is not specified) and her husband had little to do with her. Mme de Vandeul, with whom she attended the occasional concert and spent much time, described him as totally selfish and self-centered, concerned only with his projects, while Mme Louis was left with “the children and their thousand complaints, a sick father, a retarded brother, penniless sisters.” After Victor Louis died in 1800, Mme Louis remained in Paris and lived for a time in the Vandeul apartment. Almost nothing else is known of her life. She died at the family’s country residence at Aubevoye, a rich abbey her husband had owned in the vicinity of Rouen, canton of Gaillon, department of Eure, on 19 March 1825. II.PERFORMER AND COMPOSER Mlle Bayon’s early recognition is evident from writings from the late 1760s. Madame de Genlis in her Mémoires recalls a season of theatrical productions and music. She names the actors—three men and three women, including herself and Mlle Bayon—and refers to fifteen spectators, of whom she names eleven. I had an especially good time at home that winter (1767). My salon was very large. We performed not only some proverbs but an opéra-comique for which my friend Mlle Baillon [sic] (later Mme Louis, wife of the famous architect) composed the music. M. de Sauvigny had written the words and a role for me in which I played the harp, guitar, and musette. We also performed a nice comedy entitled "The Miser in Love" (L'Avare amoureux). Mlle Baillon was a charming young person, pretty, gentle, modest, wise, witty, playing the piano with utmost skill, composing marvelously and with an astonishing facility. She [later] composed an opéra-comique Fleur d'épine which was performed with success .... Our little skits, executed between folding screens, always ended with delicious music, in which the famous Cramer [Wilhelm Cramer, 1746–1799, from Mannheim], who spent that winter in Paris, was first violin and the most perfect I have heard, and Jarnovitz [perhaps Ivan Jarnovitz = Giovanni Mane Giornovichi 1745–1804] second violin; Duport [Jean-Louis Duport, 1749–1819] played violoncello, Mademoiselle Baillon the piano, I sang and played the harp. Friseri who, although blind, played the mandolin in a surprising way, also came, as well as Albanèze [Antoine Albanese, 1729–1800] the Italian singer. Diderot’s first enthusiastic accounts appear in letters to his principal correspondent Mlle Volland. In August 1768, he implies that Bayon had some concern with her musical reputation outside France. In London, Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782), the composer, keyboardist, and royal chapelmaster, had suggested to two English friends that they look up his friend Diderot in Paris. Diderot writes that he took them first to hear Johann Gottfried Eckard (1735–l809) and found Eckard's playing "divine, marvelous, sublime." He then took them one morning to hear Mademoiselle Bayon (whom he had "warned" beforehand). Diderot reports: “She played like an angel. Her soul was entirely at the ends of her fingers. Our good Englishmen believed she was doing all that for them. Of course not! It was for their friend Bach, to whom they would not fail to speak enthusiastically about her—a commission that she was giving them without their being aware of it and perhaps without her being aware of it herself.” A couple of weeks later he again mentions visiting her on occasion, when “she sits down at her harpsichord for me and plays everything I want to hear.” Shortly after she married Victor Louis, Diderot (who may have arranged the marriage) writes to his friend, writer and critic Baron Frédéric-Melchior de Grimm (1723–1807) of the concern caused him by the "fateful ceremony." He writes directly to Victor Louis as well: “O, my friend Louis, your wife is an angel; she composes like an angel, she plays like an angel, she sings like an angel, she has the hands, the character, all the qualities of an angel. I love her as tenderly as my child. I enjoin you to make her happy. . . . She has turned all our heads; remember that you are threatened by a swarm of enemies if you don't behave yourself. Late the year before, in 1769, Diderot had engaged a new teacher for his daughter Angélique, the theorist and pedagogue Anton Bemetzrieder (1739–ca. 1817). In a letter of November 1770 Diderot refers to Bemetzrieder and "Mademoiselle Bayon" (now Madame Louis), Angélique's former teacher, "despising" each other, "unfairly," he believed, although he does not explain their reasons. He invited them both to a party, however, and "by chance" managed to "reconcile" them. She was still an "angelic" musician and so was Bemetzrieder. “I had my daughter's teacher play a concerto. Mademoiselle Bayon heard him and discovered that he played like an angel. I had the girl, now a woman, play and sing. She sang and played like an angel, and he thought so, too." The next year, in 1771, Diderot published his famous account of his daughter's lessons, the Leçons de clavecin et principes d'harmonie, par M. Bemetzrieder. He presents the Leçons as dialogues or dramatic scenes being performed by a "master," (Bemetzrieder), "student" (Angélique Diderot) and philosophe (Dénis Diderot). "I can stumble through almost all the composers," the "student" observes, "but I don't know what harmony is, I can not preludize at all, and I am ignorant of accompaniment." The Leçons cover harmony (scales, chord progressions, formal structure), preludizing (improvisation), and accompaniment (figured bass), in keeping with the theories of Rameau so admired by Diderot and the other Encyclopedists. Some idea of Madame Louis's character, her own music, and the repertoire she has taught Angélique can be derived from the dialogues. At one lesson the student describes her earlier teacher as "a charming woman, in whom one does not know what to praise the most—her mind, her character, her morals, or her talent," and adds that her composition has "facility, expression, grace, melody." At a subsequent lesson the student compares "pieces by my friend Madame Louis" to those of the Venetian composer Domenico Alberti (ca. 1710–1740), a collection of whose sonatas had been published in Paris in 1760: both composers must be played "with delicacy and good taste" and are therefore difficult to perform, the pupil observes. By contrast, she knows pieces that are "strong in harmony, loaded with sounds, varied through modulations," so that, while they may sound difficult, they "require only precision and a steady beat." In this category she names the J.S. Bach disciple Johann-Gottfried Müthel (1718–1798), J.S. Bach's sons Johann Christian Bach and Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach (1714–1803), and the Mannheimer Ignaz-Franz von Beecke (1733–1803). At another lesson the pupil offers to play "Abel [Karl-Friedrich Abel, 1723–1787] Alberti, Emmanuel [Back], Jean Back [sic]." Her father says she can "manage passably" (actually Angélique was considered very skilled) the works of several other composers, naming another Mannheimer, Georg Chrstoph Wagenseil (1715–1777) and three more Germans who had settled in Paris and were currently enjoying great popularity, Leontzi Honauer (1735–?), Eckard, and Johann Schobert (ca. 1730–1767). Diderot's musical references to the current repertoire of the music lesson corroborate Madame de Genlis's naming of performers and instruments at her l767 salon. Solo keyboard sonatas are evidently a large part of this repertoire, for the solo sonata is the genre of Alberti and Eckard. Accompanied sonatas, concertos, and other ensemble music for keyboard with accompanying instruments are also important, although at the lesson and even at some performances the keyboardist evidently foregoes the accompanying instruments. Diderot’s mention of Bemetzrieder's apparently solo performance of a "concerto" was quoted earlier. Similarly at one of her lessons Angélique plays "a concerto by Müthel" but no string players are present to accompany her. At another lesson the teacher, Bemetzrieder, plays Schobert's Sonate en symphonie, Op. 9, no. 3, in F major but he plays only the keyboard part without its accompaniment of violin and two horns. After less than a year of lessons, Diderot no longer had much use for Bemetzrieder. One reason, to be inferred from the Leçons, may have been Bemetzrieder's musical taste and his interest in becoming something of a public figure. While Bemetzrieder (as Diderot describes him) does share Angélique's fondness for Alberti, whom he judges "always new” (and whose music, like Bayon's, requires "delicacy and good taste"), Bemetzrieder prefers music for the "instruction or amusement" of the "multitude" of people over music for a small, select audience, like music of Cramer (the violinist from Mannheim) or "the most sublime sonata by Schobert or Eckard."1 Diderot would seem to prefer the sublime sonata and was even to choose Eckard as Angélique's next teacher in l772. It must be noted that in spite of Eckard's fame his published works consist of only eight sonatas and a set of variations. From this it may be inferred that Madame Louis's similarly small number of published works results from her choosing to preserve most works for private performance only, thus preserving her musical reputation. In the Leçons Angélique sums up her position—and presumably her father's and perhaps Madame Louis's—as follows: “Even supposing that the perception of excellence is not reserved to a few privileged souls, as I am persuaded it is, it would still be better to lead the multitude to recognition of what is beautiful than to stop at mediocrity out of regard for the multitude.” III.THE SONATAS A set of sonatas was the usual debut publication of a performer and composer already known in private circles, and typically when the composer was around 21, sometimes younger. (In l769 when her op. 1 appeared Mademoiselle Bayon was already 23.) The set of six sonatas was published for her—also a usual arrangement—evidently with financial help from the Marquise de Langeron to whom the volume is dedicated. In her preface, which is around 250 words long, Bayon assumes a conventionally humble tone in praising the Marquise. The composer speaks of her own lack of "genius" and of her "gratitude" to her patron who, while not a performer, is still a "true judge" of music because of her sensitivity, taste, and other natural gifts. The title page says the sonatas were engraved by "Mlle [Marie-Charlotte] Vendôme," who was one of the most important music engravers of the century, and her associate "Sr. [François] Moria." It also says the volume is to be purchased directly from the composer (a financially advantageous arrangement for a composer), whose address is given as "Rue de la Four, opposite the café," or at music publishers' hourses or shops (aux addresses ordinaires de Musique). The absence of a publication date is typical of eighteenth-century music, and was perhaps intended to allow music sellers to proclaim an edition to be the latest thing in subsequent years. The sonatas are designated "for harpsichord or piano," an option offered with increasing frequency, perhaps to appeal to more potential buyers. Half of the movements have forte and piano dynamic markings and there is one pianis.—markings characteristic of piano music—but at the same time, as with harpsichord music, there are almost no articulation markings. Madame de Genlis recalled piano as the instrument at her 1767 salon; Eckard several years earlier had published his preference for piano or clavichord for his Opus 1 sonatas (l763) and a Mademoiselle Lechantre the year before (1768) had given the first public performance in France on a piano, a "clavecin forte-piano" from England, at the Concert Spirituel. The style of the sontatas, as can be guessed from the preceding account of contemporary keyboard repertoire, combines traditional French keyboard writing and German and Italian influences. The first four sonatas—the three for solo keyboard and the first of the sonatas with violin accompaniment—are, like Alberti's sonatas, in two movements, both in the same key but with contrasting tempos and characters. The other two accompanied sonatas, like many sonatas of Eckard and Schobert, have three movements in the pattern fast-slow-fast; middle movements are in the dominant key. Except for Sonata IV/ii, a rondo, the movements are in the usual two-reprise form, that is, "sonata form," of the Classic era; distinctive melodic material marks the second key area of the first reprise and, in the second reprise, a recapitulation of opening material occurs at the return to the home key. In the two-movement works no repeat marks are printed but they may be assumed—at double bars at the end of each reprise and at the end of the rondo's first couplet. There are several printing errors as well—occasional wrong notes, misplaced trills, and, most often, missing sharps or natural-signs with the modulation to the dominant in the first reprise. The sonatas show the usual Classical variety of musical "topics"--marches (as in Sonata V/i), dances such as the minuet (I/ii) and gigue (the final movements of Sonatas III and VI), songs and opera arias (the "cantabile" of VI/ii), symphonies and overtures, and concertos. Sonata I/i is an energetic study with almost continuous sixteenth-note accompaniment patterns; performance seems to require only "precision and a steady beat," a style that, as noted earlier, Angélique Diderot was to find atypical of Bayon. Other movements are more "delicate," or typical. The second movement of Sonata I begins in a melodically elegant and graceful manner; a single-line left-hand accompanying part contributes to the sparse, Italianate texture. This movement, unlike the first movement, has occasional piano and forte markings. Left-hand notation in alto clef occurs here and in other sonatas in this set as well. The first movement of Sonata II is the only first movement not marked Allegro; marked Andante affectuoso, it is an expressive melody over Alberti bass and other accompaniment patterns. The phrasing is regular and galant, in two- and four-measure groupings. The second phrase (mm.9–16) completes the period and gives this main idea added substance and seriousness. Measure 17 moves to the dominant and subsequent phrases remain there to the close of the first reprise in measure 45, after repeated cadential motives. The three sonatas with violin accompaniment are generally of a more lyrical character than the solo sonatas, in keeping with the violin’s ability to sustain tone. The violin is truly "obligatory" (obligé) as described on the title page, and there is a continuous exchange of musical ideas between the two players. Because the sonatas are published in score format the violinist is presumably meant to read over the shoulder of the keyboard player. Solo keyboard performance would be possible, but not as easy as in Schobert's Sonate en symphonie mentioned earlier, where accompanying instrumental parts can simply be omitted. In Bayon's accompanied sonatas a keyboard player performing alone would have to read all three staves and choose the two most important parts to play in each phrase. In several passages the violin melody is set over only a figured bass, not an unusual scoring even at this late date. These passages occur in Sonata IV/i, Sonata V/i and iii, and Sonata VI/i and ii. In Sonata VI/i the violin first states the melody in measures l–8 with figured bass accompaniment; beginning in measure 9 the restatement is by right-hand keyboard with a fully notated left-hand and violin accompaniment. For realization the keyboard player can use the left-hand part of measures 9–15 as a model. It is also acceptable to play the keyboard part as written, preserving the thin texture and subtle harmonic movement of the galant style (as heard in the solo keyboard sonatas). On the other hand, the repetition of opening material in two different instrumentations in this accompanied sonata suggests an allusion to the tutti-solo contast of the concerto format, where the keyboard plus violin is the "tutti" and the keyboard is the solo instrument; if performers choose to dramatize the similarities to concerto texture the pianist should play a full-voiced realization to create a fuller, not thinner, texture for the "tutti" than for the "solo" statement that follows. As this movement proceeds the two instruments alternate more frequently, as in the violin's repetition in measure 16 of the pianist's previous measure. Sonata IV/i shows similar restatement of the opening idea except that the pianist begins and the violin, with figured bass, provides the restatement. A different arrangement occurs in Sonata V/i, where there is only one statement of the initial idea, mm.1–11, by the violin with a fully written-out keyboard part, including half-measure answers in the right hand. The virtuosic violin writing of this sonata, even more than the violin's independence in the other two accompanied sonatas, indicates that they were written for, and performed by, someone as skilled as the famous Cramer whom Madame de Genlis so admired, if not by Cramer himself. The keyboard continues the violin's bravura cadence, mm.12–16, and then continues on to begin the dominant-key material. IV. FLEUR D’EPINE As it was unusual for an amateur musician, let alone a woman, to have an opéra-comique performed by the Comédie Italienne, it is evident that for the production of Fleur dépine Madame Louis had the help of influential people. Her husband specialized in the design and construction of theatres; by the time of his marriage in 1770 he had worked with some of the leading writers, composers, and directors. He was the protégé of the duc de Richelieu who was one of the king’s Premiers Gentilshommes de la Chambre who supervised the Comédie Italienne (which performed Fleur d’épine) and the Comédie Française. In 1763, Louis had been scenic designer for a production at the Comédie Italienne under the direction of Charles-Simon Favart (1710–1795), created at the request of the government in celebration of the ending of the Seven Years War; Voisenon (librettist of Fleur d’épine) wrote the words and François-André Danican-Philidor (1726–1795) the music. Louis apparently became a good friend of the prominent composer André Ernest Modeste Grétry (1741–1813); in late 1782 he accompanied Grétry to the composer’s native Liège, where both men were honored by the government. Voisenon’s friend and secretary, Mme la Comtesse de Turpin, in her edition of the Fleur d’épine libretto published in 1781, notes that it had been set once before, by the abbé Charles Gauzargues (ca. 1725–1799), Maître de la Chapelle du Roi, for the comte de Noailles. Mme Louis asked Voisenon for the play and wrote new music for it. Upon Voisenon’s death in 1775, Mme Turpin had “some men of letters” read Fleur d’épine to members of the Comédie Italienne, in accordance with the troupe’s procedures for considering new plays. They accepted it for performance, and as composer, they chose Mme Louis. The premiere was on 22 August 1776. Information about the circumstances leading to performance appeared around the time of the premiere in the Mémoires secrets, a collection of political, literary, and theatre news gathered by members of a salon in which Voisenon had been a colorful and noteworthy participant. The entry for 20 August reported that the Comédie Italienne was to perform Fleur d’épine. The entry for 21 August referred to the efforts of Mme Turpin, Voisenon’s “intimate acquaintance” whom he had appointed as “his residuary legatee for his manuscripts and literary productions,” to have the play accepted for performance with music by Mme Louis, and noted that it was scheduled ahead of other plays that had been accepted earlier. The libretto was based on L’Histoire de Fleur d’épine, or The Story of May-Flower, a rather long, wonderfully rambling fairy tale by the Irish-born French writer Antoine Hamilton (1646–1720). Hamilton’s story, which was familiar to many in the audiences at the Comédie Italienne in 1776, begins in the court of the idyllic caliphate of Kashmir and recounts the adventures of the courageous Tarare (literally, Nonsense) on his quest for the magical maiden Fleur d’épine (May-Flower) who could save the caliph’s daughter. Voisenon used Hamilton’s main characters and ideas in his Fleur d’épine, which is described (on the title page) as a comédie mêlée d’ariettes—a comedy [spoken dialogue] mixed with arias [and other musical numbers]. Voisenon reduces Hamilton’s story to the plight of the two young lovers, Fleur d’épine and Tarare, a beautiful princess and her brave prince. The evil fairy Dentue has kidnapped Fleur-d’épine, who is the daughter of the good fairy Seraine, and has taken her far away. (Dentue and Seraine are sisters; Dentue detests Seraine’s goodness.) Dentue has a son, the stupid prince Dentillon, whom she wants Fleur-d’épine to marry. If Fleur d’épine made the slightest attempt to flee, Dentue’s mare, named Sonnante (literally, Ringing), who has bells attached to every hair on her body, would emit a “ravishing” harmony. Dentue’s power also depends on a magical luminous cap studded with diamonds; Dentue has locked it up and carries the key. When Tarare comes to rescue Fleur-d’épine, Dentue declares she wants to marry him herself. Tarare is now in danger because Dentue brews a potion—she stirs it with her large tooth (dent)—that transforms men into ugly monsters. (In Hamilton’s story, Dentillon, too, is a monster; in Voisenon’s libretto he is only a stupid prince.) In desperation, Fleur d’épine and Tarare try to convince Dentue that Tarare returns her affection. An old woman, destitute but of good heart, comes upon Fleur d’épine and Tarare. The woman gives Tarare a small packet of bird-salt for ruining Dentue’s brew, and he in turn presents her with a diamond, demonstrating his generosity. In Hamilton’s story, Tarare rescues Fleur d’épine and carries her back to the caliph’s court on the galloping Sonnante with the luminous cap lighting the way. In Voisenon’s version, Fleur d’épine uses her wits to contrive her own rescue. Voisenon writes the scene as follows. Dentue has entrusted Dentillon with the all-important key, which he has attached to his boutonnière. Fleur d’épine, left alone with Dentillon, tries to lull him to sleep so that Tarare, who is hiding in the bushes, can come and steal the key. She sings a brilliant, virtuosic aria, because Dentillon has said that music puts him to sleep—a reaction he attributes to his being a “great nobleman.” When Tarare, hidden, says something to Fleur d’épine, Dentillon half awakes and asks who was talking. “The echo,” she answers. Dentillon wants to try; he talks (sings) and the “echo” answers him. Fleur d’épine now sings a gentler song, her famous “sleep aria”; Dentillon falls asleep, and Tarare steals the key. Dentue’s power is destroyed. The monsters are turned back into men, and Fleur-d’épine and Tarare can be married and live happily ever after. Seraine, exalted and beneficent, appears in all her glory. Lo and behold, the poor old woman whom Tarare presented with a diamond was the good fairy Seraine in disguise! Seraine leads the final ensemble that delivers the point moral: that suffering is good for the soul, that jealousy and inhuman power are not to be feared, and that love triumphs in happy hearts. V. THE MUSIC The published score contains an overture and twenty musical numbers—eleven ariettes, or arias, sung by four of the five characters (Dentillon has no aria), plus two duets, two trios, ensemble finales for each act, two small chorus numbers, and a brief instrumental fanfare for Seraine’s final entrance as dea ex machina. The Overture is in two sections, Allegro and Andante, each in Classic key-area form (sonata form). The energetic opening section in G Major modulates to D major and then explores D minor and other keys, with new melodic motives, before returning to the home key. In the Andante in C major the composer creates a softer texture by omitting horns and scoring initial statments of each melody for strings alone. The expected return to the first key of the overture is accomplished by the opening duet, which begins in G-major. The arias are generally in “ABA” form with a brief orchestral introduction. Voisenon’s ariette texts that contrast two states of mind are given musical settings that contrast “A” and “B” sections in different tempos and keys. The arias are melodious and sophisticated in the currently favored Italianate manner, with much repetition of text and melodic motives. Mme Louis would have written them for particular actor-singers of the Comédie Italienne. Mme Trial and M. Julien, two of the troupe’s leading members, played Fleur d’épine and Tarare, M. Trial was the simpleton Dentillon, M. Michu (in a tenor travesti role) was Dentue, and Mme Moulinghem was Seraine. The Comédie Italienne was a cooperative, profit-sharing troupe; members chose the works to be performed (as noted earlier) and hired the orchestra and chorus. In 1776 the chorus might have consisted of as few as nine men and six women, about two or three singers on each part. The orchestra consisted of about 26 men—18 string players and eight wind players: six first violins, five seconds, two violas, three cellos, two double-basses (the last two instruments doubling the “basso” part), two players doubling flute and oboe (the Fleur d’épine score does not call for flutes and oboes at the same time), two horns, and two bassoons. The concertmaster directed the performance from the first violin part, which may have included some cues for other instruments. Customarily the composer would be expected to supervise rehearsals; the assertiveness this required, however, was not something a woman could display, and thus another, male musician would have acted on behalf of Mme Louis. VI. PERFORMERS AND AUDIENCES The first performance at the Comédie Italienne, on Thursday, 22 August 1776, was followed by performances on the next three Saturdays, Mondays, and Thursdays for a total of ten performances in August and September, and two more on 12 and 14 April 1777, a Saturday and Monday. The Comédie Italienne had been developing a repertoire of musical plays since their merger with the Opéra-Comique in 1762. While the terms of their royal privilege required them to perform Italian plays on Tuesdays and Fridays, they performed French works the other five days of the week. Performances started at 5:30 in the afternoon and lasted about three hours; two plays were presented, sometimes three. The first few evenings of Fleur d’épine’s run, it was preceded by a comedy of Italian origin, such as a harlequin play. Later it was billed with another opéra-comique. These included Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny’s Le roi et le fermier (1761) on 5 September, and, on 7 September, Niccoló Piccinni’s La bonne fille (1771, the French version of La cecchina, ossia, La buona figliuola). On three evenings there was an opéra-comique by Grétry, who since 1771 had been the company’s salaried music director: Le tableau parlant (1769) on 9 September, Silvain (1770) on 12 September, and Le huron (1768) on 12 April 1777. On two of these evenings, in between the singer-actors’ performances of Fleur d’épine and a Grétry work, the company’s Italian actors presented a short Italian comedy. The theatre, in the Hôtel de Bourgogne, held about 1500 people; records of the company indicate good attendance. On 14 April, in the presence of the queen and members of the royal family, sitting in the queen’s box,34 a packed house heard Fleur d’épine and Philidor’s setting of a libretto by Voisenon and Quétant, Le maréchal ferrant (1761), a perennial favorite. The production of Fleur d’épine attracted the attention of several Paris writers and critics. The Mémoires secrètes for 23 August, the day after the premiere, noted that Fleur d’épine, a “fairy play” (féerie), was “well received.” The writer commented that, while the beginning was cold and without wit, the end of the first act was better and the second act was “charming,” with “flashes of wit” and “a magnificent spectacle.” (The theatre had a suspended platform that could be lowered and raised over the stage and this was probably used for Seraine’s final entrance in all her glory.) The short review concluded: “The Comédiens spent a lot of money on this play. The music, not very strong, is pleasant.” A second review, dated 26 August, was longer and more enthusiastic. The plot was recounted at some length and the play was reported to be “wonderfully successful.” The echo scene was singled out for praise, as was the spectacle of Dentue’s “assembled relatives,” an “indescribly laughable” collection of “the most hideous and bizarre figures.” The writer reported that Mme Trial “sings deliciously,” and described the effectiveness of each of the other four actors in glowing terms. The review in the Correspondance secrète dated 31 August pronounced the premiere performance “monstrous,” especially the sight of a man playing a woman (Dentue). The reviewer recounted the plot in detail, noting that the joke about the sleepy “great nobleman” was “singularly applauded.” The writer also reported, erroneously, that Fleur d’Épine was based on “a few fragments” found in Voisenon’s papers, and named “Anseaume, Cagliava [Cailhava] & Saussaye [?]” as the work’s producers The music was described as “sweet but feeble,” offering few memorable tunes. A second report on 7 September noted that in a subsequent performance Fleur-d’Èpine had undergone so many “corrections” that it was “tolerable enough” to continue playing. Diderot attended a performance, as might be expected, and pronounced the production cahin-caha, “so-so.” A substantial review appeared in the Correspondance littéraire, another chronicle of Paris literary culture, this one from Diderot’s circle. The reviewer quoted much dialogue from the scene where Fleur d’épine tricks Dentillon, including the ensuing echo duet, and noted that “the ingenious duet, which the music rendered well, was applauded wildly.” Though referring to some “rather brilliant features” in Mme Trial’s “display aria,” the writer found the work generally “cold” and concluded that “the words and music alike promise only mediocre success.” Another prominent critic, Jean-François de La Harpe, declared that the libretto “falls far short of” Hamilton’s delightful story, and that “the late abbé” had been overrated. “He could have cast some interest into the role of this young Fleur d’épine, oppressed by an evil fairy and longing for her lover and for liberty (la liberté), and into the role of this lover who braves all danger to help the one he loves.” Mme de Genlis, in her Memoires, recalled that although Fleur d’épine was “performed with success,” it would have had more success if the poet had not “absolutely ruined” Hamilton’s charming story. In general, the composer’s contemporaries found the music and production to be stronger than the libretto. Antoine D’Origny in the Annales du Théâtre Italien for August 1776 (published in 1788) reported that, while the words were sometimes funny, sometimes bizarre or in bad taste, the music had “moments of real beauty,” the most striking being a trio in dialogue, Fleur d’épine’s virtuosic aria, and her sleep aria. D’Origny reported also on the April 1777 performances: “The public was satisfied with the return of Fleur d’Épine, considerably embellished since its printing.” The music was very effective, he says, especially the sleep aria with Mme Trial’s “new ornaments,” and M. Julien’s “tasteful” singing of Tarare’s aria, On ne doit compter. Besides the full score, music from Fleur d’épine was published in many different arrangements for smaller, chamber forces. Two collections of ariettes for unaccompanied voice include a duet for Fleur d’épine and Tarare, En quoi déja il faut nous séparer, which may have been performed in the original version but is not in the published score. Another collection included an “Air de Mme Louis” also not part of the full score, Voici les lieux charmans ou mon âme ravie. In periodicals and other collections of theatre music, Mme Louis, barely thirty years old when Fleur d’épine was performed, was in the company of the best men creating opera and opéra-comique—such composers as Philidor, Grétry, Piccinni, Monsigny, Nicolas Dezède, and Antonio Sacchini. Her published music provides a glimpse of a skilled and well-connected eighteenth-century musician. VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY My thanks go to five colleagues for invaluable assistance: Calvert Johnson of Agnes Scott College; David Charlton of Royal Holloway, University of London; Jacqueline Letzter and Robert Adelson of the University of Utah; and M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet of Duke University, who worked in Paris in 1996–97 and generously shared her extensive knowledge and understanding of eighteenth-century French operatic productions. —DH Adelson, Robert, and Jacqueline Letzter. “Reconstructing the Author-Function: Naming the Forgotten Women of Eighteenth-Century Opera.” Women of Note Quarterly, in press. L’ancienne France. Le théâtre: mystères—tragédie—comédie, et la musique: instruments— ballet—opéra, jusqu’en 1789. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1887. Bartlet, M. Elizabeth C. “Grétry, Marie-Antoinette and La rosière de Salency.” Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association 111 (1984–5), 92–120. Brenet, Michel. Les Concerts en France sous l'Ancien Régime (Paris, 1900). NY: Da Capo Press, 1970. Brenner, Clarence D. The Théâtre Italien: Its Repertory, 1716–1793, with a Historical Introduction. University of California Publications in Modern Philology, 63. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961. ———. A Bibliographical List of Plays in the French Language 1700–1789 (Berkeley, CA, 1947). Rept, with composer index by Michael A. Keller and Neal Zaslaw. N.p.: AMS Press, 1979. Charlton, David. Grétry and the Growth of Opéra-Comique. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. ———. “Orchestra and Chorus at the Comédie-Italienne (Opéra-Comique), 1755–99.” In Slavonic and Western Music: Essays for Gerald Abraham, edited by Malcolm Hamrick Brown and Roland John Wiley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985: 87–108. Chastel, Anne. “Étude sur la vie musicale à Paris à travers la presse pendant la règne de Louis XVI.” Recherches sur la musique française classique 16 (1976): 37–70 (Pt. I), and 17 (1977): 118–49 (Pt. II). Correspondance secrète, politique et littéraire, ou Mémoire pour servir à l’histoire des Cours, des Sociétés et de la littérature en France, depuis la mort de Louis XV, edited by François Métra. London: J. Adamson, 1787; rept., Geneva: Slatkine, 1967. Devriès, Anik, and François Lesure. Dictionnaire des éditeurs de musique français, pt. I: Des origines à environ 1820. Archives de l’édition musicale française, 4. 2 vols. Geneva: Minkoff, 1979. Diderot, Denis. Leçons de clavecin, et principes d’harmonie, par M. Bemetzrieder (Paris, 1771), in Œuvres complètes, vol. 19 (“Musique”), edited by Jean Mayer and Pierre Citron. Paris: Hermann, 1983. ———. Correspondance, edited by Georges Roth et Jean Varloot. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1955–70. D’Origny, Antoine. Annales du Théâtre Italian depuis son origine jusqu’à ce jour. Paris: Veuve Duchesne, 1788. Rept., Geneva: Slatkine, 1970. 3 vols in 1. [Grimm, F. M. von, with Mme d’Épinay and others]. Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., edited by Jules Taschereau. Paris, 1830. New edition by Maurice Tourneux. 16 vols. Paris: Garnier Frères, 1877[–1882]. Hamilton, Antoine, Count. “Histoire de Fleur d’Épine.” In Le cabinet des fées, ou collection choisie des contes des fées, et autre contes merveilleux, ornés de figures, vol. 20. Amsterdam, 1785. Rept as Nouveau cabinet des fées, vol. 9. Geneva: Slatkine, 1978. ———. “The History of May-Flower.” In Fairy Tales and Romances, transl. M. Lewis, H. T. Ryde, and C. Kenney. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849: 366–444. Hawkins, Frederick. The French Stage in the Eighteenth Century. 2 vols. London: Chapman & Hall, 1888. Rept, Grosse Pointe, MI: Scholarly Press, 1968. Hayes, Deborah. Introduction to Fleur d’épine, Women Composers: Music Through the Ages, ed. M.F. Schleifer and S. Glickman (New York, 1998), iv, v [partial edition] ———. Introduction to M.E. Bayon: Six sonates (New York, 1990). ———. “Marie-Emmanuelle Bayon, Later Madame Louis, and Music in Late Eighteenth-Century France.” College Music Symposium 30/1 (Spring 1990): 14–33. Jackson, Barbara. “Say Can You Deny Me”: A Guide to Surviving Music by Women from the 16th through the 18th Centuries. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 1994. Jullien, Adolphe. La Cour et l’Opéra sous Louis XVI: Marie-Antoinette et Sacchini, Salieri, Favart et Gluck, d’après des documents inédits conservés aux Archives de l’État et à l’Opéra. Paris: Didier, 1878. Rept., Geneva: Minkoff, 1976. Lacouture, Jean. Le Grand-Théâtre de Bordeaux, ou L’Opéra des Vendanges. Photographs by Dominique Thillard. Paris: Caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites, 1994. Lough, John. Paris Theatre Audiences in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. London: Oxford University Press, 1957. Lucas, Charles. “Louis (Louis-Victor-Nicolas).” La Grande Encyclopédie (Larousse): Inventaire raisonné des sciences, des lettres et des arts. Paris: H. Lamirault, 1886–1902. Marionneau, Charles. Victor Louis, Architecte du Théâtre de Bordeaux: Sa vie, ses travaux et sa correspondance 1731–1800. Bordeaux: G. Gounouilhou, 1881. Massiet du Biest, Jean. La fille de Diderot (Mme de Vandeul). Extraits de sa correspondance inédite, avec son mari, avec Jacques-Henri Meister de Zurich (1746–1826) et de divers lettres et documents inédits du fonds Diderot-Vandeul aux Archives Départementales de la Haute-Marne. Lyon: auteur, 1949. Mémoires secrets, pour servir à l’histoire de la République des Lettres en France depuis 1762 jusqu’à nos jours. Contenant les analyses des pièces de théâtre qui ont paru durant cet intervalle; les relations des assemblées littéraires; les notices des livres nouveaux, clandestins, prohibés; les pièces fugitives, rares ou manuscrites, en prose ou en vers; les vaudevilles sur la cour; les anecdotes & bons mots; les éloges des savants, des artistes, des hommes de lettres morts, &c, &c, &c. Vol. 9. [Edited by Mathieu-François Pidansat de Mairobert.] London: J. Adamson, 1778. Pariset, François-Georges. “Victor Louis: Décorations bordelaises: L’Intendance (1774); La Franc-Maçonnerie (1776).” In Victor Louis et le théatre: Scènographie, mise en scène et architecture théâtrale au XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Actes du colloque tenu les 8, 9 et 10 mai 1980 à Bordeaux à l’occasion du bicentenaire de l’inauguration du Grand-Théâtre, edited by Paul Roudié and Philippe Rouyer. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1982. Robinson, Michael F. “Opera buffa into opéra comique, 1771–90.” In Music and the French Revolution, edited by Malcolm Boyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 169–88. Sadie, Julie Anne. “Musiciennes of the Ancien Régime.” Chapter 8 in Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950, edited by Jane Bowers and Judith Tick. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986. Tate, Robert S. “Louis Petit de Bachaumont and the Origins of the Mémoires Secrets.” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1967. Viano, Richard J. “By Invitation Only: Private concerts in France during the second half of the eighteenth century.” Recherches sur la Musique française classique 27 (1991–1992): 131–62. Voisenon, Claude-Henri Fusée, abbé de. Fleur d’épine, comédie mêlée d’ariettes. Paris: Ruault, 1776. ———. Fleur d’épine. In Oeuvres complettes, edited by Mme Turpin (Elisabeth Marie Constance Woldemar de Lowendal, la comtesse de Turpin de Crissé de Sanzay). 5 vols. Paris: Moutard, 1781. ### Women Musicians of the Eighteenth Century by Deborah Hayes	Oboe
The Roscher System and the Henry Classification System are used by the police for what?	concerto \| music \| Britannica.com Concerto sonata Concerto, plural concerti, or concertos, since about 1750, a musical composition for instruments in which a solo instrument is set off against an orchestral ensemble. The soloist and ensemble are related to each other by alternation, competition, and combination. In this sense the concerto, like the symphony or the string quartet, may be seen as a special case of the musical genre embraced by the term sonata . Like the sonata and symphony, the concerto is typically a cycle of several contrasting movements integrated tonally and often thematically. The individual movements are usually based on certain recognized designs, including sonata form , A B A (the letters refer to large distinct musical sections), variations, and rondo (such as A B A C A). But the concerto tends to differ from the sonata, too, in certain ways that set it apart. Thus, in the sonata form of the concerto’s first movement, the exposition often remains in the tonic key while played by the entire orchestra the first time through. The expected departure to a nearly related key and the introduction of the soloist are reserved to a characteristically more elaborate repetition of the exposition. Moreover, to meet a felt need for a more brilliant ending in the same movement, the concerto provides or at least invites an improvised cadenza near the end of the movement—an extended, free flourish that may go on for as long as several minutes. A shorter cadenza may also occur at a strategic point in one or more of the other movements. In addition, the concerto has followed much more consistently than the sonata the plan of three movements, in the order fast–slow–fast. The second movement leads, often without pause, into the finale , or last movement, and the finale has shown a more consistent preference for the rondo design. But, importantly, all of these distinctions of musical form are secondary to the dialogue inherent in the concerto’s interrelationship of soloist and orchestra. This dialogue influences the very nature of the solo part by almost forcing the soloist into a virtuoso’s role so that he can compete on an equal footing with his adversary, the orchestra. The dialogue, furthermore, influences not only the construction of individual musical phrases but also the musical textures chosen. In addition, it affects the ways of developing musical material (e.g., themes, rhythms) according to the logic of musical form, and even the broader blocking off of sections within forms, as in the concerto’s repeated exposition, with its sections for full orchestra (tutti) and soloist. Similar Topics Listen: Tchaikovsky, Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat Minor The first movement, “Allegro non troppo e molto maestoso,” of Pyotr Ilyich … The literature of the concerto since 1750 is extensive in all categories, although the standard repertoire is limited to scarcely more than a few works for each main solo instrument. Being a prime ingredient of popular concert fare, the concerto is subject, much as is opera , to the exigencies of the box office. The film and recording industries have helped further to give disproportionate promience to a few highly successful and undeniably effective examples like those for piano by the Norwegian Edvard Grieg (in A minor) and the Russians Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (in B flat minor) and Sergey Rachmaninoff (in C minor). Taking music’s commonly accepted eras for its framework, this examination of the concerto starts in the late Renaissance (16th century), with the origins and first uses of the term. It proceeds to the Baroque era (about 1580 to 1750), which was the first main era of the concerto, including the vocal-instrumental concerto in the late 16th and 17th centuries and, especially, the concerto grosso in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The discussion progresses next to the Classical era (about 1730 to 1830) and the Romantic era (about 1790 to 1915), which mark successive though dissimilar heydays of the solo concerto partially discussed above. Lastly it reaches the modern era (from about 1890), which has witnessed further vitality in the solo concerto and a renaissance of the older concerto grosso principle of contrasting instrumental groups. Within each era examined, the prime considerations of the discussion are the meanings of “concerto” as then current; the concerto’s place in the social life of the time; its scoring, or particular use of musical instruments and voices; its means of achieving opposition and contrast (if any); its musical structure; and its output by chief regions and masters. Origins of the concerto Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The word concerto has given trouble to music historians concerned with word origins because within a century after its first known applications to music, in the early 1500s, it had acquired two meanings that would seem to be mutually exclusive . One meaning still current in Italian is that of “agreement,” or, as in English, of being “in concert.” The other is that of “competing” or “contesting,” from the Latin concerto, -are, -atus (“to contend”). Probably derived from the same Latin word are such related terms as the Italian conserto, concertato, and concertante; the Spanish concierto; the French concert and concertant; and the English consort. Yet it is this dual meaning itself that offers the most tangible thread of unity throughout the four-century history of the concerto in its various forms. In other words, the concerto, in whatever guise it assumes, reveals a continuing need to resolve the antithetical ideas of concord and contest. The balance between contest and concord is the concerto’s particular solution to the problem of variety within unity that must be resolved in all dynamic art forms. Music: Fact or Fiction? In the 16th century the word concerto embodied several meanings. As early as 1519 in Rome it referred simply to a vocal or instrumental group (un concerto di voci in musica). By 1551 it was used with implications of musical texture, specifically of the contrast of soprano voice with bass and alto (“soprano in concerto col basso & alto”). By 1565 the cognate word concertato was being used in reference to both voices and instruments. And by 1584 a Venetian title, Musica . . . per cantar e sonar in concerti, brought forth the meaning of group presentations or concerts. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Although in 1578 “concerti” was used to mean the music itself, for both voices and instruments (rather than performers or concerts), the first formal musical title of this sort appeared in 1587. This was the Concerti . . . a 6–16 voci (Concertos . . . in 6 to 16 Parts), a collection of vocal and instrumental music by the Venetian composer Andrea Gabrieli and his nephew Giovanni Gabrieli . No formal title concerto is known to be given to strictly instrumental music before 1621, and then the word means both “concerted” or “playing together” and “technically [or even ‘virtuosically’] elaborated.” This title, with significant implications of a new style—that of the virtuoso soloist—is the Sonate concertate in stilo moderno (Concerted Sonatas in the Modern Style), by an Italian, Dario Castello, a collection for a violin and for a bassoon that elaborates on the basso continuo part. (The basso continuo, a constant device of Baroque music, calls for a low, sustained-tone instrument—e.g., cello , viola da gamba, bassoon—playing the bass line, plus one or more chordal instruments—e.g., harpsichord , organ, lute—that improvise harmonies above the bass line. Small numbers, or figures, are often placed above the bass line music as a guide to the harmonies, hence the term figured bass.) In these early, loosely titled collections by the Gabrielis and by Castello, there can be found at least five of the means of contention or opposition that later became closely identified with the stile concertato or concerto. Listed in their approximate order of evolution, they include opposition between voices and instruments; between one choir and another (whether of voices or instruments); between the essential basso continuo and its melodic elaboration; between simple, straightforward parts and more decorative, virtuoso parts; and between two or more voices or instrumental parts engaged in imitative or motivic interplay. Listen: Vivaldi, L’estro armonico, Concerto No. 1 for Four Violins in D Major The third movement of Concerto No. 1 for Four Violins in D Major … Within the span of a century and a half the Baroque era saw the word concerto change from a broad general term applied on several musical levels to a fairly specific term whose meaning had two senses: that of an instrumental group and that of a musical structure or process. Thus in the Gabrielis’ early Baroque “Concerti” the title referred to a collection consisting of church motets (Latin choral compositions) and madrigals (similar Italian compositions) for six to 12 voices in one or two choruses, without and with instruments; a piece for eight voices imitating a battle; and a “Ricercar per sonar” for eight instruments (a ricercar is a piece often based on melodic imitation; sonar means to play instrumentally). By contrast the more than 460 late-Baroque “Concerti” composed by the Italian Antonio Vivaldi from the first half of the 18th century are purely instrumental works, mostly three-movement cycles (fast–slow–fast) for one to four soloists and strings with or without other orchestral instruments. Caricature of Antonio Vivaldi, pen and ink on paper by Pier Leone Ghezzi, 1723; in the Codex … Courtesy of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies The same century and a half saw a similar narrowing of definition in two closely allied terms: sonata and sinfonia . Before sonata, sinfonia, and concerto became clearly defined and attained a degree of mutual exclusion, they often overlapped and were sometimes even equated in meaning. The full title on one musical manuscript by the Italian Alessandro Stradella , for example, reads, Sonata di viole, cioé per concerto grosso di viole, concertino di due violino e leuto (Sonata for Viols, that is, for Full Complement [concerto grosso] of Viols, and Small Group [concertino] of Two: Violin and Lute). Another reads, Sinfonia per violini e bassi a due concertini distinti (Sinfonia for Violins and Basses in Two Distinct Groups). Many so-called trumpet sonatas of the same period, especially those by Domenico Gabrielli and Giuseppe Jacchini, simply equate the three terms without distinction. When Tommaso Antonio Vitali entitled his Opus 4 Concerto di sonate . . . (published 1701), he evidently meant no more than “A Collection of Sonatas,” for there was only a violin part, a basso continuo part, and the concertate cello part that so often elaborated on the basso continuo. But later, when “Concerto” was crossed off a harpsichord solo by the German composer Johann David Heinichen, copied posthumously in 1731, and “Sonata” was entered in its place, the intention was probably to choose a title more identified with the performing instrument, although the work may well have been transcribed from a concerto. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano It is no wonder, then, that even the traits most basically identified with the concerto can be found in works of other titles. G. Gabrieli wrote works for as many as five opposed choirs of instruments under the title of “Sonata.” The “sonatas” of the German composers Johann Joseph Fux and Georg Muffat have passages actually marked “T.” and “S.” for tutti and soli (soloists) groupings, and, indeed, the tutti–soli principle of contrast still operates strongly in the classical symphonies of Haydn and Mozart. These cross-influences are important reminders that any full history of the concerto idea must take into account not only the concerti in the literature but many works with other titles. Yet in a more concise, encyclopaedic summary it is necessary to stay close to the evolution of the term concerto itself, and there is a real significance in observing how the word acquired definition. The evolution of the word in effect reveals the composers’ own developing concepts of it. Concerto was the last of the three terms (sonata, sinfonia, concerto) to attain clear definition. In part this was because the word first had to grow free of its original association with music for both voices and instruments. The Baroque vocal-instrumental concerto (c. 1585–1650) As already suggested, the first category of music to be associated significantly with the term concerto was that of the vocal-instrumental concerto. If this category is sometimes incorporated only incidentally into overall accounts of the concerto, the reasons lie, first, in its lack of clear identification with any one type of musical form and, second, in the longer, more vivid association of all later categories of the concerto with music exclusively for instruments. Both the early association of the word with vocal-instrumental combinations and the lack of a clear, identifiable musical form are apparent in the important discussion of the concerto in 1619 by the German composer and theorist Michael Praetorius in his Syntagma Musicum (“Writings on Music”). Praetorius classified the concerto, along with the motet and the falsobordone (or simple harmonization of a liturgical reciting tone), among vocal pieces that have a sacred or serious secular text. He recognized the two general, and related, types that were to prevail in the vocal-instrumental concerto. The multivoice type was in more than four parts and typically subdivided into opposing choirs , especially low versus high choirs. The few-voice type was for one to four parts; often solo parts, and basso continuo; according to Praetorius, this type, which permitted the text to be understood better, was then replacing the madrigal in Italy. Aside from implications of modernism and greater appeal in the concerto and conservatism and greater weightiness in the motet, Praetorius found no distinction between concert, concertos ecclesiasticos, sacras cantiones, sacros concentus, and motettas. Praetorius found that the concerto was performed especially in the church and, particularly the few-voiced type, in the monastery. Today one surmises from titles and prefaces to published concerti, from contemporary paintings, and even from the kinds of instruments specified, that the main social breeding ground for the vocal-instrumental concerto was the chapel, above all the court chapel, and the chapel’s resources of musicians and instruments were in fact largely those called for by the concerti of the time. The distinction that Praetorius drew between the multi-voice, polychoir concerto and the few-voice, soloistic concerto proved to be the most significant distinction throughout the course of the vocal-instrumental concerto. Yet the two types were not independent of each other but were interrelated in their common derivation from the late-Renaissance, polyphonic madrigal and motet. Moreover, they were interdependent. On the one hand, the few-voiced concerto thrived not only on the desire to make the text more understandable and hence more appealing but also on a practical need, in the smaller, less fortunate chapels, to reduce the larger vocal and instrumental groupings to such resources as were available locally (as, for example, during the economizations in Germany brought on by the Thirty Years’ War , 1618–48). On the other hand, the polychoir and other larger groupings thrived not only on the desire for more massive, imposing sound but on the opportunity that larger, better staffed chapels provided to expand compositions written for the smaller groupings, whether by adopting alternative scorings that the composer might provide or by improvising other dispositions to suit the immediate place and occasion. There is a clear instance of expanding the scoring in one Gabriele Fattorini’s . . . Sacri concerti a due voci . . . (. . . Sacred Concerts for Two Voices . . .). This work appeared originally in 1600 merely “with a basso continuo for the greater convenience of organists” and only two years later was republished “with a new addition of some four-part ripieni [or tutti groupings] to sing in two [opposed] choirs.” A good hint of the improvisatory practices is offered in the Vezzo di perle musicali (1610; Necklace of Musical Pearls), by Adriano Banchieri . Banchieri explains that his pieces are arranged so that “the same concerto can be altered in six ways over the basso seguente [a composite bass line taken from the lowest notes in whatever parts], with one or more parts, whether vocal or instrumental.” The natural consequence of this much interdependence and interrelationship of the two types, multivoice and few-voice, was their fusion in vocal-instrumental concerti that provided the massive oppositions of the larger groups, the subjective intensity of the soloists, and the opposition between group and soloist. This fusion, especially in Protestant Germany, often with the incorporation of a Protestant chorale , or hymn , substantially influenced the subsequent development of the German cantata , which was frequently based on a chorale and, like the vocal-instrumental concerto, included vocal soloists, choir, and instruments. Listen: Monteverdi, Madrigals, “Chiome d’oro, bel tesoro” “Chiome d’oro, bel tesoro” from Claudio Monteverdi’s … A more specific idea of the Baroque vocal-instrumental concerto might best be given by a brief description of the scoring and nature of six successive, representative examples, running from shortly after the pioneer collection by the Gabrielis in 1587 to a late collection (1650) by the German composer Heinrich Schütz. Banchieri’s Concerti ecclesiastici, published in Venice in 1595, consists entirely of eight-part motets for double chorus, with a “score” added for organ. This “score” for this double-chorus collection consisted of the soprano and partially figured bass parts of the first chorus only—a partial score enabling the keyboard player to orient himself. Unlike the Gabrieli collection of concerti, Banchieri’s is composed exclusively of sacred texts. By contrast, Lodovico da Viadana’s popular and influential Cento concerti ecclesiastici a 1, a 2, a 3, e a 4 voci, con il basso continuo per sonar nell’organo (100 Ecclesiastical Concertos [i.e., motets] for One, Two, Three, and Four Voices, with the Basso Continuo to be Played on the Organ; Venice, 1602) exploits the new style, simpler and more intimate , yet florid and expressive, and including actual monody (solo vocal melody accompanied by expressive harmonies, a type of music new with the Baroque Era). These “concerti” achieve opposition mainly through the polarity of upper part(s) and bass, including such dispositions as two tenors and bass, tenor and two trombones, or two sopranos and two basses. In an important preface, especially treating of the organ part, Viadana argued that the reduction from the multivoice type of motet to these new few-voice “concerti” was made possible by the device of the basso continuo and its realization (i.e., the improvised harmonies), which serve as a filler in lieu of the missing parts. Similar oppositions of high and low parts, but with secular texts and still greater variety, appeared in the Concerto, Settimo libro de madrigali a 1, 2, 3, 4, & 6 voci, con altri generi de canti (Concerto [i.e., ensemble or concert consisting of the], Seventh Book of Madrigals in 1, 2, 3, 4, & 6 Voices [plus basso continuo], with Other Kinds of Songs; Venice, 1619), by the celebrated composer Claudio Monteverdi . Along with two pieces in homophonic, or chordal, style, labelled “Sinfonia,” for five unnamed instruments, the book contains both compositions for smaller groups with virtuosic tendencies in the vocal parts and large pieces employing melodic imitation and suggesting Renaissance polyphony, with its independent melodic lines. An example of the larger type is Con che soavità [With What Gentleness], concertato a una voce e 9 instrumenti (making up three choirs of instruments specified for the viola family and a corpus of bass and filler instruments). In the same year (1619), in Wolfenbüttel, Germany, there appeared one of several pertinent collections by Praetorius, Polyhymnia caduceatrix & panegyrica (named after the muse Polyhymnia), “containing 40 concertos of solemn peace and joy” for one to 21 or “more voices, arranged in” two to six choirs, “to be performed and used with all sorts of instruments and human voices, also trumpets and kettledrums.” As Praetorius made clear in his detailed, prefatory instructions and in broader remarks about his concerti in his Syntagma Musicum, his concerti comprise a virtual compendium of the vocal-instrumental concerto in all its uses of voices and instruments and styles of opposition and in all its applications of the Protestant chorale, as well. The German composer Johann Hermann Schein acknowledged the influence of Viadana’s more intimate concerti in the first set of his “sacred concertos,” Opella nova I (1618; Little New Opus). But in his second set (Leipzig, 1626), he turned more to the larger scale styles of Praetorius for three to six voices and basso continuo. Representative is No. 12, Hosianna dem Sohne David (Hosannah to the Son of David), for two sopranos, two tenors, two basses, three bombardi (bass shawms), and basso continuo, with alternating sections of instrumental episodes, tutti in chordal style, and melodic imitation. In addition there are passages for three instrumental or vocal soloists, a combination often already encountered in the popular Baroque trio setting of two high parts over a low part. The last main landmarks of the vocal-instrumental concerto were the three sets of Schütz’s Symphoniae sacrae, or Sacred Symphonies (Venice, 1629; Dresden, 1647 and 1650), works that reveal all the variety of treatment to be found in Schein’s sacred concerti, except for Schein’s interest in the chorale. The first two of Schütz’s sets consisted of few-voice settings, mostly one to three voices with one or two obbligato (required solo) instruments and basso continuo. The third set extended to as many as eight parts (some of them optional) and basso continuo; in style it showed a considerable return to the concept of oppositions between choirs, chiefly between vocal and instrumental choirs. The composers cited here were the main exponents and the Italian and German chapels were the main centres of the early-Baroque, vocal-instrumental concerto. After giving birth to the genre, Italy soon turned to opera, oratorio, and more independent instrumental forms. The Germans, whose derivation from the Italians was direct and unequivocal , developed the idea further and longer before it largely gave way to the Protestant cantata around the mid-17th century. Yet echoes of the vocal-instrumental concerto are still strong in the cantatas of J.S. Bach and his predecessor Dietrich Buxtehude . The Baroque concerto grosso (c. 1675–1750) Late in the 17th century, within a generation after the vocal-instrumental concerto had last flourished in Germany, the concerto grosso began to assume a clear identity of its own in Italy and soon after in Germany and beyond. Its main ingredients have been noted earlier—the opposition of choirs or choir and soloists, the exchanges of melodic imitation, the trio setting of soloists, and even the use of “concertate” in a title of a purely instrumental work (by Castello). Other purely instrumental precedents of the mature concerto grosso exist in the considerable literature of music for opposing instrumental choirs in numerous “sonatas,” “sinfonias,” and “canzone” (instrumental pieces in several sections), starting with the works of Giovanni Gabrieli. Such anticipations, including the Sinfonia à 8 (i.e., in eight parts; 1618) of one Francesco Usper—a fortuitous , miniature concerto grosso in all but the name—accumulated during the 17th century. Good examples are the orchestral “trumpet sonatas” written in Bologna, Italy, during the second half. But not until the 1670s did the term concerto grosso itself come into general use. It indicated the larger of two contrasting instrumental groups within a composition , and in this sense the term was opposed to concertino (the smaller group), and signified the relation of full orchestra to one or more soloists. By 1698 it appeared as an actual title itself, in the published Concerti grossi . . . , by an Italian, Lorenzo Gregori. That this title did indicate a composite concept (i.e., of opposing instrumental groups) is evidenced by frequent distinctions in prefaces and tables of contents between it (or its shorter equivalent, “Concerti”) and the sinfonia or sonata. As one example, the Sinfonie a tre e concerti a quattro (Sinfonias in Three Parts and Concertos in Four Parts, Opus 5; 1692), by the Italian violinist and composer Giuseppe Torelli makes a distinction not only in the number of parts but in the style: between a dense, polyphonic, older style in the sinfonias, often performed with only one player to a part, and a newer, more open style in the concerti, suitable to multiple (orchestral) performance of the parts. As another example, whereas the German Georg Muffat had already called attention to the tuttisoli dispositions in his five orchestral “Sonate” of 1682, when he republished these in 1701 with revisions he changed the title of each to “Concerto.” Social function of the concerto grosso The social function of the concerto grosso was explicitly stated in 1701 by Muffat, who was as articulate about the secular concerto grosso and its performance as Praetorius had been about the sacred vocal-instrumental concerto: These concertos [in his Ausserlesene . . . Instrumental-Music or, Selected . . . Instrumental Music], suited neither to the church (because of the ballet airs and airs of other sorts which they include) nor for dancing (because of other interwoven conceits, now slow and serious, now gay and nimble, and composed only for the express refreshment of the ear), may be performed most appropriately in connection with entertainments given by great princes and lords, for receptions of distinguished guests, and at state banquets, serenades, and assemblies of musical amateurs and virtuosi. (As translated in Oliver Strunk’s Source Readings in Music History, W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., New York , 1950, p. 449.) The breeding ground of the concerto, therefore, was no longer the chapel but the court. From the standpoint of the local court administrator the concerto grosso offered certain economic as well as functional advantages, advantages that might even help to account for its predominance in Baroque instrumental music. The opposition of a full orchestra, playing relatively simple parts, to a few soli, playing more difficult, even virtuosic parts, made it possible to entrust the full-orchestra parts to relative novices in the court entourage, often to servants who could play in addition to their other duties. Thus, only a few solo parts had to be played by experts hired primarily as professional musicians. This practical advantage can be argued only while the distinction between simple and difficult parts prevailed. The distinction became less clear as the concerto matured, at least in works with one or more soloists. Orchestration Fundamental not only to the scoring but to the style, and even the musical structure of the Baroque concerto, was the opposition between the full orchestra, or concerto grosso (also called tutti, or ripieno), and the concertino (also called soli, or principale). A full complement of strings, usually two to four on a part, often sufficed for the “full orchestra,” in addition to the one to three instruments needed to play and realize the basso continuo. Usually at least a low melody instrument, bowed or blown, and a chordal instrument, plucked or keyed, were used for the basso continuo. The same trio setting that had been popular from the start of the century, typically two violins and a cello, often served as the concertino. When the concertino was not playing soli passages it figured as part of the concerto grosso. Illustrative of these typical settings is the celebrated Christmas Concerto (Opus 6, No. 8; 1714), by the Italian violinist and composer Arcangelo Corelli . The basso continuo sometimes rested while the concertino played (a frequent procedure in Vivaldi’s concerti). One significant consequence of the tutti–soli relationship and its opposition of weighty and light masses of sound was a tendency to sharpen the contrast with the popular Baroque device of “terrace dynamics,” or blocks of contrasting loud and soft sound. This occurred especially in the echo effect of a soli passage played piano after a tutti passage played forte. To this dynamic contrast might be added the rhythmic contrast between steady, solid beats in the tutti and more intricate, quicker figures in the soli, growing out of that same tendency toward simplicity, on the one hand, and virtuosity, on the other. Furthermore, not only all of the melodic ornamentation but also most of the passagework were ordinarily given to the soli rather than the tutti. When the tutti strings were augmented by wind instruments and the concertino was reduced to two players or only one (resulting in the first solo concerti), all these oppositions became that much more pronounced. Attention may be called, too, to the artful highlighting of the contrasts through different spacing—that is, through varied alternations of the two groups, now frequent, now less frequent after longer passages. These several means of contrast provided by motive interplay hardly exhaust the sources of variety to be found in the Baroque concerto grosso. Much variety is achieved in another of its basic kinds of opposition or competition. This is the motivic (or imitative) interplay between parts that is so characteristic of the stile concertato, or concerted style. Listen: Bach, J.S.: Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major, BWV 1048 The third movement, “Allegro,” of J.S. Bach’s Brandenburg … Such interplay may occur either between tutti and soli choirs or entirely within a succession of single instrumental parts in the full orchestra. In fact, there are numerous Baroque “concerti” that thrive primarily on the latter style of continuity , without any tutti–soli designations at all (for example, Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 ). The employment of motivic interplay offers certain inherent contrasts of its own. These include shifts from one high or low range to another within a texture of interwoven melodies: rhythmic conflicts based on patterns that do not necessarily coincide with the regular musical metre; and an almost continuous change of key. The last is achieved by rapid successions of modulations (bridges from key to key) and drives to the cadence; i.e., building up of tension in the harmonies used, culminating and relaxing in the cadence , or stopping point. In fast movements, when the propelling force is not such motivic interplay, it is likely to be a force achieved by outright statements of musical figures based on chords and scales. Or it may be an unfolding succession of figures together with the harmonic drive to the cadence. In slow movements it is likely to be compelling progressions of chords, enhanced by melodic ornamentation and enlivened by continual suspensions, dissonances , and resolutions (i.e., by suspending single notes while the harmony around them changes; this creates dissonance , the tension of harmonies that seem to clash; the tension is “resolved” when the harmonies change again). In spite of all this variety there are consistencies of style in the scoring and musical textures just described. In addition, certain additional rhythmic and melodic traits help further to bring a sense of overall unity to the concerto grosso. With regard to rhythmic traits, a steady motoric pulse is likely to prevail throughout the fast movements. Also, true to the nature of the ever-present basso continuo, a steady running bass line is likely to underlie both the slow and the fast movements. Theme and structure With regard to melodic traits, one cannot ordinarily speak of “main and contrasting themes” as in the classical and later concerto. One reason is the lack of individuality in the main thematic ideas. Corelli’s and Vivaldi’s themes, vigorous as they may be rhythmically, hardly stand out melodically from the remaining music. Like the musical context in which they occur, the themes themselves are likely to consist of chord notes, scales, or simple repeated notes. Frequently they are announced in unison (all parts playing the same notes) and thus lack a strong initial association with the harmonies of an accompaniment . Bach is exceptional for the individuality of his themes, especially in the finales, where they are usually out-and-out tunes, memorable and fetching (as in his Violin Concerto No. 2 in E Major, BWV 1042). The less a melodic idea stands out, the less it functions as a true “theme” or unifier when it recurs and the less it can contrast with any of the other melodic ideas. Such relatively neutral themes and motives, which unfold more as supplements than as contrasts, seem to have satisfied most Baroque, especially North German, tastes, including the express preference for limiting any one piece or movement to but one “Affekt” (or characteristic emotion). In addition, and more important for musical continuity, the themes, such as they are, do tend to recur, not only at the more local level of melodic imitation and motivic interplay but also at certain strategic points in the musical structure. Their recurrence, most often at the three or four main tonal landmarks, imparts at least a vague overall outline of formal musical structure. In fact, these strategic recurrences, plus the melodic imitations, the passagework, and the adjunct musical themes that separate them, produce in a loose way the most prevalent structural principle of the fast movements. This is the rondo principle, which is based on the alternation of a refrain, or “ritornello,” with contrasting musical passages. In the more tuneful finales, or final movements, the sense of a rondo “ ritornello ” is most distinct (as in Handel’s Opus 6, No. 11). Generally, the alternations of refrains and intervening episodes tally with alternations of the tutti and soli groups, respectively. Recurring melodic ideas account for two other of the most frequent principles of musical structure in the concerto grosso, those of fugue and of variation. A fugue is based on the polyphonic treatment (through extensive melodic imitation) of a recurring subject, or theme. In fugal sections of a concerto grosso, tutti and soli unite as one group or alternate in expositions (statements of the subject) and episodes (passages in which the subject appears only fragmentarily, if at all). The fugal style occurs largely in fast movements and varies from loose applications, especially among the Italians, to strict ones, especially among the Germans. The variation process depends on continual variation of a constant factor, such as a theme or a group of harmonies. In the concerto grosso it occurs largely in slow movements; its constant factor is a simple, freely recurring bass line, or ostinato (a short, repeated motive or melody). The ostinato often sounds alone in the tutti and may be played in unison at the beginning and end of the movement. It serves as a foil for the soli parts, which sometimes enter successively on long tones and gradually unfold into decorative, expressive passages (as in Bach’s Violin Concerto No. 2). When the ostinato’s recurrences are free enough and the bass line and treble melody of the tutti stand out enough, the effect is that of an expressive aria (solo song , as in an opera) with a firm prelude and postlude (as in Vivaldi’s Opus 3, No. 8), providing one of the many hints of operatic influences in the concerto grosso. To these structural types—rondo, fugue, and variation—may be added especially the binary design, with each half repeated, that prevails in Baroque dances. In binary form , the music of the first half moves from the tonic key to a closely related key. The second half begins in the new key and progresses back to the original key. Dances abound in concerti grossi, not only in those that are primarily orchestral suites or groups of related dance pieces (as are many by Handel) but in others as well. For instance, the finale of Corelli’s Opus 6, No. 3, although headed only “Allegro,” is a fine example of a binary gigue (a courtly dance ultimately derived from the jig). The number of movements in the concerto grosso varies more than in the later solo concerto or in the sinfonia, symphony, and sonata at any time after the concerto grosso’s emergence. But the average may be put at from three to five. Corelli and other Italian pioneers had led off with more movements (insofar as separate movements can be distinguished from mere sectional changes in their concerti). Vivaldi reduced the number, mostly by omitting an initial slow movement that his predecessors had probably derived from the French overture . Instead, Vivaldi largely settled on and, in fact, standardized the cycle at three movements in fast–slow–fast order. He may have been influenced by the same cycle in the Italian opera sinfonia (or overture). The Germans seem to have varied the number more, with the most movements likely to be made up of relatively short dances. Bach’s six Brandenburg Concertos do follow the fast–slow–fast plan except that Number 1 adds two dances and No. 3 leaves out the slow movement, simply substituting in its place two slow chords that create a feeling of suspension. Handel’s Twelve Grand Concertos in Opus 6 contain four to six movements that vary considerably in order and type. As usual in tonal music (music based on the system of major and minor keys), additional variety within unity is achieved in the cycle of concerto grosso movements through departure from and return to the home key. Much more often than in the suite , a slow inner movement is placed in a nearly related key. In the shortest, freest slow movements the tonality , or key orientation, sometimes remains uncertain and in flux, giving the sense of a bridge from the previous to the following movement (as in Vivaldi’s Opus 3, No. 10). Unlike the Baroque suite and sonata, in the concerto the use of interrelated musical themes is not a frequent means of linking the movements. But the concerto grosso is like these other cycles in its dynamic tendency to progress from the more serious to the lighter movements. Infrequently a “ program ”—a story or nonmusical image—lends further unity to the cycle, as it does in the four concerti of Vivaldi’s Opus 8 that are known collectively as The Four Seasons . Each of these concerti is tied closely to a sonnet describing one of the seasons. More often a special unity results from some unusual trait of musical style or use of an instrument. An example is the brilliant solo part given, exceptionally, to the “cembalo concertato” (i.e., a harpsichord that participates with the other instruments in the melodic discourse rather than, as is normal, confining itself to the realization of the basso continuo) in Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto No. 5. Major contributions Like the vocal-instrumental concerto before it, the concerto grosso originated and reached a first peak in Italy, then attained a further peak in Germany. French and English centres responded more than they contributed to it. Again, some of the main landmarks may be briefly noted. The 12 concerti grossi in Opus 6 by Corelli were not first published until 1714, the year after he died. Although they were preceded in print by other pioneer examples, like those of Torelli (from 1698), Tomaso Albinoni (from 1700), and even Vivaldi (from 1712), some of them may have been among the “several concertos” by Corelli that Muffat had already heard in Rome by 1682. Corelli still made the loose distinction, best known in the 17th-century sonata , between da chiesa and da camera—that is, church and court-style, or serious and light. The first eight of his concerti grossi are da chiesa (church-style), in four to seven movements, the last four da camera (court-style), in five movements. A trio setting of two violins and cello is specified for the concertino, and two violins, viola, and bass for the concerto grosso, “which may be doubled as desired.” Between the two groups the opposition is not an antiphony of musical ideas but only a change of musical texture and sonority in the continuous unfolding of the short, tasteful, well-proportioned movements. Vivaldi’s more than 460 “Concerti” (written from about 1710 to 1740) bring the Italian contribution to full maturity, and they rank Vivaldi with his contemporaries Bach and Handel among the greatest masters of the concerto grosso. The maturity is marked by larger forms and broader musical architecture, including tighter organization of the rondo principle, and by more distinctive, energetic musical themes, at least rhythmically if not melodically. There is also greater brilliance and exploitation of idiomatic instrumental techniques, including bariolage (quick shifts from string to string) and broken chords for the solo violin. Another characteristic is the standardization, as noted earlier, of the three-movement cycle, fast–slow–fast. But if the cycle becomes standardized, with only infrequent exceptions, very little else is predictable about Vivaldi’s imaginative, resourceful concerti. Least predictable of all is the scoring, which makes highly varied combinations of string and wind instruments—for example, a tutti of strings with cello and bassoon as the soli; or two oboes, two horns, bassoon, and violin as the soli; or viola d’amore (a violin-like instrument) and lute as the soli. Starting with Muffat’s concerti done under Corelli’s immediate guidance, the spread of the instrumental concerto from Italy to Germany was as direct and wide as that of the vocal-instrumental concerto had been. French influences in Germany were considerable, too, especially where the suite touched the concerto. This was often true in the large, resourceful, and highly varied output of the German Georg Philipp Telemann . In Bach’s approximately 25 concerti (about 1720–35) Italian influences are especially evident, quite apart from his unusual setting for harpsichord alone specifically entitled Concerto in the Italian Style. Again, Italian influence is reflected in the many concerti by Vivaldi and others that Bach transcribed and reworked for harpsichord or for organ. A rare opportunity to learn what mattered most to Bach in concerto structure is provided by a study of his changes in the Vivaldi models. Such changes include themes sharpened melodically and musical textures enriched by the addition of new melodic entries to contrapuntal passages or by more intensive interplay of musical motives. The designs of the musical forms themselves are pointed up by insertions of new musical material, deletions, and altered timing of phrases and entries. Bach summed up the Baroque concerto as he did the cantata, fugue, and other Baroque genres . Besides the transcriptions and the magnificent six Brandenburg Concertos, with all their own varieties of scoring, he left concerti in which the solo requirements are one violin; two violins; flute , violin, and harpsichord; violin and oboe; one harpsichord; two harpsichords; three harpsichords; and four harpsichords. The majority of the harpsichord concerti are further transcriptions and reworkings, some not yet tracked to their sources. For example, two of seven solo harpsichord concerti come from Bach’s own solo violin concerti, and the concerto for four harpsichords comes from Vivaldi’s Opus 3, No. 10, for four violins. These concerti, like the Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 already noted, emphasize Bach’s priority in giving the harpsichord prominence as a concerto solo instrument. Handel left around 35 concerti in all (about 1715–50), including three sets of organ concerti with oboe and strings; one set for strings and winds (Opus 3); one set in the tutti–soli setting for strings alone (Opus 6) that Corelli had used; and several concerti not in sets. Among the last are two works more properly classified in his day as trio sonatas (works usually for two violins and basso continuo but sometimes for orchestra). Transcriptions and reworkings figure in many of Handel’s concerti, as in Bach’s. Handel’s concerto style, like that of his chief contemporary in England, the Italian violinist-composer Francesco Geminiani , is more progressive than Bach’s in its frequent French dance influences and in its more open, less complex musical textures. Although imposing fugues can be found, the prevailing atmosphere in Handel’s concerti is more often that of light, wide-spaced chamber music. Thanks to his unmatched skill, imagination, good timing, and almost childlike enthusiasm, there is also a feeling of extraordinary vitality, robustness, and breadth in the concerti, especially in the finest of the sets, the Twelve Grand Concertos (that is, concerti grossi as translated then), Opus 6. The exploitation of the tutti–soli opposition is less in Opus 3, although the instrumental scoring is more restricted in Opus 6. But in both sets the variety of instrumental combinations is exceptional, even from movement to movement. In Opus 3, No. 2, for example, the soli change from two oboes and two violins to solo oboe, then to two oboes doubling two violins and a viola, further to two oboes and two violins not doubled, and finally to two oboes and cello. Much as Bach had transcribed concerti for organ alone to serve as introductions to cantatas, so Handel played his own original and transcribed concerti for organ and orchestra as introductions and entr’actes in his oratorios. These organ concerti were widely copied by minor followers of Handel in England. Nothing in France close to Handel’s level can be pointed to until near the end of the era, when a violinist and composer, Jean-Marie Leclair, produced his solo concerti. George Frideric Handel, detail of an oil painting after Thomas Hudson, 1756; in the National … Courtesy of The National Portrait Gallery, London In the opening of this article “concerto” was defined as it is thought of first today—that is, in the sense that has prevailed since about 1750. Essential to that definition is the interrelation of orchestra and soloist, not soli. Whereas a concertino of soli had been the norm before 1750, with a single soloist being a variant or reduction of the concertino idea, the single soloist became the norm after 1750. As a result two or more soloists became the exception in what has since become known as “double concerto,” “triple concerto,” and so on. Because the concerto since 1750 has been likened to the sonata (again, as in the opening definition), it is often distinguished as the “sonata concerto,” although the same could have been done with at least as much justification, especially because of the confusions of terms noted earlier, for the concerto before 1750. More justified, in spite of all the exceptions, might be the designations “solo concerto” for the later type and “orchestral concerto” (or concerto grosso) for the earlier type. The concerto grosso may be said to have dissolved into the solo concerto and the sinfonia concertante . The second term was Mozart’s designation for certain concerti with more than one soloist, but it has also been used for symphonies that still reveal the imitative interplay of the concerto grosso or that employ the tutti–soli rondo principle. There are differences between the earlier solo part, which was a minimal concertino, and the later solo part, which was a self-sufficient adversary to the orchestra. There is also a difference in scoring between the two types of concerto, for at the time that the concerto grosso was being replaced by the solo concerto the basso continuo was falling into disuse. In addition there is a difference of degree, with a sharp increase of independence and virtuosity in the soloist’s part in the later form of the concerto. Page 1 of 3	i don't know
Alt, Bock, Dunkel and Helles are German varieties of what?	German Beer Styles Brewing in Style Germans are very conscious of distinct beer styles. When they order a beer, they rarely ask for it by its brand name. Rather they order beer by its style designation, asking for a Pils, an Alt, a Kï¿½lsch, a Weissbier, a Helles or a Dunkel, for instance. Depending on your definition of beer style, there are arguably between two and four or five dozen styles in Germany. Some people consider Bockbier, for instance, a broad style that comprises many subcategories, such as the stronger Doppelbock and the even stronger Eisbock, while others count each of these brews as a separate style. The same goes for Altbier and its stronger version, the Sticke Alt, for instance. Likewise, the large family of yeast-turbid German wheat ales, called Weissbiers or Hefeweizens, has a clear, filtered member, called Kristallweizen, as well as a strong member, called, Weizenbock, which many consider separate styles. Except perhaps for the ubiquitous Pils, which holds a roughly 60% market share throughout Germany, most styles have a stronger following in their regions of origin but are much less known, though usually available, elsewhere. The unfiltered, low-carbonation, malty Kellerbier, for instance, is a specialty of Franconia in northern Bavaria, but it can be hard to find along the Atlantic and Baltic coastlines. Likewise, the blond Kölsch, which is by far the most popular beer in and around Cologne as well as the copper-colored Altbier, which holds the same rank in and around Düsseldorf, would be hard to find in, say, southern Bavaria. Conversely, Weissbier, which is the most popular beer style in Bavaria, with more than a one-third market share there, holds only about a 10% market in the rest of Germany. German Beer Regions German beer making has taken different paths in different parts of the country. Broadly speaking, beers become maltier as you travel from north to south and hoppier as you travel in the reverse direction. In addition, some styles have more than one, often regional, name. A Kellerbier, for instance, may also be called Zwickelbier, Krï¿½usenbier or Zoigl; a Dortmunder may be called Export; a Maibock, Helles Bock. Among all the German regions, the southern-most state, Bavaria, clearly has spawned the greatest variety of beer styles. They vary in shades of color and strength. There are very blond and almost black lagers as well as clear and yeast-turbid, pale and brown wheat ales. Some brews, like the Helles, are quaffing, or easy-drinking, beers, while others, like the Eisbock, are sipping beers. Neighboring Bohemia to the east of Bavaria (once part of the German-speaking Autro-Hungarian Empire and now part of the Czech Republic) has produced, under Bavarian influence, the world's most popular style, the Pilsner, which is the mother of all modern lagers, including the popular German Pils, the Dortmunder Export, and the Bavarian Helles. Rhineland and Westphalia, which together now form the state of North-Rhine-Westphalia, probably rank second in contributions to the German beer landscape. The Rhineland, with its Alt and Kölsch ales, has become the custodian of the ancient German ale tradition, while Westphalia has enriched the world with its peculiar interpretation of the blond lager, the Dortmunder Export. The northern regions, until the late Middle Ages hot-beds of ale brewing, have given us the dry, assertively hoppy Pils, the original Bock from Einbeck (which was an ale in the Middle Ages), and a light, acidic wheat beer called Berliner Weisse. Understanding German Beer Labels German breweries often use prefixes or adjectives in conjunction with their style names to highlight a particular characteristic of their beer. For instance, ungespundet means a low-effervescence beer that was fermented to the finish in an unpressurized fermenter. The carbon dioxide in the solution, therefore, is minimal and the beer tastes only gently pétillant and very smooth. The word hell or helles means "light," but, unlike in North America, this designation refers to color only, not to the beer's calories or alcoholic strength. A light beer in the North American sense would be called leicht or, more commonly, by the English term "light." If a beer features the prefix ur or urtyp, which mean "original" or "original type," the brewery tries to emphasize the authenticity of its beverage. A spezial is just what you suspect it is: A beer that the brewery made as a seasonal special or one it considers especially good. If a brewery designates its brew as edel, which means "noble," it points to the lofty rank of its hops, because the best hop varieties in Germany are called Edelhopfen noble hops). German breweries pay taxes by the "heaviness" of their sweet wort (which is the run-off from the malted grain in the mash tun, i.e., unfermented beer). Wort heaviness is measured as the percentage of non-water substancesmostly fermentable malt sugarsdissolved in the wort. Most German beers contain around 88% water and 12% extract. As a rough rule, depending on the fermentation method used, one extract point contributes about 0.3 to 0.4% alcohol by volume to the finished beer. The higher the extract level of the unfermented beer, the more tax the government collects on the brew, regardless of the final alcohol content of the beer that results. Thus, in additon to belonging to style categories, German beers also belong to one of four official tax categories, which are sometimes noted on the label: By law, a Vollbier (literally "full" or "entire" beer) contains 11 to 14% extract. This category holds about 99% market share in Germany. A completely fermented Vollbier usually has between 3 and 5.3% alcohol by volume. Pils, Helles and Weissbier (Hefeweizen) belong in this category. Three other beer categories occupy the remaining 1% of the market: Einfachbier (literally "simple" or "plain" beer) has about 0.1% market share. It is defined by a taxable extract value of 2 to 5.5% and generally has no more than 0.5 to 1.5% alcohol by volume. Schankbier (literally "tap" or "draft" beer) has a 0.2% market share. Its extract value is 7 to 8%, and its alcohol by volume level tends to be between 0.5 and 2.6%. Berliner Weisse, for instance, falls into this category. Finally, Starkbier (literally "strong" beer) has a 0.7% market share. All beers with an extract value exceeding 16% are Starkbiers. Their alcohol level is invariable above 5% and usually no more than 10%. All Bockbiers, Doppelbocks, and Eisbocks belong in this category. Until 1990, beers outside these extract bands that is, beers with 5.5 to 7%, 8 to 11%, and 14 to 16% extract were not permitted to be brewed, by law. Oddly, the law has since been changed, but the definition of beer categories has not. <back to top> From the Brewery to the Consumer Germany never had Prohibition, as did the United States and Canada in the early part of the 20th century. As a result, Germany lacks the stringent alcoholic beverage regulations that prevail in North America. There are no state-run or province-run beverage stores, nor is there a three-tier system that rigidly separates licensed producers from licensed distributors, and both from on- and off-premise retailers. Instead, anybody in the beer trading chain including breweries and wholesalerscan sell beer directly to the public and many beer distributors make "house calls." In Germany, therefore, beer is just another food commodity. It is readily available just about anywhere, any time, including on Sundays, at convenience stores, supermarkets, department stores, newspaper kiosks, gas stations, company cafeterias, and even vending machines. Every brewerynational or localmakes several beer styles, and a brand is a brewery's particular interpretation of a style. While stores are likely to carry more than one brewery's brands, pubs and restaurants tend to be tied to just one, often local, brewery and serve only that supplier's brands. The brewery, in turn, supplies all the establishment's glasses, taps, trays, and neons, and often even the pub's or restaurant's entire furnishings. Thus, unlike in North America, when you order a beer, you can rarely choose the brand you will be served. Still, with such a great variety of beer styles, from the racy, edgy Pils to the mellow, malty Schwarbier (black lager), there is usually a beer for just about any mood and any occasion. On a hot summer afternoon, for example, the lazy quaffer may crave a Helles to keep his internal temperature in check, while on a wintry afternoon, he may crave a tankard of nourishing Doppelbock to warm his insides and to help him forget the frosty punishment from his long wait at the commuter bus stop. In Germany, brewers are much like great chefts. They emphasize technique as much as they do ingredients. Restricted by the so-called Reinheitsgebot (purity law), which allows them to use only four ingredients in their beer malt, hops, yeast, and water they insist on working only with quality raw materials. The incredible variety of German beers, therefore, stems largely from technique in the service of a traditional style. At right is a complete list of the styles that you might encounter while traveling in Germany or while shopping for a German beer in North America.	Beer
The Marble Mountains (locally, Ngu Hành Son) are five marble/limestone hills, Kim, Thuy, Moc, Hoa and Tho, in which country?	2004 BJCP Style Guidelines 5D. Eisbock 5A. Maibock/Helles Bock Aroma: Moderate to strong malt aroma, often with a lightly toasted quality and low melanoidins. Moderately low to no noble hop aroma, often with a spicy quality. Clean. No diacetyl. Fruity esters should be low to none. Some alcohol may be noticeable. May have a light DMS aroma from pils malt. Appearance: Deep gold to light amber in color. Lagering should provide good clarity. Large, creamy, persistent, white head. Flavor: The rich flavor of continental European pale malts dominates (pils malt flavor with some toasty notes and/or melanoidins). Little to no caramelization. May have a light DMS flavor from pils malt. Moderate to no noble hop flavor. May have a low spicy or peppery quality from hops and/or alcohol. Moderate hop bitterness (more so in the balance than in other bocks). Clean, with no fruity esters or diacetyl. Well-attenuated, not cloying, with a moderately dry finish that may taste of both malt and hops. Mouthfeel: Medium-bodied. Moderate to moderately high carbonation. Smooth and clean with no harshness or astringency, despite the increased hop bitterness. Some alcohol warming may be present. Overall Impression: A relatively pale, strong, malty lager beer. Designed to walk a fine line between blandness and too much color. Hop character is generally more apparent than in other bocks. History: A fairly recent development in comparison to the other members of the bock family. The serving of Maibock is specifically associated with springtime and the month of May. Comments: Can be thought of as either a pale version of a traditional bock, or a Munich helles brewed to bock strength. While quite malty, this beer typically has less dark and rich malt flavors than a traditional bock. May also be drier, hoppier, and more bitter than a traditional bock. The hops compensate for the lower level of melanoidins. There is some dispute whether Helles ("pale") Bock and Mai ("May") Bock are synonymous. Most agree that they are identical (as is the consensus for Märzen and Oktoberfest), but some believe that Maibock is a "fest" type beer hitting the upper limits of hopping and color for the range. Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation. Ingredients: Base of pils and/or Vienna malt with some Munich malt to add character (although much less than in a traditional bock). No non-malt adjuncts. Noble hops. Soft water preferred so as to avoid harshness. Clean lager yeast. Decoction mash is typical, but boiling is less than in traditional bocks to restrain color development. Vital Statistics: 6 - 11 6.3 - 7.4% Commercial Examples: Ayinger Maibock, Hacker-Pschorr Hubertus Bock, Einbecker Mai-Urbock, Augustiner Hellerbock, Hofbräu Maibock, Capital Maibock, Victory St. Boisterous, Gordon Biersch Blonde Bock Return to top 5B. Traditional Bock Aroma: Strong malt aroma, often with moderate amounts of rich melanoidins and/or toasty overtones. Virtually no hop aroma. Some alcohol may be noticeable. Clean. No diacetyl. Low to no fruity esters. Appearance: Light copper to brown color, often with attractive garnet highlights. Lagering should provide good clarity despite the dark color. Large, creamy, persistent, off-white head. Flavor: Complex maltiness is dominated by the rich flavors of Munich and Vienna malts, which contribute melanoidins and toasty flavors. Some caramel notes may be present from decoction mashing and a long boil. Hop bitterness is generally only high enough to support the malt flavors, allowing a bit of sweetness to linger into the finish. Well-attenuated, not cloying. Clean, with no esters or diacetyl. No hop flavor. No roasted or burnt character. Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full bodied. Moderate to moderately low carbonation. Some alcohol warmth may be found, but should never be hot. Smooth, without harshness or astringency. Overall Impression: A dark, strong, malty lager beer. History: Originated in the Northern German city of Einbeck, which was a brewing center and popular exporter in the days of the Hanseatic League (14th to 17th century). Recreated in Munich starting in the 17th century. The name "bock" is based on a corruption of the name "Einbeck" in the Bavarian dialect, and was thus only used after the beer came to Munich. "Bock" also means "billy-goat" in German, and is often used in logos and advertisements. Comments: Decoction mashing and long boiling plays an important part of flavor development, as it enhances the caramel and melanoidin flavor aspects of the malt. Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation. Ingredients: Munich and Vienna malts, rarely a tiny bit of dark roasted malts for color adjustment, never any non-malt adjuncts. Continental European hop varieties are used. Clean lager yeast. Water hardness can vary, although moderately carbonate water is typical of Munich. Vital Statistics: Return to top 5C. Doppelbock Aroma: Very strong maltiness. Darker versions will have significant melanoidins and often some toasty aromas. A light caramel flavor from a long boil is acceptable. Lighter versions will have a strong malt presence with some melanoidins and toasty notes. Virtually no hop aroma, although a light noble hop aroma is acceptable in pale versions. No diacetyl. A moderately low fruity aspect to the aroma often described as prune, plum or grape may be present (but is optional) in dark versions due to reactions between malt, the boil, and aging. A very slight chocolate-like aroma may be present in darker versions, but no roasted or burned aromatics should ever be present. Moderate alcohol aroma may be present. Appearance: Deep gold to dark brown in color. Darker versions often have ruby highlights. Lagering should provide good clarity. Large, creamy, persistent head (color varies with base style: white for pale versions, off-white for dark varieties). Stronger versions might have impaired head retention, and can display noticeable legs. Flavor: Very rich and malty. Darker versions will have significant melanoidins and often some toasty flavors. Lighter versions will a strong malt flavor with some melanoidins and toasty notes. A very slight chocolate flavor is optional in darker versions, but should never be perceived as roasty or burnt. Clean lager flavor with no diacetyl. Some fruitiness (prune, plum or grape) is optional in darker versions. Invariably there will be an impression of alcoholic strength, but this should be smooth and warming rather than harsh or burning. Presence of higher alcohols (fusels) should be very low to none. Little to no hop flavor (more is acceptable in pale versions). Hop bitterness varies from moderate to moderately low but always allows malt to dominate the flavor. Most versions are fairly sweet, but should have an impression of attenuation. The sweetness comes from low hopping, not from incomplete fermentation. Paler versions generally have a drier finish. Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full body. Moderate to moderately-low carbonation. Very smooth without harshness or astringency. Overall Impression: A very strong and rich lager. A bigger version of either a traditional bock or a helles bock. History: A Bavarian specialty first brewed in Munich by the monks of St. Francis of Paula. Historical versions were less well attenuated than modern interpretations, with consequently higher sweetness and lower alcohol levels (and hence was considered "liquid bread" by the monks). The term "doppel (double) bock" was coined by Munich consumers. Many doppelbocks have names ending in "-ator," either as a tribute to the prototypical Salvator or to take advantage of the beer's popularity. Comments: Most versions are dark colored and may display the caramelizing and melanoidin effect of decoction mashing, but excellent pale versions also exist. The pale versions will not have the same richness and darker malt flavors of the dark versions, and may be a bit drier, hoppier and more bitter. While most traditional examples are in the ranges cited, the style can be considered to have no upper limit for gravity, alcohol and bitterness (thus providing a home for very strong lagers). Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation. Ingredients: Pils and/or Vienna malt for pale versions (with some Munich), Munich and Vienna malts for darker ones and occasionally a tiny bit of darker color malts (such as Carafa). Noble hops. Water hardness varies from soft to moderately carbonate. Clean lager yeast. Decoction mashing is traditional. Vital Statistics: 6 - 25 7 - 10+% Commercial Examples: Paulaner Salvator, Ayinger Celebrator, Spaten Optimator, Tucher Bajuvator, Augustiner Maximator, Weihenstephaner Korbinian, Weltenburger Kloster Asam-Bock, EKU 28, Eggenberg Urbock 23°, Samichlaus, Bell's Consecrator, Moretti La Rossa Return to top 5D. Eisbock Aroma: Dominated by a balance of rich, intense malt and a definite alcohol presence. No hop aroma. No diacetyl. May have significant fruity esters, particularly those reminiscent of plum, prune or grape. Alcohol aromas should not be harsh or solventy. Appearance: Deep copper to dark brown in color, often with attractive ruby highlights. Lagering should provide good clarity. Head retention may be impaired by higher-than-average alcohol content and low carbonation. Pronounced legs are often evident. Flavor: Rich, sweet malt balanced by a significant alcohol presence. The malt can have melanoidins, toasty qualities, some caramel, and occasionally a slight chocolate flavor. No hop flavor. Hop bitterness just offsets the malt sweetness enough to avoid a cloying character. No diacetyl. May have significant fruity esters, particularly those reminiscent of plum, prune or grape. The alcohol should be smooth, not harsh or hot, and should help the hop bitterness balance the strong malt presence. The finish should be of malt and alcohol, and can have a certain dryness from the alcohol. It should not by sticky, syrupy or cloyingly sweet. Clean, lager character. Mouthfeel: Full to very full bodied. Low carbonation. Significant alcohol warmth without sharp hotness. Very smooth without harsh edges from alcohol, bitterness, fusels, or other concentrated flavors. Overall Impression: An extremely strong, full and malty dark lager. History: A traditional Kulmbach specialty brewed by freezing a doppelbock and removing the ice to concentrate the flavor and alcohol content (as well as any defects). Comments: Eisbocks are not simply stronger doppelbocks; the name refers to the process of freezing and concentrating the beer. Some doppelbocks are stronger than Eisbocks. Extended lagering is often needed post-freezing to smooth the alcohol and enhance the malt and alcohol balance. Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation. Ingredients: Same as doppelbock. Commercial eisbocks are generally concentrated anywhere from 7% to 33% (by volume). Vital Statistics:	i don't know
The communist government of which country was overthrown during the Velvet Revolution in 1989?	The Velvet Revolution: A Peaceful End to Communism in Czechoslovakia \| Tavaana Case Study The Velvet Revolution: A Peaceful End to Communism in Czechoslovakia The Velvet Revolution Vision and Motivation By the second half of the 1980s, the political atmosphere in the Soviet Union and its satellite states was more relaxed than it had been in previous decades, due to Mikhail Gorbachev's introduction of two new governmental policies: Glasnost, a government effort to make the country's governance transparent and open to debate, and Perestroika, the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system. Many historians cite the introduction of these two policies as a catalyst for many of the nonviolent democratic revolutions that erupted in Soviet-bloc countries. [1] Czechoslovakia's Communist Party took efforts to prevent Gorbachev's reforms from being enacted at home, where an autocratic political system prevailed, government dissent was not tolerated, and political activists were punished harshly through the second half of the 1980s. [2] Through purges of suspected dissidents and their family members, the Communist government established tight control over its citizens. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia continued to carry out these policies in the aftermath of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent democratic transition of other Soviet-bloc countries such as Poland and Hungary. These politically repressive conditions, combined with the collapse of the Soviet Union, inspired the Czechoslovaks to demand change from their government. In the last six weeks of 1989, opposition activists staged what became known as the "Velvet Revolution," to overthrow the Communist government in Czechoslovakia. Velvet is associated with Czechoslovakia's democratic revolution because it was a peaceful movement ending in compromise, not violence; Havel and his activist movement had a strategic preference for nonviolent action that facilitated the movement's success. While Slovak members of the activist movement referred to the democratic transition as the Gentle Revolution, Havel and his Czech compatriots continue to refer to it as the Velvet Revolution. Some argue that Lou Reed's Velvet Underground catalyzed the adoption of velvet by Czech civic activists, after a rare copy of the band's first record was snuck into Prague in 1968. The Velvet Underground later influenced The Plastic People of the Universe, close friends of Vaclav Havel who were an underground rock band that musically embodied Czech's opposition movement from 1968 to 1989. [3] Goals and Objectives The Velvet Revolution began somewhat spontaneously on November 17, 1989, with a student march organized to mark the 50th anniversary of a protestor's death in a student demonstration against the Nazi occupation. However, it quickly turned into an anti-government protest, with students carrying banners and chanting anti-Communist slogans. [4] Although the student protest was conducted in a peaceful manner, 167 student protestors were hospitalized after being beaten by police. [5] The demonstration and its accompanying violence inspired workers' unions and other civic groups to organize for a free and democratic Czechoslovakia. [6] Following the student demonstration, mass protests were held in several cities across Czechoslovakia. Actors and playwrights were prominent within the dissident movement, so theaters became meeting places where activists devised their political strategies and held public discussions. [7] During a discussion held in a Prague theatre on November 19, a group called the Civic Forum was established as a collection of spokespeople of the democratic movement. [8] The group demanded "the resignation of the Communist government, the release of prisoners of conscience, and investigations into the November 17 police action." [9] Leadership The Civic Forum, the heart of Czechoslovakia's democratic movement, was led by Vaclav Havel. Havel, an author, playwright, and poet, used his talent to craft the movement's messaging, challenging the government in a way that captured the public's confidence and imagination. "I really do inhabit a system in which words are capable of shaking the entire structure of government, where words can prove mightier than ten military divisions," Havel has said. [10] In plays like The Garden Party, The Memorandum, and The Interview, Havel showed the effects of a repressive government bureaucracy on ordinary people and their private lives and relations. [11] He had been active during the "Prague Spring" period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968, when the country's leader, Alexander Dubček, lifted restrictions on freedom of speech and state controls on industry. For a few months, Czechoslovaks were able to openly criticize Soviet rule, travel about the country more freely, and form new political clubs not affiliated with the Communist Party. However, that summer Soviet troops were sent into the country to stop the reforms, causing Havel to speak out against the invasion on Radio Free Czechoslovakia. As a result of his human rights activism, his plays were banned from Czechoslovak theaters, and in 1977, he was sentenced to four and a half years of hard labor. [12] A strong believer in both liberal democracy and non-violent protest, Havel was also known as one of the founders of Charter 77, a civic initiative created in 1977. This group wrote a manifesto calling on the regime to live up to its international human rights commitments; this prompted the government to imprison its members and ban the Charter 77 document. On November 19, 1989, Havel founded the Civic Forum. [13] Under his leadership, prominent members of Charter 77 came together with other dissident groups to form the Civic Forum, which was intended to unite the Czechoslovak opposition in order to overthrow the Communist regime. Successfully having orchestrated a series of public demonstrations and strikes over the next three weeks, Havel became the face of the Czech opposition and led the group in talks with the government in early December 1989. After successful negotiations with the Communist government, Havel was appointed president of Czechoslovakia in 1989, and then elected president in June 1990, holding the office until 2003. For his civic activism and political leadership he has received numerous awards including Liberal International's Prize for Freedom, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Philadelphia Medal, the Order of Canada and the International Gandhi Prize. In addition to innumerable awards and distinctions, Havel has become an inspiration to democratic movements across the globe. Civic Environment Under the Communist regime, Czechoslovakians were offered little space to express political dissent. The Communist Party successfully persecuted political dissidents before the Velvet Revolution, most notoriously after the Prague Spring of 1968, when hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia to put an end to political reforms and strengthen the Party's authority. Even small signs of non-conformity were taken seriously; one man recalls that his grandfather, a university lecturer, was reported to the authorities for referring to his students as "ladies and gentlemen" rather than "comrades." [14] The regime's attempts to place restrictions on free speech, which had been used against Czech opposition groups in the past, failed to muzzle the zeal of Havel and the Civic Forum. During the initial November 17 nonviolent protest, student activists offering flowers to police were brutally beaten; however, the subsequent marches, protests, and strikes that took place in the following week could not be silenced by police brutality. The barrage of nonviolent activism had such a profound effect on the Czechoslovak people, including police and members of internal security institutions, that protests and strikes increasingly grew larger and faced less government repression. Nonviolent protestors led by Havel and the Civic Forum catalyzed a significant shift in the civic environment of Czechoslovakia. Message and Audience During the first opposition protest of the Velvet Revolution on November 17, student organizers directed their message demanding the government's resignation to both the Czechoslovak people and the government via banners and posters. With the formation of the Civic Forum less than 48 hours later, most university students, theatre employees and actors went on strike instantaneously, yet Havel knew that many more would have to join them in strike in order for the movement to grow and bear fruit. Havel and his cohort agreed to continue pushing for the government to resign; however, in order to bolster national support for his movement, a new message needed to be crafted for the Czech people. Havel, who determined that methods of economic and social noncooperation in the form of strikes would be most effective against the government, sought to organize a general strike for November 27 that would span across Czechoslovakia. During the next several days, Havel and the Civic Forum coordinated mass demonstrations throughout the country, using the platform both to openly express its displeasure with the government and to spread word about the November 27 general strike. Together, tens of thousands gathered in protest, chanting in the streets, "It's finally happening!" [15] The democratic movement in Czechoslovakia built a broad base of democratic consciousness; the demonstrations in Prague on November 25 and 26 drew an estimated crowd of nearly 750,000 people. [16] The daily protests gave way to meetings between the Civic Forum and Prime Minister Ladislav Adamec, in which the Prime Minister personally guaranteed that no violence would be used against Czech citizens. [17] Then, on November 27, a reported 75% of the Czech population participated in a two-hour general strike, showing the mass support that had gathered behind the Civic Forum. The strike, which bolstered the demands put forth by the opposition movement, ended the "popular" phase of the Velvet Revolution as Havel and the Civic Forum successfully showed the Communist regime that the Czech people would no longer obey. Outreach Activities Discredited and powerless against the demands of protestors, the Communist Party was pushed into talking with Havel and the Civic Forum, ushering in a new political climate. The Communist Party officially ceded its monopoly on political power in Czechoslovakia to allow for multi-party rule on November 28, just one day after the citizens' general strike. On December 10, Communist President Gustav Husak resigned, and on December 29, the Czech Parliament appointed Vaclav Havel to the presidency of a free Czechoslovakia. As the last president of Czechoslovakia and the first of the Czech Republic, Havel helped facilitate the state's historic transition to democracy, marked by free and fair elections in June 1990, the first since 1946. The new government liberalized Czechoslovak law with respect to both politics and the economy, creating an open and free society.	Czechoslovakia
On what form of transport would you find a pelorus, said to be named after Hannibal's pilot, c.200BC?	The anti-communist "Revolutions of 1989" \| Baltic States Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia The anti-communist "Revolutions of 1989" 151pages on Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. This page is not completed and is still being written! The popularly supported Revolutions of 1989 (also known as the Fall of Communism, the Collapse of Communism, the Revolutions of Eastern Europe and the Autumn of Nations) were the pro-democracy revolutions which overthrew the communist regimes in the European countries, who resented and hated the failed and de-brerritoned political system imposed on them by the USSR. Margaret Thatcher , Ronald Reagan , François Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl all supported this rebellion. The USSR had made great advances, but had also become very dictatorial over the years. They opposed the economic and political decline of the Brezhnev years as well as several lingering injustices from the Stalin years. Politician prisons and the secret police were to be feared under Stalin and Brezhnev. It was also noted that shortages got some what worse under Gorbachev. The events began in Poland in 1989 and continued on into Hungary , East Germany , Czechoslovakia , Bulgaria , and Romania . Subsequently various and extensive of campaigns of civil resistance and disobedience helped to demonstrate the popular loathing of communist one-party rule and helped contribute to the movements for change. Increased Contact with West Germany (FRG) helped to undermine East Germany (GDR/DDR) after the people noticed the better cars and post- World War 2 buildings. Romania’s despotic Nicolae Chauchescu was particular hated by his subjects, who resented his wealthy lifestyle and their abject poverty (only Albania was worse in Europe). Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to overthrow its Communist regime violently and then to execute its leader. The Tienanmen Square protests of 1989 failed to any stimulate major political changes in the more docile Chinese, but powerful images of courageous defiance during spurred on pro-democracy movements else ware, including in East Germany which lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall German reunification and the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990. Yugoslavia, Mongolia, South Yemen, Ethiopia, Congo (Brazzaville) and Benin also dumped communism in the early 1990's. Contents Edit Since the 18th and 19th centuries communism has been established by politicians like Karl Marx and Frederich Engels. Later on, the February Revolution and October Revolution overthrown the Russian Tsar, and is followed by the Russian Civil War that lasted until 1923, led to the loss of Poland , Finland and the Baltic States . History Edit After taking over Russia and forming the USSR they began to spread communism, in to neighboring states. The Bolsheviks helped in the creation of the short lived Braverian-Munich SSR of 1919 and the long term take over of Mongolia by communists in 1924. The Stalin years Edit After Lenin's death, Stalin ruthlessly took power over the party started initially making friends with the European powers and Canada, whilst proceeding to obliterate large parts of the populations in both the Ukraine, Kraznordar Obast, and Bashkoitia the Hodmador famine of the 1930s. The dictator then removed his political opposites from the Party during 1937-1938 as victims of the Gulags. Many horrific and bloody purges would hit these areas as well as other places in the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s. Field Marshal Joseph Stalin sign the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact which led to occupation of Western Poland (now part of Belarus and Ukraine), the Baltic states and Finland’s the Karelian province. The locals either fled abroad, slavishly obeyed government orders or were moved to Gulag prison and/or labour concentration camps. Between 1945 and 1948, communist governments were set up as puppet and client regimes in Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany (Yugoslavia and Albania already got an interim communist government before the war's end). Stalin, who was clinically paranoid by this time, finally died in 1953. After World War II, the Soviet Union had established a military and/or political presence in a number of countries (only Yugoslavia, parts of Albania, eastern Slovakia and parts of eastern Poland were openly backing Communism at the time). After the war, Russia forcibly brought into power various Communist parties who were unswervingly (especially in Poland) loyal to Moscow. Stalin helped Mao Zedong establish the People's Republic of China and his Communist regime in 1949, which would end in the Cultural Revolution and a 60 year stand-off with Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, S. Korea, The USA and Taiwan. Bulganin era Edit The Soviets retained garrison troops throughout the territories they had occupied. During The Cold War saw these states formed the Warsaw Pact and Comecon, have continuing political and military tensions with the capitalist NATO bloc, in a 50 year stand-off in Europe. Khrushchev era Edit Khrushchev took power and start simultaneous reforms. However, the big loss in war didn't seem to have been fully reverted, and economic poorness began to swallow the nation. In the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, a spontaneous nationwide pro-democracy revolt had occurred and the Soviet Union invaded Hungary to re-assert its control. Brezhnev era In 1968, the USSR repressed the pro-democracy Prague Spring by organizing the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Détente then occurred in several East-West summits between Brezhnev and America's president Nixon. Gorbachev era Edit By the early 1980s the Soviet economy got a big hit, thus affecting the whole block. In Poland , more than 60% of population lived in poverty, and inflation, measured by black-market rate of the U.S. dollar, was 1,500% in the period 1982 – 1987. Poland later became the cradle of the Revolutions of 1989. Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, only three hours after Konstantin Chernenko 's death. Upon his accession at age 54, he was the youngest member of the Politburo. Gorbachev's primary goal as General Secretary was to revive the Soviet economy after the stagnant Brezhnev years. The revolutions of 1989-1990 Edit In August 1980 Solidarity was founded in Gdansk after the allowance by the government. In September 20 Inter-factory Founding Committees joined in and become united as the NSZZ Solidarity. Founder Lech Walesa formed a broad anti - Soviet movement across the nation, from the Catholic Church to the Left. It was supported by the Catholic Church. However The movement was encouraged and supported by the then - Pope John Paul II, who was born in Poland. During the politicaly critical labour turmoil in Poland during 1980, the independent trade union, Solidarity , had been formed. It was led by Lech Wałęsa . On 13 December 1981, Communist leader Wojciech Jaruzelski started a political crack-down on Solidarity as it took off as a protest movement. Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland , suspending the union and temporarily imprisoning all of its leaders, including Lech Wałęsa . The Communists' two longtime coalition partners broke off and chose to support Solidarity. A new non-Communist government, the first of its kind in the former Eastern Bloc in September 1989. Hungary Edit By 1989, the Soviet Union had repealed the Brezhnev Doctrine in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of its Warsaw Pact allies, taking notice from Poland, Hungary was next to follow. Although Hungary had achieved some lasting economic reforms and limited political liberalization during the 1980s, major new reforms only occurred following the replacement of János Kádár as General Secretary of the Communist Party on 23 May 1988 with Karoly Grosz. On 12 January 1989, Hungary's Parliament adopted a "democracy package", to re-introduce trade union pluralism; freedom of association, assembly, and the press; a new electoral law; and a radical revision of the constitution, among others. The first visible cracks in the Iron Curtain appeared when Hungary began dismantling its 150 mile long border fence with Austria on 2 May 1989. Thousands of E. Germans, Hungarians and Czechoslovaks soon poured in to Austria. Hungary's parliament adopted legislation providing for multi-party part elections and direct multy-party presidential elections, which then took place on March 24, 1990. The Soviet military occupation of Hungary ended on 19 June 1991. Czechoslovakia Edit The "Velvet Revolution" was a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the Communist government. On 17th November 1989. Czechoslovak riot police suppressed a peaceful, pro-democracy student demonstration in Prague. This event sparked a series of popular demonstrations from 19 November to late December and by 20th November the number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague had swelled from 200,000 the previous day to an estimated 500,000. The entire Communist Party leadership, including general secretary Miloš Jakeš, resigned November 24th. The border with West Germany and Austria that was closed in November, reopened in early December. 30,000 East Germans would use this route in that time. Czechoslovakia held its first democratic elections since 1946 in the June 1990. On 27 June 1991 the last Soviet troops were withdrawn from Czechoslovakia. The Czech and Slovack republics later seperatied in to new nations soon afterwards. USSR "Dievs, svētī Latviju" National anthem "God bless Latvia" The Latvian anthem "Dievs, svētī Latviju". The independence struggle began in Kazakhstan with the Jeltoqsan uprising in 1986. The Singing Revolution occurred in the Baltic states between 1987 and 1991. Many people started protesting against the Soviet rule in Georgia in early 1989. In April 1989 the Soviet army massacred demonstrators in the Tbilisi Massacre . By November 1989, the Georgian SSR officially condemned the Russian invasion in 1921 and continuing genocidal occupation of the nation. When the Soviet Union was dissolved, the 19 nations declared their independence from the Soviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Chechnya, Estonia, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Udmurtia, Tartarstan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan by the end of 1991. Chechnya would be at war with Russia for many years to come. The impact was felt in dozens of Socialist countries.The adoption of varying forms of market economy generally resulted at first in decreasing living standards in post-Communist States, together with side effects including the rise of business oligarchs in countries such as Russia, the disproportional social, socialy skewed economic development and undulating 'boom-bust' type economics in the Ukraine and Latvia. Many states were drastically changed, with numerous Eastern Bloc countries joining NATO , OECD , European Union and numerous other organizations. The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt by Viktor Yanayev made the collapse of the USSR inevitable. The USSR dissolved later in 1991. East Germany Edit On 6 and 7 October, Mikhail Gorbachev visited East Germany to mark the 40th anniversary of the German Democratic Republic, and urged the hard-line East German leadership to accept a level of reform. A famous quote of his is rendered in German as "Wer zu spät kommt, den bestraft das Leben" (He who is too late is punished by life). Honecker regarded the USSR as a renegade regime and even went so far as banning the circulation of Soviet publications that the Communit Party (SED) viewed as subversive. On October 9th 70,000 citizens demonstrated in Leipzig, dispute of rumors of a planned mascare by the army. The authorities on the ground refused to open fire and told there superiors and the communist party to shove off. This had encouraged more and more citizens to take to the streets. By 16 October 120,000 people demonstrated on the streets of Leipzig. There were plans by army chiefs to defend the Berin wall, but troops did not folow there orders and let it fall. Romania Edit After having survived the anti-communist Braşov Rebellion in 1987, Nicolae Ceauşescu was re-elected for another five years as leader of the Romanian Communist Party in November 1989, who did not support reformists or like the idea of democracy in there relm. Ceauşescu ordered the Securitate secret police to arrest and exile the Hungarian Calvinist minister, László Tőkés, on 16 December, for religious sermons offending the atheist regime. The arrest was not easy, since Tőkés was seized only after serious rioting erupted. Timişoara was the first city to react agaist the arrest, on 16 December, and civil unrest continued across the region for 5 days. After Returning from his diplomatic tour of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ceauşescu ordered a mass rally in his support outside Communist Party headquarters in Bucharest on 21 December. 04:13 Romanian Anthem (with English translation) The Romanian anthem "Deşteaptă-te Române". He was confident of the peoples' adoration, but to his shock and bewilderment, the crowd booed and jeered him as he spoke. Some sung the pre-communist patriotic song "Deşteaptă-te Române" and tore the communist emblem out of the Romanian flag they had with them. As years of repressed dissatisfaction boiled to the surface throughout the Romanian populace, regardless of race or creed, and even among elements in Ceauşescu's own psudo-communist government. The demonstrations qucikly spread throughout the country. On the morning of 22 December, the Romanian military suddenly changed sides and it's leaders denounced the PCR after after it was announced that defense minister Vasile Milea had committed suicide after being unmasked as a traitor. The militery were shocked to here this. Believing Milea had actually been murdered by the state, the rank-and-file soldiers went over virtually en masse to the revolution. As the rebel army tanks began moving towards the Central Committee building with rebellious crowds swarming alongside them. The rioters forced open the doors of the Central Committee building in an attempt to capture Ceauşescu and his wife, Elena, coming within a few meters of the couple. To the public's dismay, they managed to escape slyly in a private helicopter waiting for them on the building's the roof. Later the piolt later betrayed them to the rebels en flight. Romanian television showed the Ceauşescus facing a hasty trial and then undergoing summary execution on Christmas Day. An interim National Salvation Front Council led by Ion Iliescu took over and announced elections for April 1990, but they were postponed until 20 May. It was the first free elections held in Romania since 1937. The revolution resulted in 1,104 deaths. Unlike its kindred parties in the Warsaw Pact, the PCR simply melted away; no present-day Romanian party claiming to be its successor has ever been elected to the legislature since the change of system. "Deşteaptă-te Române" became the national anthem. Bulgaria Edit In October and November 1989 ecological demonstrationswere staged in Sofia, where other demands for political reform and democatisation were also voiced. The demonstrations were suppressed by the police on goverment orders, but on 10 November 1989 (also the day after the Berlin Wall was breached) Bulgaria's long-serving leader, Todor Zhivkov, was ousted by his Politburo. He was succeeded by a considerably more liberal Communist, former foreign minister Petar Mladenov. Gorbachev (AKA- Gorba or Gorby) apparently approved the leadership change, as Zhivkov had been opposed to Gorbachev's policies and was dictatorial by nature. Soon the liberals relegalised the protests and relaxed security, secorship and political controle policies. After initial resistance by the Communists and continued protests, a "Polish Round Table" style coalion was formed between the protesters liberal communists in the transition to democracy. The Communist Party finaly abandoned Marxism-Leninism in April 1990 and renamed itself as the Bulgarian Socialist Party. In June 1990 the first free elections since 1939 were held, won by the Bulgarian Socialist Party. Yugoslavia Edit and Tito's democratic communism which was scrapped in Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992, the latter splitting into five successor states by 1992: Slovenia, Croatia, Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (comprising Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo until the 2006). The escalating ethnic and national tensions led to the Yugoslav wars and the independence of the constituent (federal) units, in chronological order: Slovenia (25 June 1991) Republic of Macedonia (8 September 1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1 March 1992) Serbia and Montenegro (2 state unions between 1992–2006). Montenegro proclaimed independence on 3 June 2006, while Serbia proclaimed its succession to the union as an independent state on 5 June 2006. Kosovo (17 February 2008, partially recognized). Bozneg Hertzog- Edit The widely hated, hard-line Communist era Enva Hoaxa was abandoned in Albania during 1992. It was the last such event in Europe outside the USSR. It started in December 1990 with student demonstrations after theMarch 1991 elections left the former Communists in power. A general strike and urban opposition later led to the formation of a coalition cabinet which included non-Communists members, but Albania's former Communists were routed in elections in March 1992 amid both economic collapse and continued social unrest. At last people could buy oranges and flared trousers went out of fashion. Enva Hoaxa hated oranges and so he banned them, while he loved flairs and thus banned almost all other styles, especially jeans. China Edit New Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping developed the concept of Socialism with Chinese characteristics . People we ecorraged to do low level free entiprize and be more friendly towards Hong Kong. In December 1986, the Western influenced Chinese student demonstrators, taking advantage of the loosening political atmosphere, staged protests against the slow pace of reform called for campus elections, the chance to study abroad, and greater availability of western pop culture. Hu Yaobang, a protégé of Deng Xiaoping and a leading advocate of Chinese social and political reform, was thus blamed for inspiring the student protests and forced to resign as the CCP General Secretary in January 1987. In the "Anti Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign", Hu would be further denounced by his former peers for bringing "chaos" to the campuses. The protests were sparked by the death of Hu Yaobang on 15 April. By the eve of Hu's funeral, one million peoplehad gathered at Tiananmen square. Soviet President Mikhil Gorbachev 's visit to the People's Republic of China on 15 May during the protests brought many foreign news agencies to Beijing, and their sympathetic portrayals of the protesters helped galvanize a spirit of liberation among the Central, South-East and Eastern Europeans who were watching the events. The Chinese leadership and especialy the Communist Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang, had begun earlier than the Soviets to radically reform the economy, was actually open to political reform, but but was afraid a potential return to the disorder of the Cultural Revolution. The Chinese Sudent Movement lasted 7 weeks, from Hu's death on 15 April until tanks cleared Tiananmen Square on 4 June. In Beijing, the resulting military response to the protesters by the PRC government left many civilians and military personnel charged with clearing the square of the 2,000-2,500 dead and 3,000-5,000 injured. The number of deaths is not known and many different estimates exist. Eyewitness and the reporter Charlie Cole also saw Chinese soldiers firing Type 56 rifles into the crowd near an APC which had just been burnt out. Despite of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, china became a fairly capitalist economy by 2012, but with a lot of state control. Life is very undemocratic, but things are slowly changing. Mongolia Edit The communist regime ended in the 1990 Mongolian Democratic Revolution and a new constitution was introduced in 1992. The term "People's Republic" was dropped from the country's name in 1992. The transition to market economy in the early 1990s saw high inflation and food shortages. The first electoral win for non-communist parties came in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). Congo (Brazzaville) Edit The People's Republic of the Congo was a self-declared Marxist–Leninist socialist state that was established in 1970. It was led by the Congolese Party of Labour (French: Parti congolais du travail, PCT). It existed until 1991, when the country was renamed and the PCT government was eliminated amidst the wave of multiparty reforms that swept Africa in the early 1990s. The country is now a non-communist partial democracy. Other lands Edit Communism was abandoned in countries such as Cambodia (which became a kingdom), Benin, Angola, Nicaragua, Mozambique, Yugoslavia, Ethiopia and South Yemen (which unified with North Yemen). The collapse of Communism led commentators to declare the end of the Cold War in the early 1990's. Election chronology in Central and Eastern Europe 1989-1991 Edit Between the spring of 1989 and the spring of 1991 every Communist or former communist Central and Eastern European country, and in the case of the USSR and Yugoslavia every constituent republic, held competitive parliamentary elections for the first time in many decades. Some elections were only partly free, others fully democratic. The chronology below gives the details of these historic elections; the date is the first day of voting as several elections were spilt over several days for run-off contests: People's Republic of Angola – The ruling MPLA government abandoned Marxism-Leninism in 1991 and agreed to the Bicesse Accords in the same year, however the Angolan Civil War between the MPLA and the conservative UNITA continued for another decade. People's Republic of Benin – Mathieu Kérékou 's regime was pressured to abandon Marxism-Leninism in 1990. People's Republic of the Congo – Denis Sassou Nguesso 's regime was pressured to abandon Marxism-Leninism in 1991. The nation had elections in 1992. People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia – A new constitution was implemented in 1987 and, following the withdrawal of Soviet and Cuban assistance, the Communist military junta Derg led by Mengistu Haile Mariam was defeated by the rebel Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in the Ethiopian Civil War and fled in 1991. Democratic Republic of Madagascar – Socialist President Didier Ratsiraka was ousted. Mali – Moussa Traoré was ousted, Mali adopted a new constitution and held multi-party elections. People's Republic of Mozambique– The Mozambican Civil War between the socialist FRELIMO and the RENAMO conservatives was Rome General Peace Accords\|ended via treaty in 1992 . FRELIMO subsequently abandoned socialism and with the support of the United Nations Operation in Mozambique, held multiparty elections. Somali Democratic Republic – Rebelling Somalis overthrew Siad Barre 's Communist military junta during the Somali Revolution . Somalia has been in a constant state of civil war ever since. Tanzania – The ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi party cut down its Socialist ideology and foreign donors pressured the government to allow multiparty elections in 1995. Democratic Republic of Afghanistan – Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan\|Soviet occupation ended and the Communist government under Mohammad Najibullah fell to the Mujahideen in 1992. The Taliband later took controle and the lost it after the American invasion of 2001. South Yemen – Abandoned Marxism-Leninism in 1990; it reunified with the more capitalist Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) that year, though this later led to a 1994 civil war in Yemen. Syria – Syria participated in the Madrid Conference of 1991 and met its Cold War enemy Israel in peace negotiations. Syria colapsed in to anarchy in 2011. Burma – The 8888 Uprising in 1988 saw the demise of the Burma Socialist Programme Party , but failed to bring democracy, although Marxism was abandoned. It has since been led by a military government under the State Peace and Development Council . Cambodia – The People's Republic of Kampuchea's Vietnam-supported government , which had been in power since the Cambodian–Vietnamese War\|fall of the Khmer Rouge , lost power following UN-sponsored United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia\|elections in 1993 . Laos – Remained Communist under the Lao People's Revolutionary Party . Laos was forced to ask France and Japan for emergency assistance, and also to ask the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank for aid. Finally, in 1989, Kaisôn visited Beijing to confirm the restoration of friendly relations, and to secure Chinese aid. India – Economic liberalisation in India\|Indian economic reforms were launched in 1991. Mongolian People's Republic – The 1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia saw a gradual moved to allow free multi-party elections and the writing of the new Constitution of Mongolia\|constitution . The Mongolian People's Party retained its majority in the 1990 elections, but lost the 1996 elections. North Korea – Kim Il-sung died in 1994, passing power to his son Kim Jong-il . Unprecedented floods and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to the North Korean famine , which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.5 million to 3 million North Koreans. All references to Marxism-Leninism were replaced by Juche in 1992, thus signifying an apparent downplaying of the role of Communism in North Korea. Vietnam – The Communist Party of Vietnam has undertaken Doi Moi reforms since 1986, liberalizing certain sectors of the economy in a manner similar to China. Vietnam is still a single-party Communist state. Cuba – The end of Soviet subsidies led to the Special Period. The large unsuccessful but August 1994 protest was held in 1994. Cuba has become a semi-captalist polices state closly conected with Venezulea and Iran as of 2005. Nicaragua – Daniel Ortega 's Sandinista National Liberation Front lost the multi-party elections in 1990, and the National Opposition Union won. Austria – The Communist Party of Austria lost its East German financing and 250 million euros in assets. Belgium – The Communist Party of Belgium was divided to two parties in 1989. Finland – The Finnish People's Democratic League was dissolved in 1990 and the bankrupt Communist Party of Finland collapsed in 1992, and absorbed to the Finland's Left Alliance . France – The collapse of the Eastern Bloc came as a shock to the French Communist Party . The crisis is called la mutation. West Germany – The Red Army Faction lost its long-term supporter, the Stasi , after the Berlin Wall fell. Greece – The Organisation of Marxist-Leninist Communists of Greece was dissolved in 1993 and merged into the Movement for a United Communist Party of Greece . Ireland – The Communist Party of Ireland declined significantly. Italy – The collapse caused the Italian Communist Party to reform itself, creating two new groups, the larger Democratic Party of the Left and the smaller Communist Refoundation Party . The disappearance of the Communist party in part led to profound changes within the Italian political party system in 1992–1994. Japan – The Japanese Communist Party issued a statement titled "We welcome the end of a great historical evil of imperialism and hegemonism". Malaysia – The Malayan Communist Party laid down its arms in 1989, ending the Communist Insurgency War that had lasted decades. Mexico – The Mexican Communist Party and a number of other Communist parties were dissolved in 1989 and absorbed first into the Mexican Socialist Party and then into the Party of the Democratic Revolution . Netherlands – The Communist Party of the Netherlands was dissolved in 1991 and absorbed to the GreenLeft . Norway – The Communist Party of Norway changed their pro-Soviet line. Palestinian Territories – The Palestine Liberation Organization lost one of its most important diplomatic patrons, due to the deterioration of the Soviet Union, and Arafat's failing relationship with Moscow. Peru – The Shining Path , responsible for killing tens of thousands people, shrunk in the 1990s. Sweden – The Communist Association of Norrköping was dissolved in 1990 and Kommunistiska Förbundet Marxist-Leninisterna ceased to function as nationwide party. The pro-Albanian Kommunistiska Partiet i Sverige and the Maoist Communist Workers' Party of Sweden were dissolved in 1993. The main leftist party, Vänsterpartiet kommunisterna , VPK (Left Party – Communists), abandoned the Communist part of its name, and became simply Vänsterpartiet (Left Party). Turkey – The Communist Labour Party of Turkey was split in to rival factions United Kingdom – The Communist Party of Great Britain was dissolved. Chile – The military junta under Augusto Pinochet was pressured to implement democratic elections, which saw Chile's Chilean transition to democracy\|democratization in 1990. El Salvador – The Salvadoran Civil War ended in 1992 following the Chapultepec Peace Accords . The rebel Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) movement became a legal political party and participated in subsequent elections. Panama – The Manuel Noriega regime was overthrown by the United States invasion of Panama\|US invasion in 1989 as a result of his suppression of elections, drug-trafficking activities and the killing of a US serviceman. South Korea – The June Democracy Movement 's protests led to the fall of the Chun Doo-hwan government in 1987, and the country's first democratic elections. In 2000, North and South Korea agreed in principle to work towards Korean reunification\|peaceful reunification in the future. South Africa – Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa started in 1990 to end the South Africa under apartheid\|Apartheid system. Nelson Mandela was elected as the President of South Africa in 1994. Taiwan – The nationalist Kuomintang party that had ruled under strict martial law since the end of the Chinese Civil War introduced democratizing reforms and stoped being so draconian. United States – Following the end of the Cold War , the United States became the world's main superpower, growing even more in world influence as a result. The United States ceased to support many of the Right-wing military dictatorship\|military regimes it had during the Cold War, pressing for more nations to adopt democratic policies. However, some of the groups the United States had previously supported, such as certain factions of the Mujahideen in the Soviet war in Afghanistan, broke their pro-US stances favoring rigid Islamism instead, which would culminate in the 9-11 attacks and War in Afghanistan (2001–present) after the US invasion of Afghanistan . Remembrance	i don't know
Which famous movie car was made from the chassis of two 1968 Chevrolet Impalas and a Chevy V8 engine?	The 50 Most Famous Cars Of All Time – Page 5 The 50 Most Famous Cars Of All Time – Page 5 Posted in General by Ryan \| August 3rd, 2008 \| 156 Responses \| 41. 2003 Mini Cooper S [R53] Where It’s From: The Italian Job [2003] film Claim to Fame:These little cars packed supercharged, 1.6L Tritect engines that made for some surprinsingly intense chase scenes. 42. 1967 Ford Shelby GT350 Where It’s From: The Fast and The Furious: Tokyo Drift [2006] film Claim to Fame: This custom ’68 Mustang made the Top 50 list because it illustrates one of the worst, most tragic custom jobs ever performed on-screen on a Mustang since the birth of motion pictures. Although described as a Shelby Cobra Mustang GT-350 , the ’68-’67 GT350’s and GT500’s all have front grill openings, valences, and hoods that don’t even remotely resemble the “Shelby” in Tokyo Drift. Additionally, although the stunt cars in the movie used the 302 Windsor V8, the storyline of the movie involved swapping the Shelby’s engine with a Nissan RB26DETT. Oh, the humanity. 43. 1979 Ferrari 308 GTS Where It’s From: Magnum PI [1980-1988] television series Claim to Fame: The mid-engine V8 Ferrari featured in the original series [replaced later with 1981 and 1984 model years, respectively], the huge popularity of the show coupled with the gorgeous, amazing performance of the 255-hp GTS started a tidal wave of sales for Ferrari in the 80’s. 44. 1955 Lincoln Futura Concept Car Where It’s From: Batman [1966-1968] television series Claim to Fame:With Mickey Thompson’s sitting pretty in the back and a Ford Galaxie engine and trans under the hood, the bullet-proof, justice-bringing Batmobile was even cool with Robin riding shotgun. 45. 1975 Mercury Marquis Brougham Where It’s From: Uncle Buck [1989] film Claim to Fame: We love Uncle Buck’s Marquis because it’s one of those POS cars that would survive a nuclear Holocaust and apparently thrives on engine sludge the same way a MacLaren thrives on premium fuel. 46. 1964 Lincoln Continental Where It’s From: Animal House [1978] film Claim to Fame: The custom job from hell and the college road trip everybody remembers. Well I mean, sort-of remembers..those were some crazy times, man. 47. 2054 Lexus CS Where It’s From: Minority Report [2002] Claim to Fame:Lexus’ concept car. When RideLust is nearing pension age, we’ll be seen motoring off to the Social Security Office in this sick, futuristic CS. 48. 1972 Bedford CF Where It’s From:Scooby-Doo [2002] film Claim to Fame: The Mystery Machine, the only van on the planet that can give honest competition to the Partridge family’s tour bus in the “Most Psychedelic Van” category. 49. 1921 Oldsmobile Model 46 Where It’s From: The Beverly Hillbillies [1993] film Claim to Fame:Not an especially well-known ride, and really only lust-able in certain West Virginian circles, the Clampett-mobile makes the Top 50 list simply for the monster truck customizations made by Jethro. 50. 1982 Ford Bronco XLT Where It’s From: Romancing The Stone [1984] film Claim to Fame: Pepe “The Mule”, the drug-running 4 x4 with a V8 engine and the apparent ability to score bigger air then the General Lee.	Batmobile
What is a traditional fastener which prevents a wheel from coming off its axle, and refers metaphorically to a crucial person or part?	The 50 Most Famous Cars Of All Time – Page 5 The 50 Most Famous Cars Of All Time – Page 5 Posted in General by Ryan \| August 3rd, 2008 \| 156 Responses \| 41. 2003 Mini Cooper S [R53] Where It’s From: The Italian Job [2003] film Claim to Fame:These little cars packed supercharged, 1.6L Tritect engines that made for some surprinsingly intense chase scenes. 42. 1967 Ford Shelby GT350 Where It’s From: The Fast and The Furious: Tokyo Drift [2006] film Claim to Fame: This custom ’68 Mustang made the Top 50 list because it illustrates one of the worst, most tragic custom jobs ever performed on-screen on a Mustang since the birth of motion pictures. Although described as a Shelby Cobra Mustang GT-350 , the ’68-’67 GT350’s and GT500’s all have front grill openings, valences, and hoods that don’t even remotely resemble the “Shelby” in Tokyo Drift. Additionally, although the stunt cars in the movie used the 302 Windsor V8, the storyline of the movie involved swapping the Shelby’s engine with a Nissan RB26DETT. Oh, the humanity. 43. 1979 Ferrari 308 GTS Where It’s From: Magnum PI [1980-1988] television series Claim to Fame: The mid-engine V8 Ferrari featured in the original series [replaced later with 1981 and 1984 model years, respectively], the huge popularity of the show coupled with the gorgeous, amazing performance of the 255-hp GTS started a tidal wave of sales for Ferrari in the 80’s. 44. 1955 Lincoln Futura Concept Car Where It’s From: Batman [1966-1968] television series Claim to Fame:With Mickey Thompson’s sitting pretty in the back and a Ford Galaxie engine and trans under the hood, the bullet-proof, justice-bringing Batmobile was even cool with Robin riding shotgun. 45. 1975 Mercury Marquis Brougham Where It’s From: Uncle Buck [1989] film Claim to Fame: We love Uncle Buck’s Marquis because it’s one of those POS cars that would survive a nuclear Holocaust and apparently thrives on engine sludge the same way a MacLaren thrives on premium fuel. 46. 1964 Lincoln Continental Where It’s From: Animal House [1978] film Claim to Fame: The custom job from hell and the college road trip everybody remembers. Well I mean, sort-of remembers..those were some crazy times, man. 47. 2054 Lexus CS Where It’s From: Minority Report [2002] Claim to Fame:Lexus’ concept car. When RideLust is nearing pension age, we’ll be seen motoring off to the Social Security Office in this sick, futuristic CS. 48. 1972 Bedford CF Where It’s From:Scooby-Doo [2002] film Claim to Fame: The Mystery Machine, the only van on the planet that can give honest competition to the Partridge family’s tour bus in the “Most Psychedelic Van” category. 49. 1921 Oldsmobile Model 46 Where It’s From: The Beverly Hillbillies [1993] film Claim to Fame:Not an especially well-known ride, and really only lust-able in certain West Virginian circles, the Clampett-mobile makes the Top 50 list simply for the monster truck customizations made by Jethro. 50. 1982 Ford Bronco XLT Where It’s From: Romancing The Stone [1984] film Claim to Fame: Pepe “The Mule”, the drug-running 4 x4 with a V8 engine and the apparent ability to score bigger air then the General Lee.	i don't know
Native to Mediterranean countries the ground beans and pod of the carob tree/shrub are used as a substitute for what?	carob - definition and meaning carob Definitions from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition n. An eastern Mediterranean evergreen tree (Ceratonia siliqua) in the pea family, having pinnately compound leaves and large, dark, leathery pods. n. The pod of this plant, containing a sweet edible pulp and seeds that yield a gum used as a stabilizer in food products. Also called algarroba. n. An edible powder or flour made from the ground seeds and pods of this plant, often used as a substitute for chocolate. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License n. An evergreen shrub or tree, Ceratonia siliqua, native to the Mediterranean region. n. The fruit of that tree. n. A sweet chocolate-like confection made with the pulp of the fruit. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English n. An evergreen leguminous tree (Ceratania Siliqua) found in the countries bordering the Mediterranean; the St. John's bread; -- called also carob tree. n. One of the long, sweet, succulent, pods of the carob tree, which are used as food for animals and sometimes eaten by man; -- called also St. John's bread, carob bean, and algaroba bean. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia n. The common English name of the plant Ceratonia Siliqua. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. n. long pod containing small beans and sweetish edible pulp; used as animal feed and source of a chocolate substitute n. powder from the ground seeds and pods of the carob tree; used as a chocolate substitute n. evergreen Mediterranean tree with edible pods; the biblical carob Etymologies from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition Middle English carabe, from Old French carobe, from Medieval Latin carrūbium, from Arabic ḫarrūba, carob pod; see algarroba. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License From French carobe, ultimately from Arabic الخروب (kharrub, "locust bean pod"), from Assyrian kharubu. Examples	Chocolate
Which river flows over the Victoria Falls?	Ceratonia siliqua \| Wiki \| 📖 Everipedia × Want to change something on this page or create your own? Register today, it's fast and free. Ceratonia siliqua Everipedia Ceratonia siliqua, commonly known as the carob tree, St John's-bread, [2] or locust bean (not to be confused with the African locust bean ) is a species of flowering evergreen shrub or tree in the pea family, Fabaceae . It is widely cultivated for its edible pods, and as an ornamental tree in gardens. The ripe, dried pod is often ground to carob powder, which is used to replace cocoa powder . Carob bars, an alternative to chocolate bars, are often available in health-food stores. The carob tree is native to the Mediterranean region , including Southern Europe , Northern Africa , the larger Mediterranean islands , the Levant and Middle-East of Western Asia into Iran ; and the Canary Islands and Macaronesia . [3] [4] The word "carat", a unit of mass for gemstones and a unit of purity for gold alloys, was possibly derived from the Greek word kerátion literally meaning a small horn, and refers to the carob seed as a unit of weight. Carob tree Morphology The Ceratonia siliqua tree grows up to 15 m (49 ft) tall. The crown is broad and semispherical, supported by a thick trunk with brown rough bark and sturdy branches. Leaves are 10 to 20 cm (3.9 to 7.9 in) long, alternate, pinnate, and may or may not have a terminal leaflet. It is frost-tolerant to roughly 20 °F. Most carob trees are dioecious , some are hermaphrodite. The male trees do not produce fruit. The trees blossom in autumn. The flowers are small and numerous, spirally arranged along the inflorescence axis in catkin -like racemes borne on spurs from old wood and even on the trunk ( cauliflory ); they are pollinated by both wind and insects. The fruit is a legume (also known less accurately as a pod), that can be elongated, compressed, straight, or curved, and thickened at the sutures. The pods take a full year to develop and ripen. The sweet ripe pods eventually fall to the ground and are eaten by various mammals, thereby dispersing the hard seed. The seeds contain leucodelphinidin , a colourless chemical compound. [5] Habitat Although used extensively for agriculture, carob can still be found growing wild in eastern Mediterranean regions, and has become naturalized in the west. [6] The tree is typical in the southern Portuguese region of the Algarve , where it has the name alfarrobeira (for the tree), and alfarroba (for the fruit), as well as in southern Spain ( Spanish : algarrobo, algarroba), Catalonia and Valencia ( Catalan : garrofer, garrofa), Malta ( Maltese : Ħarruba), on the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia ( Italian : carrubo, carruba), Croatian islands near Split, and in Southern Greece , Cyprus , as well as on many Greek islands such as Crete and Samos . The common Greek name is ( Greek : χαρουπιά, charoupia), or ( Greek : ξυλοκερατιά, ksilokeratia), meaning "wooden horn". In Turkey, it is known as keçiboynuzu, meaning "goat's horn". In Israel, it is called haroov (חרוב), known as "life saving tree" - kav kharoovin. [6] [7] The various trees known as algarrobo in Latin America ( Albizia saman in Cuba and four species of Prosopis in Argentina and Paraguay ) belong to a different subfamily, Mimosoideae . Ecology The carob genus, Ceratonia, belongs to the Fabaceae (legume) family, and is believed to be an archaic remnant of a part of this family now generally considered extinct. It grows well in warm temperate and subtropical areas, and tolerates hot and humid coastal areas. As a xerophyte (drought-resistant) species, carob is well adapted to the ecological conditions of the Mediterranean region with 250 to 500 mm of rainfall per year. [6] Carob trees can survive long drought periods, but to grow fruit, they need 500 to 550 mm rainfall per year. [6] Trees prefer well-drained, sandy loams and are intolerant of waterlogging , but the deep root systems can adapt to a wide variety of soil conditions and are fairly salt-tolerant (up to 3% NaCl in soil). [6] After irrigation with saline water in summer, carob trees could possibly also recover during rainfalls in winter. [8] In some experiments young carob trees could uphold basical physiological functions at 40 mmol NaCl/l. [8] Not all legume species can develop a symbiosis with rhizobia to use atmospheric nitrogen. For carob, it remains unclear if it has this ability: Some findings suggest that it is not able to form nodules with rhizobia, [6] while in another study trees have been identified more recently with nodules containing bacteria believed to be from the Rhizobium genus . [2] However, measuring the 15N-signal in plant tissue did not support that carob trees in the field can use atmospheric nitrogen. Uses Food Carob consumed by humans is the dried (and sometimes roasted) pod. The pod consists of two main parts: the pulp accounts for 90% and the seeds for 10% of the pod weight. [6] Carob is mildly sweet and is used in powdered, chip, or syrup form as an ingredient in cakes and cookies, and as a substitute for chocolate . Carob bars are widely available in health food stores. A traditional sweet, eaten during Lent and Good Friday , is also made from carob pods in Malta. Dried carob fruit is traditionally eaten on the Jewish holiday of Tu Bishvat . While chocolate contains levels of theobromine which are toxic to some mammals, carob contains absolutely no caffeine and no theobromine, so is used to make chocolate-flavored treats for dogs. [11] [2] Carob pod meal is used as an energy-rich feed for livestock, particularly for ruminants, though its high tannin content may limit its use. [12] Carob pods were mainly used as animal fodder in the Maltese Islands, apart from times of famine or war when they formed part of the diet of many Maltese. In the Iberian Peninsula , carob pods were used to feed donkeys. The pulp is about 48–56% sugars and 18% cellulose and hemicellulose. [6] Some differences in sugar content are seen between wild and cultivated types: sucrose = about 531 g/kg dry weight in cultivated varieties and about 437 g/kg in wild varieties. Fructose and glucose levels do not differ between cultivated and wild carob. [2] Carob pulp is sold as flour or chunks. The production of locust bean gum (LBG), used in the food industry, is the economically most important use of carob seeds (and nowadays of the carob as a whole). It is produced from the endosperm, which accounts for 42–46% of the seed and is rich in galactomannans (88% of endosperm dry mass). For 1 kg LBG, 3 kg of kernels are needed which come from around 30 kg carob tree fruit. Galactomannans are hydrophilic and swell in water. LBG is used as a thickening agent , stabilizer, gelling agent, or as a substitute for gluten in low-calorie products. If galactomannans are mixed with other gelling substances such as carrageenan, they can be used to thicken food. This is used extensively in canned food for animals to get the jellied texture. The embryo (20-25% of the seed's weight) is rich in proteins (50%) and its flour can be used in human and animal nutrition. [6] The testa (30–33% of the seed's weight) is the seed coat and consists of cellulose, lignin, and tannin. Syrup, drinks In Cyprus , carob syrup is known as Cyprus's black gold, and is widely exported. In Malta , a syrup (ġulepp tal-ħarrub) is made out of carob pods. This is a traditional medicine for coughs and sore throat. Carob syrup is also used in Crete as a natural sweetener, and is considered a natural source of calcium. It contains three times more calcium than milk. It is also rich in iron, phosphorus, and natural fibers (Due to its strong taste, it can be found mixed with orange or chocolate). [2] Carob juice drinks are traditionally drunk during the Islamic month of Ramadan . Crushed pods may be used to make a beverage; compote , liqueur , and syrup are made from carob in Turkey, Malta, Portugal, Spain, and Sicily. Several studies suggest that carob may aid in treating diarrhea in infants. [2] In Libya , carob syrup (there called rub ) is used as a complement to asida . The so-called carob syrup made in Peru is actually from the fruit of the Prosopis nigra tree. Ornamental C. siliqua is widely cultivated in the horticultural nursery industry as an ornamental plant for planting in Mediterranean climate and other temperate regions around the world, as its popularity in California and Hawaii shows. The plant develops a sculpted trunk and ornamental tree form when 'limbed up' as it matures, otherwise it is used as a dense and large screening hedge . If one does not care about the size of the legume harvests, the plant is very drought tolerant, and it is used in xeriscape landscape design for gardens , parks, and public municipal and commercial landscapes. [3] Cultivation According to FAO, the top carob-producing countries are (in metric tonnes, 2012): Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO) [2] (F) = FAO estimate Cultivation and orchard management The vegetative propagation of carob is restricted due to its low adventitious rooting potential, which could be improved by using better grafting techniques, such as air layering. Therefore, seeds are still widely used as the propagation medium. The sowing occurs in pot nurseries in early spring and the cooling- and drying-sensitive seedlings are then transplanted to the field in the next year after the last frost. Carob trees enter slowly into production phase. Where in areas with good growing conditions, the cropping starts 3–4 years after budding, the nonbearing period can take up to 8 years in regions with marginal soils. Full bearing of the trees occurs mostly at a tree-age of 20–25 years where the yield stabilizes. [6] The orchards are traditionally planted in low densities around 25–45 trees/hectare. Hermaphrodite plants or male trees, which produce no or fewer pods, respectively, are usually planted in lower densities in the orchards as pollenizers . Intercropping with other tree species is widely spread. Not much cultivation management is required. Only light pruning and occasional tilling to reduce weeds is necessary. Nitrogen-fertilizing of the plants has been shown to have positive impacts on yield performance. [6] Although it is native to moderately dry climates, two or three summers irrigation greatly aid the development, hasten the fruiting, and increase the yield of a carob tree. [19] Harvest and postharvest treatment The most labour-intensive part of carob cultivation is harvesting, which is often done by knocking the fruit down with a long stick and gathering them together with the help of laid-out nets. This is a delicate task because the trees are flowering at the same time and care has to be taken not to damage the flowers and the next year's crop. The literature recommends research to get the fruit to ripen more uniformely or also for cultivars which can be mechanically harvested (by shaking). [6] After harvest, carob pods have a moisture content of 10–20% and should be dried down to a moisture content of 8% so the pods do not rot. Further processing separates the kernels (seeds) from the pulp. This process is called kibbling and results in seeds and pieces of carob pods (kibbles). Processing of the pulp includes grinding for animal feed production or roasting and milling for human food industry. The seeds have to be peeled which happens with acid or through roasting. Then the endosperm and the embryo are separated for the different uses. [6] Pests and diseases Only a few pests are known to cause severe damage in carob orchards, so they have traditionally not been treated with pesticides . Some generalist pests such as the larvae of the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pyrina L.), small rodents such as rats ( Rattus spp.) and gophers ( Pitymys spp.) can cause damage occasionally in some regions. Only some cultivars are severely susceptible to mildew disease (Oidium ceratoniae C.). One pest directly associated with carob is the larva of the carob moth ( Myelois ceratoniae Z.), which can cause extensive postharvest damage. [6] Cultivars and breeding aims Most of the roughly 50 known cultivars [6] are of unknown origin and only regionally distributed. The cultivars show high genetic and therefore morphological and agronomical variation. [6] No conventional breeding by controlled crossing has been reported, but selection from orchards or wild populations has been done. Domesticated carobs (C. s. var. edulis) can be distinguished from their wild relatives (C. s. var. silvestris) by some fruit-yielding traits such as building of greater beans, more pulp, and higher sugar contents. Also, genetic adoption of some varieties to the climatic requirements of their growing regions has occurred. [6] Though a partially successful breaking of the dioecy happened, the yield of hermaphroditic trees still cannot compete with that of female plants, as their pod-bearing properties are worse. Future breeding would be focused on processing-quality aspects, as well as on properties for better mechanization of harvest or better-yielding hermaphroditic plants. The use of modern breeding techniques is restricted due to low polymorphism for molecular markers . [6] Etymology and history The word carob comes from Middle French carobe (modern French caroube). It may have come from the Ancient Greek, where the seeds were used as units of weight (karat) or is alleged to be taken into Europe from Arabic خَرُّوبٌ (kharrūb, "locust bean pod"), which derives from Akkadian language kharubu. [20] Ceratonia siliqua, the scientific name of the carob tree, derives from the Greek kerátiοn (κεράτιον), "fruit of the carob" (from keras [κέρας] "horn"), and Latin siliqua "pod, carob." The term " carat ", the unit by which precious metal and stone weight is measured, is also derived from the Greek word kerátiοn (κεράτιον), alluding to an ancient practice of weighing gold and gemstones against the seeds of the carob tree by people in the Middle East. The system was eventually standardized, and one carat was fixed at 0.2 grams. Carob was eaten in Ancient Egypt . It was also a common sweetener and was used in the hieroglyph for "sweet" ( nedjem ): In late Roman times, the pure gold coin known as the solidus weighed 24 carat seeds (about 4.5 grams). As a result, the carat also became a measure of purity for gold. Thus 24-carat gold means 100% pure, 12-carat gold means the alloy contains 50% gold, etc. [21] Subsistence on carob pods is mentioned in the Talmud : Berakhot reports that Rabbi Haninah subsisted on carob pods. [22] It is probably also mentioned in the New Testament , in which reports that John the Baptist subsisted on "locusts and wild honey"; the Greek word translated " locusts " may refer to carob pods, rather than to grasshoppers . [22] Again, in Luke 15:16, in the Parable of the Prodigal Son , when the Prodigal Son is in the field in spiritual and social poverty, he desires to eat the pods that he is feeding to the swine because he is suffering from starvation. The use of the carob during a famine is likely a result of the carob tree's resilience to the harsh climate and drought. During a famine, the swine were given carob pods so that they would not be a burden on the farmer's limited resources. Use of the carob plant dates back to Mesopotamian culture (modern day Iraq). The carob pods were used to create juices, sweets, and were highly prized due to their many uses. The carob tree is mentioned frequently in texts dating back thousands of years, outlining its growth and cultivation in the Middle East and North Africa. The carob tree is mentioned with reverence in " The Epic of Gilgamesh ", one of the earliest works of literature in existence. The Jewish Talmud features a parable of altruism, commonly known as "Honi and the Carob Tree", which mentions that a carob tree takes 70 years to bear fruit; meaning that the planter will not benefit from his work, but works in the interest of future generations. In reality, the fruiting age of carob trees varies (see under cultivation). During the Second World War , the people of Malta commonly ate dried carob pods and prickly pears as a supplement to rationed food. Gallery	i don't know
How tall is the Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai (at Apr 2011 the tallest building in the world)?	Tallest Building In World TALLEST BUILDING IN WORLD tallest building in london The tallest building in the world was completed - 4th of January 2010. Burj Khalifa, also known as Burj Dubai, is now letting its shadow to fall over the . 5 Jan 2010 . Building is so tall that it is 10 degrees Celsius cooler at the top than at the base. Freedom Tower, Burj Dubai Tower, USA, skyscrapers, tallest bulding in the world, World Trade Center, Twin Towers, 911, september 11, attack, tallest tower . 6 Jan 2010 . German architects have hit out at the newly-unveiled Burj Dubai, the world's tallest building, as an unsustainable contribution to global . The world's new tallest building brings the spotlight back to Dubai. When speaking of the tallest buildings in the world, it is important to specify exactly what is being measured. Listers must decide if the building is to . 7 Jan 2010 . At the top of the tallest building in the world Taken from 'At the Top' on the 124th floor of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest . 4 Jan 2010 . On January 4, 2010, amidst financial controversy, the Burj Khalifa building in Dubai took over the "World's Tallest Building" title from . Information about the tallest building in the world along with information . 1 Apr 2011 . This is the highest standing structure in the world to date, 828m in height and featuring 900 apartments. The construction began in January . 26 Jul 2007 . Here is a list of Top 100 Tallest building in the world, this list does contain under construction buildings details – . The world's tallest structure is the 828 m (2717 ft) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The building gained the official title of "Tallest . A Brief History of the World's Tallest Buildings 10 images. . . On Jan. 4, 2009, Burj Khalifa, a. k. a. Burj Dubai, the world's tallest man-made structure, . What is the world's tallest building? It depends on who does the measuring . It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world. The . 100 tallest completed buildings in the world, 100 future tallest buildings in the world, 100 tallest buildings in the world under construction, 100 tallest . 22 Feb 2008 . Believe it or not, there are a number of structures taller even than the infamous Burj Dubai. 23 Jan 2010 . The Ryugyong Hotel in Pyongyang, North Korea, was designed to be the tallest hotel in the world. After 23 years the landmark, . 29 Mar 2011 . Crazy frenchman scales the world's tallest building . has just scaled the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world. . The Tallest Building in the world. This site welcomes you to the most complete articles about tall buildings anywhere to be found on the Internet. 8 Feb 2010 . The Burj Khalifa, now the world's tallest building, is two thousand seven hundred and seventeen feet high—more than a thousand feet taller . 21 Jan 2008 . The X-Seed 4000 is the tallest building ever fully envisioned, meaning that the . World population could peak at 11 billion instead . . 9 Dec 2010 . A groundbreaking ceremony was held for what will be the third highest building in the world – Wuhan Greenland Center – in Wuhan Wednesday, . Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world, and the magnificent centerpiece of Downtown Dubai, a new, world-class destination. Visit the jewel of . A comprehensive chart showing statistics of the world's tallest buildings, with more than 100 skyscrapers compared, including several skyscrapers still . World's Tallest Buildings, Tallest Buildings of the World, World's Tallest Buildings Map, Location of Tallest Buildings in World Map, 5 Tallest Buildings in . 22 Feb 2010 . Last month we mentioned the opening of the Burj Khalifa, so we thought it was probably time to look at more of the world's tallest buildings . 4 Jan 2010 . Whether you love it or hate it, the Burj Dubai, the tallest building on the face of the planet and the one the whole world has been . 6 Oct 2008 . Tallest Buildings in the World. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), is the official body that determines which . 12 Feb 2009 . Dubai has just unveiled the world's largest skyscraper, like a hypodermic needle against the desert sky. In a feature last year J.M. Ledgard . Information and pictures of the tallest buildings in the world. The Taipei 101 has uncrowned Sears Tower as tallest building world. Here is a list of other tall buildings in world. World's Tallest Buildings. 20 Jun 2005 . The official criteria for the world's tallest building definition states: “The height of a building is measured from the sidewalk level of . www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?1241105 - SimilarVideos for tallest building in world - Report videosThank you for the feedback. Report another video.Please report the offensive video. CancelNew World's Tallest Building - the Burj Dubai . The Burj Dubai, shown here, is currently the world's tallest building—and nearly 1000 ft. taller than the famed Sears Tower in Chicago. . 29 Mar 2011 . Dawn.com keeps you updated on the latest Pakistan showbiz news and International showbiz news including celebrity gossip, film and music, . The tallest building in the world is a matter of debate. Much of the argument has to do with what qualifies as a building. Most lists exclude towers and . 14 Jun 2008 . Burj Dubai, burj dubai hotel, burj dubai building, highest building, tallest building, tallest structure, world's tallest building, . So why are the Petronas Towers considered the World's Tallest Buildings? Because, in the tradition and lore of tall building, spires count, antennas don't. . 2 Jun 2010 . Burj Khalifa is the world's highest building without any competition. More than just the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa is an . 29 Jan 2010 . The Ten Tallest Skyscrapers In The World For many years the Empire State Building in New York, USA was the unrivalled nominee for being the . 14 Jul 2010 . December 14, 2004 The construction of what will become the world's tallest building - the Burj Tower in Dubai - will commence in January, . 4 posts - Last post: 8 JanAs the Burj Khalifa celebrates its first anniversary, we reveal the pecking order of the worlds highest buildings As the Burj Khalifa . 15 Feb 2009 . 9 Responses to “Correlation Between the World's Tallest Buildings and Economic Downturns”. keynesian09 says: February 16, 2009 at 5:11 pm . The Burj Dubai tower, the tallest skyscraper in the world, is about to be completed. To celebrate it, David Hobcote has taken a series of amazing high . 30 Jun 2006 . India will soon be home to the world's tallest building, World Centre of Vedic Learning which is 700 feet taller than Petronas Towers in . 5 Mar 2010 . Check out some of the worlds tallest buildings and pictures along with them. They are a truly amazing thing to see if you ever get a chance . 6 Jan 2010 . Well, now this list has a new top 1. it was presented in Dubai the Burj Khalifa or Burj Dubai, the tallest building in world today with . Find a list of the tallest buildings in the world. The Burj Khalifa tops the list. 30 Mar 2011 . A French skyscraper climber known as 'Spider-Man' has scaled the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. © 2009 dasfeigenblatt.de. All Rights Reserved.	828m
The pungent essential oil eugenol comprises about 70-90% of the oil from which spice?	Tallest Building In World TALLEST BUILDING IN WORLD tallest building in london The tallest building in the world was completed - 4th of January 2010. Burj Khalifa, also known as Burj Dubai, is now letting its shadow to fall over the . 5 Jan 2010 . Building is so tall that it is 10 degrees Celsius cooler at the top than at the base. Freedom Tower, Burj Dubai Tower, USA, skyscrapers, tallest bulding in the world, World Trade Center, Twin Towers, 911, september 11, attack, tallest tower . 6 Jan 2010 . German architects have hit out at the newly-unveiled Burj Dubai, the world's tallest building, as an unsustainable contribution to global . The world's new tallest building brings the spotlight back to Dubai. When speaking of the tallest buildings in the world, it is important to specify exactly what is being measured. Listers must decide if the building is to . 7 Jan 2010 . At the top of the tallest building in the world Taken from 'At the Top' on the 124th floor of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest . 4 Jan 2010 . On January 4, 2010, amidst financial controversy, the Burj Khalifa building in Dubai took over the "World's Tallest Building" title from . Information about the tallest building in the world along with information . 1 Apr 2011 . This is the highest standing structure in the world to date, 828m in height and featuring 900 apartments. The construction began in January . 26 Jul 2007 . Here is a list of Top 100 Tallest building in the world, this list does contain under construction buildings details – . The world's tallest structure is the 828 m (2717 ft) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The building gained the official title of "Tallest . A Brief History of the World's Tallest Buildings 10 images. . . On Jan. 4, 2009, Burj Khalifa, a. k. a. Burj Dubai, the world's tallest man-made structure, . What is the world's tallest building? It depends on who does the measuring . It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world. The . 100 tallest completed buildings in the world, 100 future tallest buildings in the world, 100 tallest buildings in the world under construction, 100 tallest . 22 Feb 2008 . Believe it or not, there are a number of structures taller even than the infamous Burj Dubai. 23 Jan 2010 . The Ryugyong Hotel in Pyongyang, North Korea, was designed to be the tallest hotel in the world. After 23 years the landmark, . 29 Mar 2011 . Crazy frenchman scales the world's tallest building . has just scaled the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world. . The Tallest Building in the world. This site welcomes you to the most complete articles about tall buildings anywhere to be found on the Internet. 8 Feb 2010 . The Burj Khalifa, now the world's tallest building, is two thousand seven hundred and seventeen feet high—more than a thousand feet taller . 21 Jan 2008 . The X-Seed 4000 is the tallest building ever fully envisioned, meaning that the . World population could peak at 11 billion instead . . 9 Dec 2010 . A groundbreaking ceremony was held for what will be the third highest building in the world – Wuhan Greenland Center – in Wuhan Wednesday, . Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world, and the magnificent centerpiece of Downtown Dubai, a new, world-class destination. Visit the jewel of . A comprehensive chart showing statistics of the world's tallest buildings, with more than 100 skyscrapers compared, including several skyscrapers still . World's Tallest Buildings, Tallest Buildings of the World, World's Tallest Buildings Map, Location of Tallest Buildings in World Map, 5 Tallest Buildings in . 22 Feb 2010 . Last month we mentioned the opening of the Burj Khalifa, so we thought it was probably time to look at more of the world's tallest buildings . 4 Jan 2010 . Whether you love it or hate it, the Burj Dubai, the tallest building on the face of the planet and the one the whole world has been . 6 Oct 2008 . Tallest Buildings in the World. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), is the official body that determines which . 12 Feb 2009 . Dubai has just unveiled the world's largest skyscraper, like a hypodermic needle against the desert sky. In a feature last year J.M. Ledgard . Information and pictures of the tallest buildings in the world. The Taipei 101 has uncrowned Sears Tower as tallest building world. Here is a list of other tall buildings in world. World's Tallest Buildings. 20 Jun 2005 . The official criteria for the world's tallest building definition states: “The height of a building is measured from the sidewalk level of . www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?1241105 - SimilarVideos for tallest building in world - Report videosThank you for the feedback. Report another video.Please report the offensive video. CancelNew World's Tallest Building - the Burj Dubai . The Burj Dubai, shown here, is currently the world's tallest building—and nearly 1000 ft. taller than the famed Sears Tower in Chicago. . 29 Mar 2011 . Dawn.com keeps you updated on the latest Pakistan showbiz news and International showbiz news including celebrity gossip, film and music, . The tallest building in the world is a matter of debate. Much of the argument has to do with what qualifies as a building. Most lists exclude towers and . 14 Jun 2008 . Burj Dubai, burj dubai hotel, burj dubai building, highest building, tallest building, tallest structure, world's tallest building, . So why are the Petronas Towers considered the World's Tallest Buildings? Because, in the tradition and lore of tall building, spires count, antennas don't. . 2 Jun 2010 . Burj Khalifa is the world's highest building without any competition. More than just the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa is an . 29 Jan 2010 . The Ten Tallest Skyscrapers In The World For many years the Empire State Building in New York, USA was the unrivalled nominee for being the . 14 Jul 2010 . December 14, 2004 The construction of what will become the world's tallest building - the Burj Tower in Dubai - will commence in January, . 4 posts - Last post: 8 JanAs the Burj Khalifa celebrates its first anniversary, we reveal the pecking order of the worlds highest buildings As the Burj Khalifa . 15 Feb 2009 . 9 Responses to “Correlation Between the World's Tallest Buildings and Economic Downturns”. keynesian09 says: February 16, 2009 at 5:11 pm . The Burj Dubai tower, the tallest skyscraper in the world, is about to be completed. To celebrate it, David Hobcote has taken a series of amazing high . 30 Jun 2006 . India will soon be home to the world's tallest building, World Centre of Vedic Learning which is 700 feet taller than Petronas Towers in . 5 Mar 2010 . Check out some of the worlds tallest buildings and pictures along with them. They are a truly amazing thing to see if you ever get a chance . 6 Jan 2010 . Well, now this list has a new top 1. it was presented in Dubai the Burj Khalifa or Burj Dubai, the tallest building in world today with . Find a list of the tallest buildings in the world. The Burj Khalifa tops the list. 30 Mar 2011 . A French skyscraper climber known as 'Spider-Man' has scaled the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. © 2009 dasfeigenblatt.de. All Rights Reserved.	i don't know
Which Tropic divides Mexico into temperate and tropical zones?	Mexico - Climate Climate Mexico Table of Contents The Tropic of Cancer effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the twenty-fourth parallel experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the twenty-fourth parallel, temperatures are fairly constant year round and vary solely as a function of elevation. Areas south of the twentieth-fourth parallel with elevations up to 1,000 meters (the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the Yucatan Peninsula), have a yearly median temperature between 24�C and 28�C. Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a 5�C difference between winter and summer median temperatures. Although low-lying areas north of the twentieth-fourth parallel are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from 20�C to 24�C) because of more moderate conditions during the winter. Between 1,000 and 2,000 meters, one encounters yearly average temperatures between 16�C and 20�C. Towns and cities at this elevation south of the twenty-fourth parallel have relatively constant, pleasant temperatures throughout the year, whereas more northerly locations experience sizeable seasonal variations. Above 2,000 meters, temperatures drop as low as an average yearly range between 8�C and 12�C in the Cordillera Neovolc�nica. At 2,300 meters, Mexico City has a yearly median temperature of 15�C with pleasant summers and mild winters. Average daily highs and lows for May, the warmest month, are 26�C and 12�C, and average daily highs and lows for January, the coldest month, are 19�C and 6�C. Rainfall varies widely both by location and season. Arid or semiarid conditions are encountered in the Baja Peninsula, the northwestern state of Sonora, the northern altiplano, and significant portions of the southern altiplano. Rainfall in these regions averages between 300 and 600 millimeters per year. Average rainfall totals are between 600 and 1,000 millimeters in most of the year in most of the major populated areas of the southern altiplano, including Mexico City and Guadalajara. Low-lying areas along the Gulf of Mexico receive in excess of 1,000 millimeters of rainfall in an average year, with the wettest region being the southeastern state of Tabasco, which typically receives approximately 2,000 millimeters of rainfall on an annual basis. Parts of the northern altiplano and high peaks in the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental occasionally receive significant snowfalls. Mexico has pronounced wet and dry seasons. Most of the country experiences a rainy season from June to mid-October and significantly less rain during the remainder of the year. February and July generally are the driest and wettest months, respectively. Mexico City, for example, receives an average of only 5 millimeters of rain during February but more than 160 millimeters in July. Coastal areas, especially those along the Gulf of Mexico, experience the largest amounts of rain in September. Tabasco typically records more than 300 millimeters of rain during that month. A small coastal area of northwestern coastal Mexico around Tijuana has a Mediterranean climate with considerable coastal fog and a rainy season that occurs in winter. Mexico lies squarely within the hurricane belt, and all regions of both coasts are susceptible to these storms from June through November. Hurricanes on the Pacific coast are less frequent and often less violent than those affecting Mexico's eastern coastline. Several hurricanes per year strike the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico coastline, however, and these storms bring high winds, heavy rain, extensive damage, and occasional loss of life. Hurricane Hugo passed directly over Canc�n in September 1989, with winds in excess of 200 kilometers per hour producing major damage to hotels in the resort area. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert struck northeast Mexico. Flooding from the heavy rain in that storm killed dozens in the Monterrey area and caused extensive damage to livestock and vegetable crops. Custom Search	Tropic of Cancer
Which month was named after the Roman god of war?	Mexico Climate - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System << Back to Mexico Climate The Tropic of Cancer effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the twenty-fourth parallel experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the twenty-fourth parallel, temperatures are fairly constant year round and vary solely as a function of elevation. Areas south of the twentieth-fourth parallel with elevations up to 1,000 meters (the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the Yucatan Peninsula), have a yearly median temperature between 24�C and 28�C. Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a 5�C difference between winter and summer median temperatures. Although low-lying areas north of the twentieth-fourth parallel are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from 20�C to 24�C) because of more moderate conditions during the winter. Between 1,000 and 2,000 meters, one encounters yearly average temperatures between 16�C and 20�C. Towns and cities at this elevation south of the twenty-fourth parallel have relatively constant, pleasant temperatures throughout the year, whereas more northerly locations experience sizeable seasonal variations. Above 2,000 meters, temperatures drop as low as an average yearly range between 8�C and 12�C in the Cordillera Neovolc�nica. At 2,300 meters, Mexico City has a yearly median temperature of 15�C with pleasant summers and mild winters. Average daily highs and lows for May, the warmest month, are 26�C and 12�C, and average daily highs and lows for January, the coldest month, are 19�C and 6�C. Rainfall varies widely both by location and season. Arid or semiarid conditions are encountered in the Baja Peninsula, the northwestern state of Sonora, the northern altiplano, and significant portions of the southern altiplano. Rainfall in these regions averages between 300 and 600 millimeters per year. Average rainfall totals are between 600 and 1,000 millimeters in most of the year in most of the major populated areas of the southern altiplano, including Mexico City and Guadalajara. Low-lying areas along the Gulf of Mexico receive in excess of 1,000 millimeters of rainfall in an average year, with the wettest region being the southeastern state of Tabasco, which typically receives approximately 2,000 millimeters of rainfall on an annual basis. Parts of the northern altiplano and high peaks in the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental occasionally receive significant snowfalls. Mexico has pronounced wet and dry seasons. Most of the country experiences a rainy season from June to mid-October and significantly less rain during the remainder of the year. February and July generally are the driest and wettest months, respectively. Mexico City, for example, receives an average of only 5 millimeters of rain during February but more than 160 millimeters in July. Coastal areas, especially those along the Gulf of Mexico, experience the largest amounts of rain in September. Tabasco typically records more than 300 millimeters of rain during that month. A small coastal area of northwestern coastal Mexico around Tijuana has a Mediterranean climate with considerable coastal fog and a rainy season that occurs in winter. Mexico lies squarely within the hurricane belt, and all regions of both coasts are susceptible to these storms from June through November. Hurricanes on the Pacific coast are less frequent and often less violent than those affecting Mexico's eastern coastline. Several hurricanes per year strike the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico coastline, however, and these storms bring high winds, heavy rain, extensive damage, and occasional loss of life. Hurricane Hugo passed directly over Canc�n in September 1989, with winds in excess of 200 kilometers per hour producing major damage to hotels in the resort area. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert struck northeast Mexico. Flooding from the heavy rain in that storm killed dozens in the Monterrey area and caused extensive damage to livestock and vegetable crops. Environmental Conditions Mexico faces significant environmental challenges affecting almost every section of the country. Vast expanses of southern and southeastern tropical forests have been denuded for cattle-raising and agriculture. For example, tropical forests covered almost half of the state of Tabasco in 1940 but less than 10 percent by the late 1980s. During the same period, pastureland increased from 20 to 60 percent of the state's total area. Analysts reported similar conditions in other tropical sections of Mexico. Deforestation has contributed to serious levels of soil erosion nationwide. In 1985 the government classified almost 17 percent of all land as totally eroded, 31 percent in an accelerated state of erosion, and 38 percent demonstrating signs of incipient erosion. Soil destruction is particularly pronounced in the north and northwest, with more than 60 percent of land considered in a total or accelerated state of erosion. Fragile because of its semiarid and arid character, the soil of the region has become increasingly damaged through excessive cattle-raising and irrigation with waters containing high levels of salinity. The result is a mounting problem of desertification throughout the region. Mexico's vast coastline faces a different, but no less difficult, series of environmental problems. For example, inadequately regulated petroleum exploitation in the Coatzacoalcos-Minatitl�n zone in the Gulf of Mexico has caused serious damage to the waters and fisheries of R�o Coatzacoalcos. The deadly explosion that racked a working-class neighborhood in Guadalajara in April 1992 serves as an appropriate symbol of environmental damage in Mexico. More than 1,000 barrels of gasoline seeped from a corroded Mexican Petroleum (Petr�leos Mexicanos--Pemex) pipeline into the municipal sewer system, where it combined with gases and industrial residuals to produce a massive explosion that killed 190 persons and injured nearly 1,500 others. Mexico City confronts authorities with perhaps their most daunting environmental challenge. Geography and extreme population levels have combined to produce one of the world's most polluted urban areas. Mexico City sits in a valley surrounded on three sides by mountains, which serve to trap contaminants produced by the metropolitan area's 15 million residents. One government study in the late 1980s determined that nearly 5 million tons of contaminants were emitted annually in the atmosphere, a tenfold increase over the previous decade. Carbons and hydrocarbons from the region's more than 3 million vehicles account for approximately 80 percent of these contaminants, with another 15 percent, primarily of sulfur and nitrogen, coming from industrial plants. During the dry winter months, untreated fecal matter also becomes airborne. The resulting dangerous mix is responsible for a wide range of respiratory illnesses. One study of twelve urban areas worldwide in the mid-1980s concluded that the residents of Mexico City had the highest levels of lead and cadmium in their blood. The volume of pollutants from Mexico City has damaged the surrounding ecosystem as well. For example, wastewater from Mexico City that flows north and is used for irrigation in the state of Hidalgo has been linked to congenital birth defects and high levels of gastrointestinal diseases in that state. Beginning in the mid-1980s, the government enacted numerous antipollution policies in Mexico City with varied degrees of success. Measures such as vehicle emissions inspections, the introduction of unleaded gasoline, and the installation of catalytic converters on new vehicles helped reduce pollution generated by trucks and buses. In contrast, one of the government's most prominent actions, the No Driving Day program, may have inadvertently contributed to higher pollution levels. Under the program, metropolitan area residents were prohibited from driving their vehicles one day each work week based on the last number of their license plate. However, those with the resources to do so purchased additional automobiles to use on the day their principal vehicle was prohibited from driving, thus adding to the region's vehicle stock. Thermal inversions reached such dangerous levels at various times in the mid-1990s that the government declared pollution emergencies, necessitating sharp temporary cutbacks in vehicle use and industrial production. Data as of June 1996 NOTE: The information regarding Mexico on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Mexico Climate information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Mexico Climate should be addressed to the Library of Congress and the CIA. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - http://www.photius.com/countries/mexico/climate/mexico_climate_climate.html Copyright © 2004 Photius Coutsoukis (all rights reserved) ctr040601	i don't know
Paques is the French term for which religious festival?	Les Traditions de Pâques - Easter's Traditions in France - Learn French Les Traditions de Pâques - Easter's Traditions in France March 21, 2016 Pin it "Pâques" is an important holiday in France: a religious one of course, but also a traditional gathering for families, religious or not. Kids go egg hunting (you can see our daughter Leyla in action), but our egg providers are a bit different: magic bells!! And we traditionally cook a large meal with a leg of lamb, and set a lively table to honor the coming of Spring time. What Does “Pâques” Mean? The French word “Pâques” derives from the Latin “pascua”, meaning “food”, which comes from the Hebrew “Pessah” meaning “passing way” (hence the word “passage”) and is the Jewish name for the Passover celebration, which remembers the Exodus out of Egypt. According to the Gospel, it was during this Jewish celebration that Jesus rose again. Check my article about the French Vocabulary for Easter . Say “Joyeuses Pâques”, Pâques is Plural in French In French, there is a distinction between “la Pâque juive” (a feminine singular word- the Passover celebrated by the Jews) and “les fêtes chrétiennes de Pâques” (Christian celebration of Easter), more simply refered to as “Pâques” (plural, no article) . While the Jewish Passover commemorates the Exodus from Egypt, the Christian Easter celebrates the resurrection of Jesus (the picture is by Hendrick van den Broeck, in the Sistine Chapel.) For those of you interested, listen to my slow recordings of the Catholic mass in French So we say “Joyeuses Pâques” – happy Easter “Qu’est-ce que vous faîtes pour Pâques ?” What are you doing at Easter time? Pâques Refers to Easter, but Also to the Spring Vacation. We also call them “vacances de printemps” and they differ according to 3 geographic Zones through France (the French system that staggers school holiday dates per region so that not all French people are on the roads at the same time). The “vacances de printemps” are 2 weeks long and fall between April 13 and May 13. No Easter Bunny, But Flying Easter Bells “les Cloches de Pâques” The Catholic tradition dictates that Church bells don’t ring between Good Friday “Vendredi Saint” and Easter Sunday, to commemorate the death of Christ and his resurrection. The oral tradition then said that the bells were flying to Rome during that time (they then grow 2 little wings and dress up with a lovely ruban) to be blessed by the Pope, and then come back from this trip loaded with presents. They randomly drop these treats for the great joy of children. On the other hand, the rabbit is a more Germanic tradition: “Astra” for Saxons and “Ost Ara” for Germans were goddesses of the spring whose symbol were bunnies and hares. The Easter bunny being so common among our neighbours, and sometimes even adopted by culturally germanic region like Alsace, it’s quite usual to see rabbit shape treats around Easter. More and more so now that the Easter Bunny is quite known in France through movies, and that the chocolate production is made to satisfy the entire world. Easter Egg Hunt in France “La Chasse aux Oeufs” Traditionally, the bells fly back on Saturday night. So, Sunday morning is the opening of “la chasse aux oeufs” in France!!! Someone usually shouts “les cloches sont passées” and all the children run outside (or inside) to collect chocolate or sugar eggs, hens, roosters, chicks, bunnies and lambs… and flying bells of course, all symbolic of Easter, spring and renewal. In the old days, the eggs were real eggs, boiled and then decorated by children, colored in red with onion juice, pink with radish, green with ivy… (I am laughing imagining Leyla’s face if we placed boiled eggs in the garden instead of chocolate ones….) We hide the treats more or less well depending on the age of the children. Some easter egg hunts are organized by cities and other communities (you can usually find details on the web). By the way, “un oeuf” is pronounced like “un neuf”. “Des oeufs” is pronounced like “dé zeu”(final F and S silent)… Why Eggs for Easter ? There are several theories… A story says Mary Magdalene was bringing cooked eggs to share with the other women at the tomb of Jesus, and the eggs in her basket miraculously turned brilliant red when she saw the risen Christ. Early Christians of Mesopotamia stained eggs red in memory of the blood of Christ shed at his crucifixion. The Christian Church adopted the custom, the eggs became of symbol of the resurrection. Some say the egg represents the boulder of the tomb of Jesus. The most practical explanation is that the Catholic Church forbade the consumption of eggs during Lent (le Carême), but during that time, hens still laid them… So there was a surplus of eggs at Easter, and you had to use them fast. Traditional Easter Meal: l’Agneau Pascal “Pascal(e)” both the noun and the adjective come for “Pâques”. For Christians, Easter symbolizes Jesus’ passage from death to life, his sacrifice. Thus, Jesus is identified with the sacrificial lamb of the Jewish tradition. Jesus is also represented by a lamb in the Apocalypse. The lamb also symbolizes new life, as it happens in Spring time. The table is usually very lively, with pots of daisies and other spring flowers, green and yellow colors prevail. Many people use Easter eggs to also decorate the table. For starters, you can serve cold asparagus with a vinaigrette enriched with boiled eggs and grated fresh chives. It is a delight! or you can try this Roasted Green Asparagus and Egg recipe which is sure to impress! Then, of course, comes the lamb, traditionally a roasted leg: see Olivier’s own French lamb recipe here . It will go wonderfully with green beans, or a mixture of all fresh vegetables from the garden. If the spring is late to come this year, a traditional dry bean to serve with lamb is flageolet beans. There is not a traditional Easter dessert… people usually dig into the chocolate treats, but it’s customary to also serve the first strawberries of the season or make a nest shaped cake. What is important is that it be appetizing and colorful! “Pâques” is an important holiday in France: a religious one of course, but also a traditional gathering for families, religious or not. Kids go egg hunting (you can see our daughter Leyla in action), but our egg providers are a bit different: magic bells!! And we traditionally cook a large meal with a leg of lamb, and set a lively table to honor the coming of Spring time. Joyeuses Pâques ! I post new articles every week, so make sure you subscribe to the French Today newsletter – or follow me on Facebook , Twitter and Pinterest . Liked This French Post? You Might Also Enjoy...	Easter
Traditionally, oysters should be eaten when which letter of the alphabet is in the month?	French National Holidays, Festivals, Religious Celebrations Footnotes: In Alsace and Lorraine only. In years when Ascension Day concurs with Victory Day, we mark only the former, thus ignoring the latter. Metal workers have the holiday of St. Eloi, July 24 (Festival of St. Eloi - French Basque). When a holiday happens to fall on a Tuesday or Thursday, many French workers may take the Monday or, respectively, Friday, off as well. This is not official and does not apply to institutions such as banks or government, but is sufficiently commonplace to cause difficulties doing business on occasion. Fête du Travail The first day of May is known in France as the Fête du Travail (Labor Day). It was originally named the Fête du Travail et de la Concorde Sociale (a day to celebrate work and social harmony) by Maréchal Pétain on 27 April 1941, during the Vichy regime. A later measure taken by the post-WW2 liberation government in 1947 established it as a legally required paid holiday for all French employees. Traditionally a day on which trade unions stage labor protests in large cities, it is also called la fête du muguet[1] (Lily-of-the-Valley Day), when it is customary to exchange these flowers for good luck. The French government permits individuals and workers' organizations to sell them tax-free. Historical Origins The earliest May Day celebrations appeared in pre-Christian times, with the festival of Flora , the Roman goddess of flowers, and the Walpurgis Night celebrations of the Germanic countries; it is also associated with the Gaelic Beltane. Although many pagan celebrations were abandoned or Christianized during the process of conversion in Europe, a Neopagan movement began reconstructing the old traditions of celebrating May Day as a pagan religious festival starting in the 20th century. The Institution in France On 24 October 1793, in his report on the calendar presented to the Convention, Fabre d'Églantine proposed the institution of a Jour du Travail holiday. The date was set to the 1st day of pluviôse[2] (fifth month of the French Republican calendar) by Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just, who had been a military and political leader during the French Revolution. On 27 April 1848, the provisional government of the French Second Republic decreed a public fête du Travail holiday to be celebrated annually on March 4th, in observance of the date that slavery was abolished in France and the Colonies. Journée internationale des travailleurs (International Workers Day) A Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist and revolutionary socialist, Rosa Luxemburg (b. 5 March 1871, d. 15 January 1919) has said that the proletarian struggle for an eight-hour work day started in Australia, where workers staged a massive strike on 21 April 1856. The labor movement was so successful that it eventually spread to other countries, including the United States. Under pressure from American labor unions, an estimated 300,000 workers marched on 1 May 1886 in numerous U.S. cities, demanding the right to work an eight-hour day. The movement turned violent on 4 May 1886 at Haymarket Square in Chicago, resulting in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians, injuring scores of others. The massacre at Fourmies, 1 May 1891 (click to enlarge) Three years later, in accordance with a proposition by the workers' advocate Raymond Lavigne[3], le Congrès international socialiste[4] (the International Socialist Congress) in Paris adopted the 1st of May as "International Workers Day" and began their own campaign for an eight-hour work day. The labor struggle in France would prove fatal, for both demonstrators and innocent bystanders alike, on 1 May 1891 in the small textile village of Fourmies , near the Belgian border in the Nord department. On this day, the government dispatched two infantry companies (the 84th & 145th) to suppress a peaceful demonstration. Soldiers fired their new Lebel rifles on a crowd of several hundred, killing 9 and wounding 35 – all in a matter of 45 seconds. A number of the victims were not even participating in the demonstration. Eight of the dead were under the age of 21 – including 18-year-old Maria Blondeau , whose martyrdom became something of a symbol for the cause.[5] On 23 April 1919, the French Senate sanctioned an eight-hour work day and decreed May 1st to be a public holiday. It has since remained an international day of workers' demands, resulting in widespread labor demonstrations throughout the world. May 1 is now a national holiday in more than 80 countries and is celebrated unofficially in many other places. (Canada and the U.S. celebrate Labor Day on the first Monday of September.) [1] On May 1, 1561, King Charles IX of France received a lily-of-the-valley as a lucky charm. He decided to offer the flowers each year to the ladies of the court. At the beginning of the 20th century, it became custom to give a sprig of lily-of-the-valley, a symbol of springtime, on May 1. Nowadays, people may present loved ones either with bunches of lily-of-the-valley or dog rose flowers. [2] The 1st day of pluviôse (French Republican calendar) translates to 20 January 1795 in our modern-day (Gregorian) calendar. [3] Raymond Lavigne (1851-1930) was a trade unionist and militant socialist from Bordeaux, who harbored Marxist sentiments. He created underground unions before an 1884 French law permitted unions for the first time. [4] The convention, also called Congrès de l'Internationale Ouvrière or IIe Internationale, took place at 42, rue Rochechouart (Paris 9e), salle des Fantaisies-Parisiennes (today's rock club, La Manufacture) [5] A monument to the tragic event is located in the former place de la Mairie. On it are inscribed these words: 'Neuf travailleurs en grève pour leurs justes revendications furent tués sur cette place au cours de la fusillade du 1er mai 1891'. The Écomusée de l'Avesnois (Place Maria Blondeau, 59610 Fourmies) offers an exhibit about the event. In his 1892 book Le secret de Fourmies... (page 33), author Édouard Drumont (1844-1917) provides a graphic portrayal of Mlle Blondeau's condition after being shot. A traditional galette des rois (click to enlarge) Other Special Celebrations (non-national holidays) Epiphany – Fête des Rois On Epiphany (the first Sunday after January 1), many families in Provence follow a tradition of eating the gâteau des Rois – or the galette des Rois in the northern half of France and Belgium. This is a kind of king cake , with a trinket – usually a porcelain or plastic figurine of a king, or a fava bean (la fève) – hidden inside. A lucky person who gets the piece of cake containing the trinket is crowned King (or Queen) for a day. The cakes can be found in most French bakeries during the month of January, and are accompanied by a paper crown. The galette consists of flaky puff pastry layers with a dense center of frangipane (made from or flavored like almonds), while the provençale gâteau is a crown-shaped brioche with candied fruits (fruits confits). Mother's Day – Fête des Mères Mother's Day is observed annually by both children and adults to honor their mothers. The first historical evidence of this commemoration can be traced to ancient Greece (circa 6th century BCE), when there were spring festivals honoring the mother-goddess Cybele , or her Minoan equivalent Rhea. In ancient Roman religion (circa 3rd century BCE), the Matronalia – or Matronales Feriae – was a festival celebrating Juno Lucina, the goddess of childbirth, motherhood and women in general. It was observed on the first day of March, according to the Roman calendar. Women received gifts from their husbands and daughters; husbands were expected to offer prayers for their wives. The English instituted a Christian festival known as Mothering Sunday (fourth Sunday in Lent) during the 16th century AD – a tradition which still survives today. Historians say that Napoleon Bonaparte proposed a French Fête des Mères as early as the spring of 1806, but the idea was not adopted for another century. In France, where officials were alarmed by low birth rates, there had been attempts in 1896 and 1904 to introduce a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families. On 10 June 1906, two mothers who had 9 children each were given an award for "High Maternal Merit" (fr. Haut mérite maternel) in the village of Artas (department of Isère, Rhône-Alpes). The original diploma, created by educator Prosper Roche of Artas, is preserved in the library archives at the Institut de France in Paris. A multi-colored noodle necklace for Mother's Day in France. (click to enlarge) During World War I, American soldiers fighting in France popularized the U.S. holiday created by Ann Jarvis ; they sent so much mail back to their country for Mother's Day that the Union Franco-Américaine created a postal card for that purpose. In 1918, also inspired by Jarvis, the town of Lyon celebrated a Journée des Mères honoring mothers and spouses whose sons or husbands had been lost in the war. In 1920, it came to be called Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses – dedicated more to anti-depopulation efforts than the U.S. holiday. The French government declared the day official in 1929, annually awarding the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families. In 1941, by initiative of Marshal Philippe Pétain , the wartime Vichy government placed the day on the national calendar, using the celebration as part of their policy to encourage population growth – but all mothers were now being honored, even those with smaller families. Following World War II, the annual tribute received a legislative proclamation. The law of 24 May 1950 required that the French Republic pay official homage to mothers on the last Sunday in May as the Fête des Mères (except when Pentecost fell on that day, in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June). During the 1950s, the festive custom lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies, and became heavily commercialized. In 1956, the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action sociale et des familles, overseen by the Ministre de la Santé (ministry of health). In 2004, responsibility for observances was transferred to the Ministre des Familles (ministry of families). To convey their sentiments, French children have customarily offered gifts to their mothers, preparing specially decorated cakes or handmade objects such as the traditional "noodle necklace" (fr. collier de nouilles) which is created in school. The purpose is to offer something with love and tenderness. * As of 16 May 2012, Dominique Bertinotti holds the position of Ministre des Familles, appointed by the Prime Minister (Jean-Marc Ayrault). An unwitting victim of poisson d'avril. (click to enlarge) April 1 – le poisson d'avril April 1st is a day of pranks and practical jokes across the world, and every year in France, many unsuspecting victims spend the day with a "poisson d'avril" (a paper fish) taped to their backs. The story goes that up until 1564, the new year began on April 1st, to coincide with the celebration of the Annunciation of Mary. In that year, however, King Charles IX of France signed the Edict of Roussillon – changing the new year to January 1st, to coincide with the lengthening of days. Since transportation was still fairly unreliable and news traveled slowly in those days, it took a while for people to catch on in the provinces outside of Paris, and they continued to exchange gifts on April 1st. To have a little fun, those who were in-the-know would sometimes exchange "presents" of a different sort entirely. The origins of the "April Fish" aren't exactly clear; some versions say it was due to the fact that fishing was forbidden at that time, since it was the mating season, and some link it to the celebration of Easter, when fish was commonly eaten instead of meat, and the giving of fake fish was considered a good prank. Whatever the case may be, watch out for a poisson d'avril if you're in France on April 1st! All of French society participates in this tradition, including the media. Both television personalities and the printed press will deliver fake news stories, then announce a retraction on the following day. Editing, translation, and portions written by Ian C. Mills © 1999- – All Rights Reserved. Bibliography: French Government Tourist Office , New York. Jours fériés on dateducalendrier.com. Fodor's France , published in the U.S. by Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc. and distributed by Random House, Inc., New York. Religious holidays (moveable feasts) from Universalis – Our Lady of Sorrows . Fête du Travail description based on data from France.fr , "The official website of France"; Genealexis , Histoires d'hier et d'aujourd'hui; Historique du 1er mai ; and an excerpt of Rosa Luxemburg's 1894 writing reproduced on Critique Sociale . Footnote about the origins of la fête du muguet dating to the reign of King Charles IX, and other holiday references, from Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia. Yearly calendars from Steffen Thorsen's Time and Date AS , Stavanger, Norway. Paris Monterrey , a blog by Nathalie Maguérès. Images: Cover of Le Petit Parisien, 17 May 1891, depicting the massacre at Fourmies, artist: Ernest Clair-Guyot (1886?-1938), based on photographs by Louis Perron taken on the day of the tragic events in Fourmies, from Wikimedia Commons . The Scuffle at Clichy, 1 May 1891, artist unknown, from Wikimedia Commons . A portrait of Maria Blondeau, one of nine killed on 1 May 1891 at Fourmies, artist unknown, from Page personnelle d'Alain Delfosse . Traditional galette des rois, photographer: Marika Sorgenfrei aka roseric, from Center Blog . A multi-colored noodle necklace for Mother's Day in France, Loïc Fassard (photographer), from a blog by Loïc Fassard . A multi-colored noodle necklace for Mother's Day in France, photographer unknown, from the blog Frikadel & Co. . An intricate noodle necklace for Mother's Day in France, Agnès Propeck (photographer), from the blog Carnets d'une Marraine . An unwitting victim of poisson d'avril, photographer unknown, from whyGo France . French April Fool's Day postcard, dating to early 20th century, from Wikimedia Commons . Cartoon depicting a victim of poisson d'avril, Patrick Châtelain (artist), from Paris Monterrey . Cartoon depicting a victim of poisson d'avril, artist unkown, from Paris Monterrey . No fish allowed – except on a leash, photographer unknown, from Paris Monterrey . All Rights Reserved. Conducting a search for events is easy with this form. Simply choose a category (or ALL) and a range of dates; this is required or the form will not be processed. Important: observe French convention of day/month/year, i.e.: DD/MM/YYYY. Your search can encompass all of France, or you can narrow it down to a region (suggested). Selecting a province will display events for all departments within that region. (If you select a department, it is not necessary to select the province.) To search for events by city or town, please pay attention to spelling! Keywords (such as "jazz", "dance", etc.) are optional. If your search yields no results, expand your search criteria and try again. Clicking "Search" will open a new browser window above this one. When finished viewing ViaFrance event listings, close that window to return to this document. ViaFrance Events Search Form	i don't know
Cryptozoology is the study of which type of creatures?	Rumor or Reality: The Creatures of Cryptozoology Rumor or Reality: The Creatures of Cryptozoology By Ker Than \| December 21, 2010 11:59am ET MORE 1 of 12 Cryptids Cryptozoology is the study of animals that are rumored to exist. Such creatures are called "cryptids." Some, like the gorilla, giant squid and okapi, are no longer hearsay and legend but real creatures recognized by science. Others, like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster, continue to tempt the hopeful and the adventurous with the possibility of their existence. 2 of 12 Credit: Benjamin A. Sheppard, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Thylacine Also known as the Tasmanian tiger or wolf, the thylacine was a large meat-eating marsupial that lived in Australia. It had a long, stiff tail, dark stripes on its back and rump, and a pouch similar to other marsupials like the koala and kangaroo. It was driven to extinction by human activity and the introduction of wild dogs onto the Australian mainland. The last confirmed wild thylacine was spotted in Tasmania in 1932, while the last captive one died in Tasmania's Hobart Zoo in 1936. Though widely considered to be extinct, sightings of this strange creature do still occur occasionally. 3 of 12 Credit: Morgue File Okapi If giraffes and zebras could mate, their offspring would look like an Okapi. This strange looking creature has striped legs like a zebra but the face of a giraffe. Its neck is much shorter than a giraffe, but like its cousin, it has an extremely long tongue, which can reach lengths of up to 12 inches. The okapi can use this tongue to wash its own eyelids and ears. Prior to 1901, okapis were known only to the people living in the Congo rain forest. 4 of 12 Credit: Kenneth Carpenter Loch Ness Monster The locals near Lake Ness (or "Loch" Ness in Scottish Gaelic) in northwestern Scotland affectionately refer to the mysterious creature rumored to be living in their waters as "Nessie." According to one popular hypothesis, Nessie is a plesiosaur , a large marine reptile that lived during the time of dinosaurs and which had a long neck and stubby, paddle-like fins. Similar creatures have been reported in other lakes around the world. 5 of 12 Credit: US Fish & Wildlife Service Ivory-billed woodpecker By the mid-1990s, the ivory-billed woodpecker was widely believed to be extinct due to decades of deforestation and hunting by collectors. It was rediscovered in 2004, when a bird enthusiast kayaking through waters in the woods of Arkansas reported seeing one alive. Researchers later obtained a video clip of the bird, as well as an audio recording of its call and the distinctive sound it makes when drilling wood. 6 of 12 Credit: De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust King cheetah Starting in 1926, people in Zimbabwe began spotting a cheetah with unusual markings. Instead of spots, this cheetah had large splotches like a leopard and black stripes down its back. People called the creature "king cheetah." Some thought it might be a leopard-cheetah hybrid or a new subspecies of cheetah. The mystery wasn't solved until 1981, when a king cheetah was born in the De Wildt Cheetah Center in South Africa. Analysis later revealed that the cheetah's markings were the result of a very rare genetic mutation. 7 of 12 Credit: National Geographic Society/ Peter Schouten Homo floresiensis Folktales from the Indonesian island of Flores tell of a mysterious race of little people called the "Ebu Gogo," who abducted children and spoke in murmurs. Scientists began to take the myths more seriously when in 2003, the remains of a new humanoid species called Homo floresiensis was discovered in caves on the island. Fossil dating suggests that H. floresiensis may have lived alongside modern humans as recently as 12,000 years ago. However, since the discovery scientists have argued whether the specimen was a human with an abnormally small head or represents a new species in the human family tree. The diminutive creature [image] had a brain approximately one-third the size of modern adult humans. 8 of 12 Credit: Matt Friedman/University of Chicago Coelacanth In 1938, a South African museum curator was sorting through the local fishermen's daily catch and looking for unusual creatures when she spotted a coelacanth , an ancient fish thought to be extinct for millions of years and known only through fossils. As with many cryptids, the coelacanth was well known to local inhabitants, who called the fish "gombassa" or "mame." 9 of 12 Bigfoot Also known as Sasquatch , this famous cryptid is rumored to be a hairy, ape-like creature living in the backwoods of the United States and Canada. Bigfoot is said to have huge feet — up to 20 inches in length — stand between 7 to 10 feet tall, and to walk upright. Some suspect that Bigfoot may be a living Gigantopithecus , a giant ape that died out 100,000 years ago. Mainstream scientists doubt such claims. 10 of 12 Credit: AP Photo Giant squid Giant squids can grow up to 43 feet in length and may have been one of the inspirations behind the kraken , a many-armed sea monster in Norwegian myth. In September 2005, Japanese researchers baited and filmed a live specimen in its natural ocean habitat for the first time. The creature struggled for four hours before finally breaking free, losing an 18-foot long arm in the process. 11 of 12 Credit: Morgue File Gorilla For centuries, westerners heard tales of a giant ape living in the jungles of Africa. The creature was called "enge-ena" by locals, and was rumored to be larger and stronger than a man. But it wasn't until 1847, when an American missionary managed to procure a skull and some bones of the creature that science was officially introduced to the western lowland gorilla . 12 of 12	Mythology
Which playing card is known as the 'Beer Card?	The Meaning of Cryptozoology \| The Cryptozoologist : Loren Coleman The Meaning of Cryptozoology The Meaning of Cryptozoology Who Invented the Term Cryptozoology? For years, naturally, I would answer the above question with one person’s name: Bernard Heuvelmans. Heuvelmans seemingly promoted the notion that he coined the word, and left it at that. Then, on 24 August 2001, Heuvelmans died, and I wrote an obituary, which found its way as far as the London Times, which propelled notice of his death to the world. Part of what I credited Heuvelmans as accomplishing, as the “Father of Cryptozoology,” was the invention of the word “cryptozoology” itself. Cryptozoology, which literally means “the study of hidden animals,” is one of the newest life sciences, and certainly one of the most exciting. During the last half-century, interest in sightings and traditions dealing with “monsters” has moved from a shadowy world of travelogues to academic respectability and beyond. In 1955, zoologist Heuvelmans wrote a groundbreaking book in his native French. This now classic opus is On the Track of Unknown Animals. The book was soon reprinted in English and several other languages, becoming an international bestseller with over one million books in print through 1995. Supposedly, the first published use of the word “cryptozoology” was in 1959 when a book by Lucien Blancou was dedicated to “Bernard Heuvelmans, master of cryptozoology.” But now, thanks to Mark Rollins, an American environmental manager and artist, it has been brought to my attention that the answer to the question, who invented the word “cryptozoology,” is not so simple. Rollins read my eulogy in December 2001, and emailed me that he remembered from Heuvelmans’ book In the Wake of the Sea Serpents, that someone else actually was responsible for “cryptozoology.” I was stunned. I read In the Wake of the Sea Serpents when it first came out, and have re-read parts, mostly reference background checks, of it for years. But the specific passage Rollins helped me re-discovery had not come to my attention for years. But I found it quickly. Speaking of two articles on Sea Serpents that Ivan T. Sanderson wrote in 1947 and 1948 which served as catalysts, Heuvelmans then penned this incredible sentence (first American edition, 1968, p. 508): “When he [Sanderson] was still a student he invented the word ‘cryptozoology’, or the science of hidden animals, which I was to coin later, quite unaware that he had already done so.” Intriguingly, Heuvelmans’ 1965 French edition of this book does not contain this paragraph at all. So, who invented the term “cryptozoology”? Apparently, it was Sanderson first, and then Heuvelmans, much later. Cryptozoologists have a little revising to do in our histories about this. The Evolving Meaning of “Cryptozoology” ISC’s Vice President Dr. Roy Mackal has written: “…the term ‘cryptozoology’ seems to me particularly appropriate, coming as it does from the Greek work kryptos, meaning ‘hidden.’ ‘unknown,’ ‘secret,’ ‘enigmatic,’ ‘mysterious’; hence literally the study of hidden animals” (Searching for Hidden Animals, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980, p. xi). Dr. Karl Shuker has noted that “cryptozoology” is “literally translated as ‘the study of hidden life'” (The Lost Ark, London: HarperCollins, 1993, p. 11), perhaps giving the idea to the reader that this encompasses plants and other non-animal forms. This, according to a private 1998 email from Dr. Shuker, is, of course, not what he meant to imply. From my discussions with Richard Greenwell (ISC Sec.) and Bernard Heuvelmans (ISC Pres), as well as with various directors on the old ISC Board, the general feeling is that an important element in the study of hidden animals as envisioned in current cryptozoology is the input of local, native, explorer, and traveler traditions, sightings, tales, legends and folklore of the as-yet unverified animals. It is for this very reason that most, but not all, of the animals under pursuit are large ones. Also, it should be noted, a general sense among Russian cryptozoologists, especially as communicated through the books of Dmitri Bayanov, is that “cryptozoology” is the study of the evidence for hidden animals. Therefore, not too simply, cryptozoology is the study of hidden animals (whether large or small), to date not formally recognized by what is often termed Western science or formal zoology but supported in some way by testimony (in its broadest definition) from a human being and evidence of their presence. Word game #2: Cryptid Another word in cryptozoology that sometimes confuses people is “cryptid” and what a cryptid is. We can specifically point to who coined this word, however. In the Summer 1983 issue of the Newsletter (vol. 2, no. 2, page 10) of The International Society of Cryptozoology (the ISC is a now defunct organization), John E. Wall of Manitoba introduced the term he had invented for cryptozoological animals through a letter to the editor. By the end of the 1990s, it was showing up in dictionaries. Cryptid denotes an animal of interest to cryptozoology, of course. Cryptids are in the most limited definition, either unknown species of animals or those that are thought to be extinct but which may have survived into modern times and await rediscovery by scientists. Writing in 1988 in Cryptozoology the journal of the then active ISC, Heuvelmans underscored the aims of cryptozoology: “Hidden animals with which cryptozoology is concerned, are by definition very incompletely known. To gain more credence, they have to be documented as carefully and exhaustively as possible by a search through the most diverse fields of knowledge. Cryptozoological research thus requires not only a thorough grasp of most of the zoological sciences, including, of course physical anthropology, but also a certain training in such extraneous branches of knowledge as mythology, linguistics, archaeology and history. It will consequently be conducted more extensively in libraries, newspaper morgues, regional archives, museums, art galleries, laboratories, and zoological parks rather than in the field!” His definition of cryptozoology itself was exacting, for it gives his sense of what a cryptid is: “The Scientific study of hidden animals, i.e., of still unknown animal forms about which only testimonial and circumstantial evidence is available, or material evidence considered insufficient by some!” Over the last 10 years some have suggested that the science of cryptozoology should be expanded to include many animals as “cryptids,” specifically including the study of out-of-place animals, feral animals, and even animal ghosts and apparitions. Heuvelmans rejected such notions with typical thoroughness, and not a little wry humor: “Admittedly, a definition need not conform necessarily to the exact etymology of a word. But it is always preferable when it really does so which I carefully endeavored to achieve when I coined the term `cryptozoology`. All the same being a very tolerant person, even in the strict realm of science, I have never prevented anybody from creating new disciplines of zoology quite distinct from cryptozoology. How could I, in any case? “So, let people who are interested in founding a science of `unexpected animals`, feel free to do so, and if they have a smattering of Greek and are not repelled by jaw breakers they may call it`aprosbletozoology` or `apronoeozoology` or even`anelistozoology`. Let those who would rather be searching for `bizarre animals` create a `paradoozoology`, and those who prefer to go a hunting for `monstrous animals`, or just plain `monsters`, build up a `teratozoology` or more simply a `pelorology`. “But for heavens sake, let cryptozoology be what it is, and what I meant it to be when I gave it its name over thirty years ago!” Unfortunately, many of the creatures of most interest to cryptozoologists do not, in themselves, fall under the blanket heading of cryptozoology. Thus, many who are interested in such phenomena as the so-called Beasts of Bodmin and Exmoor (not unknown species but known species albeit in an alien environment) and the Devonshire/Cornwall “devil dogs” (not “animals” or even “animate” in the accepted sense of the word, and thus only of marginal interest to scientific cryptozoologists) think of these creatures as cryptids. More broadly, then, we do not know whether a cryptid is an unknown species of animal, or a supposedly extinct animal, or a misidentification, or anything more than myth until evidence is gathered and accepted one way or another. Until that proof is found, the supposed animal carries the label cryptid, regardless of the potential outcome and regardless of various debates concerning its true identity. When it is precisely identified, it is no longer a cryptid, because it is no longer hidden. While Heuvelmans created cryptozoology as a goal-oriented discipline (endeavoring to prove the existence of hidden animals), the fact that some of these cryptids will turn out not to be new species does not invalidate the process by which that conclusion is reached and does not retroactively discard the prior status as a cryptid. For example, the large unknown “Monster” in a local lake is a cryptid until it is caught and shown to be a known species such as an alligator. It is no longer hidden and no longer carries the label cryptid, but that does not mean it never was a cryptid. An outsider is bound to be confused by a television program or magazine article that highlights reliable eyewitnesses and physical evidence for hairy bipeds or Lake and Sea Monsters, then jumps to a story about phantom dogs or glowing swamp creature. That confusion is understandable. It is often impossible to tell which category an unknown animal actually inhabits until you catch it. Until then, it is a cryptid. Cryptozoology: The study of “hidden animals” including Bigfoot, Loch Ness Monsters, Yeti, Myakka Skunk Ape, and hundreds of other crypt ids. (c) 2012 The Cryptozoologist : Loren Coleman - Web Design by Believe It Tour	i don't know
Which vegetable has the Latin name Allium Cepa?	OfA - Amaryllidaceae Family garlic chives Culture: Members of the Allium genus appreciate light, sandy, loamy soils with plenty of organic matter and neutral pH. Drainage and full sun are imperative. In fact, proper preparation of the area in which these plants are grown can mitigate most horticultural problems.2 Typically alliums are some of the earliest plantings in the spring garden or some of the latest in the fall. These plants are tough and can take chilly temperatures. This is a good thing since they require a long growing season to mature. In Central Virginia, shallots and garlic are planted in late fall and onions, scallions, and leeks are planted in early spring. Onions are photoperiodic plants, which means that their stages of growth are triggered by the proportions of day and night that the plants receive. These plants will produce top growth until night length indicates to them that it's time to start bulbing. The size of the final bulb is directly proportional to the size of the growth attained prior to the initiation of bulb formation. Because of this quality, onion varieties are separated into "long-day", "short-day", and "neutral" types. Long-day types are grown in the north, an area roughly defined as those states north of a line drawn from Virginia Beach to San Francisco, approximately 36° latitude. In the south, growing a "long-day" onion, will result in something that looks like a large scallion instead of a bulb. In the north, growing "short-day" onions will produce tiny bulbs because the plants will begin bulbing before reaching a nice top growth size.3 In order for leeks to have a long white part to their stems, their stems must be covered as they grow. This is done by planting leeks in a trench that gets filled in as they grow or by "hilling them up" with soil as they develop. In Central Virginia, garlic and shallots can be planted in the fall, usually during the first two weeks of October. This will provide the plants with time to establish themselves and will produce the highest yields. Pests and Diseases: As mentioned above, the best way to prevent problems with alliums is to prepare a well drained bed with plenty of organic matter. This should, in most cases, eliminate potential diseases such as downy mildew, pink rot, and smut.4 The major pests of alliums are the onion root maggot and the onion thrip. The former tends to be more of a problem in the north, the latter in the south.5 The onion maggot is legless, white, and about 1/3 inch long. It attacks onion plants near the base and burrows into the bulb. It prefers lighter colored onions; yellow onions are less likely to be affected than white, red onions are least likely to be favored by them. Thrips are thin, beige, active, and very small. They scrape leaf surfaces and feed off the sap that flows from the spot they've injured. Onion maggots can be a problem throughout the growing season but they will cause the most damage to young plants. If onion maggots are likely to be a problem, covering the onion bed with a row cover as soon as planting is completed. Other options include a layer of sand or wood ashes added to the top layer of soil and/or a planting of radishes as a catch crop.6 Thrips tend to be a problem during hot dry summers and can be controlled with insecticidal soap. Harvest and Curing: Leeks and scallions can be harvested at any time. Onions, shallots, and garlic signal maturity when their tops bend over. One to two weeks after this, when most of the top growth has browned, the bulbs can be harvested and cured. Curing requires a warm (approx. 80°) and dry environment. The bulbs are allowed to dry with good ventilation for approximately two weeks.7 With proper curing and storage (near freezing temperatures and 65-70% humidity) these bulbs will keep for months. Seed saving: Garlic and shallots are generally planted as cloves. These are split off from the heads when they are planted. Use only disease and insect free stock saved from a previous harvest or order cloves from a seed supplier. Onions, chives, and leeks produce perfect8 flowers that are insect pollinated. Varieties can cross pollinate so they must be isolated by 1 mile or caged with screens or polyspun fiber and hand pollinated in order to produce seeds that are true to type. Seed heads should be allowed to mature on the pods. They should be harvested as soon as they are dry. Many of the alliums have pods that will shatter to release seeds when they are dry, so vigilance is important.9 ENDNOTES 1. Ashworth, Suzanne. Seed to Seed. Decorah, Iowa: Seed Savers Exchange, Inc., 1991, p.45. This book is invaluable for anyone who wants to save seeds and the seed saving information in all the vegetable family sections is heavily indebted to it. 2. Territorial Seed Company Spring 2007 Catalog. Cottage Grove, OR, p.56. 3. Ogden, Shepherd. Straight-Ahead Organic. Chelsea Green, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co., 1999, p.217. 4. Hunt, Marjorie B. and Bortz, Brenda. High-Yield Gardening. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1986, p.345. 5. Straight-Ahead Organic. p. 218. 6. Staff of Organic Gardening Magazine. The Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1978, p. 798. 7. Coleman, Eliot. The New Organic Grower. Chelsea, VT: Chelsea Green, 1989, p. 251. 8. A perfect flower is one that has both male and female parts. For these and other botanical definitions a handy source is: Bagust, Harold. The Gardener's Dictionary of Horticultural Terms. London: Villiers House, 1992. 9. Seed to Seed. pp. 46-47.	Onion
Charmeuse, Noil and Shantung are all types of which fabric?	onion (vegetable) - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus Onion \| bulb onion \| common onion \| Allium cepa [species] used as a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. This genus also contains several other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion, Egyptian onion, and Canada ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion Onion (disambiguation) the common name given to plants in the genus Allium. Onion may also refer to: Onion (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse \| The Onion, a parody newspaper. \| The Onion Movie, a comedy film by the writers at The Onion newspaper \| Onion News... (41 of 142 words, 11 definitions)	i don't know
The enzyme pepsin is released by cells in which part of the human body?	Pepsin Enzyme Function \| LIVESTRONG.COM Pepsin Enzyme Function Last Updated: May 08, 2015 Kirstin Hendrickson Kirstin Hendrickson is a writer, teacher, coach, athlete and author of the textbook "Chemistry In The World." She's been teaching and writing about health, wellness and nutrition for more than 10 years. She has a Bachelor of Science in zoology, a Bachelor of Science in psychology, a Master of Science in chemistry and a doctoral degree in bioorganic chemistry. A smiling couple eating on a restaurant patio. Photo Credit monkeybusinessimages/iStock/Getty Images Pepsin is an enzyme -- specifically, it's a proteolytic enzyme, meaning it helps digest proteins. Cells in the stomach secrete pepsin to help you digest the protein that you consume in food. Specialized cells in the intestine then absorb the digestion products of the protein into the bloodstream, and your cells take them up from there. Pepsin Chemistry Enzymes, like pepsin, are biological catalysts. This means that they're chemicals that help reactions in the body take place faster than they otherwise would, but they themselves aren't consumed in the reaction. Specifically, pepsin helps you digest protein. It's secreted by specialized cells in the lining of the stomach called chief cells, explains Dr. Lauralee Sherwood in her book "Human Physiology." Pepsin itself is a protein, but in contrast to the proteins that you eat and digest, pepsin has biological activity in the stomach. Protein Structure Technically, you wouldn't need pepsin to digest the protein that you eat. Proteins are made up of small building block molecules called amino acids, explain Drs. Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham in their book "Biochemistry." The bonds between amino acids -- called peptide bonds -- break when they're exposed to water and acid. Because your gastric juices are made of mostly water, and the stomach secretes acid, you have all the ingredients you need to digest protein. However, in the absence of pepsin, this reaction would be very slow. Pepsin Formation One of the body's challenges in producing pepsin is keeping it from digesting the cells where it's made. Cells are made up of mostly protein, meaning that if a cell produces pepsin, it's at risk for being digested by the pepsin. As such, your chief cells produce pepsin in an inactive precursor form, called pepsinogen, explain Drs. Garrett and Grisham. The pepsinogen is activated once it reaches the stomach, so it doesn't harm the cells that produce it. Environment All biological enzymes, pepsin included, function best in a narrow range of temperature and acidity level. Enzymes exposed to environments outside their preferred temperature or acidity -- also called pH -- range don't function. Most body enzymes function best at body temperature and neutral pH, but because pepsin functions in the stomach, it's designed by the cells to work best at very low, or acidic, pH, explain Drs. Mary Campbell and Shawn Farrell in their book "Biochemistry." Types of Bonds In actuality, pepsin can't break all the bonds in a protein molecule. There are many different types of amino acids that are bonded together to make a protein, and pepsin specializes in breaking bonds between very large amino acids. Other proteolytic enzymes, including chymotrypsin and trypsin, work on the bonds between other types of amino acids. Together, pepsin and the other proteolytic enzymes break the proteins you eat into their constituent amino acids. Related Searches THE LIVESTRONG.COM MyPlate Nutrition, Workouts & Tips GOAL Gain 2 pounds per week Gain 1.5 pounds per week Gain 1 pound per week Gain 0.5 pound per week Maintain my current weight Lose 0.5 pound per week Lose 1 pound per week Lose 1.5 pounds per week Lose 2 pounds per week GENDER	Stomach
Deriving from, and in part meaning small, what is the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet?	Stomach, Gallbladder and Pancreas \| Interactive Anatomy Guide Home > Digestive System > Digestive System of the Lower Torso > Stomach, Gallbladder and Pancreas Stomach, Gallbladder and Pancreas The stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas are three of the most important digestive organs in the human body. These organs work together to produce and store secretions that digest our food into its most basic building blocks. Once digested, these small molecules pass into our intestines to be absorbed and to feed our body’s tissues. These three major organs also produce hormones that help to coordinate their functions and even lead to the feeling of fullness after consuming a meal.... Move up/down/left/right: Click compass arrows Rotate image: Click and drag in any direction, anywhere in the frame Identify objects: Click on them in the image Full Stomach, Gallbladder and Pancreas Description [Continued from above] . . . Anatomy of the Stomach, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Stomach A hollow muscular organ about the size of 2 closed fists, the stomach is located inferior to the diaphragm and lateral to the liver on the left side of the abdominal cavity. The stomach forms part of the gastrointestinal tract between the esophagus and the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine). The wall of the stomach contains several layers of epithelium, smooth muscle, nerves, and blood vessels. The innermost layer of the stomach is made of epithelium containing many invaginations known as gastric pits. The cells of the gastric pits produce gastric juice - an acidic mixture of mucus, enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The hollow portion of the stomach serves as the storage vessel for food before it moves on to the intestines to be further digested and absorbed. At the inferior end of the stomach is a band of smooth muscle called the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter opens and closes to regulate the flow of food into the duodenum. Gallbladder The gallbladder is a 3-inch long pear-shaped sac located on the posterior border of the liver. Connected to the bile ducts of the liver through the cystic duct , the gallbladder receives bile transported from the liver for storage on a regular basis to prepare for the digestion of future meals. During digestion of a meal, smooth muscles in the walls of the gallbladder contract to push bile into the bile ducts that lead to the duodenum. Once in the duodenum, bile helps with the digestion of fats. Pancreas The pancreas is a 6-inch long heterocrine gland located inferior to the stomach and surrounded by the duodenum on its medial end. This organ extends laterally from the duodenum toward the left side of the abdominal cavity, where it tapers to a point. The pancreas is considered a heterocrine gland because it has both endocrine and exocrine gland functions. Small masses of endocrine cells known as pancreatic islets make up around 1% of the pancreas and produce the hormones insulin and glucagon to regulate glucose homeostasis in the blood stream. The other 99% of the pancreas contains exocrine cells that produce powerful enzymes that are excreted into the duodenum during digestion. These enzymes together with water and sodium bicarbonate secreted from the pancreas are known as pancreatic juice. Physiology of the Stomach, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Digestion The stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas work together as a team to perform the majority of the digestion of food. Food entering the stomach from the esophagus has been minimally processed – it has been physically digested by chewing and moistened by saliva, but is chemically almost identical to unchewed food. Upon entering the stomach, each mass of swallowed food comes into contact with the acidic gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid and the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin. These chemicals begin working on the chemical digestion of the molecules that make up the food. At the same time, the food is mixed by the smooth muscles of the stomach wall to increase the amount of contact between the food and the gastric juice. The secretions of the stomach also continue the process of moistening and physically softening the food until the food becomes an acidic semi-liquid material known as chyme. At this point, the stomach begins to push the chyme through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum. In the duodenum , the bulk of digestion is completed thanks to the preparation of chyme by the stomach and the addition of secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas. Bile from the gallbladder acts as an emulsifier to break large masses of fats into smaller masses. Pancreatic juice contains bicarbonate ions to neutralize the hydrochloric acid of chyme. Enzymes present in the pancreatic juice complete the chemical digestion of large molecules that began in the mouth and stomach. The completely digested food is then ready for absorption by the intestines . Storage The stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas all function together as storage organs of the digestive system. The stomach stores food that has been ingested and releases it in small masses to the duodenum. The release of small masses of food at a time improves the digestive efficiency of the intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas and prevents undigested food from making its way into feces. As they are accessory organs of the digestive system, the gallbladder and pancreas have no food passing through them. They do, however, act as storage organs by storing the chemicals necessary for the chemical digestion of foods. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver so that there is a sufficient supply of bile on hand to digest fats at any given time. The pancreas stores the pancreatic juice produced by its own exocrine glands so that it is prepared to digest foods at all times. Secretion The stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas all share the common function of secretion of substances from exocrine glands. The stomach contains 3 different exocrine cells inside of its gastric pits: mucous cells, parietal cells, and chief cells. Mucous cells produce mucus and bicarbonate ion that cover the surface of the stomach lining, protecting the underlying cells from the damaging effects of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes. Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid to digest foods and kill pathogens that enter the body through the mouth. Chief cells produce the protein pepsinogen that is turned into the enzyme pepsin when it comes into contact with hydrochloric acid. Pepsin digests proteins into their component amino acids. The mixture of mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin is known as gastric juice. Gastric juice mixes with food to produce chyme, which the stomach releases into the duodenum for further digestion. The gallbladder stores and secretes bile into the duodenum to aid in the digestion of chyme. A mixture of water, bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin, bile emulsifies large masses of fats into smaller masses. These smaller masses have a higher ratio of surface area to volume when compared to large masses, making it easier for them to be digested. The pancreas stores and secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum to complete the chemical digestion of food that began in the mouth and stomach. Pancreatic juice contains a mixture of enzymes including amylases, proteases, lipases, and nucleases. Carbohydrates entering the small intestine are broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes such as pancreatic amylase, maltase, and lactase. Proteins in the duodenum are chemically digested into amino acids by pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin and carboxypeptidase. Pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides. The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are broken down by nucleases into their component sugars and nitrogenous bases. Hormones Several hormones are used to regulate the functions of the stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas. The hormones gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin are secreted by organs of the digestive system in response to the presence of food and change the function of the stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas. Our pancreas produces the hormones insulin and glucagon to affect the behavior of cells throughout the body. Gastrin is a hormone produced by the walls of the stomach in response to the filling of the stomach with food. Food stretches the stomach walls and raises the normally acidic pH of the stomach. G cells in the gastric glands of the stomach respond to these changes by producing gastrin. G cells release gastrin into the blood where it stimulates the exocrine cells of the stomach to produce gastric juice. Gastrin also stimulates smooth muscle tissue of the gastrointestinal tract to increase the mixing and movement of food. Finally, gastrin relaxes the smooth muscles that form the pyloric sphincter, causing the pyloric sphincter to open. The opening of the pyloric sphincter allows food stored in the stomach to begin entering the duodenum for further digestion and absorption in the intestines. Cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone produced in the walls of the small intestine , is released into the bloodstream in response to the presence of chyme in the intestine that contains high levels of proteins and fats. Proteins and fats are more difficult for the body to digest than carbohydrates are, so CCK is important in making changes to the digestive system to handle these types of foods. CCK travels through the bloodstream to the stomach, where it slows the emptying of the stomach to give the intestines more time to digest the protein- and fat-rich chyme. CCK also stimulates the gallbladder and pancreas to increase their secretion of bile and pancreatic juice to improve the digestion of fats and proteins. Finally, CCK is detected by receptors in the satiety center of the hypothalamus that control the feeling of hunger. The satiety center reads the presence of CCK as an indication that the body is no longer hungry for food. Secretin is another hormone produced by the intestinal walls, but unlike CCK, it is produced in response to the acidity of chyme that the stomach releases into the duodenum. Secretin flows through the bloodstream to the stomach, where it inhibits the production of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells. Secretin also binds to receptors in the gallbladder and pancreas, stimulating them to secrete increased amounts of bile and pancreatic juice. Sodium bicarbonate present in pancreatic juice neutralizes the acidity of the chyme to prevent damage to the walls of the duodenum and provides a neutral pH environment for the digestion of chyme. Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. The pancreas produces insulin in response to the presence of high levels of glucose in the blood. Insulin stimulates cells, particularly in the liver and skeletal muscles , to absorb glucose from the blood and use it as an energy source or store it as glycogen. Insulin also stimulates adipocytes to absorb glucose to build triglycerides for energy storage. Our body produces higher levels of insulin following a meal in order to remove glucose molecules from the blood before they can reach high concentrations and become toxic to the body’s cells. Glucagon is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. Glucagon acts as an antagonist to insulin by stimulating the release of glucose into the bloodstream to raise blood glucose levels between meals. Hepatocytes in the liver store glucose in large macromolecules known as glycogen. Glucagon binding to receptors on hepatocytes triggers the breakdown of glycogen into many glucose molecules, which are then released into the bloodstream. Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor	i don't know
If something is piscivorous, what does it generally feed on?	Northern Snakehead People Snakehead FAQs While in the field, we are routinely approached by members of the general public, who usually ask the questions below. The media buzz surrounding northern snakeheads has been a mixed blessing. On one hand, it has helped put invasive species on the map in the public’s perception of environmental issues. At the same time, the media has continued to report false information about northern snakeheads, inducing irrational fears about personal safety and potential impacts. If people end up viewing the initial reports as false alarms, the increased awareness of invasive species issues brought about by the media may turn to skepticism. It is my hope that the following answers will help to dispel the many myths surrounding northern snakeheads. -Nick Lapointe Back to top Do snakeheads bite or attack people or pet dogs? No= northern snakeheads are a very shy fish and I have seen no evidence that they would attack anything larger than they are. Every radio-tagged fish that we tracked was hidden when we approached, and we saw very few fish in the turbid, weedy waters of the Potomac River, despite being within 1 m of most. Two of our radio-tagged fish were found guarding young, and I approached each nest once per day for a period of two weeks, netting a few of the young each day to determine their growth rate. I was never attacked by the adults. In fact, I rarely saw the guarding adults, who would emerge only after I remained perfectly still for over 10 minutes. Yet, a man honestly asked us one day if it was safe for his five year old son to play on his lawn, beside a retaining wall that was several feet above the water line. I’m hesitant to say definitively that there is no danger of a snakehead biting a human. Northern pike and muskellunge are known to occasionally bite feet or hands being dangled over the side of a dock or boat. These large, predatory fish do not see the rest of the person attached to the appendage, and mistake it for a smaller animal that they are able to swallow. People bit by pikes will often require medical attention, and it seems plausible that a snakehead could similarly confuse an appendage with a small animal, particularly if the fish was guarding young. However, in my experience pikes are far more aggressive and less shy than northern snakehead, despite not guarding nests themselves. All things considered, I personally wouldn’t hesitate to dangle my feet in waters that had northern snakeheads, even though I’m cautious about it when muskie are present Back to top Are snakeheads hurting the ecosystem? Will they eat every other fish in the river? The lower Potomac River is a heavily altered ecosystem. Although many native fish species still exist in the river, most of the fish that we see while electrofishing are non-native, including carp, goldfish, catfish and largemouth bass. Additionally, shoreline and riverine habitats have been heavily altered, and the river is loaded with sediments, nutrients and chemicals from our activities. This makes it hard for a single additional species to have a major impact. The river is large and complex, with a high diversity of species. Although smaller, more indirect impacts are probably occurring as a result of the northern snakehead introduction, these are very difficult to detect in the face of other impacts. Blue catfish are another recently introduced piscivorous (fish-eating) species that have grown to immense size and abundance in the deep waters of the main channel. Detecting changes in population levels of other channel-dwelling species that coincide with the introduction of blue catfish is probably more likely than detecting specific impacts of the northern snakehead introduction at this time. Northern snakeheads do eat primarily fish. They have a similar diet to largemouth bass, but largemouth eat considerably more crayfish and other species such as frogs, turtles, snakes, etc. In comparison, northern snakeheads are almost completely piscivorous (unpublished data). However, there is nothing to suggest that they are any more voracious than the bass that already exist in greater numbers in the river. If anything could eat all the fish in the river, bass would have already done so. Northern snakehead do often select shallower, weedy habitats than bass, where they feed extensively on small banded killifish and mummichog. In the long run, increased predation on such fishes may have indirect effects on the food web of the Potomac River, but there is no evidence for such effects yet. The same may not be said for more pristine systems. Northern snakeheads are hearty fish, able to survive in diverse freshwater environments. Their release in a small ecosystem, particularly one with rare species and lacking a top piscivore, could be disastrous. Even in the Potomac River, the story is still being written. Invasive species can be viewed as a ticking time bomb, and changes in the ecosystem from habitat alterations, climate change, or from the introduction of additional non-native species can result in previously unexpected population explosions of existing invasive species. Plus, this northern snakehead population is very young and may still be growing (see below). Back to top Where are snakeheads from and how were they introduced? Northern snakeheads are native to northern China and eastern Russia. Most snakehead species are native to China, though a genus (Parachanna) is found in Africa. Of the nearly 30 snakehead species, the northern snakehead is the only species predicted to be able to survive the North American climate north of Florida and Mexico, though they could survive as far north as Hudson Bay (Herborg et al. 2007). The population in the Potomac River was probably released by an individual who purchased them from a live food market. Although the possession of live snakeheads (all species) has been banned in North America since 2002 (the year a population was discovered in Crofton Pond, MD), the population in the Potomac River was probably released before this data. Analysis of the age structure of fishes captured in 2004 suggests that the population was released around 1998 (Odenkirk and Owens 2005). Genetic analysis of these specimens suggests that few individuals were originally released; 19 of the 20 fish came from the same ancestral mother or group of sisters (Orrell and Weight, 2005). Back to top Are snakeheads good to eat? Snakeheads are a popular food fish in Asia, and are regularly raised in aquaculture settings and sold in fish markets. Most North Americans seem to agree, despite disagreeing with Asians about the palatability of carps. Anglers should be warned that there are consumption advisories for most Potomac River species (e.g. no more than two meals per month, no consumption by pregnant women) because of contaminant levels, though to my knowledge tests have not been done for contaminant levels in snakehead muscle tissue. It may be possible to refer to consumption advisories for largemouth bass, though snakeheads are on average a larger fish, and larger individuals have the highest contaminant levels. It is common to find large curled red parasite worms in the flesh of northern snakeheads from the Potomac River, and though unappetizing they are not harmful to humans if they are cooked or cut out of the flesh prior to cooking. Back to top Are snakeheads a good sport fish? It depends. Many people are concerned with their potential impact on the largemouth bass fishery, while others see northern snakeheads as an emerging sport fishery. It is true that they are a large, predatory fish with a reputation as a strong fighter, but these factors alone don’t make a fish popular for sport. Longnose gar already exist in the river in great numbers, and despite sharing all of these characteristics (and being a prized food fish in the southern states), they are not considered a sport fish. Perhaps the fact that longnose gar are very shy and difficult to hook has kept them from becoming a popular sport fish. It’s no accident that bass have become the most popular freshwater sportfish in North America- they appeal to North American anglers because they are easy to catch; even if only the pros land several five orsix-pound fish in a day, most people can catch at least a few small bass each time they go fishing. On the other hand, despite talking with many anglers over the past couple of years on the Potomac River, I haven’t run into anyone who reliably claims to have caught more than a dozen fish. The bottom line is, you can’t create a fishery with people only landing six fish a year. Even if some anglers are doing slightly better than this, I don’t expect a tournament any time soon where people fill their livewells and have to cull smaller fish. Catch rates may rise if the northern snakehead population increases and North American anglers become more experienced with the techniques required to land this new species, but I doubt that they will ever become as popular as the standard North American sport fishes. Unconvinced? At the turn of the century, North American fisheries agencies were busy spending taxpayer money to aggressively stock a sport fish across the continent. This fish was the epitome of European sportfishing. It was large, a strong fighter, and a popular food fish as well. Establishing populations of this species was notoriously difficult, and many millions of individuals had to be introduced, often in the same system, before a population would take hold. Eventually, human technology and persistence prevailed, and the species was stocked across North America. Did a sport fishery develop? The species I’ve been describing is the common carp, and although a few North American anglers target them, they are now widely considered a trash fish and even a nuisance. Common carp uproot vegetation while foraging for invertebrates in the substrate, increasing the turbidity of aquatic ecosystems. It is my fear that North American anglers will imagine the potential for a northern snakehead fishery in their own backyard reservoir/lake/river, and will take it upon themselves to collect and release individuals in other ecosystems. Examples from the Potomac river include a guide charging $300 a day for snakehead fishing trips, and ‘snakehead’ fishing lures being sold for $25. These dollar signs may light up like light bulbs over the heads of anglers in other parts of the country but be warned that transporting a live snakehead over state lines is a violation of the Lacey Act and caries a fine of up to $200,000 and five years in jail, not to mention state laws prohibiting the release of species. A nightmare scenario would be a repeat of the common carp phenomenon, this time by individuals seeking to create profitable fisheries. Yet the sustainability of such fisheries is largely unknown, and the Potomac River fishery is too young to serve as an example. Northern snakehead may become a popular sportfish, or anglers may put in a great deal of effort to catch a few fish, then get bored with low catch rates and switch back to targeting bass. Besides, if we want to fish for an exotic-looking, large, air-breathing, hard-fighting, piscivorous species that is shy and a challenge to hook and land, we already have gar, and just how popular are they with North American anglers? Oh, and did I mention common carp? Back to top Is the snakehead population increasing? The short answer is, we don’t know. It is very difficult to estimate the size of a fish population in a large, open system, particularly without a detailed monitoring program in place. However, electrofishing catch rates increased significantly from 2004 to 2006, suggesting that the population is continuing to increase (Odenkierk and Owens 2007). Additionally, northern snakehead continue to be captured at more distant locations, including as far upstream as above Little Falls and the Anacostia River and as far downstream as Aquia Creek in 2007. This may represent the maximum area of the river that snakeheads can colonize, with Great Falls as a potential upstream barrier, and downstream dispersal limited by saline conditions. However, many of these areas were probably colonized some time after the Dogue Creek area, and populations will continue to increase throughout the river. The C & O Canal is connected to the mainstem Potomac River in several locations, and may represent a pathway for northern snakeheads to colonize the upper Potomac River, above Great Falls. Dispersal may yet be possible further downstream. A large rainstorm event could push a freshwater plume further downstream than normal. If this were to happen when snakeheads are dispersing (early May, see Movement, Dispersal and Home Range section), individuals could follow the plume downstream and then back up tributaries or adjacent watersheds into permanently freshwater habitats. As for the populations in Dogue Creek and the surrounding areas, they may still be increasing as well. Over the past two seasons, I have seen the average size of the largest northern snakeheads captured by boat electrofishing increase from around eight pounds to over ten. This suggests that we were capaturing the same age class, probably around six years old in 2008, each year. Larger fish tend to have a greater reproductive output, and it may be that the first numerous age class of this population is just now reaching its peak reproductive period. We may find that juveniles are more numerous than ever in 2008, and that they will reach their own reproductive peak another six years down the road. At some point, the population should level off as competition for resources such as food and habitat become limiting, but current data suggest this has not yet occurred. Back to top References Herborg L. M., N. E. Mandrak, B. C. Cudmore, and H. J. MacIsaac. 2007. Comparative distribution and invasion risk of snakehead (Channidae) and Asian carp (Cyprinidae) species in North America. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 64:1723-1735. Orrell, T. M., and L. Weigt. 2005. The northern snakehead Channa argus (Anabantomorpha : Channidae), a non-indigenous fish species in the Potomac River, USA. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 118:407-415. Odenkirk, J. and S. Owens. 2007. Expansion of a Northern Snakehead Population in the Potomac River System. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136: 1633-1639.	Fish
Previously deemed too dangerous, what Winter Olympics event will be open to women for the first time in the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi?	Livestock Predation Identification Livestock and Animal Predation Identification The identification of the predator involved in killing livestock and animal is fairly difficult to master as there are many variables. Sometimes scavenger/predators get blamed for a kill when in fact they are just eating what was killed by local dogs or died of natural causes. Getting to the carcass quickly after the animal's death is critical for proper identification of the guilty species. General Principles Predation is rarely observed; therefore, the accurate assessment of losses to specific predators often requires careful investigative work. Determine cause of death by checking for signs on the animal and around the kill site. Size and location of tooth/talon marks will often indicate the species causing predation or at least eliminate certain species from suspicion. Typically, hair/feathers will obscure the attack site. Ideally, the victim will need to be skinned in order to investigate the attack site properly. Always wear appropriate personal protection when skinning or handling an animal. Protective equipment includes, but is not limited to, neoprene gloves, disposable coveralls, googles, mask for mouth and nose, and skills with a knife. Consider the time of day the predation occurred. Night versus day can be important clues particularly when predation by birds is suspected. Extensive bleeding usually is characteristic of predation. Where external bleeding is not apparent, the hide can be removed from the carcass, particularly around the neck, throat, and head, and the area checked for tooth holes, subcutaneous hemorrhage, and tissue damage. Hemorrhage occurs only if skin and tissue damage occurs while the animal is alive. Animals that die from causes other than predation normally do not show external or subcutaneous bleeding, although bloody fluids may be lost from body openings. Animal losses are easiest to evaluate if examination is conducted when the carcass is still fresh. Animals may not always be killed by a throat attack, but may be pulled down from the side or rear. Blood is often on the sides, hind legs, and tail areas. Calves can have their tails chewed off and the nose may have tooth marks or be completely chewed by the predator when the tongue is eaten. Tracks and droppings alone are NOT PROOF of depredation or of the species responsible. They are evidence that a particular predator is in the area and, when combined with other characteristics of depredation, can help determine what species is causing the problem. Species Signs of Badger Predation Eat primarily rodents such as mice, prairie dogs, pocket gophers, and ground squirrels. They will also prey on rabbits, especially the young. Badgers usually eat all of a prairie dog except the head and fur along the back. This characteristic probably holds true for most of the larger rodents they eat; however, signs of digging near prey remains are the best evidence of badgers. Destroy nests of ground-nesting birds and occasionally kill small lambs and poultry, parts of which they sometimes bury in holes resembling their dens. Den in crop fields. Tracks often appear similar to coyote tracks but on close examination they are distinctively “pigeon-toed” with impressions from the long toenails apparent in most situations. Signs of Bear (Black & Grizzly) Predation Prey on livestock. Black bears usually kill by biting the neck or by slapping the victim. Torn, mauled, and mutilated carcasses are characteristic of bear attacks. Often, the bear will eat the udders of female prey, possibly to obtain milk. The victim usually is opened ventrally and the heart and liver are consumed. The intestines are often spread out around the kill site, and the animal may be partially skinned while the carcass is fed upon. Smaller livestock such as sheep and goats may be consumed almost entirely, and only the rumen, skin, and large bones left. Feces are generally found within the kill area, and a bedding site is often found nearby. Bears use their feet while feeding so they do not slide the prey around as do coyotes. If the kill is made in the open, it may be moved to a more secluded spot. The grizzly has a feeding and killing pattern similar to that of the black bear. Murie (1948) found that most cattle are killed by a bite through the back of the neck. Large prey often have claw marks on the flanks or hams. The prey’s back is sometimes broken in front of the hips where the bear simply crushed it down. Young calves are occasionally bitten through the forehead. The presence of bears has stampeded range sheep, resulting in death from suffocation or from falls over cliffs. A marauding bear searching for food may also play havoc with garbage cans, cabins, camp sites, and apiaries. The bear track resembles that of a human, but has distinctive claw marks. The little inside toes often leave no marks in dust or shallow mud so the print appears to be four-toed (Murie 1954) Signs of Bird Predation Agricultural Bird Pests--Cormorants, Bitterns, Herons, White Pelicans (shown) and other large fish-eaters kill or scar trout, salmon, and other flume and pond reared fish. Night herons feed at night. Others are daytime feeders. Crows kill or maim young livestock; eat eggs of waterfowl and gamebirds. Eagles kill or maim young sheep and goats, deer and pronghorn antelope See http://texnat.tamu.edu/ranchref/predator/eagles/p-eagles.htm for eagle predation photos. Gulls eat game birds, endangered bird eggs and young. Hawks eat and pluck poultry and game fowl and their young. Attacks occur during daylight hours. Owls eat and pluck poultry and game fowl and their young. Attacks occur during nighttime. Jays, Blue jays eat carrion. In winter, they maraud bird feeders and small birds. In spring, they eat eggs and young of other birds. May take over nests of other birds. Magpies pick open wounds on livestock; eat poultry and game bird eggs and young. Scrub Jays eat eggs and young of game birds and song birds. Eagles, magpies, and some hawks and owls can kill poultry and small livestock. Mississippi kites may aggressively dive at people. Bobcats and Lynx Predation Sign Occasionally prey on sheep, goats, deer, and pronghorns; however, they more commonly kill smaller animals such as porcupines, poultry, rabbits, rodents, birds, and house cats. Bobcats characteristically kill adult deer by leaping on their back or shoulders, usually when the victim is lying down, and biting them on the trachea. The jugular vein may be punctured, but the victims usually die of suffocation and shock. Look for hemorrhages caused by claws on both sides of the carcass. Small fawns, lambs, and other small prey are often killed by a bite through the top of the neck or head. The hindquarters of deer or sheep are usually preferred by bobcats, although the shoulder and neck region or the flank are sometimes eaten first. The rumen is often untouched. Poultry are usually killed by biting the head and neck; the heads are usually eaten. Also, both species reportedly prey on bird eggs. Bobcat and lynx droppings are similar; in areas inhabited by both species, the tracks will help determine the responsible animal. The lynx has larger feet with much more hair and the toes tend to spread more than they do on the more compact bobcat tracks. Feline predators usually attempt to cover their kills with litter. Bobcats reach out 12 to 14 inches (30 to 35 cm) in scratching litter, compared to a 35-inch (90-cm) reach of a mountain lion (Young 1958). Canine teeth marks will also help distinguish a lion kill from that of a bobcat—1 1/2 inches (3.8 cm) for a lion versus 3/4 to 1 inch (1.9 to 2.5 cm) for a bobcat. Signs of Canine Predation; Coyotes, Wolves, and Dogs Prey on big game, livestock, rodents, wild birds, and poultry. Coyotes are the most common and most serious predator of livestock in the United States. Coyotes normally kill livestock with a bite in the throat, but they infrequently pull the animal down by attacking the side, hindquarters, and udder. The rumen and intestines may be removed and dragged away from the carcass. On small lambs, the upper canine teeth may penetrate the top of the neck or the skull. Calf predation by coyotes is most common when calves are young. Calves that are attacked, but not killed, exhibit wounds in the flank, hindquarters, or front shoulders; often their tails are chewed off near the top. Deer carcasses are frequently completely dismembered and eaten. Drip irrigation system users report that coyotes chew holes in plastic pipe and disrupt irrigation. Coyotes damage watermelons by biting holes through the melons and eating the centers out; raccoons, on the other hand, make small holes in the melons and scoop the pulp out with their front paws. Coyotes will also damage other fruit crops. Wolves prey on larger ungulates such as caribou, moose, elk, and cattle. Wolves usually bring down these animals by cutting or damaging the muscles and ligaments in the back legs or by seizing the victim in the flanks. Slash marks made by the canine teeth may be found on the rear legs and flanks. The downed animals usually are disemboweled. Domestic dogs can be a serious problem to livestock, especially to sheep pastured near cities and suburbs. Dogs often attack the hindquarters, flanks, and head of livestock. They rarely kill as effectively as coyotes. Normally, little flesh is consumed. Dogs are likely to wound the animal in the neck and front shoulders; the ears often are badly torn. Attacking dogs often severely mutilate the victim. Coyote and dog tracks are similar but distinguishable. Dog tracks are round with the toes spread apart. Toenail marks are usually visible on all toes (Dorsett 1987). Coyote tracks are more rectangular and the toes are closer together. If any toenail marks show, they are usually of the middle toes. Also, coyote tracks appear in a straight line whereas those of a dog are staggered. Signs of Domestic Cat Predation Rarely prey on anything larger than ducks, pheasants, rabbits, or quail. They tend to be messy eaters, with portions of their prey are often strewn over several square yards (m) in open areas. The meaty portions of large birds are consumed entirely, leaving loose skin with feathers attached. Small birds are generally consumed and only the wings and scattered feathers remain. Cats usually leave tooth marks on every exposed bone of their prey. Sign of Fox Predation (Gray & Red) Gray and red foxes feed primarily on rabbits, hares, small rodents, poultry, birds, and insects. They also consume fruits. The gray fox eats fish, a prey seldom eaten by the red fox. Gray and especially red foxes kill young livestock, although poultry is their more common domestic prey. Foxes usually attack the throat of lambs and birds, but kill some by multiple bites to the neck and back. Normally, foxes taking fowl leave behind only a few drops of blood and feathers and carry the prey away from the kill location, often to a den. Eggs are usually opened enough to be licked out. The shells are left beside the nest and are rarely removed to the den, even though fox dens are noted for containing the remains of their prey, particularly the wings of birds. Breast and legs of birds killed by foxes are eaten first and the other appendages are scattered about. The toes of the victims are usually drawn up in a curled position because of tendons pulled when the fox strips meat from the leg bone. Smaller bones are likely to be sheared off. The remains are often partially buried. Foxes will return to established denning areas year after year. They dig dens in wooded areas or open plains. Hollow logs are also used. Dens may be identified by the small doglike tracks or by fox hairs clinging to the entrance. The gray fox is the only fox that readily climbs trees, sometimes denning in a hollow cavity. Sign of Feral Hog Predation Wild hogs also feed on young sheep and goats; typically almost the entire carcass is either eaten or carried off and the only evidence may be tracks and blood where feeding occurred. Tracks of adult hogs resemble those made by a 200-pound (90-kg) calf. In soft ground dewclaws will show on adult hog tracks. Signs of Mountain Lion Predation Prey on deer, elk, and domestic stock, particularly horses, sheep, goats, cattle, rodents and other small mammals, when available. Can kill large numbers of animals in one night, eg. a lone lion attacked a herd of ewes and killed 192 in one night. However, 5 to 10 sheep killed in a single night is more typical. Mountain lions, having relatively short, powerful jaws, kill with bites inflicted from above, often severing the vertebral column and breaking the neck. They also kill by biting through the skull. Lions usually feed first on the front quarters and neck region of their prey. The stomach is generally untouched. The large leg bones may be crushed and the ribs broken. Many times, after a lion has made a kill, the prey is dragged or carried into bushy areas and covered with litter. A lion might return to feed on a kill for three or four nights. They normally uncover the kill at each feeding and move it from 11 to 27 yards (10 to 25 m) to recover it. After the last feeding the remains may be left uncovered, and a search of the area might reveal previous burial sites. Adult lion tracks are approximately 4 inches (10 cm) in length and 4 1/4 inche (11 cm) in width; they have four well-defined impressions of the toes at the front, roughly in a semicircle. Lions have retractable claws; therefore, no claw prints will be evident. The untrained observer sometimes confuses large dog tracks with those of the lion; however, dog tracks normally show distinctive claw marks, are less round than lion tracks, and have distinctly different rear pad marks. Signs of Opossum Predation Omnivorous eating fish, crustaceans, insects, mushrooms, fruits, vegetables, eggs, and carrion. They will raid poultry houses, usually killing one chicken at a time, often mauling the victim. Eggs will be mashed and messy, the shells often chewed into small pieces and left in the nest. Opossums usually begin feeding on poultry at the cloacal opening. Young poultry or game birds are consumed entirely and only a few wet feathers left. Signs of Raccoon Predation Eat mice, small birds, snakes, frogs, insects, crawfish, grass, berries, acorns, corn, melons — the list is almost endless. Garbage cans and dumps can be a major source of food in urban areas. Field crops or gardens near wooded areas may suffer severe damage from raccoons. Ripening corn is frequently eaten and much is wasted. They raid nesting cavities of birds. They will on occasion kill small lambs, usually by chewing the nose. Raccoons enter poultry houses and take several birds in one night. The breast and crop can be torn and chewed, and the entrails sometimes are eaten. There may be bits of flesh near water. Eggs may be removed from poultry or game bird nests and eaten away from the nest, usually within 28 feet (9 m) of the nest. A distinctive five-toed track that resembles a small human hand print. Tracks are usually paired, the left hind foot beside the right forefoot. Raccoon and opossum tracks can be difficult to distinguish in soft sand where toes do not show. Signs of Skunk Predation Insects, particularly grasshoppers, beetles, and crickets, make up a large portion of the skunk’s diet. Skunks usually dig small cone-shaped holes in lawns, golf courses, and meadows in search of beetle larvae. A common complaint of objectionable odor occurs when skunks take up residence under buildings. Skunks may depredate beehives. Skunks kill few adult birds, When skunks kill poultry, they generally kill only one or two birds and maul them considerably. Crabb (1941) observed that spotted skunks help control rats and mice in grain storage buildings. They kill these rodents by biting and chewing the head and foreparts; the carcasses are not eaten. Skunks are serious nest robbers. Eggs are usually opened at one end; the edges are crushed as the skunk punches its nose into the hole to lick out the contents. The eggs may appear to have been hatched, except for the edges. When in a more advanced stage of incubation, eggs are likely to be chewed in small pieces. Eggs may be removed from the nest, but rarely more than 3 feet (1 m) away. Most rabbit, chicken, and pheasant carcasses found at skunk dens are carrion that have been dragged to the den sites. Inhabited dens can be recognized by fresh droppings containing undigested insect parts near the mound or hole. Hair and rub marks also may be present. Dens usually have a characteristic skunk odor, although the odor may not be strong. Signs of Snake Predation Snake predation is very hard to identify because they consume their prey whole, often leaving no clues. Note the image of a black rat snake eating an egg. (Photo courtesy of Raymond Norcia). The snake will completely consume the egg. So the only sign will be a missing egg, unlike raccoon or skunk which will leave egg shell behind. Look for snake skins. Consider if any holes are large enough to allow a snake to enter and exit after it has eaten. Size will vary depending on size of snake. Typically snakes able to enter through 1/4-inch gaps or smaller will not cause predation damage. Signs of Mustelid Predation: Weasels and Mink Weasels and mink have similar feeding behaviors, killing prey by biting through the skull, upper neck, or jugular vein. In poultry houses, they often kill many birds, eating only the heads of the victims. Predation by rats usually differs in that portions of the body are eaten and carcasses are dragged into holes or concealed places. While eating large muskrats, make an opening at the back or side of the neck. As the mink eats away flesh and pieces of the adjacent hide, the ribs, head, and hindquarters are pulled out through the same hole and the animal is skinned. Similar feeding behavior by weasels occurs when they eat small rodents. Weasels eat eggs by breaking in at the ends. (openings 1/2 to 3/4 inch (1.5 to 2.0 cm) in diameter). Close inspection of shell remains frequently will disclose finely chewed edges and tiny tooth marks.	i don't know
Croquembouche is a dessert tower made of what?	CROQUEMBOUCHE~ A CHRISTMAS DESSERT - StoneGable StoneGable sign up to receive updates directly to your inbox! E-Mail Address by StoneGable 27 Comments Croquembouche… even the name sounds delicious!! Croquembouche is french for “crunch in the mouth”… and it I certainly does! Made with profiteroles, or cream puffs, Croquembouche is a tower of heavenly whipped cream filled pastry shells… under a golden spun web that crunches with caramel sweetness! I downsized the traditional tall-tower-of-a-dessert to make scrumptious single-serving portions. This is the ultimate WOW factor dessert… and one we often enjoy at Christmas. It is so impressive… but, don’t tell anyone… it is really quite easy… and when you get the hang of spinning sugar, it is magical… Let’s get started with the “I’ll hold your hand and give you lots of detail” CROQUEMBOUCHE directions… STONEGABLE INDIVIDUAL CROQUEMBOUCHE store bought profiteroles (cream puffs), kept in the freezer until ready to use 2 cups white sugar ½ cups light corn syrup ½ cup water Croquembouche can be made several hours ahead and refrigerated. Make It Easy: Profiteroles, or cream puffs, can be time consuming and a challenge to make. So let’s skip that laborious process and buy them. Most grocers carry good quality profiteroles in their freezer section. You will need eight profiterole for each Croquembouche. Keep the profiteroles frozen. Work Surface: Because spinning sugar can be a little messy and the sugar threads stick to everything, cover your work surface with parchment paper. Work directly on your counter covered with parchment. Something You Need To Know: The caramel for this recipe will be a beautiful golden color and form threads called angel hair. These treads will be thin, hard and shiny. They make a breathtaking presentation! Making hard crack caramel is easy but extra caution is needed. Caramel reaches very high temperatures and can cause severe burns. With a little care caramel making will be a pleasant experience. Never touch the caramel until it has cooled and keep a large bowl of ice water ready for any mishaps. If you should get any caramel on you plunge your caramel coated area in ice water immediately. Watch pot handles and make sure your saucepan is on a stable surface at all times. Making Hard Crack Caramel and Angel Hair: Put sugar, corn syrup and water in a medium saucepan. Heat over medium flame stirring very, very gently until sugar dissolves. Once sugar has dissolved put a lid on the syrup until it boils for about 3 minutes. Remove lid. DO NOT STIR. Just let it gently boil. Insert candy thermometer. Keep your eye on the thermometer! When caramel reaches 310 degrees (hard crack stage) remove the saucepan from the heat and place it on a heat safe surface at your work space. It may need to sit several minutes to cool a little so you can spin it. Assembly: Use four profiterole for the base of the Croquembouche. Dip the side of each profiterole into the caramel and use it as a glue to stick the base together. Use three profiteroles for the next layer. Again dip the side of each profiterole in caramel and adhere the next layer together. Dip the bottom of the last profiterole in the caramel and place it on the top of the tower. It should resemble a triangle or cone shape. Spinning Sugar: Now for some great fun! The caramel should be a little thinner than the consistency of honey. Dip the top third tines of a fork into the caramel. Using a flicking motion and swirling motion high up over the profiterole tower, spin the caramel onto and around the tower. Keep spinning the caramel layer upon layer, until it looks like a nest of gold. Drizzle star shapes on a piece of parchment and let them harden. They can be perched at the top of each little tower for an extra sweet touch! When the caramel becomes too hard to spin, pick some up on the tines of a fork and being careful not to burn yourself, use your fingers to grab a small bit and pull it away from the fork. It should make a beautiful long strand of spun sugar. Pile these on parchment to use on the Croquembouche as an embellishment. If the caramel gets too hard to use, it can be gently reheated until it will spin again. Serving Croquembouche: Gently remove Croquembouche from the parchment paper and center on a confectioner’s sugar dusted plate. Add any extra spun sugar and a spun star. Embellish the plate with greens and small Christmas balls. Serve with flair! Watch the delight as your guest eyes light up and collect the accolades they lavish upon you! Eat Croquembouche in the traditional manner… with your fingers! Please come join me Thursday evening for… HOMESPUN CHRISTMAS RECIPES AND TABLESCAPES Remember to	Profiterole
Which is the only country in Southeast Asia never to have been colonized by a European power?	Croquembouche Recipe : Food Network 2/3 cup water Directions Preheat the oven to 425 degrees. In a large saucepan, bring the water, butter, salt, and sugar to a rolling boil over medium-high heat. When it boils, immediately take the pan off the heat. Stirring with a wooden spoon, add all the flour at once and stir hard until all the flour is incorporated, 30 to 60 seconds. Return the pan to the heat and cook, stirring, 30 seconds to evaporate some of the moisture. Scrape the mixture into a mixer fitted with a paddle attachment (or use a hand mixer ). Mix at medium speed. With the mixer running, and working 1 egg at a time, add 6 of the eggs, stopping after each addition to scrape down the sides of the bowl. Mix until the dough is smooth and glossy and the eggs are completely incorporated. The dough should be thick, but should fall slowly and steadily from the beaters when you lift them out of the bowl. If the dough is still clinging to the beaters, add 1 or 2 more eggs, and mix until incorporated. Using a pastry bag fitted with a large plain tip, pipe the dough in big kisses onto a parchment lined baking sheet. Whisk 2 eggs with 3 teaspoons of water. Brush the surface of the dough with the egg wash to knock down the points (do not use all the egg wash .) Bake 15 minutes, then reduce the heat to 375-degrees and bake until puffed up and light golden brown, about 20 minutes more. Try not to open the oven door too often during the baking. Let cool on the baking sheet. The recipe can be made up to this point and frozen in plastic bags. Filling: In a medium saucepan, heat the milk and vanilla bean to a boil over medium heat. Immediately turn off the heat and set aside to infuse for 10 to 15 minutes. In a bowl, whisk the egg yolks and sugar until light and fluffy. Add the cornstarch and whisk vigorously until no lumps remain. Whisk in 1/4 cup of the hot milk mixture until incorporated. Whisk in the remaining hot milk mixture, reserving the empty saucepan. Pour the mixture through a strainer back into the saucepan. Cook over medium-high heat, whisking constantly, until thickened and slowly boiling. Remove from the heat and stir in the butter and any flavorings if you want to make a different flavor like chocolate or coffee . Let cool slightly. Cover with plastic wrap , lightly pressing the plastic against the surface to prevent a skin from forming. Chill at least 2 hours or until ready to serve. The custard can be made up to 24 hours in advance. Poke a hole with a plain pastry tip in the bottom of each cream puff and pipe it full of the custard. Caramel: Dissolve the sugar in a saucepan with the water, making an "X" through the sugar with your finger to allow the water to slowly soak into the sugar. Boil to make a light golden caramel then dip the bottom of the pan in an ice bath to stop the cooking. Dip the sides of the puffs in the caramel and stick them together (approximately 20 cream puffs) in a circle, tops facing out. Make a second row on top of the first but a bit smaller to draw the circle in and create a tower of cream puffs. Check it from all sides occasionally to make sure it's straight. When it's finished, drizzle it with caramel all over. You can also stick on decorative elements with the caramel in the crevices, like candied violets, gold balls, gum paste flowers, sugar covered almonds, etc. Recipe courtesy of Gale Gand CATEGORIES:	i don't know
Abidjan is the former capital and a major battleground of what civil-war-torn nation in 2011?	Articles about Abidjan - latimes At least 60 dead in Ivory Coast stampede January 1, 2013 \| By Robyn Dixon JOHANNESBURG, South Africa - At least 60 people died and about 200 were injured Tuesday in a stampede that followed a fireworks display at a football stadium in the Ivory Coast capital, Abidjan, according to emergency officials. Most of the dead and injured were children and teenagers. The stampede happened in the early hours of the morning as crowds were leaving the Felix Houphouet Boigny Stadium after a New Year's Eve fireworks display ended about 2 a.m. It is not known what triggered the stampede, officials said. Advertisement New Ivory Coast president faces divided country; fighting continues in Abidjan April 12, 2011 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times Ivory Coast's new leader took charge of a divided country Tuesday, facing continued fighting in some neighborhoods of its commercial capital and a growing humanitarian crisis. President Alassane Ouattara confronts the challenge of convincing skeptical opponents, including the 46% of the electorate who voted last fall for his rival, that he's not a stooge of France or the West and is strong enough to unite his African nation's disparate political forces. Nearly 2 million people were displaced by weeks of fighting when his rival, former President Laurent Gbagbo, refused to step down. WORLD New Ivory Coast president faces divided country; fighting continues in Abidjan April 12, 2011 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times Ivory Coast's new leader took charge of a divided country Tuesday, facing continued fighting in some neighborhoods of its commercial capital and a growing humanitarian crisis. President Alassane Ouattara confronts the challenge of convincing skeptical opponents, including the 46% of the electorate who voted last fall for his rival, that he's not a stooge of France or the West and is strong enough to unite his African nation's disparate political forces. Nearly 2 million people were displaced by weeks of fighting when his rival, former President Laurent Gbagbo, refused to step down. WORLD U.N., French troops strike military bases in Ivory Coast April 5, 2011 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times United Nations and French military helicopters in Ivory Coast attacked two military bases in Abidjan, along with the presidential palace and residence, undercutting Laurent Gbagbo's desperate fight to retain power after an election the international community says he lost. The attacks came as forces loyal to Gbagbo's rival, Alassane Ouattara, announced a big "final push" to drive him from office, with fighters gathering at the edge of Abidjan, the nation's sprawling commercial capital. NEWS 2 Zaire Officials Fired February 13, 1987 \| Associated Press Zaire President Mobutu Sese Seko has fired two high-ranking officials for what was described by Radio Zaire as a breach of party discipline. Kinshasa Gov. Mbuji Wa Mbombo and Vunduame To Pemako, the state commissioner for territorial administration, were relieved of their posts, the broadcast monitored in Abidjan said. It did not give details of their dismissal. WORLD At least 60 dead in Ivory Coast stampede January 1, 2013 \| By Robyn Dixon JOHANNESBURG, South Africa - At least 60 people died and about 200 were injured Tuesday in a stampede that followed a fireworks display at a football stadium in the Ivory Coast capital, Abidjan, according to emergency officials. Most of the dead and injured were children and teenagers. The stampede happened in the early hours of the morning as crowds were leaving the Felix Houphouet Boigny Stadium after a New Year's Eve fireworks display ended about 2 a.m. It is not known what triggered the stampede, officials said. TRAVEL Success Story Sent From Ivory Coast June 8, 1986 \| GENA REISNER, Reisner is a New York City free-lance writer. We entered the West African village of round thatched huts just before dusk and went first to greet the chief, an old, toothless man in a long robe, gracious and dignified. Then the panther dance began. Strange instruments of calabash, wood and metal led a procession of cartwheeling boys and dancing girls. Suddenly the panther-men and their cubs leaped in, covered from cat's ears to paws in tawny spots. WORLD Ivory Coast clashes leave 20 dead December 17, 2010 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times Ivory Coast's election standoff tilted dangerously toward renewed civil war Thursday with reports of heavy gunfire in the commercial capital as security forces clashed with supporters of an opposition leader. At least 20 people were killed in the violence, government officials told state television. There were reports of fighting in Abidjan near the hotel that serves as headquarters for Alassane Ouattara, the opposition leader seen by the United States, the United Nations, the European Union and others as the rightful winner of last month's presidential election. WORLD Rival presidents each sworn in after disputed Ivory Coast election December 4, 2010 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times Ivory Coast's election was supposed to reunify and stabilize a country that recently fought a bitter civil war. Instead, there was a bizarre standoff Saturday: rival presidents inaugurated in dueling ceremonies and different electoral bodies promoting different winners. The U.S., United Nations and European Union say that opposition leader Alassane Ouattara won. But the Ivory Coast army is backing the incumbent president, Laurent Gbagbo, who refused to give up power when the country's electoral commission announced he'd lost. WORLD U.N., French forces hit sites in Ivory Coast April 10, 2011 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times United Nations and French helicopters in Ivory Coast on Sunday attacked the home and presidential palace of the country's longtime leader, who has refused to step down since an election in November in which the U.N. says he was defeated. The attacks on Laurent Gbagbo's residence and the presidential palace mark the United Nations' second military intervention, after similar assaults a week earlier. The U.N. said Friday that forces loyal to Gbagbo used a cease-fire Tuesday as a ploy to consolidate and gain ground in Abidjan. WORLD Ivory Coast leader trapped in Abidjan as fighting continues April 8, 2011 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times Embattled Ivory Coast leader Laurent Gbagbo on Thursday remained trapped in his presidential residence in Abidjan under the protection of 200 heavily armed loyalists, while many other residents of the country's commercial capital struggled to find food. Fighting between Gbagbo supporters and opposition forces continued in some neighborhoods and pro-Gbagbo militias still dominated parts of the city. Residents who have been trapped inside for a week by the battle — many without food, cooking gas or electricity — were unable to get help Thursday, said a resident in the vicinity of Gbagbo's house, reached by phone. WORLD Guns silent in Ivory Coast but fear persists April 5, 2011 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times When the soldiers left their battle positions and the guns fell silent Tuesday morning in the Cocody neighborhood of Abidjan around Ivory Coast's presidential palace, terrified residents didn't feel safe enough to go outside. Bands of uniformed soldiers and militias in civvies roamed the city, the nation's commercial capital. It was anyone's guess whose side they were on and how dangerous they might be. The uniforms of the rival forces in the fierce fight for power are identical — and the allegiances of ragtag armed youth militias rampaging and looting shops and houses are equally unclear. WORLD Ivory Coast president battles on as rival's forces close in April 2, 2011 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times Ivory Coast's defeated president, Laurent Gbagbo, staged a last stand in the commercial capital of Abidjan on Friday as his rival's forces attacked his home, the presidential palace and two military bases. With most of the top military commanders having deserted him, many observers said it was a matter of hours — days at most — before Gbagbo fell. His whereabouts were unknown. Witnesses reported heavy fighting in Gbagbo's upscale residential neighborhood of Cocody as the Republican Guard and loyal fighters battled to repel his rival's forces. WORLD Ivory Coast's president-elect says his troops are outside key city April 1, 2011 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times The internationally recognized winner of Ivory Coast's disputed presidential election said Thursday that his forces were outside the nation's commercial capital, Abidjan, after taking control of much of the country, and he called on his rival's army to join him. "It is time to rejoin your brothers-in-arms of the Republican Forces. The country is calling you," Alassane Ouattara, who won a United Nations-certified election in November, said in a television address. Ouattara said the aim of the offensive was to remove incumbent Laurent Gbagbo, who has refused to relinquish power, and restore democracy. WORLD Ivory Coast clashes leave 20 dead December 17, 2010 \| By Robyn Dixon, Los Angeles Times Ivory Coast's election standoff tilted dangerously toward renewed civil war Thursday with reports of heavy gunfire in the commercial capital as security forces clashed with supporters of an opposition leader. At least 20 people were killed in the violence, government officials told state television. There were reports of fighting in Abidjan near the hotel that serves as headquarters for Alassane Ouattara, the opposition leader seen by the United States, the United Nations, the European Union and others as the rightful winner of last month's presidential election. NEWS Market Focus : Ivory Coast Tries a Radical Formula for Fiscal Recovery : Alassane Ouattara had to start from zero when he took hold of his country's economic reins eight months ago. Now, international bankers say his policies may have implications for the rest of Africa. November 6, 1990 \| MICHAEL A. HILTZIK, TIMES STAFF WRITER The bittersweet scent of raw cocoa awaiting shipment overseas still permeates the huge lagoon-side port district here, a reminder that this is the commodity that created Africa's most stunning economic success story. But a few miles away in the business district known as "The Plateau," the windows of a top-floor office are sealed shut and the air conditioning is on full blast, the better to obliterate the chocolaty smell that symbolizes how reliance on a single major crop also came close to destroying the country.	Ivory Coast
In relation to spiritual diety Pachamama, in 2011 Bolivia announced an new unusual Law of what?	UN: Grenade Attack Kills One in Ivory Coast Commercial Capital UN: Grenade Attack Kills One in Ivory Coast Commercial Capital March 15, 2011 8:00 PM A man points to a burnt shop near Williamsville after a clash between Ivorian security forces and pro-Outtara fighters in Abidjan, March 15, 2011 Share Email to a Friend Print The United Nations said a grenade attack has killed one person and wounded 18 in Ivory Coast's commercial capital, Abidjan. With violence spreading, the U.N.-certified winner of November's presidential election said he is giving the incumbent president one "last chance" to resolve the crisis peacefully. The United Nations mission in Ivory Coast said a UN clinic is treating 18 people, including three women and a baby, who were wounded by a grenade thrown by an unidentified person in the Attecoube neighborhood near Abidjan's central business district. A written statement said one person was killed at the scene. The U.N. is calling on all parties to exercise restraint and stop the fighting, which it says is making it more difficult to resolve the country's political crisis. Former prime minister Alassane Ouattara said he is offering incumbent president Laurent Gbagbo a truth and reconciliation commission, a national unity government, and a combined armed forces in a move to avoid a return to civil war. The offer follows recommendations by the African Union, which last week certified Ouattara as the country's duly-elected president. Ouattara made the offer in a television broadcast from the Abidjan hotel where he is guarded by U.N. peacekeepers. "To President Laurent Gbagbo, Ouattara says he would like to say that, in the best interests of the nation, it is time to abide by the will of the voters of Ivory Coast and appeals from civil society groups, religious leaders, West African leaders, the European Union, the United States, and the United Nations," said a translator of Ouattara's remarks. "Mr. Ouattara says Mr. Gbagbo must understand that for himself and his associates, this is the last chance for a peaceful and honorable exit. This, Mr. Ouattara says, is Mr. Gbagbo's personal responsibility." Gbagbo is refusing to yield power because he maintains he was re-elected when a constitutional council of his allies annulled as fraudulent nearly 10 percent of all ballots cast. Weeks of renewed fighting in Abidjan is now spreading from pro-Ouattara neighborhoods to pro-Gbagbo neigborhoods. There also is fighting near the Liberian border between rebels who back Ouattara and government troops who are still loyal to Gbagbo. In his address, Ouattara pledged to reconcile the daughters and sons of Ivory Coast. "In keeping with the African Union decision, Mr. Ouattara says he will form a government of national unity and reconciliation that brings together the most competent people from civil society and all parties, including Mr. Gbagbo's, for the country's recovery," said a translator of Ouattara's remarks. "Mr. Ouattara says it is imperative that Ivorians learn again how to live together in peace. In this spirit, he says he will encourage dialogue among all political leaders to maintain an atmosphere of confidence and peace and make reforms to consolidate democracy," said a translator of Ouattara's remarks. "Mr. Ouattara says reconciliation in Ivory Coast must be accompanied by forgiveness and mutual respect. But in order to properly honor the memory of those killed in this political violence and ensure their families' compensation, he says a truth and reconciliation commission will be put in place as quickly as possible," said a translator of Ouattara's remarks. The United Nations says post-electoral violence has killed more than 400 people. Human Rights Watch says a three-month campaign of organized violence by soldiers and militia loyal to Gbagbo may constitute war crimes.	i don't know
What UK event did protest group Animal Aid describe in 2011 as 'straightforward animal abuse on a par with Spanish Bullfighting'?	Grand National 'on a par with bullfighting' after deaths \| Sport \| The Guardian Grand National Grand National 'on a par with bullfighting' after deaths Aintree to review safety after two horses died following race in sweltering heat and over firmer ground than usual Only 19 of the 40 horses that started the race finished it. Photograph: John Giles/PA Sunday 10 April 2011 15.46 EDT First published on Sunday 10 April 2011 15.46 EDT Close This article is 5 years old The Grand National has been compared to "Spanish bullfighting" and its organisers accused of "ritualised animal cruelty" after Saturday's race in sweltering heat and firmer than usual ground left two horses dead and the winning animal too exhausted to be ridden into the winner's enclosure. The annual controversy over the dangers of the meeting intensified further after a jockey riding in the Maghull Novices' Chase – a race that did not feature the National fences – was put in a medically-induced coma after sustaining head injuries when his horse fell at the first fence earlier on Saturday. The National, run over ground officially described as "good, good-to-soft in places", was won by Ballabriggs in nine minutes and one second, making it the second fastest ever. The speed at which the horses travelled increased the likelihood of injuries. Only 19 of the 40 horses that started the race finished it. Ten fell; five were pulled up; four unseated their riders; and two were brought down by other fallers. The two horses that died fell during the first circuit of the four-and-a-half-mile race. Ornais tumbled at the fourth fence, breaking its neck, while Dooneys Gate fell at the sixth, Becher's Brook, breaking its back. Their falls led to both fences being bypassed in the second circuit, the first time such action has been taken in the history of the Grand National. The race also appeared to have taken a heavy toll on Ballabriggs, which was given oxygen and doused with water to cool it down. Its rider, Jason Maguire, had to dismount and enter the winner's enclosure on foot. Three of the first four horses to finish were too exhausted to enter the winners' enclosure and went directly to their stables. The protest group Animal Aid, which pointed out that 20 horses have died on the Grand National course since 2000, called for the event to be banned, saying it "should have no future in a civilised country". Its director, Andrew Tyler, said: "When horses are killed at the Grand National meeting, their deaths are not accidents but entirely predictable. The public has been conned into believing that the Grand National is a great sporting spectacle when, in reality, it is straightforward animal abuse that is on a par with Spanish bullfighting." The League Against Cruel Sports described the race as "ritualised animal cruelty" and accused its sponsor, brewers John Smith's, of putting "their profits into sponsoring the cruelty". Tony Moore, chairman of Fight Against Animal Cruelty in Europe (Faace), said the deaths were "not only sad … [but] inevitable", adding: "We are going to continue campaigning and raising awareness of this tragedy and perhaps we can make it change, make people think about what they are putting the horses through." The BBC also came in for criticism for its coverage of the animals' deaths after its commentator, Mick Fitzgerald, referred to the dead horses as "obstacles". "[It] deserves special condemnation for all but concealing news of the deaths," said Tyler. "In fact, one of its commentary team described the dead horses as they lay on the course as 'obstacles', which was particularly disgusting and callous." The corporation defended its coverage, saying it had been aware of the fatalities and had tried to cover them with "as much sensitivity as possible". A spokeswoman added: "Clare [Balding] was also most sensitive in her reporting of the incidents and even touched on it in her closing links to the programme." The race's organisers said they were "desperately sad" over what had happened and promised a thorough review of Saturday's events. "When a horse gets hurt, everyone is deeply upset," said Julian Thick, managing director of Aintree racecourse. "Safety is the first priority for the organisers of the Grand National meeting and we will redouble our efforts to make sure that everyone involved in the event – the horses, the jockeys, the spectators – is able to participate in safety and comfort." The RSPCA confirmed that it would be taking a close look at the race footage to see if anything could have been done to prevent the deaths. "The death of a horse at any race meeting is never justifiable and it is crucial that, wherever possible, steps are taken to reduce the likelihood of such tragedies occurring," said a spokeswoman. "The Grand National is the most testing of races and due to the number of runners, the distance of the race and the number and variety of obstacles there is a higher risk to horses." Meanwhile, the jockey who suffered bleeding on the right side of his brain when his horse fell in the Maghull Novices' Chase on Saturday remained in a stable condition. Peter Toole, 22, was taken to Fazakerley hospital, near Aintree, but was later transferred to the neighbouring Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery. Trainer Charlie Mann, to whom Toole is attached, said: "He's in an induced coma and he won't be brought out until Monday at the earliest. He has bleeding on the right-hand side of his brain. "He also dislocated a shoulder, which has been put back in place. He's on a ventilator, and it's not great – but we won't know any more until Monday." His weighing-room colleague David Crosse added: "I've spoken to Peter's dad, who said he remains stable, but with no improvement. He's going to be sedated for 24 hours." Don't judge a sport on one race The Grand National is one of the most famous and popular events in world sport. It is also the only horse race that many people watch each year, and while its very uniqueness is an important part of its appeal, it has its dangers, too. The most obvious is that tens of millions of viewers will use this brief exposure to an unfamiliar sport to draw conclusions not just about the Grand National, but horse racing in general. No one would watch a single football match in a 12-month period and use it to make broad judgments about injury rates or player discipline. The National is not so fortunate. When a race continues around a stricken horse, it can seem callous and indifferent, as if no one cares about the horses, when the opposite is the case. There are thousands of people in racing who devote their lives to training and caring for horses, and they are the ones who will feel the loss most keenly. But at the same time, these are racehorses, not pets. I walked the Grand National course a couple of hours before the first race at Aintree on Saturday. The ground had been watered the previous evening and was as close to perfect for racing horses as it is ever likely to be. The course itself has changed significantly over the last 20 years, too. The fences, Becher's Brook in particular, are much fairer and less demanding, and the safety of horses and riders is a primary concern before, during and after the race. The fact that two horses died in this year's National does not change that, because racing, like driving a car, can never be risk-free. It is the racecourse's responsibility to reduce the risk wherever possible, and that is what Aintree continues to do. Greg Wood Donald McCain reacted to criticism of the Grand National by claiming 'nobody cares more about the welfare of horses than we do' Published: 10 Apr 2011	Grand National
2011 is how many years' anniversary of the start of (what is conventionally referred to as) the US Civil War?	Issue 201 by East Cork Journal - issuu issuu Ballymacoda Swim Week Ballinrostig Vintage Festival Presidential Candidate in Midleton G’day! Cobh’s day down under Fight to save Youghal BBq pAck Ambulance SiX SiX StEAk BurgErS 4 chickEn kEBABS SiX BBq SAuSAgES EAST Cork’s first ever Flash Mob took place last Saturday at Market Green Shopping Centre, Midleton - find out what all the fuss was about - and who it was in aid of - starting on page 25 this week. ‘StupiD’ Mill rOAD, MiDlEtOn 021 4613542 www.crowleyscraftbutchers.com Midleton Town Council rubbishes An Post’s ‘stupid’ reply to Ballinacurra concerns A WRITTEN response from An Post Company Secretary, Jack Dempsey to Midleton Town Council’s concerns over the closure of Ballinacurra post office drew unreserved disparagement from the council’s July meeting. In a scathing commentary, Cllr. Ted Murphy said the letter was written by ‘a thick man’ who knew neither ‘where Ballinacurra was,’ nor the number of people, of all ages, who had been availing of its post office services. ‘It’s the most stupid answer you could ever get from a company secretary,’ slammed the councillor. For his part, Mr. Dempsey had sought to justify the closure of the Ballinacurra service last month by claiming that an extra counter facility in Midleton would adequately meet the requirements. ‘It goes beyond contempt,’ observed Cllr. Niall O’Neill in support of Cllr. Murphy, ‘to say the upgrade of an additional counter will facilitate the Service steps up THE fight to Save Youghal Ambulance Service has reached new heights with the public of East Cork signing widely-distributed petitions. More than 1,500 people are now listed as 'likes' on the Save Youghal Ambulance facebook page. Cllr. Barbara Murray told the East Cork Journal, 'Feelings in the town of Youghal are running very hot, when it comes to the issue of losing Youghal Ambulance Service,' and she has contacted Robert Morton, Director, National Ambulance Service, HSE, noting that Millstreet (with a population of approximately 2,000) is in the same position as Youghal (pop. approx. 8,000). In her correspondence with Mr. Morton, Cllr. Murray concluded, 'There is a school of thought that we are forever being left behind and forgotten about. Removing what is considered to be a good ambulance service is now seen as the final nail for the town.' Mayor of Youghal, Cllr. Eoin Coyne, meanwhile, has written to the Minister for Health, Dr. James Reilly, to express his 'serious concern and downright anger of the Health Service Executive’s decision to replace Youghal’s 24 hour full ambulance emergency cover with a solo paramedic response car to serve the Youghal and its hinterland, from September next.' additional volume. Midleton Post Office wasn’t big enough to handle the previous capacity,’ he proceeded, ‘so how in the name of God Almighty can it cope with the Ballincurra increase?!’ Cllr. Margaret Trundle concurred, saying elderly people were now queuing for their pensions in the rain, as queues stretched down the street. Cllr. Pat Buckley noted that An Post had a new parcel depot in Ballinacurra and compared the situation to ‘building a new milking parlour while taking away the cows.’ Tonight, Wednesday, July 27th, a public meeting is scheduled to take place at the Walter Raleigh Hotel at 8pm, where it is hoped that local, regional and national politicians will attend. Cllr. O’Neill suggested the council inform the secretary of their total rejection of his argument and simultaneously invite him to visit Midleton Post Office in wintertime, so he can personally witness the street queues struggling to cope with the seasonal sharp frost. One feels he will, somehow, resist the inducement. - Christy Parker. 5 3 9 1 5 1 2 5 8 4 6 7 2 UNCONDITIONAL SCRAPPAGE OFFER... EXTENDED FOR JULY! 2011 CORSA 2011 ASTRA 2011 INSIGNIA 3No Age Limit on Car 3Any Car Qualifies 3No 18 Month Insurance 3No Pre Owned Limit 3No Band A Or B Limit 3No NCT Requirements €2,000,000 FINANCE AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT THIS JULY OFFER SPECIAL SCRAPPAGE OFFERS ALSO AVAILABLE ON AGILA, MERIVA & ZAFIRA MODELS MINIMUM €5,000* GUARANTEED! Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal This week €200,000 Page 4 Check out our new Horoscopes feature! Pages 16 & 18 A vintage day out for Ballinrostig Pages 25 - 27 How Midleton got mobbed in flash-bang style! Pages 28 - 45 Get your weekly sports fix of soccer, GAA and all those in between Page 50 Test your brain power and win cinema tickets Page 51 Fancy a night at the flicks? Page 52 Why not try your hand at a new dish? Page 53 Are you up to date with the latest fashions? Page 54 & 55 Your weekly event guide for the East Cork area or visit us at www.eastcorkjournal.ie ‘bookmarked’ for Cobh Library Deputy Stanton CORK East Fine Gael TD, David Stanton has welcomed the announcement of €200,000 funding for Cobh Library. The funding allocation, announced on July 19th, is part of a new Capital Programme for Libraries administered by the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government to improve local library facilities. ‘I am very pleased with the news that €200,000 has been allocated towards the upgrading of facilities at Cobh Library. I understand that Cork County Council is going to supply the balance of funding necessary to carry out refurbishments. I am sure that this funding announcement will be warmly welcomed by both the library staff and customers alike. Any investment in libraries is money well spent as they are an extremely important facet of community and civic life. In addition to a large stock of books, libraries also have a wide variety of useful facilities such as providing access to courses and IT equipment. Sarah Byrne - Page Layout Designer email: [email protected] Rory Burke - Advertising Sales Manager Mobile: (086) 8073842 email: [email protected] Siobhan Power - Classified Advertising & Photographic Bookings email: [email protected] Denise FitzGerald - Photojournalist Mobile: (087) 8128262 email: [email protected] Declan Barron - Photojournalist Mobile: (087) 9126566 email: [email protected] Accounts Department email: [email protected] All of the above can be contacted at our office Tel. (021) 4638022 Fax. (021) 4638927 First Floor, Watersedge, Riverside Way, Midleton, Co. Cork (NEXT TO MCDONALD’S) 29 St Mary’s Road, Midleton OPEN: 10AM - 1PM, 2PM - 4.30PM (MONDAY-FRIDAY) for advice or assistance Tel: 021 4632867, Fax: 021 4621133 Email: [email protected] Please visit my website www.stanton.ie ‘I know that many libraries have seen a significant increase in usage over the last few years and Cobh Library is certainly one of those, as it is particularly well used by local people. I understand that the planned works to Cobh Library will not only include refurbishment to the interior but will also allow some infrastructural improvements to be carried out. ‘In addition to the Cobh Library funding, I have also been advised by Minister Hogan that funding is also being made available for a new mobile library for Cork County. This is also welcome news,’ concluded Deputy Stanton. Trees a crowd... Eastt Cork Journal Live music this coming Monday in Glenbower Woods contacts Becky Grice - Editor email: [email protected] CONSTITUENCY OFFICE: With one of our courses we can cater for the absolute beginner or take an experienced user to the next level LOOKING for something to do on the August Bank Holiday Weekend? There will be live music in Glenbower Wood in Killeagh on Monday, August 1st, from 2.30pm, with up to 12 different musicians performing at different points in the wood, as well as dancing by Comhaltas. As with last year, we will have a great selection of musicians lined up and it will be a day for all the family with pizza, face painting and other fun activities for children. Admission will be €10 per family. The proceeds will go forward to the upkeep of the public areas of Glenbower Wood, which is a great local amenity, and we would love to see people come along to walk the trails, admire the woods and maybe get into the habit of visiting the woods more often. For more information, look at www.glenbower.com or you can contact John Hurley at [email protected] You can also find us on facebook at www.facebook.com/glenbowerwood LIKE A PICTURE? Contact us with the page number and location and we will call or text you when it’s ready for collection 4x6 €5 10x8 €10 A4 €20 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal ‘Jump start’ at the Kiltha River Trad Fest World champion dancer comes to Castlemartyr Most recently Edwina appeared on The All Ireland Talent Show RTE 1 where she, and her 9 young pupils, danced their way into the finals. ‘I’m very excited about visiting Kiltha River Trad Fest again this year. Pat Shortt and the people of Castlemartyr gave me a great welcome last year, so I was only delighted to be asked back for 2011. Sean Nos dancing is very easy, a great way of keeping fit , great craic and it's currently enjoying a huge revival. It seems to be the new cool dancing to do on the trad scene! I’m hoping children and adults of all ages come out to visit my workshop on Saturday afternoon. We might even chance some barrel dancing too, if they're brave enough!’ Edwina’s Sean Nos dancing workshop takes place in Pat Shortt’s Bar at the Kiltha River Trad Fest, this Saturday, July 30th from 12 noon to 2pm. Children and adults of all ages welcome. Beginners to advanced. Children €7. Adults €10. 4 DAYS ONLY FRIDAY 29TH JULY MONDAY 1ST AUGUST PLANTS % ALL IN OUR GARDEN CENTRE Everything for you and your home! 20OFF Monaco 8 Piece Patio Set Round/ Triangle WORLD Champion dancer, Edwina Guckian, comes to Pat Shortt’s Bar, Castlemartyr this Saturday, July 30th, to get the people of Cork joining in on the newly revived craze of rince ar an Sean Nos! Edwina has been dancing Sean Nos for the past 18 years. For the past 7 years she has been teaching Sean Nos dancing to children and adults throughout Ireland, and touring the world performing with some of Ireland’s top trad acts such as Frankie Gavin & De Danann, Dervish, Martin Hayes, Seamus Begley, Eleanor Shanley, Teada and the Dartry Ceili Band. 3 (EXCLUDING MULTI-BUYS) Our in store Horticulturist Carmel McCarthy would be delighted to help you choose the right plants for your garden 4 Seater Wooden Stora Set Includes 4 Folding Chairs & Folding Table Includes • Glass Top Triangular Table • 6 Recliner Chairs with Headrest • 3m Deluxe Brown Cranked Parasol WAS €699 Cookout Charcoal BBQ Briquettes 3kg ALL PATIO SETS & BBQ’S NOW REDUCED Master Cook Gas BBQs • 8 Side Walls • Waterproof and Durable Material • Ideal for large parties Dorset 3 Piece Wooden Bistro Set (Midleton Retail Park) 021 4631906 OPEN 7 DAYS Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 4 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Australian Ambassador says G’day to people of Cobh MARGOT MULCAHY WRITES THE Australian Ambassador, Bruce Davies was joined by Cobh Mayor, Jim Quinlan, for a tour of Spike Island with Dr. Michael Martin on Sunday, July 24th. It was a busy day in Cobh and Mr. Davis was present to join in the celebrations for Australia Day, when the Dawn Princess visited the town on a cruise from way down under! On arrival, the ambassador was met with a very colourful spectacle, as folk dancers from Damhsafest were taking a break from their dancing performance on Spike Island. Mayor of Cobh, Jim Quilan with Michael Martin, a Spike Island visitor and the Australian Ambassador, Bruce Davies. (Photo: Margot Mulcahy) Kate Lawlor, Ellie Collins and Sarah Collins from Midleton wearing some of the 132 bonnets made to commemorate the 25,566 convict women transported to Australia from Ireland and Britain from 1788 to 1853 at a special ‘Blessing of the Bonnets’ ceremony as part of Cobh’s Australia Day last Kate Cullinane Perryman and Cobh Community Rose, Jane O’Connor Sunday. (Photos: Patrick celebrating Cobh’s ‘Australia Day’ as the cruise liner, Dawn Princess, Hogan, Provision) leaves Cobh harbour. The liner was in Cobh last weekend during its 105 Day World Cruise that started in Sydney on May 25th! The ambassador, and other visitors on the tour, were shown around the fort and learned about the historical backdrop of Spike Island, culminating in a visit to the 6 foot Naval Gun which is located in one of the six bastions in the fort. WEEKLY PLAN carefully before you offer to take on a new project, it may be more than you bargained for. Best to take a good look from the outside before you get involved and at least you will be better informed. Life seems to have you running around in circles at the moment as there is a lot going on, but the things you achieve from all this chaos will be worth all the effort in the long run. Don’t feel guilty about taking time out. Your lucky number is 99. IT may feel like the world is on your shoulders at the moment, but the things you’re looking for are almost within your reach. Try to relax a little and find things that will put a smile on your face. Finances appear to be a little more under control and it’s important to keep them that way. A new burst of energy gets you into the fast lane and into a more positive mode. This should affect those around you also. Your lucky number is 29. DON’T get yourself stressed out about things that have not happened. If you’re worried, you have plenty of time to avoid them. Others are amazed at the way you handle certain situations, but they may not have seen the work you put into it. Either way you will achieve your goal because of your effort, but you should never be afraid to ask for help. Younger people will be keen to learn your skills in life, be patient with them. Your lucky number is 74. WHEN dealing with banks, check you have all the details. Relationship problems will only be fixed through debate not arguments. Try to get the communication between you working again and be prepared to forgive. Balance of work and home is important because you really need to watch your energy levels.There is an air of confusion around a work situation at the moment. If you’re in doubt, ask. It’s easier in the long run. Your lucky number is 6. AFTER a very mundane time, there is news that breaks the boredom. This may be a new addition to the family through birth or marriage, but it will herald changes around the household. These are positive changes so there’s no need to feel insecure when the status quo starts changing. Do not allow others to put you under pressure. If they haven’t anything constructive to say they have nothing to say. Your lucky number is 40. LIFE is going through its usual ups and downs lately and can sometimes seem to be playing a game on you. There is a reason for this though; it will help you develop a much stronger inner strength emotionally. New opportunities are about to land on your lap and you need to be prepared to make the most of them. The value of fair play was never more important as it is now, so look out for those around you. Your lucky number is 9. YOU will be feeling some very positive vibes around you this week. There is a feeling of emotional wellbeing and contentment.This comes after some recent twists and turns which left you a little confused. But remember, all that glitters is not gold. Use your intuition to guide you in decisions relating to the heart. Choices made now will have far reaching consequences so read the small print in every situation. Your lucky number is 20. PEACE of mind should be your motto for the week. If you’ve been feeling a little overwhelmed recently, this is the week you should be able to relax.The recent difficulties may still not be out of the way, but the horizon should be visible by now. It’s almost like you’ve been going through a learning stage and the value of the lesson is not yet clear, but it soon will be. Have faith in your own abilities. Your lucky number is 3. THERE is much to be gained by a little sacrifice. Material things seem to have taken a lot of your time recently, but it’s time for you to concentrate more on the spiritual you. It’s a good time for reflection on the past and gathering the lessons learned from their experiences. This will help you in some decisions coming your way soon. Conflict is possible but avoidable. Your lucky number is 22. THINGS may seem a little confusing at the moment, so it’s better to just sit this one out until the fog clears and you can see things more clearly. Changes are afoot in a lot of places, it heralds the good and breaks the mundane. We reap what we sow and good deeds you have done for others have not gone unnoticed. Reward is coming back your way, just be a little patient. Your lucky number is 39. WHY is it that just when you are getting comfortable in something, changes happen. Well it needs to in order for you to develop. A new beginning is about to dawn, so be ready for a happy challenge. If you are single, this may be about to change. If you are not then a new spark is about to ignite in your relationship. Others are being given the opportunity to see your inner talents for the first time. Your lucky number is 36. OVERCOMING things which have been holding you back, or overcoming fears, are all ways of moving forward and allowing positive changes to happen in your life. Things that were once going to be forever are now not as important, once your new achievements are visible. It’s a time of possibilities and opportunity, so clear the way and the clutter out of your life, and move forward. Your lucky number is 94. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 5 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal A life in the day of Niall Foley Fota House voluntary tour guide ONE of the side effects of being a night bird is that the morning comes all too soon, writes Niall Foley, a voluntary tour guide at Fota House. Having convinced myself that it really is time to emerge from my cocoon, and having completed the tasks of washing, shaving and decorously arranging the few hairs that nature has decided is adequate for an aging guy, the next decision is breakfast. This is one of the day’s simple decisions as it just consists of turning on the kettle, dropping a tea bag in a mug, organise a couple of slices of brown soda bread and down the lot. Then it’s either off to Fota, or the research department of the city or county library to see what I can learn about the house, family or staff. A little over a year ago, in response to a newspaper article, I contacted the Irish Heritage Trust and volunteered to become a tour guide in Fota House. Fota was among the estates granted to the Barrymore family for their support in the Anglo Norman . invasion of Ireland in the late 1100’s. The house, with its world famous arboretum, is located on the island of Fota in Cork Harbour. As a tour guide my primary involvement is showing visitors around the house, a Regency mansion incorporating an old hunting lodge. Restoration work has been carried out on the façade and roof over the past few years, and at the moment the Trust is carrying out internal conservation and restoration. The completed areas reflect how the house would have looked in Set to make a splash in Ballycotton for RNLI this Bank Holiday FINAL arrangements are being made for what promises to be a busy and enjoyable fundraising weekend in aid of Ballycotton RNLI lifeboat. This is one of their main fundraising events of the year and a lot of preparation has gone into ensuring that all visitors to the small village have a good time. The weekend starts on Friday with a table quiz in the Schooner Bar, Ballycotton. The following morning, Saturday, children are invited to enter a sandcastle building competition at Ballinamona Strand, between Shanagarry and Ballycotton, at 10 am. A family treasure hunt will take place in Ballycotton village at 3pm on Saturday, starting at the lifeboat house. Saturday night will see the final of the karaoke inter-pub competition at Garryvoe Hotel. This competition has been running throughout the summer and contestants are hoping for a share of the €1,500 prize fund. The or- ganisers are recommending that supporters come early to ensure a good vantage point. Supporters of Ballycotton RNLI lifeboat will be collecting after Masses in East Cork over the weekend and would ask that you give generously to this worthy cause. They would like to remind people that 100% of all funds raised go towards the lifeboat service. Bank holiday Sunday afternoon promises to be a highly entertaining time on Ballycotton Pier, for all the family. There will be music playing throughout the afternoon and a Farmer’s Market from 2 - 5pm. The afternoon will be opened by the Russell Rovers Under 14 Feile Team who will escort entrants to the Fancy Dress competition from the barrier to the stage on the end of the pier at 2pm. There will be a Junior Karaoke competition at 2.30pm. Lifeboat crewmembers will try their hand at sumo wrestling on the Conger Strand, a sight not to be forgotten. Also on the strand there will be fun games for children, e.g. egg & spoon, 3 legged race and tug-o-war. On the pier there will be a magic show not to be missed at 3pm. Various stalls will be open during the afternoon on the pier, lifeboat souvenirs, pottery clay, face painting to name but a few. A flash mob and Katie O’Connell dancers will entertain the crowds at 4pm. The afternoon will be wound up with a wet t-shirt competition and from previous experience anything can happen there, so beware! Many other things will be taking place throughout the afternoon, too many to mention, but both the Ballycotton RNLI lifeboat crew and fundraisers hope they will be well supported in their efforts and that everyone has an enjoyable and safe bank holiday weekend. its prime.When, back in the 1820’s the Barrymore’s decided to make Fota their principal Irish home they were influenced by the classical periods of Rome and Greece, and the house reflects those eras. Having welcomed the visitors on behalf of The Irish Heritage Trust and given them a brief introduction to the building and the family history, they are brought into the spacious reception hall with its marbled columns and decorative plaster ceiling. One particular aspect of this area, that never fails to impress, is the under floor heating, which still works, and is a reference back to the old Roman devised Hypercaust heating system. The visitors are then introduced to the various reception rooms on the ground floor.As the journey progresses they are given an understanding of what each of the rooms was used for, and how their uses changed over the years to accommodate the family needs. The Drawing Room, with its French Empire style ceiling, enormous mirrors and view over the gardens are always a source of comment. Similarly the columned Dining Room decorated with its symbolic plaster ceiling, family portraits and huge dining table, are a cause of comment. One of the principal areas that visitors seem to engage with are the servant’squarters and work areas. The ten bedroomed female servants wing, the Butlers and Housekeepers areas, along with the nursery wing, are a constant source of interest. However, it is when the visitors descend into the Game Larder, Kitchen and Scullery areas that the house really comes alive for them, especially when they hear the stories of the people who worked there, and their lives. Since my involvement with Fota House started I have become fascinated with the family history. I am researching the various generations and hope to expand it to social history to include the history of people who either worked or lived on the estate, so if anyone has any information, either first or second hand about the Barry family or any of the staff, I would live to hear from them. My email is [email protected] and my mobile is 087 2471753 OPENING HOURS MONDAY - SATURDAY 9.30am - 5.30pm MIDLETON IANS 30% OFF WOOD VENET 20% OFF ROMANS 20% OFF VERTICALS S 25% OFF ALL ROLLER LINDS B D E T A E L P F F O % 0 5 UP TO Call into our showroom for great customer service and feast your eyes on all the types of blinds at unbelievable value Phone: 021 4639052 \| Fax: 021 4639052 Email: [email protected] Web: www.acmeblinds.com The Rock, Main Street, Midleton, Co. Cork Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 6 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Cloyne couple get the The Quiet Woman Maureen O’Hara to be formally inducted presidential treatment into Irish America Hall of Fame IRELAND’S legendary film star, Maureen O’Hara will be formally inducted into the ‘Irish America Hall of Fame’ at 2pm this Friday at the Dunbrody Visitors’ Centre, New Ross, Co. Wexford. BONNIE and Donal Cusack, Cloyne got the presidential treatment when they met President Mary McAleese and her husband, Martin, when they were special guests at President McAleese’s 13th, and final, July 12th Garden Party. The Irish America Hall of Fame is the centre-piece of a new visitor centre which has been developed in collaboration with publishers, Niall O’Dowd and Patricia Harty of Irish America Magazine. The exhibition celebrates the lives, works and achievements of noted Irish individuals such as President John F Kennedy and the Kennedys, Henry Ford, Donald Keough and President Clinton. LCD TVs from onLy €140 In addition to award-winning monitors, AoC also produces LCD TVs Deputy McLellan criticises Haulbowline decision SINN Féin TD for Cork East, Sandra McLellan has criticised the Minister for Health’s decision not to proceed with a full investigation into the health risk posed by the Haulbowline dump. This classically-designed television with integrated DVB-Tuner is wrapped in a timeless black finish and reflects a piano gloss sheen which will cater to all tastes. Its superior quality and considerable connection options satisfy every requirement so that you can enjoy gripping high-definition TV and home entertainment. L32WB81-32" €235 L26WB81-26" €180 L22WB81-22" €140 ConTACT SEAn 087 2569738 WILL DELIVEr The Deputy stated, ‘The decision by the Minister for Health not to carry out a baseline health study in the Cork Harbour area appears to be one based primarily on financial considerations. ‘The fears of the local community concerning the potential long-term affects of the toxic waste have not been addressed, and cannot be addressed by a simple statistical analysis of the National Cancer Registry. ‘The Chief Medical Officer’s response does not go far enough. We want assurances that the effect of this toxic dump will not have negative health implications for the local community in years to come. ‘The only way to give those assurances is by completing a full investigation. ‘I will continue to press the Government for funding to be made available to carry out this investigation,’ Deputy McLellan continued. Commenting on the forthcoming ceremony Patricia Harty said, ‘We, in Irish America, are delighted to have a permanent physical home for our Hall of Fame in Dunbrody’s magnificent new Irish Emigration History Centre in New Ross Co Wexford. And we are particularly pleased to be welcoming Maureen O Hara into the new Exhibit where we will honour the life and achievements of one of Irish America’s most iconic figures.’ The Dunbrody Visitor Centre is a brand new building of €2.6 million, €1.88m of which was provided under the National Development Plan, administered by Failte Ireland on behalf of the Department of Tourism. INFINITY HAIR & BEAUTY 6 Connolly Street, MIDLETON 021 4634669 * All aspects of hair care * Hair clips * Hair glue * * Braiding * Dreadlocks * Fixing Weaveon Ghana Braids Retouching * Plant Single Braids * Afro * Weaves For any hair, for any occasion... Infinity Tel. 087 7736198 Open Monday - Saturday: 10.30am - 8pm Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 7 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal High Court grants judicial review of Cork wasteto-energy planning decision THE High Court has agreed to have An Bord Pleanála’s decision to refuse planning permission for a waste-to-energy facility in Ringaskiddy, Cork judicially reviewed. Judge Peart granted leave for a judicial review of An Bord Pleanála’s decision following an application on behalf of Indaver Ireland. New information has emerged concerning a core reason cited by An Bord Pleanála to refuse the original planning application. Documents obtained by Indaver Ireland under a public information request raise the prospect that An Bord Pleanála may have been unaware of a May 2010 decision by Cork County Council to cancel plans to build an alternative waste facility in Cork. This development is relevant for two reasons: 10 months previous to the May 2010 decision, Cork County Council referenced its plans to build this alternative facility as among the primary reasons it objected to Indaver’s application. 13 months after the May 2010 decision, An Bord Pleanála cited the Cork regional waste plan and the Council’s plan to build its own waste facility as among the primary reasons for refusing Indaver’s application. The documentation also shows that Cork County Council, which exited the waste collection service in September 2010, is now expressing concerns about its ability to meet its landfill diversion targets. A Cork County Council-commissioned review into the future of the Bottlehill landfill is pending publication. Meanwhile, the county’s only existing landfill, located in Youghal, will close later this year. Speaking after the judicial review application, John Ahern, Managing Director, Indaver Ireland said, ‘Indaver had no desire to take the legal course which we have embarked upon today. However, it is the only mechanism open to us to highlight the fact that the Board may not have had a complete picture of the true state of waste plans in Cork, when it made its decision. ‘The emergence of this new information is highly significant. Cork County Council, perhaps given the changed economic circumstances, took a decision in May 2010 which means it could not deliver on its local waste plan – the same plan An Bord Pleanála referenced when refusing our application. We hope that An Bord Pleanála take the opportunity to assess the case incorporating this new information.’ Tricks of the trade East Cork Business Alliance’s local guarantee ON Monday morning, July 11th, Cllr. Pat Buckley (SF), Midleton Town Council, met with a group of concerned local business people in The Pantry on Distilery Walk, Midleton to discuss how local people could access local qualified tradespeople with a proven track record and, more importantly, with the added bonus of a local guarantee. Spokesperson for East Cork Alliance, Mr. Ray O’Sullivan states that the East Cork Alliance is a local business group that have decided to get down off the fence in an ever-more challenging trading environment, and is endeavouring to establish a business platform that will co-exist on two operating levels. Firstly, this group supplies a quality trades and services base to the general public through promotions, special discounts and through local media awareness. Secondly, they provide a business to business network, sourcing materials and essential services as well as supporting and recommending their colleagues for the greater good of each other. Now, to achieve this the group will need to work very hard for each other and ensure that every individual in the ECBA will be a proud ambassador for each others enterprise through sharing referrals, recommendations and valuable advice and experience. As yet the group is at a fledgling stage but, with the help of local media and support organisations such as SECAD and a member of Midleton Town Council, this will be the beginning of a journey that can achieve together. Jeremy O’Sullivan (Woodland Print); John Droog (Tiler) and Irene O’Driscoll(02 Midleton), the very best for the future.’ Cllr. Buckley states, ‘I would like to take this oppportunity to wish Rory McSweeney (Sweenco Windows); Eamonn Crotty (Financial Services); Dave Crotty(Ace Kitchens); Gordon Callinan (The Pantry); Sean Savage (panel beating &crash repairs); Alan Lomasney (Mechanic/Autoworks Cork); Joe Murphy (Plumber); Roger Cooney (Electrician); Ray O’Sullivan (Waste Solutions); If anyone wishes to become a member they can contact Gordon Callinan on 021-4633335. For trade enquires please contact Rory Mc Sweeney on 0861053876 or Eamonn Crotty on 021 4314026 or 087-9863805. Already the ECBA has 13 members which offers a wide range of services such as window repairs, plumbers, kitchen designers, crash repairs, financial services and restaurateurs. The East Cork Business Alliance hopes that the public will recognise and embrace this new venture, and hopes that the business community will see the value in supporting and promoting each other, thus ensuring that East Cork is once again a thriving hub of industry and that the small to medium enterprises are the lifeblood of any local community. CRY, Maeve and the River Blackwater The inaugural broadcasting of a wonderful new five part documentary entitled “The River Blackwater-Life and Lodgings” was aired on Sunday last on Community Radio Youghal at 1pm. The four remaining broadcasts will run each Sunday at the same time, up to and including Sunday, August 21st. The 5 part series follows the three man crew of Tony Gallagher, Kieran Heffernan and Frank Mills on board the boat ‘Maeve’. Leaving Youghal Harbour they make their adventurous way upriver to Cappoquin in Co Waterford, stopping off on the way to visit the Historical Houses and famous landmarks that inhabit the banks of this beautiful, unspoilt River which is known as the Irish Rhine. Tony, Kieran and Frank stop on their journey to chat with some of the families who have fished the Blackwater all their lives, and to whom the banks of this beautiful river is their home. Narrated by Mervyn Scott, the series is produced by Noel Cronin and edited by Sean Healy. The documentary is funded by The Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI) under the Sound and Vision scheme. The launch of the programme took place on Thursday, July 21st at the Mall Arts Centre and was attended by Mayor of Youghal, Eoin Pictured at the launch on Thursday last, July 21st at the Mall Arts Centre. were Mayor of Youghal, Cllr. Eoin Coyne, Tony Gallagher of Blackwater Cruises, Author and Historian Kieran Heffernan, Declan Gibbons, Tommy Collins, Barty Murphy, Linda O’Regan, Angela Kearns and Darragh Parker. Coyne, with Tony Gallagher of Blackwater Cruises, Author and Historian Kieran Heffernan, Declan Gibbons, Tommy Collins, Barty Murphy, Linda O’Regan, Angela Kearns and Darragh Parker. Already, after just one programme, the talk is very positive about this well thought out, beautifully narrated and well presented programme. Tune in every Sunday at 1pm and make up your own mind about the many places and events which are brought to life by three enthusiastic men in a boat on the wonderful Blackwater River. - Denise FitzGerald Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 8 Bitesize News Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal mix promises great diversity of the very highest Coﬀee Morning with Free Screening order, without having to preach to the audience in YOUGHAL Compiled by Denise FitzGerald 087 812 8262 / [email protected] Irwins Three Mobile Bus at Clashmore Ramblers vs. John Aldridge XI Fundraiser CLASHMORE Ramblers will play the John Aldridge Legends XI on the new pitch at Pablo Park, Clashmore to raise money to build club dressing rooms and also half of all proceeds to this event will go towards Irish Autism Action. Support this great event and your team even further by visiting Irwins Three mobile bus on the day. Combine great value Phone and Broadband deals with helping your team! Every sale on the day generates a payment to your club. EXCLUSIVE MATCH DAY DEAL: FREE Brand new Samsung Galaxy S2 With a FREE GIFT!* Dont forget to bring a Photo ID and a recent proof of address to avail on the day. terms and conditions apply. Best of luck to Clashmore Ramblers from all at Irwins. 2,000 signatories to save Youghal Ambulance The very serious decision to replace the Youghal Ambulance Service with a response car has brought the people of Youghal together in a way which is almost unprecedented in the town. A Facebook page opened online has been supported with almost 2,000 names which created a petition to Save Youghal Ambulance. Thousands of signatures have been collected in shops and on the street, and the mood of the people is one of infuriation and disbelief. On tonight, Wednesday 27th a public meeting has been scheduled to take place in the Walter Raleigh Hotel at 8pm at which it is hoped that local, regional and national politicians will attend. If this service in Youghal is reduced in any way, a 911 emergency call for an ambulance could result in a one hour delay, or even more. That one hour which, the experts tell us, can mean the difference at times between life and death! It’s our town, our families, our lives. There is no doubt about it. If this service is taken from us, we will never get it back. Come to the meeting tonight and show your concern. It will make a difference. - Denise FitzGerald The Tide is Turning in Youghal A superb Music and Dance event performed by the Blackwater Valley Music entitled 'Turning Tide' will be held in the Mall Arts Centre, Youghal, On July 27th, August 3rd and August 10th at 8pm each evening. This Centre is the ideal venue for this superb traditional Irish Song and Dance Show, performed by the very professional group of artists from Kilworth – The Blackwater Valley Music Show. Simply speaking, the show brings you on a journey through the waves of time, from the famine right through modern Ireland. Visit the ports where families said tearful goodbyes as their loved ones set sail to far off lands, many of whom were never to see their homeland or families again. These cries echo today in all airports in Ireland, as parents see their children depart in search of work or, indeed, a new life. Tickets, at €10, are available at 083 360 6507 or on the night at the door. Contact; [email protected] Tel: 083 360 6507. Youghal Bay Bridge Club results July 7th: 1st A O'Reilly / L Kenneally; 2nd C Dinneen / R Landers; 3rd S O'Donnell / G Browne. July 11th: 1st G Plante / B Griffin; 2nd C Quill / L Kenneally; 3rd P Cronin / K Donnelly;4th M Gibbons / M Goggin. July 12th: 1st O Cotter / C Bennett; 2nd N Evans / V Medve; 3rd A McNulty / M Power. July 14th: S O'Donnell / V Medve; 2nd A McNulty / H Clarke; 3rd R Landers / M Lupton. July 18th: 1st A McNulty / C Quill; 2nd A O'Reilly / C Treacy; 3rd M Power / C Bennett; 4th F O'Connell / B Groeger. July19th: 1st J Whelehan / M Sheehan; 2nd A McNulty / C Dinneen. Harmonic delights for Youghal The Chamber Philharmonic Cologne will present a most wonderful evening of musical enjoyment when they entertain at the Mall Arts Centre on Monday, August 22nd at 8pm. The permanently expanding repertoire of the Chamber Philharmonic Cologne consists primarily of hand-picked pieces. The real appeal of their programme lies in the meeting of popular and unknown works from a wide variety of musical epochs. This sees familiar greats like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Vivaldi in dialogue with works from people such as Sergei Prokofieff through to the 'King of Tango' Astor Piazzolla. This the process. Music, after all, is for entertainment not for instruction. To inspire people across the world to enjoy classical music – that’s what we view as our maxim! Admission: Adults €18, Seniors €16, Students €12, and under 12years FREE. This is a unique opportunity to experience Classical Music in your own town – live! The Holy Family Church on August 5th next from 10am to 2pm is the venue for a Coffee Morning and Free Screening, with proceeds going directly to The Diabetes Federation, Cork Branch and funds will go to education and awareness in Youghal and the surrounding areas. Raffle tickets are on sale at €2 each or a book of 3 for €5, available locally. 1st prize is €250, 2nd €100, 3rd 75 and 4th €50. The Raffle will be held on August 5th in The Holy Family Church, Youghal at 2pm. Further information on 086 3708006. Clowning around in The wheels on the bus... Youghal on the August Weekend Next weekend is the time for the visit of Fossetts great Circus which arrives in Youghal, much to the delight of all the children (and most mams and dads). Filled with amazing acts, animals, acrobatics, clowns, popcorn, drinks, ice-creams and magic, the Circus promises a night to remember for everyone. Saturday 30th, Sunday 31st and Monday August 1st are the dates and, with posters up all over the town, just check out the times. Park Lark in Green Park Every Saturday and Sunday, from 12noon to 5pm daily, the Park Lark will be in full swing at Green Park where super slides, sumo suits, racking balls, bungee run, hit the pest, face painting and BBQ will all take place. The Lark will take place weekend July 30th/31st, August 6th/7th and August 13th/14th with great fun and excitement for all the family. Take a picnic and make a day of it! Collection for Friends of St. Raphael’s. Community Radio Youghal (CRY 104fm) presents: Youghal's heRitage tRail – a 17 PaRt JouRneY a 17 part series about each of the sites upon the Youghal heritage trail. Made with the support of the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, under its Sound & Vision scheme The Community Bus is a very valuable facility in the town of Youghal and at the moment, voluntary help is needed in the form of a driver companion to assist with small chores such as carrying shopping, helping people on and off etc., An extra driver, with C1 licence, would also be a great asset to this service so if you have this C1 licence, please contact Tony Phelan or any of those involved with the Community Bus, or telephone 91900. And another bus.... CRY Social Dance on Saturday next, August 30th at the Walter Raleigh Hotel, features The Outlaws. For those staying in Ardmore for the summer who would like to come along and enjoy this great night of dancing and entertainment, a bus will be organised to bring them to and from the dance – provided there are sufficient numbers travelling. If you are on hols in Ardmore and wish to avail of this offer, then contact Mags Carey who will be delighted to make all the arrangements for you. A blast from the past The Reunion of Leaving Cert Loreto students, Class of 1991, will be held in Youghal GAA Club on Saturday, August 27th next at 8.30pm. It’s time to catch up with the past. Great night guaranteed. If you would like any more information you can contact Lynda on 024 93815. ‘Straight on through (82)’ Bingo helps Youghal Bus A Bingo fundraiser which was held in aid of the Youghal Community Bus was a great success and the committee of the Youghal Community Transport Group wish to thank sincerely everyone who participated or helped in any way. A special thanks to Agnes Fitzgerald and Leo Mullane for all their advice and help on the night. The Committee also wish to thank the local people and businesses for sponsorship and prizes – Thomas Bulman, Timeless Jewellers, Galvin’s Costcutters, Sean Twomey Butcher, T & M Fitzgerald, The Nook Bar, Crowley’s Service Station, Ann Galvin, Phil Cullinane, Cumann na Daoine, Sammy Revins and Jack O’Patsy. For further information on the Community Bus run, please contact 024 91900 or 087 1759555. Events at Cumann na Daoine Beginning on Monday, august 1st at 6.10pm and continuing Monday - ursday until august 25th Featuring Archaeologist, Dan Noonan Produced by seamus Murphy and edited by Claire Regan 27/7: 10am - 11.30pm Yoga; 1pm - 2.30pm Walking Group; 3pm - 5pm Women's Group; 7.30pm 9pm Grow (Community Mental Health Group); 6.45pm - 7.45pm Evening Walking Group 28/7: 7.30pm - 9.30pm Music Group; 8 - 9.45pm Bingo 29/7: 2pm - 4pm Indoor Bowls 2/8: 5.45pm - 7.30pm Weight Watchers Read it and ‘Keep Smiling’ Michael Hackett’s recently launched book ‘Keep Smiling’ has received great acclaim throughout East Cork and Youghal in particular. For those who wish to purchase the book, which is an inspiring story with true life events, can get it at Country Store, Pilmore, Quinn’s of Ardmore, Cree’s in Youghal, Read & Write and Liam McCarthy’s Tallow Street. You will really enjoy this book, and all proceeds are for the Leukaemia Unit at Cork University Hospital. Email us at [email protected] call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 9 Wednesday, July 27th. 2011 - The East Cork Journal The Ecclesiastical Review Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the Brown Scapular ACCORDING to the traditions of the Carmelite Order, on July 16, 1251, the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to St. Simon Stock, a Carmelite. During the vision, she revealed to him the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, popularly known as the "Brown Scapular." A century and a quarter later, the Carmelite Order began to celebrate, on this date, the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. The Carmelites had long claimed that their order extended back to ancient times, indeed, that it was founded on Mount Carmel in Palestine by the prophets Elijah and Elisha. While others disputed this idea, Pope Honorius III, in approving the order in 1226, seemed to accept its antiquity. The celebration of the feast became wrapped up with this controversy and, in 1609, after Robert Cardinal Bellarmine examined the origins of the feast, it was declared the patronal feast of the Carmelite order. From then on, the celebration of the feast began to spread, with various popes approving the celebration in southern Italy, then Spain and her colonies, then Austria, Portugal and her colonies, and finally in the Papal States, before Benedict XIII placed the feast on the universal calendar of the Latin Church in 1726. It has since been adopted by some Eastern Rite Catholics as well. The feast celebrates the devotion that the Blessed Virgin Mary has to those who are devoted to her, and who signal that devotion by wearing the Brown Scapular. According to tradition, those who wear the scapular faithfully, and remain devoted to the Blessed Virgin until death, will be granted the grace of final perseverance and be delivered from Purgatory early. Brown Scapular Definition: In its original form, the scapular is a part of the monastic habit (the outfit that monks wear). It is composed of two large pieces of East Cork Ecclesiastical Events Parish of Youghal Welcome WE welcome into the Church those who were baptised recently in the Parish Jonathan Davit Gannon, Libby Teresa Walsh, Abbie Martha Hennessy, Lena Joan Cunningham, Robbie Hennessy, Cathal Sean Reilly-Fox, Lylah Isilda Mira Heaphy, Róisín Power, Samuel Joseph Hehir, Shauna Elizabeth O’Shea. New Revised Missal In September 2011, parts of the revised Missal will be introduced. The following parts are new: The Liturgy of the Word Lector says at the end of reading: The word of the Lord. All reply - thanks be to God. Gospel: cloth, connected in the middle by narrower strips of cloth. The narrower strips provide an opening through which the monk places his head. The strips then sit on his shoulders, and the large pieces of cloth hang down in front and in back. Today, the term is used most often to refer to a sacramental (a religious object) that has essentially the same form as the monastic scapular but is composed of much smaller pieces of cloth (usually only an inch or two square) and thinner connecting strips. Technically, these are known as the "small scapu- lars" and are worn by lay faithful as well as those in religious orders. Each small scapular represents a particular devotion and often has a certain indulgence, or even a revealed "privilege" (or special power) attached to it. The Carmelite Community in Tallow, County Waterford, are celebrating 175 years and have organised an Open Air Celebratory Mass in the Convent Grounds, Tallow, Co Waterford, at 3pm on Friday next, July 29th. All are invited and there will be refreshments served after the Mass. Helplines for those who have been abused or who have been aﬀected by abuse: Towards Healing: 1800 303416: Connect: 1800 477477. One in Four: 01 6624070. Samaritans: 1850 609090 HSE: 1800 235234 or 1800 234116 HSE Cloyne Desk Helpline: 1800 742800 Cloyne Diocesan website: www.cloynediocese.ie If you wish to contribute to this page, please contact Denise on 087 8128262 or email [email protected] Priest – The Lord be with you. People – And with your spirit. Priest – A reading from the Holy Gospel according to N. People – Glory to you, O Lord. At end of Gospel: Priest – The Gospel of the Lord. People – Praise to you, Lord Jesus Christ. At Presentation of Gifts Celebrant – Pray, brethren (brothers and sisters) that my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the almighty Father. People – May the Lord accept the sacrifice at your hands for the praise and glory of His name, for our good and the good of all His Holy Church. Amen. Preface: Celebrant – The Lord be with you. People – And with your spirit Celebrant – Lift up your hearts People – We lift them up to the Lord Celebrant – Let us give thanks to the Lord our God People – It is right and just. Hosanna Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of hosts. Heaven and earth are full of your glory. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest. Church Gate Collection A Church Gate Collection for Trocaire will take place in Killeagh Church on Saturday and Sunday next, July 30th and 31st, in aid of the Somalia Fund. All donations will be greatly appreciated. Killeagh Church 150th Celebrations The 150th Celebration Committee would like to thank all those who recently supported the Festival of Flowers and the 150th Anniversary night. A special thank you to all our sponsors, and everyone who helped in any way to make the occasion so special. Your help ensured its tremendous success. Parish of Midleton Trocaire Emergency Appeal The collection on next weekend, July 30th and 31st, will be forwarded to Trocaire to help relieve the catastrophe of the famine in Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia. Cloyne Diocesan Youth Service Midleton Branch Paudie, Pat and Darina O’Brien wish to thank all those who supported their recent Coffee Evening which was held in aid of the above. The total amoun t raised was €1,025. Mount Mellery/Mellery Grotto/The Vee Feast of the Assumption 26th Anniversary The coach will leave Holy Rosary Church on Monday, August 15th at 11.30am and return home at approximately 9pm. To reserve your seat, please pay €13 in full before Friday August 12th, to Mary O’Farrell. 021 4632937. All welcome. Ministers of the Eucharist Congratulations are extended to the Ministers of the Eucharist who received their Certificates following their completion of the First Response Course, given by the HSE. The defibrillator is now installed at the rear of the Church. Many thanks to Dean Goold for making this service available. Hospital Confessions and Anointings The Hospital confessions and anointing will take place on Friday next, July 29th, at 11.20am. Parish of Cobh Legion of Mary Meetings on Mondays at 3.00 pm in St Colman's Parish Centre Contact: Mrs Marjorie Stafford, President on (021) 4812658. New members welcome Pioneer Total Abstinence Association of the Sacred Heart Meetings on the third Wednesday of the month in St Colman’s Parish Centre. Contact: Fr McCarthy on (021) 4815619 Cathedral Flower Arrangers Group Flowers are arranged in the Cathedral by the Flower Arrangers Group. A rota is in place and interested people are always welcome. If you have an interest in flower arranging and getting involved please contact Angela Heffron at (021) 4812412. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 10 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Cobh’s Road-Train Project is on track for tourist season THE coastal heritage town of Cobh, Co. Cork, has become an increasingly popular destination for cruise liners over the past decade. In 2010, over 130,000 passengers onboard 54 cruise liners disembarked in Cobh, taking advantage of the growing number of attractions which the town and its surrounding areas have to offer. To cater for the influx of tourists to Cobh, local businesses and businesspeople have seized the opportunity to expand existing enterprises and start new ventures. Due to the ongoing investment and co-operation of local government agencies, the harbour board, tourism bodies and businesses in Cobh and the surrounding areas, it is estimated that the number of cruise liner passengers that will visit Cobh will increase to 170,000 annually, from 2012. The ‘Road-Train Project’ is a new venture adopted by Cobh Heritage Trains Ltd., which has been supported by Ulster Bank. The service aims to facilitate the growing number of tourists landing in Cobh, giving them the opportunity to take in all of Cobh’s popular destinations whilst touring the town. With €40,000 in funding from Ulster Bank, the company was able to import a road-train from the UK. Cobh Heritage Trains Ltd. is also cur- rently building a website and using social media to promote the new service. In addition to this, the company is also promoting the service through tourism offices in the southwest, at Cork Airport and on visiting cruise liners. Commenting on the Road-Train Project, James O’ Brien, Director, Cobh Heritage Trains Ltd. said, ‘Cobh has become the destination of choice for large cruise liners that can take advantage of the town’s deep water quay. With the number of activities and attractions in Cobh and the surrounding areas, the road-train will provide much needed transport to, and information on, each attraction – also assisting families and elderly tourist whilst negotiating the hilly terrain around Cobh. Tourism is a vital component of Cobh’s local economy and every business here is determined to enhance the tourist experience. With the help of Ulster Bank, we have been able to fund and provide a service that will continue to make Cobh an accessible tourist hotspot and bring tourists to attractions they may otherwise have missed.’ Speaking about the Road-Train Project, Tom Leahy, Regional Director South Region, Ulster Bank said: ‘The Road-Train Project put in place by Cobh Heritage Trains will benefit the tourism industry in Cobh town and the surrounding areas. Businesses that help to maintain a high level of tourism in the area are also hugely beneficial to local commerce across all sectors. Ulster Bank is committed to supporting and nurturing the SME sector and I wish all involved in the Road-Train Project every success with their venture.’ Despite the exceptional increase in tourist numbers to Cobh during the summer months, the road-train will be fully operational during off-peak seasons. Cobh Heritage Trains Ltd. will provide the road-train for charity and community based projects. The company will also collaborate with schools in a two-hour radius, offering the service for school trips and educational tours – as well as providing transport for wedding parties and local sporting club family days. Tom Leahy, Regional Director, Ulster Bank, and Jimmy O’Brien, Cobh Heritage Trains Ltd with ‘The Road Trains Project’ - a new venture adopted by Cobh Heritage Trains Ltd., which has been supported by Ulster Bank ‘Similar road-trains have been a huge success in Kinsale and Clonakilty. With the number of passenger liners visiting Cobh set to increase to 77 annually from 2012, the road-train also acts as a fantastic platform to promote and advertise local tourism enterprises,’ Mr. Leahy concluded. All roads lead Glanmire to Co. Tipperary for Miss Macra… AS THE summer draws to a close the event we have all been waiting for has finally arrived, The International Miss Macra festival, takes place this coming August Bank Holiday weekend where our very own Joanne Fleming will represent Seandún Macra and compete for the title of Miss Macra. The venue is Dundrum House Hotel, Co. Tipperary. It is a four night event, beginning on Thursday, July 28th and running until Monday, August 1st, with lots of activities organized each day and night ranging from ceilís, sports day, a trip to the famous Rock of Cashel, to mention only a few. The local residences open up their homes and welcome people from all over the country and beyond to this fantastic event. So, a fun-filled jam-packed weekend awaits... This year the contestants will have the privilege to follow in the footsteps of the Queen when she made her famous visit to Tipperary and, not only that, but the contestants will have lunch with the Macra Na Feirme’s President, Alan Jagoe, on the same day. Farm Skills Final Not forgetting the agricultural side of the club, three of our very skilful members put in the long solid hours of practice and will take to the roads to compete with some stiff competition in the National Final of the Farm Skills at the Tullamore Show on Sunday, August 14th which is sponsored by FBD. It is guaranteed to be a fun filled jam packed weekend and is one of the highlights of the Macra calendar so why not check out the website www.thurles.info, get the full list of accommodation and events in store, and make that trip to Tipp. Teams have to complete an academic test, a tractor driving task and manually erect a stock-proof fence with a steel gate. We would like to wish Tomás Cuffe, Sean Keegan and Donal O’Callaghan the very best of luck as they compete for the title. We wish Joanne the very best of luck over the weekend, and we hopr she enjoys every minute of it. We will all be there in force and of course, in style, to support her. We know she will do Glanmire and Seandún Macra extremely proud. We hope she is looking forward to it as much as we are! Joanne Fleming represents Seandún Macra in the International Miss Macra Festival over the August Bank Holiday There is a fantastic day’s entertainment planned for the Tullamore show so why not check out their website on www.tullamoreshow.com and see what they have in store. Best of luck lads! Interested in joining this very active and fun club? Well the Macra calendar is extremely busy so there is no better time to join than the present and we are always looking for new members. Our next meeting will take place on Wednesday, September 14th in Sarsfield Hurling Pavilion at 9pm, or just come along to our weekly sports nights which takes place in Watergrasshill every Tuesday night at 9pm. If you would like to get in contact with us, simply just send us an email to [email protected] or contact Tomás on 087 2125705. Also check out all Glanmire Macra’s upcoming events by looking up our facebook/twitter page, just enter ‘Glanmire Macra’ and leave us a comment. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 11 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal A new chapter: ATURALLY €1.5m for new PEAKING Cork City Library UFO-K: Ireland’s freshwater aliens N S with John Whelan-Curtin CORK’S libraries may be set to turn over a new leaf, with the announcement that €5.8 million is to be made available to enhance library services across the country, with Cork City in line to receive €1.5 million under the new capital investment programme for a new library. The announcement by the Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government, Phil Hogan, that almost €6 million will be provided nationally, will allow new libraries to be built, older ones to be refurbished and new books and re- MANY anglers and fishing enthusiasts in Ireland have been complaining for years about the poor sport and decline in fish populations in our rivers and lakes. While over fishing and pollution may genuinely have had their part to this point, it is from this point on that new players might step in to take on their own role in this decline of our freshwater fish populations. A couple of months ago the ‘killer shrimp’ was mentioned here. While it might sound like the title from some terrible old horror movie, it is becoming a reality. While we don’t need to worry about 50 foot tall shrimps emerging from the Owenacurra to tear Main Street Midleton apart, our freshwater fish do need to fear the terrible damage that the 3cm long shrimps will do their young. He hasn’t actually been sighted in Ireland yet, but has already made his way to Britain. One eminent danger that has appeared in Ireland already is the Asian Clam, which probably arrived here in the ballast water of ships. Naturally enough it might seem like there is very little that the Asian Clam can do to upset our waterways. You won’t be seeing these little clams swarming and chasing down any fish, or erupting from the water to consume unlucky swimmers. What you might see the Asian Clam doing is simply performing much better than its native equivalents. Clams feed by sucking in water and filtering out the tiny plankton animals in the water. The Asian Clam can do this better and reproduce to vast numbers so quickly that there may not be enough plankton to go around. sources to be purchased for libraries across the country. News that €1.5 million is to be provided for a new library to be built beside the Terence McSweeney Community College, is fantastic news for the constituency. It is proposed that the new library will be the permanent branch for the north west of the city which has a crèche and a community centre also nearby. ‘For those looking to secure employment, the library will be an invaluable resource as it will provide access to the internet, as well as wide variety of skills and training facilities,’ says Fine Gael Cork North Central Deputy, Dara Murphy. ‘The maintenance of our libraries as a community hub must be protected, so that people of all ages and backgrounds have a local centre that they can draw from and which will act as a central focus for the local area. The Minister’s provision of these much needed funds will ensure just that for the people of north Cork,’ he concluded. Another individual that is striking fear, simply through its ability to simply perform well, is the Zebra Mussel, all the way from the Caspian Sea. A female Zebra Mussel can release 1 million eggs in a year. It is this kind of astounding output that makes the creature such a threat to our waterways. Zebra Mussels can reach such numbers, and such dense colonies, that they can actually block pipes and water systems. Finally we have the water primrose. What is particularly interesting about this case is the fact that while it has not been confirmed in the wild in Ireland it may very well be living right now in your garden pond. The water primrose, like so many other invasive plants, it beautiful and easy to to grow and has been found in garden ponds in Ireland. The problem is that this plant can grow from fragments and, when established in an area, completely cover the surface of the water in a dense carpet! You can know it by its large, fivepetal yellow flowers. The 21st Century is likely to be a big one for invasive species. The face and shape of business, travel and economics have changed so much that it is almost impossible to keep up. We have tropical food on our shelves, we take holidays to places that can literally be thousands of miles away and you can order something from China today and get in the mail next week. In this new, smaller, world, controlling the spread of invasive species is becoming an increasingly difficult task. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 12 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal All pool-ing together... Cork to Swansea Swim for Ballycotton RNLI at Garryvoe Hotel STAFF and health club members of the Garryvoe Hotel attempted the first ‘Swim to Swansea’ fundraising event on Saturday, July 23rd, to raise funds for the RNLI Lifeboat in Ballycotton. The event began at 8am in the swimming pool of the Garryvoe Hotel where 25 staff and members attempted to swim a total of 55,000 metres in the space of 12 hours in allotted times, swimming continuously. A select number departed that evening for the Fastnet Line Cork to Swansea Ferry at Ringaskiddy for the 8.30pm sailing. While on board, they attempted to row a distance of 258,760 metres on rowing machines throughout the night, hoping to complete the challenge before the ship docked the following morning in Swansea, Wales and having completed a total of 313,760 metres between them - the total distance needed if swimming (figuratively) from Cork to Swansea. Hope you recovered your sea legs, ladies and gents! Local swimmer, Charlie Bennett, does his bit in the pool to help the fund raising for the RNLI Pictured at the swim are Ciara Mitchell, Garryvoe Health Centre Manager, Katie Ahearn, Supervisor, Peter Desmond, David Kelly and Julia O’Brien, all who took part in the event to raise funds for the RNLI in Ballycotton Day’s Eurospar, Whitegate FINALIST in Ireland’s Best Bakery Offering 2011 as judged by Ireland’s leading ‘Checkout’ Magazine Call in to see our selection of handmade breads & cakes Orders taken for all special occasions Extensive catering menu Tel. 021 4661223 email: [email protected] Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 13 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Breadwinners: Day's Eurospar, Whitegate triumph at Best in Fresh Awards Midleton's sweet deal Aunty Nellie's Sweet Shop arrives on Main Street HAVE you ever watched 'Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory' and thought, 'I wish somewhere like that existed in real life?' Well, wish no more - as Aunty Nellie's Sweet Shop arrives in Midleton this Friday, opening its sugary doors at 10am. Taking the old-fashioned sweetshop to a new level, Aunty Nellie's plans to take your tastebuds on a walk down memory lane. Proprietors, John Hartnett and Drew Healy are, literally, like kids in a candy store. LAST WEEK, Kevin & Mary Day, Day's Eurospar, Whitegate attended the Checkout Best in Fresh Awards at the Four Seasons Hotel in Ballsbridge, Dublin. The Checkout Magazine Best in Fresh Awards, held in association with Glanbia Consumer Foods, reward, encourage and promote excellence in fresh food retailing in Ireland, with retailers of all sizes and formats recognised for their high stan- dards in this area. The awards are open to all retail groups and independent retailers, including multiples, symbols, discounters and non-affiliated stores. Day's Eurospar, Whitegate, were delighted with the results of their trip to the capital: they were named as one of the finalists in the 'Best Bakery Offering' category. 'We're thrilled to have been named as finalists in this cate- gory,' Kevin tells the East Cork Journal, 'and I'd like to congratulate all of our staff - more than 45 in number, especially our Fresh Foods Manager, Lisa Corcoran and Ciara Collins, our main baker. We, at Day's Eurospar, offer a wide and extensive range of fresh products, including delicious baked goods, and were proud to be recognised by Checkout Magazine. Many thanks to all our customers also, as they are the reason we strive for excellence!' John tells the East Cork Journal, 'It's just a lot of fun - even as we've been stocking the shop, we can't stop smiling. It's the dream job for anyone who's ever watched The Candyman in Willy Wonka and thought, I'd like to work there.' Aunty Nellie's - already successfully established at North Main Street, Cork, Kinsale and Cobh specialises in local Irish artisan confectionery, supporting local chocolate and confectionery producers across the country. From clove rocks to pear drops, Turkish Delight to chocolate cups, bulls eyes to authentic Tipperary Irish Cider Vinegar & Sea Salt Crisps and jellie-beans to jawbreakers, Aunty Nellie's is aiming to supply the young - and the young at heart - of East Cork with, as David Jordan, Managing Director of Aunty Nellie's states, 'Sweets you will always remember, and sweets you thought you had forgotten.' Stocking brands such as Linehan's Handmade Sweets, whose factory is located in Cork City (in the shadow of the Shandon Bells), Waverley Confections (a long established family run business dating back to 1936) and Katie's Chocolate from Bandon (using only real cocoa butter), Aunty Nellie's, 10 Main Street, Midleton is determined to put a smile on your face when you walk through its doors. And, judging by the sneak peek the East Cork Journal has had of the shop itself, life is looking very sweet indeed. Aunty Nellie's will be open all this Bank Holiday Weekend, from 10am on Friday; Saturday 9.30am - 7pm and Sunday 12 noon - 6pm. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 14 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Tesco Midleton’s refresh sees new local suppliers invited shanagarry Blue Jeans Queen Festival THURSDAY, AUGUST 4TH ROAD RACE 8pm FRIDAY, AUGUST 5TH MUSIC - REMONITION 11.30pm Entry only €5 up to 12 midnight SATURDAY, AUGUST 6TH MATCH, U13 BLITZ 11am KIDDIES DISCO 8pm - 10pm DISCO WITH DJ MOSSIE 11pm Some of the staff at the recently refreshed Tesco store, Market Green Shopping Centre, Midleton, with Cllr. Mary Woods, Mayor of Midleton, Andrew McVea, Regional Shopping Centres Manager and Nigel Troy, Store Manager FOR the past few weeks, Tesco, Market Green Shopping Centre, Midleton has been hard at work giving the store - which celebrates its 6th birthday this year a bit of a refresh. New high-level, brighter LED lighting has been installed, all the walls given a new lick of paint, new counters installed and retiling on certain sections of the store - which covers a whopping 30,000 square feet. Nigel Troy, Store Manager, told the East Cork Journal, ‘We’re calling this our “Six Year Refresh”. We were delighted with the way everything turned out, and we tried and, we think, suc- MIDLETON FAST FIT Unit 3, Knockgriﬃn Industrial Estate, MIdlEton www.midletonfastﬁt.com Ph: 021 4633354 Fax: 021 4633397 Servicing / Tow Bars / Windscreens Oil Plus Filter While You Wait Catalytic Converters / Exhausts Full Service / Repairs Brake Check / Headlight Alignment Windscreens through insurance All NCT Work carried out Waiting room available COLLECTION & DELIVERY ARRANGED OPEN 8.30AM - 6PM MON-FRI 8.30AM-1PM SAT FREE HEADLIGHT FOCUSING WITH EVERY SERVICE ceeded in not causing any disruption to all of our customers.’ Tesco Midleton, which employs 130 staff, is currently seeking new local suppliers to welcome to their store, with Ardsallagh Goat Farm, based in Carrigtwohill, one of the latest to sign up. ‘We’re very happy to welcome Ardsallagh Goat Farm and their products to Tesco,’ says Andrew McVea, Regional Shopping Centres Manager. ‘They are a welcome addition to the more than 30,000 other products the store currently stocks - and we’re looking for more local suppliers to join us too.’ Don't become a statistic this Bank Holiday weekend AS WE approach the August Bank Holiday period, An Garda Síochána are appealing to each and every road user to focus on all aspects of road safety and help prevent deaths and serious injuries on our roads over the holiday period. 3 people lost their lives on the roads over the August Bank Holiday Weekend 2009 and 2010. Already this year 113 people have died as a result of collisions. With the objective of preventing further deaths and injuries on the roads, and to encourage road safety, Gardaí will be actively targeting all aspects of driver behaviour with particular emphasis on driver fatigue, drink and drug driving, speeding and vulnerable road users such as motorcyclists, and pedestrians. Research indicates that fatigue could be a factor in 1 in 5 driver deaths in Ireland. The signs of fatigue should never be ignored. As with every Bank Holiday weekend more people will be taking to the roads and travelling longer distances, often without a break. A driver feeling any symptoms should always stop and take a break, including a nap of 15 to 20 minutes. As the old adage goes ‘Better late – than never’ Over the 3 day August Bank Holiday period last year there were 250 incidents of motorists driving while intoxicated (6 arrested in Cork North Division) and the refusal of drivers to change their behaviour in relation to drink driving is of major concern to An Garda Síochána. Mandatory Alcohol Testing (MAT) Checkpoints will be conducted over the period to monitor drink and drug driving behaviour. SUNDAY, AUGUST 7TH “BLUE JEANS QUEEN” PARADE 3pm followed by interviews by MC Pierce McCarthy of 96FM BLUE JEANS PRINCESS 4.30-5.30pm KARAOKE IN THE PARK 5.30- 7pm MUSIC IN MARQUEE BOG THE DONKEY 11pm ANNOUNCEMENT OF 2011 QUEEN 12 midnight BAR EXTENSION TO 2AM FRI – SUN ADMISSION EACH NIGHT €10 1,222 Fixed Charge Notices were issued to drivers for speeding over the holiday weekend 2010, with 44% of these issued to drivers for exceeding the 50k.p.h. speed limit in built up areas. To date this year 24 pedestrians have been killed in collisions, accounting for almost 23% of fatalities. All road users are advised that local sporting, community and music events impact on the volume of traffic and pedestrians, and as such increased vigilance by all is essential. So far this year 11 motorcyclists and 1 pillion passenger have been killed on the roads, representing 1 in 10 road deaths so far this year. An Garda Síochána advises motorcyclists to be aware of their vulnerability on the roads, ride safely and at appropriate speeds, bearing in mind road markings and the rules of the road regarding overtaking, particularly in two and three lane traffic. Motorcyclists should ensure that they are wearing the correct Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and that their bikes are serviced regularly and maintained in good condition, especially the brakes and tyres. Drivers are encouraged to be aware of motorcyclists on the roads and to check their mirrors carefully particularly at junctions and when making right turns. Drivers are urged to remember that, regardless of the speed limit, they should travel at a speed that enables them to stop in the distance that they can see ahead to be clear, to slow down when weather, road conditions or visibility deteriorates and to always reduce their speed where there are likely to be pedestrians, particularly in built up areas. 9 out of 10 pedestrians will die when struck by a car travelling at 60kph or more. A 1% reduction in speed will lead to a 2% reduction in minor injury collisions, 3% reduction in serious injury collisions and a 4% reduction in fatal collisions. With the expected increase of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic expected this Bank Holiday weekend, drivers of tractors and other agricultural machinery are asked to be extra vigilant of other road users and to pull in at a safe location to allow for traffic flow. All road users are asked to be mindful of the presence of agricultural vehicles on the road and to be patient and avoid dangerous overtaking of such vehicles. LOCAL FOCUS Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 15 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal * MIDLETON * GLANMIRE * DUNGARVAN Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 16 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Ballinrostig gets into the festival spirit THE Ballinrostig Festival took place on Sunday last in superb weather conditions. A large crowd travelled to the Whitegate area for the event which was officially opened by John Madden, President of the Irish Vintage Federation. There were plenty of stalls, a dog show, threshing, dancing and much more, as this annual event went off without a hitch. ABOVE: John Madden, President of the Irish Vintage Association, oversees proceedings The Warne family The McGann family from Mogeely The Norris family A happy local group of Fiona, Fia, Ann, Joseph with Liam McCarron from Scotland The Busteed family enjoy the day Harry Burgoyne with his parents All photos available to buy Jodie Donegan, Niamh Oâ€™Reilly, Grainne Oâ€™Shea and Aine Hennessy with Brian Smith of the Irish Coast Guard Historical Society Stand The Moynihan and Foley families with friends at Ballinroistig Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 17 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal MIDLETON FOOT CLINIC Putting you and your feet first... With you every step of the way For all your routine Podiatry treatments including chiropody, diabetes care, verruca treatments, fungal infections, sweaty feet, allergy testing, orthotics/insoles THIS MONTHS SPECIAL OFFER Also House calls by appointment Spend a relaxing hour Chiropody/pedicure/manicure €75 For an appointment ring 021 4621044 Robert Sullivan BSc. (Hons)., Dip.Pod.Med., PGC. Pod Sur., Cert. L.A., FSSCh, FIChPA, M.Inst.Ch.P. Dept. of Health Approved. Health Professions Council Registered East Cork: Secure your home in the summer months WHILE statistics show a drop in residential burglaries during summer months, many burglaries tend to be opportunistic so it should never be taken for granted that your property is safe. For example, 25% of the overall burglaries in 2010 happened during the summer months. In Q1 of this year alone 6,679 burglaries have been reported which represents an increase of 8.5% in comparison to Q1 2010. 1. Common Sense Tips: Never leave keys under doormats, flowerpots, letterboxes or other ‘secret’ hiding places. Burglars know where to look for hidden keys. Ensure that all valuables are kept out of sight, both upstairs and downstairs. Make sure to leave your keys with trusted neighbours and ask them to regularly check on your house. Inform your local Garda station that you will be heading away and leave them your contact details. Call the local Post Office and ask them to hold your mail for collection and postpone all other deliveries until your return, including milk. 2. Certified Alarm Installer: If you have an alarm or are thinking about installing one, make sure it is installed by a certified company and that you have a maintenance contract in place so that it is serviced annually and continues to function correctly. NSAI operates a certification scheme based on the Irish Standard I.S. EN 50131 - 1:2006 - Alarm systems intrusion and hold-up systems. Consumers can check if a company or alarm installer is NSAI certified by logging onto www.nsai.ie 3. Alarm Monitoring Company: If you have a monitored alarm system which, when triggered, transmits a signal or message to a monitoring station, ensure that company is licensed by the Private Security Authority. 4. CCTV: A significant number of East Cork home owners are now installing CCTV systems as part of their home security. NSAI also recommends that the digital recorder system is in a secure location in your home and that it has been serviced before you leave on holidays. 5. Light Timers: If heading out for a long period of time, make sure the house looks like it is being occupied by installing light timers. Timers can be pre-set to turn lighting on and off at predetermined times. Ballycotton Bridge Club Results from July 20th 1st Roseanne Fahey / Mary Cuthbert; 2nd John Whelehan / Marie Sheehan; 3rd Mary Tattan / Helen Cullen; 4th Rose Mulcahy / Yvonne Treacy. Final call for all budding East Cork models with specs appeal ACTRESS, Kara Tointon, teamed up with Specsavers Cork as they launched the nationwide search for the Spectacle Wearer of the Year 2011. With the closing date for entries just around the corner, Specsavers is urging any budding models from Cork to get involved and enter this year’s competition. savers eyecare voucher and the prestigious Irish Spectacle Wearer of the Year 2011 trophy. As if that’s not enough, the spectacular winner will also be entered into the International Grand Final in London. The overall winner will receive a one year modelling contract with MOT Models, a two week premier, all-inclusive holiday for two in Barbados or St Lucia courtesy of Almond Resorts and Virgin Holidays with €250 worth of spending money, a makeover with TV celebrity hairdresser Andrew Barton, a year’s supply of skincare products from Simple, a fantastic goody bag including hair and skincare products, a €215 Specsavers eyecare voucher and the coveted Spectacle Wearer of the Year 2011 trophy. The competition is open to men and women aged 16 and over, who are current specs wearers or wear glasses for fashion purposes. Sean McLaughlin, a store director at Specsavers in Cork, says, ‘We see so many people in the store who look absolutely amazing in their glasses. The Spectacle Wearer of the Year competition gives us the opportunity to shout about the talent right on our doorstep who wear their specs with pride and plenty of style – and who are great role models for younger specs wearers to aspire to.’ Regional stars will earn a place on the catwalk at Ireland’s biggest spectacle fashion-fest, the Irish Spectacle Wearer of the Year Final in Dublin, on August 31st, 2011. The winner will win one year’s representation with Assets Model Agency, a makeup master class with top make-up artist Zoe Clarke, a fashion portfolio shoot with Ireland’s top photographer Lili Forberg, a €215 Spec- Do you think you have the specs appeal to win - why not find out? To enter, visit your local Specsavers store or log on to www.specsavers.ie/competition or www.facebook.com/Specsaversireland. Closing date for entries is July 31st. MIDLETON PARK HOTEL TUESDAY, AUGUST 9TH AT 8PM Tuesday, August 9th at 8pm TickeTs €25 aT hoTel Tel. 021 4635100 Book Online: Ticketmaster.ie Congratulations to: who each win a pair of Mary McCarthy, Whitegate Catherine Cashman, Carrigtwohill tickets to see Brendan and Stephen Twomey, Dungourney Grace in Midleton Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 18 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Dogs & dancing at Ballinrostig Festival Donie Buckley with Nancy and Aisling Cuddigan Kevin and Jack Herlihy and John Casey get ready for the dog show Eileen and Noel Oâ€™Keeffe arrive in style George Russell and Geraldine Condon from Cobh, suitably attired in sunhats, admire this Shell Car Lily Burgoyne having her face painted Getting ready for the Treasure Hunt 021 4638022 Dylan Harney with his mam, Karen and nana, Ann Hearn Ger Sweetnam, Safety Officer with Roy Erridge and Patrick Cronin of the Irish Coastguard Historic Society John Motherway on his tractor All photos available to buy Stef and Karen Coleman with Hugh and Cathleen Creedon Tom and Esther Lane arrive by pedal power This doggie goes through his paces Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 19 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Anchors aweigh ONE Commemoration Ceremony at Naval Base, Haulbowline THE COBH and Commander George Crosbie Branches of the Organisation of National Ex-Service Personnel ( ONE ) held a combined ‘ Lá na bhFiann ‘ (Commemoration Day) for deceased branch members, at the Naval Base, Haulbowline on Sunday, July 3rd. There was a huge attendance for the occasion, including ONE branches from throughout Ireland, together with branches of the Irish Naval Association, Civil Defence, I.U.N.V.A., Royal Navy Association Cork and County branch and Royal British Legion. The following dignitaries attended : Deputising for the Flag Officer Commanding Naval Service, Captain Hugh Tully Officer Commanding Naval Operations Command and Second in Command Naval Service and his wife Mairead; Mayor of Cobh, Councillor Jim Quinlan and his wife Grace; Deputising for the Lord Mayor of Cork, Councillor Ken O’Flynn and his partner Audrey; Naval Service Chaplin, Rev. Fr. Des Campion SDB, CF; National President of ONE, Mr. Peter Byrne; National Chairman of ONE, Mr. Martin Coyne and his wife Carrie; President Southern Area Council of ONE, Mr. P.J. Hassett; Naval Service Liaison Officer to ONE, Lt. Brian Lane NS; Deputising for the Officer Commanding Southern Group Naval Service Reserve, Lt. Ger Harrington NSR; Deputising for the Superintendant An Garda Síochána Cobh, Inspector Ed Golden; President Commander George Crosbie Branch, Mr. Seán Kavanagh and his wife Breda; President Cobh Branch, Domhnall Mac Cárthaigh. The Ceremony commenced with an address of welcome by Captain Hugh Tully, in which he praised the ONE and its work for the benefit of former members of the Defence Forces who were encountering hardship, especially homelessness. He wished all those present a very enjoyable visit to the Naval Base, and was sure the memories they carried home with them of the occasion would all be pleasant ones. National President of ONE, Mr. Peter Byrne, in his address thanked the Flag Officer Commanding Naval Service for his kind permission to use the wonderful facilities at the Naval Base for the ‘ Lá na bhFiann.’ Naval Service Chaplain, Rev. Fr. Des Campion, delivered suitable prayers and blessings at the Naval Base ONE Memorial where wreaths were laid by the following: Captain Hugh Tully, Seán Kavanagh, Domhnall Mac Cárthaigh, Ger Kennedy and John West on behalf of the following organisations; Naval Service, Comdr. George Crosbie branch ONE, Cobh branch ONE, Irish Naval Association and Royal Naval Association Cork & County branch respectively. A special wreath was laid by Mr. Eddie Quinn Jnr. in honour of his late Father Mr. Eddie Quinn Snr. who was a long serving President of the Comdr. George Crosbie branch. A minute’s silence was observed. The traditional Naval Salute ‘Still’ and ‘Carry-on’ were sounded on the Bosun’s Pipe by Mr. Pat Brennan of the Comdr. George Crosbie branch, ‘Last Post’ and ‘Reveille’ were then sounded by Bugler Mr. John Crowley of the Cobh Confraternity Band and this was followed by the National Anthem played by the Carrigaline Pipe Band. MC for the Commemoration Ceremony, President of Cobh branch ONE, Domhnall Mac Cárthaigh, thanked everyone for attending and expressed an Irish wish; ‘ Go mbeirimíd beo ag ar am seo arís ‘—’ May we all be alive at this time next year!’ The parade, under the command of the Ceremonial Officer, Mr. Edmond Mc Carthy of the Cobh branch, then marched behind the Carrigaline Pipe Band to the Garrison Church, Haulbowline where Mass was offered for deceased members of both the Cobh and Commander George Crosbie branches. Following a hearty lunch in the dining-hall complex everyone retired to the NCO’s Mess for the traditional ‘Ceol agus Craic.’ Midleton Coach Trip to Kinsale Sunday, August 21st Coach leaves from outside Midleton Library at 1.15pm Taking in a visit to Béal na mBláth, to honour the memory of General Michael Collins Evening ends in Kinsale for a meal and a stroll through the streets of this historic and enchanting town Bookings to Cllr. Noel Collins Fare €10 * Meal optional Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 20 Bitesize News Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Midleton and Area Chamber Dogs for the Disabled MIDLETON Compiled by Kathleen Woulfe What a game that was SATURDAY, August 20th will be a great day for the Clash of the Ash at Bishopstown Library. On that day Denis O’Sullivan, as part of Heritage Week 2011, will be displaying his unrivalled Hurling and Camogie collection including some never published images of the great Christy Ring in action. Denis who hails from Ballynoe, just outside Midleton, has been collecting everything he can, relating to hurling and camogie for the past 25 years. Over that time he has chased images from the original photographers, recording wherever he could, resulting in what has to be the biggest personal collection of hurling and camogie memorabilia in the country. The collection is comprised of radio recordings (71 audio cassettes), DVD footage (68 discs) and rare images, many of which were never published. All of these items have painstakingly catalogued by Denis himself, making it a very impressive collection indeed. The public will be able to see the entire collection for the whole day, and Denis will be on hand himself to guide us through the items on display. There will be a large screen to view some of the most memorable games over the years, and listening stations to hear radio commentaries, so don’t miss this chance to see some hurling and camogie which is one of a kind. Happy Birthday! Happy birthday to Billy Foley, Darina O’Brien, Mike McSweeney and Kate McSweeney. Midleton & District Active Retirement Association Wednesday, July 27th: Swimming available at the Midleton Park Hotel Leisure Centre &Spa, from 11.30am to 12.30pm. Thursday, July 28th: Pitch & Putt available at Corkbeg from 2.30pm. Friday, July 29th: Whist at the Edmond Rice Centre at 2.30pm. Tuesday, August 2nd: 45 Drive at the Edmond Rice Centre at 2.30pm. Thursday, August 11th: Outing to Sherkin Island. Cost - €40.00, including launch, lunch and dinner. Wednesday, August 31st: Outing to Booley House show, Ballyduff Co. Waterford. Cost €20.00. For bookings for both events, contact Mary on 0862351332. Twenty four members went to the Ceolta Si Seisiun in Youghal on Monday last, and were treated to a wonderful night of Irish music, song and dance, and of course, a couple of stories. There was also room for a few songs from members of the audience. Three of our own gang also got in on the act. A great evening’s entertainment. Midleton Tidy Towns Volunteers meet every Wednesday at 7pm to tackle different projects around the town. If you would like to help us please like our Facebook page, visit our website www.midletontidytowns.com or contact 085 7742400 for more information. All ages are welcome. Time to scoop the poop! Dog owners, it’s time to scoop the poop. Midleton Tidy Towns Association will be launching their Anti-Dog Fouling campaign very soon. Visit their Facebook page to find out what’s happening. Taste the best of Midleton HAVE you ever wondered what Midleton & Area Chamber does and why we need to raise funds? The above provides a wide range of support to businesses in the greater Midleton area throughout the year. We provide administrative support to the Midleton Food and Drink Festival, as well as the St. Patrick’s Day Committee, and so co-ordinate the marketing activity of Midleton town via the Midleton Marketing Partnership and their work on raising funds to support the Annual Christmas Lights and Marketing Project. The Chamber also provides financial support to various initiatives around the area. The Chamber works closely with representatives of Midleton Town Council and Cork County Council to ensure that the needs of the area, with regard to road maintenance and investment in infrastructure, are highlighted. We take part in the annual Chambers Ireland Rates Campaign, which secured rates freezes in 2009 and 2010, while the Midleton Town Council agreed to a 2% reduction in commercial rates for 2011. The Midleton Gift Card was launched in late 2010 and the Chamber has supported this with signage, point of sale material and the recent €250 give away via our new Facebook page. The Chamber makes no money from this activity and it is undertaken solely for the benefit of those who participate. All of this activity costs a significant amount, and the Chamber Officers undertake their work on a voluntary basis. We have no full-time staff, unlike Chambers in Cobh, Fingal, Limerick, South Dublin, Cork, Galway, Dublin and elsewhere. Membership subscriptions do not cover the increased expenditure of recent years, as the Chamber has worked hard to promote the area in the face of significant economic challenges. Thanks to Irish Distillers Pernod Ricard and O’Farrell Butchers, Midleton, we are able to host a fantastic night to raise funds for the activities of the Chamber which will allow us to continue to do the work we have been doing. It will take place on Friday, July 29th at 7pm in The Jameson Experience, Midleton and will feature tasting of the new pot still whiskey, produced by Irish Distillers and a meal produced using the best local produce and entertainment. Tickets have been competitively prices at €40 and we hope that you will be able to purchase a ticket for what promises to be a wonderful night, whilst also supporting the activities of the Chamber. Please book your ticket today by emailing [email protected] or contact Claudine/Lisa on 021 4613483. Free hearing tests The above are available at O’Connor’s Pharmacy, 21 Main Street, Midleton. Discount for pensioners. Grants available. Please contact 021 4631586 to book an appointment.. Bernie Kelleher wishes to extend sincere thanks to all who helped with her collection for Dogs for the Disabled and a special thanks to all who supported it so generously. The organising committee are very appreciative. East Cork Wheelchair Association church gate collection There will be Church Gate Collections in aid of the above in Midleton and Ballintotas on July 30th and 31st. If you wish to help in any way, please contact Chairperson, Helen O’Neill on 086 3942969, Maura Hogan on 021 4631238 or any committee member. Positive Ageing Week overnight stay in Killarney The above is taking place from Tuesday, September 28th to Wednesday, September 29th, but bookings are now being taken. If you wish to avail of this train journey, for the nominal sum of €60 including B&B, an evening meal and music at the Castlerosse Hotel contact Kathleen on 021 4631011, Rita on 021 4632278, Anne on 021 4883473 or Eleanor on 021 4882082 as soon as possible. Wedding anniversary Good wishes to Betty and Oliver Parsons and Terry and Edmond Tobin. Get well soon Get well wishes to Carol Murray, Maura Mulcahy, Anne O’Neill and glad to hear that Stephen Cremin is in good form again after his stay in hospital. Also, our thoughts are with Marianne Foley, Milebush, who has undergone surgery at Lucan Hermitage Hospital this week. Our hope is that it will be successful for her. Get well soon also to Margaret Lenehan, Carrigtwohill after your recent accident - Maureen and the girls X. AN APPRECIATION Stephen Adam Cunningham, Carrigtwohill, RIP JUST a few words as an appraisal of the life of Stephen, a young man - just 26 years old - taken so tragically in the prime of his life, while working in New Jersey. Stephen, like so many of his young friends left their native shore full of hope for a new beginning in a far-off land. He had not even completed a full week of employment when tragedy struck and, although admitted to hospital, efforts to save him were in vain, despite the efficiency of the medical team. Imagine the shock for Stephen’s loving parents Noreen and Johnny and his brothers, sisters, relatives and friends, when they learned of the death of their beloved Stephen, who had just a week earlier left home full of expectations for the future. Stephen was no stranger to travelling, as he had worked in Australia, New Zealand and Thailand prior to his trip to America. Thanks are extended to the police and doctors in New Jersey, local clergy, the Rebel Riders, who formed a Guard of Honour at Stephen’s Funeral, O’Farrell’s Undertakers and to anyone who helped in any way to ease the heartbreak and burden for Stephen’s family. The huge crowd of people of all ages who attended the obsequies each day was testament to the esteem in which he was held in his native community. To Noreen, John, family, relatives and a large circle of friends, sincere sympathy is extended on their great loss and hope that their beautiful memories will help them through their darkest hours. May Stephen’s kindly, loving soul rest in peace. - Jerry and family members. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 EAST CORK TRAVEL Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal CHURCH LANE, MIDLETON 021 4633233 Your Perfect Holiday at unbelievable prices! PERU ON A SHOESTRING DATE 30 July 30 July 30 July 01 Aug 05-Aug 06-Aug 06-Aug 06-Aug 06-Aug 06 Aug 07-Aug 12-Aug 13 Aug 13 Aug 13 Aug 17 Aug 21 Aug 26 Aug 27 Aug 27 Aug 27 Aug 27 Aug 28-Aug 04-Sep 10 Sept 11 Sept 15 Sept 16 Sept 24 Sept 25 Sept 01 Oct Price Includes: Highlights: Lima, Nazca, Arequipa, Cuzco, Ccacaccollo Community, Ollantaytambo, Lares Trek to Machu Picchu, Cuzco. Pachamanca ceremony in Nazca 4-day Lares Trek with local guide, cook and porters. Guided tour of Machu Picchu. Homestay experience in the Ccacaccollo community. Visit to the weaving project. Meals: 4 Breakfasts, 3 Lunches, 5 Dinners. Accommodation: Simple hotels (may be multi-share) (8 nts), Night bus (2 nts), Homestay (1 nt), Camping. (3 nts) Transport: Hiking, Public bus, Train. ACCOM PAX PRICE BOARD DESTINATION Vila Mimosa 2 share pp €584.00 B/B Lake Garda La Rosa Hotel 2 share pp €359.00 S/C Turkey Sea View Suites 2 share pp €499.00 B/B Turkey Golden Dreams Apts 2+2 €1,676.00 S/C Bulgaria Sunclub Apts 2+2 €1,847.00 S/C Salou Ex Snn Vasso Studios 2 share pp €419.00 S/C Crete Playa Pocillos Apts 2 share pp €385.00 S/C Lanzarote Playa Pocillos Apts 2+1 €1,089.00 S/C Lanzarote 2+1 €1,408.00 S/C Majorca - Santa Ponsa Verdemar Paloma Rina Apts 2+2 €1,699.00 S/C Turkey Castle Beach Apts 2+2 €1,625.00 S/C Costa Del Sol Frida Apts 2+1 €1,197.00 S/C Crete Heliomar Apts 2+1 €1,275.00 S/C Puerto Rico Colina Mar Apts 2+1 €1,267.00 S/C Gran Canaria Colina Mar 2 share pp €459.00 S/C Gran Canaria Tropicana Tivoli 2 share pp €499.00 B/B Egypt Dubrovnik 2 share pp €569.00 B/B Croatia International II 2+2 €1,229.00 S/C Salou Playa Pocillos Apts 2+1 €1,103.00 S/C Lanzarote Jutlandia Apts 2+2 €1,688.00 S/C Majorca Playa Pocillos 2 share pp €379.00 S/C Lanzarote Mandarin Gardens 2 share pp €429.00 S/C Turkey Club Alvorferias Apts 2 share pp €349.00 S/C Portugal Palmin Sunset Plaza 2 share pp €429.00 B/B Turkey Playa Pocillos Apts 2 share pp €499.00 S/C Lanzarote Fuengirola Beach 2 share pp €399.00 S/C Costa Del Sol Plazamar Apts 2 share pp €379.00 S/C Majorca Cye Holiday Centre 2 share pp €365.00 S/C Salou Jardin Del Sol 2 share pp €379.00 S/C Gran Canaria Hyde Park Lane 2 share pp €383.00 S/C Lanzarote Jardin Del Sol Apts 2 share pp €369.00 S/C Gran Canaria VISIT US ON TWITTER & FACEBOOK FROM only €768 PER PERSON (Land only). Add flights from Dublin for just €1299 pp. 15 Days Adventure Tour Departs: September 3, 2011 Trip Style: Classic * Service Level: Basic * Physical Demand: 4. Highlights: Conquering the Lares Trek to Machu Picchu, feeling like a local at an Andean homestay, taking the chance to witness the Nazca Lines and soaring condors at Colca Canyon. AMAZING REDUCTIONS ON LUXURY HOLIDAYS ASIA • DUBAI • MAURITIUS • CARIBBEAN • CRUISES EGYPT • ORLANDO • EUROPEAN SUN CALL 021 463 3233 FOR A BROCHURE www.eastcorktravel.ie 3* Melissa Apts 3* Carina Hotel 4* Golden Day Wings 3* Saturn Hotel 4* Pine Club Apts Amazing Autumn Cruise Offers 3rd Sept 11 - 7 night Western Mediterranean Cruise aboard Adventure of the Seas from €819. Embark/ Disembark: Malaga 25 Sept 11 - 7 night Spanish Mediterranean Cruise aboard Grandeur of the Seas from €457. Embark / Disembark: Palma SC BB BB BB SC 14TH AUGUST 7 NIGHTS €459 €519 €489 14TH AUGUST 14 NIGHTS €659 €619 €689 28TH AUGUST 7 NIGHTS €359 €499 €589 €517 €389 LAST MINUTE SPECIALS TO THE SUN BULGARIA ACCOMMODATION 3* Azure Sky apartments 3+ Palazzo apts 3 Poseidon apts 3* Le Meridian Hotel 29 Nov 11 - 18 night Ultimate Mediter- 4* Marvel Hotel ranean Cruise aboard Independence of 4* Victoria Palace Hotel the Seas from €1048 . Embark / Dis- 4* Chaika Beach Hotel 5* Barcelo Royal Beach embark: Southampton 10 Oct 11 - 12 night Eastern Mediterranean Cruise aboard Brilliance of the Seas from €703. Embark/ Disembark: Barcelona BOARD BASIS S/C S/C S/C BB BB BB BB S/C 5 AUG €469 €549 €599 €599 €599 N/A N/A N/A 12 AUG €459 €549 €569 €599 €629 N/A €689 N/A 19 AUG N/A €599 €629 €619 €639 €699 €699 €769 LAST MIN AUGUST WEEKEND 7 NIGHTS SELF CATERING (EX SHANNON) DATE 01 Aug 01 Aug 02 Aug 02 Aug DESTINATION Lanzarote Lanzarote Majorca Majorca ACCOMMODATION Flora San Marcial Verdemar Sun Beach ALL ABOVE HOLIDAYS ARE FOR 1 WEEK 4 SHARE €449 €499 2SHARE €499 €505 €529 €549 FAMILY 2+2 €1502 €1658 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 22 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Hitting the right notes at Garryvoe Hotel in aid of Ballycotton RNLI lifeboat THE summer days may not have been so hot this year but the heat was turned up on the summer nights when contestants sang for a spot in the karaoke inter-pub final to be held at Garryvoe Hotel this August bank holiday weekend. This fundraising event is in aid of Ballycotton RNLI lifeboat and was launched in Ballycotton on the June bank holiday weekend. Hayleigh McCarthy and Laura McLeod became the first qualifiers of the competition and will represent Waves Café & Wine Bar in the final. A second heat was held in Ballycotton in mid July, when Robert Clarke and Aine Tynan were confirmed as the representatives for The Schooner Bar. Two heats were held in Midleton this year. Melissa McCarthy was successful, along with duet Marie Cashman and Sharon Scanlon, in McDaids. Oonagh Doran and Eileen McGuckian will be representing Wallis’ Bar. Nina Sisk represented The Thatched Inn, Ladysbridge, in 2010 and was successful once again this year, along with Margaret Long. At the end of June Phil McCullagh and Eveanna Kearney received the nod from the judges in Tosh Cahill’s Bar, Cloyne and at the end of July John Murray and Bernie Burns were informed they would be representing Harty’s Bar. John Mullins - Finalist in Pat Shortts (1) Sean Cronin - Finalist in Pat Shortts Castlemartyr (2) The Goal Post, Shanagarry, will be represented by Ramelo Gregario and Ber Higgins and Shortts Bar, Castlemartyr will send Sean Cronin and John Mullins to try and bring the spoils home to Castlemartyr. The Long Point, Whitegate, kept a close eye on the competition before they held their heat at the end of July. Keith (Socky) Cullen represented Whitegate in 2010 and will do so again this year. He will be joined by Budden McGrath as the final qualifiers from the 2011 heats. 21 qualifiers will take to the stage in Garryvoe Hotel on Saturday, July 30th to sing one last song in this fundraising event for Ballycotton RNLI lifeboat. The 2010 karaoke final was a hugely successful and enjoyable night and it is hoped by the organisers that this year will be no different. Supporters of Ballycotton RNLI lifeboat are asked to come out to support this fundraising event and give encouragement to those brave men and women up on the stage who, in turn, are lending their support to the brave men and women on standby 24 / 7 to man our free RNLI lifeboat service whenever the call comes. Marie Cashman & Sharon Scanlon - Finalists from Mc Daid’s Bar Keith Cullen Hayleigh Mc Carthy - Finalist from Waves Cafe, Laura McLeod - Finalist from Waves Cafe, Wine Bar & Gallery Wine Bar & Gallery Nina Beausang Melissa Mc Carthy - Finalist from Mc Daid’s Bar Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 23 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal CANDIDATELY SPEAKING... Fine Gael Presidential Candidate, Gay Mitchell MEP, Visits Midleton & Youghal FINE Gael Presidential Candidate, Gay Mitchell MEP visited Midleton & Youghal last Friday, July 22nd, as part of his presidential election campaign. Gay Mitchell arrived outside AIB on Midleton Main Street at 10am and was met by David Stanton, Fine Gael TD for Cork East and also Councillors Mary Woods and Margaret Trundle. He then undertook a walk up the main street to engage with voters. Mr Mitchell spent just over an hour in Midleton before continuing on to Youghal He arrived at the Clock Tower on Youghal Main Street at 11.30am. He was accompanied by David Stanton, Fine Gael TD from Cork East and Fine Gael Councillors Barbara Murray and Michael Beecher as he met with people in Youghal. David Stanton, Fine Gael TD for Cork East said he was delighted with the reaction to Gay in both Midleton and Youghal. ‘I am very pleased with the show of support for the Fine Gael Presidential candidate. Gay received a very warm welcome in both towns,’ he stated. Gay Mitchell, Fine Gael Presidential Candidate and MEP meets Youghal Town Cryer Cliff Winser and Anne Swayne, with Cllr. Barbara Murray and David Stanton, Fine Gael TD for Cork East, during his brief visit to the town on his presidential election campaign. (Photos: YoughalOnline.com) Gay Mitchell, Fine Gael Presidential Candidate and MEP meets Margaret Jones and Geraldine Browne with David Stanton, Fine Gael TD for Cork East, Cllr. Michael Beecher and Cllr. Barbara Murray Gay Mitchell was selected as Fine Gael’s presidential election candidate at a recent convention of Fine Gael public representatives in Dublin. He is currently undertaking a tour of Ireland to meet with voters as part of his election campaign. Following the visits to Midleton and Youghal, Mr Mitchell continued on to Dungarvan. Gay Mitchell, Fine Gael Presidential Candidate and MEP garnering support for his upcoming campaign from Mary Crowley, Mary O’Donnell, President of the Youghal Chamber of Tourism & Commerce and Anne O’Brien Alan Stanton and Jack Hayes with Gay Mitchell, Fine Gael Presidential Candidate Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 24 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal The Country Markets help Helvick Lifeboat Ardmore Pattern Festival - well done! THE Ardmore Pattern Festival committee can take a bow for producing another spectacular weekend in the West Waterford village. Fine weather ensured that thousands flocked to Ardmore where almost 80 free activities were provided. There was literally something for everyone and certainly this year’s event was bigger, and better with a varied programme of events that literally had something for everyone. That almost all of the events were free of charge shows just how much work the organisers did to get sponsorship, and their efforts were rewarded with another marvellous weekend. The Ardmore Pattern is all about St. Declan, of course, and the Pattern Committee has built this festival around the religious proceedings. A host of events for children, book signings and of course the live music and dance on stage, as well as the brilliant fireworks display on the Friday night got this festival off to a great start. The fine weather, as promised last week, arrived right on cue and locals and visitors really enjoyed the festivities. For a full update of the event check out the photo gallery from this year’s event at. www.ardmorepatternfestival.ie BINGO! Catherine McCarthy, Chairperson, Country Markets, Anne Cotter, Country Markets presenting the cheque to Joan Clancy, Hon Press Sec RNLI Dungarvan & Helvick Fundraising Branch, Josephine Harty RNLI FC, Frances O’Brien, Area Rep for Country Markets THE RNLI Helvick Lifeboat Station was one of the beneficiaries from the proceeds of the Country Markets Used Book Sale, held in the Causeway Tennis Club in Abbeyside recently. ‘We sell second hand books every Friday morning at the Country Market, and we donate the proceeds to three local charitable organisations, West Waterford Hospice, South East Radiotherapy Trust (SERT), and the RNLI Helvick Lifeboat Station,’ says Anne Cotter of Country Markets. The ladies involved in the Country Market are an ingenious group. Not only do they produce quality homemade bread, cakes, tarts and buns, fresh home grown vegetables and fresh eggs and freshly cut flowers, but also knitwear, crochet and jewellery. All are welcome to pop into the Country Market and enjoy a cuppa and chat at the coffee corner. St. Knockanore Vintage Fun Run this weekend Declan’s HAVE you got your tractors, cars and motor bikes ready for the Vintage Fun Run in Knockanore this Sunday, July 31st? There’s been a huge effort involved in the organising of this event. Hopefully the weather will be on our side, but if not we can still guarantee an exciting and fun filled day. Remember, registration will be at 12 noon in the Sports Hall in Knockanore. The fee for participating in the Fun Run is €25. Teas and sandwiches will be available during registration. We hope to have everyone on the road by 1.30pm. On return there will be more food available and entertainment as we unveil The Pride of Place Plaque in recognition of the KGK Community Hall Committee’s achievement as overall winner of category 3 of the 2010 Pride of Place Competition. This is especially for the people of our Community to enjoy as a way of saying thank you for all your help, so come along at 5pm for approximately two hours of entertainment. There may be a small fee for the food but all the proceeds go to Cystic Fibrosis. We are also looking for volunteers to help steward the event, if you are available there will be a meeting in the hall at 2pm on Saturday about same and we’d be most grateful for your help. If you would like more information then you can contact Mike on 086 2059157 or Kieran on 087 9821146. Cystic Fibrosis is Ireland’s most common life-threatening inherited disease. Please come along and support this worthy cause. The KGK Community Sports Hall is kindly sponsored by Tallow Area Credit Union. Mass at Toor ON Thursday last, a very large crowd gathered for the annual St. Declan’s Mass at Toor outside Aglish. St Declan’s well is noted for cures for skin and eye aliments. Fr. Gerard O’Connor officiated the Mass which was co-celebrated by 12 priests. Fr. O’Connor also presented plaques to Toss Dee, Johnny Longan, Davey Reynolds, Peggy Reynolds and Fr. Finbarr Lucey for all their hard work over the years. ST. Declan’s Hall Committee will be holding Bingo on each Wednesday night at 8.30pm, during the summer months in the Community Hall, Ardmore. Carmelite Convent Sisters celebrates THE Sisters of the Carmelite Convent in Tallow will celebrate 175 years of the order with Mass on Friday, July 29th in the Monastery Chapel commencing at 3pm. Members of the public will be welcome to attend. Waterford back on track THE WATERFORD senior and minor hurlers gave their supporters something to cheer about as both sides recovered from Munster final defeats to record splendid wins over the weekend. The minors saw off Kilkenny in Walsh Park on Saturday night to book a semi final spot against Leinster champions, Dublin, while on Sunday in Thurles the senior hurlers ended the championship ambitions of Galway with a super win over the tribesmen. Waterford will now meet Kilkenny in the All Ireland semi final and it could well be a double header with the minors and seniors in action on the one bill, which would be great for the Waterford supporters who again travelled in their numbers last weekend. Clubs with news or sporting events Get in touch! IT IS not easy to keep track of everything that is going on in the West Waterford locality, so if you are a group, club or organisation and you wish to get your notes in to me then please feel free to send them to [email protected] marked West Waterford Notes or call me on 087-9126566 as I will be happy to assist you in any way in 2011. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal 25 Flash mob at Market Green raises over â‚Ź1,000 for Ballycotton RNLI MIDLETON GETS MOBBED BECKY GRICE REPORTS IF YOU'RE singing 'Party Rock Anthem' this morning on your way out the door, chances are you were at Market Green Shopping Centre, Midleton last Saturday when the town saw its first ever flash mob take place. A flash mob is a group of people who assemble suddenly in a public place, perform a dance or some other performance piece, then disperse, without saying a single word... The first flash mob took place in Manhattan, NY in 2003 and, last Saturday, Midleton joined the list of 'mobbers' when more than seventy dancers from Sinead Sheppard's School of Dance took over the main area outside of Tesco to perform an impromptu performance of 'Party Rock Anthem' by LMFAO (also known as 'The Shuffle Song'. And so, at 12 noon, Market Green Shoppers stopped, stared and, in some cases, sang along, as the centre was brought to a literal standstill. Midway through their dance, the boys and girls even stopped 'shuffling'; sat down on the floor and launched into 'Rock The Boat' - a welcome relief for those of us who aren't sure who LMFAO are, nor why they're telling us that 'Party rock is in the house tonight'... After a ridiculously short five minutes, the dancers just walked out - simple as that, but not before a loud cheer rang out from the 100s of bystanders. The flash mob was organised by Susan Phelan, The Vocal Chord, to raise funds for Ballycotton RNLI. Each individual dancer's t-shirt was sponsored by a local business and, from this alone, almost â‚Ź1,000 was raised for the lifeboats. On top of this, volunteers with collection buckets passed through the crowd ensuring that, not only was the day an enjoyable one, it raised a significant amount of money for charity. Andrew McVea, Regional Shopping Centres Manager, Tesco Ireland, told the East Cork Journal, 'It's something totally different, the likes of which Midleton hasn't seen before. The dancers have been rehearsing ridiculously hard. They've been in the shopping centre at 6.30am to practice, and it really, really showed today. Thanks to everyone involved with this flash mob - it went even better than we could have hoped.' 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Captured by Kieran Moore, Imokilly Webs, on his iPhone from a bird's eye position near one of the centre's skylights, the Youtube video (search 'Flash Mob at Market Green') has already been watched more than 300 times. Judging by the crowd's delighted reaction it seems that most people wouldn't mind if Midleton got mobbed a mite more Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 26 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal GONE IN A FLASH Thomas Tattan, ProPhotoVision and Susan Phelan, The Vocal Chord, mob organiser! Atlanta and Taylor, who took part in the flash mob with their proud Mum, Jessie 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 27 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Everybody's shuffling at Market Green, Midleton 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Betty Power and Cllr. Pat Buckley Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 A sporting chance Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal sponsored by GALWAY RACES * GLORIOUS GOODWOOD ALL IRELAND CHAMPIONSHIPS * CORK COUNTY CHAMPIONSHIPS ANTE-POST ALL IRELAND CHAMPIONSHIPS HURLING: 4/5 TIPPERARY 11/10 KILKENNY * 28/1 DUBLIN * 28/1 WATERFORD FOOTBALL: 7/4 CORK * 2/1 KERRY 7/2 DUBLIN * 50/1 MAYO COUNTY CHAMPIONSHIPS HURLING: 5/2 SARSFIELD 5/2 NEWTOWN * 9/2 MIDLETON 7/1 ERIN’S OWN * 33/1 CARRIGTWOHILL * 150/1 CLOYNE FOOTBALL: 4/5 NEMO * 7/1 CASTLEHAVEN 7/1 UCC 20/1 DOUGLAS * 33/1 AGHADA * 150/1 NA PIARSAIGH 2011 SENIOR DOUBLES11/2 NEMO/ SARSFIELD * 9/1 NEMO/ MIDLETON Sporting Proud celebrates 15th year of triathlons in Ireland Hoping to put a smile on Barrestown’s face in 2011! SPORTING Proud, the longest running triathlon in Ireland, is delighted to celebrate its fifteenth year this year. The 2011 event will take place on Saturday, September 3rd, in Brittas Bay, Co. Wicklow. Sporting Proud has raised over €1million to date for children’s charities and this year, Sporting Proud has chosen Barretstown as their Irish Charity of the Year. Barretstown is a Kildare-based camp uniquely designed for children who have been affected by a serious illness, primarily cancer, and their families. The well-established triathlon is open to individuals and teams, of all levels of ability and fitness. The Olympic distance consists of 1.5k swim, 40k cycle and 10k run and the shorter distance consists of .75k swim, 20k cycle and 5k run. Entrants are asked to raise €300 per individual entry or €1,000 per team entry, which will go towards raising funds for Barretstown. There is also an incentive prize for the top overall fundraiser, of a ski holiday for eight people, worth €9,500, courtesy of Sovereign Ski. An Bol-Chumann East Cork region RESULTS Padraig Scanlon defeated Dave Dennis in the last Shot in the John Cronin Cup in Ballincurrig. CORRECTION Wayne Kingston was, in fact, the winner of the Munster Junior B Final. Last year he was County Junior C Champion. Well done Wayne and all the best for the All-Ireland Final in Armagh. MEETING A meeting of the region takes place tonight, Wednesday, July 27th, at 9pm, in O’Meara’s Bar, Ballinacurra. FIXTURES Sunday, July 31st: John Cronin Cup in Cobh at 3pm - Sean Murphy vs. Brian Daly Thursday, August 4th: Vintage Championship in Ballincurrig at 7pm - Vinnie O’Rourke vs. Tom Browne At 8pm - John Hogan vs. Tommy O’Connor. Lismore ladies golf NOW that we have some summer weather the club championship is in full swing with some important games due to be played by the 31st so this is a busy week for many. In the club singles, Alice Henley vs. Mag Morrissey, JoJo Tobin vs. Kay Condon and Sheila Denn vs. Mary Beecher are the games down for decision this week. In the foursomes Mag and Sheila O’Leary play K Moynihan & Betty Daly who defeated Sheila Denn & Anna Murphy with P Bolger McCarthy &Alice Henley playing N O’Sullivan & B Burke who defeated M Beecher &J Tobin. We will be at the semi final stages of these competitions by next week. RESULTS 20/7 - 18 Hole Stroke, Medal 1st Mag Morrissey (20) 68 b9 2nd Joan Cahillane (15) 68 b9 Gross Patricia Bolger McCarthy 84 gross 3rd Marie Condon (16) 68. FIXTURES 27/7 - 18 hole - GOY – Stroke Kindly Sponsored by Edward Lynch. 31/7 & 3/8 - 18 Hole Stroke Medal - Sponsor Wine Vaults Eileen Murphy Qualifier - Foursomes - H/Cap limit of 30 per player, step down is allowed. Ongoing. There will be a draw for partners on Wednesdays at 9.30am and 1.30pm. The 9 hole ongoing Voucher Competition continues. €3 entry €2 re-entry. Desperate Housewives continues on Monday’s at 6pm. This year we also have welcomed some husbands in our Monday night slot. All beginners welcome to come along and try out the game. Mixed goes ahead Friday night as usual, 6.30pm. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 29 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Kevin Mangan remembered by his golfing friends DENISE FITZGERALD REPORTS The Week In Sport with Declan Barron Top brass not in touch with grass roots? Paddy Yellop receives the winner’s Red Jacket from Phil Mangan CLOSE friends of Kevin Mangan, with the support of his family, organised a very successful Memorial Golf Day in memory of Kevin, with all funds raisedbeing donated to the Mercy Hospital foundation. The competition was held at the Gold Coast Golf Club, and the people came out in their numbers to support the event. Kevin suffered from Sleep Apnea from which, sadly, he passed away a few years ago. A Memorial Day was started in his name by Kevin’s family and friends back in 2008, to remember this kind and friendly Youghalman who was loved by many. Anthony O’Donoghue, one of Kevin’s good friends, wanted to do something more and he organised a fund raising effort to help raise funds towards the cost of a machine, which can help with this condition. The machine would be installed at the Mercy Hospital. Anthony told The East Cork Journal ‘we were delighted with the turnout on the day, and the number of people who turned up to play in the competition, in support of Kevin’s memory. We hope to run this Charity event each year, and are hoping it gets even bigger and better, with more people involved. The Youghal people have been very supportive, and I wish to thank them sincerely for their help and sponsorship – particularly this year to Noel Mackey, who was brilliant”. A distinctive part of this competition is the Red Jacket, which is presented each year to the winner of the event. This year, the very popular winner was Paddy Yellop who, at 75 years of age, claimed the best score of the day. Phil Mangan, mother of the late Kevin Mangan, said at the presentation “I want to thank all the great people who were involved in any way, those who played, those who donated, sponsors, and all his friends for remembering Kevin. If just one life can be saved, it will be brilliant. Such is the support and enthusiasm of the group to raise funds for the Mercy Hospital Fund that next year’s event is now being organised, and people are already looking forward to it. The presentation of prizes was held in Noel Mackey’s, Central Star, on Saturday evening last and the following is the list of top prize winners, to whom congratulations are extended. 1st Paddy Yellop, 2nd Adrian Yellop, 3rd Michael O’Donoghue, 4th John Leary, 5th Anthony Kelly. ONE would certainly question the merit of bringing the football double bill on Sunday to Croke Park, involving three Munster teams and Mayo. Given that only just over thirty thousand attended the more attractive hurling quarter final in Thurles last Sunday, it seems to me to be a crazy decision to ask supporters of Kerry, Limerick and Cork to journey to Dublin, as the winners will also have to go there for the semi final. Surely Thurles or Portlaoise would have been a more suitable venue for supporters who have to pay big money for tickets. The cost of a day out, with fuel for the journey and food for a family of four, even without tickets, would be in the region of €100, so you are talking over €200, which a lot of people cannot afford. To open Croke Park and not lose money needs a crowd of over 32,000 people, so it makes little economic sense to me to bring supporters on such a long journey. From a player’s point of view it is great to play in Croke Park but it is the supporters that are once again let down by the top brass who, in my opinion, are not in touch with the grass roots. Making decisions to play the QF games at the start of the year at HQ, without knowing the teams, is ok in principle but the GAA should be prepared to change to help supporters when the draw throws up a situation with three Munster teams in action. Neutral supporters would go to Thurles or Portlaoise, but few will go to HQ. Big three ‘T’ off in Killarney The Irish open will have Darren Clarke, Rory Mcllroy and Padraig Harrington in the field in Killarney from Thursday, and if the weather were to hold up we might be in with a good chance of a home victory. Golf has received a big boost since the win of Darren Clarke, and Killarney is sure to be packed to the rafters if any of the Irish trio is in contention at the finish. Scottish season underway Already the Soccer season has started in Scotland and in two weeks time it will be back to the Premiership again. The Dublin Super Cup goes ahead at the weekend with Manchester City, Glasgow Celtic and Inter Milan in town, while the draw for the next World Cup groups also takes place on Saturday night. It certainly will be all hands on deck as the new season gets ready to kick off, with all the big guns seeking to dethrone Manchester United. This year the progress of Man City, Liverpool, Arsenal, Spurs and Chelsea will be watched with interest, as they try to close the gap on a Man United team that were far from their best last season, but still won the title with ease. Waterford upset the odds Apart from the Waterford supporters, the bookmakers were seen smiling brightly after Waterford had unceremoniously dumped Galway from the All Ireland hurling title race on Sunday in Thurles. Few could have seen such a turnaround, myself included, as Galway once more imploded on the big day. The Tribesmen have yet to defeat Waterford in championship hurling, and on Sunday the Deise side put their defeat to Tipperary behind them to qualify for a tilt with Kilkenny, which this Deise side will relish. Had this team took to the pitch against Tipperary I doubt that the result would have been as bad, and now Waterford must focus on their clash with Kilkenny. A big defeat three years ago in the final, followed by a close semi final defeat, would suggest that Waterford can again get close to Kilkenny. Indeed, if things were to go right for them they could easily reach the final. At the moment they still have a bit to find on Tipperary and Kilkenny but sport is strange and, as Waterford proved on Sunday, all the so called experts can get it wrong. MIDLETON TAEKWON DO ARE CHAMPIONS OF EUROPE THE IUTF European TaeKwon-Do Championships were recently held in Ireland, and Midleton TaeKwon-Do club sent out 17 of its students to represent their club, town and country. Having trained intensively for the months beforehand, every single student was as ready as they could be. The 17 students entered, brought home an unbelievable 26 European medals, including 7 gold! Out of the seven new European Champions for Midleton, four of them had been crowned National Champions earlier in the season. The first brother and sister combination of winners were Arnaugh and Verlene, who won the U17 traditional forms and the U14 advanced sparring sections respectively. The second brother and sister team, all four of whom were last year’s national champions, were Natalia and David who took gold in the U10 and U8 intermediate sparring sections, showing great skill and great determination. Our three other European Champions were Dominika who won the U12 beginner section, Jakob who won the U8 ad- vanced section, and the youngest of our champions at only 5, Alex, taking gold in the traditional forms section and narrowly missing out on the double, won silver in the sparring. It has been a fantastic year for the Midleton TaeKwon-Do club and instructor, James Dwyer, could not be more proud. The results stand as testament to how hard everyone trained, and every single one deserved their European success. To find out more about the club or about TaeKwon-Do log onto www.midletontkd.com or www.tkdi.ie for details. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 30 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Fixtures for the coming Club Gear The latest ‘must have’ item has week are as follows: Activities / Participations THE competitive scene again was quiet, other than Alan Sheehan (just having cycled across America) who competed in the Fermoy Club Leagues. Also, some of our members took part in King of the Hill Triathlon this weekend! The normal club spin took place, like all Sundays, and 15 members took to the road. A good spin into the City (New road is most attractive). The Cummins & Garry McGuinness took to the roads in the Sean Kelly series in Meath this weekend & by all accounts it was not too easy! The racing section of the club was out of action this weekend Youghal cycling club Sunday Club Spins Sunday training spins continue for a lot of club members every Sunday morning, along with the midweek spins on Tuesday and Thursday, in preparation for the upcoming Vee Challenge, The Sean Kelly Tour Of Waterford and the Rebel Tour in Cork. Last Sunday, the first group of 16 departed from Moby Dick’s at 8am sharp with a planned trip into West Waterford on the cards. The group rode steadily out the Dungarvan road and turned left for Clashmore and Villarstown, before arriving at the main Dungarvan /Cappoquin road where we headed for Inch and climbed to Ballymacarbry. From there we travelled to Newcastle and Clougheen, which was the planned coffee stop for the day. Well, for some anyway !!. With Fabian wolfing down the roll, team Bull – Hill make a break for it up the Vee. Clearly caught out by this un-expected breakaway, the Secretary and Fabian were on the war-path and took off in hot pursuit with The Tony on the heels. Alas, they didn’t have the legs and crawled over the top of the Vee while the rest of the peloton cruised up the climb, enjoying the scenery. At the top we re-grouped and made the hard effort down the descent into Lismore, climbed, and descended again to Tallow before the final climb of the day up the Tallow road to Youghal. Gel packs galore, the climb was complete and we coasted down the hill back into Youghal for 12.30pm with a good 125km in the legs. The second group of 9 departed from Moby Dick’s at 10am with a trip around East Cork to be undertaken. From Youghal, the group travelled down the bog road and onto Ladysbridge, Garryvoe before hitting the coast road to Cloyne and Saleen. From there, they took in the loop around East Ferry, and then onto Midleton for their usual coffee stop at the garage beside the roundabout. Fully fed and watered, (lay off those cream buns Sean!), they departed again back the main road to Youghal via Castlemartyr and Killeagh. The group arrived back in town for 1pm with another 80km spin comfortably completed. The Vee Challenge – August 7th It’s almost that time of year again when Youghal C.C. hold their annual sportif cycle. The Vee Challenge will take place again this year on the 7th August and will again be held in conjunction with the Irish Guide Dogs for the Blind, Youghal Branch) with the support of Club man, Seamus Kelly, who is also a member IGDB. The IGDB is a national charity dedicated to helping persons who are blind or vision impaired, or families of children with autism, to achieve improved mobility and independence. The IGDB receive over 85% of their income through voluntary donations and fundraising through a network of volunteers across the country. The remaining 15% is provided through statutory bodies and government agencies. It will cost just over €4 million to run the organisation this year. This year the Club has gladly secured COGNEX CORPORATION as our main sportif sponsor. This will greatly improve the experience for all the participating cyclists, with better road signage, food stops and a Souvenir T-Shirt for all the riders participating in the 130km & 90km routes. Sign on for the main event can be done through the club website www.youghalcyclingclub.com Again this year the two main events are the 130km Vee Challenge and the 90km Vee Ascent. Club member Tosh Cahill with Samuel Sanchez, winner of the Mountains Tour De France 2011, on Sunday last in Paris for various reasons, but as the tour finishing in 26th Place, tour is now over it’s back to which is a credit to him and our country! normal this coming weekend! In relation to the Tour. Congratulations to Nicholas Roche who again had a fabulous Both routes are the same as last year, as detailed below. The event is due to depart at 10am from Youghal GAA Sporting Complex, Magners Hill, Youghal with car parking available at the complex and the adjoining Church car park. Changing facilities, toilets & showers will all be available at the GAA Sporting Complex from 9am onward. There will be food stops en route and refreshments available post event. All major junctions will be well marshalled and both routes signposted. Lead car and support for both routes will also be present. A HARD SHELL HELMET IS COMPULSORY FOR EVERY PARTICIPANT. The Vee Challenge is a leisure cycle and not a race. The Vee Challenge 130km Route Youghal to Tallow and Lismore covers the start of the Tour before taking in the ascent of the Vee from Lismore and descending into Clogheen, before climbing the Vee again up through the woods, then heading for the food stop on the road to Cappoquin. Refuelled, the route will pass by the Blackwater taking in the beautiful Dromana drive, before heading for the coast and the final sting in the trail around Monatray offering spectacular views of Youghal town. A route suitable for the regular cyclist with a good standard of fitness. A challenging route, with several climbs offering some fantastic scenery along the way. The Vee Ascent 90km Route This route covers most of the roads that the Vee Challenge incorporates, with participants climbing the Vee as far as Glenaknockaun before turning back for the R669 and the welcome food stop along this gentle descent into the town of Cappoquin. This route is ideal for those looking for a moderate challenge with the scenic climb of the Vee, along with the beautiful Dromana drive, part of the route. A reasonable level of fitness would be required to enjoy your day in the saddle and the fantastic scenery that the area offers. Midweek Spins Midweek spins are now in full flow and take place every Tuesday and Thursday evenings with a 7pm SHARP depart time. These spins usually take between 1.5hrs and 2 hrs to complete and are run off at a very high tempo to bring on everyone’s top end speed and get the heart rate pumping. A second group will shortly be organised to roll off at the same time every Tuesday and Thursday, but at a much more comfortable pace, so watch this space for details. Weekend Spins As you are all well aware by now, there is a weekly spin every Sunday morning at 8am sharp leaving from Moby Dick’s Pub by the Clock Gate and covers, on average, between 100 to 130km. A second group also departs at 8am for a 4 - 5 hour spin, and covers a 100 to 120km distance. A third group also goes on a weekly spin every Sunday morning at 10am sharp leaving from Moby Dick’s Pub by the Clock Gate. This spin, which runs on various routes every week, usually takes around 3 hours to complete and covers, on average, between 30 to 40km. The pace is again very comfortable. This is an ideal group for anyone interested in taking up the sport. The Ladies group has also kicked off for the year with a weekly spin departing from Moby Dick’s every Saturday at 9am. New members or visitors to the area are always welcome to any of the groups. If you have any questions about the club or attending one of our weekend spins, please contact our Club Secretary, Jonathan, at 0868563292 for details. Until next week, safe cycling! arrived and there are only 35 pairs available from Garry McGuinness at 085 754 2367. Anyone who ordered gear in this second order is now asked to collect it, as it has already been paid for by the club. Normal training spins are continuing on Sunday mornings at 9am, Tuesday & Thursday at 9am from Lakeview, generally organised by Paudie Murphy, and on Wednesday night at 6.30pm from the Park Hotel. Other spins take place at short notice but generally appear on facebook and Teamer, and all members are more than welcome on Club Spins regardless of ability / experience or fitness. As always keep up with all club activities on Teamer/Face book. ROAD RACING: 28/7 at Monaghan Road at 7pm - St. Finbarr’s Summer Leagues. Any enquiries to Karl McCarthy at 087 254 1883. July 30th - August 1st - Suir Valley 3 Day – Clonmel CC – Paul O’Donoghue – 086 2440933 – [email protected] 30/7 - Tour of Kilkenny – 160/100/70 & 40 km Routes – Enquiries to M. Shields – 086 604 5918 6/8 – Little Bo Peep Tri – Kenmare – Enquiries to [email protected] Touring & Triathon Events: Youghal golf club 20/7 - Jim Doyle Cup - 18 Holes Singles Stroke Winner: Maurette Fogarty (21) 69 CATEGORY A: 1st Sharon Ormonde (17) 70, 2nd Julie Coyne (5) 71, BG Fiona Howard (4) 76gross CATEGORY B: 1st Margaret Power (26) 72, 2nd Noreen Cronin (23) 74, 3rd Anne Galvin (24) 74 CATEGORY C: 1st Jane Coyne (32) 70, 2nd Ann P. Coleman (34) 71, 3rd Eileen Carroll (33) 71. CSS 73. 11 Holes Singles Stableford 1st Pearl Foy. LADIES 3/8: Open 3 Person Team Event 10/8: President’s Prize to the Ladies (Mr. James Kearney) 17/8: Open 4 Person Team Event FIXTURES: 21/7 - Dr. P.J. Connolly Memorial Trophy to the Juniors Winner: Andrew Joyce (32) 46pts 2nd Harry Oliphant (23) 43pts, 3rd David Twomey (13) 42pts BG Conor Coyne (3) 34gross, 4th Fionn Cliffe (29) 41pts, 5th Alan Barry (34) 40pts Beginner: Kyle Brown JUNIOR GOLF 22/7- Eugene & Tep Riordan Memorial 3ball Mixed 1st John Greene (13) Shane Greene (13) Trish Landers (22) 69pts 2nd Amanda O’ Neill Coyne (26) Tony Coyne (10) Dermot Hogan (17) 68pts 3rd Michael Ryan (13) Albert Ruxton (14) Noreen Cronin (23) 68pts 4th Stephen Hennessy (12) Dympna Quill (17) Una Cotter (33) 66pts MIXED FOURSOMES 29/7: 4.30pm Open 13 Holes 5/8: 4.30pm Open 13 Holes FIXTURES: 22/7 - 24/7 - Open 18 Holes Singles Stableford Presentation of prizes on Friday, August 5th, at 9.30pm 1st Lar Dunne (15) 45pts, 2nd GENTS Noel O’ Shea (20) Clonmel 44pts, BG Darren O’ Sullivan (2) 35pts, 3rd Dan Barber (18) 42pts, 4th John Ahern (12) 42pts Best Fri: Pat Coyne (12) 39pts, Best Sat: John Finn (18) 40pts, Best Sun: John Hooley (6)41pts CSS 36pts 29/7 Commencement of Open Fortnight Online booking please log onto www.youghalgolfclub.ie or phone 024/92590 29/7 - 31/7: Open Singles 1/8 - 2/8: Open 4Ball (Ladies/Gents/Mixed) 4/8 - 5/8: Open Singles 6/8 - 7/8: Open Singles Members please note: President’s Prize Weekend (Mr. James Kearney). FIXTURES: Corkbeg Pitch and Putt Club Congratulations to Scott Garde who qualified for the final twelve at the All-Ireland Intermediate Championships in Douglas last Saturday. RECENT RESULTS Wednesday, July 20th 1st Nett, Red Walsh and Brendan Cronin; 1st Gross, Mick Barrett and Con O’Sullivan; 2nd Nett, P. Lordan and S. Garde. 22/7: 3 Ball Scramble 1st, V. McDonald, Mick O’Brien and Joe Carlile; 2nd, Liam Shanahan, Red Walsh and Terry Dunne. Sunday, July 24th 1st Nett, Mick Fenton and S. Busteed; 1st Gross, Joe Wall and Liam Murphy; 2nd Nett, Victor McDonald and Brendan Cronin. FIXTURES The Captain’s Prize will be held this weekend on Friday night, Sunday morning and Monday morning with the Juvenile Competitions running at the same times. Usual competition on Wednesday at 2.30pm. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal W.W.E.C. OPENING DELEGATE MEETING OF NEW SEASON LAST Monday night saw the first Delegate Meeting of the new season, 2011/2012, take place with League Chairman, Paddy Tobin welcoming all the clubs to the meeting. The draw for the Tony Bolger Cup took place and we will give the draw and formation in our notes next week. Of interest to everyone present was the application of some new teams for the coming season, and the change in some rules that will help the clubs with their finances towards the cost of running their teams at junior and youth level. We will give a comprehensive report of the meeting in our notes next week. TEAM OF THE SEASON For the few weeks we have taken our annual look back at how the teams in the WWEC Junior League performed in the past season, and also the two inter league teams, the Oscar Traynor team and the Youth Inter League team. This week we select our 11 players for our team of the season. Some players literally walked onto the team, while there were some positions that saw two or three players vying for our nomination. So we now give our team, in a 4 4 2 formation, starting with the goalkeeping position. The best ‘keeper we have seen all season was Dave Duignan, Kilworth Celtic. Any time we saw him play he was always brilliant, and we remember especially his display in Tullow with the WWEC Oscar Traynor team as he was instrumental, with his saves, in securing a draw against the Carlow League. Our back four was difficult with at least three centre backs good enough for inclusion. Right back was a problem as we did not see any outstanding player in that position, but Arnie Pratt, Brideview, proved very versatile in the back four for his club and also for both the Oscar Traynor and Youth inter league teams in the centre of defence. We rate him our young player of the year and we have him in at right back. Manning the two centre spots we have Eddie Walsh and J P Carey. Eddie Walsh had an outstanding season for Cappoquin and also for the Oscar Traynor side, and was reliable for both teams. Alongside side him we have our player of the Clashmore A team, J P Carey. J P showed his experi- ence on many occasions with Clashmore, and his leadership from the back was very influential in Clashmore’s promotion race and return to the premier. In Tullow he gave an outstanding performance against Carlow, and formed a good partnership with Eddie Walsh at the heart of the defence. Left back, once again, goes to the most consistent player in that position for many seasons, Alan Landers, Blackwater. Alan has made this position his own and we have not seen anyone in the past season better at left back. In the middle of the field we have the long serving Johnny Healy, Blackwater. Again, another player who has given tremendous service to Blackwater and to the Oscar Traynor team, and while the WWEC lost heavily in Limerick, Johnny’s leadership from midfield that afternoon kept driving the team on even though, with 20 minutes remaining, the result was a forgone conclusion. Partnering Johnny Healy in our midfield we have Michael Byrne, Inch. Michael starred in many of Inch’s victories on their way to winning the title, and he proved his versatility on many occasions when asked to move to centre forward. Our two wingers we have selected are Keith Landers and Keith Guiry. We select Keith Guiry as our 1st division player of the year, and position him on the right wing. Keith’s display in the cup final against Inch saw him named man of the match. Indeed, he could quite easily have won this award on many Sundays at league games. On the left wing we have Brideview’s Keith Landers. Once again Keith had another good season for the league runners up and his display against Inch at Sexton Park when defeating the league winners was probably his best game of the season, in our opinion. We had a few candidates for the two positions of strikers, but we eventually settled with Paudie Lynch, Kilworth and Ethan Hayes, Mogeely. Paudie Lynch won the Golden Boot comfortably in the Premier and was a constant threat to opposing defenders. As a strike partner we placed Ethan Hayes with Paudie. Ethan scored regularly for Mogeely and playing off Paudie Lynch we think they would form a very good partnership and strike force. Team—D Dingivan, (Kilworth), A Pratt (Brideview), E Walsh (Cappoquin), J P Carey ( Clashmore A), A Landers ( Blackwater), K Guiry (Pinewood), J Healy( Blackwater), M Byrne( Inch), K Landers ( Brideview), P Lynch (Kilworth), E Hayes (Mogeely). This is the 11 players we have selected as our team of the past season. Needless to say there will be those who will disagree with our selection, but it will be interesting to hear the team selection of some of our readers, and we will print them in our notes in the coming weeks. AN POST FAI SUMMER SOCCER SCHOOLS Last week we travelled to Ardmore and paid a visit to the Ardmore An Post FAI Summer Soccer School. The sun was shining the morning of our visit to Ardo, and in beautiful surroundings and conditions we could see all the children were enjoying themselves. Unfortunately we were not able to stay longer, as Ardo was looking excellent and the view breath taking. No wonder everyone was in good spirits! This week the camp moves up the road to East Cork with Mogeely the hosts until Friday, July 29th. The Summer Camp then moves across to Conna where Valley Rgs will be the hosts from August 1st to 5th, and then the following week on to Pablo Park, Clashmore from August 8th to 12th. As we have written in our notes in the last couple of weeks, the camps are 5 fun filled days open to boys and girls between the ages of 6-14 years of age of all ability levels and experience. There is great fun with friendly and high quality coaches, exciting games, drills and activities. You train with your friends and make new ones. Those still wishing to join contact your local club immediately. SYMPATHY Through our notes we extend sincere sympathy to Michael De- laney, Vice Chairman, Brideview Utd, and the Delaney family on the tragic death of Vincent Delaney last Friday. Ar Dheis Dé ar a anam. CLASHMORE TO THE FORE Without a doubt the Clashmore Club have hit the headlines locally and nationally with the news of the Spirit of Clashmore Charity Weekend, this coming Saturday and Sunday, July 30th and 31st. It promises to be a fun filled action packed sports jammed packed weekend On Saturday there is a 5K fun run with Gerry Duffy, while on Sunday afternoon at Pablo Park the John Aldridge Legends X1 will play a Clashmore Ramblers Selection at 3pm. The Legends team will have well known players John Aldridge, Jason McAteer, Frank Stapleton, Paul Walsh, Rob Jones, Keith Gillespie and Liam O Brien, and Celtic Legends Tommy Boyd and Tommy Johnson. Tickets to the game are only €10. On Sunday night there will be a Gala Dinner in Lawlor’s Hotel Dungarvan. Well known RTE GAA Pundit, Michael Duignan will host live interviews with ex Irish Internationals John Aldridge and Jason McAteer. 50% of the weekend will be donated to Irish Autism Action. 40 YEARS OLD This coming season will see the West Waterford East Cork Junior League celebrate its 40th birthday. Founded in 1972, the league has grown from just 4 teams to the current two divisions and 20 teams, not forgetting a youth section and a schoolboy section. Much work has taken place in those 40 years with clubs springing up throughout West Waterford and East Cork. Some clubs have fallen by the wayside in those years also, but it is to be hoped that all clubs that competed in the WWEC League and formerly The Red House League will all come together for a Gala Dinner at Lismore House Hotel on Friday 26th May 2012 to celebrate the birthday. There will be a special personality present on the night and the League committee is already planning the night well in advance. DUBLIN SUPER CUP This weekend will see a feast of football at the Aviva Stadium with Inter Milan, Manchester City, Glasgow Celtic and an Airtricity League X1 competing for the Dublin Super Cup. On Saturday, Airtricity League X1 will play Manchester City at 2pm, and Inter Milan will play Celtic at 4.30pm. On Sunday Airtricity League X1 will play Celtic at 2pm and then at 4.30pm Inter Milan will play Man City. CONGRATULATIONS We congratulate the League’s RDO, Michael Looby, on his appointment to a new role in Waterford City, on behalf of the FAI, as an education module called Project Futsal. This is a new initiative to use football as a tool to bring young adults back to education. Michael was selected following interview last week and will take up the new appointment next week. Michael Looby has been the RDO for the WWEC for the past six years and in that time the league has seen changes, espe- 31 cially at underage level, and has successfully coached inter league teams of all ages. The Youth Inter League team two seasons ago got into the last 8 in Ireland for the very first time, while the season just concluded Michael coached the Oscar Traynor team that reached the open round of the competition for only the 2nd time since the team started competing. While most of Michael’s time will now be dedicated to his new position, he will still be the RDO of the WWEC, though with less time. From all of us in the WWEC we wish Michael the very best and know he will make a wonderful success of his new position. Watergrasshill United Golf Classic 2011 Watergrasshill Girls Underage Academy with Cork City’s Danny Murphy who attended the Club’s recent Summer Camp. Thanks to Danny for his assistance in coaching Danny Murphy with some of our CSL players WATERGRASSHILL Utd. is holding its annual Golf Classic on Friday, August 5th, in Mitchelstown Golf Club to help the club raise much needed funds for the operation and development of club facilities and teams. Watergrasshill Utd provides sporting facilities to a large number of people in the environs of Watergrasshill, Glenville and Rathcormac, including junior men’s, junior ladies, and underage teams (Boys & Girls) from U-6 to U17. We are continuously striving to improve our facilities while expanding the number of teams within the club. Your support of this enjoyable event would be gratefully appreciated, in the form of a team of three players at a cost of €150, or the sponsorship of a tee box for €100. The cost for entering a team includes green fees for 18 holes of golf, refreshments and prizes for the top teams in the event. If you would like to enter a team or sponsor a tee box, please contact either of the following people: Niall O’Riordan at 086 8540592 or Paul Sharkey at 086 8225646. 2011/2012 Season We are presently looking for male players born in 1995 & 1996. If interested please contact us at [email protected] or visit us on facebook Junior players Training has resumed, each Tuesday & Thursday. Enquiries to Niall O’Riordan at 086 8540592. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 32 Ir wins Three Mobile Bus at Clashmore Ramblers vs. John Aldridge XI Fundraiser CLASHMORE Ramblers will play the John Aldridge Legends XI on the new pitch at Pablo to raise money to build club dressing rooms. Half of all proceeds from this event will go towards Irish Autism Action. It would be great to have the local community and surrounding areas support these two great causes. Irwins Youghal are teaming up with Three mobile to help raise more funds for the team. Simply visit Irwins Three Mobile Bus for fantastic deals and offers on Phone and Broadband. Every sale on the day will generate a payment to the club. Up to €50 per person can be made for the team! Clashmore Ramblers FC team will take on ex-professional players of the calibre of ex-Liverpool John Aldridge, Jason McAteer, Paul Walsh and Rob Jones; ex-Manchester United Lee Martin, Keith Gilespie, Clayton Blackmore, Arthur Albiton, Liam O’Brien and Frank Stapleton and exCeltic Tommy Boyd and Tommy Johnson. This is a great chance to meet your sporting heroes and see them challenge our local boys. Your support is greatly appreciated and we are looking forward to a fantastic day! Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal A legend-ary night for soccer fans Spirit of Clashmore Charity Weekend THE waiting is almost over, with just two weeks before the Legends line out in Pablo Park. Clashmore Ramblers are pleased to announce the full squad coming to Waterford on SundayJuly 31st, KO 3pm. Legends XI has put a strong squad together, including Ireland’s heroes John Aldridge, Jason McAteer and Frank Stapleton, former Liverpool players Paul Walsh and Rob Jones, Manchester United’s Clayton Blackmore, Lee Martin and Arthur Albiston, Newcastle United stars Keith Gillespie and Liam O’Brien, not forgetting Celtic Legends Tom Boyd and Tommy Johnston. With players from Liverpool, Manchester United, Newcastle United, Celtic and Irish Internationals, this is a game every football fan will enjoy! On July 30th and 31st Clashmore Ramblers FC, in conjunction with Irish Autism Action, will be hosting a fundraising charity weekend with a host of exciting events for everyone to enjoy. The weekend will kick off in Clashmore in Saturday July 30th when a 5k Fun Run with Gerry Duffy, the 32 Marathons Legend and Deca Enduroman Champion 2011. Throughout July and August last year, Gerry completed a marathon each day for 32 days in every county in Ireland raising over half a million Euros for Irish Autism Action. This year he went one step further by doing 10 ironmans in 10 days to win the DECA Enduroman title in the UK on June 12th this year and raised a further €20K for the same charity! The entry fee for the fun run is €20 with each participant receiving a complimentary match ticket for the Sunday. Registration for the fun run with take place in The Old Still Bar, Clashmore at 5pm, with the race starting at 6pm. After the fun run a ‘Take Your Pick’ music night will be on in The Old Still Bar. On Sunday morning at 12.30pm there will be a free Kids Soccer Camp in Pablo Park, where our trainers will do some fun and exciting drills. An added bonus for our young players, is that the Legends will come and see you in action! At 3pm the much anticipated Legends XI v Clashmore Ramblers FC match will take place at Pablo Park. €10 match ticket doubles as a draw ticket; you will be in with a chance to win a Premiership trip for the 2011/2012 season! Tom Boyd commented on behalf of Legends XI, “It’s great to be involved in charity matches like this one with Clashmore Ramblers on 31st July. It’s important for local clubs to raise money for their facilities, and it’s great that we can raise as much as possible in the process for a very worthy cause such as Autism. Looking forward to the match and meeting the people of Waterford!” After the match the Legends will be heading to The Anchor Bar in Dungarvan and there you will get the chance to test the Legends on their sporting knowledge in a ‘Question of Sport’. Soccer fans will also get a second opportunity to get their photograph taken with the Premier League and Champions League trophies from 6pm in Lawlor’s Hotel, Dungarvan. To end what will be a most memorable weekend for all, a Gala Dinner Evening, An Audience with Sports Stars, will take place in Lawlor’s Hotel. RTE pundit, Michael Duignan will host live interviews with ex-Liverpool and Irish internationals John Aldridge and Jason McAteer, former Waterford Hurler Paul Flynn and former Meath Footballer Bernard Flynn and many more. You can enjoy pre-dinner drinks from 7.45pm with the Sports Stars followed by a three course meal and after the sporting interviews you will enjoy some great music and craic! Tickets for the Gala Dinner are just €35 but there is only a limited number so early booking is essential. You can get your Gala Dinner tickets from Lawlor’s Hotel or contact Vinnie on 087 1261459. Springfield Ramblers FC THIS is an important announcement for parents with regard to player registrations for the coming season. Player registrations will take place on Thursday, August 11th at the VEC Community College at 7.30pm. Parents must accompany all players to sign the registration forms. Letters confirming these arrangements are in the post. Clashmore Ramblers FC was formed in 1995 and has grown immensely over the last number of years with the extension of the schoolboys and girls in 2007. Club chairman commented, ‘In 2009 we began the construction of our new pitch at Pablo Park and with the money raised over this weekend the club would hope to begin building dressing rooms for our up and coming young Ramblers. When we first set out to begin this fundraiser we were given the opportunity to raise funds for Irish Autism Action and we jumped at the chance.” Irish Autism Action, whose patron is Keith Duffy, was founded ten years ago and was set up to bring a positive change to the lives of those affected by autism by providing a range of services including awareness raising, early detection diagnosis, education support, advocacy, counselling, helpline, home based support, transition planning, social housing, research information and advice for families. John Aldridge will hope to be ‘on the ball’ on the night Keith Duffy said earlier this week how delighted he is that Irish Autism Action will be one of the benefactors of this event and he also said, ‘As you know I am patron of the charity and I got involved because my little girl, Mia, has autism. I am glad to say that Mia, because she got the right intervention through the help of Irish Autism Action, is now in a mainstream school with children of her own age. I want to make sure that as many children as possible get the same chance. With your support every €1,000 raised will take a child off a waiting list for diagnosis, so every cent counts.’ Clashmore Ramblers FC are proud to put their name to this Charity weekend and with all the funds raised, half will go to the club and half will go to Irish Autism Action. For more details on how to purchase tickets for the Fun Run, Legends XI Match or the Gala Dinner contact Vinnie on 087 1261459 or email [email protected]. Match tickets are priced at €10 across the board, with the exception of under 5’s, who are free. All tickets stubs will enter a draw at half time to win a Trip for Two to a Premier Game of their choice in the 2011/2012 Season. Midleton FC Lotto Results Results for Thursday, July 21st for a jackpot of €4,250. The numbers drawn were 5, 15, 21 and 25. There was no winner. Bonus draw for €1,000. The numbers drawn were 16, 19, 22 and 24. There was no winner. Lucky dip winners were, Tracy Spriggs (U14), Geraldine Lambe (B. Lambe), Joe Jahill (David U12), Darren Hodnett (U14), Mary T. Salter (J. O’Brien), Eileen Cooney (D. Hickey), Pauline Houlihan (Pa), Marie Devlin (Pa), Mary White (Pa) and Martin O’Brien (Banners). The next lotto draw will take place on Thursday, July 28th, in the Club House, Knockgriffin Park, for a jackpot of €4,500. FAI Summer Camp Competition Make sure to logon to www.facebook.com/midletonfc and enter our competition for your chance to win one of two places up for grabs this summer. AGM Midleton FC’s AGM takes place tonight, Wednesday, July 27th, at 8pm at the clubhouse at Knockgriffin. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 33 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Ardmore FAI Soccer Camp ARDMORE recently held their Summer Soccer School in association with An Post and the FAI. All the children had fun, learned new skills, made friends and had a great week. Soccer Camp with Youghal Baptist Church A REMINDER that August 22nd-25th at Ardrath Park, (kindly loaned), is the place to be for the Coaching4Christ Summer Camp, in partnership with Youghal Baptist church, with the full co-operation of Youghal United AFC! There will be two training sessions each day, 10.30am-12.30pm (for 7-11 yr olds) and 2.30pm-4.30pm (for 12-14 yr olds) The cost has been kept to a minimum at €10 per child and there will be no charge for third and subsequent children (in genuine cases!) The bad weather last year prompted the switch for the Summer Camp from July to August and all are hoping for sunshine and warmth. Hopefully, the August date will avoid clashing with all the other fine Camps & activities that are on in the town over the summer. Application forms will be available in early August, so watch this page. Cobh Pirates RFC Calling all ladies! THE Ladies have now started their pre-season training. New members/players are welcome and encouraged to come along and give it a go. Annual golf classic Golf Classic in Cobh Golf Club on Friday, August 26th. 3 ball scramble, €90 per Team, Team of 3 Seniors €60. Instalment payments taken by any Committee Member. 1st prize 3x €200 vouchers for Pro Shop. Anyone wishing to pay for themselves or their team in instalments may do so in the Keen House, or the bar in the clubhouse. Bookings can be taken at Cobh Golf Club also. Children’s Summer Tag The Children’s Summer Tag Competition will commence this year with a registration night on Monday night, August 1st in the Paddocks.This fantastic competition caters for children aged 5 to 18 and is the ideal way to introduce children to rugby in the ‘non-contact’ environment. The competition will run every Monday night, culminating in a finals day, which is always a great day for all the family. This method of rugby is great fun for boys and girls, played in a safe environment. Many of our budding young stars started playing rugby this way, and with a ladies team now in place it is a great way to get young ladies involved also. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 34 Four goal leak doesn’t deter Ballinacurra Evening Echo Quarter Final Cork County Junior ‘B’ Hurling Championship BALLINACURRA 2-17 BELGOOLY 4-07 BALLINACURRA are through to the semi final of the Cork County Junior ‘B’ Hurling Championship, despite leaking four goals to Belgooly last Saturday evening at Riverstown. This was an entertaining game, with some strange moments, where it felt at times that the Belgooly full forward, Liam Corkery, could score a goal every time the ball came his way. The opening ten minutes were tight, both sides pointing, one from Belgooly’s Kieran Kiely from a free, and a pointed Ballinacurra score from play by Tom O’Leary. Then Ballinacurra started to take control with the excellent Scott Richards pointing, and the men from East Cork added two further points and a goal from Brian Sigerson to lead the game by five points after fifteen minutes. On the sixteenth minute Corkery had the first of his goals in a first half hat-trick. A ball to the right of the Ballinacurra goal was met by Corkery, who finished with ease. Again the Ballinacurra response was good with Richards and Denis McCarthy pointing, but then, on the 23rd minute, a long range Kiely free was flicked home by Corkery into the Ballinacurra net. DECLAN BARRON REPORTS Corkery scored his third goal seconds later, when poor defending let the Belgooly full forward in with the free shot. Ballinacurra were exceptional in the opening ten minutes of the second half scoring six points without reply, and when Kiely pointed for Belgooly on the 43rd minute the immediate reply from Ballinacurra was a Killian Harty kicked goal, to give Ballinacurra the seven point advantage. Amazingly, Kevin O’Connor scored Belgooly’s fourth goal on the 47th minute, but the rest of this match belonged to Scott Richards who pointed for fun and, despite a late rally from Belgooly, Ballinacurra held out Killeagh camogie U18 panel IT HAS been a very busy week on the field for Killeagh Camogie Club. However, the sun shone for our second U18 game at Páirc Uí Chenneide. It was great to see so many parents, family members and even some of our senior girls, supporting the team. Particularly so as some of these U18’s are already part of the senior team and they all are the future of our club. A fit and able Mallow team were our opposition and they had 3 points and a goal scored before Killeagh got into the game! Kate Murphy opened our scoring with two well struck frees. However, pressure in the backline saw us concede frees which Mallow scored easily. At 1-7 to 0-2 we looked to be in trouble, but Roisin Culligan began the turnaround with a lovely point, followed up by a point from Jessica Tracey and 2 frees from Kate and a further long range free. Aghada Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Sigerson and Richards hit back again with points for Ballinacurra on the 29th minute, but Great defence from the back line of Elaine Terry, Nora Walsh and Ellen Benaim, coupled with superb hurling from Aoife Walsh and Laura Tracey at mid-field, prevented further scoring from Mallow. Kate scored a much needed goal from a free, and with 2 further points from Mallow the full time score was Killeagh 1-7 to Mallow 1-10. Team mentors JP Murphy, Tadgh Landers and Mattie Tracey spoke to the girls at the break, encouraging them and reinforcing their confidence in their abilities. He made a few positional changes and we were ready to go. Jessica Swayne in goals hit out all that was thrown at her, Becky Fitzgerald, Shauna Harnedy and Niamh Daly supported the mid-field. Kate had a few more points, Jessica Tracey and Roisin Culligan were passing some lovely balls to the in- Cork County GAA fixtures THURSDAY, JULY 28TH: Division 1 Football League: St. Finbarr’s vs. Clonakilty at Togher (WDQ-70-9JN), 8pm Round 7 FRIDAY, JULY 29TH: Evening Echo Intermediate Hurling Championship: Kilworth vs. Kanturk at Milford, 7.30pm Round 4 (alt 7/8) EVENING ECHO U21 B FOOTBALL CHAMPIONSHIP: Cill Na Martra vs. Glenbower Rovers at Páirc Uí Rinn (WCQ-993ZN), 7.30pm Final. side line of Ashling Landers, Shauna and Ciara o Connor. Kate scored goal No. 2. Jessica O’Shea was introduced and the fresh legs helped the game enormously. A long pass in from Laura was caught by Shauna Landers and buried in the net. Emma and Olive were introduced and with a fantastic effort by the whole panel we gained ourselves a great victory 3-10 to 1-11. Our thanks to Sean Oliphant (Youghal) for being the capable man with the whistle, and for being available to us when needed. In the absence of the Management team it was still game on as our senior team took on Tracton in the last game of the Summer Cup. With victories over St. Finbarr’s, Aughabullogue and Kilbrittain/Timoleague we were all set to make it a grand slamand this we did! TG4 Ladies Football Championship and Minor Championship Finals AUGUST 1ST: TG4 Senior Ladies Championship - Tipperary vs. Clare, Birr, Co. Offaly, 4.15pm, (K. Tighe) All Ireland Minor Championship Finals: All Ireland Minor A Champi- for a comfortable four point victory in the end. They now progress to the semi final. SCORERS FOR BALLINACURRA: S Richards 0-11 (7f) B Sigerson 1-2, K Harty 1-0, T O’Leary 0-2, M O’Sullivan and D Daly 0-1each. BELGOOLY: L Corkery 3-0, K Kiely 0-5 (3f) L O’Riordan and T Keogh 0-1 each. BALLINACURRA: A Murphy; R Keohane, I Cahill, T O’Meara; D McCarthy, T Richards, M Stack; D Daly, T Costigan; T O’Leary, S Richards, M O’Sullivan; S Finnegan, K Harty, B Sigerson. Sub: R Lehane for S Finnegan (23) BELGOOLY: T Cowhig; T O’Sullivan, M Tobin, K Corkery; D O’Donovan, A Desmond, D Murphy; K Kiely, K O’Connell (Capt); P Power, Paul O’Donoghue, Thomas Keogh; J Power, L Corkery, J Daly. Subs: L O’Riordan for L Corkery (45) J O’Keefe for J Power (52) REFEREE: Donal Shorten (St Mary’s). Tracton opened the scoring with a point and this was quickly equalled by Kate Murphy. Ann Marie Walsh had a great run from the back-line and finished it off over the bar. Tracton responded with two points and, just like Ann Marie Walsh, Mary O’Connor drove up the field and put the ball over the bar. The final ten minutes belonged to Kate as she added a further 1-2 to her score tally. Elizabeth Kelly opened the second half with a well taken goal. Things were looking good for us but Tracton had other ideas -2 points followed by 2 goals had our sideline crew sweating in earnest- Gillian, especially, who was off due to injury. Noelle O’Donovan settled our nerves somewhat with 2 well taken points. Shauna Landers delivered a lovely pass from Mary O’Connor to the back of the net. We were able to breathe again with a 3-8 to 2-5 victory. Never was the cuppa so welcome - in what is becoming a regular refreshment event after matches - enjoyed this time even by the gate-crashers! onship Final - Dublin vs. Cork, Birr, 2.30pm, (J. Niland) All Ireland Minor A Shield Final - Kerry vs. Meath, Banagher, 5pm, (J. Flood) Minor B Championship Final Wicklow vs. Armagh, Páirc Tailteann, 2pm, (P. Kehoe) All Ireland Minor B Shield Final - Louth vs. Antrim, Athletic Grounds, TBC, (B McCallion). AGHADA advanced in the U21 B Hurling Championship with a great win over old rivals, Fr. O’Neill’s, in Carrigtwohill last Saturday night, July 23rd. Aghada lined out without the inspirational Michael Russell (recovering from a broken finger), but it mattered little as the lads lifted their game. None more so than Collinwood star, Josh O’Shea, who proved that football skills come in handy when he kicked his opening goal on the 21st minute. His second goal came on the 54th minute when he ghosted behind the defence and tapped the sliotar to the net, following a great catch by man of the match, Eoin Healy at centre forward. This goal was vital as O’Neill’s had converted a 21 yard free moments before. The game opened with two points from Cian Fleming and Shane Wall on the second and third minutes. Then the scoring stopped ’til Josh’s goal on the 21st minute. Both sets of backs were on top at this stage but O’Neill’s had levelled the game by the 16th minute. Minutes later they led for the first time. It was then tit for tat but two long range frees from Fleming saw us go in at half time level 1-4 to seven points. On resuming Aghada went about their business with gusto as Fleming led the charge with four points, one from play, one from a free and two 65s, in a five minute spell. Minutes later Healy landed two magnificent minors, as Aghada surged clear. Then, from the puck out, the ref Pa Beausang fell and broke his ankle. It looked like the game would be abandoned but for the intervention of the umpire, who happened to be a ref, and he finished the game. Healy landed another point followed by Fleming. O’Neill’s then got the aforementioned lifeline but Josh put paid to that. Ronan Kennedy, Shane Wall and Healy added three more minors before O’Neill’s were awarded a semi penalty on the 34th minute which was converted, but mattered little. Andrew O’Donoghue, Dave Rice, and Eoin Savage also had fine games. The next fixture is against Cobh or St. Catherine’s on Wednesday, August 17th. Team John O’Brien, Willie O’Shea, Conor Rice, Andrew O’Donoghue, Dave Rice, Seámus Ó Gormain, Eoin Savage, Cian Fleming (0-8 play 2, 65’s 2, frees 4) Tim Hartnett, Shane Wall (0-2) (Capt), Eoin Healy (0-4), Josh O’Shea (2-0), Ronan Kennedy (0-1), Willie Leahy , Ryan O’Keeffe Final score: Aghada 2-14 Fr. O’Neill’s 2-8 . Upcoming fixture 27/7: U16 H Aghada vs. Castlelyons home at 7pm 7/8: Senior Football Championship at Castlelyons - Aghada vs. Avondhu, 3.30pm (C. Lyons) Weekend of 14/8: MHC 12-a-side - Aghada vs. Lisgoold quarterfinal 14/8: IHC at Mallow - Meelin vs. Aghada, 3.30pm (D. Copps) 17/8: U21 B H C quarter-final - Aghada vs. St. Catherine’s / Cobh at Lisgoold Cloyne GAA lotto Don’t forget, for up to the minute news go to www.aghadagaa.com NUMBERS drawn were 14, 16, 21 and 28. Bonus 27. No winner. Match 3 and Bonus - no winner 2 match 3’s each receive €75: Aileen & Robyn Lee, Ballyduff; Martina O’Brien c/o Eoin O’Sullivan. Next week jackpot is €3,800. East Cork GAA results JHL Div 3 Sec 1: Russell Rovers 2-11 Cobh 1-12 Round 7. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Kiltha Óg Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal U10s Kiltha Óg vs. Cloyne Having over a week off after playing Lisgoold our group 2C team were back in action last week when we welcomed Cloyne to Castlemartyr. Not having played Cloyne before, we were a bit unsure of what we were facing but as it turned out most of the Cloyne team will be U-10 again next year, so we had a year’s advantage. As expected Cloyne were very tough in their tackling and play and it took our boys a while to get to grips with them, but once Niall Morgan got going in the middle we controlled the game. Jack and Leo were well on top in defence, with great help from Sean and Stephen. Niall, Thomas and Liam kept the ball moving through midfield to our forwards which kept the pressure on Cloyne. Ronan was in mighty form with so much skill and speed that Jerry O’Connor would be proud of. Inside was our very own Ben O’Connor in Niall Flynn who, with amazing control, slotted over three great points and was unlucky to have a goal disallowed as well. These two were well helped by Jack Lamb, Robbie and Darragh in attack. In the end we won handy enough and went away to prepare for the visit of Fr. O’Neill’s to Dungourney on Friday night. Kiltha Óg vs. Fr. O’Neill’s O’Neill’s, whom we played earlier in the year, were a very good strong hurling team and we knew we were going to be up against it, as it proved. The first score took nearly fifteen minutes to come but the hurling in general was fantastic to watch, with two very good sides displaying all their skills. Scores were hard to get. O’Neill’s had a chance of a goal but Peter made a great save to keep it out, and with cool heads in front we were never really in trouble back there, with Jack and Leo cleaning up everything they threw at us, Niall was flying in midfield. Ronan again was flying and his work rate is something to be very pleased about as he never gives up, Niall Flynn was doing everything he could to goal as, indeed, were all the rest but no matter what we threw at them nothing was passing their goal line. In the end we ran out winners by just a few points to keep us unbeaten in this group so far. While everyone was fantastic throughout we have to mention Jack McGann who was on fire in this game, and is one to watch for the future. Well done lads on both games, as they were very tough ones. Next up for this team is Youghal on Friday July 29th. U16s Kiltha Óg 1-13 Fr. O’Neill’s 1-16 Our U16s put in a good hour of hurling, and with Paudie Harney 04 and Jamie Stack 0-3 in fine scoring form, we trailed by only a point at half time. Fr O’Neills upped the ante in the first part of the second half, but with a further 3 points from Jamie we stayed within striking distance. A late goal by Colm Griffin made the finish exciting, but Fr. O’Neills saw out the game to finish winners. A good performance, though, with Liam Martin, James Lawton, Jamie Stack and Paudie Harney leading the way. Kiltha Óg 0-14 Charleville 2-11 Another 3 point defeat in what was a very niggly affair, marred by several yellow cards and a red one at the end. The match itself was very even at half time 0-6 to 1-3 with points from Jamie Stack 0-2 and Liam Martin, Colm Griffin, Bill O’Neill and Daryl McCarthy. Second half saw Charleville lead by 6 points at one stage but with Jamie 0-5 and points from Bill and Paudie Harney, we narrowed the gap to three points. A late goal by Paudie was disallowed for over carrying, and the ref blew to give Charleville the victory. Best on the day for keeping his cool and giving a fine display at wing back was Andy Cronin. Dungourney LOTTO results for 18/7/11 for a jackpot of €600. There was no winner. Lucky dip winners were Caroline and David Hennessy €35, Anne Wallace €25 and Margaret Sheehan €15. Next jackpot €750. Fixtures The Junior A hurlers take on Midleton on Saturday, July 30th in Killeagh at 7pm. Midleton will be a tough nut to crack, but our lads have put in a great effort in training and here’s hoping we will click on the night to advance to the next round. As usual, support will be vital on the night, so make sure you are all there to cheer on the team. The best of luck lads. Junior Hurling Championship Preview Lios gCul vs. Carrig na bhFearr Saturday, July 30th, 7.15 pm, in Rathcormac WE now are at the meaty end of the hurling season, with make or break time having arrived. Our opponents at Quarter Final stage will be the boys from the western end of the Barony, Carrig na bhFearr, who will pose a significant challenge, as proven by their victory over Midleton in the previous round. At the time of writing, manager Mike Woods reports no injury doubts, with a full panel available to pick from, and a number of those who did not play in earlier rounds chomping at the bit in anticipation of a position on the starting fifteen. No doubt that Ciaran Cronin will continue between the sticks, where his solid and assured handling will surely provide a calming influence on his defensive sextet. The game will likely come too soon for Noel Connery, whose recovery continues, and Barry Aherne and Owen O’Sullivan will vie for the number five jersey in his absence. Veteran Kevin O’Shea will add a stability to a youthful defence, where Cathal Cashman and Patrick O’Mahony will hope to continue their early season form. The choices facing the decision makers regarding the final composition of the midfield pairing will cause a few sleepless nights for the management team, with the decision on who will partner John Cronin awaited with some relish. Maurice O’Connell, John Cashman, John McCarthy, Wayne Kingston and Finbarr Brosnan will surely be pushing for inclusion here. Up front, Rob Smart, now that his examination commitments are complete, should come into the reckoning, while John McCarthy and Jonathon O’Shea will aim to keep the scoreboard ticking in our favour. A form line is evident as both sides have defeated similar opposition in earlier rounds, with very similar outcomes, so a close encounter is, no doubt, likely. However, we will travel to Rathcormac on Saturday with hope and some expectation of setting up a final four clash with the winners of the Sars v Bride Rovers encounter. Best of luck to all involved. Junior Hurling League Lios gCul 0-16 Shanballymore 0-14 A sunny and breezy Friday evening in Shanballymore saw us conclude our League campaign in the Imokilly / Avondhu League with a tasty encounter and a visit to Shanballymore. Hot on the heels of a decent challenge victory over Waterford side Toureen, this game was also played at a frantic, almost Championship like tempo, with out lads outlasting our hosts for a deserved two point success. These latest two victories were built on a fluid attacking performance, solid score taking and a tight defence which allowed few opportunities for our opponents, which augers well for our Championship Quarter Final on Saturday night. Best for Lisgoold on Friday night were Barry Aherne, Robert Smart and John Cronin whose mobility caused endless problems for the Avondhu side. Congratulations To club supporter and neighbour Tom O’Riordan, and Alison Leo on their fairytale wedding in Effin, Co. Limerick recently. We wish Tom and Alison a long life and happiness together, and a very warm welcome to Ballyedmond to Alison, our newest parish neighbour. Also congratulations to Wayne Kingston, Road Bowling Champion of Munster, who now throws in the All Ireland Final, where we wish him continued success. Scrappage collection As you might know a lot of GAA clubs have taken to collecting scrap as a fundraiser and we are now going to give it a try. No matter how big or small, we are interested in it. A member of the committee will call to houses in the next week to establish if it’s a viable proposition and, if it is, we will be accepting scrap straight away. A central depot will be established but if you can’t get it there, then we will collect it. For further details you can contact Michael Griffin. Killeagh 35 Lotto THERE was no winner of this week’s lotto. The numbers drawn were 32, 37, and 38. Next week’s jackpot now stands at €1,600. Margaret O’Connell, Eddie Scully, John and Peg Riordan, Dolly O’Donovan won €30 each. Thank you for supporting your club. Senior Hurling Championship Killeagh 0-16 Newtownshandrum 2-20 On Saturday evening last on a glorious afternoon we travelled to Fermoy to take on the formidable Newtownshandrum. Carrying the underdog tag we opened the scoring within the first minute and managed to go 3 in front before a swift response from Newtown pegged us back. Fifteen minutes in we were all tied up at 6 a piece. There was very little to separate the sides within the closing minutes of the first half, and then a blitz by Newtown saw them put 1-3 before the half time whistle to see us go in at half time with a scoreline of 1-13 to 10 points. Newtown held on to that 6 point advantage for the remainder of the second half. The killer blow came at the stroke of fulltime when Newtown scored their second goal. An unfair reflection of the game in general. While our senior status is safe for next year we still have senior hurling league for the rest of the summer. Congratulations to all concerned, and thanks to everyone for the hard work and commitment. U21 Football Championship – County Final 29/7 at 7.30pm in Páirc Uí Rinn This is history in the making for the club, who are playing Kilnamartra for the first time ever at this level of county football. Best of luck to the boys and their mentors. You support is a must! The Church Gate collection in aid of Páirc Uí Cinneide is deferred to a later date due to an appeal by Trocaire for the Somalia fund this Sunday, which is a very worthy cause. Scrap metal fundraiser – We want your scrap! A fundraiser in aid of Páirc Uí Cinneide– if you have any scrap metal lying around, no matter how big or small, please bring it along anytime to Dominic Fogarty’s garage. If you can’t lift it, we’ll shift it. You can contact Kieran Scully on 087 2660469. MIDLETON Junior A Hurling Championship MIDLETON face Dungourney in the quarter final of the Championship this coming Saturday, July 30th in Killeagh at 7pm. Dungourney were hugely impressive in their demolition of Castlemartyr in the opening round, and will be fancied to progress. Pearse McCarthy and his selectors have worked hard to overcome their long injury list to get to this stage, and with five games played in the championship to date, will not want for lack of match practice. Fé 9 On Saturday last we welcomed Cobh Fé 9’s to Clonmult Memorial Park for the first meeting between these two sides. Due to the summer holidays both teams were short of players but still managed to have 20 players each, which is a great turn out for this time of the year. Having the same number of players is a great start to any game at this age group, which means a full game for every player on both sides. We both picked two even teams of 10 aside and played two 15 minute aside games, with each Midleton team playing both Cobh teams. This turned out to be a very even and enjoyable mornings hurling with great skill levels on both sides. Thanks to Cobh for the game, and we will return to Cobh in the near future for another game. Also thanks to the parents of the players for their continued support. Fé 10 On Friday, July 22nd Midleton’s Fé 10’s travelled to Carrigaline for a hurling championship. Midleton travelled with 19 players, which was a good show considering all those away on holidays. The lads were split into two teams so that everyone got a full game. Carrigaline were a good challenge for our lads and, game by game, our lads are showing more understanding of their sport and good use of the skills gained in training. Training continues on Tuesday evenings from 6.30pm to 7.30pm and Saturday mornings from 9.45am to 11am. Fixtures: 2/8: Fé 16 Premier 2 Football league vs. Aghada away at 7.30pm 15/8: Fé 16 Premier 1 Hurling Championship vs. Blackrock in CIT at 6.45pm. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 St. Joseph’s are June Sports Stars REBEL ÓG RESULTS 36 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Central Premier 1 Minor Football Championship: Bishopstown 1-16 Clonakilty 1-14 Central Premier 1 Minor Hurling Championship: Blackrock 1-15 Douglas 0-17 Central Premier 2 Minor Hurling Championship: Valley Rovers 2-15 Carrigtwohill 3-10 Brian Dillon’s 0-9 Ballinhassig 2-15 Central Fé 18 Premier 2 Hurling League (2): Na Piarsaigh 0-11 Fr. O’Neill’s 2-11 Central Fé 16 Premier 2 Peil League Roinn 1: Carrigaline 2-6 Bantry Blues 1-20 MICHAEL Magner, Director, Fitzgerald’s Vienna Woods Hotel is pictured presenting Jason McGrath of St. Joseph’s NS, Riverstown, who were winners of the Sciath Na Scoil Hurling 2011, with the June Glanmire & District Sports Award. Also included are Cllr. Tim Lombard, Cork County Mayor, Anna Lynch, School Principal, Cork Rose of Tralee, Kathryn Brennan, Cllr. Ken O’Flynn, Deputy Lord Mayor, Denis Nominee, teachers and team members. (Photo: K. Aherne) Resounding success for Youghal Féile Weekend YOUGHAL’S Eochaill Óg were delighted to host a venue for the 2011 Féile (All-Ireland U14 Football Championship). This was a huge undertaking by many Clubs across the county with 186 teams taking part. Youghal hosted 2 teams, St. Bridget’s (Roscommon) & Sean O'Heslin’s (Leitrim), while over the 2 days 5 other visiting clubs (Killeagh/Ita’s, Kiltha Óg, Carrickmacross Emmetts (Monaghan), Newmarket & Ballyphehane) all descended upon Club Aras. The action commenced on Thursday with the local boys taking on near neighbours, Killeagh/Ita’s and Kiltha Óg taking on Carrickmacross Emmetts from Co. Monaghan. The Youghal boys quickly found themselves 0-6 to no score down after 10 minutes, but were given a lifeline 5 minutes to half time when they scored a goal following their first attack. This settled the team and they tacked on another 2 pts before the short whistle. The second half was a very competitive affair, with the Youghal boys eventually winning on a scoreline 1-6 to 0-8. Our girls took to the field against Sean O'Heslin’s, the Leitrim champions. Youghal got a terrific start by scoring a goal just after Heslins opened their account. The more experienced, and physically stronger Leitrim girls eventually took control to run out convincing winners 2-11 to 2-0. In other games ,the visiting teams proved to be too strong for Central Fé 16 Premier 1 Hurling League: Duhallow 0-13 Blackrock 4-15 Central Fé 16 Premier 2 Hurling League (1): Na Piarsaigh 2-10 Ballincollig 2-9 Central Fé 16 Premier 2 Hurling League (2): Kiltha Og 1-13 Fr. O’Neill’s 1-16 Central Fé 16 Premier 2 Hurling League (3): Sliabh Rua 0-9 Courcey Rovers 1-9 Central Fé 15 Premier 1 Hurling League (1): Midleton 0-12 Valley Rovers 3-11 Central Fé 14 Premier 1 Hurling League (1): Ballincollig 0-10 Sarsfield 4-14 Central Fé 14 Premier 2 Hurling League (2): Killeagh/Ita’s 6-12 Midleton 2-8. Youghal GAA family fun weekend all local teams and Friday's first boy's game between St. Bridget’s (Roscommon) & Carrickmacross Emmetts (Monaghan) decided who progressed to the semi-final stages. This was a cracker of a game with the Roscommon boys eventually winning after withholding a strong 2nd half comeback from Carrickmacross. The girls group proved to be a much tighter affair with all 3 visiting teams ending up on 6 points each. The abacus in the county board was called for and our host team, Sean O'Heslin’s, were declared winners on a scoring difference of 1 point. Unfortunately, both winners from Youghal were beaten in the semi-final stages on the Friday evening. The highlight of the weekend was the participation in the parade from the Mardyke to Grand Parade in Cork. With over 4000 players marching with their Club & County flags there was a real carnival atmosphere throughout the evening. All the boys and girls were in full voice with "Up the Youghal Girls", "Everywhere we Go" and "Up the Youghal Boys" and then we marched on to meet our own Clubman and President of the GAA, Christy Cooney, where each captain received a memento pennant. After the parade, on our return to Club Aras, the host families picked up their visiting players and brought them home for a well earned rest and the start of friendships between players for years to come. On Friday night Eochaill Óg held a social event in the Walter Raleigh, with a disco for all the teams and a traditional music session in the bar with Cemholtas entertaining the parents, supporters and Club members. At the end of the evening both visiting teams and Eochaill Óg made presentations to each other as a memento of the week- end. Overall, this was a fantastic weekend for our Club and the town, with over 200 visitors staying for the weekend. With fabulous weather over the 2 days, Youghal was shown in a very positive light and, hopefully, some of these Féile visitors will return and revisit our historic town. Eochaill Óg would like to take this opportunity to thank all members who helped in any way in organising the weekend under the leadership of Féile Officer, Kieran Cliffe, our sponsors Shane Keohane Scaffolding, The Coffee Pot, O'Neill Oils, Galvin’s Cost Cutters, Twomey’s Butchers, The Red Store & Noel Cronin. For entertainment over the weekend, many thanks to The Walter Raleigh Hotel for the hall and to Ceoltais and to DJ Andrew for musical entertainment. THIS weekend sees the return of the ever popular Fun Weekend Days at Eochaill. It all starts on Friday, July 29th at 7pm at Club Aras as teams of 4 per car will be in a quiz race. There will be a race by all competitors to pick up their car keys and the 20 questions, following a shotgun start. Then the team of 4 will first have to figure out which direction they have to take, and then try to solve the questions. The first team back with the 20 questions correctly answered are the winners. Following the quiz there will be a bit of a Séisúin in Club Aras with music and craic. There is no age limit on this quiz, except for the car driver who obviously has to be the correct age and meet all lawful requirements to drive the vehicle. On Saturday between 1 & 2pm there will be a parent’s match. This was a marvellous success last year and by popular demand this match makes a return. Then, at 3pm, it will be time for ‘Superstars’ based on the popular 70’s television programme and various clubs from the town will take each other on until the competition is finished. Sunday is family fun day, which will have live music, novelty races and fun games all day. Sunday is live on Community Radio Youghal 104FM and the club wishes to thank Declan and all the gang at CRY for their support. There will also be food stalls on display and a mini market there too, so there is something for everyone in the audience. As Sunday coincides with our Intermediate Football Championship Match against Glanmire in the Evening Echo Intermediate Football Championship, don’t worry if you’re not going to the match, as there will be a video replay of the game on Sunday night at Club Aras, so you won’t miss a kick. As always, everyone is welcome along to Club Aras. Bring a friend and come and see what brilliant facilities we have to offer you and your family. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 37 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Draw proves kind to Cork footballers who face Mayo in quarter-final Sunday, July 31st at 4pm in Croke Park: Cork vs. Mayo ALL Ireland champions, Cork, have been drawn against Connaught champions, Mayo, in the quarter final with the winner set to meet either Kerry or Limerick in the semi final. Cork will not be looking that far ahead just yet and their focus will be on a Mayo side that struggled to overcome Roscommon in the Connaught final. It was hard to judge them on that display as conditions were terrible on the day. The fixtures committee has put the Kerry/ Limerick game on at 2pm followed by the Cork/ Mayo clash in Croke Park, which means another long journey for Munster supporters. Cork have a few injury worries, with Daniel Goulding being the worst, but the team to do duty will not be too far removed from the side that defeated Down. Without pre judging a Mayo team that I have not seen Russell Rovers Russell Rovers 2-11 Cobh 1-12 OUR Junior hurlers played Cobh in Division 3 of the JHL in Shanagarry last Tuesday night week, and collected both points on offer after a hard fought and closely contested game. The evergreen veteran, Donie Fitzgerald, proved that class is permanent when he fired over our opening score inside the first minute, and added another 5 minutes later. Cobh then began to find their rhythm and raced into a 4 points lead by the 20th minute. Indeed, they could have been out of sight were it not for two outstanding saves by Chris Scanlon and some excellent defending by Pa Crowley, David Whelehan and James Ahern, with Kevin Ivers, Tom O’Brien and Ricky Walsh also putting in a good shift. Ian Smiddy, having earlier pointed a free, reduced the deficit to the bare minimum when he took on the Cobh defence before whipping a ground shot into the far corner of the net. Cobh hit back with a goal of their own but late points by Fitzgerald (2) and Kevin O’Brien (1) saw us trailing at the break by just two points, 1-8 to 1-6, having played against a stiff breeze. DECLAN BARRON PREVIEWS THE ACTION in the flesh, I believe that Cork will be too strong for the men from the West, but as we saw last week with Galway in the hurling, and Wexford in the football, any team can get caught on the day. Bride Rovers show the hunger to see off Bishopstown Cork County Senior Hurling Championship Replay Bride Rovers 2-10 Bishopstown 0-11 DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM RIVERSTOWN Conor Counihan will not allow complacency, and while Mayo should give Cork a good test, I cannot see them beating the rebels, and setting up another shot at either Kerry or Limerick. On form Kerry will be strongly fancied and, being the curtain raiser, Cork will know their opponents before taking to the field. With this game fixed for Sunday a number of club fixtures may be rescheduled so supporters please check with your local club as changes will not have been announced prior to going to print. The introduction of second half substitutes paid dividends, with Shane Fleming putting over two sublime points and Sean Maher getting in for a decisive goal to swing the game in Rovers favour. Another brace of points by Smiddy, and one from Whelehan, sealed a well-merited win. TEAM: Chris Scanlon, Tom O’Brien, Pa Crowley, Kevin Ivers, James Ahern, David Whelehan (0-1), Ricky Walsh, Tadhg Crowley, Brian Crowley, Eoin McGrath, Ian Smiddy (1-3), Kevin O’Brien (0-1), Aidan Beausang, Donal Fitzgerald (0-4), Jonathan Walsh. Subs: Shane Fleming (0-2), Sean Maher (10), Antoin Walsh, James Moynihan, Kieran O’Brien, James Walsh, Martin O’Donoghue, Martin O’Flynn. Russell Rovers 3-17 St. Vincent’s 4-5 Our minor hurlers overcame the challenge of St. Vincent’s with a degree of comfort in the first round of the Minor A championship which was played in the St. Vincent’s venue last Sunday afternoon in excellent weather conditions. Playing against a very slight breeze our defence, which was well marshalled by Kevin Ivers and David Whelehan in the pivotal positions, was under pressure for much of the opening quarter but dealt capably with everything thrown at them, though it must be said the city side were guilty of some wayward shooting. Five points (4f) by Daniel O’Brien, two from Shane Fleming and one each by Jack Daly and Joseph O’Flynn gave us a 3 points cushion at the break, 0-9 to 1-3, with the Vincent’s goal coming from a very dubious penalty in the 29th minute after Daniel Guerin had made a great save. A two-goal salvo by Fleming shortly after the re-start, and a cracking goal by Daly in the 16th minute put Rovers firmly in the driving seat, with Ricky Walsh, Martin O’Flynn, Kieran Walsh and James Moynihan also contributing handsomely in general play. We then seemed to take our foot off the gas a little, with our defence leaking three secondhalf goals but further points by O’Brien (4), Colman Quinlan (3) and a long-range free by David Whelehan ensured our passage into the next round against St. Catherine’s, on a date to be advised. TEAM: Daniel Guerin, Brian Whelehan, Kevin Ivers, Shane Casey, Ricky Walsh, David Whelehan (Capt), Martin O’Flynn, Kieran Walsh, Daniel O’Brien, James Moynihan, Shane Fleming, Colman Quinlan, Joseph O’Flynn, Sean Maher, Jack Daly. Subs: Jack McGrath, Jack Beausang. Fixtures U21BHC vs. Youghal on Tuesday, August 2nd at 7.30pm in Killeagh. Car Boot Sale A Monster Car Boot Sale will be held in the club grounds on Bank Holiday Monday, August 1st, with bargains galore to be found by discerning customers. Blue Jeans Queen Festival The 35th Annual Blue Jeans Queen Festival gets under way on weekend, August 5th to 7th. Full details will appear in next week’s issue. BRIDE Rovers showed that they just wanted it so much more at Riverstown last Sunday afternoon, in this much awaited Cork Senior Hurling Championship replay. Bride Rovers, especially in the second half, demonstrated to Bishopstown how important winning in this grade is to the East Cork Club. Funnily enough, in the opening quarter it was like a stroll in the park for Bishopstown who raced into a 4 point lead with four scores from play off Ronan Conway, Pa Cronin, Thomas Murray and Eoghan McCarthy. It took Bride Rovers a good while to get going, and it was Barry Johnson who started the first half revival with a free, and then a score from play on the 19th minute from Dave Burke. Michael Power sent over a score from play for Bishopstown, but seconds later Burke was on target again for Rovers. It was from here on in that Bride showed their determination and forced a penalty on the 23rd minute, and when Johnson’s strike looked goal bound, only a brilliant save denied the East Cork Club the lead. Two minutes later Johnson made amends with a pointed free to make it a one point game. Back came Pa Cronin with a super score from play, but it was Johnson who had the final say of the first half for Pa Cronin wins this ball - but Bride Rovers won the match Bride Rovers with a delightful point from play on the 30th minute, sending his side in at half time just one point in arrears. Cronin got the early score for Bishopstown in the second half on the 32nd minute, but it would be a further 17 minutes before his side would score again. In the meantime, Bride Rovers went about their business in dramatic fashion. Two scores from Dan Dooley levelled matters on the 35th minute. Then, a ball in found substitute, Jason Mannix, who made no mistake stroking the ball home into the Bishopstown net, giving Rovers the lead for the first time on the 39th minute. It would be a lead that they would never relinquish. After a seven minute spell with no scoring Bride Rovers won a free on their own ‘65’. The ball was sent in towards the Bishopstown goal by Barry Johnson and was flicked to the right by Colm O’Keefe who found the on-waiting Dan Dooley, who powered the ball into the back of the Bishopstown net to give Rovers a six point lead. Sean Ryan added a further point for Rovers, who were buzzing at this stage, and Bishopstown looked like a side playing with 12 men. Thomas Murray pointed for the City side with 11 minutes to go, their first score since Cronin’s second half opener on the 32nd minute. Cronin pointed a free on the 51st minute, but immediately Johnson replied with a pointed free of his own for Rovers. Brian Murray and Thomas Murray got some late consolation scores for Bishopstown, but the very impressive Barry Johnson, who stood out as the man of the match, sent over a free and the match’s final score on the 60th minute. Bride Rovers always play to their last breath and showed the passion and the belief that they were not going to lose this one. They thoroughly deserved the victory and they are a side that nobody will want to meet in the next round. They now face Blackrock, this coming weekend. SCORERS FOR BRIDE ROVERS: B Johnson 0-5, D Dooley 1-2, J Mannix 1-0, D Burke 0-2, S Ryan 0-1. BISHOPSTOWN: P Cronin 0-4, T Murray 0-3, R Conway, M Power, E McCarthy and B Murray 0-1 each. BRIDE ROVERS: D Fitzgerald; A Collins, B Walsh, S Kearney; Brian Murphy, Barry Murphy (Capt) L Forde; D Burke, B Johnson; M Collins, M Kearney, P Murphy; C O’Keefe, S Ryan, D Dooley. Subs used: J Mannix and J O’Driscoll. BISHOPSTOWN: K O’Halloran; B Lane, S O’Neill, I Jones; D Hickey S O’Neill, J O’Sullivan; J Murphy, P Cronin; R Conway, M Power, E McCarthy; B Murray, D Crowley, T Murray. Subs: P O’Donoghue, D Lester and M O’Driscoll. REFEREE: David Copps (Ballyhea). Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 38 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Carrigtwohill see off Muskerry to advance to quarter final Favourites pushed all the way as Castlelyons bow out CARRIGTWOHILL 0-16 MUSKERRY 1-10 Castlelyons 1-4 Courcey Rovers 0-8 DECLAN BARRON REPORTS DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM PAIRC UÍ RINN CARRIGTWOHILL became the first East Cork side into the quarter final of the Evening echo sponsored senior hurling championship when they ended the hopes of divisional side, Muskerry, at Páirc Uí Rinn on Saturday night. Carrigtwohill made all of running on this occasion and while Muskerry did have the opening point, they were outplayed for the remainder of the game with Muskerry having only one real chance to close the gap from a 20 metre free, but Mark Sullivan’s effort was saved. On their last visit to this venue Carrigtwohill made a splendid start, and while they did not match it on this occasion, they were still able to dominate as Rob White, Mick Fitzgerald and the impressive Tomás Hogan were all on target in the opening minutes and by the end of the first quarter they led by 0-5 to 02. Muskerry responded with John Dinneen and Rory Doherty finding the target, but most of the scores for the divisional side were coming from frees through Pat Finnegan, who shot four of his sides first half points. Even with Finnegan’s accuracy the Muskerry men were just hanging on as Daniel O’Mahony, Niall McCarthy, Fitzgerald, Hogan and White all had Carrigtwohill points. White also had a good chance saved by Paul Ryan and another goal disallowed for square ball, as Carrigtwohill led by 0-11 to 0-6 at the short whistle. On the resumption both sides exchanged points and while Muskerry upped the tempo they could find no way through the Carrig defence with Andy Garde and Noel Furlong very strong in the central positions, while Colm O’Connell and Sean Flannery was also doing a lot of good work in defence. Carrig did have a let off when a shot, that dropped onto the crossbar, was batted towards goal but William McCarthy saved. A goal at that time might have kick started Muskerry but instead it was Hogan, O’Mahony and Fitzgerald who added on points for Carrigtwohill, who moved back into a six point lead. Sub, Aidan O’Mahony, pulled a point back for the divisional side and when Pat Finnegan finished the ball to the net with just three minutes of normal time remaining, it left Carrigtwohill on tender-hooks once more. Sustained Muskerry pressure yielded nothing in the way of scores as the Carrig defence held firm. Robert White then managed to sneak a relieving point, and while John Dinneen did get a long range effort to bring Muskerry to within a score, they really needed a goal to take the game to extra time. Carrig could sense victory, and every ball was contested as if their life depended on it. With time up Muskerry ran out of ideas and at the final whistle Carrig celebrated a famous victory that puts them into the quarter final. It was fully deserved and they can now look forward to having a right go at getting into the semi final. IN THE Premier Intermediate hurling championship favourites Courcey Rovers, were pushed all the way by a young Castlelyons side. In the end the greater experience of the winners saw them through. Castlelyons wasted some great chances to take the game to extra time in the closing stages, and earlier on missed a few scoreable frees to stay in touch. Normal free taker, Michael Spillane, was not in the starting fifteen and his absence was missed. Castlelyons did mange to raise the opening flag through Timmy McCarthy, but the lead was short lived as Niall Murphy equalised inside five minutes. Scoring chances were few and far between as both defenses were on top, although Seamus Hayes and Daire Lordan eased Courcey’s into a two point lead by the half way stage. The winners added another two points before the break through full forward, Gary Minihane and Seamus Hayes. Castlelyons wasted a number of chances before Darren Tobin got their second point on twenty six minutes. Ciaran McGann landed a point on the stroke of half time as Castlelyons trailed by 0-5 to 0-3. On the resumption Darren Tobin left just a point between the sides, but for the next twenty minutes it was Courcey Rovers who were the only team to score. They managed to add three more points, all from the stick of Daire Lordan, to lead by 0-8 to 0-4 after twenty minutes. The action was intense, but the hurling was not great, as Castlelyons found it hard to make any headway in attack until the speedy Robert Feeney broke through and kicked a goal to certainly throw the cat among the pigeons as Courcey’s were now back peddling. Castlelyons wasted three chances of an equaliser with Courcey’s hanging on, and in the Colm Spillane breaks clear end they did just enough to survive. When Castlelyons look back on their display, they will know that this was a game they could have won. Darren Tobin, Colm Spillane and Leo Sexton hurled very well and kept Castlelyons in the hunt, but in the end that failure to take their chances cost them and Courcey’s survive to move into the quarter final. CASTLELYONS: R Feeney 1-0, D Tobin 0-2, T McCarthy and C McGann 0-1 each. COURCEY ROVERS: D Lordan 0-4, S Hayes 0-2, G Minihane and N Murphy 0-1 each. CASTLELYONS: S O’Sullivan, B Carroll, S Kenny, C Barry, C Spillane, L Sexton, A O’Sullivan, E Maye, P Murphy, T McCarthy, B Fitzgerald, D Wallace, R Feeney, C McGann and D Tobin. Subs used M Spillane and A O’Regan. COURCEY ROVERS: S Nyhan, G Moloney, T Lordan, D Lordan, O Gately, V Hurley, B Hayes, D Hayes, D Murphy, K Moloney, N Murphy, D Lordan, G Moloney, G Minihane and S Hayes. Sub used S Lordan. REFEREE: James Dorgan, Nemo Rangers. CARRIGTWOHILL: M Fitzgerald 05, R White 0-4, T Hogan 0-4, D O’Mahony 0-2 and N McCarthy 0-1. MUSKERRY: P Finnegan 1-5, J Dinneen 0-3, R Doherty and A O’Mahony 0-1 each. CARRIGTWOHILL: W McCarthy, P O’Sullivan, A Garde, M O’Riordan, S Flannery, N Furlong, S Forbes, D O’Mahony, C O’Connell, L O’Sullivan, N McCarthy, B Lordan Capt, R White, M Fitzgerald and T Hogan. Subs used S Kidney and D Gosnell. MUSKERRY: P Ryan, J Carey, A O’Mahony, P O’Leary, N Buckley, S O’Donoghue, J Jordan, C Harris, J Dinneen, M Cremin, R Doherty, D O’Riordan, P Finnegan, M O’Sullivan and C Murphy. Subs used E Hegarty, A O’Mahony and J Crowley. REFEREE: James Dorgan, Nemo Rangers. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 39 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Valley Rovers end the hopes of Watergrasshill Watergrasshill 1-14 Valley Rovers 2-18 THIS time round Watergrasshill failed to raise their game enough, as Valley Rovers advanced to the 4th round after a comfortable enough victory in the replay at Páirc Uík Rinn on Sunday afternoon. Valley, with an Eamon Collins goal, forged ahead from the start on this occasion as Watergrasshill was always playing catch up. A second goal just on the call of half time helped Valley Rovers to a 2-6 to 0-8 interval lead as Shane O’Sullivan took advantage of a slip by Aidan Foley to usher the ball home. In the drawn game Watergrasshill had a nine point advantage at this stage, so on Sunday the boot was on the other foot, so to speak. John Halbert gave them hope with a good early point and when Paddy O’Regan brought the deficit back to just two points there appeared to be hope. It got even better as, while Valley pointed at one end, the sides were level as the excellent Sean O’Callaghan booted home an VALLEY ROVERS: W Burke, C Lynch, N O’Donovan, F Coughlan, J Hurley, C O’Donovan, D Lynch, R O’Donovan, B Lehane, M O’Brien, E Collins, D Coughlan, S O’Sullivan, T Burke and E Manning. Subs used: R Butler, J Burke and D Crowley REFEREE: Peter Downey, Inniscarra. St. Catherine’s and Blackrock end level in Midleton Noel O’Riordan did his best to get the Hill back into the game equalising goal with twenty min- 4th round meeting with Inniscarra. utes remaining. For Watergrasshill it will be a meeting with It was short lived, however, as relegation Valley with Chris O’Donovan Argideen Rangers to preserve again dominating began to pull their Premier Intermediate status away again, as Jeremy Hurley The East Cork mantle now falls and sub John Burke got Valley to Youghal as the only side from back on track. From there to the the division left in. finish Valley was the stronger WATERGRASSHILL: S O’Callaghan side and they now progress to a 1-2, J Halbert 0-4, N O’Riordan 0-3, P O’Regan and K Coakley 0-2 each and P Cronin 0-1. VALLEY ROVERS: E Collins 1-6, J Hurley 0-4, S O’Sullivan 1-0, R Butler, J Burke and B Lehane 0-2 each, E Manning and R O’Donovan 0-1 each. WATERGRASSHILL: A Foley, E O’Reilly, E Enright, W O’Leary, D McCarthy, S O’Callaghan, G Hogan, P O’Regan, A Cronin, J Foley, N O’Riordan, J Halbert, P Cronin, E Barry and P Cahill. Subs used: S O’Regan, M Barry and W Connolly. St. Catherine’s 0-13 Blackrock 1-10 On Saturday night in Midleton the accuracy of Kevin Dinneen earned St. Catherine’s another bite of the cherry as his late free earned the East Cork side a replay in the Intermediate hurling championship 4th round. Dinneen had earlier put St. Catherine’s into a three point lead before Patrick Deasy had the DECLAN BARRON REPORTS games only goal for Blackrock. The sides were level on eight occasions throughout this contest, with Derek Gosnell the scorer in chief for the Rockies while Dinneen along with Kieran Morrison and Brian Mulcahy, did most in attack for St. Catherine’s. Both sides will have to do it all again, however, as a draw was perhaps the best result in the finish. ST. CATHERINE’S: K Dinneen 0-7, B Mulcahy 0-2, K Morrison, R O’Connell, S Cotter and S Kearney 0-1 each. BLACKROCK: D Gosnell 0-7, P Deasy 1-1, M O’Donoghue and S O’Keeffe 0-1 each. ST. CATHERINE’S: I O’Connell, C Hegarty, R Clancy, E Kenneally, P O’Neill, P Cotter, L O’Connor, P Roche, S Fitzgerald, B Mulcahy, R O’Connell, S Cotter, K Dinneen, K Morrison and S Kearney. Subs used W Walsh and N O’Brien. BLACKROCK: P O’Brien, A Hogan, I Giltinan, J Heylin, S Murphy, R Curtin, JP Carroll, P Bennett, L Conway, D Gosnell, G Magner, S O’Keeffe, P Deasy, D Moran and D Cremin. Subs used E Smith, M O’Donoghue, A Hayes and M Drummond. REFEREE: Dave Farrell. Mitchelstown. Youghal destroy Tracton’s championship dreams with a superb performance at Riverstown DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM RIVERSTOWN Evening Echo Premier Intermediate Hurling Championship: Youghal 0-16 Tracton 0-09 YOUGHAL were magnificent last Sunday afternoon in Riverstown where they put together a performance of skilful and powerful hurling. Despite the loss of Bill Cooper in the 24th minute of the match, after a nasty foul, the team rallied and restricted Tracton to just 9 scores and only 5 from play, two of those possibly wide in a game that boiled over in the dying minutes. Peter Queally’s men showed a passion and a thirst for victory that was simply un-quenchable, and every player gave 100% for Eochaill’s cause in the 2011 Premier Intermediate Hurling Championship. Brendan Ring was on fire last Sunday, sticking over two early frees to set the tone. The only point from play between the two sides in the first half came on the 5th minute when Brendan Coleman slotted one over from 45 metres on the left wing. Two minutes later Youghal were four in front with another Brendan Ring pointed free. It took Tracton 12 minutes to register a ‘65’ from Ronan Walsh, but immediately Youghal broke back up the field, drew the foul and, cool as a cucumber, Ring struck over the free to re-establish the four point advantage. Again, Walsh pointed for Tracton, but never fear for Youghal as Ring sent over another stunning free on the 15th minute. Walsh sent over Tracton’s third score of the first half with a free on the 20th minute against the run of play and Youghal’s InterCounty Cork star, Bill Cooper, was literally taken out of the game on the 24th minute when a nasty knee to the ribs left the Youghal man motionless on the Riverstown pitch. After treatment it was decided that Bill Cooper couldn’t continue he was replaced by Jonathan Ormonde. Most teams may have panicked at this moment, but Youghal regrouped and played with a determination as they battled for every ball, winning the lion’s share of possession and having the final say of the first half when Brendan Ring sent over a ‘65’ on the stroke of half time, giving the Youghal side a three point lead at the short whistle 06 to 0-3. With a couple of early points exchanged at the start of the second half, one from Sean O’Sullivan and another two pin point accurate frees from Brendan Ring and another Brendan Coleman score, Youghal led by 5 points with 20 minutes remaining. In the 41st minute Tracton’s Michael O’Sullivan sent a ball in that looked wide of the Youghal goal. The Umpire signalled a point and, despite the pleading from all the Youghal players, the Reiteóir Michael O’Mahony would not change his mind and awarded the point (and they wonder why players get frustrated!). This unsettled Youghal for a few minutes and for the first time in the game Tracton scored two points in a row when Walsh pointed a free on the 44th minute. There were a lot of frees awarded, some justified while others could have gone either way, which upset both sides at times as the exchanges became heated as the half wore on. Brendan Ring and Brett Moloney slotted scores for Youghal, still 5 points clear with 12 minutes remaining. Tracton then hit over two scores without reply, before Youghal’s Leigh Desmond fired over from deep on the right wing, much to the delight of the Youghal fans. John Kingston sent over Tracton’s last point from play with 8 minutes remaining. Then Ken Dempsey was introduced for Youghal and had an immediate impact, drawing a free on the 21 metre line. Leigh Desmond went for goal, but it blocked and cleared only to find a Youghal player who was fouled and Ring slotted the ball over, raising yet another white flag. Seconds later Ring struck again to re-establish the 5 point advantage in the 60th minute. All hell then broke loose as players, and some supporters, lost control getting involved in some fun and games in the middle of the park and down the left wing. There were some disgraceful scenes and many players escaped without censure. When play resumed Tracton players, Frank and Kieran Lynch, were shown a red card with Ring pointing his 11th point of the match, before Desmond wrapped up proceedings with a great score from play. Youghal progress to the next round and showed, once and for all, that hurling always wins out as Tracton, who were last year’s defeated finalists, took their beating poorly. The measure of a man is how you react in defeat, not in victory, a wise man once said. All I can say to that is that the measuring scoop down Tracton way was pretty empty last Sunday. Both clubs are likely to come before the stewards and the referee’s report will be watched with interest as he, too, contributed to much of what was to follow in the closing stages of the tempestuous affair. SCORERS FOR YOUGHAL: B Ring 0-11, B Coleman 0-2, L Desmond 0-2 and B Moloney 0TRACTON: R Walsh 0-4, S O’Sullivan 0-1, M O’Sullivan 0-1, F Lynch 01, C Lordan 0-1, J Kingston 0-1. YOUGHAL: R Cunningham; B O’Sullivan, J Grace, Barry Ring; A Curtin, C Spillane, D Ring; B Moloney, N Roche; B Coleman, B Cooper, C O’Mahony; J O’Mahony, L Desmond and B Ring. Subs used: J Ormonde and K Dempsey. TRACTON: D Walsh; M Barry, J Murray, C McGuinness; C Lordan, K Corrigan, F Walsh; K Lynch, B Lynch; S O’Sullivan, M O’Sullivan, J Kingston (Capt); F Lynch, D O’Callaghan, R Walsh. REFEREE: Michael O’Mahony (Kilbrittain) Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 40 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Champions remain on course Naughton goal puts Newtown on their way Killeagh 0-16 Newtownshandrum 2-22 DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM FERMOY Sarsfields 2-14 Na Piarsaigh 0-18 DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM PÁIRC UÍ CHAOIMH Eanna Martin tries to break through DEFENDING champions, Sarsfields, put their title on the line in Sunday nights senior hurling encounter at Páirc Uí Chaoimh, when the faced city side, Na Piarsaigh. After a hard fought contest the champions survived and now face a mouth watering clash with Newtownshandrum in the quarter final. Two goals in the 11th and 12th minutes put Sarsfields in control of this 4th round game in the Evening Echo sponsored Cork senior hurling championship played in Páirc Uí Chaoimh on Sunday night. Up until the concession of these goals Na Piarsaigh had been setting the pace with Padraig Gould, Keith Buckley and Shane Duggan, very busy in attack. They helped Na Piarsaigh to a 0-5 to 0-2 lead after an exciting opening ten minutes. Wexford stat, Eanna Martin had opened the scoring for Sars while Cian McCarthy added a point from a sideline cut. Then came the first Sars goal, after good work by Kieran Murphy set up Cian McCarthy and he brought the sides level as he found the net. Murphy was also involved in the second goal as a slip in defense allowed Murphy to feed Michael Cussen, and he made no mistake as he, too, found the net to put Sars a goal in front. Quick points from Daniel Roche and Cian McCarthy had Sars in control, or so it seemed, but the North-side outfit was not going to throw the towel in just yet. A late surge before half time yielded points from Gould, Keith Buckley and James Egan and at the interval just a point separated the sides, with Sars leading by 2-7 to 0-12. It was all still to play for in the second half with both sides giving it everything as Robert O’Driscoll got an early point for Sars. Na Piarsaigh had Sean Óg O’hAilpin, Christopher Joyce and John Gardiner driving them on, while Padraig Gould was their main threat in attack. In contrast Sarsfields had more of a threat going forward with Cian McCarthy, Eanna Martin and sub, William Kearney, all finding the range in the third quarter with Gould the only scorer for Na Piarsaigh, who shot several bad wides. As the game moved towards its conclusion it was the turn of the Sars defense to show resolve, with Conor O’Sullivan and Joe Barry rock solid as, time and again, they cleared their lines. Na Piarsaigh really needed a goal, and a mistimed pass cost them dearly as Sars survived. The game continued to be tight with Michael Cussen getting a good point from play to keep Sars three points in front. Na Piarsaigh was now throwing everything into attack and sub, Cairbre O’Caireallain, brought Na Piarsaigh to within two points again with just three minute remaining. Cian McCarthy pointed a late free for Sars, while Padraig Gould brought his tally to nine points, but it was not enough to stop the champions who remain on course to retain their title. They were made to work hard, and now they face another tough test with former champions, Newtownshandrum, up next. SARSFIELDS: C McCarthy 1-6, M Cussen 1-1, E Martin 0-3, R O’Driscoll 0-2, D Roche and W Kearney 0-1 each. NA PIARSAIGH: P Gould 0-9, K Buckley and S Duggan 0-2 each, R Healy, J Egan, A Dennehy, S Glasgow and C O’Caireallain 0-1 each. SARSFIELDS: A Kennedy, D Kenneally, J Barry, C O’Sullivan, G O’Kelly-Lynch, R Ryan, D Kearney, E Martin, D Roche, C McCarthy, E Quigley, G O’Loughlin, R O’Driscoll, M Cussen and K Murphy. Subs used T OG Murphy, E O’Sullivan and W Kearney. NA PIARSAIGH: A Keating, A Brady, D Mannix, E Moynihan, R Healy, C Joyce, S Óg O’hAilpin, J Gardiner, J Egan, K Buckley, S Glasgow, P Gould, S Duggan, C Buckley and A Dennehy. Sub used C O’Caireallain. REFEREE: John Sexton, Ballyea. KILLEAGH and Newtownshandrum got the weekend hurling action underway in Fitzgerald Park, Fermoy on Saturday afternoon when they met in the 4th round of the Evening Echo sponsored Senior Hurling Championship. On a splendid afternoon for hurling the North Cork side proved best against their East Cork opponents, who more than matched them in the early stages. A goal from Cathal Naughton in the 26th minute proved to be the crucial score as it put Newton into a four point lead for the first time in the match. Quick points from Jerry O’Connor (2) and Ryan Clifford saw Newtown lead by 1-13 to 010 at the interval. The opening segment saw Killeagh take the game to Newtown with Joe Deane in sparkling form, while the strong running Andy Walsh and Sean Long were also causing problems for the Newtown defense. In attack, No holds barred in this midfield clash however, Newtown had an abun- to battle hard with Walsh, Deane dance of forwards capable of and Long continuing to do well. getting on the score sheet, and all But the goal they needed never but one of the winners total came came and Newtown were well from play. ahead before Michael Bowles brought the scoring to a close The sides were level on three oc- with his sides second goal. Newcasions in the opening quarter, town ran out comfortable winwith never more than a point be- ners and become the first team tween the sides until John Paul into the quarter final. King put Newtown three points clear. While Brendan Barry KILLEAGH: J Deane 0-8, A Walsh, S closed the gap to a point, the Long, and B Barry 0-2 each, E Loughlin and D Walsh 0-1 each, goal from Naughton after he ca- NEWTOWNSHANDRUM: C reened through the defense to Naughton 1-2, M Bowles 1-1, J Coughhave his first effort saved by lan 0-5, JP King 0-4, R Clifford and J Bernard Rochford, but he fol- O’Connor 0-3 each,. B O’Connor 0-2, lowed up well to smash home M Ryan and PJ Copse 0-1 each KILLEAGH: B Rochford, P Mcand this score really broke the Carthy, C Fogarty, P McGrath, B Killeagh resistance, as Newtown Collins, K Lane, C Fogarty, L Collins, P O’Neill, B Barry, A Keniry, A Walsh, E pushed on from there. A six point interval lead was quickly added to with points from Ben O’Connor, their only free, and Cathal Naughton and with sub, Mattie Ryan, also landing a great point there was only going to be one winner. Killeagh, to their credit, continued Loughlin, S Long and J Deane. Subs used J Fitzgerald, S Murphy and D Walsh. NEWTOWNSHANDRUM: W Biggane, G O’Mahony, B Mulcahy, D Gleeson, J Herlihy, P Mulcahy, P Noonan, PJ Copse, C Naughton, JP King, J O’Connor, M Bowles, J Coughlan, R Clifford and B O’Connor. Subs used J Bowles, M Ryan and D Stack. REFEREE: Conor Lane, Banteer. In the preceding championship game, Ballymartle continued their rise in fortune by ending the championship ambitions of St. Finbarr’s as Ballymartle, who lost their opener to Newtown before coming back with victory over Cloyne, went one better on this occasion with a fully merited victory over the Barrs. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 41 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Cork broadside sinks ‘Brolley’ volley Round 4 All Ireland Football qualifiers: USUALLY a volley is fired at a funeral, and the tirade written by ‘Joe Brolley’ signalled the death knell for a Down side that was blown away by Cork in Round 4 of the All Ireland Football qualifiers. When these sides met in last year’s final just a point separated the sides, but on this occasion there was only one team in it as Cork came out from the blocks and immediately settled into their stride. Cork had three points on the board before they found the net for the opening goal with a brilliant move ending with Donnacha O’Connor finding the net. Pierce O’Neill got the previous point with a shot that could easily have been a goal as well. Down, who had a few good points from Marty Clarke, Benny Coulter and Conor Maginn were being beaten at midfield and Cork, who made two changes prior to the start, continued to play as if possessed. The Cork panel was called into action as injury saw Daniel Goulding go off and his replacement, Barry O’Driscoll, lasted only ten minutes as he, too, went off injured with Fiachra Lynch CORK 2-20 DOWN 0-14 coming on. By half time Cork had moved into a winning position as Fintan Gould got on the end of another great move to slot home a second Cork goal. Points from Donnacha O’Connor and Paul Kerrigan helped Cork to a 2-8 to 0-9 interval advantage. On the resumption Cork again came out with all guns blazing and three superb points from O’Connor stretched the Cork advantage. The more the game went on, the more on top Cork became, and the result was a foregone conclusion long before referee, Marty Duffy, blew the full time whistle. Down saw star forward, Marty Clarke, dismissed for a second yellow card offence as last year’s beaten finalists were beaten long before the end on this occasion. Cork is certainly back in the running to retain their title, and at this stage no one will fancy meeting them. Next up will be Donegal, Mayo, and Dublin and Cork will hope that Joe Brolley might give them more ammunition as certainly his unfounded criticism of the team backfired on them. Last year Cork was under a terrific amount of pressure to deliver, and their strong forwards ran at the opposition Castlemartyr forcing them to revert to fouling tactics. Daniel Goulding did the rest. This year, Cork is up there to be shot at and only Kerry in Killarney has been able to match them. At this stage a repeat of the Munster final could be on the cards later in the year as the DECLAN BARRON REPORTS Eoin Cadogan gets upended by Mark Pollard. (Photo: Denis O’Flynn) Cork broadside certainly sank Hughes, M Poland, C Maginn, C DOWN: B McVeigh, A Brannigan, D Laverty, K McKernan and A Rodgers 0Gordon, G McCartan, D Rooney, K Down without trace. CORK: D O’Connor 1-7, F Goold 1-2, P Kerrigan 0-3, P Kelly 0-2, A Walsh, P Kissane, P O’Neill, D Goulding, J Miskella and G Canty 0-1 each. DOWN: M Clarke 0-3, B Coulter 0-2, P McComisky 0-2, C Garvey, D 1 each. CORK: A Quirke, E Cadogan, M Shields, E Cotter, N O’Leary, J Miskella, P Kissane, A O’Connor, A Walsh, F Goold, P Kelly, P O’Neill, D Goulding, D O’Connor and P Kerrigan. Subs used B O’Driscoll, F Lynch, G Canty, M Collins and R Carey. McKernan, C Garvey, K King, A McCardle, D Hughes, M Poland, C Maginn, C Laverty, B Coulter and M Clarke. Subs used P Fitzpatrick, C Mooney, A Rodgers, D O’Hagan and P McComisky. REFEREE: Marty Duffy, Sligo. Noresiders’ first half leaves Cork behind Rob O’Donovan is set to have a busy hour, when his club take on Carrigtwohill next Monday THE Junior hurlers of Castlemartyr continue their journey in this year’s hurling championship, when they do battle with Carrigtwohill, on the Bank Holiday Monday, in Midleton at 7pm. This is a repeat of last year’s quarter final fixture, when the Reds were fortunate to scrape home by a solitary point, in a teak tough championship match. The same result would be welcome again, of course, with the winners rewarded with a quarter final joust against St. Ita’s. Please come out and support the Reds, and best of luck lads. 23 July 2011; Gemma O’Connor, Cork, in action against Denise Gaule, Kilkenny. (Photo: Matt Browne, Sportsfile) KILKENNY will take on Galway, and Cork will battle Wexford, following Cork’s loss against Kilkenny last weekend in the All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship. The Noresiders beat the Rebels on a scoreline of 2-16 to 1-3 at Jenkinstown, Co. Kilkenny. Truth be told, the result was already on the cards, following a strong first half showing by Kilkenny, but Orla Cotter - with three late points for Cork - kept the opposition in check. Meanwhile, Offaly brought their debut season at senior champi- onship level to a happy end when recording their second victory after a cracking encounter against Clare in Birr. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 42 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Championship Previews with Declan Barron THE action continues in the Cork championships with several exciting games down for decision over the coming weekend. Many East Cork clubs will be hoping to make further progress while Glenbower Rovers U21 football side will be hoping to capture the U21 B football county title. Friday, July 29th in Páirc Uí Rinn at 7.30pm U21 B Football County Final CILL NA MARTRA VS. GLENBOWER ROVERS The action will get underway on Friday night when Glenbower Rovers will go in search of the U21B football title won by Erin’s Own last season. Their opponents in the final will be Cill Na Martra, who are certainly there on merit. Glenbower, too, have been in impressive form on their way to the final and their replay win last Monday night week sets them up nicely for this encounter. They will look to team captain, Seamus Harnedy, Brian Collins, Kevin Lane, Tadgh O’Connor and the Long brothers to see them through. Sean Long has been in fine form up front, and if he fires again then this title could well remain in East Cork. Saturday, July 30th in Páirc Uí Rinn at 4pm SHC CLOYNE VS. BALLINHASSIG REPLAY The opening game in Páirc Uí Rinn on Saturday night will see Cloyne and Ballinhassig face one another for a second time. In the drawn match the game could have gone either way, and this time round it will be hard to call it as well. Cloyne will be looking for big performances from Donal Óg Cusack in goal, Eoin and Diarmuid O’Sullivan, along with Killian Cronin in defense, while going forward they will look to Conor Cusack, Dillon Cahill, Brian McCarthy, James Nyhan and Paudi O’Sullivan to get the scores to keep them in the championship. Ballinhassig, too, will feel that they can improve with Martin Coleman, Brendan Lombard, Declan O’Sullivan and Danny O’Callaghan their danger men. The winner will remain in contention, while the loser will face Bishopstown in the relegation final. th Saturday, July 30 in Páirc Uí Chaoimh at 5.30pm BRIDE ROVERS VS. BLACKROCK Fresh from their success over Bishopstown, Bride Rovers get little time to rest on their laurels and they go into action on Saturday afternoon in Páirc Uí Chaoimh where they face Blackrock. If they can turn in another battling display then I, for one, would not bet against the battle hardened Rathcormac men They will look to Denis Fitzgerald, Brendan Walsh, Barry and Brian Murphy, Barry Johnson, Michael Collins and Sean Ryan to lead by example. Blackrock will have plenty of young guns on show but it is the old heads such as Wayne Sherlock and Alan Browne that will be needed to start the Rockies challenge. It is likely to be a close contest with Bride Rovers taken, by this writer, to come out on top. Imokilly/Avondhu League Final FOLLOWING victory for Sarsfields over Charleville and Newtownshandrum over Midleton, AET, the final of the Cavanagh's sponsored Imokilly/Avondhu Junior Hurling Division 1 League is set to go ahead in Fermoy on Sunday evening where Sars will meet Newtown at 7pm. With both clubs set to meet in the Senior Hurling Championship the following week, this should be an interesting contest. Sars had two points to spare in their win over Charleville while just a point seperated Newtown and Midleton after extra time. As a result of Midleton losing their game with Dungourney in the Junior A Hurling Championship is now likely to go ahead. As a result of Cork's involvement in the football quarter-final on Sunday, both the East Cork Board and County Board will issue a revised fixture list later in the week, so club supporters are asked to check to see if their fixture is now still on. Glenbower Rovers, who contest the County U21B Football Final on Friday night st Sunday, July 31 in Rostellan at 3.30pm IFC GLANMIRE VS. YOUGHAL At the Aghada grounds on Sunday afternoon two East Cork sides, in the form of Glanmire and Youghal, go into action in the Intermediate football championship. Youghal, fresh from their exploits against Tracton in the hurling, will be full of confidence that they can keep their run going. They could well do so as they looked very fit last week. Players such as Michael Cronin, Nigel Roche, Andrew Curtin, Brett Moloney and Brendan O’Sullivan are a new breed coming through, and if Youghal can come to grips with the influence of Michael Cussen then they could come out on top in this one. Glanmire are not a one man team and in Daniel Molden, John Murphy, Timmy Leahy, Ray Ryan and Daniel Kearney they have fine footballers. It has the makings of a good contest with Youghal, perhaps, shading it at the finish. IHC play off Cobh vs. Dromina at 7pm This relegation final will go ahead at Castletownroche on Sunday evening and Cobh will be hoping to avoid the drop to junior ranks when they take on Dromina. Cobh will be up against it here and players such as Walden Drake, Liam Greaney, Cian Spriggs and Derek Barrett will have to play well to keep them up. PIHC relegation final at Ballygarvan Watergrasshill will have to play better than they did last weekend if they are to retain their premier status when they take on Argideen Rangers in Ballygarvan. The time and day have yet to be confirmed for this one, so please check the fixture list before travelling. EAST CORK JUNIOR HURLING CHAMPIONSHIP Saturday, July 30th in Killeagh at 7pm MIDLETON VS. DUNGOURNEY This local derby game is scheduled to go ahead in Killeagh on Saturday evening, but will be dependent on Midleton having lost in the Imokilly/Avondhu semi final to Charleville. Should they have won on Monday night then this game is likely to go off, as the final of the Imokilly/Avondhu division 1 goes ahead in Fermoy on Sunday night. Should Midleton lose, then they will have to focus on Dungourney who were most impressive in defeating Castlemartyr last time out. Dungourney, under the guidance of Sean Daly, certainly impressed and with the Kelleher brothers, James Leahy, Shane Casey and John O’Neill to the forefront, they will certainly make a bold bid for victory. Midleton still have Conor Lehane to call on and with Michael Keohane, Eoghan Walsh, Paudi O’Keefe and Ian Kennefick, they possess quality hurlers. If the game goes ahead I think Dungourney might just come out on top, if they can put the shackles on Conor Lehane. Saturday, July 30th in Rathcormac at 7.15pm LISGOOLD VS. CARRAIG NA BHFEARR This has the makings of a cracking contest and could literally, go either way. Lisgoold took two attempts to see off Midleton but were very impressive at times with Ciaran Cronin, John McCarthy, Maurice O’Connell, Conor Walsh, Brian O’Leary and John Cronin all very capable hurlers. On the opposite side Timmy Geaney, Martin Hickey, Ronan Spillane, Shane Horgan and Paul O’Keeffe are all fine hurlers as well. It is a tough one to call but with Lisgoold in action more recently they might just have the edge in this one. However, it will come as no surprise if Carraig na bhFearr prove me wrong. Monday, August 1st in Midleton at 7pm CASTLEMARTYR VS. CARRIGTWOHILL On Monday night in Midleton it will be another big test for the champions, Castlemartyr, who are bidding for a three in a row. They will face a Carrigtwohill side that will battle hard and who will be no pushover. In Ronan Barrett they have a quality free taker, and players like Denis O’Connor, Jay Horgan, Colm Donovan and Padraig Hogan will give their all in pursuit of victory. Castlemartyr have been far from impressive so far and will need no reminder from me that they will have to improve. I feel that they will get over this hurdle with players like Rob O’Donovan, Jimmy Smiddy, Mark Bowen, Brian Lawton and Barra O’Tuama likely to step up to the plate. Jimmy Smiddy will again be a big player for the champions, who are taken to remain in contention for the three in a row. A NOTE FROM THE SPORTS EDITOR Please check with your club as - at the time of going to press - the fixtures are correct. Midweek fixture committee meetings sometimes make changes, with games called off or times changed, over which we have no control. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 CORKBEG ARE SOCCER MAD Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal 43 5-A-SIDE CORKBEG’S annual 5-a-side competition, sponsored by Rosie’s Bar, Aghada, took place last week. The East Cork 7 retained their title with a 5-1 victory over Ringmahon, in what was a repeat of last year’s final. Ian Casey gave the champions the lead in the 1st half, but Ringmahon equalised before half time. Second half goals by Leeside’s Derek Delea and Midleton duo, Ray Barnes (2) and Martin Hickey secured the title for East Cork 7 -their 3rd title in 4 years. Earlier in the evening, the Long Point beat the Schooner in the Battle Of The Bars, with Paudie Wall saving 3 penalties in a penalty shoot-out. The Long Point were unlucky to lose out to the eventual winners in their semi-final in another shootout, this time East Cork 7 keeper, Cormac Aherne saving 3 spot kicks. Runners up, Ringmahon, who had former Cork City midfielder, Paul Deasy in their ranks, were impressive throughout the tournament and had a big win in their semi-final. Unfortunately for them, the champions East Cork 7 were in ruthless form in the final. Corkbeg AFC would like to thank Vincent O’Keeffe of Rosie’s Bar for his continued support of the summer tournament, and it was Vincent who presented East Cork 7 captain, Cormac Aherne, with the cup in Rosie’s Bar after the tournament.’ East Cork 7, winners of the tournament Ringmahon, runners up SOCCER CAMP The Schooner Bar team CORKBEG’S Summer Soccer Camp was also held in Whitegate last week. The club would like to thank Jason Brown from Uchooz who ran the camp all week, and also the Concept4Soccer crew who attended the camp on the final day. The participants had a great time all week long and luckily, the weather was really good towards the end Corkbeg Chairman, Kieran Higgins (centre) & tournament sponsor, Vincent O’Keeffe (left) of Rosie’s Bar present the cup to Cormac Aherne of East Cork 7 The Maple Bar team of the week. Cork City captain, Danny Murphy, who is the driving force behind the Concept4Soccer coaching programme, coached the participants on the final day. There will be soccer camps held in Carrigtwohill & Midleton (Waterrock) in the coming weeks. More information can be found on the Concept4Soccer and Uchooz pages on Facebook or on their own websites. Krystina, Danielle and Roisin at Corkbeg’s Summer Soccer Camp The Long Point Bar team St John Boscos team The Tattans team Concept4Soccer & Cork City Captain, Danny Murphy, James and Aidan O’Mahony Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 44 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Ballymacoda Swim Week 2011 SWIMMING and Lifesaving classes were held in Knockadoon during the past week. 44 young people took part in water safety, endurance and rescue techniques as shown to them by Irish Water Safety instructors Caoimhe, Christina and Sarah. Great credit is due to this fine bunch of teenagers who attended each morning at 10am for their classes, who wish to better themselves for the benefit of others in the event of a water related incident. They learned CPR and resusitation and successfully passed their exams at the end of the week. Awards are presented to the most improved swimmer in each catgory, from basic swim classes to the more senior life saving class. 84 younger children attended at Ring strand each afternoon for swim lessons, even though the water was cold and these children are to be admired for their enthusiasm and participation in the swim lessons. Even greater fun was had on Wednesday for the sandcastle competition, U5 to Adult sections were held. We would like to extend a sincere thanks to Mike Walsh and James Brew of Yewcraft who sponsored the prizes for the sandcastle competition. Most Improved Swimmers Swim 1 Ciara Walsh Swim 2 Saorlaith O’Brien Swim 3 James Wall Swim 4 Tirna Coakley Swim 5 Rory Donnellan Safety 2+3 Aoife Higgins Safety 4 Maeve Steele Endurance Muireann Aherne Rescue Sabhdh O’Connor Sandcastle winners U5 1st Ruth Cody 2nd Bobby Nicholson + Oran McGrath 3rd Ciara + Blathnaid Walsh Hannah Aherne presenting the Hannah Aherne life saving trophy to Muireann Aherne Frances Cronin Aherne presenting the Ballymacoda swim week trophy to Ciara Walsh U7 1st Grace Roooney + Neasa Ni Bhrian 2nd James O’Brien, Mark O’Neill + Jack Finn 3rd Michael Wall + Paudie O’Sullivan U9 1st Ciaran McHugh + Tom Wall 2nd Danny Cunningham + Robert Sinclair 3rd Anita Hurley + Lucy O’Keeffe Frances Cronin Aherne presenting the B.L.C.C. trophy to Aoife Higgins U12 1st Aoibhe Joyce + Karyn Collins 2nd Aoife Higgins + Tirna Coakley 3rd Ciaran Cullinane + James Wall Carrie Higgins presenting the Carmel Shanahan memorial plaque to James Wall Over 12 1st Aoife Finn + Fiona Casey 2nd Megan Geaney + Emily O’Keeffe 3rd Hannah Casey + Aideen O’Sullivan YOUNG AT HEART 1st Ann O’Sullivan + Catherine Lane 2nd Brid Fleming + Ann Leahy 3rd Sumi Kenneally + Cathy Murphy MOTHER’S RACE 1st Cathy Murphy 2nd Anne Leahy Rooney 3rd Imelda Leahy Cunningham FATHER’S RACE 1st Conor Wall 2nd Sean Leahy 3rd Johnny Finn Anne Marie Griffin presenting the Ballymacoda Swim Week trophy to Maeve Steele Enda O’Leary presenting the Hayes Family Perpetual Cup to Sabhdh O’Connor I.W.S. instructors Anne Marie Griffin presenting the Ballymacoda Swim week trophy to Saorlaith Ni Bhrian Hannah Aherne presenting the Hannah Aherne perpetual trophy to Tirna Coakley Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal 45 Splishy splashy at Ballymacoda Four Life saving winners with founder, Hannah Aherne and Local Co-Ordinator, Anne Marie Griffin, Frances Cronin Aherne and I.W.S.A. Examiner, Enda Oâ€™Leary Six friends together at the beach Swim 5 class Swim 1 class Safety 3 class Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 46 It’s a strange world Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal WEIRD WORLD NEWS... AND IT’S ALL TRUE Is this Britain's US state 'ﬁnes stupidest sign? people for texting THERE'S hardly enough room to stand there, let alone play football or have a picnic. And it’s barely grass. Yet planted among the scrawny tufts in a 1m (3ft) wide patch of turf is this official warning for people to ‘Keep Off The Grass’. And it’s not the only candidate for Britain’s stupidest sign. The corker was put up by Merton Council in a street in Raynes Park, South London. Local, Tom Beardmore, who took the picture, said: ‘I walked past it and did a double-take, I just stared at it for a moment or two to take it in. Marketing planner Mr Beardmore, 29, said he understood why people battle to keep bits of greenery in their neighbourhoods. but added, ‘I would strongly debate why the council felt the sign was an appropriate use of resources. It’s between two drives so there’s no way anyone could fit a car in there.’ A spokesman said, ‘The sign was to remind motoristst that it is illegal to park on the footway and is designed to deter indiscriminate parking.’ Council leader, Stephen Alambritis admitted, ‘A sign on a piece of grass so small doesn’t make sense.’ Elsewhere, bosses at a construction site want motorists to stick to a nine-and-a-half mph speed limit. The notice at the site in Newcastle has bemused workers and people living nearby. One said, ‘Most diggers don’t have speedometers so you don’t know how fast you’re going. It would be very hard to judge.’ But project manager, Richard Hancock, for operator Galliford Try, explained, ‘If you put a 10mph limit sign up, people barely notice it and go their own speeds. If you put nine- and-a-half mph then people do a double-take and stick to it. ‘We have used it on one other previous site and it was successful, so we used it here too. I can see it looks funny but that was the intention. The site is a safer place for them taking notice of it, rather than ignoring it.’ Scooter-suitcase invented for commuters in a wheel hurry while walking' Hamster mugshot taken after critter runs amok in police station THE US state of Pennsylvania has apparently taken drastic attempts to tackle the problem of texting while walking - culprits will now face a $120 fine. Philadelphia is attempting to crack down on ‘distracted drivers, cyclists and pedestrians’ with the Give Respect-Get Respect campaign, with people texting while walking one of the factors identified as a cause for concern. Rexburg, Idaho, punishes pedestrians crossing the street while texting with a $50 fine and reports suggested Philadelphia would follow suit with its new campaign. OFFICERS based in Forest Hall have released a mugshot of a furry fugitive - after a hamster broke into their police station. ‘Texting while walking is not illegal, but it is dangerous,’ he said. It is described as ‘fully grown and mostly brown with a white underside’ and is known to like eating yoghurt and bananas. Deputy Mayor Cutter was forced to issue a statement denying the claims – but warned pedestrians to avoid texting while walking. ‘Pedestrians may be reminded to be more aware of their surroundings; however, there are no citations issued by the PPD for texting while walking.' Cutter added: ‘If a Philadelphia police officer observes a driver, cyclist or pedestrian participating in any kind of potentially dangerous behaviour, the officer will remind them to be careful.’ Anyone doubting the need for drastic action in the state is clearly unaware of the now-infamous girl who had an unfortunate incident in a Pennsylvania shopping mall. Deeply engrossed in texting, the girl was oblivious to a large water fountain ahead and ended up falling in. The intruder was captured alive but has so far refused to reveal its true identity, greeting all questions with a dead-eyed stare and total silence. Now police are appealing for its associates – or owners – to come forward. ‘We don’t usually have an issue of hamsters in the station and we’re concerned he may belong to a family who lost him,’ said Insp John Smith, of Forest Hall police station in Newcastle. If the animal’s owners do not come forward soon, the hamster could be sent down... to a pet shop. The police intend to try various measures to find the owner, possibly starting with contacting local schools. However, the police don't plan to lose sleep over it just yet. ‘It’s all very well trying to find out whose hamster this is but it’s hardly a priority,’ said a police source yesterday. A NEW 'Micro Luggage Scooter' which allows the user to ride their case to work could spell an end to mad dashes for trains, planes and buses, makers claim. Looking something like a grown-up Trunki (you know, the luridly-coloured mini suitcases kids can ride on) it could result in the strange sight of buttoned up businessmen whizzing around towns up and down the country, on modified scooters originally designed for eight-yearolds. Devised by British company, Micro Scooters UK, the hard-shell Samsonite case combines with an in-built scooter which can be detached. Costing £250 a pop, it's being marketed at frequent business flyers and people making short commutes to work. For flyers it's classed as carry-on luggage so can be stowed on board in an overhead locker. A spokesman for the company that originally produced micro scooters told Mail Online: 'Micro Scooters UK has already changed the face of the school run, with thousands of families having swapped their gas guzzling 4x4s for the Mini and Maxi Micros. 'Now the company is set to do the same for commuting with the micro Luggage scooter. 'Not only is it a healthier option to a car, it's a great way of reducing your carbon footprint.' Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 IN MEMORIAM * IN MEMORIAM Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal McCarthy - 6th Anniversary In loving memory of Alan McCarthy, late of Midleton, whose 6th anniversary occurs on August 1st. How do I put on paper, The feeling I have inside, Of a broken-hearted mother, Who has missed you since you died. You left us all so quickly, And I still wonder why, But the saddest part of all Alan, We never got to say goodbye. So sadly missed by your loving Mom, sisters Kelly and Lesley, daughter Licia, niece Sophie, baby Jordan-Alan and your godmother Liz. Anniversary Mass for Alan will be held on Thursday, July 28th at 8pm in Midleton Community Hospital Chapel. Daly - 10th Anniversary In loving memory of our dear sister, Mary, late of Geragh and London, whose anniversary occurred on July 25th. Sadly missed. A heart of gold, a life so true, Loved and respected by all you knew. Always willing, helpful and kind, Beautiful memories you left behind. You live in our hearts sister, You walk by our side, From Heaven above, You are always our guide. Forever in our thoughts and prayers, Thankful for the years we shared. From her loving sister and brothers and extended family. Warne - 13th Anniversary In loving memory of Robert (Bones) Warne, whose anniversary occurs at this time. They say there is a reason, They say that time will heal, But neither time or reason, Will change the way we feel. Always missed and loved by Mam, Dad and family. 5 Day Novena to St. Teresa of the Little Flowers HENNESSY, (née Casey): Maureen of Dungourney, on Monday, July 18th. RIP. Requiem Mass on Thursday last, in St. Peter’s Church, followed by burial afterwards in Mogeely Old Cemetery. The Miraculous Prayer BUCKLEY: Michael A. of Dunsfort, Midleton, on Thursday, July 21st. RIP. Requiem Mass on Saturday last, in the Church of the Most Holy Rosary, Midleton, followed by burial afterwards in the adjoining cemetery. Please pick me a rose from your Heavenly Garden and send it to me with a message of love. Ask God to grant the message, I implore and tell him I love him more and more. Prayer to be followed by 5 Our Fathers, 5 Hail Mary’s, and 5 Glory Be to the Fathers. To be said before 11am for 5 days. Never fails. Publication must be promised. (Kathleen). Dear Heart of Jesus in the past I have asked you for many favours. This time I ask for this special one (mention favour). Take it, dear Heart of Jesus and place it within your own broken heart, where your father sees it. Then in His merciful eyes it will become your favour, not mine. Amen. Say this prayer for 3 days, promise publication and favour will be granted. Never known to fail. (V. T.) Request granted. WALSH: Frank of Ballycotton and Midleton, unexpectedly, on Tuesday, July 19th. RIP. Requiem Mass on Friday last, in the Star of the Sea Church, Ballycotton, followed by burial afterwards in the Holy Rosary Cemetery, Midleton. MacCARTHAIGH: Torlach, of Riesk, Ballincurrig, on Wednesday, July 13th. Requiem Mass, today, Wednesday at 2.30pm in St. Nicholas' Church, Castlelyons, followed by burial afterwards in Castlelyons Cemetery. CONWAY: Noel, of Youghal, unexpectedly, on Thursday, July 21st. RIP. Requiem Mass on Saturday last in the Holy Family Church, followed by burial afterwards in the North Abbey Cemetery. WILLIE WALSH Acknowledgement and First Anniversary Late of Reisk, Ballincurrig who died on July 27th, 2010. RIP. ON this, the first anniversary of Willie’s death, his wife Eileen, sons John and Liam, daughter Margaret and their families wish to thank most sincerely all those who sympathised with us on our sad loss. Thanks to those who attended the Rosary, Removal and Funeral; to those who sent Mass Cards, Letters of Sympathy, Enrolments and floral tributes. A sincere thank you to Willie’s nephew, nieces, relatives, family, kind neighbours and friends, who were a great support to us, also to those who brought refreshments and helped with the catering. Thanks to those who helped with parking and traffic control and to those who provided the use of their fields. Thank you to Lisgoold GAA Club, who formed a Guard of Honour. A special thank you to Dr. Rosemary Hutch and staff who cared for Willie throughout the past years. To the Public Health Nurses, who called to Willie at home and to the staff of Brosnan’s Pharmacy, Midleton. Also, we remember the kindness shown to him by the doctors, nurses and staff of St. John’s Urology Department, Mercy University Hospital. Thank you to the doctors, nurses and staff of the Male Medical Ward, South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital, who cared for Willie with kindness and dignity. Also to the Palliative Care Nurse, Jill, Pastoral Carer ,Sr. Catherine Quane and to the Hospital Chaplin, Fr. Jack Twomey. Thank you to those who visited Willie in hospital, and to those who sat and prayed by his bedside in his final days. Thank you to Fr. Denis O’Hanlon, Fr. Anthony O’Brien and Fr. Greg Howard who officiated at the various ceremonies and visited Willie in hospital. Thank you to the Parish Choir, the Altar Servers, the Sacristan and thanks to Edmund Cotter for the Eulogy. We would like to thank Anthony and all at Hyde’s Funeral Directors for their professionalism and kindness shown at a very difficult time for us. As it would be impossible to thank everyone individually, please accept this acknowledgement as a token of our appreciation. The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass has been offered for your intentions. Deep in our hearts your memory’s kept, To cherish, to love, to never forget. First anniversary Mass for Willie will be held tonight, Wednesday, July 27th in Lisgoold Church at 7.30pm. CAREGIVERS REQUIRED 47 Experienced caregivers required for hourly, live in and overnight care in the East Cork area FETAC LEVEL 5 OR EQUIVALENT QUALIFICATION ESSENTIAL. Email CV to [email protected] for interview PLAYGROUND KEY WORKER NEEDED Aghada Parish Community Playgroup VACANCY –KEY WORKER FETAC Level 5 in Childcare or equivalent required A minimum of 2 years’ experience working in playgroup. Highscope experience preferable. Job description available. Please submit your CV by e-mail to [email protected] Closing date for applications is August 3rd, 2011 Community Employment Childcare Assistant Position also available Aghada Parish Community Playgroup is an equal opportunities employer DELI ASSISTANT REQUIRED DELI ASSISTANT with experience required for the Granary Food Store, Midleton. Contact 021 4613366. TYRE SERVICES MOGEELY TYRES Killeagh Road, Mogeely NOW OPEN Tyres, Tracking, Balancing Puncture Repairs, Mini-Valeting Free pre-NCT Tyre Check Car Servicing and Repairs Contact Matthew on 087 1556426 Opening hours: Monday to Saturday 9am to 6pm Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 PLANNING APPLICATIONS 48 CORK COUNTY COUNCIL I Mark Daly intend to apply for Outline planning permission for dormer dwelling, domestic garage, septic tank, entrance and associated site works at Glenbeg, Dungourney, Midleton, Co. Cork. This planning application may be inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the planning authority during its public opening hours and that a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within a period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL We, Joseph and Suzanne Smiddy intend to apply to Cork County Council for full planning permission to construct single storey extension to side and rear of existing dwelling house and permission for retention of recessed site entrance at Curraheen, Ballymacoda, Co. Cork. The Planning Application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the Planning Authority during its public opening hours and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the Authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL I, Killian Swayne intend to apply to Cork County Council for full planning permission to construct domestic garage at Clonpriest West, Youghal, Co. Cork. The Planning Application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the Planning Authority during its public opening hours and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the Authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL We Pat Lyons & Associates, Chartered Planning Consultants, on behalf of Ms. Deirdre Kelliher, intend to apply to Cork County Council for permission to incorporate part of the public open space area into the garden of the adjoining dwelling house, 29, The Beeches, Woodville, Glanmire, Co. Cork to enlarge the site curtilage. The planning application may be inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Cork during its public opening hours. A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the Planning Authority, on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Planning Authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL Corcoran Engineers & Architects Tel: 021-4630101 intend to apply on behalf of Susanna O'Mahony for permission for construction of a storey and a half style dwelling, a detached garage, site entrance and new waste water treatment system along with all other associated site works at Caher, Mogeely, Co. Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the planning authority during its public opening hours and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of five weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL Corcoran Engineers & Architects Tel: 021-4630101 intend to apply on behalf of Stephen O'Donoghue for permission for retention of bay window to front elevation of existing dwelling house and single storey extension to rear at No. 51 Riversfield Estate, Oatencake, Midleton. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the planning authority during its public opening hours and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of five weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. CÓMHAIRLE CHONTAE CHORCAÍ Is mian le Mary Foley, f/c Micheál Ó Cuimín, Ailtire agus Suirbhéar Cairte, Mainistir na Corann, (mcamidleton.ie) cead pleanála a fháil chun teach chónaithe a leagadh agus 2 theach le dhá úrlar a thogaint ar suíomh i mBaile an Chleiméasaigh agus Gort an tSamhraidh Eochaill, Co Chorcaí. Is féidir an tIarratas Pleanála a iniúchadh nó a cheannach ar tháille nach mbeadh níos mó ná an costas réasúnta a bheadh ar chóip a dhéanamh ag oifigí an Údaráis Phleanála le linn a huaireanta oscailte poiblí agus gur féidir aighneacht nó barúlacht i ndáil leis an iarratas a dhéanamh i scríbhinn chuig an Údarás laistigh de thréimhse na 5 seachtaine dar thús an dáta a fhaigheann an tÚdarás an t-iarratas, ach an táille atá leagtha síos a íoc. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL I, John McCarthy, intend to apply to the above council for permission for a two storey dwelling, entrance, private well, sewage treatment unit and percolation area and all ancillary site works on my land at Ballymore, Cobh, Co. Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the planning authority during its public opening hours and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. HOME HAT HIRE Odessa Hat Hire Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal IMPROVEMENTS home improvements Power washing House painting inside and outside Farm sheds/buildings excellent work reasonably priced LocAL MAn Contact 086 0596620 TENNIS COACH Tennis Coach Tennis Coach available in the East Cork area One TO One TuiTiOn Contact 086 2457470 ENGINEERING The LighT engineering Works Drilling * Milling Turning Threads Welding * Brazing Soldering Any household or other items repaired LighT Work onLy Contact 087 9557112 PROPERTY TO LET FOR SALE Fully furnished, 1 bedroom apartment to let, off MAIN STREET, MIDLETON. €500 per month. Tel. 021 4631494. For the wow factor head pieces and hats for all occasions From €12 to €25 At odessa hats Lower Aghada, Midleton contact D. Prendergast on 086 8105657 or 021 4661335 SUMMER GRINDS Catch up with summer grinds in english, French and Maths return to school capable and conﬁdent 'A' resuLTs every yeAr Dissertation / Thesis correction available Academia Tuition (near Cloyne) Tel. 086 7332331 INTRODUCTIONS heALTh, BeAuTy And nuTriTion CoMpAny are seeking agents nationwide. Excellent training provided. contact 086 0818013. C.Spa Thai Massage MON. TO SAT. 11AM TO 8PM No.12 New Cork Road, MIDLETON Relieves muscle fatigue and pain Improves flexibility Aids injury recovery Increases the flow of oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues Contact 086 3337223 021 4639480 New Builds Re-wires Extensions Additional sockets/ lights Fuseboard upgrades Energy efficient lighting Outside lighting Fire & Carbon alarms Security lighting/ CCTV * FREE QUOTES * NO JOB TOO BIG OR SMALL Contact Kevin on 087 9272056 [email protected] Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 49 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal TAILOR Your One Stop Shop For East Cork Services DOMESTIC APPLIANCE REPAIRS Noel Ahearn Telephone 021 - 4668312 086 - 2449146 DOMESTIC APPLIANCES [email protected] * Cookers * Fridges Tumble dryers * Washing machines Vacuum cleaners * Dishwashers Fast efficient service throughout FREEVIEW NO MONTHLY BILLS DA TELEVISION MAN FREEVIEW Satellite RTE * Saorview Digital Aerials Home CCTV Installation and Repairs SEWING CREATIVE SEWING 46 Main Street, Midleton Tel: 021 4632029 Over Ballycotton Seafood Ladies & Gents Alterations and Repairs Jeans take up only €5.00 No job to big or small Bridal & Debs Alterations Curtains made, re-lined & taken up OPENING HOURS Mon / Fri 10am to 5pm Wed /Sat 10am to 1pm Lunch 12.30am to 1.30pm SEE US ON FACEBOOK (RITA COTTER) CLEANERS Bartley Water Softeners Water Softeners (limescale removal) ph Correction (acid water) * Carbon filters (taste & odour removal) * UV Sterilisers (bacteria removal) all work guaranteed free survey without obligation call TONY on 087 2847612 / 025 37900 BIOLOGY GRINDS Leaving Cert Biology Grinds Course material covered in no time, condensed study notes, can tackle speciﬁc topics for those with particular weaknesses and can provide crash courses and group classes on request. Just call 086 3961191 ATTENTION! DINECO LEAKING CLEANING ROOFS (products supplied also) Fascia and Soﬃt Power washing Window cleaning Carpet cleaning House cleaning Oﬃce and commercial Deep cleaning Eco Products sold Call Tim on 087 0963591 WATER SOFTENERS Can be sealed instantly for €10 a square metre Torch-on felt a speciality Slating, tiling, re-roofing Lead valleys and chimneys renewed * OLD SLATES RESTORED AS NEW WITH AQUA SEAL ESTIMATES FREE Unbeatable prices assured All work is fully guaranteed by registered contractors Contact Ger O’Connor anytime on 087 1438830 VEHICLE UPHOLSTERY Top quality seat repairs for cars Tractors, trucks, motorbike etc. Contact MELANIE VARLEY VEHICLE UPHOLSTERY Dunmoon Cross, Tallow, Co. Waterford. FROM €60 Tel. 021 4638022 ITEMS FOR SALE CLOTHELINES: T. shaped with pulleys and ropes €120, or with winders €140. Fitted free any area in Midleton, Youghal & the East Cork area weekly. Tel. Grange Ironcraft – 025 32636 / 087 2549996. www.tbarclotheslines.ie GATES: Timber side gates €200, Entrance gates, €550, Free fitting. Free quotes. Tel. Grange Ironcraft – 025 32636 / 087 2549996. HANDYMAN ..% 0$/ (01 + 2$1 2(+$1 $+36 (-#.51 %(22$# + 2 0..%1 2.0"' .- %$+2 . ).! , ++ +3,!(-& ).!1 2.. !(& (+(-& .% 5 ++1 .0 1, ++ -# %+..01 ++ 27/$1 .% #..01 +."1 0$/+ "$# + 12$0(-& (-2$0(.0 $62$0(.0 2(.1 2'1 0(4$5 71 22(" ++ -13+ 2(.22(" 2 (01 .5$0 1'(-& .% 1"( .%%(2 322$0 +$ -(-& $/ (0 $-$0 + 0./$027 (-2$- -"$ '$1$ 0$ )312 1.,$ .% 2'$ 1$04("$1 5$ .%%$0 % 7.3 #.-82 1$$ 1.,$2'(-& .- .30 +(12 &(4$ 31 " ++ .- 3 +(%($# 20 #$1,$3++7 (-130$# PEADAR’S ABOVE GEMINI, 95 MAIN STREET, MIDLETON TAILORING AND ALTERATIONS SUITS, DRESSES, SKIRTS, TROUSERS, JEANS, CURTAINS, LEATHERS, SUEDES NO JOB TOO BIG OR TOO SMALL MONDAY TO FRIDAY 10AM - 5PM SATURDAY 10AM - 4PM TEL 021 4634592 ENGINEERING KENNEALLY ROCHFORD & ASSOCIATES LTD. ENGINEERING SERVICES & PLANNING CONSULTANTS, MAIN ST., KILLEAGH, CO. CORK PLANNING APPLICATIONS PROJECT & SITE SUPERVISION HOUSE SURVEYS & SNAG LISTS. BUILDING ENERGY RATING CERTIFICATION. 024 95857 Test your concentration with this word ladder 19 Congratulations to last week’s winner: DENISE MURRAY, LITTLE ISLAND ACROSS 1. Suspend (7) 7. Gangway (5) 8. Agreeable (7) 9. Disaster (6) 11. Messenger (5) 13. Female relation (4) 14. Stun (7) 15. Denoting 1,000 (4) 16. Noisy (5) 17. Call for more (6) E Q 6. Cry of dismay (4) 9. Ague (5) 10. Nominees (10) 12. Fruit (5) 13. Astound (8) 18. Stupor (4) 19. Toast-holder (4) 20. Against (4) ANSWERS TO LAST WEEK’S CROSSWORD: ACROSS: 1. Scalpel 7. Humid 8. Peacock 9. Dollar 11.Usurp 13. Mood 14.Trickle 15.Wave 16. Tough 17. Meagre 21. Variety 22. Watch 23.Neglect. DOWN: 2. Cheesecake 3.Lacerate 4. Etch 5.Judo 6. Will 9. Drake 10. Apologetic 12. Bible 13. Memorial 18.Ajar 19. Rock 20.Tape. Name: ______________________________ Address: ____________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Tel (mobile):______________________________ Home:_______________________________ Entries to East Cork Journal, 1st Floor, Watersedge, Riverside Way, Midleton C L AW G R I M Five Minutes - Five Questions 1. What is the name for mammals born incompletely developed and carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly? 2. Charmeuse, Noil and Shantung are all types of which fabric? 3. The enzyme pepsin is released by cells in which part of the human body? 4. What UK event did protest group Animal Aid describe in 2011 as 'straightforward animal abuse on a par with Spanish Bullfighting'? 5. Which vegetable has the Latin name Allium Cepa? Answer to last week’s Medium 3 5. Couscous 2 ANSWERS TO WORDGAMES: 1. SQUEAKILY 2. CLAM CRAM GRAM ANSWERS: 1. Marsupials 2. Thailand 3. Mother Earth 4. The Grand National 1 Find the 9 letter word hidden in this word wheel Answer to last week’s Difficult Tea-Break Crossword SUDOKU Email us at [email protected] call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 51 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal The Big Screen Horrible Bosses is wonderfully hilarious DVD Midleton Corner JULY 29TH-AUG. 4TH CAPTAIN AMERICA: THE FIRST AVENGER 3D(PG) Market Green 021 4630066 11.30AM 2.15 5.30 8.15PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11PM HORRID HENRY (GEN) Gwyneth proves she can still reach the high notes 11.30AM 2.00 4.15 6.30PM THE ZOOKEEPER (PG) 11.30AM 2.00 4.30 7.00 CARS 2 (GEN) 11.30AM 2.00 4.30 7.15PM HORRIBLE BOSSES (15A) 9.15PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM JASON Bateman is Nick, who works long hours at a desk job. His boss (Kevin Spacey) literally torments him with cruel mind games. But Nick hangs in there because his boss also dangles the carrot of a promotion before him. Kurt (Jason Sudeikis) is a woman-chaser who’s the happiest of the lot ... at first anyway. He really likes his boss (Donald Sutherland) and despises the boss’s cokehead son (an almost-unrecognizable Colin Farrell). But Kurt’s idyllic work environment doesn‘t last long after the son takes over the company. Dale (Charlie Day) is happily engaged. He works as a technician for an oversexed dentist (Jennifer Aniston), who begins using blackmail to try to seduce him. One night when the three guys get together over drinks, they realise their bosses are ruining their lives. So they hatch a plan: They will kill their horrible, horrible bosses. Taking advice from a tattooed ‘murder consultant’ played by Jamie Foxx, they plan three fatal, and seemingly unconnected, ‘accidents’. While some may see flashes of other films, Horrible Bosses’ wicked wit and Hangover-like humour gives it a fresh spin on an old idea. One thing’s for sure: You’ll leave the theatre laughing at the funniest movie about work since Office Space and one of the best comedies of the year. HARRY POTTER & THE DEATHLY HALLOWS PART II (12A) 11.30AM 2.15 5.15 8.15PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11PM THE GUARD (15A) 9.15PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM BRIDESMAIDS (16) 8.30PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM GateCinemasAppnowavailableintheAppStoreFREE Book online at www.corkcinemas.com OSCAR-WINNER, Gwyenth Paltrow plays Kelly Canter, a fallen country and western star, carted off to rehab. There she meets handsome orderly and aspiring songwriter Beau (Garrett Hedlund), who helps in her recovery, and is soon asked to join her on a Texas comeback tour. But can she stay off the bottle long enough to make it to the stage? Kelly’s husband/manager James (an impressive Tim McGraw) increases the permutations of romance and heartbreak with the hiring of former beauty queen turned singer, Chiles Stanton (Leighton Meester). Juggling self-pity, rage and redemption, Paltrow’s fine, even if she does a better job of selling the songs than the story. The backstage shenanigans and tear-stained soap opera are a tad predictable in Country Strong, but the performances lend it conviction and the soundtrack has enough heart and soul to endear it to true country music fans. 52 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Fo o d fo r t h o u g h t Sponsored by Well & Good, Broderick Street, Midleton Tel. (021) 4633499 Portuguese perfection Piri-Piri Chicken with Shredded Vegetable Salad BURPING AND BLOATING! AS we age stomach acid levels tend to fall. The symptoms of under-acidity are very similar to symptoms of over-acidity, but if advertisements were to be believed overacidity would be the overwhelming problem. Reaching for the R... is often the wrong solution. Antacids, whether over-the-counter or prescribed by a doctor, are often not appropriate. Though sometimes necessary, for people suffering from low stomach acid, they simply further reduce acid levels. * Stomach acid is essential to break down protein * to metabolise vitamins (especially B vitamins) * to absorb minerals Too little stomach acid makes digestion difficult and significantly makes it easier for pathogens such as candida yeasts, helicobacter pylori and e. coli to thrive in the stomach in an alkaline environment. If stomach acid reflux is a problem, it can often be solved by remembering that a heavy meal stimulates the stomach to secrete even more acid. A big evening meal promotes excess stomach acid production. Drinking milk is often thought to be a quick fix, but unfortunately milk has a rebound action and can eventually encourage secretion of more stomach acid which just makes things worse. PIRI-PIRI CHICKEN is, marinated in a hot chilli pepper marinade, then grilled. This dish evolved in Angola and Mozambique (once Portuguese colonies) after Portuguese explorers and settlers brought American chile peppers to Africa. The Portuguese also took the peppers and the cafreal to other parts of the world, notably Goa, India. Spicy-hot Frango Piri-Piri is now so popular in Portugal that it is regarded as a Portuguese dish. The most basic piri-piri marinade recipe calls for just oil, cayenne pepper or minced fresh hot chilli pepper, and salt. Many piri-piri recipes add an acidic liquid (usually lemon or lime juice, or vinegar, or possibly wine or liquor) which adds a tang and tenderises the chicken. More elaborate versions also include various other flavourings and spices. Serves 4 4 chicken breasts A little salt and freshly-ground black pepper INGREDIENTS 2 red chillies, deseeded and finely chopped Juice of 2 limes 2 cloves garlic, chopped 1 teasp. ground coriander 1 teasp. ground cinnamon 1 teasp. ground ginger 1 teasp. sugar 1 tablesp. olive oil MARINADE ½ small white cabbage 4 carrots 1 red onion 1 teasp. wholegrain mustard 1 tablesp white wine vinegar 2 tablesp olive oil Handful fresh coriander, chopped SALAD Cooking time 45 mins 1. Combine the marinade ingredients in a bowl. Add in the chicken breasts and stir to coat them in the marinade. Leave to marinate for as long as you can, but for at least 15 minutes. 2. Heat the oven to Gas Mark 6, 200°C (400°F). Put the chicken in an oven-proof dish, season with salt and black pepper and place in the oven. Roast for 30 minutes. 3. While the chicken is cooking make the salad. Shred the cabbage, carrots and onion in a processor if available, if not slice them very finely. Place the vegetables in a serving bowl. 4. Combine the mustard, white wine vinegar, olive oil, fresh coriander and seasoning. 5. Mix well then pour the dressing over the vegetables and stir to combine. METHOD Serve with the chicken and baked or steamed potatoes. Serving Suggestions Solution: Eat a smaller evening meal and have a light snack, such as crackers, before sleep. Chew well, sit up straight during and for a good half hour after a meal, and avoid drinking when eating as liquid dilutes natural digestive enzymes. Raise the top end of the bed about 6 inches to help gravity solve the problem. Taking a bitter herb such as yarrow or centaurium 20 minutes before a meal helps balance stomach acid levels, aiding digestion and eliminating reflux. Testing for stomach acid levels a. If you suffer from heartburn, take 1 tablespoon of lemon juice . If this helps indigestion, it indicates LOW stomach acid. If indigestion gets worse, it means your stomach acid levels are already too high. b. Dissolve 1 level teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda in water and drink on an empty stomach. If you start to bloat and belch it means you have enough stomach acid, and the acid has converted the alkaline bicarb to gas. Think of making soda bread! If you remain comfortable it means your acid levels are probably too low. Symptoms of low stomach acid Bloating near the end of a meal or soon after, nausea, heartburn, hair loss in women, dry sore mouth, nausea after taking food supplements, dilated capillaries around nose and the cheeks. Well & Good Broderick Street, Midleton * Tel. / Fax. (021) 4633499 DIGESTIVE EASE WELL and Good stocks many remedies and suggestions to help a dodgy digestion. Taken before a meal, A.Vogel Yarrow or Centaurium stimulate and balance the production of natural gastric juices and are a boon to many customers. Nu Era homeopathic Tissue Salts are also successful for over- and under-acidity. Fruitin provides a natural barrier in the stomach which can be used even by pregnant mums when nausea is common. Digestive Enzymes from Quest or Solgar are great first aid, and useful when a special meal may cause problems. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 53 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal FASHION FOCUS GET READY FOR A SUMMER OF HIGH CLASS FASHIONS AT HIGH STREET PRICES AT ARCADE MIDLETON BOUTIQUE BRANDS, HIGH STREET LABELS, KIDS FASHIONS & INTERIORS SUMMER SALE @ ARCADE MIDLETON Huge reductions across the store! Maxi dresses €10 €4.99 Bikinis and Togs €9.99 Flip Flops €9.99 (sizes 36-41) Girls’ Boys’ Dresses Tops €5 €10 Summer quenchers at Xpresso Cafe We’re making way for new mid-season stock daily! Sunday 2pm - 6pm Monday - Wednesday 9am - 7pm Thuursday & Friday 9am - 8pm Th Saturday 9am - 6pm Sunglasses LUCKILY, the XPresso Cafe at Arcade Midleton can fix that with its delicious selection of fruit juices and smoothies. High in antioxidants and low in fat, they'll keep that temperature under control while tasting yummy. Better still, unlike chips, you can count them as one of your five a day. Call in to XPresso Cafe today and pick up a smoothie - your throat will thank you! sponsored by: arcade Pushing prices down 94 Main Street, Midleton Open 7 Days a Week – Customer Car Park on Riverside Way Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 54 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal THE PLACE TO BE 52 # !'3 ,6/+* 6'( $4+7 92(4 !6';37 /<+* #+',44* #'1'* &.41+ !1'/)+ ,642 6246+ '= !'3,6/+ #'1243 '0+* 4* !'3 6/+* '0+ #+6:/3- 44* +:+6='= 84 52 TEXT YOUR NAME, ADDRESS AND ANSWER TO 086 8073862 FEATURING EDITORS . ASH . THERAPY? THE CORONAS . DAN LE SAC VS SCROOBIUS PIP . WHIPPING BOY . THE FRANK & WALTERS . GEMMA HAYES . AND SO I WATCH YOU FROM AFAR . RYAN SHERIDAN . HAM SANDWICH . THE RIPTIDE MOVEMENT . THE MINUTES . NOT SQUARES . BATS . ENEMIES . JOGGING . BIPOLAR EMPIRE . DEAD SCHOOL . SACRED ANIMALS . JOHN BLEK & THE RATS . MIRACLE BELL . THE DANGER IS . THE BUTTERFLY EXPLOSION . SHOUTING AT PLANES . ZOMBIE COMPUTER . THE REVENGE (INSTRUMENTS OF RAPTURE) . CHARLES WEBSTER . TODD TERJE . KORMAC . DJ CHURCH & GORDO . YACHTROCK DJ'S . MUCCA & Many More. David Mc Savage added to Comedic programme! & new and unique camping experience on offer INDIEPENDENCE 2011 goers are in for a treat this summer as it has been announced that satirical comic maestro, David Mc Savage (of RTE’S The Savage Eye), will be headlining the comedy stage. Mc Savage will be joined by other comics such as Fred Cooke and Joe Rooney in the new comedy tent, which promises to make the festival bigger and better than ever before. Not only this, but in a new venture, comedy heats have been taking place across the country with the winners set to perform alongside these acts. The exciting new comedic element of the festival is combined with some of the best and freshest Irish music talent, alongside some fantastic international headliners – this year Editors and Dan Le Sac vs. Scroobius Pip will play alongside the likes of Therapy?, The Coronas, Whipping Boy and Gemma Hayes across 4 stages over the weekend. For the first time, INDIEPENDENCE 2011, taking place in Deer Farm, Mitchelstown, Cork, will be offering festival goers a unique h boutique camping experience with pre-booking available. Boutique camping means camping in style, choosing from a selection of tee pees and yurts in a home-away-from-home. All you need to do is turn up and move in! There will be new chill-out areas in the main arena and also a new cinema tent at the campsite. DJs will be playing late into the night in a special area in the campsite when the main arena closes. Delicious wild boar and venison stew will be served at a new on-site dining tent, complimented by fully-licensed bars sponsored by Bavaria and Havana Club the Authentic Cuban Rum. Tickets are on sale now for INDIEPENDENCE 2011 at some of the most recession-busting prices around. Full 3 – night weekend camping tickets are only €99 with different deals going as low as €59 for two days! Don’t miss out! The full timetable for the festival can be found here: www.indiependencefestival.com. Also check out the Indiependence Festival Facebook page for more news and special offers. arty’s Bar & restaurant "+'1 6/7. ,44 /3 ' 6+'1 6/7. !9( 978 ' ?!9)@ 4,, 8.+ CLOYNE open 7 days a week 021 4652401 www.hartysrestaurantcloyne.com [email protected] HARTY’S CLOYNE - SPONSORS OF CLOYNE MINOR HURLING & FOOTBALL ThurSday, JuLy 28Th 6+'8 44* 11 '= 3 #+'3').'> & " Trad NighT froM 9.30pM. MuSiCiaNS weLCoMe To JoiN iN " ' 11 ' -7 ;;; 7+'3').'/ /+ 7+'3').'/('6 +/6)42 3+8 Sunday Lunch from 12.30pm until 3pm Main Courses from €9.95. 4 Course Menu for €19.50 until 9pm daily. Book Club - Book for the Month “ The kite runner” by khaled hosseini. Next Meeting Monday, July 29th at 8.30pm. new members welcome. complimentary finger food Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 55 Wednesday, July 27th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal E N T E R TA I N M E N T G U I D E ! For all your Disco parties! You pick the venue, we create the atmosphere! 18th, 21st, 30th, 40th - any occasion! * Weddings & Civil Partnerships * Teenage discos, any club discos Our Laser Lights, LEDs, Moonflower Lights, Smoke Machine and Sound Rig will transform any venue into the coolest place to party! THE MATRIX B A R , Yo u g h a l Country & Western and Ballads Available for clubs, pubs, weddings and private parties Own PA System PA System also available for hire 086 2453153 [email protected] ‘Favourites’ a new CD release by East Cork based Country and Western singer, John Motherway SINGER and instrumentalist, John Motherway, is well loved in the Country and Western Scene in Cork. By turns, he picks the guitar to accompany an ancient ballad, sings a witty song about modern life, plays a sweet Irish melody on guitar, and then turns to a well loved Country and Western classic. He tops it all with the occasional fiddle tune accompanied by a good friend, or old Christy Moore songs, — all skillfully blended into a seamless flow. One fan said, ‘It’s music from the heart that hits you right between the eyes.’ A mainstay on the Country and Western circuit these past 4 years, John has released a new album of favourite tracks simply called ‘Favourites’, which also includes popular ballads which are beautifully arranged and show his own unique style. He has performed in everything from local sessions groups, in The Thatch Pub, Ladysbridge, to regional talent competitions, and being a regular act in Pat Shorts Bar in Castlemartyr, to being recorded for the Céilí House programme on RTÉ Radio 1 with Kieran Hanrahan. ‘John is a delight to have playing in our pub. He and his wonderful Country and Western music are very popular with our customers, and help us make another great night at Pat Shortt’s,’ Maurice Hennessy, Pat Shortts Pub, Castlemartyr. His popular CD, played on local and 103FM radio, is available in the East Cork region with local stockists, price €10.00. If you would like to hear him in person, John is available to play at your parties, pubs or gatherings. Contact him on 086 2453153. TOP DJS every Friday & Saturday LIVE BANDS & BARBECUE EVERY SUNDAY Wallis’ BAR MIDLETON Where a smile & a warm welcome await... EARLY OPENING 9AM MON - SAT SOMETHING SIMPLE TEAS, COFFEES, HOMEMADE SCONES ETC. Thursday, July 28th: Connolly Street, Midleton tel: 021 4631928 D.J. Friday, July 29th: UNUSUAL SUSPECTS NO CC Thursday, August 4th: MARY GREENE & NOEL SHINE Sunday, August 7th: Saturday, July 30th: D.J. JOHN NO CC HAPPY DAYS Featuring: The Idle Hour, The James McGrath Band & Fintan Lucy Sunday, July 31st: D.J. SMIDDY NO CC MEATLOAF TRIBUTE 7PM NO CC Texas Hold ’Em every Tuesday night 7pm Special drink prices for sporting events Special drink prices Mon - Wed from 6pm Monday, August 8th: THE TOWN HALL CONCERTS AT WALLIS’ BAR TRAD SESSIONS Tuesdays, 9.30pm MID-WEEK OPEN MIC with JAMES MCGRATH Wednesdays, 9.30pm IN-HOUSE MUSIC Every Fri & Sat, 9.30pm - close Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 56	i don't know
In conventional chessboard layout denotion, where the white castle (rook) starts on square a1, what piece occupies e8?	Eade j chess for dummies 2nd edition 2005 by stier litz - issuu issuu by James Eade EDITION Chess For Dummies®, 2nd Edition Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, 317-572-3447, fax 317-572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Control Number: 2005924627 ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-8404-6 ISBN-10: 0-7645-8404-9 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2O/RW/QY/QV/IN About the Author James Eade began taking chess seriously in 1972, when Bobby Fischer was taking the chess world by storm. He competed on his high-school and college teams and became a United States Chess Federation (USCF) chess master in 1981. In 1984 he became a USCF correspondence chess master as well. International organizations awarded him the master title in 1990 (for correspondence) and in 1993 (for regular tournament play), but his chess-playing career has gradually given way to chess writing, organizing, and teaching. James has written three other books on chess: Remember the MacCutcheon (Chess Enterprises), San Francisco, 1995 (Hypermodern Press), and The Chess Player’s Bible (Barron’s). He has written numerous articles for a variety of magazines and has edited both the Golden Gate Chess News and the California Chess Journal. In 1991 James began taking an interest in chess political organizations and was elected vice president of CalChess, the Northern California Chess Association, later that year. In 1995 he became CalChess president and was also elected to be president of the Chess Journalists of America. In 1996 he was elected to the USCF’s policy board, the executive committee charged with oversight of the multi-million-dollar corporation. He was appointed zone president for the United States for the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) from 2000 to 2002 and has served on the U.S. Charitable Chess Trust board of trustees since 2000. James holds a master’s degree in organization development from the University of San Francisco and still bristles at being called a chess nerd. Dedication To Sheri — for suffering chess fools gladly. Author’s Acknowledgments I would like to thank Sheri Anderson for all her encouragement and support throughout this writing project. I really appreciated the feedback I got from the first edition of Chess For Dummies, especially the input I received from George Mirijanian, Frisco Del Rosario, and Wayne Praeder. My editors for the first edition, Bill Helling and Bill Barton, deserve a special thanks for drilling it into my head that not everyone knows Ruy Lopez from Nancy Lopez, and for keeping me on the straight and narrow. My thanks also go to the first edition’s technical editor, John Peterson, who is a better friend than chess player — and he happens to be a very good chess player. I also wish to thank my editors, Sherri Pfouts, Kristin DeMint, and Jon Edwards, for their help with this second edition. M. L. Rantala was more than helpful with the glossary of terms, which I could not have done without her most able assistance. I wish to thank my father, Arthur Eade, for teaching me chess, and my mother, Marilyn, for her touching advance order for this book. Lastly, a special thank-you to Lore McGovern, who was the wind at my back from start to finish. Publisher’s Acknowledgments We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/. Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following: Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Project Editors: Sherri Cullison Pfouts, Kristin DeMint Acquisitions Editor: Stacy Kennedy Copy Editor: Kristin DeMint Composition Services Project Coordinator: Adrienne Martinez Layout and Graphics: Karl Brandt, Carl Byers, Andrea Dahl, Joyce Haughey, Stephanie D. Jumper, Barry Offringa, Lynsey Osborn, Melanee Prendergast Technical Editor: Jon Edwards Proofreaders: Lynda D’Arcangelo, Leeann Harney, Jessica Kramer, Dwight Ramsey Editorial Manager: Christine Meloy Beck Indexer: TECHBOOKS Production Services Editorial Program Assistant: Courtney Allen Editorial Assistants: Hanna Scott, Melissa S. Bennett, Nadine Bell Cover Photo: © Les Cunliffe / AGE Fotostock, Inc. Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com) Publishing and Editorial for Consumer Dummies Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher, Consumer Dummies Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director, Consumer Dummies Kristin A. Cocks, Product Development Director, Consumer Dummies Michael Spring, Vice President and Publisher, Travel Kelly Regan, Editorial Director, Travel Publishing for Technology Dummies Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General User Composition Services Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services Contents at a Glance Introduction .................................................................1 Part I: Laying the Groundwork .......................................7 Chapter 1: Tackling the Chess Basics ..............................................................................9 Chapter 2: Greeting the Pieces and Their Powers ........................................................23 Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess .....................................................41 Chapter 4: Looking Out for the King: Check, Stalemate, and Checkmate .................63 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How ................................79 Chapter 5: Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat ................................81 Chapter 6: Sacrifices: When Itâ€™s Better to Give than to Receive ...............................109 Chapter 7: Mastering Mating Patterns .........................................................................121 Chapter 8: Building Pattern Recognition .....................................................................137 Chapter 9: Recognizing Pawn Formations ...................................................................155 Chapter 10: Making Special Moves ...............................................................................169 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward ...177 Chapter 11: Selecting Your Strategy: The Principles of Play .....................................179 Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening ...........................................................193 Chapter 13: Making Headway during the Middlegame ..............................................215 Chapter 14: Exiting with Style in the Endgame ...........................................................225 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action .......................243 Chapter 15: Competition Play and Necessary Etiquette ...........................................245 Chapter 16: Hitting the Net with Computer Chess .....................................................257 Chapter 17: Got Notation? Reading and Writing about Chess ..................................263 Part V: The Part of Tens ............................................275 Chapter 18: The Ten Most Famous Chess Games ......................................................277 Chapter 19: The Ten Best Players of All Time .............................................................305 Part VI: Appendixes ..................................................313 Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess .................................................................................315 Appendix B: Other Chess Resources ...........................................................................341 Index........................................................................345 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................1 About This Book ..............................................................................................1 Whatâ€™s New in This Edition ............................................................................2 Conventions Used in This Book ....................................................................2 Foolish Assumptions ......................................................................................3 How This Book Is Organized ..........................................................................3 Part I: Laying the Groundwork .............................................................3 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How ........................................................4 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward ....................4 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action ................................................5 Part V: The Part of Tens ........................................................................5 Part VI: Appendixes ...............................................................................5 Icons Used in This Book .................................................................................5 Where to Go from Here ...................................................................................6 Part I: Laying the Groundwork ......................................7 Chapter 1: Tackling the Chess Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Chesstacular! The Basics of the Game .........................................................9 The underlying concepts ....................................................................10 Things to recognize to make wise decisions ...................................10 Three parts that make a whole ..........................................................11 Different ways to get your game on ..................................................12 A game to write home about ..............................................................12 Chessboard Chatter: Bringing Home a Board and Chess Set ..................12 Finding the right board and set .........................................................13 Getting up close and personal with your board ..............................14 Piecemeal: Putting the Pieces on the Board ..............................................18 Chapter 2: Greeting the Pieces and Their Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Mimicking a Castle: The Rook .....................................................................24 Showing Off Slender Curves: The Bishop ..................................................26 Flaunting Her Pointy Crown: The Queen ....................................................30 Donning a Buggy Crown: The King ..............................................................31 Galloping in an L-Formation: The Knight ...................................................33 Scooting Around as the Armyâ€™s Runt: The Pawn ......................................35 xii Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Hogging the Board: Space ............................................................................41 Don’t get cramped ...............................................................................42 Gain control ..........................................................................................42 Employ space strategies .....................................................................42 Getting the Most Bang for Your Buck: Material .........................................46 Value your pawns and pieces ............................................................46 Adopt material strategies ...................................................................47 Positioning Men in Good Time: Development ...........................................48 Gain a tempo ........................................................................................49 Make a gambit (maybe) ......................................................................50 Protecting the Head Honcho: King Safety ..................................................52 Working Your Pawn Structure .....................................................................54 Promote the little guys: Passed pawns .............................................57 Mobility is key: Isolated pawns .........................................................58 Left behind on open files: Backwards pawns ..................................59 On the verge of backwards: Hanging pawns ....................................60 In front of a pawn sibling: Doubled pawns .......................................60 Lines in the sand: Pawn chains ..........................................................61 Chapter 4: Looking Out for the King: Check, Stalemate, and Checkmate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Check ’Em Out: Attacking the Enemy King ................................................63 Stuck in a Rut: Stalemate ..............................................................................65 No Escape for Ye King: Checkmate .............................................................66 Cutting off squares with the king and queen ...................................67 Checkmating with king and rook .......................................................70 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How ................................79 Chapter 5: Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat . . . .81 Knowing Your Tactical Game Plan ..............................................................81 Bullying two guys at once: The fork ..................................................82 Going after the bodyguard: The pin ..................................................87 Forcing your opponent to move it or lose it: The skewer ..............90 Stealing the show: Discovered and double attacks ........................92 Dealing out the discovered and double check ................................94 Combining Moves to Speed Your Progress ................................................96 Sacrificing a piece to clear a path .....................................................97 Luring your opponent with a decoy ...............................................100 Deflecting your opponent’s piece off a key square .......................102 Destroying the guard ........................................................................104 Overloading one piece to make another piece vulnerable ..........106 Table of Contents Chapter 6: Sacrifices: When It’s Better to Give than to Receive . . .109 Sacrificing for an Edge in Development: The Gambit .............................110 Giving Up a Bishop ......................................................................................112 Immediate Gratification: The Temporary Sacrifice ................................115 A Strategic Move for the Patient: The Permanent Sacrifice ..................117 Chapter 7: Mastering Mating Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Beware the Unprotected Back Rank: Back Rank Mates .........................124 Pair the Heavy and the Light: Queen and Pawn Mates ..........................125 Mount Her Royal Highness: Queen and Knight Mates ...........................129 Create a Steamroller with the Bishop and Rook .....................................134 Chapter 8: Building Pattern Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Analyzing Chess Positions and Looking Ahead ......................................138 Picking Up on Pawn Formations ...............................................................139 The French Defense and the pawn chain .......................................140 After the French Defense: Typical pawn formations ....................143 Eyeing the Endgame Patterns ....................................................................147 Transferring the rook ........................................................................148 Building a bridge ...............................................................................151 Chapter 9: Recognizing Pawn Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Exploring the Powers of Pawn Formations ..............................................155 Seeing how pawn formations can affect a game ............................156 Using your pawns to your advantage .............................................157 Getting the Bishop Involved: The Fianchetto ..........................................158 Looking at fianchetto strengths .......................................................159 Watching out for fianchetto weaknesses ........................................159 Varying the Sicilian: The Dragon ...............................................................160 Clawing your way across the board: The Dragon’s pros ..............160 Getting past the Dragon’s drawbacks .............................................161 Exercising Your Pawns’ Flexibility: The Scheveningen ..........................161 Gaining advantage with the Scheveningen ....................................162 Looking at the downside to the Scheveningen ..............................163 Building the Stonewall ................................................................................163 Relying on the Stonewall’s strengths ..............................................164 Coping with the Stonewall’s weaknesses .......................................164 Creating a Megafortress at the Center: The Double Stonewall .............164 Knowing the Double Stonewall’s benefits ......................................165 Dealing with the Double Stonewall’s downfalls .............................166 Matching Color to Center Squares: The Closed English ........................166 Eyeing the Closed English benefits .................................................166 Coming to terms with the Closed English pitfalls .........................167 Winging It with the Nimzo-Botvinnik ........................................................167 Discovering the advantages .............................................................168 Weeding out the weaknesses ...........................................................168 xiii xiv Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition Chapter 10: Making Special Moves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Capturing a Pawn at Your Side: En Passant .............................................169 The en passant capture ....................................................................170 The en passant details to keep in mind ..........................................171 Boosting Your Pawns’ Powers: Promotion Time .....................................171 Guarding Your King and Putting a Rook in Motion: Castling .................172 When you can’t castle .......................................................................174 When you can castle .........................................................................175 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward ...................................................................177 Chapter 11: Selecting Your Strategy: The Principles of Play . . . . . .179 Aiming for the Center .................................................................................180 Exchanging Pieces .......................................................................................185 Doing More with Less: The Minority Attack ............................................186 Controlling Key Squares to Lock Up an Advantage ................................188 Holding Back the Pawns: The Blockade ...................................................191 Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Developing Your Pieces ..............................................................................194 Controlling the center .......................................................................194 Watching your opponent ..................................................................194 Following basic principles ................................................................195 Attacking Your Opponent’s Pieces ............................................................195 Getting Ahead with Your Opening Moves ................................................196 Taking note of good opening moves ...............................................196 Resorting to the not-as-good opening moves ................................198 Salvaging a weak opening move ......................................................199 Exploring Common Opening Moves .........................................................200 Double king pawn openings .............................................................201 Different strokes: Other black replies .............................................207 Ladies first: The double queen pawn opening ..............................210 Cowboys and Indian Defenses .........................................................212 Chapter 13: Making Headway during the Middlegame . . . . . . . . . . .215 When You Reach the Middlegame . . . ......................................................215 Formulating a Middlegame Plan ................................................................216 Evaluate the position ........................................................................216 Take advantage of the pawn structure ...........................................217 Look for ways to use a minority attack ..........................................221 Attacking during the Middlegame .............................................................222 Attack types to watch out for and defend against ........................223 Principles to keep in mind ...............................................................223 Table of Contents Chapter 14: Exiting with Style in the Endgame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Putting the Endgame into Perspective .....................................................225 The General Winning Endgame Strategy ..................................................226 Pawn and King Endings ..............................................................................227 When the kings face off: Opposition ...............................................229 When each side has more than one pawn .....................................233 Rook Endings: The Oh-So-Common Tricksters .......................................237 Bishops and Knights: Minor Piece Endings .............................................238 Medieval times, chess-style: Knight versus knight .......................240 Survival of the fittest: Knight versus bishop .................................241 A religious battle: Bishop versus bishop .......................................242 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action .......................243 Chapter 15: Competition Play and Necessary Etiquette . . . . . . . . . .245 Practice Makes Perfect: Joining a Club First ...........................................245 U.S. Tournament Basics ..............................................................................246 Watching your time and rating high ...............................................246 Familiarizing yourself with the types of tournaments ..................248 Tournament Chess around the World ......................................................250 Going Long Distance: Correspondence Chess .........................................250 Miss (or Mister) Manners: Tournament Etiquette ..................................251 Knowing when to call your loss .......................................................252 Offering a draw ..................................................................................253 Being careful what you touch ..........................................................254 Straightening your pieces ................................................................255 Saving snacks for later ......................................................................255 Chapter 16: Hitting the Net with Computer Chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Computers versus Humans ........................................................................257 The triumph of the number crunchers ...........................................258 A chessmaster sinks in IBMâ€™s Deep Blue ........................................259 Chess-Playing Computer Programs ..........................................................259 Chess Databases .........................................................................................260 Electronic Chess Instruction .....................................................................260 Playing Chess Online ..................................................................................261 Chapter 17: Got Notation? Reading and Writing about Chess . . . . .263 Keeping Track of the Pieces ......................................................................264 Writing the Moves of a Game .....................................................................264 Describing a typical opening ...........................................................264 Indicating captures ............................................................................266 xv xvi Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition Noting an exchange and a castle .....................................................268 Recording a pawn promotion ..........................................................270 Accounting for Ambiguities (Which Knight, for Pete’s Sake?) ..............270 Commenting on a Game after the Fact .....................................................272 Reading Newspaper Diagrams ...................................................................272 Part V: The Part of Tens ............................................275 Chapter 18: The Ten Most Famous Chess Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 Understanding the Games ..........................................................................277 Adolf Anderssen versus Lionel Kieseritzky: The Immortal Game ........278 Adolf Anderssen versus J. Dufresne: The Evergreen Game ...................281 Paul Morphy versus Duke Karl of Braunschweig and Count Isouard ....283 Wilhelm Steinitz versus Kurt Von Bardeleben .........................................285 Georg Rotlewi versus Akiba Rubinstein ...................................................288 Stepan Levitsky versus Frank Marshall ....................................................290 Emanuel Lasker versus José Raúl Capablanca ........................................292 Donald Byrne versus Robert J. Fischer ....................................................294 Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov ............................................................297 Garry Kasparov versus The World ...........................................................299 Chapter 19: The Ten Best Players of All Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 Kasparov, Garry (1963–), Russia ...............................................................305 Capablanca, José Raúl (1888–1942), Cuba ...............................................306 Fischer, Robert James (1943–), United States .........................................306 Karpov, Anatoly (1951–), Russia ...............................................................307 Morphy, Paul (1837–84), United States ....................................................307 Lasker, Emanuel (1868–1941), Germany ...................................................307 Steinitz, Wilhelm (1836–1900), Austria .....................................................308 Alekhine, Alexander (1892–1946), Russia ................................................308 Botvinnik, Mikhail (1911–95), Russia ........................................................309 Tal, Mikhail (1936–92), Latvia ....................................................................309 Honorable Mentions ...................................................................................310 The Strongest Players Never to Be World Champion .............................310 Chigorin, Mikhail (1850–1908), Russia ............................................311 Tarrasch, Siegbert (1862–1934), Germany .....................................311 Pillsbury, Harry Nelson (1872–1906), United States .....................311 Rubinstein, Akiba (1882–1961), Poland ..........................................311 Reshevsky, Samuel (1911–92), United States .................................312 Keres, Paul (1916–75), Estonia .........................................................312 Korchnoi, Viktor (1931–), Russia .....................................................312 Anand, Viswanathan (1969–), India .................................................312 Table of Contents Part VI: Appendixes ..................................................313 Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Appendix B: Other Chess Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341 Beginner’s Chess Books .............................................................................341 Comprehensive Chess Course .........................................................341 Official Rules of Chess, Fifth Edition ...............................................341 The Oxford Companion to Chess, Second Edition ........................342 The Even More Complete Chess Addict .........................................342 Chess Equipment ........................................................................................342 The Chess Cafe ..................................................................................342 Your Move Chess & Games ..............................................................342 Informative Internet Resources .................................................................343 U.S. Places, People to See, and Games of Interest ..................................343 Marshall Chess Club .........................................................................344 Mechanics’ Institute Chess Room ...................................................344 The John G. White Collection ..........................................................344 World Chess Hall of Fame & Sidney Samole Chess Museum .......344 Index........................................................................345 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition Introduction S ome chess players hate to hear someone call chess a game. They think that by doing so, one trivializes what is actually a profound intellectual activity. Try as they may, however, chess enthusiasts seem incapable of convincingly placing chess solely in the context of art, science, or sport. Uncannily, chess contains elements of all three — and yet chess remains a game. Actually, I prefer to think of chess as a game — the best game ever invented. Chess is a game loved by engineers and free-verse poets alike. It imposes a set of rules and has finite limits, but just as you start to think that you’re finally solving its mysteries, it thwarts you. As a result, sometimes the game is frustrating, but far more often, chess proves both surprising and delightful. The deeper you dig into chess, the more of its secrets you unearth — but interestingly enough, the game has never been tapped out. Even today’s monster computers are far from playing the theorized perfect chess game. To master chess, you must combine a kind of discipline normally associated with the hard sciences and a creative freedom akin to the inspiration of artists. Few people develop both aspects equally well, and few activities can help you do so. Chess, however, is one such activity. The plodding scientist is forced to tap into his or her creative energies to play well. The fanciful artist must, in turn, conform to certain specific principles or face the harsh reality of a lost game. Not only is chess an excellent educational tool that helps strengthen your left brain, but the game is also an endless source of pleasure. After most people discover that I play chess, they usually say, “You must be very smart.” They should instead say, “You must have a lot of spare time.” Chess has been played throughout history by people with above-average leisure time, not necessarily by people with far-above-average intelligence — so if you don’t consider yourself in the “I-aced-the-MCAT” crowd, fear no more. As a matter of fact, chess tutors can teach preschoolers the rules of the game. (So maybe they can’t get the tots to stop chewing on the pieces, but they can teach the youngsters how to play.) In fact, anyone can learn how to play chess if you have a bit of spare time. And you don’t even need too much of that. About This Book This book is designed to help you become a better chess player in several ways: First, it contains a great deal of information and advice on how to play chess. You can also find in these pages information about how to talk about 2 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition chess, which, to many players, is at least as important as knowing how to play. (Part of the fun of chess is the social element involved in discussing other people’s games — called kibitzing.) Finally, the book offers numerous suggestions on how to find other players who are just about at your own level (and how to mind your chess manners when you sit down to play!). If you’re a beginner, the great joys of chess await you. If you’re an intermediate player, you can find in this book a wealth of material to help you improve your game and to enjoy chess even more. What’s New in This Edition In this edition, I’ve made quite a few updates to stay with the times and to help you improve your play. Among the updates are the following: I use chess notation more liberally than in the first edition, so if you want to be able to read notated games well, this book provides plenty of opportunities to hone your skills. With the exception of a couple of chapters, however, it isn’t essential for you to be familiar with the notation. I’ve included new material on two helpful subjects: combinations, which are sequences of forcing moves that rely on tactics to achieve an advantage, and pawn formations, which are pawn configurations associated with specific chess openings. You can find that material in Chapters 5 and 9, respectively. Not too long ago, the only way to get information on chess was from books and magazines. Now, numerous chess videos, CDs, DVDs, and Web sites are dedicated to various aspects of the game. This edition includes references to helpful sites in your hunt for chess knowledge. Conventions Used in This Book Throughout this book, I use diagrams of actual chessboards to show the positions I discuss. This convention should sometimes eliminate the need for you to have a chessboard and set in order to use the book — but even so, it’s better if you follow along with an actual board and set. Just note that in these diagrams, the white pieces always start at the bottom of the chessboards, and the black pieces start at the top. I also use sidebars throughout the book to introduce famous players or to add miscellaneous information you don’t really need to know in order to play chess. Rather, I’ve included this information to increase your sheer enjoyment of the game. Introduction Here are a few other conventions to keep in mind: Throughout this book, I refer to moves with chess notation, which I usually place in parentheses. You can skip over this stuff if you don’t want to find out how to decipher it, but if you do, you can flip ahead to Chapter 17 whenever you’re up to the challenge. (Understanding it really isn’t tough, though — believe me!) I use italics whenever I define a chess term in this edition. You can use the glossary as a quick reference for these terms, as well as a resource to discover other chess words. I use monofont to point out any Web sites that I recommend. Foolish Assumptions In this edition, I assume that you already know how to play chess and that you want to get better. I include enough information to help a beginner get started, but I assume that everyone knows someone who already knows how to play chess. I also assume that you’ll be able to find someone to help you if you’re a beginner and have any problems with the material in this book. (And if you don’t know anyone who can, I provide plenty of Web sites and computer programs that can help you navigate the road to the world of chess.) After all, everyone has to start somewhere. How This Book Is Organized I’ve organized this book into six parts so you can easily find just the information you need. Part I: Laying the Groundwork Chapter 1 briefs you about the game of chess and familiarizes you with the board. It assumes that you do have a chessboard and set. You may proceed in any case, because this chapter contains plenty of pictures, but your best course is to work through the chapter with a board and set of your own. In that chapter, you walk through the basic setup of the chessboard and get the scoop on some of the basic chess terminology used more extensively in later chapters. 3 4 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition Chapter 2 provides an in-depth look at each piece in the chess set, detailing its strengths and weaknesses and how it moves. I also clue you in on the value of the pieces, relative to one another — you need to know this information in order to make wise decisions in your game. Chapter 3 introduces you to the basic elements of a game of chess. You find out about material, space, development, and other chess elements. After reading this chapter, you can give a rough assessment of almost any chess position. Chapter 4 points you toward your desired destination: checkmate. Here, I show you the basics on checkmate, and I also give you the rundown on a less decisive, but still forcing move — check — as well as a scenario you want to avoid if you’re on the winning end — stalemate, which is essentially a tie game (in chess, that situation is known as a draw). Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Chapter 5 deals with different types of tactical situations and combinations of those tactics. Most games are lost by mistakes made in these areas, so pay careful attention to the information in this chapter. Chapter 6 deals with another important concept: sacrifices. Sometimes, taking a hit is a wise move in order to secure a greater advantage. Pattern recognition plays a large role in chess, because certain configurations of pieces and pawns occur relatively frequently. If you already know the ideal way to play when these configurations occur, you don’t have to reinvent the wheel every game. Chapter 7 concentrates on checkmating patterns, while Chapter 8 deals with pattern recognition more generally, and Chapter 9 examines commonly occurring pawn formations. Chapter 10 covers those rules of the game that are less commonly understood by most players. These rules start at least half the arguments that break out among beginning chess players, so taking a good look at them may save you some unpleasantness. Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward Chapter 11 introduces the general principles of play that form the basics of chess strategy. From there, I take you through the three phases of a chess game: the opening, middlegame, and endgame. Each phase has its own Introduction nuances, and you need to understand each of them in order to play a good game. Chapter 12 is devoted to the opening, Chapter 13 deals with the middlegame, and Chapter 14 covers the endgame. Part IV: Getting into Advanced Action In Chapter 15, I show you the competitive side of chess, giving you the ins and outs of the various kinds of competitions you can participate in and how to go about doing so. Here, I also point out some etiquette matters that you’ll want to bear in mind when you find yourself in competition play. Chapter 16 surfs the information superhighway for computer and online chess opportunities and offers an account of what’s out there now. Chapter 17 kicks your chess knowledge up a notch, explaining the mysterious system of chess notation and showing you how to record your games for posterity — or for anyone else you want to show the game. You’ll also be able to read about various games that have been previously played. Part V: The Part of Tens Chapters 18 and 19 are the Part of Tens, where I do a top-ten countdown on aspects of the game of chess. Specifically, in Chapter 18, I discuss the ten most famous chess games of all time; in Chapter 19, I list the ten best chess players of all time, which is always a controversial subject. Part VI: Appendixes Finally, I provide a glossary at the end of this book (Appendix A), in case some of these odd chess terms don’t get past your short-term memory and you need to refer back to them at a later time. Appendix B lists some of the best chess resources and how to connect with them. Icons Used in This Book The icons used in this book point you to important topics and help you pick out what you want to know. Make a mental note of the following icons to guide you on your path to chess greatness. 5 6 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition If you’re interested in chess matters that take you beyond the introductory level, this icon points the way. More books have been written about chess than all other games combined! This icon signals some of those books you may want to read — or even add to your chess library. This icon wouldn’t be necessary if chess didn’t have so many good, general rules. Keep the rules of thumb in mind when you play. You’ll be surprised how many you can retain — and how helpful they can be. This icon points to helpful hints — anything from playing better chess to where you find more chess stuff. This icon warns you of impending danger that you just may be able to avoid. Where to Go from Here If you have no knowledge of chess whatsoever, I highly suggest that you start right at the beginning with Chapter 1. Otherwise, just remember that it’s perfectly okay to skip around through the book to locate the chapters and sections of most interest or use to you. Dig in! Part I I In this part . . . n this part I show you how to set up a chessboard and discuss the chess pieces and the ways they move. I also describe the elements of chess; the concepts of material, development, space, pawn structure, and king safety are considered fundamental elements of the game, so I cover each of them here. I also foreshadow the end of the game as I define check, stalemate, and checkmate and show you what they look like in play. Chapter 1 Tackling the Chess Basics In This Chapter Learning what chess is all about Familiarizing yourself with the chessboard Setting up your army I f you’re new to chess, don’t despair. No chess gene decides who can and can’t play. Everyone can learn to play a passable game of chess, and after you come on board, it’s just a matter of time until you find someone you can play well against. If you’re satisfied with participating in an endlessly fascinating and stimulating mental activity — an activity that sports a rich history and may provide you with countless hours of amusement — you’re in luck. You can play chess; take my word for it. In this chapter, I define the game of chess and discuss the basics of how you play and the materials you need. Chesstacular! The Basics of the Game Chess is a board game for two — one player uses white pieces, and the other uses black. Each player gets 16 pieces to maneuver (see Chapter 2 for a rundown of the piece profiles). Players take turns moving one piece at a time, with the ultimate objective of checkmating their opponent’s king (you find out about this overarching goal in Chapter 4). Because chess has so many great rules and because the pieces all exercise their individuality with different moves and abilities, the game has lots of interesting nuances that you should keep in mind as you play. I cover each aspect of the game in this book, so if you’re a novice you’ll find sufficient information to get acquainted with chess, and if you already know how to play but want to hone your prowess, you’ll find plenty of information to help you do just that. This section gives you the nutshell version of all this book has to offer. 10 Part I: Laying the Groundwork The underlying concepts Components of a chess game can be broken down into categories that are so fundamental that they’re referred to as elements. The element of time, or development, is one example. The element of force, or material, is another. If one player deploys more force more quickly than the other, it may be impossible for the latter player to defend against a subsequent invasion. The first step in a player’s development is learning how the pieces move, so I cover the bases in Chapter 2. Then an appreciation of the importance of the game’s elements usually follows, so I describe all the chess elements in Chapter 3. The elements are all a part of what drives a game to the desired end result: checkmate. However, checkmate doesn’t always come to fruition — sometimes a game ends in stalemate, or a draw. There’s also a situation called check, which is an attack on the king. If the king can’t escape the check, then the aggressor has secured checkmate, and the game is over. One thing to note, however, is that placing your opponent in check doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win — check can actually happen several times in a game, and if your opponent can effectively escape from check, then you may just be wasting your time. I discuss all three of these endings in Chapter 4. Holding an advantage in one or more of the elements of chess doesn’t guarantee victory. It does, however, increase the likelihood of success. When the inevitable clash of opposing armies takes place, the resulting tactical possibilities will generally favor the one with elemental advantages. These clashes usually feature common tactics and combinations such as the ones that I present in Chapter 5. Tactics decide the outcome of most of the games played at a fairly competitive level, so a good understanding of the basic tactics and combinations pays off extremely well. One of the ways an advantage can be transformed into victory is through sacrifice. A game of chess is a constant process of giving up something in order to get something else. It makes sense to give up some of your force, for example, if it allows you to checkmate the enemy king. Chapter 6 provides examples of when sacrifices are justified, and Chapter 7 illustrates a number of common ways to deliver checkmate. These types of checkmates appear so often in chess games that players refer to them as mating patterns. Things to recognize to make wise decisions One key to playing chess well is the ability to recognize patterns. When you spot a pattern with which you’re familiar, the right moves suddenly suggest themselves. Chapter 8 deals with building pattern recognition in chess. Due to the starting lineup and the piece movement limitations, only the knight can move at the start of the game, so you have to move some pawns in order to get your other pieces out. The positioning of the pawns often determines Chapter 1: Tackling the Chess Basics the optimal positioning of the pieces. Certain pawn positions, or formations as players often call them, have occurred in so many games that they have their own names. Chapter 9 presents some of the more common ones and shows how the pawns guide you on where to put the pieces. You also have some special moves at your disposal that your opponent (if he or she is a novice) may not know about. To give you an edge (and a resource to help quell any arguments that may arise after you make one of these tricky moves!), I provide the inside scoop on some special moves in Chapter 10. There usually comes a time in every player’s development when he or she is at a loss for what to do next. Or sometimes a player will see a move by a stronger player and have no idea why that move was made. At this point, the principles of play, or strategies, are necessary in order to make further progress. Chapter 11 provides an introduction to chess strategy. The militaristic character of chess is undeniable, but it also holds appeal for the confirmed peacenik. Although many of the strategies of war apply equally well to chess (divide and conquer, for example), many people gain ascetic pleasure from playing or watching a well-played game. Well-known patterns can appear with an unexpected twist and delight the observer. At an advanced level, you’ll discover harmonies that lie just below the surface of the moves, and a move that breaks that harmony will feel as discordant as an off-key note in music. So take heart, consider the information this book provides, and allow yourself to get comfortable with the pieces, their powers, and all the exciting aspects of this strategic, creative game. Besides, unlike real warfare, the worst you’ll suffer in your chess career is a bruised ego. Three parts that make a whole Players divide the chess game into three phases — opening, middlegame, and endgame — to better understand the different demands of each one, but you really need to understand a game as a whole and not just in terms of its separate parts. Otherwise, playing the game can be a bit like eating Chinese food with one chopstick. Here’s a quick breakdown of what each phase entails (see Chapters 12 through 14 for an in-depth look): The opening: The main objective of the opening moves is to effectively activate your forces. The term development refers to this type of activation, and I cover it in more detail in Chapter 3. The middlegame: This phase is where the opposing armies most frequently clash. The terms tactics and combinations are frequently used to describe these clashes. The endgame: By this phase, the forces have been greatly reduced in number, but checkmate hasn’t yet been delivered. 11 12 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Different ways to get your game on If you’re the type of player that wants to be tested in competition, check out Chapter 15. Chess tournaments come in a variety of flavors, and that chapter gives you the scoop. You need to know how to act as well as how to play, so I also cover chess etiquette in that chapter. In this day and age, you don’t need to be physically located next to an opponent in order to play, and Chapter 16 gives the lowdown on computer chess and chess in cyberspace. Chess on the Internet has blossomed, but you need to be aware that nothing is permanent. Although the Web is ever changing, the addresses I provide have proven to be very stable, so they should take you where you want to go. A game to write home about In order to up the ante and read about other people’s chess games, as well as decipher commentary throughout those games, called annotation, and record your own games for posterity, you need to have a solid handle on chess notation. Chess notation is a form of shorthand that may seem intimidating at first glance but is really quite straightforward. Chapter 17 will help you develop your chess literacy and enable you to efficiently read and write about the game. Chessboard Chatter: Bringing Home a Board and Chess Set So you’ve decided all this chess stuff is up your alley. Well, first things first, you need a chessboard and chess set (the collection of chess pieces). If you don’t own a board and chess set, you can turn to Appendix B for mail-order information. You’ll find it extremely helpful to have a board and chess set on hand when reading chess books. Some people can do without one — but some people can memorize the works of John Milton, too. (And who wants to be like that?) Throughout this book I include numerous diagrams to help you understand the game, but they don’t take the place of a real set and board; these diagrams serve primarily as an error check. I urge you to get out your chessboard and set when you’re reading and set up the board as the diagrams show you. That way, you get a real-life view of the moves I describe. Chapter 1: Tackling the Chess Basics Finding the right board and set Your first challenge in finding a chessboard and set is to sort through the many available types. A tremendous range in sizes, colors, and quality exists. The name of the standard design, which is distinguished by the look of the pieces, is the Staunton (see Figure 1-1). This design bears the name of the great English player Howard Staunton and was registered in 1849. Its popularity was so great that it was adopted as the one and only design allowed in official tournaments. If you play with strangers and bring anything other than a Staunton-designed set, people may assume that you’re trying to psych them out by using equipment that they aren’t familiar with. You probably don’t want to start off on the wrong foot. Figure 1-1: The standard chess set: the Staunton. Photo courtesy U.S. Chess Federation. Photo of US1425s: Standard Tournament Chess Set. Wood sets and boards in the Staunton design are more popular at higher levels of competition, but a typical tournament set can be made of plastic pieces in classic white and black. The board is generally of a vinyl roll-up variety with white and green squares. “Why not black squares?” you may justifiably ask. “Headaches,” I would answer. I’ve learned that staring at a high-contrast board is not to be recommended. The only exception is for the miniature traveling sets. It doesn’t matter what color they are, because the makers assume that you won’t be staring at them too long (especially if you’re driving!). 13 14 Part I: Laying the Groundwork If price is no object, wood pieces and boards are the way to go. Wood boards provide the most soothing background possible, and the weight and feel of wood pieces are generally far more satisfying to the touch. In case you’re really getting into chess, collectible sets have a small cottage industry of their own, and these sets vary in design as well as in quality. Getting up close and personal with your board After you pick up your soon-to-be-beloved chessboard and set, you need to get familiar with them. The first thing to notice about the chessboard is that all the squares are the same size but alternate between two colors (a light color — usually white — and a darker color). Colors are important in chess (bishops are confined to only one of them, knights go back and forth between them, and so on), which is why chess players insist that a white square needs to be in the lower right-hand corner at the start of the game. Start by whipping out the board and making sure it’s facing the right direction in front of you — Figure 1-2 shows the correct orientation (if you set this book on your lap and look at the figure, you get a better idea). Remember, a white square should be in the lower right-hand corner as you face the board. The most common beginner mistake is to position the board incorrectly at the start of the game. (As a matter of fact, Hollywood makes this common mistake, too. Whenever you see a chess position in a movie, check to see whether the lower right-hand square is white. Chances are it won’t be!) Figure 1-2: The correct orientation of a chessboard. A white square! Chapter 1: Tackling the Chess Basics Consider a few fun facts while you’re scoping out your chessboard: It’s made up of 64 squares evenly divided between 32 light squares and 32 dark squares. It’s symmetrical and square — in the geometric sense. The square comprises eight ranks and eight files (and a bunch of diagonals), which you’d normally call rows and columns (and diagonals!), but chess people shun such conventional language. (Using clear, easy-tounderstand terms would be too easy, right?) To make it easier to talk about the pieces on the board, someone somewhere sometime came up with a naming system for the ranks and files, and I use those conventions throughout this book to point out the exact pieces and squares to which I’m referring. In Chapter 17, I dive even deeper into the subject of notation, which expands on these naming conventions and shows you how to write the moves of a game. You really don’t need to know this stuff in order to enjoy playing chess, but it does help to have the basic terminology under your belt, and throughout this book, you can read the extra notation information I give to you as I explain moves. Recognizing the ranks Ranks are rows that go from side to side across the chessboard and are referred to by numbers. Each chessboard has eight ranks, which are numbered from the bottom of the board (where the white pieces start) on up; see Figure 1-3. 8 7 6 5 Ranks 4 Figure 1-3: The ranks of a chessboard go from side to side. 3 2 1 15 16 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Figuring out the files Files are columns that go up and down the chessboard, and each board has eight of them. Because numbers indicate ranks, letters indicate files, which are labeled from left to right. Figure 1-4 shows the files. Figure 1-4: A chessboard’s files go from top to bottom. a b h Files Naming individual squares The naming convention for ranks and files allows you to give a unique identifier to every square by using what chess people call the file-first method. For example, the lower right-hand square (which is white, of course) is called h1. This name is shorthand for h-file, first rank. Figure 1-5 gives the name for every square. When figuring out the names of individual squares, it may be helpful to think of the games Bingo and Battleship, where every square has a letter and a number (and the names may be easier to figure out if you’re sitting on the “white” side — or bottom — of the chessboard). Of course, in Battleship you get to see only your pieces and have to guess where your enemy’s are. In chess, however, you know where your opponent’s pieces are — you just have to guess where he or she is going to move! Chapter 1: Tackling the Chess Basics Figure 1-5: The squares are marked to show the letter of the file and the number of the rank. 8 18 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Piecemeal: Putting the Pieces on the Board In order to depict the chessboard in a way that everyone around the world can understand, chess players have developed a set of symbols to represent the pieces. Each piece may be represented by a one-letter abbreviation or by an icon. (See Table 1-1 for a list of all the pieces and their symbols.) Table 1-1 Chess Pieces and Their Symbols Piece Symbol King Queen Knight Bishop Rook Pawn I use the piece symbols here to show you how to set up the board, and I use them throughout this book to demonstrate various moves and positions. You may find it helpful to set up your own board piece by piece. Start with the corners. The rooks go on the corner squares, as in Figure 1-7. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 1-7: The rooks 3 take the corner 2 squares. 1 a b g h The origins of chess The true origins of chess are shrouded in the mists of prehistory, which is good because it allows people to say just about anything they want about how the game started without fear of contradiction. From the evidence that does exist, the best guess is that chess, or a game very much like it, originated in Northern India sometime around AD 600 and eventually migrated to Europe through China and Persia (modern-day Iran). The ancient Indian game was based on Indian armies and was undoubtedly a pastime for their rulers. No doubt, this game, called chaturanga, was much like present-day chess. It was played on an eight-by-eight-square board and used six different kinds of pieces. The Indian Army was led by the rajah (king) and his chief advisor, the mantri, sometimes referred to as the vizier. The army was represented by foot soldiers, cavalry, chariots, and elephants, and the game had corresponding pieces for all these leaders and warriors. By the time the game got to Europe, it had changed considerably and continued to change until about the end of the 15th century. The changes basically made the game more familiar to the Europeans who were then playing it. The rajah became the king, the mantri the queen, the foot soldiers the pawns, the cavalry the knights, the chariots the rooks, and the elephants the bishops. Since that time, the game has been essentially stable. Nowadays, chess is played all over the world by the same rules established in Europe in the 15th century, under the control of the FĂŠdĂŠration Internationale des Ă‰checs (FIDE), which is French for the International Chess Federation. 21 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Chapter 2 Greeting the Pieces and Their Powers In This Chapter Towering above you (if you’re an ant, that is): The rook Seeing the bishop outside of church Kissing the queen’s hand Bowing before the king Mounting the knight Giving the pawn (which isn’t really a piece!) the time of day A fter years of teaching chess to elementary school children, I think I’ve found the easiest way to introduce the pieces. So in this chapter I use the same method. I start with the rook because its simple up, down, and sideto-side movement is easy to grasp. Then I move on to the bishop because it, too, moves in straight lines and boldly goes where the rook can’t. Kids seem to pick up these ideas right away. And what’s good for kids is certainly good for older students of the game, right? After you understand the moves of the rook and bishop, you’ll have a breeze when it comes to the queen. The queen simply has the combined powers of the rook and bishop. And the king follows his queen. He moves just like her, except only one square at a time. I leave the knight and pawn for the end because they’re the trickiest to explain. Keep in mind that chess is a science when pieces are considered in isolation from one another, but it approaches an art when the pieces are combined in various ways. All pieces like to have company, but they’re fickle; sometimes a queen and knight are happy together and sometimes they aren’t. No easy rules explain this relationship. The chess genius seems to know how to make the pieces work together seamlessly, but everyone else has to muddle along by trial and error. In Chapter 3, I consider the elements of chess in the same way — in isolation from one another and then again in combination. 24 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Mimicking a Castle: The Rook Sure, you may believe the rook is a tower or castle, but oh contraire! In the history of chess, it actually developed from the chariot: This piece is both fast and strong and therefore of considerable value. The rook appears a bit squatter than the other pieces, which partly accounts for the perception of it as a heavy piece (see the “Chess heavies” sidebar, later in this chapter). This heavy aspect can be taken too far, of course. The rook is far from a plodding piece, and the player who most effectively gets his or her rooks into the game often turns out to be the winner. Unfortunately, this piece begins the game tucked into a corner and usually has to wait for the other pieces to settle into their preferred squares before receiving any attention. Figure 2-1 shows where the rooks go on the chessboard. 8 7 6 5 Figure 2-1: At the start of a game, the rooks hold down the corners. 4 3 2 1 a b g h The rook has the freedom to move any number of squares, but only in straight lines up and down or side to side, as indicated by the rook on d5 in Figure 2-2a. Again, think of the chariot. After a chariot gets a head of steam, turning corners isn’t easy. Have you ever seen Ben Hur? The rook moves just like the chariot in that movie, but without the spikes. In Figure 2-2b, you can see that the rook can’t move to a square occupied by one of its own pieces, in this case another rook on f5 — nor can it jump over the piece and move to any of the other squares along that rank. Chapter 2: Greeting the Pieces and Their Powers Chess heavies The rook and queen are sometimes referred to as heavy or major pieces, because the rook and its own king, or the queen and its own king, can checkmate an enemy king by themselves (see x x x 8 Figure 2-2: A rook can move any number of squares unless a fellow soldier is blocking it. 7 6 5 x x x x x x x x 3 2 1 a h b In Figure 2-3a, a white rook and a black rook are ready for battle. The white rook can’t move beyond the black rook along that rank, but it can capture it by removing the black piece and taking its place, as in Figure 2-3b. (In chess notation, this move is written 1. Rxf5 — see Chapter 17 for details on notation.) This concept is the same for the other chessmen (and woman). But don’t think that you have to capture when given the opportunity. This isn’t checkers! Figure 2-3: The white rook attacks and captures the black rook. 8 26 Part I: Laying the Groundwork What do a bishop and an elephant have in common? The bishop evolved from the elephant, which may be hard to imagine at first. Elephants don’t have slender waists, at least not the ones I’ve seen. However, if you think about the ancient Indian soldier sitting atop an elephant and tossing down spears at the enemy, or if you visualize the medieval archer in a castle tower firing arrows down on a hapless foe, you can understand how this development came about. The bishop doesn’t like hand-to-hand fighting and is at its best when attacking from long range. If you think about it, would you rather be shooting arrows safely out of harm’s way or down in the trenches getting trampled? Archers weren’t stupid. Why, then, is the piece called a bishop and not an archer? Oddly enough, it’s simply because the look of the carved piece resembled a bishop’s miter (the pointed hat that bishops wear) to medieval Europeans. What probably started as an off-hand remark soon became a custom. When new players discover the power of the rook, they sometimes decide to move the pawns that are in front of the rooks forward at the beginning of the game (these pawns are known as the rook pawns). This action has the advantage of increasing the space available to the rook but is usually a poor way to open the game. The rook must retreat when attacked by an enemy pawn, knight, or bishop because it is too valuable to be lost in exchange for one of them. Time is then lost shuffling the rook to and fro while the enemy pieces come out in force. The best strategy is to move a minimum number of pawns, get the minor pieces (knights and bishops) out, and only then move on to the rooks. Showing Off Slender Curves: The Bishop The bishop has a slender waist so it can slide between squares along diagonals. (Actually, I don’t really know why the bishop was designed like that, but that’s always how I’ve thought of it). The bishop is called a minor piece, because you can’t deliver checkmate with just a bishop and its king. Go ahead, set up a board and try it (you may want to check out Chapter 4 first). If you can do it, you’ll become world famous, and I’ll include you in the next edition. Figure 2-4 shows the bishops and where they start on the chessboard. A bishop can move any number of squares, but only along the diagonals and until another piece gets in its way. If that piece is the opponent’s, the bishop can capture it, of course, by displacing it. Chapter 2: Greeting the Pieces and Their Powers 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 2-4: 3 The bishops take their 2 marks. 1 a b g h Figure 2-5a indicates some possible bishop moves. Unlike the rook, the attacking power of the bishop depends on where the piece is located on the chessboard and ultimately its mobility or scope, which is simply the number of squares it can move to. The bishop attacks more squares in the center, so it’s more powerful when positioned there. Unfortunately, it’s also more easily attacked there. You can see in Figure 2-5a that the bishop attacks 13 squares. How many squares does it attack in Figure 2-5b? (The correct answer is 9 — don’t count the square that it occupies.) 8 27 28 Part I: Laying the Groundwork You can tell by looking at the board that some diagonals are longer than others. The diagonals that cross the board’s center are longer than the ones that bisect the corners. Because the bishop doesn’t like hand-to-hand combat, players often position the bishop out of the way along a long diagonal, as in Figure 2-5b. The bishop also has a unique natural restriction of its mobility: If it starts on a light square, it remains forever on the light squares, and if it begins the game on a dark square, it must always stay on dark squares. The bishop is color bound by birth! Fully half the board is forbidden territory! For that reason, chess people speak of having “the two bishops.” In tandem, bishops can theoretically cover the entire board. However, they can never come to their comrade’s aid directly and can never compensate for each other’s loss. This quality is so unusual that a special category in chess endings, called the opposite-colored bishop ending, exists. This ending arises when each side remains with a bishop, but the bishops are on different-colored squares and are thereby sentenced to roam their own mutually exclusive halves of the board. Figure 2-6 illustrates this type of ending. These bishops are close to one another — they can get close enough to blow each other kisses — but never close enough to capture one another. 8 7 6 Figure 2-6: The thoroughly unsatisfying oppositecolored bishop ending. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h The bishop, like the rook, can be blocked by its own army. In fact, the least desirable placement of the bishop is behind pawns of its own color: Pawns are the least mobile of the chessmen and can render the bishop nearly powerless, as shown in Figure 2-7a. A bishop blocked behind its own pawns is often called a “bad bishop.” Enemy pawns can also be used to restrict the bishop’s mobility, as in Figure 2-7b. Chapter 2: Greeting the Pieces and Their Powers Figure 2-7: The bishop, blocked by its own pawns and enemy pawns. 8 h b If you plan on using your pawns to restrict a bishop’s mobility — which is a good thing to do, as long as you aren’t restricting your own bishops — you’d better make certain that the pawns are adequately defended! Bishop moves are relatively easy to master, but their long-range attacking ability is often surprising. Many are the times when I’ve been shocked to see my opponent’s bishops spring from one corner of the board to the other. Just because your opponent’s bishops aren’t close to your pieces doesn’t mean they aren’t attacking you! 29 30 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Flaunting Her Pointy Crown: The Queen The most powerful piece is the queen. A piece’s power is directly related to its mobility, and the queen is the most mobile. Although the queen is the most powerful piece, she must be very careful when engaging enemy forces. If rooks or minor pieces attack her, she’s often forced to retreat or be lost. Treat the lady with kid gloves! Figure 2-9 indicates where the queens are placed at the start of the game. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 2-9: 3 The queens take their 2 seats. 1 a b g h The queen’s moves are simply the combination of the rook’s up-and-down, side-to-side moves and the bishop’s diagonal moves — basically, she can move any number of squares in any direction. Her only restriction is that she can’t jump over pieces. The queen captures an opponent by taking the opponent’s place on the board. The birth of the queen The queen evolved from the Indian vizier who was the king’s chief minister or advisor. Originally a weak piece, the queen was given its great powers towards the end of the 15th century. Whether this bestowal was an act of chivalry or just another attempt to speed up the game remains unclear. It seems certain, however, that medieval Europe was accustomed to powerful queens — and this reality can also explain the gender change. Chapter 2: Greeting the Pieces and Their Powers To get an idea of the queen’s strength, just put one in the middle of an empty chessboard — which, by the way, is a situation that will never happen if you’re playing chess by the rules! When placed in the center of the board, the queen can cover 27 squares and can move in eight different directions, which you can see in Figure 2-10. 8 7 6 Figure 2-10: The queen’s reign nearly covers the board when placed at the center. 5 4 3 2 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a b g h The queen covers fewer squares when placed on the side of the board, so her powers are slightly reduced in that case. However, it’s far too dangerous to post the valuable queen in the center of the board too early in the game, where any members of the opposing army can harass her. Far more commonly, you’ll see masters post the queen in a more conservative position early and wait to centralize her later, when pieces have been exchanged and the danger to her reduced. The queen is not only the most powerful and dangerous chess piece, but also the most valuable! Moving her into positions where she can be easily attacked is generally frowned upon. Let your other pieces and pawns fight the early fight, and bring the queen into the game after some of the dust settles. If your opponent moves the queen to your side of the board early on, take heart! It’s probably a mistake. Look for ways to move your pieces so they attack the exposed queen and force her to retreat. Donning a Buggy Crown: The King The king isn’t the most powerful chess piece (the queen is), but he’s the most important (and in conventional chess sets, he’s the tallest). When someone attacks your king, you must defend him. If the king is attacked and you can’t 31 32 Part I: Laying the Groundwork defend him, then you have checkmate . . . and the game is over (see Chapter 4 for information on checkmate). But you never actually capture the king; you simply force him to yield. Thousands may die on the battlefield, but royalty respects royalty. (Yet don’t forget that the king can capture, just like the other pieces, by taking over an opponent’s square!) Figure 2-11 shows where the king resides on the chessboard at the start of the game. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 2-11: The kings, 3 seated on their 2 thrones. 1 a b g h The king can move one square in any direction, except for the one-time possibility of castling (see Chapter 10 for this special move). The kings may never get too close to one another, but must remain at arm’s length (at least one square away), because one king may never put the other in check. You can see the king’s possible moves for yourself in Figure 2-12. 8 7 x x x x x x x x 6 5 Figure 2-12: The Xs mark the king’s possible moves from his location. 4 3 2 1 a b g h Chapter 2: Greeting the Pieces and Their Powers You may expect a king to lead his troops into battle, but that analogy doesn’t quite work, because the king usually hides away in a corner behind pawns until it’s safe to come out. Generally, when the king becomes active, the endgame (when most pieces have been captured) has begun. During the endgame the king can become very powerful, and you should consider bringing him to the center, but a king in the middle of the board during the middlegame is a recipe for disaster (check out Chapters 13 and 14 for details on endgame and middlegame strategy). Galloping in an L-Formation: The Knight The knight is a tricky piece, and it usually takes a little practice getting comfortable with its movements. As its shape suggests, the knight derives from the cavalry of the armies of old. Because it can’t deliver checkmate against an opponent with only its own king to help, the knight is a minor piece, as is the bishop — but the knight’s powers are very different. Unlike the longrange bishop, the knight loves combat in close quarters and is usually the first piece moved off the back rank and the first to come into contact with the opposing army. The knight is indeed hopping mad and ready to fight! Figure 2-13 shows the knights’ starting place. 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 2-13: The knights 2 begin here. 1 a b g h It helps me to think of the knight as a medieval knight on horseback with a lance. You can’t throw a lance very far, but if the bad guys get too close they’re liable to get stabbed. Oddly, if an enemy can get past the lance and closer still to the knight, the knight is defenseless. (The knight would need to dismount, drop its lance, and draw a sword in order to fight at very close 33 34 Part I: Laying the Groundwork range — but this is too time-consuming, besides being against the rules of chess!) Strangely enough, although the knight is a strong attacking piece, it can’t control the squares right next to it. The easiest way to understand the knight move is to think of it as an L-shape in any direction. Two squares up and one over, or one square down and two over, or any such combination. It captures just as the other chess pieces do, by replacing the piece or pawn occupying the square it lands on — and not the players it jumps over. Figure 2-14a illustrates where the knight can move from the center of the board. The knight controls eight squares when positioned in the center of the board as opposed to two when it’s in one of the corners, as Figure 2-14b illustrates. 8 h b Keep in mind that the knight must always move to a different-colored square than the one it occupies. This alternation between colors is true of no other piece. If the knight is on a light square, it must move to a dark square, and vice versa. The knight is much more effective when centralized — or positioned so that it occupies or attacks one of the four central squares. However, unlike the other pieces for which this general rule also holds true, the knight loves to be in the center of the action and is forced to retreat only when attacked by the lowly pawn. Otherwise, the knight just holds its ground and dares you to capture it. The knight considers charging off into battle an honor and hates to watch while others are left to carry the day. The knight’s truly unique power is its ability to leap over pieces, either its own or those of the enemy. In fact, this piece is the only one that can move off the back rank at the start of the game without a preliminary pawn move, as illustrated in Figure 2-15. Chapter 2: Greeting the Pieces and Their Powers 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 2-15: 3 A knight hurdles a 2 pawn. 1 The knight simply jumps over this pawn. a g h Scooting Around as the Army’s Runt: The Pawn Although chess people sometimes refer to all the chess pieces collectively as pieces, they don’t really consider a pawn to be a piece. If you lose a knight, you could either say, “I lost a knight” or “I lost a piece,” but if you lose a pawn, you don’t say, “I lost a piece.” You say, “I lost a pawn” instead. (Why? Because that’s just the way chess people talk.) Pawns are only pawns, but chess has a lot of them! Figure 2-16 shows how the pawns are set up at the start of the game. The knight’s tour The knight’s tour is an interesting exercise where you position the knight anywhere on the chessboard and then move it to each square in turn, without ever landing on the same square twice. Grandmaster George Koltanowski was famous for the knight’s tour and could do it without seeing the board (calling out the name of the square where the knight was to move). In fact, he once did it in front of over 300 enthralled spectators on the occasion of his 90th birthday! 35 36 Part I: Laying the Groundwork 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 2-16: 3 The pawns line up for 2 battle. 1 a b g h The pawns are the foot soldiers of chess, and you know how foot soldiers are treated. Their powers are very restricted. The pawn can move only one square forward, except on its very first move, when it has the choice of moving one or two squares forward. A pawn can’t move backwards or sideways — only forward. Figure 2-17 shows the options for the white pawns at the starting line. 8 7 6 Figure 2-17: In the opening, the white pawns can move to the X-marked squares. 5 4 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 2 1 a g h In Figure 2-19a, an enemy pawn occupies one of the squares that the white pawn can attack. Figure 2-19b shows how the white pawn captures the black pawn (although the black pawn could’ve captured the white pawn if it were black’s turn!). If no member of the opposing army occupies a square that the pawn attacks, then the pawn can move forward. If a piece or another pawn is in front of it, but nothing is on the squares the pawn can capture, the pawn is stymied and can’t move; chess players say the pawn is locked. In Figure 2-20, the pawns on d5 and d6 are locked . . . by each other. Pawns: The soul of chess Although the pawn is the lowliest of the chess pieces, some people have called it the “soul of chess.” This is what the great master FrançoisAndré Danican Philidor (1726–95) meant when he said, “The pawns are the very life of the game.” This honor is due to a number of factors: A chess set has more pawns than anything else. The pawns can dictate whether the other pieces have maneuvering room. No piece wants to be exchanged for a poor pawn, so other pieces have to back down or move around them. Pawns can’t move backwards, so each move is a commitment and should be made only after due consideration. 37 Part I: Laying the Groundwork 8 g h With the additional pawn’s aid, now two of the pawns can capture each other. If the black pawn captures the white pawn, the remaining white pawn is free to move. Often the lever can be used to pry open an otherwise locked position, and this technique is seen over and over again in the games of the masters. Because pawns can be stopped in their tracks so easily, chess players have learned that they’re most powerful when they stay by each other’s side. This way, both pawns — or pawn duos — can guard the square in front of the other. By helping each other out, both pawns become more mobile, and their influence on the game grows. You need to know a few more things about pawns, but I don’t discuss them in this chapter. I cover pawn promotion and something called en passant (or “in passing”) in Chapter 10, which deals with special moves. The pawn’s placement is collectively referred to as the pawn structure, and I examine this concept in detail in Chapter 3. I also devote a whole chapter to pawn structures that are associated with particular openings — see Chapter 9 for information on pawn formations. 39 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Chapter 3 Getting to Know the Elements of Chess In This Chapter Understanding space Getting the material advantage Watching the clock during development Keeping the king safe Positioning the pawns T he elements of chess — space, material, development, king safety, and pawn structure — are the basic building blocks of the game. By understanding the individual elements, you dramatically increase your knowledge of chess. Of course, understanding the elements in isolation from one another is far easier than understanding them in combination. Unfortunately, the elements are always interacting with each other — as if they were volatile gases. Sometimes one element is far more important than all the others combined; other times, a dynamic balance exists between them all. When you come to understand each element’s relationship to the others — in any given position — you’ll have approached chess mastery. In this chapter, I introduce you to these interacting elements, first explaining them individually and then showing how they all interact. Hogging the Board: Space Space may be the final frontier to some people, but it’s an essential element in the chess world. Chess really is a game of spatial conquest. All things being equal, the player who controls the most space controls the game: Maneuvering your pieces around is easier when you have space than when you don’t. When 42 Part I: Laying the Groundwork you don’t have space, you can’t always get your pieces to the right place at the right time. Imagine trying to get from one side of the battlefield to the other when your own soldiers keep getting in your way. The battle for space is fiercest in the center of the board. Controlling the squares e4, e5, d4, and d5, as well as the squares adjacent to them, is like seizing the high ground in a skirmish. Don’t get cramped If you’re losing the space war, chess people say that your game is cramped. (So, for example, if your opponent maneuvers so that all your remaining pieces are stuck in a corner, you’re definitely cramped.) A move that secures a spatial advantage for you by restricting your opponent’s space is a cramping move. On the other hand, a freeing move is a move that gains back space. Gain control Space is little more than the number of squares you control. Control refers to the number of squares attacked — not necessarily occupied — by your pieces and pawns. (Attacked squares are those squares that your pieces or pawns can go to on your next move.) If your opponent attacks the same squares, then these squares are contested and aren’t clearly controlled — and no one gets to claim them as space. Even if a square is contested, you can use a kind of chess arithmetic to determine which side is more likely to end up controlling it. You can count the number of your pieces attacking the square and then count the number of your opponent’s pieces defending it. The side with the highest number is the side most likely to seize control. Employ space strategies Each side starts the game with the same amount of space. At this point neither side controls any squares on the opponent’s half of the board (of course!). Because white has the benefit of the first move, white almost always secures a temporary spatial advantage by putting a pawn or piece on a square that allows it to attack and, at least temporarily, control squares on the other half of the board. Figure 3-1 illustrates the most common opening move (1. e4; see Chapter 17 if you need help deciphering the notation in this chapter). Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 3-1: The opening 3 move that gets the 2 most play. 1 a b g h Notice how white holds a spatial advantage after the first move, but black immediately reestablishes spatial equality. Because white moves first, the trick is to play in such a way that black can’t simply copy white’s moves. In this way, white tries to force a concession from black and secure a lasting advantage. If black could always copy white’s moves, the game would be a draw. (I provide an example of how to refute the ape-man strategy, where black continually copies white’s moves, in the opening known as Petroff’s Defense in Chapter 12.) Space is more important in the opening and middlegame phases of chess than it is in the endgame. This idea is true because by definition, the endgame has the fewest pieces on the board. Getting cramped by a handful of pieces in the endgame rarely happens, and you have to be sort of clumsy to trip over your own pieces. The key to controlling space in the opening is to control the center. In Figure 3-4, the key central squares are indicated. 8 7 6 h Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess The laws of space Following is a list of the laws of space, but don’t try to memorize it. No chess master ever does. Just become familiar with these concepts in a general way, and soon enough, they’ll become second nature. Use your center pawns to gain space in the early phase of the game. Invade only if you can support your pieces. Control the center before attacking on the wings (sides of the board). Don’t lock in your bishops behind your own pawns. If your opponent is cramped, try to prevent freeing moves. Exchange pieces to help relieve a cramped position. If your opponent is attacking on a wing, strike back in the center! After you gain control of a square in enemy territory, try to occupy the square with a knight. During the endgame, consider bringing the king to the center of the board. The most common opening strategy in chess is to try to maneuver your minor pieces (the bishops and the knights) and central pawns so that they control the four center squares and strike out into enemy territory. The minor pieces increase in power when mobilized towards the center. If you can post your pieces there and prevent your opponent from doing the same, then you secure greater control over the center and a spatial advantage, and your pieces become stronger than your opponent’s. In Figure 3-5, white has moved its pawns and knights to control the center. Black has been busy moving the pawns on the a- and h-files and is already behind in the battle for space. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 3-5: White is 3 winning the battle for 2 the center. 1 a b 45 46 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Remember that chess isn’t a static game — it’s important to not only establish a spatial superiority but also maintain it! Having one or two pieces cross over into enemy territory does little good if they’re cut off from the rest of the troops. You must keep the supply lines open and invade only when you can adequately support the advanced pieces. Central control makes use of the old adage “divide and conquer.” If you split your opponent’s army into two camps, you can bring a decisive amount of force into one arena before their reinforcements arrive. Getting the Most Bang for Your Buck: Material Naturally, some chess pieces are more powerful than others. The material element is concerned with this relative strength of the pieces. Material superiority can be decisive when everything else is equal. If you can win one pawn, you can usually win another or force further concessions from your opponent. A material advantage of a single pawn is usually decisive in games between masters. A material advantage equivalent to a rook is usually enough to win, even for inexperienced players. Value your pawns and pieces Chess players attempt to quantify the power of the pieces by assigning them a numerical value. The pawn is the basic unit of chess and is assigned a numerical value of one. The other pieces are evaluated in those same terms. Therefore, if a pawn is worth one point, a knight is worth more: three points. In other words, you lose two points in the element of material if you trade a knight for a pawn. You’d need to capture three enemy pawns (or one knight) to compensate for the loss of your knight. (See the sidebar “Bishops and knights weren’t created equal” to find out why a bishop isn’t an even trade.) Table 3-1 shows the relative values of the pieces. Note: Assigning a value to the king is futile, because its loss means the loss of the game! Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess Table 3-1 The Relative Values of Chess Pieces (In Terms of the Pawn) Piece Queen 9 Pieces themselves gain or lose power depending upon their positioning. Having an advanced pawn deep in enemy territory may be far more important than having a measly knight tucked away in a corner. A bishop locked behind its own pawns may not be worth a fraction of a free roaming knight. These values are relative and can change many times over the course of the game. Nevertheless, remembering the piece’s relative value when you consider trading it for another is a useful guide. If you give up your rook or queen for a pawn, you’d better have a darned good reason! Adopt material strategies A good rule is to exchange pieces when you have an advantage in material. This strategy is referred to as simplification. For example, if you have an extra pawn, but both you and your opponent have a bishop, it’s usually easier to win if you trade your bishop for your opponent’s and play the rest of the game with just kings and pawns. Bishops and knights weren’t created equal Although the bishop and knight are considered to be of relative equal value, chess masters have learned over time to value the bishops slightly more. Some people assign the bishop a value of 31⁄4 points. Having the two bishops control both light and dark squares is especially important. In tandem they’re usually considerably more powerful than two knights or a knight and a bishop. 47 48 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Material matters The following points regarding material are meant to serve as guidelines and not as rigid rules. Every time chess players try to devise a rigid rule, some smart aleck comes along and breaks it! Nevertheless, it’s useful to at least think about the concepts presented here. When ahead in material, force exchanges and steer towards the endgame. Simplify! Open files and diagonals when possible so that you may use them to engage the enemy and force further concessions. (See Chapter 1 for an introduction to files and diagonals.) If your opponent captures a piece, you should almost always try to restore material balance by capturing one of your opponent’s pieces. If possible, win material without sacrificing in some other element. Material is usually more important than the other elements, so take it if you can — unless you have a really good reason not to. If you’re behind in material, avoid exchanging additional pieces, but don’t become passive. You must attack! Material superiority takes on added importance the closer you come to an endgame. A single pawn advantage may mean little in the opening — but it may be decisive in the endgame. This strategy illustrates how you can force additional concessions from your opponents. If you keep offering to exchange pieces and your opponents keep refusing, they’ll be forced to retreat. The result? You wind up with a spatial advantage, too! Because the side with an edge in material is the one that desires exchanges, logically, you should avoid the swaps if you’re behind. The intentional loss of material in return for an advantage in another element is referred to as a sacrifice. Sacrifices are near and dear to the heart of chess players who know that if they don’t obtain an immediate advantage, then time will work against them. The closer you get to an endgame, the more important the extra material becomes, so the risky maneuver of sacrificing is considered courageous by some and foolhardy by others. You can often tell a lot about chess players by watching how they risk or conserve their material! Chapter 6 deals with the most common types of sacrifice in chess. Positioning Men in Good Time: Development Development is the element of time. In chess, players take turns moving. You can’t pass or give up a turn, so you must make a move at every turn. Not all Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess moves are equal, however, and only those moves that contribute to the increased mobility of your pieces are said to be developing moves. In practice, nearly every time a piece moves from its original square, that move is a developing one. You want to use the element of time to place your pieces on effective squares as efficiently as possible. Moving a piece a second or third time before moving the others is usually a waste of time. Move it to a good square and then move another piece to another good square. If you keep doing that, you’ll develop appropriately. Gain a tempo If your opponent is playing developing moves and you’re just marking time, you’ll soon lose the game. Every move is a precious resource, so don’t waste any! Chess players call a move a tempo. For example, one often hears, “I just gained (or lost) a tempo.” This means that you’ve gotten (or allowed your opponent to get) the chance to move what seems like twice in a row! Figures 3-6 and 3-7 show white losing time by moving one piece too often. Figure 3-6a reflects a standard opening position known as Petroff’s Defense after the white and black pawn moves to e4 and e5 and the white and black knight moves to f3 and f6 (1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6). Figure 3-6b shows white making a mistake by moving the knight a second time, to g5. Figure 3-6: A standard opening, followed by white’s bad move. 8 h b Black exploits this mistake by moving the h-pawn to h6 (3. ...h6), as Figure 3-7a shows. To avoid being captured by the h6 pawn, the white knight moves back to f3, as in Figure 3-7b. Now it’s black’s turn to play again. By comparing Figure 3-6a with Figure 3-7b, you can see that black not only got to move the pawn from h7 to h6 but also gets another turn — in chess speak, black has gained a tempo. White has just wasted time and has lost a tempo. 49 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Figure 3-7: Black attacks the knight with a pawn, and the knight returns to f3. 8 h b Sometimes the concept of gaining or losing a tempo is very subtle. For example, you can develop a piece to a reasonable square but, as the course of events unfolds, discover that your piece really belongs on another square. You may be forced to reposition the piece to where it really belongs. Such a move can be a loss of tempo. White begins the game and has, by definition, a slight edge in time. White can squander this advantage easily or make use of it. The advantage that comes with an edge in the element of time — or development — is often called the initiative. Thus, by virtue of the first move, white is given a slight initiative at the beginning of the game. This advantage is often compared to having the serve in tennis, and in the hands of the grandmasters, the advantage of having white is quite significant. The most common error that beginners make is to lose a tempo by giving check (for more on check, see Chapter 4). These players give check at every opportunity, but such a course of action isn’t always wise. Sometimes the checking piece is later forced to retreat, and a tempo is lost. If you plan on checking the king, make certain that you have a concrete reason for doing so. Chess players have a saying: “Monkey sees a check, monkey gives a check.” Don’t be a monkey! Check isn’t important by itself — checkmate is! Make a gambit (maybe) Very often you can sacrifice a small amount of material for an advantage in development. Many openings sacrifice a pawn for this reason, and those openings (and the sacrifices themselves) are called gambits. A gambit is usually more effective for white than for black because white already has the initiative and can add to it at the small cost of a pawn. Gambits tried by black usually offer fewer chances for the initiative and often wind up as a simple loss of material. (For more on the gambit sacrifice, see Chapter 6.) Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess The center-counter: Risky development One opening that you occasionally see in grandmaster play is the center-counter. The chief drawback to this opening is that the black queen is developed too early and comes under attack. When the queen is forced to retreat, white gains a tempo. Here are the usual opening moves of the centercounter. White moves out the king pawn two squares, and black makes a plausible reply to whiteâ€™s first move by advancing the pawn in front of its queen two squares (see the following two figures). This move has the advantage of opening lines for the bishop and queen and contesting whiteâ€™s control of the center. The drawback of this move will become clear in just a moment. 8 8 g h The knight develops with tempo, taking up its natural position and also attacking the black queen. Because the knight is worth three pawns and the queen worth nine, black can’t afford to ignore this threat and must move the queen again. White has won a tempo! The general idea is that it takes time to capture the pawn. The time one player spends on the pawn capture will be used by the gambit player on development. Will the lead in development be worth the material sacrifice? It depends on whom you’re playing! Protecting the Head Honcho: King Safety Of all the elements, king safety can be the most dramatic. If the king is in jeopardy, nothing else matters. It doesn’t matter how many pieces you have in your pocket if your king is checkmated, because that’s the end of the game. I explain checkmate in Chapter 4 — but even if you don’t know what checkmate is now, you probably realize that you need to protect your king. Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess History has taught that by making a few early defensive moves to secure the kingâ€™s position, you can go about your prime objective: attacking the opponent unhindered. You canâ€™t put a price on peace of mind. Many chess games begin with one or two pawn moves and the development of two or three of the minor pieces. The next step is usually to bring the king to safety by castling, a move that allows you to place your king closer to one of the corners (see Chapter 10 for this special move), which is usually farther from the action and behind other pawns and pieces. This early castling and king safety strategy is evident in countless openings that are otherwise completely different. The main idea is to engage the enemy only after the king is secure. Protecting the king with all your pieces is inefficient, so good chess players usually leave the guard duty to one or two of them and to the pawns. The knight is an excellent defender of the king and puts up fierce resistance in the face of an attack. With the help of a few pawns, the knight can usually hold down the fort. The quickest checkmate If youâ€™re wondering how important the element of king safety is in chess, studying the quickest possible checkmate may help. With the first move, white advances the pawn in front of its kingside knight two squares. Black takes the opportunity to strike back in the center and to open lines for its bishop and queen (see the following two figures). Remember, the best strategy for countering an advance on the wing is to advance in the center. 8 8 54 Part I: Laying the Groundwork (continued) Now white really makes a huge mistake by advancing its king’s bishop pawn to attack black’s pawn, which opens a line against white’s king. Does black have a piece that can make use of it? Indeed, black does, and white’s disregard for king safety is quickly punished. Checkmate in two moves! The black queen attacks the white king along the diagonal, and white has no defense. (See the following two figures.) The king can’t move out of check, no defender can move in the way, and no piece or pawn can capture the black queen. This is an extreme example of the price you pay for ignoring the safety of your king, but believe me, you’ll encounter others! 8 8 g h Be careful about opening up lines of attack for your opponent against your king or moving the pawns away from your castled king, who’s now in a corner of the board. Check isn’t checkmate, but it does force your hand because you can’t ignore it. Although you can find master games where the king is left in the center, this strategy is the exception. Until you get a great deal of experience in chess, you’re better off following the tried-and-true method of protecting your king before launching an attack. Working Your Pawn Structure A pawn is considered the soul of chess because, very often, the mobility of the pieces depends upon the positioning of the pawns (you can read about some specific pawn formations in Chapter 9). Also, as the endgame approaches, the pawns tend to become more valuable. The famous Australian chess player Cecil Purdy (1906–79) once wrote, “Pawn endings are to chess what putting is to golf.” I couldn’t have said it better myself. Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess A general rule is that mobility is the key to the power of any chess piece. This rule is true even of the lowly pawn. The pawnâ€™s mobility is clearly tied to its ability to advance, because it canâ€™t retreat. The best pawn structure, or the relationship of the pawns to one another, appears at the start of the game (see Figure 3-8). All the pawns are mobile and their structure is unbroken. Unfortunately, in order to get the pieces out, the pawn structure must be altered. 8 7 6 5 Figure 3-8: The ideal 4 pawn struc- 3 ture (the beginning of 2 the game). 1 a b g h Pawns canâ€™t attack the square directly ahead of them, so their mobility is often dependent upon help from another pawn. This limitation is why pawns are stronger together, or in pawn duos, than they are alone. Figure 3-9 illustrates a pawn duo. In a pawn duo, the pawns can guard the squares in front of each other and support one another should either of them advance. These pawns are mobile. 8 7 6 Figure 3-9: Pawns find strength in numbers, such as in this pawn duo. x x x x Notice how many squares these pawns attack! 4 3 2 1 a b h Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess Promote the little guys: Passed pawns Pawns play a critical role throughout the game of chess. During the endgame, they take on added significance because of the possibility of promotion (see Chapter 10 for the lowdown on pawn promotion). When pawns reach the eighth rank, you may promote them to any piece other than the king. If pawns are locked or otherwise immobile, the chances of promoting them are remote. However, if the pawn has a free path ahead of it — unobstructed by other pawns — the chances of promoting it are considerably greater. Such a pawn is called a passed pawn. In Figure 3-12, the pawn on the far left for white is a passed pawn. No black pawn is between it and the eighth rank — and no black pawn can capture it. 8 7 6 5 Figure 3-12: Nothing can stop the a4 pawn from being promoted. 4 3 2 1 a b g h Passed pawns must be pushed! In other words, you must advance them toward the eighth rank. A passed pawn becomes a tangible advantage whenever it’s free to advance and is adequately supported. A passed pawn may force the opposing forces to assume a defensive posture in order to halt their advance, or it may deflect enemy pieces away from the real action. The best kind of passed pawn is the protected one (see Figure 3-13). Such a pawn has not only an unobstructed path to the eighth rank but also the support of one of its peers. In this case, the black king can’t capture the white pawns. If it ever moved to capture the d-pawn, the e-pawn would move to the eighth rank and promote. The protected passed pawn can be opposed only by pieces, which often keeps them from doing more productive work. If one of your pawns is tying down an enemy piece, it’s reducing that piece’s mobility and therefore its power. 57 58 Part I: Laying the Groundwork 8 7 6 Figure 3-13: The protected passed pawn on e5 has a clear path ahead. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Isolated pawns may or may not be passed pawns. If they’re passed or mobile, they may become strong. If they aren’t passed or are immobile, they may become weak. Because isolated pawns don’t have any supporting pawns and can’t control the square directly in front of them, they may easily become blocked (blockaded). Aaron Nimzowitsch, who wrote extensively on the subject of pawns, demonstrated that a mobile, isolated pawn may provide a sound basis for attack Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess and that on the other hand, an immobile (blockaded), isolated pawn may become subject to attack. The pieces must then defend the threatened pawn, and pieces don’t like to be on guard duty for pawns — that duty offends their lofty sense of self. To immobilize your opponent’s isolated pawn, you can blockade it. The knight is an ideal blockader. A knight camped in front of an isolated pawn can’t be driven off by pawns, and the knight stands its ground in the face of attack by any other piece. The queen, in comparison, is a poor blockader, because she must retreat in the face of attack by knights, bishops, or rooks and can’t maintain the blockade. After a blockade is broken, the isolated pawn becomes mobile and gains strength. Left behind on open files: Backwards pawns The kissing cousin to the isolated pawn is the backwards pawn. A backwards pawn still has one or more pawns on adjacent files, but those pawns are more advanced. It may be difficult or even impossible for the backwards pawn to catch up with its sidekick(s), and in that case such a pawn is pretty much isolated. The backwards pawn (the pawn on d2 in Figure 3-15) may come under pressure from the enemy’s big guns because the file is open for the opponent’s queen and rooks to attack it. You should avoid having a backwards pawn in most cases, because you may end up using your pieces to guard the relatively insignificant pawn. The pieces then become listless and bored — and of no use to anybody. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 3-15: The 3 backwards pawn on d2 2 is at risk. 1 a b 60 Part I: Laying the Groundwork On the verge of backwards: Hanging pawns Hanging pawns are the second cousins once removed of the backwards pawn. The hanging pawns are in a pawn duo, which is strong in and of itself, but they don’t have any other supporting pawns around them. This lack of support means that should one of those two pawns advance, the remaining pawn will become a backwards pawn. If you advance one, try to advance the other to reestablish the pawn duo. In Figure 3-16, the advanced white pawns on c4 and d4 are hanging pawns. 8 7 6 Figure 3-16: The pawns on the c- and dfiles risk becoming backwards pawns. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h In front of a pawn sibling: Doubled pawns Doubled pawns are produced when one pawn captures something and moves in front of another pawn of the same color. Figure 3-17 gives an example of doubled pawns. The black pawns in the upper-left corner of the board are now crowded together. When the pawn on d7 moved to capture a piece on c6, it created doubled pawns. Although four pawns occupy this corner, they really have the mobility of three. When such a situation happens, the pawns lose the ability to protect one another and reduce the chances of using each other as a lever (the act of dislodging an enemy pawn from blockading your own; see Chapter 2). Most importantly, the pawns’ mobility — especially that of the trailing pawn — is significantly reduced. If three pawns of the same color are on the same file, they’re called tripled pawns, and protecting them all is very difficult. Chapter 3: Getting to Know the Elements of Chess 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 3-17: The pawns 3 on c6 and c7 are doubled 2 pawns. 1 a b g h If you have the misfortune of finding yourself saddled with pawns that are doubled (or tripled) and also isolated, youâ€™ll have a very hard time straightening them out. The only remedy is to use one of the pawns in a capture. Because a pawn captures diagonally, it would move to an adjacent file. Prevention is the best cure, so try not to allow your opponents to capture your pieces when you can only recapture by doubling your pawns. Lines in the sand: Pawn chains Pawn chains are pawns that are lined up along a diagonal, with each pawn supporting a more advanced one until they reach the head of the chain. These pawn chains represent a line drawn in the sand and make it difficult for the enemy to cross over. Figure 3-18 shows two pawn chains, one for white and one for black. 8 7 6 Figure 3-18: Both white and black have established a pawn chain. 5 4 3 2 1 a b 62 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Pawn tips for the road You don’t need to memorize the following pawn tips. Give them a good once-over and move on. But if you remember any of them, you’ll be ahead of the game! Push your passed pawns towards the eighth rank and promote them if you can. Try to keep your pawn structure intact. Attack backwards pawns with the heavy pieces (the queen and rooks) to force your opponent to defend them. Because some pawns must be advanced, try to keep them mobile or in pawn duos because immobile pawns are easy to attack. Try to provoke a hanging pawn into an advance and then blockade the hanging pawn to immobilize it. If some pawns become locked, use other pawns to pry them free. Avoid doubling your pawns, but if you can’t, try to exchange one of the doubled pawns to repair your pawn structure. If you have an isolated pawn, keep it mobile to keep it strong; if your opponent has one, blockade it! Attack pawn chains at the base, where they’re weakest. Create a passed pawn and, when possible, a protected passed pawn. Because other pieces have a difficult time crossing the pawn chain and coming into contact with each other, this arrangement can make for a long game with few exchanges — so your decision whether to create a chain depends on whether you like such games. A pawn chain also divides the board into two camps: one where the white pieces have more freedom to move about, and another where the black pieces can roam more freely. If you can crash through a pawn chain, however, you almost certainly can have the advantage. The weakest link of the pawn chain is at the base, which is the pawn that starts the chain. From white’s point of view, this pawn is the one that’s closest to or on the second rank. If you destroy the base, then you’ve weakened the pawn chain. After you remove one base, another base is established, but each becomes easier to attack and destroy. If you can’t attack the base of the chain, attack at the head. This strategy isn’t as effective, but it may create weaknesses in the chain that you can exploit later. Chapter 4 Looking Out for the King: Check, Stalemate, and Checkmate In This Chapter Getting the king’s attention: Check When no one can win: Stalemate Winning the game: Checkmate I n case you’re wondering, the object of the game is to checkmate your opponent’s king. It isn’t enough to simply attack the king — you have to attack him in such a way that he can’t escape. If you achieve that result, my friend, you’ve won the game — time for a victory lap (but in private, of course — no need to be rude)! Because not all games are the cut-and-dried win/lose sort, you need to be aware of a couple of other situations that pertain to the end result. In this chapter, I distinguish the differences between check, checkmate, and stalemate. Keep in mind that you always want to deliver checkmate if at all possible. Unfortunately, your opponent will be trying to checkmate you at the same time! Sometimes you have such an overwhelming advantage that your opponent’s resistance is futile. This chapter shows you how to put your enemy away despite his or her best efforts. Check ’Em Out: Attacking the Enemy King To give check simply means that you’re attacking the enemy king. In Figure 4-1, white has a king and queen to black’s lone king. The black king is currently in check because the white queen has moved to the g-file (1. Qg6+) and is now attacking it. (See Chapter 17 for the scoop on deciphering chess notation, which I include throughout this chapter.) 64 Part I: Laying the Groundwork 8 7 6 Figure 4-1: The white queen moves to a position to attack the black king. Check! 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Because check is an attack on the king, the victim can’t ignore it. If your opponent puts your king in check, you have three ways to respond: Capture the attacking piece. Move a piece between the checking piece and the king in order to block the attack. Move your king out of check. In the example shown in Figure 4-1, the black king’s only option is to move out of check because black doesn’t have any other pieces on the board. One of the important things to remember when playing chess is to postpone immediate gratification. Sometimes, giving check (especially early on) can backfire. If your opponent escapes the check by blocking your attack, for example, you may be forced to retreat. We have a saying in chess circles to remind ourselves not to give pointless checks: “Monkey sees a check; monkey gives a check.” Make certain that when you give check, it somehow helps your cause; to give check and then be forced to retreat is simply a waste of time. Experienced players give check only if it improves their position. For example, if the king has to move early in the game to escape a check, he loses the ability to castle (see Chapter 10 for more on castling). If you play a check that ruins your position, you may say, quite correctly, that your check bounced! You may actually say “check” when you attack your opponent’s king, but doing so isn’t mandatory, and experienced players usually don’t. If you do say “check,” say it in a low voice so as not to disturb other players. It’s considered bad taste to pump your fist in the air and yell, “Check . . . Yesssssss!” Under no circumstances is it correct to do a moonwalk or other dance step. Chess players try to keep their emotions under control at all times. Chapter 4: Looking Out for the King: Check, Stalemate, and Checkmate Not all checks were created equal The nastiest check short of checkmate is the discovered check. This type of check occurs when you move a piece out from between another of your pieces and the enemy king, and your second piece then gives check. That is, its check is suddenly “discovered” because the intervening piece is now gone, and the second piece now has a line of sight — and movement — to the opposing king. The piece you move to reveal the check can thus move anywhere and capture anything in its power with immunity, because the other side must respond to the check. If the piece you move also gives check, the combination is called double check, and the enemy king is forced to move, because running like mad is the only way to ward off both attacks. When you can keep checking the enemy king on every turn but can’t checkmate it, you have perpetual check. Perpetual check results in a draw, because checkmate is impossible (as the king can escape any individual check) and the king has no prospects of avoiding future, continuous checks, so neither side can win. This type of check can be a handy strategy if you’re losing. (Getting a draw isn’t such a bad thing if it takes the place of a loss!) If your opponent is sure to lose but postpones defeat by giving a pointless check, the move is known as a spite check. Spite checks are considered an example of bad chess manners. Don’t check out of spite! Stuck in a Rut: Stalemate Stalemate occurs when one side has no legal moves left to make and that person’s king isn’t in check. In chess you can’t pass up your turn — you always have to move. However, if your opponent puts you in a situation where you can’t make a move (keep in mind that it’s illegal to move your own king into check), the game is declared drawn due to stalemate. (Just a quick note that if one side has no legal moves and is in check, you’re in an entirely different situation — checkmate! See the next section.) King and queen versus king is the easiest two-piece combination for accomplishing checkmate, but in such a situation, you must be sure to guard against delivering a stalemate. Because the queen can control so many squares, stalemating the opposing king by accident is actually quite easy! If, for example, it’s black’s move in Figure 4-2, then the game is a stalemate. The black king has nowhere to go, because every square it can occupy is under attack by the white king or queen. 65 Part I: Laying the Groundwork 8 7 6 5 Figure 4-2: The white king and queen have delivered a stalemate. 4 3 2 1 a b g h No Escape for Ye King: Checkmate Checkmate occurs when one king is in check and can’t escape and therefore signals the end of the game. Checkmate can occur at any time, with any number of pieces on the board, but it’s good to become proficient at delivering checkmate with as few pieces as possible. Check out Figure 4-3 to see an example of checkmate. The black king is initially placed in check when the white queen moves to f7 to attack him (1. Qf7). But the black king has no legal moves: He can’t capture the queen because the white king is guarding her. He has no other black piece to block the check. He can’t move out of check to a square that isn’t also under attack. Therefore, black is checkmated, and white cries victory. Remember the old adage, “It is better to give checkmate than to receive it!” The checkmating process is accomplished by cutting off squares (systematically reducing the number of squares to which the king has access). When you cut off squares, you use your own king and whatever piece or pieces you have left to force your opponent’s king to an edge of the board, where it’s easiest to deliver checkmate. Kings can’t check one another, so if the only pieces left are the two kings, then the game ends in a draw (and if you have a lone king to your opponent’s king and pawn or piece, I’m sorry to say that you’re a goner). Just as the king can’t deliver checkmate on his own, no single piece can deliver checkmate without the help of the king. A lone piece can’t even force the enemy king to the edge of the board where the king is most easily checkmated. You must advance your own king into a position where it can help drive back the enemy. Chapter 4: Looking Out for the King: Check, Stalemate, and Checkmate 8 7 Figure 4-3: By moving to put the king in check, the white queen accomplishes checkmate. 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Cutting off squares with the king and queen Because the queen is the most powerful piece, a checkmate with king and queen against king is fairly easy to administer. The key to delivering checkmate with the queen is to drive the enemy king to any edge of the board and watch out for moves that may lead to stalemate (see that section earlier in this chapter). Figure 4-4 sets the stage for an impending checkmate â€” check out the starting positions of the black king and the white king and queen. 8 7 6 Figure 4-4: The end of the game is nigh, and white is determined to declare checkmate. 5 4 3 2 1 a b h b To support his queen, the white king advances to f7 (2. Kf7); see Figure 4-6a. Even the mighty queen can’t deliver checkmate without the help of the king — she’d spend all day in a never-ending game of cat and mouse. The black king will try to stay in the center of the board for as long as possible, because he knows that the edges of the board are danger zones. The king moves back to d5 (2. ...Kd5), as Figure 4-6b shows. Figure 4-6: The white king gets in on the action, and the black king refuses to back down. 8 g h Chapter 4: Looking Out for the King: Check, Stalemate, and Checkmate Remember, the best defense against checkmate is to stay as far away from the edges of the board as possible. By moving even closer to the black king (3. Qe6+), the white queen can cut off even more squares, as shown in Figure 4-7. (The Xs in Figure 4-7 show the squares that are cut off.) The queen is checking the black king in this figure, but the real objective is to cut off more squares. 8 7 6 Figure 4-7: The black king has only two squares where he can move. x x x x x x x x x 5 g h By comparing the setup shown in Figure 4-7 to the earlier one in Figure 4-4, you may see how white is shrinking the number of squares available to black’s king. In Figure 4-4, the sides of the greater square within which black resides are a1 to a6, a6 to g6, g6 to g1, and g1 back to a1. In Figure 4-7 the square is smaller, and the sides are a1 to a6, a6 to e6, e6 to e1, and e1 to a1. Chess players sometimes call this sequence shrinking the square. If you cut off too many squares, however, you run the risk of giving stalemate — so be careful and make sure that if the king isn’t in check, he has at least one square to which he can move. As black has no other choice in this example but to move away from the queen to one of the open squares, white can continue to cut off squares by chasing after the black king until he’s forced to the edge of the board. By then bringing the king to his queen’s side for support, white secures an inevitable checkmate, as shown in Figure 4-8a. Notice that the safest way to avoid stalemate is to force the opposing king to the edge of the board, use your queen to keep it trapped there, and then advance your king. Keep the queen at a safe distance from the opposing king, let your king stroll up to lend support, and then deliver checkmate as shown in Figure 4-8b. 69 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Figure 4-8: The black king finds himself backed into a corner and succumbs to checkmate. 8 h b Checkmating with king and rook Achieving checkmate with the king and rook follows the same general principle as that of using the king and queen; however, this method takes longer to achieve because the rook isn’t as powerful as the queen. Although the steps are long and tedious, they’re essential to know if you want to be able to checkmate your opponent; the figures throughout this section demonstrate how to force the opposing king to the side of the board by using your rook and king. The king and rook must be used in tandem in order to force the enemy king away from the center and towards an edge of the board. You use the edge of a board the way a cornerback uses the out-of-bounds line in football to help defend against a wide receiver. Step 1: Advancing the king to help cut off squares With the rook cutting off squares, the first step of this type of checkmate is to advance the king to help cut off more squares. With the white king at his back, the white rook in Figure 4-9a is cutting off squares from the black king. (In this position, the white king is supporting the rook so that black can’t capture it.) The black king is forced to retreat, in this case to c5 (1. ...Kc5); see Figure 4-9b. Chapter 4: Looking Out for the King: Check, Stalemate, and Checkmate Figure 4-9: The white rook limits blackâ€™s choices, so black responds accordingly. 8 h b In Figure 4-12a, notice how the white king has moved to e4 (4. Ke4) and is now cutting off squares d3, d4, and d5. An important part of this strategy is to advance the king off to the enemy kingâ€™s side, not in front of it. The reason for this course of action becomes clear in the next step, which I detail in the following section. The black king responds by moving to c4 (4. ...Kc4), trying to stay as far away from the edge of the board as the white pieces allow (see Figure 4-12b). Now, however, the white king has advanced far enough to move onto phase two of the operation. 8 g h Chapter 4: Looking Out for the King: Check, Stalemate, and Checkmate Step 2: Forcing the enemy king toward the edge In this phase of the checkmating operation, the white rook and king combine forces to drive the black king closer to the edge of the board. The rook checks the black king by moving to the c-file (5. Rc6+), as Figure 4-13a shows, forcing black to move closer to the edge. The black king moves to b5 (5. ...Kb5), which is closer to the edge, but in turn he attacks the undefended rook â€” see Figure 4-13b. Figure 4-13: White checks black and forces him near the edge, but black retaliates. 8 73 74 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Step 3: Cutting off more squares Now that white has accomplished the preliminary objective of forcing the black king to retreat, white must return to the idea of cutting off squares in order to drive the enemy king farther back. In Figure 4-15a, white advances the rook to c5 (7. Rc5) in order to cut off more squares. In Figure 4-15b, the black king retreats to b3 (7. ...Kb3), continuing to stay away from the edge of the board. Figure 4-15: White continues to cut off squares, and black continues to stay away from the edge. 8 g h Chapter 4: Looking Out for the King: Check, Stalemate, and Checkmate Step 4: Advancing the king and cutting off even more squares Now that additional squares are cut off, white returns to the theme of advancing the king, alternating between the two themes of advancing and cutting off squares. This step is simple: You cut off squares when you can and advance the king when you canâ€™t. In Figure 4-17a, the white king advances to d4 (9. Kd4) so he can stand beside the rook. This approach demonstrates why it takes so long to actually achieve the checkmate. The process itself is fairly simple; the aggressor makes the same kind of moves over and over again, but because the king is needed to force a checkmate (and the king moves only one square at a time) and because the rook is less powerful than the queen, it takes quite a number of moves in order to execute the plan. In Figure 4-17b, black moves the king to b3 (9. ...Kb3) to attack the rook. However, because the white king is protecting the rook, the attack is meaningless. Still, black has nothing better to do â€” white is guiding him through a slow and painful death. Figure 4-17: The white king inches his way to the future crime scene, and black scrambles. 8 h b In Figure 4-18a, the white king continues to advance toward the lower left corner by moving to d3 (10. Kd3). In Figure 4-18b, the black king is forced to retreat as usual. He moves to the only other square away from the edge, b2 (10. ...Kb2). In Figure 4-19a, white returns to the theme of using the rook to cut off squares (11. Rc3), finally forcing the black king to the edge of the board (11. ...Kb1); see Figure 4-19b. 75 Part I: Laying the Groundwork Figure 4-18: The saga continues: The white king advances, and black shies away. 8 g h Keep in mind that the preceding series of moves is much easier to play than to explain. But you must practice this elementary rook-and-king checkmate until you understand it entirely. Part II I In this part . . . n the next several chapters, I demonstrate how to use chess tactics and how to create combinations to increase your winning chances. This hand-to-hand combat is the part of a chess game that holds the most aesthetic appeal for the most people. I cover what it means to make a sacrifice and why doing so is sometimes necessary, even if the idea of letting your opponent capture your piece is counterintuitive. I also discuss the general importance of pattern recognition and cover specific mating patterns, which lead to checkmate, along with pawn formations. Chapter 5 Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat In This Chapter Maneuvering your pieces to accomplish a short-range objective Surprising your opponent with a carefully planned combination L et the mortal combat begin. When pieces engage one another, either at close quarters or from long range, tactics rule the day. In fact, tactics — sometimes even elementary ones — are the deciding factor for most chess games. So becoming familiar with the most basic examples and looking for them throughout the game is critical. You can make 40 great moves and still lose the game by overlooking your opponent’s tricks on the 41st! Combinations, which are based on tactics, are great techniques, too. Everything leading up to a combination may feel like mere plot development, because combinations are the car-chase scenes of chess. A combination can appear like a bolt out of the blue, but despite this almost inevitable element of surprise, a combination is most often the result of careful planning. In this chapter, I help you avoid the disastrous blunder of making lots of great moves and losing the game by missing your opponent’s one great tactic. I also give you the lowdown on combinations, discussing the most common tactical devices that serve as building blocks — after you familiarize yourself with these combination themes, you’ll be able to recognize them in play and respond accordingly. Knowing the names of combination themes isn’t as important as understanding how and why they work, so I answer such questions for you here. Knowing Your Tactical Game Plan A tactic is a move or a series of moves designed to bring about benefits in the short term, and it usually leads to an advantage in one or more of the elements of chess. (See Chapter 3 for a discussion of the elements of chess.) As such, 82 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How studying the basic types of tactics can lead to an immediate improvement in your results. Of course, you won’t find a shortcut to chess mastery, but by becoming a strong tactician you can pocket many a point along the way. Don’t make a move in the hopes that your opponent won’t see your threat. Instead, stick to the basic principles of play. Bullying two guys at once: The fork One of the most basic of chess tactics, the fork is a simultaneous attack on two or more pieces by a single piece (for the sake of brevity, I call the pawn a piece here). Either knights or pawns usually do those down and dirty forks, although any piece can get in on the action (the knight, however, is the ideal forking piece). During a successful fork, your opponent can’t protect all the threatened pieces at once and, as a result, must risk the loss of one. A variation of the Vienna game (an opening sequence of moves that became popular after a tournament in Vienna) provides a good example of both knight and pawn forks. Some people call this variation the FrankensteinDracula or Monster variation because the tactics are so scary. Almost every move in this opening contains a threat, which is the essence of chess tactics. Chess players call an opening that has many tactical possibilities sharp. This Vienna game variation, featuring multiple forks, is one of the sharpest in all of chess. The Vienna game begins with both sides advancing the pawns in front of their kings two squares, as in Figure 5-1a (in chess notation, the move is written 1. e4 e5; see Chapter 17 for all you need to know about reading the notation that I provide throughout this chapter). On the next turn, both sides bring out one of their knights, as in Figure 5-1b (2. Nc3 Nf6). 8 b a If the white knight on c3 captures the black knight on e4 (4. Nxe4), as Figure 5-3a shows, then a black pawn can fork the bishop and knight by moving to d5 (4. ...d5), as you see in Figure 5-3b. In this way, black regains the lost piece and has a free game (meaning that the development of the rest of the pieces will be relatively easy). White can, of course, take the offending pawn on d5 with its bishop (5. Bxd5), but the black queen would then swoop down upon the white bishop (5. ...Qxd5). Notice how white can save either the bishop or the knight, but not both, from capture. Figure 5-3: Blackâ€™s d-pawn forks the white bishop and knight. 8 83 84 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Usually, white avoids the pawn fork by making a counterthreat before the pawn fork can develop. Instead of capturing the black knight, white brings out its queen to h5, with the immediate threat of checkmate (4. Qh5); see Figure 5-4a. If black doesn’t respond well, then white can capture the black pawn on f7 with the queen (5. Qxf7#) and announce the cry of victory: “Checkmate!” (I explain check and checkmate in Chapter 4.) However, because it’s black’s turn to move, black retreats the knight to d6 (4. ...Nd6). The knight now guards against the threat of checkmate and simultaneously attacks (meaning threatens) white’s bishop (Figure 5-4b). Figure 5-4: The white queen threatens checkmate, and the black knight defends against it. 8 g h Chapter 5: Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat White now takes advantage of the fact that one of black’s knights is tied down to defend against the threatened checkmate, and white attacks the defender by moving the knight on c3 to b5 (6. Nb5), as Figure 5-6a shows. Removing the defender is a tactical theme that you see over and over again in chess. Black can’t capture the cheeky knight because of the threat of checkmate. Black also can’t ignore the threat of its knight being taken by white’s knight. This loss would put the black king in check (meaning, black’s king is attacked) and allow white to deliver checkmate in the next move. Instead, black moves the pawn on g7 forward one square (6. ...g6) in order to defend the checkmate and to attack the white queen at the same time (see Figure 5-6b). Figure 5-6: Black responds to the renewed threat of checkmate. 8 h b A move that defends and attacks simultaneously is almost always a good one! Now white’s queen must retreat, but she heads to a square that keeps the threat to black alive, f3 (7. Qf3); see Figure 5-7a. Defense and attack at the same time! Black has the same problem as before — the king and the f-pawn are feeling the pressure — and advances the f-pawn two squares (7. ...f5), as Figure 5-7b shows). This move once again blocks the threatened checkmate, because the queen is no longer attacking the f7 square. Black once again threatens to simply take the advanced white knight on b5, which is left hanging (lacking protection) — or en prise in chess terms. So white finds still another way to renew the threat of checkmate by again moving the queen, this time to d5 (8. Qd5); see Figure 5-8a. Black is out of defensive pawn moves and is forced to move out its queen to defend against the checkmate (8. ...Qe7), as Figure 5-8b shows. 85 86 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Figure 5-7: The white queen again threatens the black king, but a black pawn steps out to fight. 8 g h Going after the bodyguard: The pin The pin is the most frequently used chess tactic. If patent lawyers were around before chess came about, somebody would’ve become a millionaire many times over by patenting this maneuver. To achieve the pin, the pinning piece attacks one of two enemy pieces lined up along a rank, file, or diagonal (see Chapter 1 for information on ranks, files, and diagonals). The pinned piece is the one between the attacker and the remaining piece. Usually, the pinned piece is of lesser value than the other — so that if it were to move, the more important piece would be subject to capture. Only queens, rooks, and bishops can pin an enemy piece, because they’re the pieces that can attack multiple squares along a rank, file, or diagonal. Of the three, the bishop is most commonly used to establish a pin because it’s more likely to find pieces of greater value than itself to attack. 87 88 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Pinned pieces can move (although you may not want them to!) except when they’re pinned to the king. Exposing the king to capture is illegal, so pinned pieces in cases involving the king are really nailed down. In Figure 5-10a, the black knight on c6 is attacked by the white bishop on b5 but isn’t pinned. In Figure 5-10b, however, when black moves its d7 pawn to d6, the white bishop pins the knight to the king, so the knight can’t move. Figure 5-10: The black knight becomes pinned when the d-pawn moves. 8 h b You can break a pin in four ways: Capture the pinning piece. You aren’t really in much of a pin if you can take the pinning piece away, so capturing the pinning piece isn’t often an option. Attack the pinning piece and force it to capture or retreat. This attack is called putting the question to the pinning piece. Place a less valuable piece or pawn in the path between the pinned piece and the more valuable one. This move is called interposing. Remove the more valuable piece from the pinning path. This strategy is appropriately called running away. One very powerful type of pin can occur whenever the queen and king are lined up on a rank, file, or diagonal. When this positioning occurs, a bishop or rook may be able to pin the queen to the king. Be careful whenever your king and queen are on a line together, and be alert for the chance to pin when your opponent’s are. Chapter 5: Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat The Nimzo-Indian One of the chess openings popularized by Aaron Nimzowitsch still bears a portion of his name. (And just to confuse you, his name is spelled in various ways; you may also see it as Aron Nimzowitsch or Aaron Nimzovich.) The Nimzo-Indian belongs to a class of openings that are referred to as Indian Defenses (see Chapter 12). These openings are usually characterized by the development of a bishop on the flank, called fianchetto. In the Nimzo-Indian, the player often fianchettoes the queenâ€™s bishop. The player uses the kingâ€™s bishop to establish an early pin. Here are the opening moves of the Nimzo-Indian: 1. d4 Nf6, 2. c4 e6, 3. Nc3 Bb4 (see the following figures). 8 90 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How (continued) Black establishes a pin on the third move. The knight on c3 is pinned to the white king and can’t move. Chess masters have tried all sorts of strategies in this position, but it has proven to be one of the most effective defenses in all of chess. Black is ready to castle and can then safely counterattack white’s setup. (If you don’t understand castling, see Chapter 10 for an explanation of this special move.) The pin proves to be more than just a minor annoyance for white. Sometimes the pin is mightier than the sword! Forcing your opponent to move it or lose it: The skewer The pin’s cousin is the skewer, because it also exploits the positioning of two enemy pieces along a rank, file, or diagonal. The skewer is an attack on a piece that must move or be lost. In this case, the more valuable piece is attacked first. After the threatened piece moves, it exposes a second piece to capture. The bishop is the ideal skewer, and the king and queen are its frequent targets. Can you find an opportunity for the skewer in Figure 5-11? It’s white’s move. (With a black queen to a white bishop, black has an overwhelming material advantage, but white can even the score by making use of the skewer.) 8 7 6 5 Figure 5-11: The black king and queen are on the same diagonal. 4 3 2 1 a b h b The skewer can also take place in another way, when the attacking piece is between the two defenders. This type of skewer is illustrated in Figure 5-13. In this case, the bishop attacks the two enemy pieces on either end of the diagonal. Think of a shish kebab — if black decides to move its king, then the white bishop takes the queen. If black decides to take the white bishop with its queen, black loses its queen to the white king. In any case, black has let a chance to win slip away and now must accept a draw — no one can win! 8 7 6 The white bishop threatens both the black king and the black queen. 5 Figure 5-13: The white bishop skewers the black king and queen. 4 3 2 1 a b g h In practice, the skewer doesn’t occur as often as the fork or pin, but the move is so powerful that when it does occur, it usually decides the game. So be alert for the possibility of a skewer at any time, especially when the king and queen are exposed along a rank, file, or diagonal. 91 92 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Stealing the show: Discovered and double attacks A discovered attack is the movement of a piece or pawn resulting in an attack by a piece that you didn’t move. When you move a piece and expose an attack by a second stationary piece, the moving piece is free to create some mischief of its own. If the moving piece also attacks a piece of value, the situation is called a double attack. The victim of a double attack can usually defend against one threat or the other, but not both. A famous discovered attack occurred in the game Legall–St Brie Paris, 1750. The term Legall’s mate refers to the type of mating pattern seen in that game, which I depict in the following figures. In Figure 5-14, the black bishop on g4 is pinning the white knight on f3 to the queen — the knight can’t move without subjecting the queen to capture. However, if the knight move results in a forced checkmate, who cares about the queen? 8 7 6 Figure 5-14: The knight on f3 is pinned to its queen by the black bishop on g4. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Figure 5-15a shows that the white knight captures the black pawn on e5 (1. Nxe5). Now, the bishop on c4 and the knight on e5 are both attacking the black pawn on f7. The smart thing for black to do is capture the knight. Chapter 5: Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat However, the knight move has also exposed an attack on the black bishop by the white queen. If black captures the knight (1. ...dxe5), then white captures the bishop (2. Qxg4) and pockets the captured e-pawn. In the actual game, Legall’s opponent couldn’t resist capturing white’s queen with the bishop (1. ...Bxd1), as shown in Figure 5-15b, and was checkmated quickly. 8 g h When you find yourself surprised by a double attack — and you will be surprised — the best course of action is to reduce your losses. In the Legall– St Brie Paris game, black found himself in checkmate, but he could’ve kept his loss to a single pawn. Always choose the lesser of two evils. Dealing out the discovered and double check The term discovered check refers to the movement of a piece or pawn that produces a check by a different, unmoved piece. A double check occurs when the moving piece also checks the king. The game Réti-Tartakower Vienna, 1910, is perhaps the most famous example of a double check. I should point out that it wasn’t a regular tournament game but a rather quick one, or what chess players refer to as a blitz game. The finish is amazing nevertheless. At one point in the game, the board looked like the one in Figure 5-18. Chapter 5: Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat 8 7 6 Figure 5-18: The board at one point in the RétiTartakower Vienna, 1910 game. 5 4 3 2 1 a b 95 96 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How The bishop then moves from d2 to g5 (2. Bg5++) and checks the black king (see Figure 5-20). This move also discovers a check from the rook on d1, creating a double check that seals black’s fate. White will deliver checkmate on d8 no matter what black does. If black’s king moves to c7 (2. ...Kc7), then the bishop moves to d8 (3. Bd8#). If, on the other hand, the black king moves to e8 (2. ...Ke8), then the rook moves to d8 (3. Rd8#). In either case, the result is checkmate. This type of checkmate is now known as Réti’s mate. 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 5-20: 2 Réti’s mate. 1 a b g h One of the important aspects of the double-check tactic is that the king must move — you have no other way to escape a double check. If the king has nowhere to go, checkmate! Discovered and double checks are very powerful tactics. As with most tactics, it’s better to give than receive. Be alert for your chances to use them, and be especially alert to your opponent’s chances. Combining Moves to Speed Your Progress If you combine tactical threats when you initiate a sequence of moves with a specific goal in mind, you’re making a combination. By combining threats, you force your opponent to choose among bad moves. Combinations often involve a sacrifice (see Chapter 6), but the idea is to derive some tangible benefit after the forced sequence is complete. This benefit can be anything from a small improvement in position to checkmate. Although any phase of a chess game can have a combination, the technique is most frequently found in the middlegame (see Chapter 13). Combinations consist of tactics, including mating patterns (see Chapter 7 for more on mating patterns), so you can’t spot one unless you can see the underlying tactics that make it work (and the only way you’ll notice them in a game Chapter 5: Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat is to get really familiar with them, so read the preceding section and Chapter 7 over and over until you have them down pat). Certain themes of combinations are documented in chess literature; these themes may occur in your own games, but they may go unnoticed unless you’re trained to look for them (and if you’re not, you may sit there scratching your head when you lose). Combinations happen to you when you assume something to be true that isn’t. A rook may seem to be guarding a pawn, but it really isn’t if it also has to guard a queen. A piece may seem to be safe, but it really isn’t if your opponent can deflect it to a more dangerous square. Things aren’t always the way they seem in chess, and combinations reveal deeper truths. All the moves in a type of combination won’t be the same every time. Your opponent is going to make a choice — called a variation — about how to react to your combination moves. (That’s fine, as long as your opponent’s countermoves don’t work!) If your combination produces your desired result, it’s considered sound, but if one of your opponent’s responses makes your combination go awry, then the combination is considered unsound. Combinations are really the only way for a weaker player to defeat a stronger one. This triumph can happen when the stronger player is lulled to sleep and is expecting a certain sequence of moves, only to be surprised when a combination initiates a different sequence than he or she expected. So if you’re the underdog, use the combinative themes in this section to pull the rug out from under the enemy. Sacrificing a piece to clear a path You’ll undoubtedly face times when you want to play a certain move but can’t because one of your own pieces is in the way; this scenario frequently happens when you want to employ a combination. The solution may be to sacrifice that piece, called making a clearance sacrifice (because you’re clearing a path for another piece; see Chapter 6 for more on sacrifices) — you do this in order to set up any of the basic tactics or mating patterns. Some players don’t even consider making such sacrifices, because surrendering their own material is counterintuitive. But you need to remember the importance of surprise in the game of chess. If you’re willing to consider and be on the lookout for clearance sacrifices when your opponent isn’t, you stand a good chance of catching him or her off-guard and gaining a significant advantage (or even victory). One example of a clearance sacrifice combination is Damiano’s mate (see Chapter 7 for more on Damiano’s mate including a queen and a pawn). In that case, white sacrificed both rooks to get them out of the way so that the queen could deliver checkmate. Figure 5-21 shows the starting position for a different clearance sacrifice combination that occurred in the Karpov-Chom game 97 98 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How in 1977. The key to this combination is spotting the mating pattern (see Chapter 7) of the rook and queen. If the white queen could move to the square g7, she’d put the black king in checkmate — but how can she get there? 8 7 Figure 5-21: The starting position for the clearance sacrifice in the KarpovChom, 1977 game. 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Karpov (white) wanted to play his queen, on c7, to h2 in order to check the black king and eventually put black in checkmate (by ultimately getting his queen to g7). However, his knight on g3 was in the queen’s way. His solution was to move the knight to f5 (1. Nf5), as illustrated in Figure 5-22, in order to clear the way for the queen, even though black’s e-pawn could then capture the knight. 8 7 6 Figure 5-22: White clears a path for the queen by sacrificing the knight. 5 4 3 2 1 a b h b Going back to black’s potential capture of the white knight with a pawn, as the situation stands in Figure 5-22, black didn’t necessarily have to capture the knight. Instead, he could’ve enforced a different variation of white’s combination with a different move. All the possible variations, however, would’ve ended in black being checkmated. Black could instill a new threat by performing a clearance sacrifice with the rook, moving it to h7, and the black knight on f8 would be forced to capture the rook because black can’t ignore check (2. Rh7+ Nxh7). The queen would then move to g7 and deliver checkmate (3. Qg7#). Because no black move can prevent both the threat of the two clearance sacrifices, and therefore all the variations lead to victory for white, Karpov’s clearance sacrifice combination is considered sound. Luring your opponent with a decoy A decoy is used to entice your opponent’s piece onto a square or line (meaning a file, rank, or diagonal) with fatal consequences. The decoy piece sacrifices itself for the greater good; the enticed piece may win a victory by capturing the decoy but will be doomed in the end. Decoy opportunities can happen at any time, but like most combinations, they most frequently occur in the middlegame. The objective is usually to win material, but if the combination results in checkmate, all the better! The position in Figure 5-26 is set up for white to use a decoy to win material (see Chapter 3 for more on material). Although the material is even, the black king and queen are on the same rank, which often spells trouble. Whenever the king and queen are lined up on the same rank, file, or diagonal, look for a Chapter 5: Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat tactic, such as a pin or skewer, to exploit the position. If a straightforward tactic isn’t available, a combination, where you generally sacrifice a piece to allow for a tactic, may be. 8 7 Figure 5-26: Having the king and queen on the same rank, as black does, spells t-r-o-u-b-l-e. 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Deflecting your opponent’s piece off a key square The combination involving a deflection is similar to the decoy. Instead of luring your opponent’s piece to a place where it meets its end, however, a deflection sacrifice causes an opponent’s piece to abandon a key square, rank, file, or diagonal. You’re then free to use this key square, rank, file, or diagonal to your advantage. At first glance, the position in Figure 5-29a appears to be a certain draw (where neither side is capable of winning). Material is even, and no back rank mate possibilities exist (see Chapter 3 for a list of piece values and Chapter 7 for more on the back rank mate). However, the black rook is defending the black queen, and if white can entice the rook to move off of the d-file, then black will lose its queen. The white rook can deflect the black rook from the defense of the queen by moving to e8 and putting the black king in check (1. Re8+); see Figure 5-29b. Chapter 5: Tactics and Combinations in Hand-to-Hand Combat Figure 5-29: The white rook sacrifices itself in order to deflect the black rook from a key square. 8 h b Black can choose not to take the offered rook, but that variation is also bad. If the black king simply moves out of check (1. ...Kh7), as in Figure 5-31a, then the white rook captures black’s rook (2. Rxe8), as in Figure 5-31b. The white rook and queen then protect one another, even though the black queen is between them — the black queen can’t capture either piece without being captured in return. Because both variations are bad for black, the decoy combination is sound for white. 103 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Figure 5-31: If black doesn’t capture the white rook, his queen still suffers. 8 h b Destroying the guard Sometimes a single piece is guarding against disaster, and eliminating that piece may trigger a chess apocalypse. If you’re the opponent, it may well be worth a significant material sacrifice in order to eliminate the key defender, or as chess players say, destroy the guard. In Figure 5-32, the black rook on d8 is guarding against a back rank mate (see Chapter 7 for more on the back rank mate). The rook is all that stands between black and disaster. The white queen on g5 is attacking the black rook, which the black knight on c6 is defending. However, because the knight moves in an “L” shape, it can’t guard the back rank if it takes the rook’s place. 8 Figure 5-32: The black rook, which stands guard against a back rank mate, feels the white queen’s fury. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h When your opponent has a piece performing a critical function — as black’s rook was — look for a way to eliminate it. Don’t be afraid to consider any possibility, even the loss of your queen. 105 106 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Overloading one piece to make another piece vulnerable Sometimes a piece or pawn has too much on its hands to do everything asked of it and must choose which responsibility to fulfill. In this case, the piece is said to be overloaded. When your opponent’s piece is overloaded, it’s just asking for trouble — and for you to put a combination into action to exploit that piece. If one piece has two critical tasks to perform (defending two different pieces, perhaps), you may be able to cause it to choose one at the expense of the other. In Figure 5-35, the black rook on d7 is overloaded: It’s charged with defending the black queen on d6 (which is under attack from the white queen on a3) and the black pawn on f7 (which is under attack by the white bishop and rook). 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 5-35: 3 The black rook on d7 is 2 overloaded. 1 a b Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Chapter 6 Sacrifices: When It’s Better to Give than to Receive In This Chapter Giving up a guy from the get-go: The gambit Betraying the enemy king: The classic bishop sacrifice Getting back a piece shortly after a sacrifice Thinking ahead: Sacrificing for delayed reparation I f you were a single king or queen working two jobs just to send your little pawns to college, you’d undoubtedly consider yourself to be making a significant sacrifice. On the chessboard, however, a sacrifice (real or otherwise) is simply an intentional loss of a valuable piece. (An unintentional loss of something of value is called, technically, a blunder.) Sometimes, however, you may think you’re making a sacrifice, but you really aren’t. For example, if you win your opponent’s queen at the cost of your knight, it may seem like a plain old sacrifice. However, that assumption isn’t quite correct. You may feel as though you’re sacrificing the knight, but really you’re simply trading it for a piece of higher value. One of the odd things about chess is that every move involves both an advantage and a disadvantage. You must give up something, whether it be material or space, to get something, such as a lead in development (see Chapter 3 for more on these elements of chess). So, in the broadest terms, every move in a chess game involves some sacrifice. Although speaking of a sacrifice in any one of the elements in chess is technically correct, the most common sacrifice by far is that of material. Specific — and planned — sacrifices of certain pieces, at the right time, can help players gain an advantage. Knights may impale themselves on spears so that other pieces can infiltrate behind enemy lines, pawns may throw themselves under 110 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How the cavalry’s hooves to slow an enemy advance, or the queen may take an arrow meant for the king — all so that other pieces on the board may someday be better off (that is, on the winning side). The greatest thrill is to sacrifice the queen, because she’s the most powerful piece of all. Chess players tend toward a flair for the dramatic, and if any chess player can give up a queen and still beat you, well, just expect a great deal of teasing. No true chess aficionado can deny that sacrifices rank among the most dramatic events in a chess game. Sacrifices introduce an imbalance among positions and often act as the proverbial bolt from the blue, just as combinations do (see Chapter 5 for more on combinations, which often involve sacrifices). If your opponent makes a sacrifice that you haven’t considered, that move can be quite unnerving. The best thing to do in this situation is to take a few moments to compose yourself and then calmly try to figure out what’s going on and how best to proceed. The rule of thumb is that the only way to refute a sacrifice is to accept it! If you don’t know what to do, take the material. In this chapter, I discuss the intentional sacrifice of a pawn or piece, either temporary or permanent, which a player performs in the hope of capitalizing on some other advantage — and ultimately winning the game. Sacrificing for an Edge in Development: The Gambit In trying to make chess seem difficult and mysterious, chess players have long called a common type of sacrifice by a different term entirely. We refer to sacrifices that occur in the opening phase of the game as gambits. Gambits almost always involve the sacrifice of material for a positional advantage. In other words, you trade a piece (or more often just a pawn) for a gain in development (the element of time; see Chapter 3 for details). The reasoning is simple: If you can get more pieces out into attacking formation much more quickly than your opponent can, you can conceivably win back the sacrificed material — and then some — while your opponent is scrambling to catch up. Gambits are very popular, but you should always keep in mind that they can be very dangerous. If you don’t secure some compensating advantage, you’ll be stuck with a long-term material deficit. One of the oldest gambits in chess is the King’s Gambit, where white’s f-pawn is the object of sacrifice. A player enters into this type of move by using the common double king pawn opening (1. e4 e5), where both white and black advance the king’s pawn two squares (see Figure 6-1). Chapter 6: Sacrifices: When It’s Better to Give than to Receive 8 7 6 Figure 6-1: The King’s Gambit begins with a double king pawn move. 5 4 3 2 1 a b h b White was willing to a gambit a pawn in the hopes of securing an advantage in space by controlling the center (if black’s e-pawn captures white’s f-pawn, it no longer contests the d4 square). Is the element of material (white will 111 112 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Is a gambit a gamble? A certain amount of risk is involved in playing a gambit, but the term didn’t derive from the word gambling. It comes from the Italian word gambetta, which was a wrestling term for tripping up your opponent by the heels. The gambit was first used in its chess sense by Ruy Lopez, a Spanish priest and a renowned chess player, in 1561. have one less pawn) more important than the element of space (white will have more control of the center)? In chess, this type of question has no definitive answer — that’s why you play the games and see how the situations play out. As with most gambits, many chess players have differences of opinion about the effectiveness of the King’s Gambit. Some players like it, and some don’t. The King’s Gambit is rarely played at the highest levels of chess, so that tells you that the best players don’t think it’s the best opening choice. However, this gambit is still dangerous at lower levels, where a single mistake by black can give white the upper hand. Giving Up a Bishop One of the earliest recorded sacrifices appears in Gioacchino Greco’s infamous chess handbook of 1619. This move, called a classic bishop sacrifice, has been used prominently ever since then, and I advise the serious chess student to become intimately aware of this type of sacrifice. Nearly every experienced player knows this sacrifice, because it occurs in practice relatively often. By that, I mean the sacrificial theme occurs in several standard opening variations. A bishop sacrifice is especially powerful if a player uses the move to expose the enemy king to attack. Sometimes this sacrifice can lead directly to checkmate, as in the following example, but often the move just wins back the material — with interest. In Greco’s classic bishop sacrifice, one player sacrifices a bishop to expose the enemy king to a brutal attack by the queen on d1 and knight on f3. The white bishop on d3 has access to the black king via the black pawn on h7, and the white queen on d1, along with her knight on f3, is prepared to quickly enter the fray. Figure 6-3 shows the basic setup for the classic bishop sacrifice. Chapter 6: Sacrifices: When It’s Better to Give than to Receive 8 7 6 5 Figure 6-3: The basic setup for the classic bishop sacrifice. 4 3 2 1 a b h b White is now behind in material, having traded a bishop for a pawn, or three points for one. (Consult Chapter 3 for the relative value of pieces.) However, this loss in material is meaningless if white can deliver checkmate. Next, the knight from f3 jumps into the arena (2. Ng5+), putting the black king in check (see Figure 6-5a). The black bishop on e7 can capture the marauding 113 114 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How knight on g5, but if he does, his fate is sealed. White could capture the bishop with the pawn on h4, and the white rook on h1 would check the black king. The white queen would then join the attack on the next move by moving to the h-file, and the lights would go out for the black king. Jumping back to the situation at hand, black avoids this fate by moving its king back to g8 (2. ...Kg8), as shown in Figure 6-5b. Figure 6-5: The white knight checks the black king, so the king gets the heck out of the way. 8 h b Even though black sidestepped one scenario ending in checkmate, heâ€™s still foiled once again by the relentless advance of the white queen to h5 (3. Qh5), as shown in Figure 6-6. Checkmate is unavoidable no matter what black does, because white will move the queen to h7. For example, if black moves the f-pawn forward to f6 (3. ...f6) then the white queenâ€™s next move to h7 (4. Qh7#) would be checkmate. 8 7 6 Figure 6-6: The black king senses the smell of death as the white queen hunts him down. 5 4 3 2 1 a b h Chapter 6: Sacrifices: When It’s Better to Give than to Receive Immediate Gratification: The Temporary Sacrifice Chess players call sacrifices that lead directly to the win of more material pseudo-sacrifices or, more commonly, temporary sacrifices. This type of sacrifice involves an initial loss of material but is followed by its immediate, or near immediate, recovery. The following example demonstrates a temporary sacrifice in practice. The position is pretty similar to the one in Figure 6-3 in the “Giving Up a Bishop” section, but in this case, white merely wins material and doesn’t press on to checkmate (see Figure 6-7 for the setup, which has a few subtle differences from the one in the classic bishop sacrifice section). 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 6-7: The stage is 3 set for a temporary 2 sacrifice. 1 a b g h As in the classic bishop sacrifice, white sacrifices its light-squared bishop by capturing the pawn on h7 (1. Bxh7+), putting the black king in check (see Figure 6-8a). The black king then must capture the bishop (1. ...Kxh7) or else suffer the uncompensated loss of a pawn (see Figure 6-8b). White then brings out the queen to h5 (2. Qh5+); in doing so, the queen checks the black king and simultaneously attacks the unprotected knight on d5 (see Figure 6-9a). The black king is forced to retreat to g8 (2. ...Kg8) on the back rank (see Figure 6-9b). 115 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How 8 g h A Strategic Move for the Patient: The Permanent Sacrifice A permanent sacrifice is one where the material isn’t immediately recovered. Usually, the goal in making this type of sacrifice is a strategic one. One side gives up material in order to secure a lasting advantage in another area, such as space or development (see Chapter 3). These types of sacrifices can’t be calculated but are a product of intuition and imagination — and are what elevate chess play to artistry. In the classic example of a permanent sacrifice, white trades a pawn to disrupt black’s development. In this case, white isn’t simply trading a pawn for a quick lead in development, as it may do with a gambit, but rather for a lasting advantage based on black’s difficulty in getting its pieces coordinated. The following example gives you an idea of how such a sacrifice may work. Check out the starting position (which is from a variation of the Caro-Kahn Defense) in Figure 6-11. 117 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How 8 7 6 Figure 6-11: The board right before white makes a permanent sacrifice. 5 4 3 2 1 a b h b In response to its sacrifice, white doesn’t try to regain the pawn. White simply continues to develop its pieces by moving out the kingside knight to f3 (2. Nf3); see Figure 6-13. But has the white pawn’s valor gone unnoticed? By no means. Black’s position is now disorganized thanks to white’s sacrifice, Chapter 6: Sacrifices: When It’s Better to Give than to Receive and getting its pieces out to good squares is now going to be difficult. In particular, black has doubled e-pawns — the pawn on e7 can’t move until the one on e6 does (see Chapter 3 for more on doubled pawns). So none of black’s pieces can move onto or through the e7 square until both e-pawns are moved. White may need to make many additional moves to take advantage of the scrambling on black’s end. It’s not clear when, or even if, the lost pawn will ever be recovered, which is why the sacrifice is called a permanent one. 8 7 6 Figure 6-13: White ignores the pawn capture and focuses on development. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h The king of sacrifice, Mikhail Tal A grandmaster from Riga, Latvia, Mikhail Tal (1936–92) became world chess champion in 1960. Tal was widely popular for his brilliant sacrificial play. Describing the details of his brilliancy would take way more page space than this book allows, so I recommend that you check out The Magic of Mikhail Tal by Joe Gallagher, published by Everyman Chess, to see what I mean. Tal was so taken with chess that he supposedly kept sneaking out of the hospital after having a kidney removed, just to play in the local chess club. He was also famous for his intimidating stare. Combined with his ability to seemingly summon sacrifices out of the air in positions where no one else would even consider them, this stare gave Tal an almost mystical aura. One grandmaster even went so far as to wear sunglasses during a game to avoid Tal’s “evil eye.” 119 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Chapter 7 Mastering Mating Patterns In This Chapter Taking advantage of a king trapped on the back rank Delivering checkmate with the queen and a pawn Riding to victory: The queen and a knight Covering all territory: A bishop and a rook T o my knowledge, Dr. Ruth has never seriously studied mating patterns in chess, but I think that everyone interested in the game should engage most seriously in such a study. In case you’re wondering, procreation isn’t involved; in chess, mating means to combine the pieces’ powers to end up with checkmate, the position that signals victory (mate, in turn, is short for checkmate). One of the best ways to become familiar with the powers of each piece on the chessboard is to try to checkmate a lone king with each of them in turn. You quickly discover that even with the help of the king, neither the knight nor the bishop can accomplish checkmate without the aid of another piece, but the rook and the queen can (as long as the king helps them, of course). Some mates occur frequently or are otherwise well known in chess literature, and these are generally referred to as mating patterns. Most strong players have committed a slew of mating patterns to memory. Memorizing such patterns makes calculating moves much easier, so I highly recommend that every chess player become familiar with at least some of the patterns described in this chapter. These patterns occur again and again in chess, and nothing is quite like the feeling of seeing one pop up in one of your own games. Or, on the other hand, if you know a pattern, you can figure out what moves to play in order to get to it. You’re either ecstatic to spot a way to checkmate your foe or downcast when you realize that you’re the one caught in the net. For more information on mating and mating patterns, I recommend The Art of Attack by Vladimir Vukovic. Most of what I know about the subject I learned from that book. 122 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Beware the scholar’s mate Beginners are frequently seduced by the power of the queen and move her early and often. This tendency is unfortunately reinforced in their minds when they learn of the scholar’s mate (mate is shorthand for checkmate). The scholar’s mate is one of the shortest mates possible, but you can easily defend against it. First, both players advance the pawns in front of their kings (1. e4 e5). Next, they both develop their bishops to a centralized square (2. Bc4 Bc5). See the following two figures for the illustration. 8 8 124 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Beware the Unprotected Back Rank: Back Rank Mates The first mating pattern — and by far the most common — is the back rank mate, which involves an unprotected back rank and a trapped king on that rank. After the king castles (see Chapter 9), he’s often under the protection of three pawns positioned directly in front of him. Sometimes, however, these protectors become turncoats — the pawns protect their king but also trap him (see Figure 7-1). The difference in the two sides’ positions in Figure 7-1 is that the white rook protects the white back rank — but the black rook isn’t protecting its own back rank. 8 7 Figure 7-1: The black king is trapped on the back rank with no one to protect him. 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Chapter 7: Mastering Mating Patterns If the turn to move had been black’s, black could’ve avoided the checkmate by moving any of the pawns forward and giving its king some room to move. Pair the Heavy and the Light: Queen and Pawn Mates The queen can’t deliver checkmate without help but can do so with the aid of even a single pawn. Many chess games have been decided by a variation of this theme. First I show you the simplest form, which I’ve set up for you in Figure 7-3, and then I explain a more complicated — but common — version. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 7-3: The black 3 king has nowhere 2 to flee. 1 a b g h Of course, white is a queen ahead in this scenario and should win in any case, but the point is to concentrate forces on the cluster around the black king. The position in Figure 7-3 illustrates a typical queen and pawn mating pattern. The black king can’t escape and can’t avoid white’s threat to deliver checkmate. Because it’s white’s turn, the queen moves to g7 and puts black in check (1. Qg7#); see Figure 7-4. Black has no open squares to move to, and because the white pawn on f6 is protecting the queen, the black king can’t capture the queen — checkmate! The pattern in Figures 7-3 and 7-4 also occurs where the advanced white pawn is on h6 and the queen is on f6. The queen can still deliver checkmate on g7. Now for the more complicated version: In 1512, a Portuguese apothecary named Damiano published a study of the queen and pawn mating pattern. The study concludes with a classic queen and pawn mate and is known as Damiano’s mate. 125 126 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 7-4: The white 3 queen secures 2 checkmate. 1 a b h b The idea behind this particular rook sacrifice is that the rook canâ€™t deliver checkmate from h7, but the queen can. (The pawn on g6 would protect a queen on h7. The trick is figuring out how to get her there.) This idea leads white to consider how best to get the queen into position without giving black any time to ready a countermove. The concept of clearing the rooks out of the way to enable the queen to deliver checkmate is now a chess standard. Chess players now call such moves clearance sacrifices (see Chapter 5 for more on the combination involving the clearance sacrifice). In Figure 7-7a, white checks the king by moving the rook on f1 to h1 (2. Rh1+). Black has only one move in order to escape the check and moves back to g8 (2. ...Kg8), where it was before the rook capture (see Figure 7-7b). 8 g h Queen and pawn mates occur infrequently at the higher levels of chess competitions because both sides know them so well. At lower-level competitions, however, these queen and pawn mating patterns may not be well known at all. Therefore, Damiano’s mate can be an important weapon to have in your arsenal as you begin your chess adventures! Mount Her Royal Highness: Queen and Knight Mates The queen and knight are especially powerful in mating combinations. This capability has something to do with the fact that the knight has powers that the queen doesn’t, and the two pieces are perfect complements — so they join forces in several ways to produce mating patterns. Figure 7-11a shows the beginning of a common mating pattern with queen and knight. The knight and queen are both attacking h7, and the threat is checkmate on white’s next move of the queen to h7 (1. Qh7#). Notice that moving either pawn wouldn’t help black, because the queen’s move to h7 would still be checkmate. Black’s only chance to escape checkmate is to move the suffocating rook away to c8 (1. ...Rc8), as shown in Figure 7-11b. 129 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Figure 7-11: The white queen and knight are ready to checkmate black. 8 g h The queen and knight can combine to deliver checkmate in other ways as well. One combination in particular is known as the smothered mate, where one poor kingâ€™s own pieces help trap him. The smothered mate is a bit rarer in practice than the other queen and knight mates but is still worth knowing. If you get a chance to deliver checkmate in this way, consider yourself to be extremely cool. In Figure 7-14a, the white queen on c4 is putting the black king on g8 in check, so the king must move. If the black king moves one square to the left, next to the rook, whiteâ€™s queen could deliver checkmate at once by moving the queen to f7, directly in front of the black king. Note how in that event, the knight (on g5) would once again be supporting the queen. So black tries to escape the threat by moving the king into the corner on square h8 (1. ...Kh8), as Figure 7-14b shows. Figure 7-14: The white queen puts black in check, so the black king hides in the corner. 8 h b Now white’s next move may seem quite bizarre if you don’t know the smothered mate pattern — the white queen sacrifices herself by moving to g8 Chapter 7: Mastering Mating Patterns (4. Qg8+), as shown in Figure 7-17a. In doing so, however, the queen allows the knight to eventually deliver checkmate. The white knight guards the queen on g8, so the black king can’t capture her. The piece that black does use to capture the queen — the knight or the rook — doesn’t matter, because checkmate follows in either case. In this example, black takes the queen with the rook (4. ...Rxg8); see Figure 7-17b. Figure 7-17: The white queen sacrifices herself so her knight can eventually steal the show. 8 134 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Create a Steamroller with the Bishop and Rook In addition to the queen and knight, the other two powerful pieces — the rook and bishop — make a great mating combo. The two pieces complement one another because the rook controls files and ranks while the bishop controls diagonals. Morphy’s mate, named after Paul Morphy, is an example of the bishop and rook working well together in a mating pattern. Morphy was one of the greatest attacking players of all time. He played some of the most beautiful games in chess history and introduced chess mavens to more than one mating pattern. (See more on him in the sidebar, “Paul Morphy: The pride and sorrow of chess.”) The starting position for this mating pattern is shown in Figure 7-19. Don’t worry about the piece count in this example; just concentrate on the mating pattern of the bishop and rook. 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 7-19: Morphy’s 2 mate. 1 a b g h From the starting position, white makes a surprising move to inevitably produce checkmate. By capturing the black bishop on f6 with the queen (1. Qxf6), as shown in Figure 7-20a, white forces the black pawn on g7 to capture the queen (1. ...gxf6); see Figure 7-20b. Otherwise, the white queen could take that pawn, which is protecting the black king, on the next move. (Note how the bishop on b2 is providing support along that long diagonal.) Chapter 7: Mastering Mating Patterns Figure 7-20: The white queen sacrifices herself to draw the black king’s pawn away. 8 g h Paul Morphy: The pride and sorrow of chess Born in New Orleans, Paul Morphy (1837–84) had a truly meteoric chess career. At a young age, he burst upon the international scene and defeated all comers in scintillating fashion. His games were models of rapid development and attack. Morphy was gifted in other fields as well. He earned his law degree before the age of 21 but was too young to practice — he believed that he was simply marking time playing chess until he became old enough to practice law. In regard to his talents, his memory was so great that he could recite much of the Civil Code of Louisiana verbatim. Sadly, however, Morphy’s descent from the top was as abrupt as his rise. At the height of his powers and fame, he abandoned the game and grew increasingly withdrawn. He was said to have suffered from a persecution complex and died a lonely death. Myths have been built up surrounding the chess great to account for his behavior, including unrequited love and bitterness at being snubbed by an elder champion. Unfortunately, the truth is more likely a prosaic, if sad, case of mental illness. Chapter 8 Building Pattern Recognition In This Chapter Knowing why and how to look ahead Analyzing your pawn regiment Preparing in advance for the endgame O ne of the great myths surrounding the game of chess is that you must be a human calculating machine to play the game. A certain amount of calculation is involved in any chess game, of course, but chess players primarily rely on pattern recognition (the ability to spot similar configurations of pieces and pawns) and on intuition to choose their moves. They rarely tell you this fact, because most of the time the process is subconscious. If you ask them why they played this move instead of that one, they often reply, “I just knew what the right move was” — or something equally unenlightening. If you’re unfamiliar with chess, all positions on the chessboard probably appear equally chaotic to you. If, however, you’ve seen scores and scores of games, the significance of many relative positions among chess pieces is understandable at a glance. Some chess aficionados have likened this building up of a store of recognizable patterns to a sort of chess vocabulary. The words of any non-native language seem unfamiliar to you at first exposure, but after you build your vocabulary, you understand many words, terms, and concepts in the language without any conscious thought at all. That general idea is pretty much the same in chess. In this chapter, I explain how chess is all about pattern recognition. As you become familiar with such tactics as the pin or the fork (see Chapter 5), you’re actually learning to recognize a pattern. As you study mating patterns (Chapter 7), you build up a store of knowledge that can help you during play. You suddenly foresee possible moves much earlier in the game, and you play that much better. More importantly, if you can remember the ins and outs of a few patterns of pawn structures, your play in the opening and early middlegame becomes much more coherent and pointed. Finally, by developing your technique in the endgame, you add the last piece to the puzzle of playing a well-rounded game of chess. 138 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Pavlov’s players Researchers have conducted experiments to demonstrate the notion of chess as language, using a sampling of people of widely different chess strengths. The scientists involved in these experiments exposed players to several different chess setups consisting of both random positions and actual gamelike positions. Each exposure lasted for only a few seconds at a time. The researchers then asked the subjects to reconstruct the various positions as the players remembered them. The stronger players scored much better in reconstructing the actual gamelike positions than did the weaker players, but this advantage on the part of the better players virtually disappeared when they attempted to reconstruct the random positions. The conclusion? If you take away a player’s knowledge base about chess by removing any resemblance to actual game positions, you also take away that player’s apparent superiority in recall. Analyzing Chess Positions and Looking Ahead Strong players can quickly evaluate many types of positions because they’ve seen similar positions before. Of course, most positions in chess have their own quirks or involve other variables that require specific calculations to truly understand them, but chess players start from a base of common knowledge about the game and work out the variations from there. You can, therefore, zero in on a relatively few moves to study seriously, which greatly reduces the amount of actual calculation. Processing and analyzing chess positions does seem to be one of those leftbrain–right-brain things. People who are good at spatial relationships seem able to absorb the patterns in chess a bit easier than those who aren’t so good in this area. Spatially oriented players build up their chess vocabularies more rapidly and become fluent in the language of chess much earlier than do their nonspatially oriented brethren. True pattern recognition skills, however, come mostly from experience with the game. After you see enough different positions on the chessboard, you begin to just know what kinds of moves you should consider, almost without conscious thought, and you don’t bother looking at all the alternatives. Almost every chess master has heard this question: “How many moves can you see ahead?” One master answered, “Only one. The best one.” This statement contains at least a kernel of truth. I always answer, “It depends.” If you want to know whether I calculate all the possibilities in any given position, however, the answer is a definite no. If you want to know how many moves ahead I can see in any one particular sequence, the answer is that in some cases, I can see quite far, and in other cases, I can see only a very few moves ahead. If the position is of a forcing nature, which means that my opponent’s Chapter 8: Building Pattern Recognition The tree of analysis Alexander Kotov (1913–81), a former Soviet champion, wrote a very famous book called Think Like a Grandmaster. (Well, the book is familiar to most chess players, at least.) In the English translation, Kotov introduces players to the concepts of the tree of analysis and candidate moves. You can’t climb the tree of analysis, but you can understand its roots. You can meet each move that your opponent makes with one of several replies, and your opponent may in turn respond to each reply with any of several other moves. The alternative moves available to you and your opponent branch out and quickly mask the forest for all the trees. Kotov taught that in order to reduce the bushiness of the tree and to better enable players to see farther ahead in their moves (as well as anticipate an opponent’s moves), you first need to settle on which moves are the candidate moves. Candidate moves are those moves that you intend to examine closely based on your intuition. First you look around and use your intuition to figure out which moves are the important ones, and only then do you begin to calculate concrete variations. You must, according to Kotov, examine each candidate before making your final selection. Candidate moves are chosen by a combination of intuition and judgment. The choices you make in determining these moves get better with experience. The calculation of concrete variations is more like work, but it, too, gets better with practice. The more you practice these aspects of your game (as well as all others), the better you get as a chess player. moves are highly predictable, and I recognize the pattern, then I can calculate about a dozen moves ahead, sometimes more. The more patterns that I recognize, the farther ahead I can calculate my moves. Picking Up on Pawn Formations The easiest patterns to recognize, besides mating patterns (head back to Chapter 7), are pawn formations, which are often referred to as the pawn structure. When I speak of pawn formations, I mean the positioning of the white pawns in relationship to the black pawns, and vice versa. Most masters can come across a game in progress and make an educated guess as to how that game began simply by looking at the current pawn structure. They can do this because pawns are relatively immobile, and it’s difficult to radically alter their positioning from one phase of the game to the next. By virtue of their relatively fixed nature, the pawns tell you where to put your pieces, where to attack, and where to guard against attack. Because the pawns can’t be as easily repositioned as the pieces, much of the middlegame’s strategy, where the bulk of the battle occurs, revolves around pawn formations, and 139 140 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How the many slightly differing endings that arise from these formations are tied together by common threads — so understanding pawn formations is pretty darned important to your game. I learned about pawn structures from a book by the great American champion Ruben Fine (1914–94) called The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings. A more modern book that deals with this topic is Pawn Structure Chess by Andy Soltis and is available through any of the mail-order houses listed in Appendix B. Studying the pawn formations common to a few opening systems gives you the knowledge of a general strategy that guides you in the selection of specific moves at every turn. Because learning every opening in chess is impossible, most players concentrate on one or two openings to use when playing white and then a couple more when playing black. If you familiarize yourself with the formations, you can usually choose good moves — if not always the very best moves. (I cover the basics on pawn formations here, but I go into more detail with more advanced formations in Chapter 9.) The French Defense and the pawn chain The pawn formation that I understand best arises from an opening called the French Defense. The French Defense, or simply the French, gained its modern name in 1834, when a Paris team used the opening to defeat a London team in a correspondence match. Figure 8-1a shows the starting position for the French Defense. White (the English) opens the game by moving out the king’s pawn on e2 two squares to e4 (1. e4). Black (the French) responds by moving out its king’s pawn on e7 one square to e6 (1. ...e6). The idea behind the French Defense is to strike back at white’s center pawn in order to contest white’s control of the center. The first move provides support for the intended second move. After white advances the other center pawn on d2 two squares to d4 (2. d4), black follows suit, moving the d7 pawn to d5 (2. ...d5); see Figure 8-1b. Black has now established a pawn chain, which is the way chess players refer to pawns that are linked together, on the squares f7, e6, and d5. Now many alternatives are available to white, but one variation in particular provides the best opportunity to discuss pawn formations. By advancing the pawn on e4 to e5 (3. e5), white butts heads with black and creates a pawn chain on squares d4 and e5, as shown in Figure 8-2a. Pawn chains occur in many games, and the ability to correctly manage such chains is one of the keys to playing chess well. Aaron Nimzowitsch, a great expert in the French Defense, taught chess players to attack a pawn chain at its base. If the base is destroyed, the entire chain is weakened. Chapter 8: Building Pattern Recognition Figure 8-1: In the French Defense opening, white occupies two center squares to black’s one. 8 h b Attacking an advanced pawn chain aggressively, early and often, is vital. If you don’t attack the chain this way, then your opponent gains an advantage in space — the e5 pawn is advanced and uses that advantage to mount an attack. Then you’re too cramped, meaning your pieces don’t have enough maneuvering room, to meet the attack unless you first go about chipping away at the chain. White’s next move is easy to understand if you think in terms of the strength of pawn chains (see Figure 8-3a). When the white pawn on c2 moves out to c3 (4. c3), white establishes an even longer pawn chain, the base of which lies deep in white territory and thus is very difficult to attack. Black’s strategy is 141 142 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How to now move the knight on b8 out to c6 (4. ...Nc6), with the intent of continuing to attack the center pawn on d4 and trying to break the chain apart, as shown in Figure 8-3b. Figure 8-3: White extends the pawn chain, and a black knight attempts to break it apart. 8 h b White knows exactly what black is trying to accomplish and brings up reinforcements, in the form of its own knight (5. Nf3), to protect the threatened center pawn on d4 (see Figure 8-4a). Blackâ€™s next move may seem strange unless you understand the strategy involved. Once again, the goal is to attack a vulnerable point in the chain, the very same point that the black pawn and black knight are attacking and that the white pawn and white knight are defending. The strategy in the French Defense revolves around the attack and defense of this single point. To continue the attack, the black queen on d8 moves to b6 (5. ...Qb6), a position that further supports the attack on this point (see Figure 8-4b). The queen attacks this strategic point by throwing her weight behind the black pawn. Figure 8-4: The white knight responds to blackâ€™s attack, so the black queen emerges in fury. 8 g h Chapter 8: Building Pattern Recognition At this point, white’s options are many, but they all revolve around the attack and defense of the pawn chain. If white secures the chain, then this success will lead to a white advantage in space, because the chain is so advanced (see Chapter 3 for a discussion of space). As a result of this space advantage, white’s pieces will have more options than black’s, and — unless black is very resourceful — white may be able to make threats that black will be unable to defend against. Black, on the other hand, will continue to try to undermine the pawn chain. If the pawn chain is weakened — for example, if the base is easily attacked — then white’s pieces will be forced to defend it. These defending pieces may then become passive (doing little else but guard duty). Passive pieces generally become less powerful than active ones, and if black is successful in making white’s pieces take up passive positions, it will soon be black’s turn to become aggressive and launch an attack. This back-and-forth tug-of-war over key points is what fills a chess game with tension. Whoever achieves the short-term goal of securing (or undermining) the pawn chain will then be able to turn his or her attention to a long-term goal, such as winning material. After the French Defense: Typical pawn formations From the early opening on, a wide variety of options are open to both players regarding pawn play. The players can choose to exchange pawns, attack pawns with pieces or with other pawns, or protect pawns with pieces or other pawns. Regardless of these choices, however, the resulting pawn formations always boil down to a manageable size. After you become familiar with these formations, the best thing for you to do is to take a look at some master games that include them. You may begin to appreciate some moves the masters make that previously may have mystified you. Soon you have a handle on how to play these formations no matter what choices your opponent makes, and no move any opponent can make will ever freak you out! The first of the typical pawn formations that stem from the French Defense opening and that I want you to consider in this section is the most basic one. In this section, I use the figures to show you only the pawns to best draw attention to the formations themselves (see Figure 8-5). Of course, the pieces are still an important part of the strategy, but I’ve taken them out of the pictures just to help you see these formations clearly. 143 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How 8 7 6 Figure 8-5: The typical pawn structure following the French Defense opening. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h In the basic position in Figure 8-5, play revolves around the attack and defense of the pawn on d4. Sometimes, white abandons the point by capturing the black pawn on c5 with the d4 pawn (1. dxc5) to whip up a speedy attack. Black then captures the white pawn on c5 with a piece (which, for the sake of these pawn illustrations, is still invisible). The resulting pawn formation is shown in Figure 8-6. Black could then begin an attack on the advanced pawn on e5, which is suddenly shorn of its protector, forcing white to find a new way to defend it. 8 7 6 5 This pawn has lost its protector! 4 The white pawn that was here captured the black pawn . . . but was captured in turn by a black piece! Figure 8-6: 3 The white pawn chain 2 is broken. 1 a b h b The pawns may or may not capture one another, but two different types of formations could result if they did. If the white pawn captures the black pawn (exf6), and a black piece captures the white pawn on f6 on black’s next turn, then the structure will look like the one in Figure 8-8 (but remember, the pieces on this series of boards are still invisible). 8 7 Figure 8-8: The white pawn captured the black pawn and then was captured by a black piece. 6 The white pawn moved to capture the black pawn and was captured by a black piece. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h If, on the other hand, white doesn’t choose to capture the black pawn and makes some other move instead (which I haven’t shown for the sake of keeping the focus on the pawn formation only), another situation is possible. The black pawn can capture the white pawn (fxe5), and white can capture back (or as chess players say, recapture). The structure would look like the one in Figure 8-9. 145 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How 8 7 6 Figure 8-9: The white pawn on e5 has recaptured the black pawn. This white pawn has captured the black pawn that just captured the advanced white pawn. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Of course, white can employ a whole different strategy, going all the way back to Figure 8-5. White doesnâ€™t have to abandon the chain with the capture of the black pawn on c5. If white plays in this manner, black may exchange pawns (black captures a pawn with a pawn, cxd5, and white also captures a pawn with a pawn, cxd5). The base of the chain would then be on d4. The formation could then look like the one shown in Figure 8-10. 8 7 Figure 8-10: After the black pawn captures a white pawn, the c3 pawn captures that black pawn. 6 5 After the black pawn captures a white pawn, this white pawn captures it. 4 3 2 1 a b h Chapter 8: Building Pattern Recognition Eyeing the Endgame Patterns Certain types of endings will be won, lost, stalemated, or drawn depending both on how they objectively should play out and on your ability to recognize certain endgame patterns as they appear. You can try to figure out which endgame patterns work — and which don’t — right at the chessboard as you play . . . or you can learn about these patterns beforehand in the privacy of your own home. (I recommend the latter.) After you add a number of these patterns to your repertoire, expect to notice a big jump in your playing strength. Endgame patterns are an important, but often neglected, area of chess — an area that all players need to understand. Inexperienced players, however, may simply think that they can worry about the end of the game when — and if — they get there. Such thinking is flawed for many reasons, primarily because of the enormous difficulty involved in inventing (or more precisely, reinventing) the correct line of play as you reach that portion of the game — which you’re likely to need to do if you’ve neglected to study your endgames. And, of course, most players find extremely helpful the ability to determine whether a certain endgame pattern is likely to end in a win, a draw, or a loss before going into it. Many of the decisions you make in your middlegame are likely to depend on your knowledge of these patterns. (For example, should I trade queens and go into the ending, or keep the queens on the board and go for an attack?) The good news, however, is that you don’t have to study all the various endgame patterns that are available — especially if all you want is to enjoy playing chess. If, however, your goal is to become a chess master, you need to master the endgame. Note: Endgame patterns are not to be confused with mating patterns — mating patterns can occur in either the middlegame or the endgame. An outstanding introduction to endgame patterns is Chess Endings: Essential Knowledge by Yuri Averbakh, published by Everyman Chess. The endgame pattern known as Lucena’s position was first recorded in the oldest surviving book on chess, written in 1497 by Luis Lucena. This pattern, with its two methods of play, is only one of many such endgame patterns you 147 148 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How can use to strengthen your game. Building your chess vocabulary with this and other endgame patterns, however, requires a great deal of study. And as is true of study in any other field, mastering the subject matter takes work. Figure 8-11 shows the starting lineup for Lucenaâ€™s position. 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 8-11: Lucenaâ€™s 2 position. 1 a b g h In this endgame pattern, white is trying to queen its pawn on d7 (which means advancing the pawn to the last rank and converting it to a new queen; see Chapter 10 for this special move known as pawn promotion), and black is trying to prevent that from happening. If black can keep the pawn from queening, then the game ends in a draw, because that is the only decisive advantage either side has. If white can force the black rook on c2 to sacrifice itself to prevent the pawn from queening, white can then use the king and rook to force checkmate, using a mating pattern described in Chapter 7. Lucena demonstrated two methods to induce a win for white in this position. The first method is probably the easiest, but you really need to know both methods because a peculiar arrangement of pieces sometimes forces you to use one instead of the other. As such, I explain both methods in the following two sections. Transferring the rook The first idea is for white to transfer the rook on f1 to the eighth rank, specifically to c8 in two steps in order to support the advance of the d7 pawn to d8. The first step in the transfer is shown in Figure 8-12a, when the white rook slides left to a1 (1. Ra1). Black responds by bringing the king on g7 closer to the pawn, to f7 (1. ...Kf7); see Figure 8-12b. Chapter 8: Building Pattern Recognition Figure 8-12: The white rook heads for the eighth rank, and the black king approaches the pawn. 8 h b White now transfers the rook on a1 to the eighth rank (2. Ra8); see Figure 8-13a. Black marks time with the rook because it has nothing better to do, moving it down to c1 (2. ...Rc1); see Figure 8-13b. Notice that if black uses its king to attack the pawn by moving him to e6, then the black king actually serves as a shield for whiteâ€™s king. The white king could then move in front of the black king to e8, allowing the pawn to queen on the next move (note that the black king would block the black rook from checking the white king). Figure 8-13: White secures a position on the eighth rank, and black marks time. 8 h b The white king moves to c7 (4. Kc7), which the black rook no longer attacks, and in turn clears the way for the advance of the d7 pawn to the last rank, as shown in Figure 8-15a. Black must now check the king to prevent the pawn from queening, so the d1 rook moves to c1 (4. ...Rc1+); see Figure 8-15b. If, instead, the black king approached the pawn again (4. ...Ke6), white could win by checking the king with the rook, supported by the pawn. This would force the king to retreat anywhere, allow the pawn to queen, and force black to give up the rook for the pawn, leaving white with rook and king versus rook. The mate with king and rook versus king is demonstrated in Chapter 4. Figure 8-15: The white king gets out of the pawnâ€™s way, and black checks the white king. 8 g h Building a bridge The second winning method using Lucenaâ€™s position is often called building a bridge. In this method, white uses the rook to shield the king from checks by the black rook. The starting pattern for building a bridge is the Lucena position (refer to Figure 8-11). From there, the first step is for white to move the rook to the fourth rank (1. Rf4), as shown in Figure 8-17a. (The reason for this move becomes clear by the end of this example.) Because the black rook has nothing better to do, it can only mark time in one of several ways (in this case, 1. ...Rc1), none of which affect the ultimate outcome (see Figure 8-17b). Figure 8-17: The white rook takes stock on the fourth rank, and black marks time. 8 h Chapter 9 Recognizing Pawn Formations In This Chapter Understanding why pawn formations matter Setting up the most common ones Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of certain formations W hen you first start to play chess, it may seem as though the pawns are just in the way of the real pieces. You might only move them because you have to in order to get the big guys (and gal) involved. You may also be thinking that those pesky pawns move about the board rather stuffily — after all, they’re only allowed to move forward and often only one square at a time. They may be in the way and slow, but they still have a huge influence on the game. (See more about their influence and structure in Chapter 3.) In this chapter, you explore several tried-and-true pawn formations that you can use to your advantage. After you understand where the pieces ought to go to complement these different pawn formations, you’re well on your way to playing a good game of chess. Some pawn formations are specific to an opening or a defense, but they can theoretically occur for either white or black. Exploring the Powers of Pawn Formations A pawn formation, which is a group of pawns working together, can make a big difference in the way a game plays out. Experienced players can often look at a game in progress and correctly identify the game’s opening moves. They can do so because some openings regularly produce the same types of pawn formations. In large part, these formations determine what the optimal piece placement should be in the game, providing, in effect, a guide for subsequent play. Didn’t know that pawns had such power? The good news is that you don’t have to figure out where the pawns go all by yourself. Some specific formations stand the test of time. The bad news is that you can’t always choose the formation you want. Your opponent has some say in the matter, too, because how he or she plays affects the choices you have. For that reason, you should at least be somewhat familiar with multiple types of pawn formations. 156 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Seeing how pawn formations can affect a game Because pawns are more stationary than the rest of the chess pieces — they can’t back up, and they normally stay in the same place for a while — recovering from a mistaken pawn move is difficult. So moving them is important. When you know where the pawns go to create formations, you have a good idea of where the other pieces should go to complement them. You also have insight into which pieces you want to keep and which ones you want to get rid of. Figure 9-1 shows a typical position in the advanced variation of the French Defense (see Chapter 8 for the basics on that opening) after the opening pawn moves (1. e5 e6 2. d4 d5; flip to Chapter 17 if you need help deciphering the notation in this chapter). The chain of black pawns on light squares greatly restricts the mobility of the black light-square bishop, which makes that piece less valuable. These pawns block black’s light-square bishop. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 9-1: 3 The bishop is 2 hemmed in. 1 a b g h You can already see why the pawn formation is important. A piece’s power is based on its mobility, and white’s light-square bishop is much more mobile than black’s, which is hemmed in behind its own pawns. Black should try to trade the two bishops, eliminating both, to free up some mobility, but white should try to avoid such an exchange. Why give up a strong piece for a weaker one? Chapter 9: Recognizing Pawn Formations Beginners sometimes check their opponents as soon as possible, but doing so is often a mistake. For example, white can give a check by moving its lightsquare bishop to b5 (3. Bb5+), as demonstrated in Figure 9-2a, but that move is weak. Figure 9-2b shows why. If the black bishop moves out (3. ...Bd7), white has to either retreat, which is a waste of time, or allow the bishops to be traded. With white’s center pawns on dark squares, white should try to keep the light-square bishop on the board. White’s light-square bishop’s mobility is unimpeded by the pawns, and it can guard squares that the pawns can’t. The mobility of black’s light-square bishop is severely limited and guards the same squares as black’s pawns on light squares. White’s bishop is relatively strong, and black’s is relatively weak. You should try to keep your strong pieces and seek to trade your weak ones. 8 h b Using your pawns to your advantage Recognizing pawn formations goes a long way toward identifying the best course of action to take in any given game. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of particular formations guides you as to where to place your pieces. It also helps you identify the appropriate plan to accentuate strengths in your position and minimize weaknesses. Pawns may not be as powerful as the other pieces on the board, but they are big variables in any chess equation. One of the advantages of moving first is that establishing a pawn formation, such as the Nimzo-Botvinnik or Closed English (see those sections later in this chapter), is easier. Part of the struggle in a game of chess is over which pawn formation will arise. Some people like closed pawn formations, such as the Stonewall, but others prefer open formations, where the pieces have free reign. The game can turn into a real contest of wills if one player is trying to keep the formation closed and the other is trying to open it up. 157 158 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How The key to understanding any kind of pawn formation is to evaluate its strengths and weaknesses. Some formations cause certain pieces to become more valuable than others, as you can see if you refer to Figure 9-2b. Many different types of pawn formations exist, and they may change during the course of a game. A closed formation may suddenly open, for example, if enough pawn exchanges take place. No matter what the pawn formation is, you can learn something from it. The formation may tell you which pieces to keep and which ones to get rid of. It may dictate whether you should attack on one side of the board or the other. Just remember that pawn formations offer a lot of information, and it pays to listen carefully to what they have to say. Getting the Bishop Involved: The Fianchetto Fianchetto (pronounced fyan-ket-toe) is an Italian word that means “on the flank.” In chess terms, the word applies to a particular pawn and bishop formation and is a common feature of many openings. The fianchetto pawn formation would be weak without the presence of the bishop, because the pawns control squares of one color only, not both. In Figure 9-3a, the light squares around black’s queenside pawns, a6 and b7, are undefended and weak; so are the light squares around white’s kingside pawns, such as h3. The bishop thus comes in to guard the squares that the pawns don’t, creating a black queenside fianchetto and a white kingside fianchetto, as shown in Figure 9-3b. Note: In order to clearly depict the formation, I’ve stripped the pieces that are unessential to this formation from the figures. Figure 9-3: The pawns prepare for fianchettoes, and the bishops complete the fianchettoes. 8 h Chapter 9: Recognizing Pawn Formations Looking at fianchetto strengths In chess history, the fianchetto took a while to catch on. Classical theory considered it important to centralize pieces, and obviously, the fianchetto bishop is developed on the flank. The fianchetto became popular in the 20th century, when players learned that occupation and control of the center weren’t necessarily one and the same. Another maxim was to minimize pawn moves around your king, so castling behind a fianchetto formation didn’t seem safe. (See Chapter 10 for the scoop on castling.) However, it turns out that the fianchetto is a tough nut to crack, because all the squares are covered either by the pawns or the bishop. Attacking isn’t easy when your opponent’s lineup doesn’t have a weakness. Another strength of the fianchetto formation is that the bishop is placed on the longest diagonal possible. This placement potentially maximizes its mobility. Lastly, this diagonal cuts through the center of the board, so the bishop really is centralized in a manner of speaking, but from a safe distance. Watching out for fianchetto weaknesses If you can manage to eliminate the fianchetto bishop, the surrounding squares will be weakened (refer to Figure 9-3a). You may be able to maneuver your pieces onto those weakened squares, in which case your opponent will have a difficult time driving them away. Figure 9-4 illustrates one way you may accomplish this position. In Figure 9-4a, the white queen supports the white bishop’s impending invasion to h6. After the bishop moves to h6 (1. Bh6), it can capture black’s bishop on g7 (2. Bxg7). Even though black can restore material balance by recapturing the bishop with the king (2. ...Kxg7), the dark squares on black’s kingside will have lost their primary defender. 8 160 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Varying the Sicilian: The Dragon The Dragon, which is the name of a variation of the Sicilian Defense (see Chapter 12 for more on that opening), features a kingside fianchetto (see the previous section). It was named after a constellation of stars and arises after the following opening moves: 1. e4 c5, 2. Nf3 d6, 3. d4 cxd4, 4. Nxd4 Nf6, and 5. Nc3 g6. By looking at just the Dragon’s pawn formation (see Figure 9-5), you can make an educated guess as to where some of black’s pieces belong. White’s d-pawn has been eliminated, so it can’t be used in the fight to control the d4 and e5 squares. Black will use pawns and pieces to control those squares. Black also wants to use the long diagonal (a1–h8) to attack deep into white’s position. As such, black’s dark-square bishop would be ideally posted along this diagonal. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 9-5: The 3 Dragon’s pawn 2 formation. 1 a b g h Black usually castles behind the Dragon formation, and the knights move to their optimal squares, c6 and f6, as illustrated in Figure 9-6. The Dragon was once very popular, but a variety of attacking systems for white have been developed over the years, and most of its fangs have been pulled. It’s still playable, but its glory days may be over. Clawing your way across the board: The Dragon’s pros Black’s dark-square bishop is one of the strengths of the Dragon formation. White’s d-pawn has already been eliminated (refer to Figure 9-6), so the bishop usually has a clear path all the way from black’s kingside to white’s queenside. Because black’s c-pawn is gone, it is natural for black to move at Chapter 9: Recognizing Pawn Formations least one rook onto the c-file. The combined pressure from the bishop on the long diagonal and a rook on the c-file can force white into a defensive posture. The Dragon is at its best when black is attacking aggressively and white has been reduced to passive defense. 8 7 6 Figure 9-6: The Dragon formation allows the knights to guard the center squares. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Getting past the Dragon’s drawbacks One drawback of this formation is that you can’t always play it. If white doesn’t allow the d-pawn to be captured by black’s c-pawn, then black won’t have the Dragon formation. It may have something close, but these seemingly trivial differences are actually quite important, because they may mean you should put your pieces on entirely different squares. If black does get the Dragon formation, white will try to capture black’s darksquare bishop. The elimination of that bishop seriously weakens the Dragon formation. White also has an edge in space (see Chapter 3 for more on that element), which can be used to develop an attack in the center or on the kingside. The Dragon is often considered double-edged, because both sides are trying to be as aggressive as possible. Black attacks primarily on the queenside, and white attacks in the center and on the kingside. Exercising Your Pawns’ Flexibility: The Scheveningen The Scheveningen, which is named after the Dutch city, is a different variation of the Sicilian Defense (see Chapter 12). This opening features a very 161 162 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How flexible pawn formation, which means that you have multiple ways of positioning your pieces that are equally effective and multiple ways of responding to various white maneuvers. Many of the worldâ€™s best players employ the Scheveningen because it has proven to be resilient in withstanding the various attacks that white has dreamt up over the years. It arises from the following moves: 1. e4 c5, 2. Nf3 e6, 3. d4 cxd4, 4. Nxd4 Nf6, and 5. Nc3 d6. With the Scheveningen, black usually ends up with an extra center pawn and active play on the queenside. White retains a spatial advantage and opportunities for attack in the center and on the kingside. Figure 9-7a shows the Scheveningen pawn formation, while Figure 9-7b shows a typical piece configuration. Figure 9-7: The Scheveningen formation, naked and with friends. 8 h b Note that in Figure 9-7b, the bishop on e7 is developed in a more classical manner in the Scheveningen than in the Dragon, where it is developed on the flank. From here, it can help protect the black d-pawn. Meanwhile, white retains an advantage in space, because its center pawn (e4) is on the fourth rank, while blackâ€™s center pawns are on only their third. Gaining advantage with the Scheveningen Similar to the Dragon, the Scheveningen is a defense against a king pawn opening. Achieving the Scheveningen pawn formation may not be possible unless white cooperates. Obviously, 1. e4 isnâ€™t a mandatory move. Chapter 9: Recognizing Pawn Formations The Scheveningen seeks to establish a safe haven for the black king. The kingside minor pieces are well posted defensively, remaining close by the king but also being available for action in the center. The black d- and e-pawns are positioned to prevent white’s pieces from penetrating into black territory. With a strongly defended kingside castle, black is free to initiate action on the queenside. Black often advances the remaining queenside pawns, partly to drive away white pieces and partly to acquire more space. Black can choose to develop the light-square bishop on either the d7 or b7 square, while black’s major pieces will gravitate towards the half-open c-file. Looking at the downside to the Scheveningen Aside from the fact that white may not allow you to set up the formation, the only real drawback to the Scheveningen is that it cedes white a spatial advantage. White often seeks to capitalize on this advantage by attacking in the center and on the kingside. A typical move against this formation is for white to advance its f2 pawn to f4. Black then has to guard against further pawn advances, which would threaten to break down the kingside defenses. Building the Stonewall The idea behind the Stonewall is to keep the center blocked and launch an attack on the wing. Its fairly rigid pawn formation may leave little operating room for the pieces. Either side may try to erect the Stonewall, as white has done in Figure 9-8a. Note that the pawns on d4 and f4 are well protected and are used to prevent any attempted central advance by black. Figure 9-8b illustrates how little choice white has about where to place its pieces, so transferring the queenside pieces to the kingside will be difficult. The square e5 is white’s only central invasion point. The Stonewall is more popular with inexperienced players, because they can be fairly certain that they’re moving their pieces to the proper squares. More experienced players prefer to have more flexibility than this formation allows. 163 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How 8 h b Relying on the Stonewall’s strengths The Stonewall formation usually results in a closed center, which makes maneuvering pieces from one side of the board to the other quite difficult. If you can launch an attack on one side of the board, then the defender may have a tough time bringing up reinforcements. Because the f-pawn has already been advanced in the Stonewall (refer to Figure 9-8a), white should attack on the kingside. You generally try to attack where you have an advantage in space. Coping with the Stonewall’s weaknesses The main drawback to the Stonewall formation, besides its rigidity, is the weakness of the e4 square (from white’s perspective) — with all of white’s center pawns on dark squares, the light squares are weakened. Notice that no white pawn can ever guard e4. Therefore, that square may become a haven for black’s pieces. Allowing your opponent such a nice perch in your own territory is seldom a good idea. This drawback is one reason why strong players rarely play the Stonewall. Creating a Megafortress at the Center: The Double Stonewall A Double Stonewall pawn formation limits the options for both players. This lineup is one of the few where black can get away with mirroring white’s Chapter 9: Recognizing Pawn Formations moves. The position is so closed that the advantage of the first move is virtually meaningless (for more on the first-move advantage, see Chapter 3). Figure 9-9a shows the Double Stonewall pawn formation. You can see that the center pawns, d4 and d5, are locked. It is unlikely that any further center pawn advances will take place, and currently no possibility of center pawn exchanges exists — so this pawn formation will be difficult to change. The dark square e5 is the only possible central point of invasion for white’s pieces, and e4 is the only central point of invasion for black’s pieces. When a pawn formation is fixed in this manner, you have very few decisions to make about where to put the pieces. Figure 9-9b illustrates how similar the white and black piece placement can be. Everything that I say in the preceding section about the Stonewall goes double here. You rarely see this formation in the games of masters, but you’ll see it at lower levels. Figure 9-9: The Double Stonewall pawn formation; black can mimic white. 8 h b Knowing the Double Stonewall’s benefits The best characteristic of the Double Stonewall is that it makes a complicated game much simpler. You lock the center and then try to attack on the kingside. Your options are so drastically reduced that learning how to play these positions is fairly easy. This idea is a comfort to some beginners, because it reduces the number of choices they have to make. However, most players find that having choices is more of a bonus than a burden. The Double Stonewall is just not very interesting. 165 166 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Dealing with the Double Stonewall’s downfalls The main weakness in the Double Stonewall is the inflexibility of the pawn formation, because you have no chance to advance or exchange pawns in the center. By making the center a virtual no-man’s land, play is limited to the wings, which leaves little room to maneuver in and few options for either side. Matching Color to Center Squares: The Closed English In the Closed English formation, white tries to control the light squares in the center with a combination of pieces and pawns. Unless black tries to challenge white’s control over the light squares, the center may remain closed for quite some time. White usually expands on the queenside, and black on the kingside. A typical Closed English pawn formation is illustrated in Figure 9-10a. Note that white would be willing to trade the c-pawn for black’s dpawn. Otherwise, white uses the c-pawn to attack the light square in black’s center. For a common piece placement after the opening moves 1. c4 e5, 2. Nc3 Nc6, 3. g3 g6, 4. Bg2 Bg7, and 5. d3 d6, see Figure 9-10b. Notice how white’s c- and d-pawns, knight, and bishop all attack the light squares in the center (d5 and e4). Black also uses both pawns and pieces to control the dark center squares. Both players control half the center and concede the other half. Players who are uncomfortable with the opening moves of a pawn to e4 or d4 often play a pawn to c4, which is called the English Opening. Although the move to c4 isn’t as popular as the ones to e4 and d4, it’s still considered mainstream. In other words, you’ll see it at all levels of play. Eyeing the Closed English benefits White has a natural advantage on the queenside due to the advanced c-pawn. Also notice the uninterrupted path of the white fianchetto bishop (on g2) all the way from the kingside to black’s queenside. White will castle kingside and advance pawns on the queenside in order to grab even more space. The fianchetto formation in Figures 9-10a and 9-10b, created by the f-, g-, and h-pawns, tells you where white’s light-square bishop belongs (g2). Chapter 9: Recognizing Pawn Formations 8 h b Coming to terms with the Closed English pitfalls In Figure 9-10b, black’s pawn on e5 secures an edge in space on the kingside. While white is grabbing space on the queenside, black will be doing the same on the kingside. This hustle can be a little dicey, because the kings are usually castled on the kingside. If you’re uncomfortable allowing your opponent more space on the side of the board your king is on, the Closed English may not be the best choice. Winging It with the Nimzo-Botvinnik The Nimzo-Botvinnik formation is characterized by pawns on c4 and e4 as well as a kingside fianchetto, as shown in Figure 9-11a. White piles up pressure on the light center squares, creating a strong, closed center, and prepares for an attack on either wing. A typical piece placement associated with this pawn formation — after the opening moves 1. c4 c5, 2. Nc3 Nc6, 3. g3 g6, 4. Bg2 Bg7, and 5. e4 — is illustrated in Figure 9-11b. This formation comes about most frequently from the English Opening (see the preceding section). It’s a very solid setup that also retains a good amount of flexibility. 167 168 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Figure 9-11: In the NimzoBotvinnik, two pawns guard the center, and a fianchetto marks a wing. 8 h b In Figure 9-11b, the knight is developed e2 so that it doesn’t interfere with the fianchetto bishop or the possible advance of white’s f-pawn and so it’s able to take the other white knight’s place, should that piece move or be captured. Discovering the advantages One big advantage of the Nimzo-Botvinnik formation is that white has a secure hold on the light squares in the center and can expand on either wing. White can choose to advance on the queenside or the kingside, so this pawn formation provides a little more flexibility than the Closed English (see the preceding section for that lineup). Weeding out the weaknesses The primary weakness of this formation is the lack of control over the d4 square. If black tries to establish as firm a grip on the dark center squares as white has on the light ones, white may have to contest it. Also, with so many of white’s pawns on light squares, activating white’s light-square bishop may be difficult. Chapter 10 Making Special Moves In This Chapter Capturing a passing pawn Promoting a pawn to a higher rank Castling to move your rook more quickly I f you play enough chess, you eventually run into someone who plays by a different set of rules than the official ones. Such players may have learned chess from someone who knew most of the rules and fudged on a few others. Unfortunately, unless you lug a rule book around with you, convincing these people that you do know the correct rules may be difficult. In this chapter, I deal with the moves that are most often confused in one way or another. Knowing these special moves may not help you avoid the occasional disagreement, but you can at least argue with an air of authority — and for some chess buffs, that’s almost as good as winning. And knowing all the options available to you in the game always pays off . . . sooner or later. Capturing a Pawn at Your Side: En Passant French for “in passing,” en passant is a special method of capturing available only to a pawn on its fifth rank. Such a pawn can capture another pawn if the latter attempts to pass by the first one on an adjacent square. The capturing pawn moves diagonally one square forward and captures the pawn as if it had moved only one square forward. Multiple en passant captures can occur in a game, but you have to make each capture immediately. Only at the end of a pawn’s first move, and only if it moves forward two squares, can you capture it en passant — it’s now or never. 170 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How The en passant capture The following example illustrates an en passant capture. In Figure 10-1, the white pawn on d2 is on its starting square and is ready to move. Note: To make the en passant capture crystal clear, I left the other pawns and pieces off the board — in real play, of course, those pieces would be there. 8 7 6 5 Figure 10-1: The pawns are nearly ripe for an en passant capture. 4 3 2 1 a b g h Chapter 10: Making Special Moves Of course, if your opponent doesn’t know about the en passant capture, this ploy comes as quite a shock. Even worse, if you explain that you simply captured en passant, you may be accused of playing by French rules. Calmly explain that chess is an international game and that the en passant rule was adopted in the 15th century. You may also add that the rule was universally accepted by the late 19th century. If you’re playing a casual game just for fun, however, the sporting thing to do is to allow your opponent to take back his or her move. But if the match is a tournament game, you must insist on your rights. The fact that you know this rule and your opponent doesn’t isn’t your fault! The en passant details to keep in mind En passant comes with a few details you want to note. They include the following: The captured pawn must move two squares for en passant to be valid. If you don’t capture right away, you lose the right to do so. You aren’t required to capture en passant; in fact, sometimes this capture isn’t the best move on the board. For example, if a different move would place your opponent in checkmate, then you definitely want to forgo the en passant capture. Boosting Your Pawns’ Powers: Promotion Time After a pawn reaches the end of the board, you can promote that pawn to any piece of your choosing, except the king (each color can have only one king). In essence, after its promotion, the pawn is exchanged for that other piece (you take the pawn off of the board and put the other piece back on in its staid) — not bad for a lowly pawn. Almost always, players make the pawn into a queen, because the queen is the most powerful piece on the board (head back to Chapter 2 for more on the pieces and their powers). Only in odd, problem positions do players promote a pawn to anything other than a queen (when a queen would produce stalemate, for example) — this condition is known as an underpromotion. Theoretically, you can have nine queens at one time — the eight promoted pawns and the original queen. Quite a harem for the king! (This scenario, however, is quite unlikely.) 171 172 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How In the following example, white is a pawn ahead of black but can’t checkmate the black king with only the pawn and king. (Wonder why? Chapter 4 has all you need to know about checkmating.) White moves the pawn to the eighth rank in order to promote it (see Figure 10-3a). In this case, promoting the pawn to a queen makes sense, especially because the newly promoted queen immediately delivers checkmate (see Figure 10-3b). Promoting the pawn to a rook will also deliver checkmate in this particular example, however, so either choice is equally powerful here. Underpromoting to a knight or bishop would be folly, because these pieces can’t checkmate the king by themselves. Figure 10-3: White promotes its pawn to a queen and immediately delivers checkmate. 8 h b Players often call the square on which a player can promote a pawn the queening square, because in all likelihood, the pawn becomes a queen after reaching that square. It’s important to control the queening square so that, should your opponent’s pawn reach that square, you can capture the new queen right away. Guarding Your King and Putting a Rook in Motion: Castling Castling is a move that safeguards the king and activates a rook at the same time. It’s also the only time in chess when you can move two pieces at once. You may castle on the kingside (right) or on the queenside (left), but the rule is the same: The king moves two squares to the right or left, and the rook Chapter 10: Making Special Moves The three-king circus The famous chess teacher George Koltanowski was fond of telling the following story: He was teaching the rules of the game to a brand-new student, and the student was eager to play a game right away. George easily set up a mating net (a situation where checkmate is eventually unavoidable), in which the student’s king couldn’t escape checkmate. While George was setting up the checkmate, the student was busy pushing a pawn toward the queening square. George saw that the pawn could queen, but he didn’t mind because he was going to deliver checkmate on the very next move. George was stunned when the student pushed the pawn to the queening square and promoted it to — a king! Seems that George had told the student that the pawn could be promoted to any other piece and forgot to mention the restriction involving kings. The student made him stick to his own rule! This case may be the only one involving more than two kings on a chessboard. With a sly wink, George always ended the story by saying he played a move that checkmated both kings simultaneously! slides around the king and occupies the square adjacent to the king, ending up on the king’s opposite side. Check out the starting position of the king and rooks in Figure 10-4 (note that I didn’t include the other pieces on the board in order to make the castling move easier to see). 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 10-4: The starting 3 lineup of the white king 2 and rooks. 1 a b h b In both cases, the king moves two squares to the side and the rook slides around to the other side of the king. The correct method of castling involves touching the king first. Technically, if you touch the rook first, you must move that piece and only it. Avoid fights and always castle by moving the king first! (For more on chess etiquette, flip to Chapter 15.) Now that you know what castling looks like, you need to be aware that this move isn’t always legal. Many a complaint has been made regarding this technicality! When you can’t castle You can’t castle in any of the following situations: If another piece is between the king and rook. If the king has already moved. If the rook has already moved (however, you may be able to castle by using the other rook). When in check. If the king must pass through a square controlled by the opponent. You can’t castle through check. Chapter 10: Making Special Moves Even champions can forget Even the best players get confused sometimes. Viktor Korchnoi (1931â€“) was a leading contender for the world championship title for nearly two decades beginning in the 1970s. But during one tournament game, he moved his king, later on moved the king back to its original square, and still later castled! Neither he nor his opponent noticed the illegal move! When you can castle You can castle even if any of the following are true: The rook is under attack. The rook (but not the king) must pass though a square controlled by the opponent. 175 Part II: Gaining Chess Know-How Part III Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward I In this part . . . n this part, I help you get your game going. From choosing a strategy that works to diving headfirst into the opening of the game, everything you need to know to get started is in these chapters. I also discuss the middlegame, where combat is at its most fierce, and the endgame, so you can make sure you finish a winner. Chapter 11 Selecting Your Strategy: The Principles of Play In This Chapter Centralizing your game Trading your pieces with your opponent’s Attacking even when outnumbered Taking control of the most wanted squares Preventing your opponent’s pawns from moving forward S ometime after I first started playing tournament chess, a friend of mine occasionally walked up to me during his own tournament game and lamented, “I’ve got the position I wanted, but I just can’t do anything!” Everyone who’s ever played chess has felt this way at one time or another during a game. The question is what do you do if you can’t pin and win, use a fork, or find a mating pattern? The answer becomes clearer as you develop your knowledge of positional play. Even if no specific tactics (see Chapter 5) are currently available to you, you can always develop a strategy. In fact, tactics don’t simply materialize out of thin air, especially if you’re engaged at higher levels of play. Tactics spring from a well-developed plan — a strategy. And in reality, the long-range planning efforts are what set up these tactical skirmishes so that one side has more opportunity for success than the other. The great attacking master Rudolf Spielmann (1883–1942) was said to have claimed that he could make sacrifices just as well as Alexander Alekhine (who was world champion at the time) could — but just couldn’t reach the same positions! Entire volumes have been written about planning in chess. (One of the best guides, by the way, was written by former world champion Max Euwe and is called Judgment and Planning in Chess — Random House published it.) This chapter, therefore, can serve only as an introduction to the topic. But I hope 180 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward that the chapter, brief as it must be, impresses one thing onto the chess-playing nodes of your brain: Employing even a little bit of strategy is better than having no strategy at all up your sleeve — or, as we chess enthusiasts often say, even a bad plan is better than no plan at all. As you continue to progress, you’ll find that chess has even deeper subtleties than you’d ever imagined. This endless process of discovery is at the heart of the game’s appeal. Aiming for the Center Not all squares on the chessboard were created equal. The four central squares, d4, e4, d5, and e5, are the most important in chess (see Figure 11-1). The squares next to them are the next most important, and so on. Logically, therefore, the player who controls the center of the board controls the game. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 11-1: The center 3 squares of the 2 chessboard. 1 a b g h Pieces generally increase in power as they come into contact with the center. Rooks, queens, and bishops can control squares from a distance, but pawns and knights must move closer to the action in order to be effective. Bringing pieces to bear on the center is called centralization. The struggle for the center is the primary theme behind most games’ openings. I could use just about any opening sequence to demonstrate this concept, but in this case, I draw your attention to an opening known as the Queen’s Gambit (see Chapter 6 for more about gambits). In the Queen’s Gambit, both sides open by advancing the pawns in front of their queens (1. d4 d5; see Chapter 17 for help deciphering the notation in this chapter), as shown in Figures 11-2a and 11-2b. Chapter 11: Selecting Your Strategy: The Principles of Play 8 8 b a White advances the queen’s bishop pawn (2. c4) to attack the black center pawn, a move known as the Queen’s Gambit (see Figure 11-3a). Black can accept the Queen’s Gambit and capture the pawn, but doing so means abandoning the center, because white would then be able to play the e2 pawn to e4. If black captures the pawn, the opening is called the Queen’s Gambit accepted. This results in perfectly playable positions, but the Queen’s Gambit declined, when black doesn’t capture the pawn, is the more usual choice, because it allows black to retain a foothold in the center. In the Queen’s Gambit declined, black uses another pawn to support the queen’s pawn and maintain black’s share of the center (2. ...e6); see Figure 11-3b. 8 b a White develops another piece, this time moving the queen’s bishop out to attack black’s knight (4. Bg5), as Figure 11-5a shows. The bishop now pins the black knight to its current position (see Chapter 5 for info on pinning); otherwise, the black queen would be exposed to attack by the foraging bishop. Because the move by white attacks the center pawn’s defender (the black knight), it indirectly influences the center. In Figure 11-5b, black breaks the pin by developing the king’s bishop (4. ...Be7), which now defends the queen. This move enables the knight to again concentrate solely on defending the queen’s pawn, although a slight difference in position is already evident: The white bishop is still attacking, and the black bishop is now defending. These positions mean that the white bishop is more aggressively posted and can still influence the center by capturing the knight — but the black bishop has no such option. Figure 11-5: The white bishop moves out to attack, so the black bishop steps in to defend. 8 g h Chapter 11: Selecting Your Strategy: The Principles of Play In the next series of figures, the two sides move with an eye toward controlling the center. White advances a pawn (5. e3), paving the way to centralize the king’s bishop — see Figure 11-6a. Black develops the remaining knight in support of the one under attack (5. ...Nd7), as shown in Figure 11-6b. If white now chooses to capture the black knight with the queen’s bishop, the other black knight can in turn capture the bishop and still defend the queen’s pawn — so white would accomplish nothing by exchanging pieces. Figure 11-6: The white pawn makes way for the bishop, but the black knight defends its twin. 8 h b The placement of pieces on the board now reflects a classic position in the Queen’s Gambit declined. Black has staked out a foothold in the center and has developed several pieces with the aim of maintaining this hold on the center. White has developed pieces more aggressively by attacking the black center. This initiative (white attacking, and black defending against white’s attack) comes from having the first move and from making each move an aggressive one. White enjoys a greater control of the center than black does because of the better arrangement of the white pieces. (In chess terms, these pieces are more centralized than black’s.) This centralization has already left its mark on the position. Notice how white’s light-square bishop has much more freedom than black’s light-square bishop. This additional freedom of movement is a positional advantage. A positional advantage isn’t the same as a material advantage or an advantage in pawn structure. (See Chapter 3 for a discussion of chess elements.) This type of advantage provides a player with a more subtle edge than other advantages and could evaporate quickly as a result of inexact play. White can’t force the win of material or ruin black’s pawn structure and must now think in terms of forming a strategic plan that can maintain and even increase the positional advantage. White normally continues by castling and then by centralizing the queen and rooks. Black wants to centralize these pieces, too, but is going to have a more difficult time doing so because of the cramped position of its pieces. White would then try to create a weakness, such as a backwards pawn (see Chapter 3), in the black position and exploit that weakness. Chapter 11: Selecting Your Strategy: The Principles of Play The Exchange An odd custom in chess refers to a certain trade of pieces as The Exchange. (Notice that old hands at the game always capitalize The when referring to this maneuver.) The Exchange occurs whenever one side trades a knight or a bishop for a rook. In case you’re wondering, this exchange is considered odd, because chess players usually speak of exchanging pieces of equal value (see Chapter 3 for a table of piece values). You hear people say things such as, “I’ll be okay if I can force the exchange of queens.” The rook, however, is worth far more than either the bishop or knight and represents a material gain or loss for one side or the other side, depending on who captures the other player’s rook. Nevertheless, this seeming uneven exchange occurs so often in chess that players routinely call this trade The Exchange, even if the term doesn’t seem to make sense. You may hear players say, “I lost (or won) The Exchange.” All experienced chess players know what that statement means. If you intentionally give up a rook for a bishop or knight, for whatever reason, you’re justified in saying, “I sacrificed The Exchange,” or as experienced players more typically phrase it, “I sac’d The Exchange.” Exchanging Pieces If one player captures a piece and the other player then captures the piece that first attacked, the pieces are said to have been exchanged. Knowing exactly when to exchange and when not to exchange pieces is often difficult, even for seasoned veterans. Positional understanding (the strategic knowledge in chess as opposed to the tactical knowledge) gives you the ability to determine whether an exchange is advantageous to you. Just remember not to exchange pieces just because you can. Exchange only if you have a good reason. As your positional sense develops, you come to better understand that you shouldn’t exchange bishops for knights — unless you have a good reason to do so (such as winning material, time, or a key square). Two bishops together can cover the entire board, but one alone can cover only half the board. Bishops may also become more powerful as the endgame approaches because they can cover more of a relatively clear board than a knight can. Yet, in many master games, one player does, in fact, trade a bishop for a knight. Why this seeming contradiction? Although exchanging a bishop for a knight for no reason is a mistake, many valid reasons actually may exist for making the exchange: 185 186 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward It wins material or cripples the pawn structure at the same time (see Chapter 3). The knight is occupying a key square, and removing the piece is necessary. The exchange results in a lead in development in your favor (meaning a gain in time). Generally, the cramped side seeks exchanges, and the freer side seeks to avoid them. Exchanges ease the burden of defense, because such exchanges leave fewer attacking pieces on the board and decrease the likelihood of defending pieces tripping over one another. Doing More with Less: The Minority Attack One particular strategy that players often use in the Queen’s Gambit declined is so common and so effective as to deserve a name all to itself — the minority attack. (Refer to the “Aiming for the Center” section for more on the Queen’s Gambit declined.) The minority attack derives its name from a pawn advance on one side of the board. Two pawns advance to attack three pawns. The idea is to exchange two for two and leave the opponent’s remaining pawn unsupported and weak. Then pieces are used to attack the pawn and force the other side to use pieces in its defense. In this way, one side is constantly aggressive, and the other is passive. In theory, the attacker must eventually be able to outmaneuver the defender. The minority attack may result from a position such as the one shown in Figure 11-9. The advance of the white pawns has created a dilemma for black. If black captures the white pawns, the remaining black queenside pawn is isolated and weak. If black lets white’s pawn capture one of its pawns, black is left with a backward pawn (after 1. bxc6 bxc6) that white can then attack (see Figure 11-10). See Chapter 3 for more on backwards pawns. The minority attack is an example of a strategy in action. White doesn’t try to immediately attack the well-defended black king but rather sets its sight on the intermediate goal of provoking a pawn weakness. Chapter 11: Selecting Your Strategy: The Principles of Play 8 7 6 5 These two white pawns are advancing to attack three enemy pawns. 4 3 Figure 11-9: The minority 2 attack. 1 a b g h You may think that creating a pawn weakness is a rather wimpy goal, but because black doesn’t want to lose the pawn (which would cause a deficiency in material, an element I explain in Chapter 3), black may become passive in its defense. At that time, tactical opportunities may appear for the aggressor, as if by magic. The successful implementation of a strategy almost always results in favorable tactics. This idea is a lesson in life as well as in chess: Postpone immediate gratification. The beginner may attempt a brutal attack against his opponent’s pieces to attempt an early checkmate. A master, however, postpones this immediate gratification (because experience shows that such an immediate course rarely works) and instead puts in the necessary time and effort to set up checkmate for later. 187 188 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward Good knight versus bad bishop A well-executed strategy may result in only a very subtle advantage. One way of exploiting a positional advantage, for example, may be to enter an ending with the better (more aggressive) minor piece or with the superior (more aggressive) king position. The classic example of a superior piece ending is that of the “good knight” versus the “bad bishop.” (I like this ending because it’s counterintuitive.) Bishops and knights are generally considered equal in value through most of the game, but bishops are quite often more powerful than knights in the endgame. This advantage comes because bishops may effortlessly roam the board from side to side, while knights must furiously hop around here and there to accomplish the same thing. Chess masters can often sense if one or the other piece is better suited to a particular endgame. Although masters may prefer the bishop, all things being even (which, of course, they never are), cases may exist where the same players would opt for the knight if given the choice. If, for example, the bishop is constrained from moving freely by pawns on the same colored squares, that piece may have less mobility than the knight. The knight, able to hop from white squares to black and back again with ease, taunts the poor bishop who remains in chains. The “good” knight in such a case can almost always outplay the “bad” bishop and force the win of material. Often the player with the bad bishop runs out of good moves and is forced to play a bad one (as chess doesn’t allow a player to pass but requires a move every turn). If compelled to make a move when all moves are bad, the player faces what chess players call the German word Zugzwang. (There we go showing off our worldliness again.) Experienced chess players derive a peculiar joy from putting their opponents in Zugzwang. The situation is one of the few times you can be happy that it isn’t your turn to move! Controlling Key Squares to Lock Up an Advantage Sometimes the positional struggle in chess revolves around what chess players call a key square (generally an outpost for further invasion). The attacker desires control of this square, and the defender disputes that control. The control and eventual occupation of the square by the attacking side generally leads to a superior placement of the attacking pieces. The defender drifts into passivity by merely guarding against the opponent’s threats. Eventually the defender may not be able to successfully counter the attacker’s maneuvers. Chess players often refer to a key square as a strategic outpost. Knights love to occupy these outposts. Many games have been won by creating an outpost in enemy territory and then sinking a knight onto that square! Chapter 11: Selecting Your Strategy: The Principles of Play One important point to remember is that you should almost always use pieces rather than pawns to occupy key squares. Generally, the pawn isn’t mobile enough to exploit its advantageous position. The pawn structure depicted in the following example may arise out of the Sicilian Defense (see Chapter 12) and is characterized by a fight for the key square, which is marked by an X in Figure 11-11. Black has a backward pawn and wants to advance and exchange the pawn for a white pawn. White wants to place a piece on that square and block black’s potential pawn advance. 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 11-11: X marks the 2 key square. 1 a b g h Now I add a knight on d5 for white (see Figure 11-12) in order to show how a piece may be used to occupy and secure a key square. Notice how the knight adds to white’s control of the key square. If black can’t dispute the point with a piece of equal value to the knight, white moves the knight to the key square, and that piece becomes a bone in black’s throat for the rest of the game. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 11-12: Controlling 3 a key square with 2 a piece. 1 a b g h Chapter 11: Selecting Your Strategy: The Principles of Play If you add both sides’ queens to the equation, however, you can see that this setup, too, may change matters (see Figure 11-15). As long as white can keep a piece on the key square, the backwards black pawn will be a weakness. Now white can move the knight to the key square, and should black capture the knight with its bishop, white can recapture that square with the queen instead of the pawn (1. Nd5 Bxd5, 2. Qxd5). By keeping control of the key square, white thus preserves a slight advantage in position. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 11-15: Pieces, not 3 pawns, belong on 2 key squares. 1 a b g h Holding Back the Pawns: The Blockade If you know even a little bit about chess, you know that pawns are valuable little soldiers. One strategy you can employ is to restrain pawn advances, which you can do well by blocking them with pieces. (This move is called a blockade.) Contrary to what you may first think, these pieces aren’t wasting time keeping a lowly pawn in check, because such blockading pieces often find themselves well posted for future attacks and unassailable from enemy counterattacks. Figure 11-16 shows a passed pawn on d5. As described in Chapter 3, an isolated pawn (which may or may not be passed) may be weak because that pawn lacks the support of its peers. Therefore, the strategically correct way of combating an isolated pawn is to blockade it. According to conventional wisdom since Nimzowitsch (1886–1935), simply controlling the square in front of the pawn isn’t enough; rather, you must occupy that square. This is the difference between merely restraining a pawn’s advance (by controlling the square with pieces) and blockading the 191 192 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward pawn (physically preventing it from moving). The knight is the ideal blockader, because that piece retains its powers even while doing guard duty and can’t easily be driven off. The correct move (1. Nd4), in which white moves the knight to occupy the square in front of the black pawn, is now easy to understand (see Figure 11-17). 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 11-16: A passed 2 pawn. 1 a b h Chapter 12 Coming on Strong in the Opening In This Chapter Getting your pieces to all the best places Putting the pressure on your opponent Setting out on a good foot Stealing famous moves I n chess, quicker isn’t necessarily better. If you’re trying to checkmate your opponent as fast as possible, you’re almost certain to make inferior moves in the opening phase of the game. If you reach for the brass ring too early in the game, you’re bound to fall off your knight . . . er, horse. Rather, if you use your opening moves to rapidly deploy your pieces to good squares, your ultimate goal of checkmate eventually comes within your grasp. At the highest levels of chess, knowing tons of opening variations is extremely important. Entire volumes are available describing even some of the most obscure chess openings. Rest assured, however, that for the vast majority of chess players, such intense knowledge isn’t at all necessary to compete — and to compete well. Instead of simply memorizing the opening moves or suggestions of masters (which is referred to as opening theory), you need to understand some general principles of opening play, which I describe and name for you in this chapter. After you grasp these principles, you can play reasonably well in this phase of the game. If you start out in one opening but then find yourself in another, you’ve transposed into the second opening. Many opening systems offer such possibilities, and transposing from one opening to another is a subtle nuance that you often find at the higher levels of play. Good chess players may try to fool you into playing an inferior variation of one opening by transposing into it from another. Transposing isn’t all that important, however, for recreational players. Certainly, on occasion, you’re still going to make mistakes or get caught in inferior positions, which chess players call traps, but making errors is how 194 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward you gain experience in the game. No one attains master status in chess without getting a few bloody noses. You make far more progress by learning why you got the worst of a particular opening than by spending hours of study time beforehand hoping to avoid that fate. Developing Your Pieces The first lesson you must learn on the road to improving your game is to get your priorities straight. Not only should you not try to checkmate your opponent in the opening, but also you shouldn’t even try to win material (see Chapter 3 for more on material). Save both objectives for later in the game. The primary objective of the opening is the rapid deployment of your pieces to their optimal posts. You shouldn’t put a piece on a good square, however, if that piece can easily be driven away by your opponent’s pieces, so getting your pieces not only on good squares, but also on safe squares, is critical to your opening game. (For details on controlling key squares, see Chapter 11.) The rapid mobilization of pieces is called development. Development isn’t considered complete until the knights, bishops, queens, and rooks are moved off their original squares. Normally, getting the knights, bishops, and queen off the back rank is important as well. Rooks may be effective in fighting from their starting rank, but the other pieces usually increase in power only as they move toward the center. Controlling the center As I describe in Chapter 3, control of the center and centralization of your pieces are critical objectives in a chess game. The pieces generally increase in power as they’re centralized. In the opening phase, you want to maximize the power of the pieces in a minimal amount of time. Moving one piece three times to position it on the best square doesn’t help much if, in the meantime, your other pieces languish on their original squares. So the key is focusing on not just one piece, but them all. Watching your opponent Just as important as developing quickly is preventing your opponent’s development. Some otherwise strange-looking moves can be explained only in this way. If you waste two moves to force your opponent to waste three, well, those moves weren’t wasted after all! Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening Don’t get so caught up in your plans that you forget about your opponent’s moves. Just as you are, your opponent is trying to interfere with your development while developing his or her own pieces — at your expense. Following basic principles As you become familiar with the game, you begin to pick up on a few basic principles of opening play not only from your own experiences, but also from those of other players. Many such principles are just guidelines — don’t think you’re bound by them. If, for example, your opponent slips up and gives you the opportunity to deliver checkmate, do so! Don’t worry that such a move develops your queen too early! Place the pieces where they can develop their greatest power, and do so as efficiently as possible. If other pieces remain undeveloped, don’t move an already developed piece unless you have a strong reason for doing so. Avoid putting pieces on squares where they can be driven off by moves that also contribute to the development of enemy pieces and pawns. Keep pawn moves in the opening game to a minimum; they serve only as an aid to the development of your pieces and as a means of fighting for the center. Attacking Your Opponent’s Pieces After you discover what it means to develop your pieces, the question that naturally follows is “What’s the big deal about a lead in development?” How can you translate a lead in development into a more permanent advantage, such as a material edge or a superior pawn structure? The simple answer is — attack! If you have a lead in development and fail to attack, you’re almost certainly going to see your advantage slip through your fingers. If you enjoy a lead in development, then open up the game. You want open files and diagonals leading to your opponent’s vulnerable points. You want to use these open lines to move your pieces to increasingly more aggressive locations. Ideally, you want to combine your development with strong threats 195 196 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward to your opponent, such as an attack on an undefended piece. If you can develop a piece and simultaneously threaten an enemy piece (or pieces!), your opponent may lose additional time scurrying to defend against your attack. Your pieces become increasingly threatening, and the defender’s, increasingly passive. Then comes the time to try to win material or play for checkmate. The player who’s ahead in development seeks to open up lines of attack; the player who’s behind in development seeks to keep those lines closed. If you can combine a superior development with open lines of attack, you quickly find that whatever tactics you employ seem to always work out in your favor. On the other hand, if those lines remain closed, you soon find that your advantage in development isn’t nearly so great an asset and that your work is really cut out for you in winning the game. Getting Ahead with Your Opening Moves In this section, you examine some alternative first moves; see whether you can understand why these moves are good or not so good from the twin perspectives of development and control of the center. Taking note of good opening moves Consider the most common first move in all of chessdom. By advancing the pawn in front of the white king two squares (1. e4; see Chapter 17 for info on chess notation), white occupies one central square and attacks another. The attacked square is indicated by an X in Figure 12-1. (The pawn could, of course, attack the other square to its right, but I’m talking about central squares here.) 8 7 6 g h Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening From the perspective of control of the center, this move is obviously a useful one. Is the move also useful, however, in aiding the development of your pieces? Yes — absolutely. Notice how the pawn’s advance opens a line for the bishop’s development. (The bishop’s line of development is indicated by Xs in Figure 12-2a.) The bishop, however, isn’t the only piece that now enjoys an open line. What about the queen? The queen also has a line open for its development (see Figure 12-2b). So white’s opening move proves useful not only for controlling the center but also for developing pieces. No wonder this particular opening move is so popular. 8 h b Resorting to the not-as-good opening moves If you keep going with opening possibilities for white, you see that no other move accomplishes quite as much as the first two choices in the preceding section. The move shown in the next example — advancing the queen’s bishop pawn forward two squares (1. c4) — is fairly popular at all levels of tournament play. The pawn attacks a central square (marked by X) without occupying one (see Figure 12-5a). Although this move opens up a diagonal for the queen (see Figure 12-5b), it doesn’t help the bishops in any way; experienced chess players, therefore, don’t consider the move quite as strong an opening as the two choices in the preceding section. And the following example is even weaker. In the setup shown in Figure 12-6, the king’s bishop pawn also attacks a central square (marked by X ), but no other piece is helped by this advance. In fact, the king’s safety is called into question because a diagonal is now open that black may use as a path to attack the king. Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening 8 8 g h Salvaging a weak opening move Pawn moves that are farther from the center of the board are generally very weak. However, one exception is the fianchetto (see Chapter 8), which occurs whenever you develop the bishop on either flank. This move may seem strange because at first glance, the single-square advance by the knight pawn does little in terms of controlling the center (see Figure 12-7a). But this move is almost invariably followed by the development of the bishop to the square formerly occupied by the pawn (1. g3 and 2. Bg2, for example). The Xs in Figure 12-7b show that the bishop is now attacking the key central squares from a safe distance. This move can open a fairly effective attack but generally isn’t as difficult to counter as the two moves examined in the earlier section “Taking note of good opening moves.” 199 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward Figure 12-7: The knight pawn advances and the bishop develops. 8 h b Exploring Common Opening Moves Listing every chess opening ever used is impossible, but I can at least draw your attention to some of the more common ones. If you hope to impress anyone with your lofty knowledge of the game, you should be able to identify the following openings by name. And if you go to a chess club, you’ll find this vocabulary very useful in terms of speaking to others. For example, you can say to your fellow chess lover, “I saw that you played a Sicilian in your last game. Can you show me how it went?” Needless to say, being able to speak to others about chess is important. If you simply follow the basic opening principles described in this chapter, you’re likely to play a decent game. But if you don’t know the French Defense from the Spanish game, people may question your chess heritage. It’s impossible for me to give enough guidance to play the following openings even passably well in this amount of space. The point of this chapter, then, is to give you the basic principles of opening play. I don’t recommend memorizing reams of variations, because that would do more harm than good. If you retain the basic principles, you’ll do well. If you try to remember too many specific sequences from this book, your learning may suffer. The hard part about many of the openings’ names is that they’re not always universally recognized. The Internet didn’t exist 50 years ago, and local customs prevailed regarding naming conventions. Some became universally known based on a widely read publication or two, and some are still known by multiple names, depending upon what part of the world you’re in or from. For example, in the United States, chess players call the following opening sequence the Ruy Lopez, after the player who popularized it. But in other parts of the world, the same opening is known more commonly as the Spanish game, after the country where it became popular. Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening Double king pawn openings All double king pawn openings begin, naturally, with the advance of both kings’ pawns two squares (1. e4 e5), as Figure 12-8 shows. Several popular openings begin in this manner. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 12-8: 3 Double king pawn 2 moves. 1 a b g h Ruy Lopez (the Spanish game) The Ruy Lopez begins with the mutual advance of the kings’ pawns (refer to Figure 12-8). White’s next move of a knight to f3 (2. Nf3) attacks black’s e-pawn. Black’s response, moving a knight to c6 (2. ...Nc6), defends it.(see Figure 12-9a). White’s next move of the king’s bishop to b5 (3. Bb5) defines the game as a Ruy Lopez (see Figure 12-9b). With the Ruy Lopez opening, this square is contested. Figure 12-9: The second move of the Ruy Lopez opening, followed by the defining moment. 8 201 202 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward I’ve always liked the logic of this opening. After the pawns move, the white knight comes out to attack the black pawn. The black knight comes out to defend it. The white bishop comes out to attack the knight that defends the pawn. Further play is characterized by the struggle around the control over the pawn (or more precisely, the square the pawn occupies): White wants to capture it safely. Black wants to maintain it, and white wishes to wrestle it away. The Scotch If, after the same opening sequence shown in Figure 12-8, white advances the queen’s pawn two squares (3. d4) instead of moving the bishop, the opening is called the Scotch (see Figure 12-10). The name dates back to a correspondence match begun in 1824 between the London and Edinburgh chess clubs. Curiously, the London team used the opening first, but the Scots liked it so much that they began using it, too. The Scots won the match, and to the victors go the spoils — and the opening name. 8 7 6 Figure 12-10: In the Scotch, the queen’s pawn advances two squares. With the Scotch opening, immediate pressure is placed on this pawn. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h The idea behind the Scotch is similar to that of the Ruy Lopez: to put pressure on the advanced black center pawn. Moving the d-pawn to d4 is more direct but often leads to more early exchanges of pieces and pawns, which ends up reducing white’s attacking chances. Most players today prefer the Ruy Lopez. Petroff’s Defense If, as shown in Figure 12-11, black moves out the king’s knight on the second turn (2. ...Nf6) — rather than the queen’s knight, as in Figure 12-9a — the opening becomes Petroff’s Defense, named after a great Russian player of the 19th century. Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening The idea of this defense is different from the preceding two openings. Instead of defending the attacked pawn, black produces a counterattack against white’s advanced center pawn. 8 7 6 Figure 12-11: Petroff’s Defense: The king’s knight steps forward on the second turn. 5 With Petroff's Defense, the black knight has placed this pawn under attack. 4 3 2 1 a b h b If black does move the knight away, white wins the black queen with a discovered check (5. Nc6), as shown in Figure 12-14: The movement of the white knight lets the white queen check the black king — and the black queen is the victim of the white knight because black can’t escape check and protect its queen in one move! (See Chapter 4 for details on check.) Also, black can’t maintain equality by copying the white queen move that was made in Figure 12-13a. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 12-14: 3 Discovered check does 2 black in. 1 a b h b Philidor’s Defense If black defends the attacked king’s pawn with the queen’s pawn on the second turn (2. ...d6) instead of using the queen’s knight, as shown in Figure 12-19, then the opening variation is called Philidor’s Defense (for more about Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening François-André Danican Philidor, see Chapter 19). In this opening, choosing to defend the attacked pawn with a pawn is a solid defensive strategy — but a passive one. Note one of the primary drawbacks: Black has locked in the black dark-square bishop behind the pawn chain. Today, most players prefer an active defense to a passive one; therefore, Phildor’s Defense is rarely employed at the highest levels. 8 7 6 Figure 12-19: Pawn romance: The queen’s pawn defends the king’s pawn. With Philidor's Defense, black protects this pawn with another pawn. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Different strokes: Other black replies Now look at some other replies to white’s first move of the king’s pawn two squares (1. e4). These are the replies other than a black king’s pawn move two squares (1. ...e5). The French Defense I describe the French Defense (1. e4 e6) in more detail in Chapter 8, but the basic idea is to fight for the light-colored center squares. The defense is very solid but has a drawback similar to Philidor’s Defense; in this instance, however, the black light-squared bishop is the one who gets trapped behind the pawn chain (see Figure 12-20). The Sicilian Defense The Sicilian Defense (1. ...c5) is very popular at all levels. In it, a white center pawn is eventually traded for a black wing (side) pawn, as shown in Figure 12-21, which leads to an imbalance (black would have two center pawns to white’s one — but white would have compensating advantages in space and time (see Chapter 3 for details on these elements). The imbalance produces tension because it’s harder to judge whether black’s advantage outweighs the other, or vice versa. 207 208 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward With the French Defense, this bishop is trapped. 8 7 6 Figure 12-20: The black lightsquared bishop has nowhere to go. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h The Caro-Kann Defense The Caro-Kann Defense (1. e4 c6) is also very popular but is considered less exciting than the Sicilian, because in it, a white center pawn is usually traded for a black center pawn early on in the game. (Figure 12-22 shows the development of the Caro-Kann.) Black intends to play a pawn to d5 (2. ...d5) in order to challenge whiteâ€™s pawn on e4. This trade leads to a roughly balanced game â€” solid, but relatively lacking in tension. Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening 8 7 With the Caro-Kann Defense, black moves this pawn first in order to support an advance of its pawn on the d-file. 6 5 4 Figure 12-22: 3 White and black fight 2 over d5. 1 a b g h Alekhine’s Defense Alekhine’s Defense (1. ...Nf6) is named after the former world chess champion Alexander Alekhine (see Chapter 19). The defense is risky and provocative, so I don’t recommend it for beginners. It’s risky because it allows white the opportunity to establish a big advantage in space, and it’s provocative because it dares white to advance the e-pawn another square (2. e5); see Figure 12-23. From there, the pawn will attack the black knight and force it to move once again. Black figures that the white center pawn will turn out to be overextended and subject to later attack. If black’s strategy is successful, then white’s center pawn formation (whichever one white chooses to set up) will crumble. If it’s unsuccessful, black will end up cramped and passive. 8 7 6 5 With Alekhine's Defense, black dares this pawn to overextend itself. 4 Figure 12-23: 3 An immediate 2 provocation. 1 a b 212 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward Cowboys and Indian Defenses The other most common reply to white’s first move of the queen’s pawn is to move out the king’s knight (1. ...Nf6), as shown in Figure 12-28. This move leads to what is usually referred to as the Indian Defenses, both of which are considered very reliable today. This naming convention comes from the precursor to chess, chaturanga, which originated in India during or before the seventh century AD. A game of chaturanga commonly opened with the development of a bishop on the wing. (In chess, this wing development is called a fianchetto, which I describe in Chapter 9.) Black makes the knight move first in order to prevent white from establishing a center pawn duo (see Chapter 3) by advancing the king’s pawn two squares. This move is followed by a fianchetto on either wing. You’re better off playing openings that are a bit easier, such as the double queen pawn game, when you’re starting out, graduating to the Indian Defenses after you gain more experience. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 12-28: The pre- 3 cursor to the Indian 2 Defenses. 1 By moving its knight first, black prevents this pawn from advancing two squares. a g h The King’s Indian In the King’s Indian, the bishop is fianchettoed on the kingside (see Figure 12-29). Black usually castles quickly (see Chapter 9 for more on castling) and only then starts to attack white’s center pawns with his own. This is an extremely popular way to combat the queen’s pawn opening but is also a very complicated one. Chapter 12: Coming on Strong in the Opening With the King's Indian, black develops this bishop and prepares to castle. 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 12-29: The King’s 2 Indian. 1 a b 214 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward Weird opening names Although most of the names given to chess openings make a good deal of sense because they’re named after a person or place, some opening names have far less mundane origins. Be forewarned that these names are far from universally recognized, but most players know what you mean if you refer to any of these three openings: The Dragon The Orangutan The Hedgehog Less familiar but still generally understood are these openings: The Vulture The Rat The Kangaroo One chess opening is even called the Woozle, but don’t ask me why. In the United States, chess players call another opening the Fried Liver Attack — so you see, just about anything goes! To get credit for a new opening system, you must play that opening in a major tournament or publish your analysis to back up your claim. Don’t try too hard, however, because coming up with something no one has tried before is very, very hard these days. A good source of weird opening names is the book Unorthodox Openings by Joel Benjamin and Eric Schiller (published by Collier Books). Chapter 13 Making Headway during the Middlegame In This Chapter Creating a plan with some guiding points and creativity Knowing when to attack — and how to get the most out of it T he opening phase of a chess game is the place for researchers with glasses and pocket protectors (no offense), but the middlegame is the province of swashbucklers, mad dogs, and Englishmen. Openings and endings may involve some tactics, but middlegames are replete with tactics galore. (Need a quick refresher on tactics? Flip back to Chapter 5.) Don’t forget, however, that good tactics come from good plans. So in this chapter, I provide some details to help you in your tactical planning. When You Reach the Middlegame . . . The middlegame commences after the pieces are developed and the opening phase of the game ends. You don’t have an arsenal of theory for use in the middlegame as you do in the openings and endings. The absence of any vast repository of standardized middlegame theory means that you’re usually on your own during this phase of play — but it also means that this part of the game is where your own personal creativity can shine through the most. The middlegame is extremely difficult to play well. Quite often, players who are otherwise quite good at the game find themselves unable to navigate these murky waters adequately. They may know the opening principles and understand where to put their pieces initially, but after those moves, they’re at a loss as to what to do next. But be of good cheer — especially if you find yourself among the ranks of the middlegame-challenged — for the middlegame, too, has its own governing principles to guide your creative play. If you bone up on your tactics and stick to these principles, you can play this phase of the game quite well indeed. 216 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward I could say many more things about the middlegame. The best teacher, however, is experience. You can gain a great deal of experience by playing over the games of the masters, but you find no better way to learn how to navigate a successful middlegame than simply to play several yourself. My best advice is to read the rest of this chapter, where you discover how to formulate a plan for your game and gather some tips for the road on attacking your opponent in the most effective way possible through this aggressive phase of the chess battle. After you’ve tucked the fundamentals under your hat, scrounge up an opponent, play an opening of your choosing (refer to Chapter 11), and practice formulating and implementing your middlegame strategies. Formulating a Middlegame Plan Chess isn’t a game that you can easily reduce to the simple sum of its parts. You may understand each element in isolation but still struggle to put the total package together or come to the correct understanding of any given position. Nevertheless, in the middlegame, you must be able to judge a position (the arrangement of the pieces on the board) correctly — or at least adequately — before you can hope to formulate the correct plan. If you can’t plan well in chess, you end up aimlessly shuffling pieces about, hoping for a glaring error from your opponent. Players who fall into this nonplanner category are referred to in chess circles as woodpushers. The moral? Don’t be a woodpusher. Consider the governing principles in the following sections. Evaluate the position To formulate a plan, you must first evaluate the position on the board, and to be successful, the plan must correspond to the demands of the position. If your pieces and pawns are poised to attack on the kingside, for example, then that is where you must attack. Every position must be judged on its own merits. The rules of chess have so many exceptions that a blind adherence to any formula is doomed to failure. Some players wail that no justice is to be found in chess because they can be doing everything right according to the general guiding principles and still lose. The more mature among us refer to “the equalizing injustice of chess,” by which we mean that the exception that spoils your plan today may be the exception that spoils your opponent’s plan tomorrow. Chapter 13: Making Headway during the Middlegame In his book Modern Chess Strategy (published by Dover), Ludek Pachman puts forth the following factors to consider in evaluating any certain position: The material relationship — that is, the material equality or the material superiority of either side The power of the individual pieces The quality of the individual pawns — that is, the pawn structure (see Chapter 3) The position of the pawns — that is, the pawn formation (see Chapter 8) King safety The cooperation among the pieces and pawns The elements of piece mobility and king safety take priority in the middlegame. The rapid mobilization of your forces enables you to attack your opponent, and if you can induce a weakness in the enemy king’s position, you may be able to win material or play directly for checkmate. Even if your opponent safeguards the king, you still may be able to force some other sort of concession, which is usually enough to pave the road to victory. Pieces can move around quite quickly and change the nature of the game. Plans may need to be adopted or dropped if this type of change occurs. You can’t stick to a plan that your opponent has thwarted but must readjust yourself to the new position instead. This sort of thing may occur many times in a single game. Take advantage of the pawn structure The pawns are less mobile than the pieces, so you can more readily fix the placement of pawns. The conclusion, therefore, is that the essential characteristic of the pawn formation (mobile, locked, and so on — see Chapter 8 for more on pawn formations) and structure (doubled, isolated, and so on, see Chapter 3 for more on pawn structures) during the middlegame is your most trustworthy guide to the feasibility — and your adoption — of any particular plan. I can think of no better illustration of the idea of the preeminence of pawn structure than the example shown in the following series of figures. This example comes from a composition written by W. E. Rudolph in 1912 and published in the French chess journal La Stratégie. (Positions that are constructed by an individual are called compositions to distinguish them from positions that happen to occur in actual play.) I first encountered the composition in the classic work Pawn Power in Chess, by Hans Kmoch (published by Dover). 217 218 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward In Figure 13-1, black is way ahead in material — but the position is inevitably a draw! Because they’re scenarios created by an individual, compositions begin with a declaration of whose turn it is to move and what the desired outcome is. In this case, white gets to move and can force a draw despite black’s material advantage. The pawn formation is the key to finding the proper plan. White can lock it up tight. 8 7 6 Figure 13-1: Black is ahead in material, but white has the right plan. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h White first moves the light-square bishop up from the first rank to check black’s king (1. Ba4+; see Chapter 17 for the scoop on chess notation), as shown in Figure 13-2a. Black has no choice except to capture the checking bishop with the king (1. ...Kxb4); see Figure 13-2b. Otherwise, white has a perpetual check on the black king (the bishop checks from the fourth rank, then from the third, then from the fourth, and so on, because the black king can only toggle back and forth between b5 and c4). Figure 13-2: The white bishop sacrifices himself to the black king. 8 g h Chapter 13: Making Headway during the Middlegame What follows next is as amusing as it is instructive. On each turn, white advances a pawn to check the king. White must carry out the plan in precisely the right order, or black will open an escape valve for its king. However, if white faithfully carries out the plan, black has no choice but to go along for the ride, because the black king only has one legal move on each turn. White delivers check by moving the b2 pawn to b3 (2. b3+), as Figure 13-3a shows, and the black king must move to the only available square, b5 (2. ...Kb5); see Figure 13-3b. Figure 13-3: The lowly white pawn puts black in check, forcing black to flee. 8 b a One last time, white gives check with a pawn (5. e6+) by moving the e5 pawn to e6 (see Figure 13-6a). Now, the black king finally has some choice as to where to move, but this new freedom doesnâ€™t matter anymore. Black can take the bishop (5. ...Kxd8), as shown in Figure 13-6b, or not â€” but black can never break through the fortress of pawns covering the board, despite being two rooks and a bishop to the advantage! Figure 13-6: White creates a fortress of pawns, blocking the black king and all the other black pieces. 8 g h Look for ways to use a minority attack In a real game of chess, the pawns aren’t quite as dominant as in the preceding section, but they do influence the placement of the pieces and the selection of plans. In Chapter 11, I examine the ins and outs of the plan called the minority attack, which is a more typical example of the pawn’s influence on the middlegame. The minority attack is an advance of one or more pawns on a wing, where the opponent holds the majority. The following example shows this plan in practice. The position shown in Figure 13-8a occurred in a game between Vasily Smyslov, who played white, and Yuri Averbakh in the great Zurich tournament of 1953. In the game, Smyslov wanted to use the minority attack by advancing his queenside pawns and exchanging them for black’s, but Averbakh, by moving his a-file pawn forward to a5 (1. ...a5), didn’t allow it (see Figure 13-8b). By grabbing more space on the queenside before white could, black prevented white’s original plan and forced him to come up with a different one. From this point on, black must then respond to the new plan and to the next one, and the next one, if need be. If white makes a mistake, however, the initiative may pass to black, and then it would be white’s turn to try and thwart black’s plans. 221 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward Figure 13-8: White hopes to use the minority attack, but black thwarts the plan. 8 h b Any time you don’t know what to do in a chess game, just tell yourself to make a plan — you can achieve many fine victories if you simply evaluate a position and attempt to come up with the appropriate plan for that position. Think to yourself something like the following: “I’m going to advance my pawns and weaken my opponent’s pawns and then attack them with my pieces.” Decide which move helps you best carry out that plan — and make that move. After every move (your own and that of your opponent), reevaluate the plan in light of the changed situation. Perhaps the original plan is still appropriate, but maybe an even better idea occurs to you. Try not to switch aimlessly back and forth between plans; rather, have a specific reason to either stick with the plan or change to a new one. If the new idea seems about the same as the old one, stick with the old one. Attacking during the Middlegame Old hands at chess have a saying: If you have a temporary advantage, you must attack. Otherwise, the advantage usually slips through your fingers. Attacking is a fundamental part of the game, but you must not attack too soon, or your effort will peter out ineffectually. You first must build up your position to the point that launching an attack is warranted — you need to secure your position and weaken your opponent’s. You have no hard and fast rules to consider for deciding when to launch an attack. This ambiguity raises the level of decision making involved in attacks into an art form. The great geniuses of the game seem to have an intuitive sense of when to commence an attack and how to punish a premature one launched by their opponents. Over time, you figure out when attacks work and when they don’t — and why. Remember that everyone fears a strong attacker. No one wants to end up on the wrong side of a brilliant win! Chapter 13: Making Headway during the Middlegame Attack types to watch out for and defend against Although most games of chess go their own individual route, they almost always have one thing in common. Attacks can feature different moves by different pieces, but you can generally sort them into similar categories. Vladimir Vukovic (1898–1975) wrote a tremendous book on this subject called, quite naturally, The Art of Attack in Chess. In the book, he adopts the following classification system for attacks: The main action isn’t in fact an attack on the king, but such an attack is possible in the position. A player’s action really does contain a direct threat to the opponent’s king, but his opponent can stave off this threat at a certain price — for example, by giving up material or spoiling his position. The attacker carries out an uncompromising mating attack; a considerable amount of material may be invested in the attack as long as mate is certain in the end. A lengthy course in attack is beyond the scope of this book, but you still can make considerable progress in your attacking ability by reading the chapters on strategy (Chapter 11) and tactics (Chapter 5). By successfully implementing strategic concepts, you soon find that you can build a sound foundation for an attack against your opponent’s king and can then employ the specific tactics necessary to deliver checkmate. Principles to keep in mind You can make a few generalizations about the middlegame as long as you understand that every position is unique and that exceptions are lurking like fleas just waiting to bite you in the ankle. The following are a few of the generalizations: Attack if you control the center. If you attack without controlling the center, you’re exposed to a counterattack in the center, and your forces may be split. Meet a flank attack with action in the center. If your opponent attacks on either side of the board, your attack in the center divides your opponent’s forces and conquers them. Be prepared to develop quickly to any area. Your rapid deployment of pieces to one area of the board may be decisive if your opponent can’t respond as rapidly. 223 224 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward Place queens in front of bishops and behind rooks during an attack. The bishop isn’t powerful enough to lead an attack, and the queen is too powerful to risk if the rook can do the dirty work in her place. Don’t place your knights on the sides of the board. Knights control too few squares from the side of the board, and their attacking power is severely reduced. Attack in the case of opposite-colored bishops. Because the bishops on opposite-colored squares (called “opposite-colored bishops” in the chess world) can’t be exchanged for one another or control the same squares, the attacker has what sometimes amounts to an extra piece. Exchange pieces to help your defense. You have fewer pieces to trip over one another if you exchange some of them, and the attacker has fewer pieces with which to threaten you. Put the rooks on open files (and the same file). Putting the rooks on an open file and then on the same file (which is called doubling) whenever possible is helpful. Other pieces can zigzag their way into enemy territory. The rook requires an open file in order to invade successfully. Two rooks acting together can control more territory than one alone. Put rooks on your seventh rank. Rooks on a player’s seventh rank can usually attack opponent’s pawns that have remained on their original squares; sometimes the rooks can trap the opponent’s king to the back rank. Advance pawns to open lines. The opening is the time to develop your pieces, not to waste time with excessive pawn moves. Conversely, in the middlegame the pieces are already developed; it may then be appropriate to make additional pawn moves in order to open lines or create weaknesses in your opponent’s position. Always guard against a counterattack. Never leave your king exposed! Chess players very often spoil promising positions in their zeal to attack because they forget to first take a few small precautions. Sometimes it’s proper to take a move or two to safeguard your own king’s position and only then initiate or resume your more aggressive pursuits. Use knights in closed positions and bishops in open ones. Bishops need open lines in order to profit from their long-range attacking abilities. Knights are more effective in skirmishes at close quarters, and closed positions are more apt to produce that sort of skirmish. Attack where you control more space. If you do so, you have more room to maneuver your pieces, and your opponent has less. You then have more squares to choose from when posting your pieces, and you may be able to swiftly shift your pieces from one point of attack to another while the defender struggles to meet your threats. Chapter 14 Exiting with Style in the Endgame In This Chapter Knowing why the endgame is so darn important Laying out a general roadmap for phase three Ending with the mighty and the lowly: King and pawn endings Scrambling to avoid a draw: Rook endings Letting the minor guys duke it out: Knight and bishop endings “W hy should I worry about the endgame?” a friend once asked me. “I never get to one.” He meant that he either won or lost a game well before the endgame entered into the picture. My response: The reason he never got to an endgame was because he didn’t know anything about one. My point? Good endgame knowledge informs your opening and middlegame knowledge. In other words, you won’t understand why certain opening moves are good or bad unless you understand the consequences they’ll have in the endgame. You also won’t be able to formulate a good plan in the middlegame if you can’t evaluate the plan’s implication for the endgame. In this chapter, I describe general endgame strategies and present some specific examples of winning techniques. By definition, the endgame has a significant reduction of material, so mating attacks are normally out of the question. Whatever material remains is of paramount importance, and the only way to increase it is through one or more pawn promotions (see Chapter 10 for more on pawn promotions). Putting the Endgame into Perspective Just as middlegame planning flows logically from the opening, the endgame logically develops from the middlegame. The endgame arrives after the players lose a majority of pieces and clear much of the board. Attacks become more difficult to execute with this reduction in material, and the emphasis of play shifts away from tactics to strategy (in terms of this book, from Chapter 5 to Chapter 11). The importance of individual pieces may undergo 226 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward a marked change in value, and the roles of the pawns and the kings become more prominent. Endgames are deceptively complex. Because so few pieces remain on the board, the natural tendency is to conclude that endgames are easier than middlegames or openings. In fact, this phase is equally complicated; the difference is that it’s easier to study than the earlier two phases. The openings and middlegames have too many possible variations to make heads or tails of them. The endings, however, are clearer in that an idea may be proved or disproved to win. You can find a massive amount of documentation on the endgame in chess. Experienced players know of many positions — or types of positions — that lead to wins, losses, or draws. By studying the individual pieces in various endgame positions, you can then begin to understand them in combination with others. This strategy helps you to understand middlegame positions and even openings. So you can see, the road to chess mastery begins with the endgame. In many cases, you can anticipate the endgame as early as in the opening, where one side plays for an advantage in pawn structure that the player can exploit only in the endgame. Unfortunately, no shortcuts are available to help you master endgame positions; you must study them, if you intend to become a chess master. If you’d rather just play than study, however, you’ll quickly find that learning just a few basic positions and a few common themes is usually sufficient. In this way, you come to understand a good deal about many endgame positions and can figure out others as you play. The General Winning Endgame Strategy All endings are different, but the following methodology can serve you well as a guide to devise the correct endgame plan. Advance your king. The king comes out of hiding in the endgame and becomes a critical factor. Advance the king toward passed pawns or toward pawns that are weak and vulnerable to attack. Otherwise, generally advance the king toward the center. Try to create a passed pawn. It’s relatively easier to promote a passed pawn (see Chapter 3 for more on passed pawns). Push your passed pawns and try to promote them. As the great grandmaster and writer Aaron Nimzowitsch once said, passed pawns have a lust to expand. Don’t go overboard, however. Advance the passed pawn only if doing so is safe. Advancing a pawn into the enemy’s teeth, where its capture is certain, is essentially pointless. Chapter 14: Exiting with Style in the Endgame Blockade your opponent’s passed pawns. You want to prevent them from advancing toward their queening squares (the squares directly in front of the pawns on the opposite end rank, where the pawns get promoted — see Chapter 9). Offer to exchange pieces. Generally speaking, the more material that’s still on the board, the more complicated the ending. Don’t exchange from a winning ending into a drawn ending, of course, but stay alert to the possibility of exchanging down into a simpler — yet still winning — end. Know your pieces. Steer the game into the type of ending where your pieces are more suitable to winning than are those of your opponent. If your pawns are still sitting on the same-colored squares as your bishop, for example, try not to go into the ending in the first place! You probably have better chances of securing an advantage in the middlegame. Further, if you have more pawns than your opponent, exchange pieces, not pawns. A pawn advantage increases as the number of pieces diminishes. But if you have fewer pawns than your opponent, exchange pawns, not pieces. A pawn disadvantage decreases as the number of pawns diminish. Also keep in mind that protected passed pawns are very strong, as are outside passed pawns. Outside, protected passed pawns are usually decisive (see Chapter 3 for more on these types of passed pawns). Know the basics. If you can study only a little bit of chess, study the endgame. Learn the basic winning and drawing techniques for the various endings, and you should find yourself playing the openings and middlegames much better, too! Pawn and King Endings The most basic type of ending is the king and pawn versus king ending. Sometimes the game boils down to a race for the queening square between the pawn and the enemy king. In that case, if the lone king can’t prevent the pawn from attaining its promotion to a queen, then that king will end up checkmated. If the king can prevent the pawn’s promotion, then the game ends up a draw. You have two easy ways to determine whether the king can prevent a pawn from promoting: Count the squares between the pawn and the queening square and between the king and that square. Use the pawn square method. This method, which chess players also call the rule of the square or the pawn quadrant, works best if you have a lot of squares to count, and I describe it later in this section. 227 228 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward This first example details the counting method. Here’s the question at hand: With white’s turn to move in Figure 14-1, can the black king prevent the white pawn from reaching the queening square? (Don’t worry about a missing white king — the important part is to concentrate on the race of the pawn and the black king to the queening square, h8.) If you simply count the squares, you can see that the white pawn can queen before the black king can stop its advance to the last rank. The white pawn needs four moves to queen, which means that the black king has only three moves in which to control the queening square. The black king needs four, so black’s king is one square short of controlling the queening square, and his doom is sealed. x x x x x x x x 8 7 6 Figure 14-1: Counting the squares in the paths to the nearest queening square. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h You can also determine black’s inability to stop the white pawn from queening by applying the principle of the pawn square. The idea behind the pawn square is to create an imaginary square shape, which you start by extending a line from the pawn to the queening square. Because all sides of a square are of equal length, you can then create a mental picture of the other sides of the square, as shown in Figure 14-2, where the Xs mark the boundaries of the pawn square. The rule goes as follows: If the king is outside the pawn square, and it is your move, then the pawn can queen. If the king is on or inside the square, however, it can stop the pawn from queening. So in this case, as the previous counting squares method shows, the white pawn is in the clear, and black is a goner. Sometimes, simply stopping the straightforward march of the pawn isn’t enough for the black king. In some positions, the pawn can queen with the assistance of its own king. Knowing exactly when a king and pawn can defeat a lone king and when they can’t is crucial to the understanding of endgames. That’s where the opposition comes in. . . . Chapter 14: Exiting with Style in the Endgame x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 14-2: The pawn 2 square. 1 a b g h When the kings face off: Opposition If you think that “opposition” refers to your opponent, think again. This term refers to a fundamental and frequently occurring situation in king and pawn endings. If you need to study and become completely familiar with one single concept in the endgame, learn the opposition. Many nuances to the opposition are beyond the scope of this chapter, but this tactic is described in more detail in many works on the endgame. Opposition occurs when the two kings face one another, as shown in Figure 14-3, and one must make way for the other, because it’s illegal for one king to attack the other. The king that moved last is said to “have the opposition,” because the other king must give ground. 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 14-3: The 2 opposition. 1 a b 229 230 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward Quite often, the opposition determines whether a game is won, lost, or ends in a draw. Often, however, as in the example shown in Figure 14-4, you must know which side moves next to correctly evaluate the position. Here’s the essence of the opposition: If the kings face one another and are separated by an odd number of squares, then the player who moved last has the opposition. (This situation is one of the few times in chess when you’d like to say, “I pass!”) 8 7 6 5 Figure 14-4: 4 The white king and 3 black king are in a 2 face-off. 1 a b g h If, on the other hand, black moves next in the original position shown back in Figure 14-4, then white can eventually queen the pawn and win the game. Black canâ€™t advance its king toward the white king, and the best chance black has now is to cover the queening square (1. ...Kd8), as shown in Figure 14-7. Otherwise, the advance of the pawn would cut off black from this key square, and white would then queen the pawn on the next turn. 8 7 6 5 Figure 14-7: Black occupies the queening square. 4 3 2 1 a b g h Chapter 14: Exiting with Style in the Endgame Endings with king and rook’s pawn versus king always end in draws if the weaker side can get to the queening square. This outcome is inevitable because the stronger side can’t approach the queening square with its king and can’t advance its pawn without giving stalemate (the black king has no escape route off to the side in the case of the rook’s pawn). When each side has more than one pawn Endings with king and pawns versus king and pawns can be deceptively complicated. You do have a few guidelines to follow, however. Use one pawn to restrain two Sometimes, trying to count the number of pawn moves necessary to determine whether a situation is a win or a draw (can a pawn queen?) can be confusing. When trying to limit the number of your opponent’s strong pawns, then, see if you can restrain two for the price of one. Consider, for example, the position shown in Figure 14-10. 8 7 6 5 Figure 14-10: Which white pawn can restrain two black pawns? 4 3 2 1 a b g h Get a passed pawn The next position is one that I show to all my students. This position vividly demonstrates that the power of a passed pawn is often worth all the knights in Columbus. (Chapter 3 provides details on passed pawns.) A superficial glance at the position tells you that the two sides are even in material but that the white king is too far away from the action (see Figure 14-14). A deeper look, however, suggests that the important point isnâ€™t the position of the white king but the advanced position of the white pawns. How can white turn this setup into an advantage? By creating a passed pawn! 8 7 6 5 Figure 14-14: 4 The white pawns have 3 a significant advanced 2 position. 1 a b g h Regardless of what black does now, white can queen the pawn in two moves. After white queens the pawn, the win is straightforward. Always be on the lookout for an opportunity to create a passed pawn that can continue marching unimpeded toward the queening square. In the preceding example, the two pawns who gave their lives so that the third could achieve promotion deserve burial with full military honors! Rook Endings: The Oh-So-Common Tricksters Rook endings are the most common endings in chess — mainly because rooks are usually the last pieces you develop and the last you and your opponent exchange. These endings are awfully tricky — even masters commit elementary mistakes. Akiba Rubinstein (1882–1961), a grandmaster from Poland, is generally considered to have been the finest rook and pawn expert of his time. His handling of these positions has instructed entire generations who followed him, and this legacy now belongs to chess heritage. Of course, few people can play like Rubinstein. One of his contemporaries, Dr. Siegbert Tarrasch, summed up my feeling about rook and pawn endings when he said, “All rook and pawn endings are drawn.” That claim isn’t true, of course, but it sure feels like it sometimes. My advice: Checkmate your opponent before you reach one of these endings! 237 238 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward Rooks are aggressive pieces and become despondent if relegated to passive defense. Keep this characteristic in mind, especially if you’re defending an inferior position. Following are several guidelines for rook endings: Activate your rook. Give up a pawn to turn a passive rook into an aggressive one. This sacrifice may well be worth it. Put your rooks behind passed pawns. You can best position rooks behind passed pawns. The next best rook position is to the side of passed pawns, and the least desirable position is in front of passed pawns. Advance connected passed pawns against rooks. Connected passed pawns are most effective against rooks, so advance these pawns together. Put your king on the queening square. If you’re defending your king with one rook against a rook and a pawn, occupy the queening square with your king, if possible. Harass your opponent’s king with your rook. If defending, you may want to harass the enemy king with repeated checks by your rook. Harass from a safe distance, however, keeping your rook as far away from the enemy king as possible to avoid losing it. Look out for the draw. When both sides have pawns all on one side of the board, rook endings are often drawn. Bishops and Knights: Minor Piece Endings The endings that involve minor pieces are a little bit easier to understand than rook endings. Knights are better than bishops if the endgame commences with pawns in locked positions, but bishops become stronger than knights in open positions with pawns on both sides of the board. A knight can restrict a bishop’s movement only with great difficulty, while a bishop can far more readily restrict a knight’s movement — especially if the knight is positioned at the side of the board. Consider the position shown in Figure 14-18. Here, the bishop covers all the squares, marked by Xs, to which the knight can potentially move. This example serves to illustrate one of the advantages of having a bishop instead of a knight in an ending. The bishop can often trade itself for the knight and potentially turn the game into a favorable king and pawn ending. The knight, however, rarely has this option. Chapter 14: Exiting with Style in the Endgame 8 g h In some cases, however, you’d rather have a knight than a bishop. Such a situation is demonstrated in Figure 14-19. In this example, because the white bishop is on a dark square and by definition can’t attack anything on a light square, it can’t attack any of the black pawns and must passively defend the white pawns. Only black has winning chances in this case, thanks to the knight’s ability to move from a light square to a dark square and back. The knight can theoretically occupy any of the squares, but the bishop can’t. By improving the position of the knight and king, black may be able to force white into further concessions and even win the game. 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 14-19: The knight’s 2 advantage. 1 a b g h Remember that in all minor piece endings, neither bishop and king nor knight and king can deliver checkmate by themselves. This inability on the part of the knight and bishop to force checkmate in endings means that the weaker 239 240 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward side needs to try to exchange as many pawns as possible. If the weaker side eliminates all the pawns, even by sacrificing a piece to do so, then the game is drawn. Medieval times, chess-style: Knight versus knight When knights square off against knights, the action is defined by the piece’s lack of long-range attacking ability. Hand-to-hand fighting is much more common, so keep these rules in mind: Use your knight to blockade. Anchor your knight to the square in front of a passed pawn. This strategy prevents the pawn from moving without diminishing the knight’s attacking power. Knights are good soldiers and don’t take offense at performing guard duty, as rooks and queens do. Beware of outside passed pawns. Outside passed pawns are especially effective against knights. Knights are good at short-range attack but weak at long range, because they can influence only one side of the board at a time. Sacrifice the knight to get a passed pawn. Consider sacrificing the knight to create an unstoppable passed pawn. In Figure 14-20, black has succeeded in blocking the white pawns on the kingside (they can’t force their way to a queening square). Black’s outside passed pawn on a6 is threatening to advance toward its queening square. White can prevent this potential queening by capturing the a6 pawn with its knight on b4 (1. Nxa6) and thereby sacrificing it, as shown in Figure 14-21. 8 7 6 5 Figure 14-20: 4 Black’s pawn on a6 3 has the potential of 2 queening. 1 a b h b Survival of the fittest: Knight versus bishop Here are some things to keep in mind for endings involving knights and bishops. Use bishops in open positions. Knights like closed positions, and bishops like open ones, because their mobility increases. The bishopâ€™s superiority to the knight lies in its ability to attack both sides of the board at 241 242 Part III: Game Time: Putting Your Chess Foot Forward once. The knight can’t defend on one side and attack on the other simultaneously, but the bishop can. Endings are usually open, so bishops tend to be superior in the endgame. Reduce the mobility of bishops with pawns. By placing your pawns on the same-colored squares as the opponent’s bishop, you can restrict the bishop’s mobility. Ideally, you want your opponent to restrict his or her own bishop. Be careful not to place your pawns where the bishop can attack and win them. Follow this rule only if it restricts the bishop’s mobility and the pawns are safe from capture. Look for won king-and-pawn endings. A king-and-pawn ending is easier to win than any other type of ending. If you can trade your piece for your opponent’s and go into a won king-and-pawn ending, do it! Use bishops if the pawns are spread out. The bishop’s advantage increases when pawns are spread out on the board. The less symmetrical the position of the pawns, the better the bishop’s situation. A religious battle: Bishop versus bishop Two completely different types of bishop-versus-bishop endings exist: when the bishops are on the same-colored squares and when they’re on oppositecolored squares (commonly called “bishops of opposite color” or “oppositecolored bishops”). Look out for a draw with opposite-colored bishops. Bishops of opposite color increase the chances of a draw: They can never capture one another! In addition, opposite-colored bishops can’t get past each other’s blockade. Trade same-colored bishops if you’re stronger. In same-colored bishop endings, you can force the weaker side to give ground by offering to exchange the bishops. Put your bishop on the same diagonal as the one your opponent’s bishop is on. Support your bishop with the king. If you have more pawns, your opponent won’t want to trade and will be forced to cede the diagonal to you. Use a long-range bishop to control a passed pawn. The bishop can prevent the advance of a passed pawn by controlling the square in front of the pawn. Remember that the bishop can control a square from a long distance. The farther apart passed pawns are, the better the stronger side’s chances are of winning. If the pawns are close together, then the enemy king can help establish a blockade. If they’re farther apart, a blockade isn’t possible. The king can be used on one side or the other, but not both. Part IV I In this part . . . f you want to play chess, you have to have someone (or something) to play with you. In this part, I give you the scoop on the various types of competition, from clubs to computers and the World Wide Web. In addition, you find a whole chapter on chess notation so that you can play a game of chess by e-mail or snail mail with people from all over the world. Knowing some chess notation also lets you read about chess as well as write about your own experiences. Chapter 15 Competition Play and Necessary Etiquette In This Chapter Going to a club to prime your competitive skills Getting the skinny on tournaments Heading abroad with your game Refusing to forsake the PJs: Correspondence chess Knowing how to be nice when you play I f you’re like me, you’ll be nervous the first time you enter a tournament. Don’t let that stop you! World champions had to play in their first tournament, too, and most chess aficionados remember what it feels like to not know the ropes. Just ask questions to the first quasi-official person you lay eyes on, and chances are you may make a new friend in the process. To give you firm ground to start on, I’ve included this chapter to bring you into the loop. In this chapter, I discuss chess clubs for those of you who want to boost your game while getting your social kicks. Then, for whenever you feel ready to exercise your competitive edge, I tell you where to find a tournament, how to act when you arrive at one, what to expect, and, of course, the good etiquette rules to remember while you’re there. Practice Makes Perfect: Joining a Club First I usually advise my students to get involved in a club prior to playing in a tournament. A club is usually a friendlier environment and the best place to get your feet wet — you’ll probably meet some tournament veterans who may be willing to take you under their wings. That’s how most chess greats got started in tournament play. 246 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action Different clubs meet at different times, and some are larger than others. A club’s membership may range from beginner to master, and the competitions may be informal or deadly serious. You have to visit one to find out what it’s like. Each club usually has a director who can answer any questions you may have and can help you find someone near your skill level. To find a club near you, go to the online club directory page for the United States Chess Federation (USCF) at www.uschess.org/directories/ AffiliateSearch/. There you can find the name and contact information for any organization affiliated with the USCF. U.S. Tournament Basics In order to play a tournament game, you should know all the rules of competition (check out the fifth edition of the USCF rulebook) and be familiar with chess etiquette (which I discuss later in this chapter). Tournament chess in the United States is certified and rated (meaning that everyone gets a numerical evaluation of his or her performance) by the USCF. Normally, the tournaments are run by a tournament director and require membership in the USCF and an entry fee. You can find all the information you need about the organization, as well as forms for becoming a member, on the USCF Web site at www.uschess.org. When you compete in a tournament, you should bring your own equipment: a chessboard, set, and clock (see Appendix B to find some good sources for this equipment). U.S. tournaments are advertised in Chess Life, the monthly publication of the USCF, which is included with your membership dues and is available on the USCF Web site. Chess Life has a section that includes the upcoming events and the names and phone numbers of the tournament directors. This listing will look like Greek to you the first time you see one, because it has all sorts of codes and shorthand. If you’re a novice, call the director and tell him or her that you’re an unrated player and ask any questions you may have. Everyone was a beginner at some point, and these directors will take the time to show you the ropes. Watching your time and rating high You don’t need a chess clock in order to play an informal game of chess, but you do need one in order to play a tournament game. An analog chess clock has two faces (a digital one has two readouts) — one for each player. You depress a mechanism on your side of the clock to start your opponent’s clock. Black starts white’s clock at the beginning of the game, and after white moves, white stops his or her own while simultaneously starting black’s. Chapter 15: Competition Play and Necessary Etiquette Depending upon the tournament, the length of time allocated (called the time control ) for the game varies. Each player may have 90 minutes to make 30 moves, for example, or he or she may have two hours to make 50. If any player exceeds the time limit while failing to make the minimum number of moves, he or she forfeits the game. Such a forfeit (called a loss on time) is treated just like any other loss for rating purposes. Ratings in chess are a measure of expected performance versus known opposition, and they fluctuate based on your results: wins, losses, and draws. Beginners get their initial ratings by playing in tournaments against people with established ratings. The ratings given by the international governing body in chess, called the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE, pronounced fee-day), are sometimes referred to as Elo ratings after one of the rating system’s prime developers, Arpad Elo. The USCF uses a similar rating system, which is generally 50 to 70 points higher than the FIDE one. The FIDE system, however, doesn’t rate players below a certain skill level, and treats them as unrated. The USCF system divides the rating population into classes as shown in Table 15-1. Table 15-1 1,199 and below Class E The average tournament player has a rating in the Class C range. This rating is actually fairly high if you take into account all chess players, not just the competitive sort, because tournament players tend to be quite serious about their chess. Casual players may be very strong, of course, but usually active tournament players tend to be the strongest in the country. 247 248 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action Sandbaggers When high-fee, high-class prize tournaments became popular, some chess players tried to manipulate their own ratings. These players would intentionally lose rating points in low-cost events in order to play in a class below their true strength in the big-money tournaments — with the hope of defeating weaker competition and collecting relatively large cash prizes. This unethical practice is referred to as sandbagging. Calling a player a sandbagger is one of the worst chess-related insults! The USCF class system has led to the development of class prizes. This means that a typical Swiss system tournament (see the next section) offers cash prizes in each of the rating divisions, which allows the organizer to demand high entry fees. This setup can lead to a sort of ruthless competition, which is another reason to start out in clubs (see the first section in this chapter) or smaller events, where the competition is still fierce — but friendlier. Familiarizing yourself with the types of tournaments Generally speaking, tournament competition comes in three varieties: the Swiss system, round robin, and match. The Swiss system, or Swiss for short, is the most popular in the United States. Matches and round robin competitions are usually more expensive to organize. Swiss system Most weekend tournaments in the United States are run according to the rules of the Swiss system. The Swiss system orders all players by their rating (and ranks unrated players alphabetically) and splits the list in half. The top player of the top half is paired against the top player of the bottom half, and so on, until the bottom player of the top half is paired against the bottom player of the bottom half. In case of an uneven number of players, the bottom-most player is usually given a one-half point bye (which means they’re paired in the next round as if they’d made a draw, even though they didn’t play the game). Winners get one point, draws score one-half point, and losers get zero points. In the next round, winners play winners, losers play losers, and so forth, following the same procedure of dividing the lists in half and pairing the people in the two halves accordingly. Chapter 15: Competition Play and Necessary Etiquette The Swiss Gambit Usually the first rounds of a tournament run under the Swiss system involve mismatches. Strong players play weaker players, especially early on in the tournament. Some players use a dubious strategy, called the Swiss Gambit, designed to avoid the toughest competition. This strategy involves allowing a draw with a weaker player, which gets the gambitor easier pairings (the winners play other winners, but the gambitor plays someone else who only drew) in the next few rounds. The hope is that in the later rounds, the strongest players will be playing each other — and the gambitor will sneak into the prize money by playing inferior competition. This strategy, like any other designed to manipulate results, is just as likely to backfire as succeed. Who knows whether you’ll really get weaker pairings? In all cases, you should play your best. Gradually, you begin to play players of your approximate strength, because — in theory, anyway — you should be scoring roughly the same amount of points against the same kind of competition. The strongest players, or the players having the best tournament, are increasingly likely to play one another as the tournament goes on. The winner is the player who scores the greatest number of points. Round robin A round-robin tournament is one where everyone plays everyone else. These tournaments are regarded as a more accurate judge of a player’s performance because they don’t involve “lucky” pairing. Round-robin tournaments are used to determine most national championships and international tournaments. A drawback to this type of tournament is that it normally takes a longer period of time to complete and is therefore more expensive to produce. An offshoot of the round robin is the Quad, where the tournament is divided into groups of four players of roughly equal strength, who then play one another. This type of system is popular in the United States because it’s inexpensive and avoids mismatches. Match competition Match competition isn’t technically tournament competition, because it involves only two players, but it’s another popular form of competition and can be rated. In a match, one player plays another for a predetermined number of games. This head-to-head competition is the purest method for determining the stronger player and is usually adopted in order to determine the world champion — or the world champion’s challenger. 249 250 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action Tournament Chess around the World The main difference between national and international tournaments is that they play by two sets of rules. The basic rules of how to play are the same, of course, but the rules governing competition have some differences. In general, FIDE’s rules rely more on the discretion of the officials, called arbiters, to resolve any disputes or enforce claims. USCF rules are more involved and dictate specific actions in specific situations to a much greater degree. That’s why their rule book is so big and undergoes periodic revision. Some international tournaments are by invitation only, but many Swiss events (see the preceding section) are open to anyone. You play by FIDE’s rules and for a FIDE rating, but otherwise the experience is similar to a U.S. tournament. FIDE comprises the member nations of the world who pay dues and elect FIDE officials (the USCF is the official representative of the United States, for example). The organization also supervises the world championship and Chess Olympiads, where countries send teams to compete. As such, FIDE is responsible for awarding titles to an unlimited number of individual players, such as the following: Grandmaster (GM): The grandmaster title is the highest title awarded by FIDE and is earned by turning in excellent performances (called norms) in competition with players who already own the title. International master (IM): The international master title is secondary to the grandmaster and is also achieved by making norms in events that include a sufficient number of grandmasters or international masters. FIDE master (FM): The FIDE master title is the third and last awarded by FIDE. The recipients are players who maintain a rating of 2,300 or above, which is master class, in FIDE-sanctioned events. Going Long Distance: Correspondence Chess Correspondence chess was originally played by sending postcards of chess moves through the mail (some people still call it “postal chess”). With the rise of the Internet, however, tournaments and competitions have also taken on a new form via e-mail and Web servers (see more on cyberchess in Chapter 16). Clearly, you have to know chess notation in order to participate (and I explain it in Chapter 17), but after you get the hang of it, you’ll find that correspondence chess is an excellent way to find opponents from outside your geographical area without leaving the comfort of your home. Chapter 15: Competition Play and Necessary Etiquette The schism In 1993, the FIDE world championship match was supposed to be between champion Russia’s Garry Kasparov and England’s Nigel Short, Kasparov’s rightful challenger. However, Kasparov wasn’t happy with the prize fund, so he ditched FIDE and helped found the Professional Chess Association (PCA). The Kasparov-Short match was held under the sponsorship of the PCA, and FIDE was left with a sham match between two players whom Short had already defeated. Kasparov won the match convincingly and defended his title against Viswanathan Anand of India in 1995. The primary sponsor of the PCA was Intel — but after the 1995 match, Intel withdrew its support, and the PCA was history. Negotiations for a reunification match between players with a claim to being champion continued to flounder. A non-FIDE-sanctioned match between Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik (see Chapter 19 for more on these two) in 2000 ended in Kasparov’s defeat. Although most people still consider Kasparov the world’s best player, he was thwarted in his attempts for a rematch. These goings-on call into question a fundamental historical division in chess: Does the title of world champion belong to the titleholder, or to the organization that grants it? To find opponents, you usually need to belong to an official postal organization. If you decide that snail mail isn’t your bag and prefer to play in cyberspace, you can hop online to hook up with an opponent. The USCF has a number of correspondence events, and Chess Life often has a column dedicated to postal chess. Magazines are even dedicated to this type of chess competition. Check out the following correspondence-chess-related Web sites to find more contact information to find an opponent: www.uschess.org/cc www.chessmail.com www.chessbymail.com www.iccf.com Miss (or Mister) Manners: Tournament Etiquette Chess is supposed to be fun, but quite often people take it very seriously. When you play Mr. or Ms. No Fun, you should know the do’s and don’ts of chess etiquette. 251 252 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action Don’t smoke ’em if you got ’em A famous story in chess circles tells about one grandmaster complaining about another who kept an unlit cigar next to the chessboard. “It’s a no-smoking tournament,” the former complained to the tournament director. The director, quite rightly, pointed out that the cigar was unlit. The grandmaster insisted, however, claiming that his opponent was threatening to smoke! This absurdity has at least some basis in the chess world, because we have a saying that the threat is stronger than the execution! Chess etiquette is especially important in tournament chess. In a serious encounter, both players are staring at the board for hours at a time. Your hypersensitive opponent will surely notice a raised eyebrow, and a sneeze may cause someone to go into shock. Heaven forbid that you’d have a nervous tic or a habit of drumming your fingers or humming (mostly) to yourself. Chess players have complained about all these things and more. You may properly address your opponent during the game only to offer a draw. If you have a complaint, the safest course of action is to bring it up to the tournament director. If the game is only for fun, use common sense — but above all, avoid distracting an opponent who’s thinking about a move. Chess at these levels is an incredibly tense activity, and players get no physical release. Even otherwise placid individuals have been known to lose their cool over a real or imagined infraction. The best thing to do is just play for the fun of it, but even then it’s important to know the basics. Knowing when to call your loss Chess coaches regularly instruct beginners to never give up and always play out the game to checkmate. “No one ever wins by resigning,” they say. Although this point may be true, sometimes a loss is inevitable, and wasting your opponent’s time when you both know you’re doomed is just plain rude. When to resign If you’re hopelessly behind in material or face imminent checkmate, you may as well start another game. Over the course of your lifetime you may spend hours hoping to save one or two completely lost positions when instead you can be spending that time starting over from scratch. Moreover, you rarely — if ever — learn anything from these types of hopelessly lost positions. You’re much better off spending your time figuring out where you went wrong and then trying not to get into that mess again. Chapter 15: Competition Play and Necessary Etiquette It’s possible that your opponents enjoy seeing you squirm, so they don’t mind continuing on. More likely, however, they’ll get annoyed that you don’t know when to resign and may refuse to play with you anymore. In fact, I quit going to one club in particular because the players there kept playing on in hopeless positions. I found myself driving home well after midnight week after week. If the members knew when to resign, I may have continued to play there. The bottom line, however, is that resignation is a personal decision. You never resign just because your opponent wants you to, but you should resign when you objectively decide that you have no way to save the game. After the conclusion is inevitable, you may as well shake your opponent’s hand and go your merry way. How to resign Just as important as when to resign is how to resign. The formal method is not to throw your hands in the air and start crying, but to tip your king over on its side. This action is a universally recognized surrender. Then it’s important that you extend your hand to congratulate your opponent — this show of sportsmanship is a valued ritual in chess. It demonstrates that you have at least a touch of class. Many players shake hands after the game but then undo the goodwill gesture by complaining that they should’ve, by all rights, won the game themselves. “If I’d just done this, instead of that, it was curtains for you,” they sometimes say. This talk is just childishness. Far more effective is to ask, “What would you have done if I’d played this instead of that?” This approach accomplishes a couple of things. First, it acknowledges that your opponent’s opinion, by virtue of the victory, may have some validity. Secondly, it allows you to listen to your opponent’s ideas. You’re much better off if you pick your opponent’s brain in this manner than try to explain away why you lost the game. Sometimes both you and your opponent will spend considerable time discussing the game. Chess players call these post mortem sessions. Try to be respectful during these sessions and concentrate on learning — not proving a point. You’ll make many chess friends if you follow this advice. Offering a draw If you’ve determined that you can’t checkmate your opponent, and if you don’t think your opponent can checkmate you, you may want to offer a draw (or a tie). Offering a draw under any other circumstances may be considered annoying, and your opponent may report you to the tournament director. What’s worse is that the draw offer may be accepted or rejected, and you may still get scolded. In other words, if you make an improper draw offer, your opponent has the right to accept it and complain about it. 253 254 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action Did Kasparov cheat? During one tournament game against Judit Polgar, Kasparov made his move and seemed to take his hand away from the piece for a split second. He then moved the piece to another square. The shocked Polgar didn’t make a claim but later indicated that she thought the champion had indeed taken his hand off of the piece. Kasparov denied doing so. However, the game was videotaped, and a careful review of the tape showed that Kasparov did in fact let go of the piece. Unfortunately, chess doesn’t have instant replays, and no protest was possible after the game was over. If even world champions break the rules, what hope do the rest of us have? Under tournament conditions, you may make a draw offer only after you’ve made a move and before you’ve started your opponent’s clock. Never offer a draw to your opponent on his or her time. That behavior is a breach of etiquette, and repeated offenses may cause you to lose the game by forfeit. If you make a draw offer without making a move, your opponent has the right to ask to see your move and then decide whether to accept or reject your offer. Repeated draw offers may be considered annoying, so wait until the position has changed substantially before making another offer. If the position on the board is about to be repeated for the third time, you can claim a draw without asking. However, you must do so before making the move that would repeat the position for the third time, because the claim must be made on your own time and a tournament director must witness the move. Being careful what you touch One of the touchiest subjects in chess is the touch-move rule. This rule simply means that if you touch a piece, you must move it — if doing so is legal. If you touch a piece that has no legal move, you’re free to move any other piece. The move is considered complete when you take your hand off the piece. Sometimes one player claims that the other touched a piece, and the second player denies doing so. If witnesses are nearby, the director may be able to make an informed decision. In the absence of witnesses, the claim generally isn’t upheld on the first complaint. If you accidentally bump a piece or knock one over, you should say, “I adjust” and replace the dislodged piece. Chapter 15: Competition Play and Necessary Etiquette Furthering the touch-move rule, a frequent cause of complaints is the hand hover. The hand hover occurs when a player positions his or her hand over a piece and leaves it there. The hand hover is a distraction, and you shouldn’t do it — so goes the warning by José Capablanca (see Chapter 19 for more on that guy). You should never obscure your opponent’s sight of the board unless you’re in the act of moving, so don’t reach for a piece until you’ve decided to move it. Straightening your pieces Sometimes a pawn or a piece may not be resting completely on one square or another. You’re allowed to adjust that pawn or piece or even a whole bunch of them — but only if you do it on your time and if you warn your opponent first. The French phrase J’adoube (juh-doob; “I adjust”) is considered to be the proper warning, but it’s also proper to use the English translation. As long as you’ve issued the J’adoube warning, the touch-move rule is temporarily waived. Keep in mind, however, that you can’t say “J’adoube” or “I adjust” after you’ve touched a piece! Saving snacks for later Generally, it’s considered improper to eat or drink anything at the chessboard except for water or coffee. Of course, if you’re playing in your own living room, all bets are off. The home team determines the ground rules in that case. My worst experience with food at the chessboard came in my very first big tournament in New York. It was the last-round game, and whoever won would clinch a sizable prize. My opponent came to the board with a sloppy meatball sandwich and proceeded to get the sauce all over his hands. He then decided to adjust all my pieces, covering them with the sauce. I was too inexperienced to complain and too young to shrug it off. Instead, I let my opponent’s rudeness affect my play, which is what my opponent had hoped would happen, and managed to lose rather badly. Needless to say, this scenario was a severe breach of chess etiquette, and I should’ve complained to an official at once. 255 256 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action The worst losers in chess history Mike Fox and Richard James, in their delightful book The Even More Complete Chess Addict (published by Faber and Faber), nominate the following three candidates for the title of “worst loser in chess history.” In their own words: Taking the bronze: Former world champion Alexander Alekhine, a notoriously temperamental loser. At Vienna in 1922, Alekhine spectacularly resigned against Ernst Grünfeld by hurling his king across the room. In the silver medal position: Another famous loser, Aaron Nimzowitsch. At a lightning chess tournament in Berlin, he said out loud what everyone has at one time felt. Instead of quietly turning over his king, Nimzo leapt onto his chair and bellowed across the tournament hall: “Why must I lose to this idiot?” Not nice, but everyone knows the feeling. The gold medal, plus the John McEnroe Award for bad behavior at a tournament: The lesser-known Danish player (reported in the Chess Scene and who was unnamed), who lost as a result of a finger slip involving his queen (refer to the “Being careful what you touch” section in this chapter). Unable to contain his despair, he snuck back into the tournament hall in the dead of night and cut the heads off all the queens. Chapter 16 Hitting the Net with Computer Chess In This Chapter Playing chess against a computer Digging up past games and other data Exploring chess software Learning chess from a computer Getting your game on online C hess software and the evolution of the Internet have revolutionized the way players study and play chess. You can now play chess at all hours of the day against players from all over the world, follow the top tournaments in real time from the comfort of your home, or play, on your own PC, a program that can defeat grandmasters. In this chapter, I start out by giving you the rundown on what computer chess entails and how it differs from human-to-human chess (aside from the obvious fact that a computer doesn’t breathe). Then I give you a primer on computer software, databases, and online play for chess. Because technology is ever changing, I don’t provide a lot of specific suggestions — instead, I provide all the information you need in order to find the right program for you and direct you to the most reputable chess Web sites and to the places where you have the best chances for finding solid software. Computers versus Humans Nowadays, computers are certainly playing a stronger game than many humans can, but when you play against them, you must remember that they’re not really playing chess. They’re simply performing calculations. 258 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action I can hear the peanut gallery now: “Duh, computers are supposed to calculate!” Nevertheless, this distinction is important. In the old days, chess was used as the ideal application for artificial intelligence (AI). The reasoning was that if someone could create an AI to play chess like a human does, scientists’ understanding of how the human mind works would’ve dramatically increased. At that point, other simulations would be possible, or so the thinking went. However, the emphasis in computer chess eventually shifted from playing a chess game as a human would to simply playing as well as possible. The triumph of the number crunchers The early AI approach was to use what were called heuristics, where computers would play by using certain rules of thumb, to try to map out the game the way a human would. Other approaches were simply crunching numbers. Early on, both approaches seemed equally valid because both led to equally bad play. Soon, however, the speed of the modern computers increased many times over, and the number crunchers triumphed. Nowadays, little effort is made to have a computer play like a human would play. Instead, programmers simply try to calculate as many positions (or ply in computerspeak) as possible. Although many people think of computer chess in terms of man versus machine, you should note that humans are doing something completely different from computers when they try to play a chess game. It doesn’t matter who plays better any more than it matters that an automobile can go faster than the best human sprinter in the world. What does matter, however, is that computers play chess extremely well, and they’ll play you whenever you want to, day or night, fair weather or foul. Remember that the computer programmers are humans too — so the real situation isn’t so much human versus machine as it is unarmored human versus armored human. Humans shouldn’t feel threatened by the exceptional play of computers; they should take advantage of it! Computers are now essential allies for all serious players. They spar with you on your timetable, and with just a few keystrokes, they’ll help you track down just about anything you’d care to search for. Of course, the public is intrigued by this man-machine confrontation, just as people have always been interested in the plight of organic life versus inorganic technology. But the problem is that machines don’t tire. They don’t worry. They don’t truly compete. The essence of the drama of human competition is missing when a machine is involved — and for that reason, human chess matches are far more fascinating than those involving the computers. For more information on the ins and outs of computer chess, go to http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess. Chapter 16: Hitting the Net with Computer Chess A chessmaster sinks in IBM’s Deep Blue In the 1990s Garry Kasparov, who in my opinion is the greatest player in history, played two matches against IBM’s Deep Blue, which was then the best playing chess computer. When Deep Blue won the second match, a great deal of hand wringing ensued. This loss wasn’t one for humanity, as many believed, but it was a triumph of research and engineering. Nowadays inexpensive chess programs can run on an average household PC and routinely defeat all but the very best players. For more on the match and its implications, go to www.research.ibm.com/ deepblue. Chess-Playing Computer Programs Many commercial chess-playing computer programs are available, and the best one isn’t necessarily the strongest one. Almost all the programs can defeat 99.9 percent of the tournament players in rapid chess. Most of them can beat just about anyone, even at slower time controls. You can find any of the following programs online at www.chesscafe.com, www.chessusa. com, or at other major chess retailers: Junior, Fritz, Schredder, and Hiarcs. In addition, the great site www.chessbase.com offers some of the most sophisticated chess software on the planet. Although expensive, this advanced software is a must for professionals. The chess world is mostly Windows based. These programs will be noticeably stronger than the ones for other platforms, but Mac users can have their fun, too. Nowadays, strong programs such as Fritz Powerbook are available for PDAs. Even cellphones are getting into the act, so there’s no excuse for not being able to find someone or something to play! Computer programs are updated frequently, so their version numbers change from time to time. They all can record and store the games you play with them for your review later. Of course, reviewing the games you win is more fun, but reviewing the games you lose is more instructive. Don’t be discouraged if you lose most of the time. I once called a friend after I got the latest version of Fritz and jokingly asked for an earlier version. “Why?” he asked in confusion. “So I can beat it.” I told him, and he chuckled understandingly. 259 260 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action Nevertheless, having a program that’s stronger than you are has its advantages. These programs share their evaluations with you so you can see where they think you made a mistake. They also suggest improvements in your play, which can be a very useful tool. By studying where you went wrong and considering the programs’ suggestions, you may learn some valuable lessons that can elevate your future play. The computer’s evaluations may not be 100 percent correct, because no person or thing is, but they’ll inevitably be helpful. Chess Databases A chess database is just like a regular database that sorts information. In this case, the information relates to chess — chess games, chess players, and so on. If you want to see all the games that Kasparov played in 1990, for example, you can sort the database to list only those games. The sort combinations are quite extensive and allow you to zero in on your areas of special interest. Of course, you’re generally charged for the data (the game scores, often including annotations, which you can play through in their entirety) and for the program that performs the sort operations. Some game databases are available online for free, but you have to purchase the larger databases. Serious chess players care about chess data; they want as many games as possible in a format that makes them easy to both sort and play over. Although other options are available, Chessbase (www.chessbase.com) has developed into the industry standard. Chess Assistant also has a loyal following; you can purchase it online at www.chesscafe.com, www.chessusa.com, or at other major chess retailers. You can also find a nice free resource at www.chess games.com. Electronic Chess Instruction Over the past several decades, the use of computers as chess-teaching tools has seen tremendous progress. You can choose from among the old software standby and my top recommendation, Chess Mentor (go to www.chess. com for a free downloadable demo or to purchase), or from newcomers that are specifically designed to teach chess to kids, such as Fritz and Chesster (www.chessbase.com). New DVDs seem to appear on a daily basis as well. Sites such as www.chesscafe.com, www.chessusa.com, and those of other major chess retailers will be well stocked with new arrivals. The sheer volume of instructional software available makes it impossible to do any kind of thorough survey, and what’s available is constantly changing. Chapter 16: Hitting the Net with Computer Chess Some Web sites give you a bit of insight into what’s on the market and how well received the new releases have been. The following sites have an enormous amount of useful, up-to-date information, and they all look like they’ll be around for the foreseeable future. Explore! http://chess.about.com www.pitt.edu/~schach www.chesscenter.com/twic/twic.html Playing Chess Online As anyone in this day and age knows, the Internet is always changing. New sites pop up and old ones go away, especially in the chess world. Search engines can help you find new sites, and most sites point to others, which point to others, and so on. But at the time of this writing, the following sites, which I’ve divided into two main categories, seem to get the most hits: Pay-to-play sites: The Internet Chess Club (www.chessclub.com) and Playchess (www.playchess.com) are the most popular, although others are available. On these sites, you can choose from a wide range of human and computer opponents. Free sites: Pogo (www.pogo.com) and the Free Internet Chess Server (www.freechess.org) are the most common. The pay-to-play sites are for serious chess players, so unless you count yourself among them, stick to the free sites. Whether you’re paying to play or playing for free, you need to register and create an online ID (called your handle). (Some pay-to-play sites allow you to play as a guest in order to get you to try their software, but you won’t have full functionality until you register.) After you’re registered, when you log on to these sites you see a list of games in progress and another list of users seeking a game. You’re also allowed to broadcast your own “seek” to tell others that you’re willing to play. These seeks specify what time controls you’re willing to use. Many players play blitz chess, but all sorts of time controls have their adherents. If you aren’t ready to play, you can still watch. Most of these sites allow you to click on a game in progress, where you can then follow the action in real time. The highest level tournaments are broadcast over the Internet nowadays, and millions of eyeballs are tuned in. However, you normally have to be a registered user at one of the pay-to-play sites in order to join in on the fun. 261 262 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action You may want to consider a trial membership, which is usually available, just to see whether a particular site is for you. Commentary by strong players accompanies many live broadcasts, and thereâ€™s usually some way for players of all abilities to ask questions or make their own observations. Live lessons are also regularly scheduled, and old ones are archived. So you have other reasons to join rather than simply to play. But the play is the best part. Finding regular sparring partners who are roughly your equal in strength is one of the real joys of chess on the Internet. You can make enduring friendships with people whom you would otherwise never have met. Go ahead â€” log on! Chapter 17 Got Notation? Reading and Writing about Chess In This Chapter Labeling each piece Recording moves Singling out a piece when two are in question Putting in your two cents about a game Finding chess in your daily paper C hess notation has an important role in the world of chess because it preserves the game’s history. It allows people to record games for posterity and gives them the chance to review the history of the game’s development to date. Notation also allows people to overcome language barriers and communicate with one another in a universally understood manner. As such, official competitions require that someone record every single move with it — but, fortunately, you don’t have to mess with it when you’re playing for fun! Even so, the notation is good to know because it enables players to communicate concisely and enables you to become a more learned part of the chess community. Many kinds of chess notation exist, from forsythe (a notation that computers understand) to different notations for various languages. One kind of notation, however, is universally understood: algebraic, which uses a single letter and number to name each square and a letter for each chess piece. This notation system replaced the older English descriptive notation — which used an abbreviated form of a verbal description of the moves — because chess is for all people, not just English-speaking people. Although algebraic notation looks goofy and is hard to make sense of at first, believe me, getting used to it takes just a little bit of practice. This notation tries to keep things as simple as possible, but some situations that arise may still be confusing. Some people use the fewest characters possible while still avoiding ambiguity, and others spell out moves in more detail. In this book, I lean more to the spell-it-out side. 264 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action Keeping Track of the Pieces As with each square for a chessboard, each chess piece also needs to be referred to by some notation. The king is indicated by K, the knight by N (because K is already taken!), and so on. The pawn, poor thing, doesnâ€™t have any identification. If the notation, which I get into in the next section, doesnâ€™t indicate a piece, you can assume that the move in question involves a pawn. Table 17-1 shows the notation for the pieces. Table 17-1 R The letters must be capitalized to indicate a piece; otherwise, they indicate a square. Writing the Moves of a Game You can write any conceivable chess move by using algebraic notation. Every piece is identified, and so is every square. A complete description of the game is called the score of the game, and the paper you write the score on is called the score sheet. Describing a typical opening Take a look at how algebraic notation works in practice by examining one of the most common openings, the Ruy Lopez, or Spanish, game. Each move is numbered and includes one move by white and one move by black. The opening moves of the Ruy Lopez are written as follows: 1. e4 e5 Nc6 3. Bb5 Chapter 17: Got Notation? Reading and Writing about Chess White moves first, followed by black, so it follows that white’s first move was to e4, and black’s was to e5. Remember, the absence of a piece designation (a capital letter) indicates a pawn move. Only one pawn can move to e4 for white and only one to e5 for black, because pawns must move straight forward. (Chapter 2 tells you all about a pawn’s available moves.) Figure 17-1 shows where white and then black moved their pawns. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 17-1: The first 3 moves of the Ruy 2 Lopez. 1 a b 265 266 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action Now, white moves the bishop out to attack the knight. Remember that a capital B means bishop, and a lowercase b refers to the b-file. Figure 17-3 shows the white bishop moving out to the b5 square. Notice that I didn’t give the corresponding black move in the notation for the third step of the Ruy Lopez opening. You’ll often see this omission in chess books when a move by white lends itself to a comment. Because I give the white move alone, I can also give the black move alone (but still next to a “3” because it’s part of the third set of moves). However, if I give the black move alone, I need to precede it with an ellipsis (...), which is the conventional way of indicating a stand-alone move by black. 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 17-3: 3 The white bishop 2 moves to b5. 1 a b g h Indicating captures To indicate a capture with chess notation, you use an x along with the name of the square where the capture is made. To set up a situation that’s ripe for capture, imagine a game that begins with white moving a pawn to e4, followed by a black pawn move to e5. White then moves another pawn to d4. The notation looks like this: 1. e4 e5 2. d4 Figure 17-4 shows these first few moves. Now black has the option of capturing the white pawn on d4 with its pawn. This capture is written as follows, and Figure 17-5 illustrates it. (Remember that a black move written without the preceding white move is indicated by the use of the ellipsis, as I’ve done here.) 2. ...exd (or 2. ...exd4, which is more precise) Chapter 17: Got Notation? Reading and Writing about Chess 8 7 6 Figure 17-4: White and black face off, and a white pawn steps out to d4. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h Sometimes, in place of the notation 2. ... exd, youâ€™ll see simply 2. ...ed (minus the x). People who write notation this way donâ€™t think that indicating captures is necessary, but most people feel that using the x to indicate a capture makes it easier to follow the game. In any case, you may see either convention used in other chess books. 267 268 Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action Noting an exchange and a castle To go back to the Ruy Lopez for a moment, one common variation is called the exchange variation. This situation occurs when white captures the black knight with the bishop (or exchanges the bishop for the knight; see Chapter 3 for info on exchanges). Set the pieces back to their starting positions and see whether you can follow some of this notation on your own chessboard: 1. e4 e5 g h Now, black can capture the white bishop with one of two pawns. Black decides to capture the bishop with its pawn from d7, so the notation is written like so: 4. ...dxc6 Take a peek at Figure 17-7 to see the result of all this action. Suppose, however, that black decides to take the bishop with his pawn from the b7 square instead. Back up one step as I show you this variation. Chapter 17: Got Notation? Reading and Writing about Chess 8 7 6 Figure 17-7: The black pawn on d7 captures the foolhardy white bishop on c6. 5 4 3 2 1 a b g h If you don’t need a chessboard to follow the preceding notation, you may be ready for blindfold chess, where you play a game without sight of the board just by calling out the notation! Recording a pawn promotion You may play lots of games without ever promoting a pawn (see Chapter 10 for this special move), but if you do end up doing it, you’ll need to be able to write the move down correctly. Notation accounts for the promotion of a pawn by adding the piece designation to the move. For example, if on your 40th move you play your pawn to the eighth rank on the b-file and promote it to a queen, you write 40. b8Q. If you promote to a bishop, for some reason, you write 40. b8B. Accounting for Ambiguities (Which Knight, for Pete’s Sake?) What if two pieces can capture on, or move to, the same square? In Figure 17-10, you see that two knights can move to the same square, d2. Chess players solve that potential dilemma by adding the file to the piece designation, as in N/bd2. This notation means that the knight standing on the b-file is the one that moves to d2. Chapter 17: Got Notation? Reading and Writing about Chess 8 7 6 5 Figure 17-10: Both knights can move to the square marked by X. 4 3 g h So what do you write if two knights on the b-file can move to d2 (as in Figure 17-11)? To indicate which knight moves in that case, write the entire designation of the originating square: N/b3d2. Or for clarity’s sake, you can add a hyphen: N/b3-d2. This notation means that the knight on b3 moves to d2. Don’t worry, this situation doesn’t happen all that often! (But when it does, the pesky knights are usually the culprits.) When capturing en passant, you may have two pawns that can make the same capture. This situation isn’t ambiguous, however, because you always indicate the originating file that the capturing pawn is on (exd, for example). Very, very rarely, however, it’s possible to have two pawns on a file, one that can capture en passant, and one that can capture normally. This case is handled by adding the abbreviation e.p. to the notation, as in exd e.p., for example. The lack of the trailing e.p. indicates that the other pawn on that file made the capture. 8 7 6 5 Figure 17-11: 4 The knight on b3 moves 3 to the Xmarked 2 square. 1 x a The game was a draw +/- White is considered to have the advantage -/+ Black is considered to have the advantage = The position is considered to be equal + # Checkmate Nowadays, software exists to help you place these symbols after moves that deserve special mention, but you can always write on your score sheet the old fashioned way. You wouldn’t call attention to a normal move, such as 1. e4, but you might want to give 1. Na3 a question mark because it’s a dubious way to open a chess game. The ten games in Chapter 18 are annotated and use symbols. Reading Newspaper Diagrams Many newspapers carry daily or weekly columns about chess. Newspapers usually have space constraints for the info they can include, however, so they Chapter 17: Got Notation? Reading and Writing about Chess typically give one game and one diagram of a position of special interest. All newspapers show white positioned at the bottom of the diagram and moving up, with black at the top and moving down (like the figures in this book). Typically, the paper will tell you who’s on the move, but if it doesn’t, you can assume white is on the move (see Figure 17-12 for a sample of chess in the newspaper). Figure 17-12: A typical newspaper chess game diagram. Keeping score In a tournament game, both players are required to write down all the moves (called “keeping a game score”). This scorekeeping helps the director settle potential disputes. For example, if one player claims a draw because the same position has occurred three times (a draw according to the rules), the director would use the players’ score sheet to decide whether this is actually the case. This written record is also used to determine whether players have made the minimum number of moves in a given time period, which is called the time limit and is specified at the start of every competition. Some grandmasters are notorious for their poor handwriting, and it’s impossible to make heads or tails of their score sheets. Tournament officials usually rely on the opponent’s score sheet in order to reconstruct the game. (continued) Part IV: Getting Into Advanced Action (continued) Part V E In this part . . . very For Dummies book has a part that features lists of ten good-to-know facts, tips, or whatever, so of course I was eager to jump on the bandwagon. In this part, I give you the rundown on the most famous chess games ever played. I provide the complete notation so you can follow along with your own board and chess set and recap the games in your own living room. I also present the best players of all time, which is always a good way to begin an argument. Most chess players have their favorites, and Iâ€™m no different. Chapter 18 The Ten Most Famous Chess Games In This Chapter Going one-on-one with flesh and blood: human versus human Competing with an electronic brain Showing up the whole wide world S ome games are a part of chess players’ common chess heritage, including the ten I detail for you in this chapter. Every game here will be familiar to some extent to just about every tournament player (in fact, some of them are so well known that they even have names!), and being able to speak intelligently about them is important. This knowledge establishes your reputation as a good talker — if not a good player! Most of these games are from a long time ago; older games appear so often in lists such as this for several reasons. First, older games have all been included in many more references than the newer ones, and more people are likely to have studied them. Second, everyone today can understand these games — but some of the best games of recent years are more difficult to follow. Lastly, players of long ago didn’t understand defense as well as players do today, and their lack of defense led to amazing games that are simply unlikely to occur in modern competition. Of course, many people will have different lists of the top-ten most famous games (maybe even David Letterman!), but the ones in this chapter are the most important to me. Understanding the Games In order to enjoy the games in this chapter, you must understand chess notation, which details the moves, and annotation, which is commentary on those moves. See Chapter 17 for my explanation of this notation (and get out your board so that you can follow along better). 278 Part V: The Part of Tens When chess players write about chess games, we tend to follow a few simple conventions: The player who played white is listed first. The place and year of the game are included if known. The name of the chess opening is included. The comments refer to the moves that precede them. For you grammatical types, please note that chess players don’t always spell out complete sentences. The notated moves themselves are often a part of the comment that follows them. Interestingly enough, for a class of people who claim to be logical, the names of the chess openings are often a subject of debate. This situation is sort of similar to a bunch of scientists fighting for credit for inventing or discovering the same thing. Quite often, the decision of what to call the opening just comes down to a matter of personal preference. In this book, I use the names that are commonly accepted by chess players in the United States. Conventions such as these make it easier to know which game in particular you’re reading about. After all, Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov have played more than 160 games of chess against each other. We have to have some way of differentiating among them! Annotating a famous game is always dangerous. Not only can you be wrong, but you may break the spell these games cast over people the first time they see them. However, I’ve found it worth taking the risk in most cases, because, for many people, some explanation is better than none. Adolf Anderssen versus Lionel Kieseritzky: The Immortal Game London, 1851 (King’s Gambit) Nowhere is it more evident than in the Immortal Game that the players of the mid-1800s loved attack first and material last! 1. e4 e5 3. Bc4 Qh4+ Chapter 18: The Ten Most Famous Chess Games Anderssen wants to develop rapidly, even if it means losing the right to castle. 4. Kf1 b5 Kieseritzky shows an equal disdain for anything other than rapid development. 5. Bxb5 Nf6 6. Nf3 Qh6 Most analysts have roundly criticized this move by Kieseritzky, but the German grandmaster Robert Hübner has demonstrated that it’s better than the suggested 6. ...Qh5. 7. d3 Hübner suggests that 7. Nc3 is better. 7. ...Nh5 The move 7. ...Bc5 has been suggested as superior. However, don’t take these suggestions as evidence that these players weren’t very good. Anderssen and Kieseritzky were simply playing by the principles that were understood at the time. Rapid development and attack were all that really mattered to them. 8. Nh4 This move is sometimes praised as an example of Anderssen’s great feel for the attack, but other analysts have decided that 8. Rg1 was even better. 8. ...Qg5 9. Nf5 c6 This last move attacks the bishop and unpins the queen pawn, but perhaps 9. ...g6 — immediately attacking the overly aggressive knight — was better. 10. g4 Hübner suggests that 10. Ba4 was more circumspect. 10. ...Nf6 Again, Kieseritzky should play g6, attacking the knight. 11. Rg1 11. ...cxb5 279 280 Part V: The Part of Tens Black violates the principle of development over material! This is an interesting error by Kieseritzky and, according to Hübner, the decisive mistake. He suggests 11. ...h5. 12. h4 Qg6 3. d4 Bg4 A weak move, but one that has a certain logic to it. The white knight and pawn are attacking black’s pawn on e5. Black’s pawn is defended by only the d6 pawn. Instead of bringing up another defender (say, with 3. ...Nd7), black chooses to pin the knight. The drawback to this idea is that white has a tactic at its disposal that forces black to trade the bishop for the knight. 4. dxe5 Bxf3 Not 4. ...dxe5, 5. Qxd8+ Kxd8, 6. Nxe5 winning a pawn. 5. Qxf3 dxe5 Material balance has been restored, but Morphy already has one piece developed (the queen) and can now develop another. Morphy has a lead in development and the advantage of the two bishops. 6. Bc4 Nf6 283 284 Part V: The Part of Tens Black must guard against the threatened capture on f7. 7. Qb3 Qe7 Morphy, with his move, renews the threat to capture on f7, and his opponents are forced to guard against it (by moving the queen) on their turn. This move guards f7 but blocks the king’s bishop. Morphy’s edge in development continues to grow. 8. Nc3 c6 Morphy could’ve won a pawn by 8. Qxb7, but after 8. ...Qb4+ he would’ve been forced to trade queens. Morphy correctly decides that continuing his development (because his advantage lies in that element) is more important than winning a pawn. Black takes a moment to guard the b7 square with 8. ...c6, which is a necessary precaution, but this move doesn’t help his development. 9. Bg5 b5? Another pawn move! This time Morphy decides that the time is ripe for sacrifice. 10. Nxb5! cxb5 12. 0-0-0 Rd8 Both knights are pinned, and black can barely move, but how is white to capitalize? 13. Rxd7! Rxd7 Now Morphy has sacrificed a rook for two pawns, but his lead in development is so overwhelming that the material deficit is immaterial! Notice that the black king’s rook and bishop have yet to move. 14. Rd1 Qe6 Duke Karl and Count Isouard reason that if they can trade queens, they’ll survive the attack and win with their extra material. Morphy never gives them the chance. 15. Bxd7+ Nxd7 (See Figure 18-3.) 16. Qb8+ Nxb8 The final sacrifice is of the queen, but Morphy willingly parts with her for checkmate! 17. Rd8# Chapter 18: The Ten Most Famous Chess Games 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 18-3: 3 It’s the queen’s 2 turn. 1 a b 14. Re1 f6 Steinitz initiated the preceding series of exchanges for a very subtle reason. Now Von Bardeleben canâ€™t castle, because he needs his king to guard the knight. He now hopes to escape his predicament by playing his king to f7 and then a rook to e8, but does he have time to do so? 15. Qe2 Qd7 16. Rac1 c6 If 16. ...Kf7 at once, 17. Qc4+ followed by 18. Qxc7 would win a pawn for white. 17. d5! cxd5 Steinitz has sacrificed the d-pawn in order to clear the d4 square for his knight. The time gained to bring the knight into the attack is worth more than the pawn. Notice how Von Bardelebenâ€™s rooks still stand on their original squares. 18. Nd4 Kf7 34. Nf7+ Kd7 35. Qd6# Von Bardeleben walked away from the board without playing out the final sequence, which is bad manners but understandable in this case. He must’ve been completely frustrated by his inability to move anything other than his king for so long. Georg Rotlewi versus Akiba Rubinstein Lodz (Poland), Russia, 1907 (Tarrasch Defense) This game is another one where the few remaining black pieces combine to overwhelm the vastly superior white pieces. Rubinstein’s combination is remarkable in that he continues to offer material right up until the end; as such, the game is known as Rubinstein’s Immortal Game. 1. d4 d5 11. Bd3 dxc4 Rotlewi (white) and Rubinstein have adopted very similar setups. The setups have two subtle differences, however, both of which favor black. The first is that black waited to play 11. ...dxc4 until after white’s king bishop moved, and this strategic delay gained a tempo for black. The second difference is that Chapter 18: The Ten Most Famous Chess Games the black queen is better placed on e7 than white’s queen on d2. Black’s queen is safe, while the white queen is exposed on the open d-file. Are these small advantages enough to allow black to win? Maybe — and maybe only if your name is Rubinstein. 12. Bxc4 b5 20. Kh1 Ng4 The safety of white’s king is clearly the most critical element at the moment. 21. Qxg4 Rxd3 is clearly better for black. 21. Be4 Qh4 22. g3 (See Figure 18-5.) 22. ...Rxc3! A remarkable sacrifice of a queen that white can’t refuse. If 23. Bxc3 Bxe4+, 24. Qxe4 Qxh2#. 23. gxh4 Rd2! Sacrificing a queen wasn’t enough for Rubinstein. He now throws a rook into the mixture. 24. Qxd2 Bxe4+ 25. Qg2 Rh3! And checkmate by ...Rxh2 is unavoidable. Notice that the white queen on g2 is pinned. Rubinstein wins! 289 Part V: The Part of Tens 8 7 6 5 Figure 18-5: Black’s queen is threatened by white’s g-pawn. 4 3 2 1 a b 19. Rxd5 Nd4 By exploiting the pin on the e-file, Levitsky has retained material balance, but Marshall again gains time by centralizing the knight along with an attack on white’s queen. 20. Qh5 Ref8 21. Re5 Rh6 Marshall again repositions a piece with a gain of time by the attack on the queen. The black pieces are now optimally posted for tactics. 22. Qg5 Rxh3 Levitsky can’t play 23. gxh3 because of 23. ...Nf3. Instead, he wants to play 23. Rc5 and 24. Rc7 with an attack of his own. 23. Rc5 (See Figure 18-6.) 8 7 6 5 4 Figure 18-6: 3 Black to move and 2 win. 1 a b Nxg3+ And Levitsky can’t recapture with 26. fxg3 because of 26. ...Rxf1#. Emanuel Lasker versus José Raúl Capablanca St. Petersburg (Russia), 1914 (Ruy Lopez, Exchange Variation) This historical encounter pitted the world champion Emanuel Lasker against the sensational young José Raúl Capablanca. Lasker proved that he wasn’t yet ready to roll over and die before the next generation. Besides the historical significance of the game, this match is noteworthy for Lasker’s simple winning strategy, seemingly flowing right from the opening. Simple for him, that is! What this game lacks in brilliant combinations is made up for by the sheer elegance of Lasker’s play. 1. e4 e5 Chapter 18: The Ten Most Famous Chess Games 40. Kb1 Nc3+ 41. Kc1 Rc2# Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov Philadelphia, 1996 (Sicilian Defense) There’s no danger in picking this game for the list of the ten best chess games. Never has a chess game seen as much publicity as this initial match between IBM’s computer and Garry Kasparov. In the first game of their sixgame match, which I detail in this section, the computer causes a sensation by defeating the world champion. This was the first time a computer beat a world champion at regular tournament time controls, and the media all over the world picked up this story. 1. e4 c5 36. Ng5+ Kh6 37. Rxh7+ Kasparov resigns in the face of 37. ...Kg6, 38. Qg8+ Kf5, 39. Nxf3, where he has no threats and Deep Blue has too many. Score: Silicon 1, Carbon 0. Of course, this setback just made Kasparov mad, and he proceeded to soundly defeat the computer in the rest of the match. Kasparov didn’t fare so well in his 1997 rematch with the computer, however: Deep Blue defeated its human opponent 3.5 to 2.5 in this six-game match. But don’t jump to the conclusion that Deep Blue’s victory automatically signals the superiority of computers in such matters. Visit the Web site www.chess. ibm.com to find out more about this match. Garry Kasparov versus The World MSN, 1999 (Sicilian Defense) Using the Internet to watch live broadcasts of chess games became a popular pastime in the 1990s. Kasparov in particular generated huge numbers of hits to sites covering his games. The next step was to use the Internet to let everyone actually play a game against the master. The audience, which included grandmaster analysts and commentators, got to vote on which moves to play, and the most popular choices were the ones adopted. This game, which lasted several months, generated enormous publicity and had a tremendous amount of participation by both voters and viewers. 1. e4 c5 62. g7 1-0 The world resigned, because whiteâ€™s g-pawn was going to queen and inevitably win the game. 303 Part V: The Part of Tens Chapter 19 The Ten Best Players of All Time In This Chapter Introducing the top names in chess Giving honorable mentions Recognizing the could-have-beens I f you want to start an argument, picking the ten best players is a good way to do it. Many people feel very strongly about this particular issue, and several have written books about it. Elaborate cases have been made to try to prove who was the best ever by mathematically quantifying their performances and assigning them ratings. I do no such thing, of course. (That would be too much work!) The way I’ve decided to judge the best players is by asking a simple question: How much did they stand above their contemporaries? I think this is the only valid way to compare players from different generations. Here they are, along with their life span and country, in the order in which I think they most dominated their respective eras. Kasparov, Garry (1963–), Russia Born in Baku, Azerbaizhan, Garry Kasparov won the world championship in 1985 in the first of several titanic struggles with Anatoly Karpov (see the section on that guy later in this chapter). Not until he was finally defeated in a 2000 match by Vladimir Kramnik did I fully appreciate how dominant he’d been. Kasparov’s tournament results during his peak, from the mid-’ 80s into the 21st century, were equally impressive. What moves him to the head of this list is the fact that he was so much more active than the majority of his predecessors. No one else demonstrated his or her superiority so convincingly so often. Kasparov entered only the very strongest tournaments and routinely won them. Only Karpov could challenge him — and because Karpov is also one of the ten best players of all time, this restriction only adds to Kasparov’s résumé. The two players were fierce combatants in what must be considered the greatest chess rivalry of all time. 306 Part V: The Part of Tens Capablanca, José Raúl (1888–1942), Cuba José Raúl Capablanca was world champion from 1921 to 1927. Many people considered him the strongest player in the world prior to 1921, but he was unable to arrange a match with the then champion, Emanuel Lasker (see the section on him later in this chapter). When public sentiment became overwhelming in demand of a match, Lasker simply tried to resign his title to Capablanca. This behavior seems to add credence to the view that Capablanca was the better player years before the match finally took place. In fact, beginning in 1914, Capablanca lost only a single game over the next ten years. Capablanca’s dominance was so great that he was nicknamed “the chess machine.” Even great players felt that he was unbeatable. Capablanca eventually became somewhat bored with chess because it was too easy. For him, it may have been. Fischer, Robert James (1943–), United States In 1971, Robert James Fischer shocked the chess world by winning 19 consecutive games against an extremely high level of competition. This feat has been compared to throwing back-to-back no-hitters in major league baseball. During his peak playing period, from the mid-sixties into the early seventies, players spoke of “Fischer Fever,” where they felt ill just having to play against him. Just as with Capablanca, Fischer had an aura of invincibility — which wasn’t far from the truth. Fischer was head and shoulders above the best players of his day. His abrupt withdrawal from chess was tragic. Rumors of Fischer sightings were rampant, and the public was often tantalized by stories of his impending re-emergence. Unfortunately, Fischer waited more than 20 years before playing in public again. His behavior, always intense, became increasingly odd over the years, and it’s doubtful that he’ll ever again subject himself to the rigors of tournament or match chess. Chapter 19: The Ten Best Players of All Time Karpov, Anatoly (1951–), Russia Although Kasparov eventually eclipsed Anatoly Karpov, no one would dream of leaving Karpov off this list. Karpov won the championship by default when Fischer refused to defend his title. Many people considered this a black mark on Karpov’s record because Karpov never actually won the title by playing a championship match, but I think that’s silly. Perhaps this event is what spurred him on to incredible achievements in tournament chess in the 1970s and ’80s. Only the great Viktor Korchnoi was able to test him in match play, but even he couldn’t beat Karpov, and Karpov dominated the tournament scene. From 1978 to 1981, Karpov played in ten major tournaments and finished clear first, or in a tie for first, in nine of them. Karpov was clearly the dominant player after Fischer and before Kasparov. Morphy, Paul (1837–84), United States Paul Morphy’s career was meteoric. He burned brightly for a short period of time, in the mid-19th century, and then never played again. It’s quite sensible to move him up or down this list depending upon how much or how little you value longevity. Morphy defeated all the best players of his day with the exception of Howard Staunton — who managed to avoid playing Morphy. Most historians give Staunton no real chance of ever being able to defeat Morphy in a match. What set Morphy so far above his contemporaries wasn’t that he won but how he did it. Morphy played scintillating chess. His games still serve as classic examples of how powerful rapid development can be. After defeating the best and the brightest, Morphy retired from chess to set up his law practice in New Orleans. Unfortunately, what many believe to have been serious mental health problems surfaced and haunted him for the remainder of his days. Lasker, Emanuel (1868–1941), Germany Emanuel Lasker is an interesting case. Some people put him first, and others put him toward the bottom. The major criticism is that he played infrequently. The major argument in his favor was that he was world champion from 1894 until 1921 — longer than any other player in history. Many people believe that 307 308 Part V: The Part of Tens Lasker ducked the toughest opposition, but his tournament and match results clearly show that he was the world’s best player for a considerable period of time. Lasker established his credentials by winning four consecutive major tournaments (these tournaments were infrequent in those days): St. Petersburg 1895–96, Nuremberg 1896, London 1899, and Paris 1900. From 1895 to 1924, Lasker played in ten major tournaments, finished first eight times, second once, and third once. This achievement was clearly the best record of anyone during his time. Steinitz, Wilhelm (1836–1900), Austria The first world champion, Wilhelm Steinitz was considered the best player in the world for a period of about 20 years. By virtue of his match and tournament record, Steinitz was probably the best player in the world during the late 1860s and certainly was by the early 1870s. From 1862 to 1894, Steinitz had an unbroken string of 24 match victories. It wasn’t until 1886, in a match versus Johann Zukertort, that a winner was officially given the title of world champion. Steinitz won with a score of ten wins, five losses, and five draws. He then successfully defended his title several times before losing, at the age of 58, to the young Lasker (see the preceding section). Alekhine, Alexander (1892–1946), Russia Alexander Alekhine was single-minded in his pursuit of the world championship, and his drive eventually overcame Capablanca’s skill. Alekhine’s results were never as dominating as those higher on this list, but he still managed an impressive run. From 1921 through 1927, he competed in 15 major tournaments and won 8 of them. From 1930 to 1934, he won five strong tournaments but let his weakness for drink get the best of him. He lost the title to Max Euwe in 1935, primarily because of his poor physical condition. Alekhine cleaned up his act and won the return match to regain the title, which he kept until his death. However, his last years were sad ones. His play was unrecognizable, and his physical condition continued to deteriorate. Nevertheless, Alekhine belongs on this list by virtue of his many tournament and match victories. Chapter 19: The Ten Best Players of All Time Botvinnik, Mikhail (1911–95), Russia Mikhail Botvinnik won seven consecutive major tournaments from 1941 to 1948, including the tournament held to determine the champion upon Alekhine’s death. There’s little doubt that he would’ve defeated Alekhine, and it seems certain that he was the best player of the 1940s. Remarkably, Botvinnik was an engineer by profession and didn’t dedicate himself in chess the way most of the champions had. He lost his title to Vasily Smyslov in 1957 but won it back in the return match the next year. He then lost to Mikhail Tal in 1960 but again recaptured the title in the return match. The return match clause, stating that the champion has a right to a rematch if defeated, was stricken in 1963 when he lost to Tigran Petrosian, and no one will ever know whether he would’ve managed to score the hat trick. Despite a fairly tarnished record in championship match play, Botvinnik was clearly the best player in the world for many years. None of his challengers could make that claim. Tal, Mikhail (1936–92), Latvia Mikhail Tal barely makes the top ten because health troubles kept him from performing at peak efficiency. Otherwise, he may have been much higher on the list. Botvinnik once said, “If Tal would learn to program himself properly, he would be impossible to play.” The best of the 18th century? François-André Danican Philidor (1726–95) of France was reported to be the best player of his time, and the surviving games show a striking superiority to that of most of his contemporaries in his knowledge of the game. Unfortunately, not enough information on this time period is available to truly document his dominance, and this lack of data keeps him from making the top ten. However, he did author the most influential chess book of his age, L’analyse des échecs (An Analysis of Chess), published in London in 1749. Philidor entered an important choir at the age of 6 and must be considered something of a musical prodigy. He learned chess when the court musicians had spells of inactivity and passed the time playing chess. When his voice broke around the age of 14, he began playing chess in earnest. Even so, his musical compositions were numerous, and some of them are even performed today. 309 310 Part V: The Part of Tens Tal won the world championship title from Botvinnik in 1960 but lost the return match. Before this return match, Tal became unwell with kidney trouble but refused to postpone play. He eventually lost one of his kidneys and was never really well afterwards. Nevertheless, from 1949 to 1990, Tal played in 55 strong tournaments, winning or sharing 19 first and 7 second prizes. He won six Soviet championships, which were some of the strongest tournaments of that time. He also compiled a record of 59 wins, 31 draws, and only 2 losses in seven Olympiads. Famous for his intimidating stare, Tal joins Capablanca and Fischer as the most feared opponents in history. When playing Tal, players were always afraid of winding up on the losing side of a soon-to-be famous game. Honorable Mentions Other world champions must be included in any such list, because they all were dominant to some extent. Although these players may not appear on every best-ever list, they deserve consideration: Anderssen, Adolf (1818–79), Germany Although the title of world champion wasn’t established during his day, Anderssen was arguably the best player of his time and deserves consideration as an honorable mention. Euwe, Max (1901–81), Netherlands Smyslov, Vasily (1921–), Russia Petrosian, Tigran (1929–84), Russia Spassky, Boris (1937–) Russia Kramnik, Vladimir (1975–), Russia The Strongest Players Never to Be World Champion If you don’t get enough controversy from trying to establish the best players of all time, ask who was the strongest player to never win the world champion title. That question usually does the trick. The prime candidates, in chronological order, are as follows. Chapter 19: The Ten Best Players of All Time Chigorin, Mikhail (1850–1908), Russia Mikhail Chigorin played two championship matches with Steinitz and lost both of them, but these matches were considered to be closely contested, and the second match in particular could’ve gone either way. In 1893, Chigorin drew a tremendous fighting match with Siegbert Tarrasch, who also makes this list (see the next section). Tarrasch, Siegbert (1862–1934), Germany From 1888 to 1892, Siegbert Tarrasch won five consecutive major tournaments. He never challenged Steinitz for the title — although he was certainly qualified to — reportedly due to his obligations as a medical doctor. When he finally got his chance against Lasker in 1908, he was past his prime and soundly beaten. Pillsbury, Harry Nelson (1872–1906), United States Harry Nelson Pillsbury’s first international tournament was Hastings 1895, one of the strongest and most famous tournaments in history. Unbelievably, he won the event ahead of Steinitz, Lasker, Chigorin, and Tarrasch. No one had ever done anything like it before. His career tournament record against Lasker was four wins, four losses, and four draws — the best result of any of his contemporaries. His untimely death, due to a terminal illness, may have been the only obstacle between him and the title. Rubinstein, Akiba (1882–1961), Poland In 1912, Akiba Rubinstein won four major tournaments and was clearly at the top of his game. He then began negotiations with Lasker for a title match. Sadly, he fared badly in the great tournament in St. Petersburg 1914 and lost his potential backing. Then World War I broke out; his best opportunity was gone. 311 312 Part V: The Part of Tens Reshevsky, Samuel (1911–92), United States During the years 1935 to 1950, Samuel Reshevsky played in 14 major tournaments and won half of them. He finished lower than third only once. This record is all the more remarkable because he was only a part-time player and held a full-time, nonchess job. Born in Poland, he was perhaps the greatest child prodigy in chess history. He also continued to play at an extremely high level well into his 70s and once drew a match with Fischer in 1961. Keres, Paul (1916–75), Estonia Paul Keres won some of the strongest tournaments in the late 1930s, but the advent of World War II dashed his title hopes. After the war, he was a candidate for the title no less than seven times but never made it to the finals. His near misses took on almost tragic proportions. Korchnoi, Viktor (1931–), Russia Viktor Korchnoi won four Soviet championships and competed as a candidate many times over the course of his career. He came within a hair’s breadth of winning the title from Karpov in 1978. Korchnoi was a defector from the Soviet Union, and all of that country’s resources were used against him. Of all the players on this list, Korchnoi may have the strongest claim. Anand, Viswanathan (1969–), India Viswanathan Anand has strung together an impressive series of tournament and match wins since 1989. He lost a match to Kasparov in 1995 and has been denied a second chance at the title only because the chess world has been in organizational chaos. He’s also proven to be a dominant player in tournaments played at accelerated time controls. Part VI I In this part . . . n this part, I provide a handy glossary of terms that you can turn to anytime you need to know what a chess word means. I also provide a reference to other chess resources that you can use to find all the latest in chess-related gear as well as helpful information and cool places to visit. Appendix A A Glossary of Chess O ver the years, chess players have developed their own language — well, terminology — for communicating about the various moves, pieces, and so on. Bone up on the terms in this glossary, and you’ll be sure to fit in at the nearest chess club — not to mention you’ll have a much easier time wading through all the chess books on the market. Of course, you don’t have to take a test when you reach the very end of this book, so you don’t need to commit these terms to memory. Just keep this glossary handy so you can find the information you need at any given moment. Note: If you encounter chess notation (square c6, 1. e3 Nc7, and so on), you may want to turn to Chapters 1 and 17, respectively, for a quick lesson on how to read it. Chess notation is an important — and essential — way to communicate the game of chess. action chess: See rapid chess. active: The description of a move that increases your mobility; also the description of a piece that is mobile. See also passive. adjournment: The postponement of play in an unfinished game. At the adjournment, the player on the move writes down the move on paper and places it in an envelope that the tournament director or arbiter takes. Hours, sometimes even days, may pass before an adjourned game is resumed, and both players (their friends and their computers, too!) are free to analyze the position during the adjournment. adjudication: The selection of a winner of an unfinished chess game, made by a qualified, impartial expert. Adjudication is most common in club games and team matches because of time constraints. adjust: To touch a piece or pawn (generally to move it to the center of its square) without the intention of making an official move. A player should announce “I adjust” or “J’adoube” (juh-doob) before touching the piece. See Chapter 15 for information on chess etiquette. See also J’adoube and touch-move. 316 Part VI: Appendixes algebraic notation: A system of recording the moves of a chess game (first devised in the 19th century) in which each square on the board has a unique identifier. From white’s side of the board, the files are letters from a to h moving from left to right, and the ranks are numbered 1 to 8, moving from bottom to top. Piece moves are designated by a one-letter abbreviation for the piece followed by its destination square. Pawn moves are designated by the destination square alone. Chapter 17 has the details on understanding algebraic chess notation. See also notation, long algebraic notation, and descriptive notation. annotation: Commentary on a chess game that attempts to explain the game in general terms or by examining alternatives to the moves played. Chapter 17 shows you the annotation symbols and their meanings. arbiter: A person who (a) ensures that the rules are observed, (b) supervises the game(s), (c) enforces the rules and his or her own decisions regarding them, and (d) imposes penalties on players infringing on the rules. See also international arbiter. attacking move: An aggressive move that (often) elicits a defensive response. back rank: A player’s own first rank. back rank mate: Checkmate delivered by playing a queen or rook to an opponent’s back rank when the king is kept from moving out of check by its own pawns. backward pawn: A pawn that has pawns of its own color on adjacent files only in front of it, so it has no pawn protection of its own. bad bishop: A bishop whose effectiveness is hampered by its own pawns. BCA: See British Chess Association. BCF: See British Chess Federation. BCF grading system: The chess rating system used in Britain by the British Chess Federation (BCF). BCF grades and Elo ratings are related by the following formulas: Elo = 8 (BCF) + 600 and BCF = 1⁄8 (Elo) – 75. See also Elo scale. bishops of opposite colors: Situation where one player has a bishop on the light squares and the other player has a bishop on the dark squares. Endings with bishops of opposite colors are often drawn. bishop pair: Two bishops, usually compared to an opponent’s two knights or a bishop and knight. In many positions, the bishop pair has a slight advantage over these other two configurations of minor pieces due to greater mobility. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess blindfold chess: Chess played without seeing the board or pieces. Originally a player was in fact blindfolded; now in blindfold chess a player usually sits with his or her back to the board. Famous players who have played simultaneous blindfold chess include François-André Philidor, Paul Morphy, Alexander Alekhine, and George Koltanowski. blitz: Chess played very quickly. Each player is given a small amount of time, commonly five minutes apiece, in which to play the entire game. blockade: Situation where one side is prevented from advancing. Originally, Aaron Nimzowitsch used the term to describe the blocking of a pawn by a piece. blunder: A bad move that results in checkmate, the loss of material, or a seriously weakened position. book move: The term for a standard move, one generally recommended in books cataloging openings or books concerned with the opening in question. brilliancy: A game containing original, innovative, sometimes surprising moves. brilliancy prize: An award given for the best brilliancy at a tournament. The first brilliancy prize was awarded to Henry Bird in 1876 for his win over James Mason. British Chess Association: Organization founded in the mid-19th century that suffered from Howard Staunton’s active opposition. Officials of the association included Lord Tennyson, Lord Randolph Churchill, Robert Peel, and John Ruskin. The organization collapsed in the mid-1890s. British Chess Federation: Founded in 1904 and commonly called the BCF, this organization governs chess in Great Britain. The BCF organizes the annual national championship tournaments and participates in Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) events such as Olympiads. Caissa: The goddess (or muse) of chess. Caissa is first mentioned in the 1763 poem “Caissa” by Sir William Jones, based on the medieval poem by Vida, “Scacchia Ludus” (“The Game of Chess”), in which the character that Jones calls Caissa is actually named Scacchis. castling: A single move involving both the king and a rook. Castling kingside moves the king from e1 (e8 for black) to g1 (g8 for black) and the rook from h1 (h8 for black) to f1 (f8 for black). Castling queenside moves the king from e1 (e8 for black) to c1 (c8 for black) and the rook from a1 (a8 for black) to d1 (d8 for black). Castling is only permitted if (a) the king isn’t in check, (b) neither the king nor the relevant rook has previously moved in the game, (c) no 317 318 Part VI: Appendixes pieces are between the king and the rook, and (d) none of the squares the king must move across are attacked by an enemy piece or pawn. See Chapter 10 for an illustrated explanation of castling. center: The squares e4, e5, d4, and d5. Sometimes the term is also used to encompass the squares adjacent to these four. centralization: The act of bringing pieces to the center where they can control the largest amount of the board. chatrang: The name given by Persians to an early version of chess. chaturanga: The name of the first game from which modern chess is derived. Chaturanga is the Sanskrit word for “four-membered,” and when this game was developed in India in the sixth century, armies had four components: infantry, cavalry, chariots, and elephants. cheapo: Slang expression for a swindle or a cheap trick that doesn’t withstand serious scrutiny. See also swindle. check: An attack on the opponent’s king by either a piece or a pawn. When in check, a player must do one of the following: (a) move the king out of check, (b) interpose a piece or pawn, or (c) capture the checking piece. Although it used to be common to utter the word “check” when making such a move, this practice is not only unnecessary but also is often frowned upon. Chapter 4 covers check possibilities. See also checkmate. checkmate: When a king is in check and can’t make any move to get out of check, the king is said to be checkmated (or simply “mated”), and the game is over. See Chapter 4 for checkmate information. See also check. chess clock: A device made up of two clocks that records the amount of time each player uses while on the move. Only the clock of the player to move is running; after making his or her move, the player pushes a button that stops his clock and starts the clock of his or her opponent. See also Fischer clock and flag. chess problem: A composed chess position that identifies that checkmate (or another conclusion, such as helpmate, where the solver is required to checkmate himself) is to be given in a specified number of moves. chessic: An adjective noting that something is related to chess. chessist: Term to describe someone who’s interested in chess. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess chessman: Term that refers to both pieces and pawns. Sometimes the term is shortened to man. The term unit is sometimes used interchangeably with chessman. See also piece. classical: Style of chess play that developed in the late 19th century, emphasizing rapid development and control of the center with pawns. See also center and development. closed file: A file that has at least one pawn of each color on it. closed game: A game where piece movement is restricted by interlocked pawn chains and play centers on positioning pieces outside of the center, in anticipation of the opening of the position. Most of the pieces are usually still on the board and are behind the pawns, which may impede their movement. See also open game. combination: A series of forced moves (usually involving a sacrifice) that leads to an advantage for the initiating player. compensation: An advantage that compensates for a disadvantage elsewhere. For example, a gain of tempo may compensate for the loss of a pawn. connect: To move rooks of the same color onto the same rank, unseparated by pieces or pawns. consolidate: To maintain an established advantage. consultation chess: A game in which at least one side consists of two or more players who consult with each other in the play of the game. One of Paul Morphyâ€™s most spectacular games was against the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard. This pair played Morphy in consultation and suffered a stunning loss. (See Chapter 18 for that famous game.) cook: A defect in a chess problem. correspondence chess: Chess played by mail. The earliest correspondence game whose moves have been preserved was played in 1804. Chess played via e-mail has also become popular. Unlike over-the-board play, the consultation of books is permitted in correspondence chess. Also known as postal chess. cramped position: Position in which the pieces have little room to move. See also closed game. crippled majority: A group of pawns on one side of the board that outnumber the opponentâ€™s pawns on this side, which, because of structural weaknesses (for example, doubled pawns), canâ€™t result in the creation of a passed pawn. See also majority. 319 320 Part VI: Appendixes critical position: The point in a game where the decisive series of moves begins. cross-check: A reply to a check that is itself a check. See also check. crosstable: A chart in grid form that lists the complete results of a tournament. decoy sacrifice: A sacrifice that entices the movement of an opponentâ€™s piece. The move may place the hostile piece on a disadvantageous square or simply remove it from a part of the board where it was more effective. descriptive notation: System of recording the moves of a chess game based on the names of the pieces and places they occupy before the game begins. A move is given by the name of the piece moving, followed by the square to which it moves. This notation is now almost completely replaced by algebraic notation. See also algebraic notation, long algebraic notation, and notation. desperado: A piece that is trapped or must inevitably be captured and that a player moves in order to inflict the greatest possible damage to the opposing side. development: The movement of pieces from their initial squares. diagonal: Any contiguous line of squares along which a bishop may move. If a bishop isnâ€™t on one of the four corner squares of the board, itâ€™s on a square that represents the intersection of two diagonals, which are referred to as the short diagonal and the long diagonal. diagram: A drawing of a chess position where white is at the bottom of the picture and black is at the top. discovered attack: The movement of a piece or pawn that results in an attack by an unmoved piece. The stationary piece is now able to attack, because the piece that was moved previously blocked the attack. See also discovered check. discovered check: The movement of a piece or pawn that results in a check by an unmoved piece. See also discovered attack. double attack: A simultaneous attack by a single piece or pawn on two pieces of the opponent. Any pawn or piece can theoretically make a double attack, except pawns on the a- or h-files. double bishop sacrifice: The sacrifice of both bishops to open up the enemy king. The Lasker-Bauer game of 1889 at Amsterdam is the first documented example of this maneuver. See also sacrifice. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess double check: Discovered check in which the moved piece also gives check. Only the movement of the king can meet a double check. See also discovered check. double round robin: Tournament where each contestant plays two games (one as white and one as black) with every other contestant. See also match, round robin, and tournament. doubled pawns: Two pawns of the same color on the same file, which are nearly always a positional weakness. draw: A completed chess game that has no winner. A draw can come about in several ways: (a) by agreement of both players, (b) by stalemate, (c) by the declaration and proof of one player that the same position has appeared three times (with the same player to move), (d) by the declaration and proof of one player that there have been 50 moves during which no piece has been taken and no pawns have been moved, although there are some exceptions to the 50 move rule, (e) by adjudication, or (f) by the falling of one player’s flag (on the chess clock) when his or her opponent has insufficient material to perform checkmate. See also adjudication, 50-move rule, and stalemate. duffer: Disparaging term to describe a very poor player. dynamism: Type of play where positional weaknesses are permitted in favor of aggressive counterplay. Dynamism developed out of the hypermodern school of chess play. See also hypermodern. edge: The outside squares of the chessboard, namely the first and eighth ranks and the a- and h-files. Elo scale: System for ranking chess players in order of relative strength based upon results in rated games. The important factor in comparing two players is the difference in their Elo ratings, not the absolute level of either rating. The Elo system was adopted by the United States Chess Federation (USCF) in 1960 and by FIDE in 1970. The system was devised by physicist Arpad Elo. en passant: French for “in passing,” this term refers to the capture of a pawn that has moved two squares forward by an opponent’s pawn on the fifth rank. You can capture en passant only immediately following the move of the pawn two squares forward. The capturing pawn moves diagonally forward one square and captures the pawn as if it had moved only one square forward. An en passant capture is sometimes recorded with “e.p.”: for example, exd5 e.p. (See Chapter 17 for more on chess notation and Chapter 10 for illustrated information on en passant.) 321 322 Part VI: Appendixes en prise: French for “in a position to be taken.” A chessman is en prise if it is left or moved to a square where it can be captured without loss to the capturing player. See also hanging. endgame: Also called the ending, the endgame is the final state of the chess game, characterized by the relatively few pieces on the board. Players typically use the king more aggressively in the endgame than in the opening or middlegame. One of the most common concerns in this phase is the promotion of pawns. Check out Chapter 14 for detailed endgame information. See also middlegame, opening, and promotion. endgame study: A composed chess position in which white must locate the unique win (sometimes a draw) according to the requirements set out by the composer. Studies tend to be more realistic than problems. Enthusiasts of studies value those of great originality and beauty. See also problem, endgame. ending: See endgame. equalize: To achieve a position where the opponent’s initiative is negated. For example, white usually has the initiative in the opening, and black works to equalize, or overcome, this initiative. escape square: A square to which a king in check can move. Also called flight square. exchange: The capture of a piece or a pawn while giving up material of equal strength. When capturing a rook while giving up only a bishop or a knight, one is said to “win the exchange.” See also minor exchange. fers: The medieval name for the piece now called the queen, derived from the Persian word vizier. fianchetto: The placement of a bishop on b2 or g2 for white and b7 or g7 for black. The term is derived from the Italian fiancata, meaning “moves played on the flank.” FIDE: Fédération Internationale des Échecs, the international chess federation founded on July 20, 1924, in Paris. FIDE (pronounced fee-day) has more than 120 member countries and concerns itself with all aspects of the game of chess. FIDE master: Title below that of international master. A player with a FIDE master title usually has an Elo rating of at least 2,350. See also Elo scale. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess 50-move rule: Chess rule that declares a game drawn when a player demonstrates that 50 moves have been played without the move of a pawn or without any captures. In a small number of positions (for example, king and two knights versus king and pawn), the number of moves is extended past 50 moves before you can declare a draw. file: Any of the eight columns on a chessboard, denoted by an algebraic notation letter, for example the a-file. See also algebraic notation. Fingerfehler: German for finger-slip, a description of an obvious but bad move made without thinking. first board: Also called top board, a term to describe the board in a team match that usually has each team’s strongest player. Fischer clock: A clock that, in addition to serving the usual functions of a chess clock, adds a certain amount of time to each player’s clock after each move, in order to avoid desperate time scrambles at the end of a game, which often result in poor moves. fish: Derogatory term for a chess player of little skill or experience. five-minute chess: See blitz. flag: Part of an analog chess clock. As the minute hand on the clock nears the 12, the flag is pushed upward. When the minute hand reaches 12, the flag falls. The falling of the flag indicates that the player’s time has expired; if the requisite number of moves haven’t been played, the player is said to “lose the game on time.” (In other words, the game is lost because time ran out, not because of the position on the board, although many games are lost on time when the position is poor and the losing player uses large amounts of time in an effort to try to find a way to save the game.) flank: Sometimes called a wing, the flank is one side of the chessboard, such as the a-, b-, and c-files or the f-, g-, and h-files. flank development: Developing pieces on either flank (for example, in order to fianchetto a bishop). See also development, fianchetto, and flank. flank openings: Openings where white doesn’t make early advances of the d- or e-pawns but instead develops on the a-, b-, and c-files or f-, g-, and h-files. The fianchetto is a common motif in flank openings. See also fianchetto, flank. flight square: A square to which a king in check can move. Also called escape square. 323 324 Part VI: Appendixes fluid pawn center: Any position where the center pawns can be advanced or exchanged. FM: See FIDE master. fool’s mate: The shortest possible chess game ending in checkmate: 1.g4 e5 (or e6) 2.f4 (or f3) Qh4 mate. See also scholar’s mate. forced move: A move for which only one reply is possible (or if more than one reply, all but one are undesirable). fork: An attack on two enemy chessmen at the same time. See also skewer. Forsyth notation: A compact and simple means of recording a chess position, devised by Scottish player David Forsyth. Beginning at the top left-hand corner of the board (a8), you record the position of the chessmen as well as the unoccupied squares, rank by rank. White’s men are recorded with capital letters, and black’s men with lowercase letters. French bishop: Black’s light-squared bishop in the French Defense, which tends to be very weak because of the black pawn on e6. frontier line: Grandmaster Aaron Nimzowitsch’s term for an imaginary line running between the fourth and fifth ranks. gambit: Any opening that contains a planned sacrifice of material, usually to promote rapid development or control of the center. Game of the Century: Widely used, descriptive term for the Fischer-Byrne game (a Grünfeld Defense) in the 1956 Rosenwald tournament. Fischer, 13 years old at the time, mated International Master Byrne by using a queen and rook sacrifice. Hans Kmoch used the term “Game of the Century” in his Chess Life article to refer narrowly to chess played by youngsters. Gens una sumus: Latin for “we are one family,” this saying is the official motto of FIDE. See also FIDE. GM: Abbreviation for international grandmaster. See also international grandmaster. good bishop: A bishop unhindered by its own pawns and thus very mobile. See also bad bishop. grading: A numerical representation of the strength of a chess player based on his or her results in games against other graded players. In the United States, the term rating is used in place of grading. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess grandmaster: Shortened form of international grandmaster. See also international grandmaster. grandmaster draw: A deprecating term for a short, drawn game between grandmasters where it’s obvious that neither player has made any attempt at playing for a win. Grandmaster of Chess: Title bestowed by Czar Nicholas II upon the finalists of the 1914 St. Petersburg tournament: Alexander Alekhine, José Capablanca, Emmanuel Lasker, Frank Marshall, and Siegbert Tarrasch. half-open file: A file on which only one of the players has a pawn or pawns. half-pin: A pin in which the chessman subject to the pin may move along the same line (file, rank, or diagonal) that it shares with the attacker. handicap: A means of trying to equalize chances in a game played between opponents of greatly different strengths. Numerous methods of implementing a handicap exist. The stronger player may (among other things) treat a draw as a loss; play several opponents at the same time; give his or her opponent more time on the clock; give his or her opponent two moves in a row at the opening of the game; or remove one or more of his or her pieces from the board before play begins. hanging: A slang term to describe a piece left en prise. See also en prise. hanging pawns: Wilhelm Steinitz’s term for two adjacent pawns that are on the fourth rank, can’t be supported by other pawns, aren’t passed pawns, and are on half-open files. hole: Steinitz’s term for the square directly in front of a backward pawn where an opponent’s piece can’t be attacked by a pawn. hypermodern: A school of thought developed after World War I in reaction to the views of Steinitz and Tarrasch. The most important idea of the hypermodern school is that occupation of the center isn’t vital — one can put pressure on the center or even just carefully monitor it and still win. The leaders of the hypermodern movement — Nimzowitsch, Richard Réti, Gyula Breyer, Ernst Grünfeld, and Saviely Tartakower — were strong players and witty writers. Many hypermodern ideas are still considered valid today, but so are many of the ideas of Steinitz and Tarrasch. illegal move: A move that is in violation of the laws of chess. If an illegal move is discovered during the course of a game, the game will be returned to the point it was before the illegal move was made. The player who made the illegal move must move the piece he or she had previously moved illegally, if 325 326 Part VI: Appendixes he or she can make a legal move with that piece. Otherwise, that player is permitted to make any legal move. illegal position: A position that isn’t the result of a series of legal moves. Thus, an illegal move necessarily leads to an illegal position. Other sources of illegal positions include incorrect positioning of the chessboard and incorrect arrangement of the chessmen, either at the beginning of the game or at the time an adjourned game is resumed. If possible, the position must be corrected; otherwise, a new game must be played. IM: Abbreviation for international master. Immortal Game: Name given to the Anderssen-Kieseritsky game of 1851, a spectacular example of the King’s Bishop Gambit. The game was played in one of London’s great chess salons, Simpson’s-in-the-Strand. Indian Defenses: Hypermodern defenses to 1. d4 beginning with 1. ...Nf6. Indian defenses commonly employ a bishop fianchetto and slow development. Their name comes from this slow development, common in India, which permitted pawn moves of only a single square, long after Europe had adopted the option of a two-square advance on the first move of a pawn. See Chapter 12 for more details on these and other common openings. initiative: Term to describe the advantage held by the player who has the ability to control the action and flow of the game, thus forcing the opponent to play defensively. international arbiter: A title first awarded by FIDE in 1951. A candidate is nominated by his or her federation and may be selected by the qualification committee if he or she has a complete knowledge of the rules of chess and FIDE regulations; is objective; has knowledge of at least two FIDE languages (English, French, German, Spanish, and Russian); and has experience in controlling four important tournaments, two of which must be international. International Computer Chess Association (ICCA): The association that organizes the World Computer Chess Championship held every three years and the World Microcomputer Chess Championship held every year. international grandmaster: Title established in 1950 and awarded by FIDE. FIDE has detailed requirements for the title, which is awarded to only the best players in the world. A player with a FIDE grandmaster title, often abbreviated GM, usually has an Elo rating of at least 2,500. See also Elo scale, FIDE. international master: Title established and awarded by FIDE, often abbreviated IM. An IM is a stronger player than a FIDE master but not as strong as an international grandmaster and usually has an Elo rating of at least 2,400. See also Elo scale, FIDE. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess International Rating List: A list of the world’s strongest players, compiled by FIDE by using the Elo rating scale. It was first published in July 1971. See also Elo scale, FIDE. international woman grandmaster: Title established in 1976 and awarded by FIDE to the world’s strongest female players. See also FIDE. interposition: The movement of a piece in between an attacked piece and the attacker. isolated pawn: A pawn whose adjacent files contain no pawns of the same color. An isolated pawn is weak because other pawns can’t defend that pawn or the square in front of it. J’adoube: French for “I adjust,” this expression (pronounced juh-doob) is used by a player on the move before touching a piece, generally to move it to the center of its square. A piece or pawn so adjusted doesn’t have to be the man that will be the subject of the player’s official move. See also adjust, touch-move. key: The unique, first move in the solution to a chess problem. See also problem. kibitz: To comment during a game, or during analysis following a game, within the hearing of the players. The term is often used in a pejorative sense and is in many occasions applied to the comments of a spectator for whom the players have little respect. See also kibitzer. kibitzer: One who kibitzes. king hunt: A prolonged attack on the opponent’s king that usually dislodges it from a shielded, defensive position with a series of checks and sacrifices. A successful king hunt ends in checkmate. king pawn opening: Any opening beginning with 1. e4. kingside: The e-, f-, g-, and h-files. knight fork: Any double attack by a knight. See also double attack. knight’s tour: A chess puzzle whereby the knight is moved 64 times, landing on each square only once. A solution is called “re-entrant” if the knight finishes on a square that is a knight’s move away from the square where it began. ladder: A fluid method of ranking chess players within a club or other group. The ladder is usually established by listing players according to their chess 327 328 Part VI: Appendixes rating. Any player may challenge someone one step above him or her on the ladder (sometimes two or more places). If the challenger wins, that person moves up the ladder, and the opponent moves down. laws of chess: The rules that govern the play of the game. During the 1850s, Staunton was one of many players who first sought to establish a unified set of chess laws. FIDE established its own laws of chess in 1929. See also FIDE. legal move: A move permitted by the laws of chess. Legall’s mate: A mating sequence appearing in the game between M. de Kermar Legall and Saint Brie in about 1750: 1. e4 e5, 2. Bc4 d6, 3. Nf3 Bg4, 4. Nc3 g6, 5. Nxe5 Bxd1, 6. Bxf7+ Ke7, 7. Nd5 mate. lever: Kmoch’s term for two pawns, one white and one black, that are diagonally adjacent so that either can capture the other. light bishop: A bishop that moves on light-colored squares. light piece: Another expression for a minor piece: a bishop or a knight. lightning chess: Another term for speed or blitz chess. See blitz. liquidation: The exchange of chessmen to stunt an opponent’s attack, to solidify one’s own advantages, or to improve one’s own position. living chess: The performance of a chess game where the pawns and pieces are represented by real people. The performance may be a re-enactment of a famous game or a new game. long algebraic notation: A form of algebraic notation in which a move is designated by a letter indicating the piece moved, the square the piece moves from, and the square the piece moves to (for example, Bc1-g5). Pawn moves are designated by the starting square and the destination square (for example, e2-e4). See also algebraic notation. long castling: Expression sometimes used to describe castling queenside. See also castling. Long Whip: The line in the King’s Gambit: 1. e4 e5, 2. f4 exf4, 3. Nf3 g5, 4. h4 g4, 5. Ne5 h5. losing the exchange: To exchange a rook for either a bishop or a knight. Lucena’s position: A well-known and well-analyzed rook and pawn ending first analyzed in the oldest surviving book on chess, written by Luis Lucena and published in 1497. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess Luff: Kmoch’s expression for the part of a rank divided by a pawn having the greater number of squares. Luft: German for air, a flight square for the king. major piece: A queen or a rook. See also minor piece. majority: A player’s numerical superiority of pawns on one flank. Such a majority is important because it may lead to the creation of a passed pawn. See also passed pawn. Marshall Chess Club: New York City chess club founded by Frank Marshall in 1915 (originally named the Chess Divan). Marshall swindle: Another expression for swindle, so named because Frank Marshall was well known for finding ways to play on in what seemed like lost positions. He named a collection of his games “Chess Swindles.” See also swindle. master: Title offered by many national chess federations to strong players. See also national master. master tournament: A tournament held simultaneously with another tournament of greater strength, the latter usually containing many grandmasters as participants. The winner of the master tournament is often granted an invitation to the following year’s higher-level tournament. match: (a) A contest between two players only, as distinguished from a tournament. The term often refers to a contest of many games but is sometimes used to describe a single game. The first major chess match was between Louis Charles de la Bourdonnais and Alexander McDonnel in 1834. (b) A contest between two teams that is played on several boards. Match of the Century: The 1970 match in Belgrade between the Soviet Union and players from the rest of the world. The match consisted of four games on each of ten boards. The Soviet Union team won by 201⁄2 to 191⁄2. mate: Short for checkmate. mating attack: An attack that aims at checkmate. mating net: A position where one player has mating threats. mating sacrifice: A material sacrifice made to achieve checkmate. mechanical move: A move made with little thought because it seems to be obvious. 329 330 Part VI: Appendixes Mephisto: Constructed by Charles Godfrey Gumpel and first demonstrated in London in 1878, Mephisto was described as a chess-playing automaton. It was in fact a device that contained a person who played chess. middlegame: The part of a chess game that follows the opening and comes before the endgame. Consult Chapter 13 for details on the middlegame. See also opening, endgame. miniature: (a) Also called brevity, a miniature is a short game — usually containing 20 moves or less. Many writers use the term only for entertaining games and therefore don’t generally include draws in this category. (b) Any chess problem featuring seven or fewer pieces. See also problem. minor exchange: Tarrasch’s term for the exchange of a knight for a bishop. Because he preferred bishops, he described the player who gave up the knight as winning the minor exchange. See also exchange. minor piece: A bishop or a knight. See also major piece. minority attack: The advance of one or more pawns on a flank where the opponent has a pawn majority. mobility: The ability to move one’s pieces to important parts of the board quickly and easily. muse of chess: See Caissa. My System: Aaron Nimzowitsch’s immensely influential work describing his theory of chess and first published in English in 1929. national master: Title granted by national federations to strong players, usually those with a sustained Elo rating of 2,200 or above. See also Elo scale. neoromantic: A style of play developed in the 20th century. This style incorporates the romantic tradition of aggressive attack and couples this aspect of play with a strong defense. norm: The number of points a player in an international tournament must score to gain one qualification for a FIDE title. The weaker the tournament, the more points a player must score for any given norm. See also FIDE. notation: Any means of recording a chess game. See also algebraic notation, descriptive notation, and long algebraic notation. obstructive sacrifice: A material sacrifice to hinder an opponent’s development. See also sacrifice. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess odds: See handicap. Official Rules of Chess: Official FIDE publication setting forth the laws of chess. See also FIDE. Olympiad: Tournaments organized by FIDE, now held every two years in which teams from FIDE member countries compete. The first Chess Olympiad was held in London in 1927. The first Olympiad for women chess players was held in 1957. open file: A file that has no pawns. Sometimes called an “open line.” See also file. open game: A term usually used to denote games that begin 1. e4 e5 and are characterized by piece mobility. open tournament: A tournament that is open to any player. opening: The beginning part of a chess game, during which the players develop all or most of their pieces. Head to Chapter 12 for info on the opening. See also middlegame and endgame. opposite-colored bishops: See bishops of opposite colors. opposition: A position where the two kings are on the same rank, file, or diagonal. When only one square separates the kings, they’re said to be in direct opposition. When three to five squares separate them, they’re said to be in distant opposition. A player is said to “have the opposition” if the kings are in direct opposition and his or her opponent must move, thus allowing the player with the opposition to advance his or her king. Orangutan: 1. b4. Also known as Sokolsky’s Opening, Polish Opening, and Polish Attack. organic weakness: Any permanent imperfection in a pawn structure. OTB: See over the board. outpost: A square on the fifth, sixth, or seventh rank that a pawn is guarding and that an enemy pawn can’t attack. outside passed pawn: A passed pawn away from most of the other pawns on the board. over the board: A description of games played face to face, as opposed to correspondence chess. 331 332 Part VI: Appendixes overprotection: Nimzowitsch’s concept of concentrating many pieces and/or pawns — even more than may seem necessary — on an important square. This technique creates a strong square that interacts beneficially with the overprotecting pieces. overload: A situation where a pawn or piece must perform too many defensive functions and a weakness is created. pairings: A listing of who plays whom at a tournament. parry a check: To place a chessman between a king in check and the checking piece. Parrying is one of three ways to meet a check, the other two being to move the king or to capture the checking piece. If a player in check can’t employ one of these three ways to meet the check, the king is checkmated and the game is over. See also check and checkmate. partie: French and German for game. passed pawn: A pawn that has no enemy pawn opposing it on its own file or on any immediately adjacent file. passive: (a) Description of a move that contains no threats; (b) description of a piece with limited mobility — in other words, a piece that isn’t active. See also active. patzer: A weak player (taken from German). Sometimes used more specifically to describe a weak player who either doesn’t recognize his or her deficiencies or who may boast of his or her ability. pawn chain: A diagonal set of pawns that protect each other. pawn formation: A pawn configuration associated with a particular opening. See Chapter 9 for more on pawn formations. pawn grabbing: An insulting term to describe the act of winning pawns at the expense of development or countering an opponent’s attack. Also known as pawn snatching. pawn promotion: See promotion. pawn storm: The general advance of two or more connected pawns. A pawn storm may be employed to attack the king, to promote one of the pawns, or to keep some of the opponents’ pieces away from another part of the board, among other things. Also known as a pawn push or a pawn roller. pawn structure: Description of the overall position of one player’s pawns on the board. Consult Chapter 3 for information on pawn structures. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess perfect score: Term to describe the score of a player who wins all his or her games in a tournament or match. perpetual check: A position where one player can continue to place his or her opponent’s king in check without threatening checkmate. Such a game is drawn because either the player with perpetual check will eventually be able to make a threefold repetition of the position, or both players will agree to a draw. phalanx: Pawn structure where two or more pawns of the same color are side by side — in other words, on the same rank and on adjacent files. See also pawn structure. piece: A king, queen, rook, bishop, or knight. pin: A piece or pawn that is immobilized because it stands between its king (or other piece) and an opponent’s piece that would otherwise be attacking the king (or the other piece). playoff: A method of breaking a tie where the tied players play one or more games against each other. poisoned pawn: A pawn (often white’s pawn on b2) that is undefended during the opening but that, if taken, often permits the player who gave it up to engage in a strong attack or to later win the piece taking the pawn. positional sacrifice: A sacrifice of material that improves the position of the sacrificing player. postmortem: The discussion of a game after it’s over. postal chess: See correspondence chess. postalite: Informal term for a player of postal or correspondence chess. See also correspondence chess. Praxis: This German term for practice is commonly used in chess literature because of the great influence of Nimzowitsch’s book Chess Praxis. prepared variation: An opening line that a player discovers in study before a tournament and that the player only makes public over the board. See also over the board. preventive sacrifice: Sacrifice made to prevent the opponent from castling. Also known as an anticastling sacrifice. See also castling and sacrifice. 333 334 Part VI: Appendixes problem: A composed chess position that identifies that checkmate (or another conclusion, such as helpmate, where you checkmate yourself) is to be given in a specified number of moves. promotion: When a pawn reaches the eighth rank, it must immediately become a piece of its own color (except a king) at the player’s choice — regardless of what pieces he or she may still have on the board. Generally, a player will promote a pawn to a queen. See also underpromotion. prophylaxis: Nimzowitsch’s expression for positional play strategy where the opponent’s position is kept constricted. protected passed pawn: A passed pawn that is protected by another pawn. See also passed pawn. queen pawn opening: An opening begun by the advance of the d-pawn to the d4 square. queening square: The eighth rank square to which a pawn is moved and then must be promoted. This promotion square is called the queening square because the promotion choice is nearly always a queen. See also promotion. queenside: The a-, b-, c-, and d-files. quick play: See rapid chess. quiet move: A move that contains no immediate threat, doesn’t make a capture, and isn’t a check. rank: Any horizontal row on a chessboard. rapid chess: A chess game where each player has 30 minutes in which to complete the game; previously called action chess by FIDE. In the United States, the preferred term is action chess, and in the United Kingdom, the expression is quick play. Rat Defense: Another name for the Modern Defense. Rat Opening: King’s fianchetto opening (1. g3). See also fianchetto. rating: A numerical representation of the strength of a chess player based upon his or her results in games against other graded players. In the United Kingdom, the term grading is used in place of rating. re-entrant: See knight’s tour. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess recording a game: The process of writing down all the moves of a game, generally at or near the time each move is played. refute: To prove that a previously accepted move, line, or opening is deficient when best play is pursued by both sides. Remis: German for draw. repetition of position: A player may claim a draw if he or she can demonstrate that a threefold repetition of the position has occurred, with the same player having the move each time. resign: To admit defeat of a game before being checkmated. The resigning player commonly tips over his or her king to signal resignation or says, “I resign” to the opponent. Resignation immediately ends the game. retrograde analysis: To analyze a position to deduce previous moves or to explain how the position was reached. round robin: A tournament where each contestant plays one game with every other contestant. royal game: Commonly used description for the game of chess. Ruy Lopez: 1. e4 e5, 2. Nf3 Nc6, 3. Bb5. One of the oldest chess openings, it was analyzed by Ruy Lopez in his 1561 book Libro del Ajedrez. Also known as the Spanish game. sacrifice: To deliberately give up material to achieve an advantage. The advantage gained may be an attack, a gain in tempo, greater board control, the creation of an outpost, and so on. scholar’s mate: A four-move checkmate: 1. e4 e5, 2. Bc4 Bc5, 3. Qh5 Nf6, 4. Qxf7 mate. See also fool’s mate. score: (a) A written record of a game containing all the moves; (b) a player’s result in a game, match, or tournament. score sheet: The paper on which a chess score is recorded. sealed move: The last move made before a game is adjourned. The move isn’t played on the board; rather, the players record their move on their score sheet. Then they place their score sheets in an envelope that is sealed and presented to the arbiter. See also adjournment. 335 336 Part VI: Appendixes second: Term for someone who assists a chess player, generally providing advice on openings and assisting with analysis. The assistance may be in preparation for a match or tournament or may take place during a match or tournament (before an adjourned game is resumed, for example) or both. seesaw: Term to describe a series of alternating direct and discovered checks. sham sacrifice: A move that appears to be a sacrifice but if accepted yields the player offering the piece a gain in material or a strong positional advantage. sharp: Descriptive term applied to a move or a series of moves that could be considered risky. short castling: Castling on the kingside. shot: Colloquial term for a very strong and unexpected move. simplify: To exchange material in order to reduce the possibility of an opponentâ€™s attack. The player with the better position is more likely to simplify than the player with the worse position. simul: See simultaneous display. simultaneous display: An event where a single player (commonly a strong player) plays several people all at the same time. Numerous boards are set up, in a circle or rectangle, and the single player stands inside this area, moving from board to board, usually playing a single move at a time. Also known as simultaneous exhibition or simul. skewer: An attack on a piece that results in the win of another, less valuable piece that is on the same rank, file, or diagonal after the attacked piece is moved. skittles: Informal or casual chess games, often played quickly. smothered mate: A form of checkmate where the king is unable to move because all the squares around him are occupied by chessmen. Spanish game: See Ruy Lopez. speculative: Description of a move or series of moves when the outcome canâ€™t be known. spite check: A check by a player facing a mating attack that doesnâ€™t prevent the mating attack but only delays it. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess stalemate: A situation where a player on the move isn’t in check but can’t make a legal move. For over 100 years, stalemate has been deemed a draw. Before that, people in different places treated stalemate differently. For example, people have considered stalemate to be a win, a loss, and illegal, among other verdicts. See Chapter 4 for information on stalemate. Staunton chessmen: Chessmen designed in 1835 by Nathaniel Cook, who convinced Howard Staunton in 1852 that they should be designated Staunton chessmen. They’re the design that FIDE requires. See also FIDE. steamroller: See pawn storm. strategy: The overall, long-range plan for a chess game. Chapter 11 provides information on chess strategy. swindle: A combination that converts a player’s position into a win or draw. Such a combination is generally considered to be either avoidable by the opponent or the result of luck. Swiss system: A method of pairing players at a tournament, developed in Switzerland in the 19th century by Dr. Julius Muller and first employed in 1895. The three fundamental rules of the Swiss system are as follows: (a) No player meets the same opponent twice; (b) pairings should match players with scores that are as similar as possible; and (c) the number of games as white and as black for each player should be kept as close as possible to equal throughout the tournament. symmetrical pawn structure: Position where the pawns of one side mirror the position of the pawns of the other side. symmetry: Position where the chessmen of one side mirror the position of the chessmen of the other side. tactic: A move or moves that are expected to yield benefits in the short term. Chapter 5 covers chess tactics. TD: Abbreviation for tournament director. tempo: Italian for time. Generally, to lose a tempo is disadvantageous, and a general rule of thumb is that the loss of three tempi is equivalent to the loss of a pawn. text move: In annotations, a reference to the move actually played or the main line being analyzed. 337 338 Part VI: Appendixes thematic move: A move that is consistent with the overall strategy pursued by the player. See also strategy. theoretical novelty: A new move in an established opening. theory: Term to refer to the general body of accepted chess knowledge. threat: A move that contains an implied or expressed attack on a piece or pawn or the position of the opponent. tiebreaking system: A method used to determine a single winner when tournament play produces a tie. One tiebreaker is the playoff, but due to the time it takes to play additional games, a playoff often isn’t feasible. Ties are sometimes resolved in favor of the player who won the most games, the player who won the individual game between the tied players, or the player who had black if the individual game between the players was drawn. time limit: The amount of time allocated to each player in which a prescribed number of moves must be made. Failure to make all the moves within the time allotted results in a loss (or a draw in a small number of situations). time trouble: A situation where a player has a small amount of time to make a large number of moves. TN: Abbreviation for theoretical novelty. top board: In a team match, the player who competes against the strongest opponents. Sometimes referred to as first board. touch-move: Chess rule that requires a player who touches a piece to actually move that piece (if it is his or her own) or take that piece (if it belongs to the opponent). If the player can’t legally move or capture the touched piece, then he or she may make any move. A player may touch a piece and not be compelled to move or capture it if he or she first announces “J’adoube” or “I adjust.” See also J’adoube. tournament: A contest among more than two chess players. tournament book: A collection of all the games of a tournament (or selected games if the tournament is very large). Generally, a tournament book also includes some or all of the following: crosstables, complete or partial results, annotations of interesting or important games, background information on players or the tournament, and photographs. trap: A move whose natural reply results in a disadvantage to the replying player. Appendix A: A Glossary of Chess triangulation: A process whereby a king is moved twice to reach a square that it could attain in a single move. The beginning square and the two squares to which it is moved form a triangle. Triangulation is generally employed only in endings. tripled pawns: Three pawns of the same color on a single file. underpromotion: The promotion of a pawn to a piece other than a queen. See also promotion. undoubling: To move one of a set of doubled pawns onto an adjacent file that contains no pawns of its own color, via a capture. See doubled pawns. unit: A term that refers to both pieces and pawns. See also piece, pawn, and chessman. United States Chess Federation: The official governing body for chess in the United States. Often referred to by its abbreviation, USCF. vacating sacrifice: A sacrifice intended to clear a square for another piece. weak square: An important square that a player canâ€™t easily defend. wing: See flank. winning the exchange: Giving up a knight or a bishop for a rook. See also exchange. winning move: A move that creates a position in which the player can or does win. woodpusher: Derogatory term for a player who shows no understanding for chess but rather appears to simply push his or her pieces around the board. World Chess Federation: See FIDE. Zugzwang: The situation where a playerâ€™s position is weakened by the mere fact that he or she is compelled to make a move. Zwischenzug: German for intermediate move, which is a move that is made in between an apparently forced sequence of moves, improving the position of the player making the move. 339 Other Chess Resources S ome people are serious tournament competitors, and others enjoy the game in a much more casual fashion. These people want and need different chess resources. Fortunately, there exists an amazing array of resources of every kind. Beginner’s Chess Books Chess players like to brag about their chess libraries. And libraries aren’t tough to build — more books have been written about chess than any other game. Hundreds of books are worth recommending, but it’s best to start out modestly and purchase (or borrow) only what you need. Comprehensive Chess Course If you have the time and money, the multivolume Comprehensive Chess Course by Grandmaster Lev Alburt (published by the Chess Information and Research Center) has my highest recommendation. The first couple of volumes are for the absolute beginner, but some of the later ones are full of information even masters will find useful. You may contact GM Alburt by calling 800-247-6553. Official Rules of Chess, Fifth Edition The official book of the United States Chess Federation is edited by Tim Just and Daniel B. Burg. Published by McKay Chess, this indispensable guide allows you to win all the arguments about rules that you’re bound to have. It also includes a complete set of international rules. 342 Part VI: Appendixes The Oxford Companion to Chess, Second Edition The second edition of The Oxford Companion to Chess is written by David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld and published by Oxford University Press. It includes everything from A to Z about chess — and is the handiest singlesource reference book around. The Even More Complete Chess Addict Written by Michael Fox and Richard James and published by Faber and Faber, The Even More Complete Chess Addict is the chess trivia book to get. The authors are witty and thorough in digging up gems — such as the man who was British Ladies Champion. A must have. Chess Equipment Serious chess players tend to buy lots of books, but everybody needs a chess set and board. In tournaments, you can use inexpensive plastic sets as long as they’re of the Staunton design, but the more you play, the more you’ll appreciate the look and feel of wooden ones. If you want to play in tournaments, you should also buy a chess clock, because clocks are required in official competitions. Both analog and digital chess clocks are available, but the digital ones have become the standard. The following resources have large inventories and reliable service. The Chess Cafe The United States Chess Federation has outsourced its book and equipment business to the Chess Cafe. You can find equipment (sets and clocks) and a large assortment of books on their Web site: www.chesscafe.com. This site also offers great articles and instruction. Your Move Chess & Games Your Move Chess & Games is touted as “America’s largest chess store” and the country’s premier chess mail-order company. Check out their inventory online at www.chessusa.com. Appendix B: Other Chess Resources Informative Internet Resources One of the best things about the Internet for a chess enthusiast is the sheer number of quality Web sites dedicated to some aspect of the game. Following is a list of chess sites that I visit on a regular basis or especially admire. However, the Web is designed to be surfed, so don’t limit yourself to what you see here. Also, because the Internet changes on a daily basis, I recommend that you develop your own favorites list and keep exploring every now and then to see if any new sites have cropped up. About Chess: About.com has an excellent site to help you learn more about chess: http://chess.about.com. It also features a lively discussion board on a variety of chess-related topics. ChessBase: This site at www.chessbase.com is the home of some of the most sophisticated chess software and is also a great site for news. Chess Cafe: At www.chesscafe.com, you can find a combination of things to buy, articles on all aspects of the game, and much, much more. Chess Mentor: This site (www.chess.com) is the home of the teaching platform Chess Mentor and is the place to find your way to my personal chess journal. (Just scroll down the home page, where you’ll find a link.) Chess Ninja: The great site www.chessninja.com includes, among many features, the “Daily Dirt,” which is both amusing and informative. Chess Today: Chess Today is the first daily chess newspaper delivered to your e-mail inbox. Subscribe online at www.chesstoday.net. Free samples are available. The Week in Chess (TWIC): One of the most current and complete information sites is TWIC. Here you find the latest news, events, games, and tournament results, along with quality book reviews, updated on a weekly basis. You can check out the site at www.chesscenter.com/ twic/twic.html. U.S. Places, People to See, and Games of Interest If you get the chance, you can visit a number of places of special interest to chess lovers. You’ll find a rich atmosphere and historic photos, as well as people who share your interest in the game. 343 344 Part VI: Appendixes Marshall Chess Club Located in New York, the Marshall Chess Club has a rich tradition and plenty of action, from offhand blitz games to serious tournaments. Although anyone can visit, you have to be a member in order to play in its events. The club is located at 23 W. 10th St., New York, NY 10011; you can reach it by phone at 212-477-3716. Also check out its Web site at www.marshallchessclub.org Mechanics’ Institute Chess Room Located on the fourth floor at 57 Post Street in San Francisco and founded in 1854, the Mechanics’ Institute Chess Room is the oldest chess club in continuous existence. Anyone can visit, but you have to be a member to participate in its events. Contact the club by phone at 415-421-2258 or visit the Web site at www.chessclub.org. The John G. White Collection Located on the third floor of the Cleveland, Ohio, main library at 125 Superior Avenue, the John G. White Collection is the chess world’s largest research and reference library. It includes some of the rarest books and materials available in the United States. The main library’s Web site is www.cpl.org, and the phone number is 216-623-2800. World Chess Hall of Fame & Sidney Samole Chess Museum The World Chess Hall of Fame & Sidney Samole Chess Museum, at 13755 S.W. 119th Avenue in Miami, is dedicated to telling the stories of the greatest players in history. It also has some wonderfully rare material — my favorite one being the original edition of the tournament book from the first true international competition in 1851! You can also find out about upcoming events at the museum and other pertinent info at www.uschesshalloffame.com or by calling 786-242-4255. Index • Numbers & Symbols • !! (double exclamation point), 272 ?? (double question mark), 272 = (equal sign), 272 ! (exclamation point), 272 –/+ (minus/plus sign), 272 + (plus sign), 272 +/– (plus/minus sign), 272 # (pound sign), 272 ? (question mark), 272 1 ⁄2 (one-half fraction), 272 •A• About Chess (Web site), 343 active move, 315 adjournment, 315 adjudication, 315 adjusting pieces, 315 Alburt, Lev (Comprehensive Chess Course), 341 Alekhine, Alexander (chess player), 179, 256, 308 Alekhine’s Defense (opening), 209 algebraic notation, 263, 316 analog clock, 246 Anand, Viswanathan (chess player), 251, 312 Anderssen, Adolf (chess player), 278–283, 310, 326 annotation cautions, 278 definition, 12, 316 overview, 272 ape-man strategy, 44 arbiter, 250, 316 art, 23 The Art of Attack (Vukovic, Vladimir), 121, 223 artificial intelligence, 258 attack, 222–224, 316 attacked square, 42 Averbakh, Yuri Chess Endings: Essential Knowledge, 147 minority attack, 221 •B• back rank mate, 124–125, 316 backward pawn, 59, 316 bad bishop, 316 base, 62 BCA (British Chess Association), 317 BCF (British Chess Federation), 317 beginner’s mistakes check, 50, 157 endgame, 147 opening, 193–194 scholar’s mate, 122–123 tempo gains and losses, 50 beginning of game (opening). See also specific moves analysis of, 196–200 attacks on opponent, 195–196 beginner’s mistakes, 193–194 centralization, 180–184 checkmate, 193, 194 chess notation, 264–266 definition, 11, 331 development, 194–195 differences in names, 200 discussion among players, 200 importance, 193 king safety strategy, 53, 54 knight movements, 34–35 memorization of moves, 193 rook pawns, 26 space strategies, 42–45 transposed, 193 weird names, 214 346 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition behavior, game spite check, 65 tournament etiquette, 251–255 verbal “check,” 64 Benjamin, Joel (Unorthodox Openings), 214 bishop attack power, 27, 29 blocks by pawns, 28–29 capture basics, 28, 29 chess notation, 264 Closed English formation, 166–167 discovered attack, 92–94 double check, 96 Dragon formation, 160–161 endgame, 238–242 exchange of, 185 fianchetto, 158–159 fork tactic, 83–87 key square strategy, 190 King’s Gambit, 110–112 versus knight, 47 middlegame principles, 224 Morphy’s mate, 134–136 movements, 26–29 namesake, 26 Nimzo-Botvinnik formation, 168 Nimzo-Indian opening, 89–90 opening analysis, 197–200 opening development, 194 origins of chess, 21 overview, 26 pair, 316 pawn formation effects, 156–157 pin tactic, 87–90 placement on chessboard, 19 Queen’s Gambit, 182–184 Queen’s Indian, 213 quickest checkmate, 53–54 relative value, 47, 188 Ruy Lopez opening, 201–202 sacrifice, 112–114 Scheveningen formation, 162, 163 scholar’s mate, 122–123 skewer tactic, 90–91 space guidelines, 45 symbol, 18 temporary sacrifice, 115–117 blindfold chess, 317 blitz game, 94, 317 blockade definition, 317 endgame strategy, 227 knight-knight ending, 240 overview, 59 process, 191–192 blunder, 109, 317 board colors, 14–15 diagonals, 17 versus diagrams, 12 knight’s tour, 35 naming of squares, 16–17 number of squares, 15 ordering information, 12, 342 placement of chess set, 18–21 rank and file illustrations, 15–16 selection, 13–14 tournament rules, 246 book move, 317 books, 341–342 Botvinnik, Mikhail (chess player), 309 brevity, 330 brilliancy, 317 brilliancy prize, 317 British Chess Association (BCA), 317 British Chess Federation (BCF), 317 building a bridge, 151–154 Byrne, Donald (chess player), 294–297, 324 •C• Caissa (goddess of chess), 317 calculation, 137, 138–139 candidate move, 139 Capablanca, José Raúl (chess player), 292–294, 306 captures bishop movements, 28, 29 break of pin, 88 chess notation, 266–267, 270–271 Index doubled pawn remedy, 61 en passant method, 169–171 illegal, 88 king movements, 32 material guidelines, 48 pawn movements, 36–39 queen movements, 30 rook movements, 25 typical pawn formations, 143–146 Caro-Kann Defense (opening), 208–209 cash prize, 248 castling chess notation, 268, 269–270 Closed English benefits, 166 definition, 53, 317 Dragon formation, 160–161 Nimzo-Indian opening, 90 opening strategy, 53, 54 overview, 172–175 Queen’s Gambit, 183–184 center, of chessboard chess strategies, 180–184 Closed English formation, 166–167 definition, 318 Double Stonewall formation, 165–166 illustration, 44 middlegame principles, 223 opening development, 194 center-counter opening, 51–52 centralization definition, 318 opening development, 194 overview, 180–184 chain, pawn definition, 61, 332 French Defense opening, 140–143 overview, 61–62 weakening tips, 62, 140–141 chatrang, 21, 318 chaturanga, 21, 318 cheating, 254 check beginner’s mistakes, 50, 157 definition, 10, 318 overview, 63–64 pointless, 64 types, 65 verbal “check,” 64 checkmate. See also specific types definition, 318 with king and queen, 66–70 with king and rook, 70–78 major pieces, 25 minor pieces, 25, 26 opening, 193, 194 overview, 66 quickest, 53–54 chess club, 245–246, 344 drama, 110 game versus intellectual activity, 1 object of game, 63 origins, 21 overview, 9–12 phases, 11 versus warfare, 11 Chess Assistant (database program), 260 Chess Cafe (equipment resource), 342, 343 chess clock definition, 318 draw offering, 254 overview, 246–247 Chess Endings: Essential Knowledge (Averbakh, Yuri), 147 Chess Life magazine, 246 Chess Mentor (instructional software), 260, 343 Chess Ninja (Web site), 343 chess notation annotations, 272 captures, 266–267, 270–271 castling, 268, 269–270 chess pieces, 264 definition, 330 en passant method, 271 exchanges, 268–269 newspaper diagrams, 272–273 opening, 264–266 overview, 12, 263 pawn promotion, 270 Chess Olympiads (tournaments), 250 347 348 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition chess problem, 318 chess set. See also specific pieces color, 13 definition, 12 design, 13 key to power, 55 major pieces, 25 notation, 264 ordering information, 12, 342 overview, 23 placement on chessboard, 18–21 relative values, 46–47 science versus art, 23 selection, 13–14 symbols, 18 tournament rules, 246, 254–255 wood versus other materials, 13–14 chess strategy. See also specific strategies center control, 180–184 endgame, 226–227 importance, 11 overview, 179–180 Chess Today (newspaper), 343 chess tournament book of games, 338 chess set design, 13 clubs, 245–246 definition, 338 etiquette, 251–255 international, 250 overview, 12, 245 queen-pawn mates, 125–129 score sheet, 273–274 touch-move rule, 254–255 U.S. basics, 246–249 Chessbase (database program), 260 ChessBase (Web site), 343 chessboard colors, 14–15 diagonals, 17 versus diagrams, 12 knight’s tour, 35 naming of squares, 16–17 number of squares, 15 ordering information, 12, 342 placement of chess set, 18–21 rank and file illustrations, 15–16 selection, 13–14 tournament rules, 246 chessist, 318 chessman, 319 Chesster (computer program), 260 Chigorin, Mikhail Ivanovich (grandmaster), 211, 311 China, 21 class prize, 248 classic bishop sacrifice, 112–114 classical chess, 319 clearance sacrifice process, 97–100 queen-pawn mate, 125–127 clock definition, 318 draw offering, 254 overview, 246–247 Closed English formation, 166–167 closed file, 319 closed game, 319 closed position, 56 club, 245–246, 344 color bishop movements, 28 chess set, 13 chessboard, 14–15 knight movements, 34 combination. See also specific types benefits, 96, 97 definition, 2, 11, 319 false assumptions, 97 overview, 81, 96–97 sacrifice, 97–100 compensation, 319 competition book of games, 338 chess set design, 13 clubs, 245–246 definition, 338 etiquette, 251–255 international, 250 overview, 12, 245 queen-pawn mates, 129 score sheet, 273–274 Index touch-move rule, 254–255 U.S. basics, 246–249 composition, 217–221 Comprehensive Chess Course (Alburt, Lev), 341 computer chess. See also Internet chess calculations, 257–258 instruction, 260–261 overview, 12, 257 software, 259–260 consultation chess, 283, 319 contested square, 42, 56 control, 42–45, 46 cook, 319 correspondence chess, 250–251, 319 counterattack, 224 courtesy spite check, 65 tournament etiquette, 251–255 verbal “check,” 64 cramped game, 42, 186, 319 cramping move, 42, 141 crippled majority, 319 critical position, 320 cross-check, 320 crosstable, 320 cutting off squares process definition, 66 king and queen, 66–70 rook and king, 70–72, 74–77 •D• Damiano’s mate (mating pattern), 97–100, 125–129 database, 260 decoy, 100–102, 320 Deep Blue (IBM chess computer), 259, 297–299 deflection sacrifice, 102–104 descriptive notation, 263, 320 design, of chess set, 13, 337 desperado, 320 destroying the guard, 104–105 developing move, 49 development center-counter opening, 51–52 definition, 11, 48, 320 gambits, 50, 52, 110–112 middlegame principles, 223 opening moves, 194–195 opponent’s, 194–195 overview, 48–49 tempo gains and losses, 49–50 diagonal bishop movements, 27–29 definition, 320 Dragon formation, 160–161 fianchetto strengths, 159 material guidelines, 48 overview, 17 pawn captures, 36–37 pawn chains, 61–62 queen movements, 30 diagram versus actual chessboard, 12 conventions, 2 definition, 320 discovered attack, 320 discovered check definition, 65, 320 overview, 92–94, 94–96 distraction, 252, 255 double attack, 92–94, 320 double bishop sacrifice, 320 double check definition, 65, 321 overview, 94–96 queen-knight mates, 132 double exclamation point (!!), 272 double king pawn opening, 201–207 double queen pawn opening, 210–211 double question mark (??), 272 double round robin, 321 Double Stonewall formation, 164–166 doubled pawn, 60–61, 321 doubling, 224 Dragon formation, 160–161 drama, of game, 110 draw bishop-bishop ending, 242 definition, 4, 321 overview, 65–66 rook endings, 238 tournament etiquette, 253–254 duffer, 321 349 350 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition Dufresne, J. (chess player), 281–283 dynamic equilibrium, 43 dynamism, 321 •E• edge cutting off squares process, 66–70, 73–77 definition, 45, 321 Indian Defense, 212–213 space guidelines, 45 electronic resources chess clubs, 344 chess programs, 259, 260 correspondence chess, 251 databases, 260 Deep Blue, 299 informational sites, 261 instructional software, 260 Internet chess, 261, 343 mail order, 342 elements. See also specific elements definition, 10 importance, 10 overview, 41 elephant, 26 Elo, Arpad (rating system developer), 247 Elo ratings, 247, 321 e-mail chess. See Internet chess en passant capture definition, 321 notation, 271 overview, 169–171 endgame beginner’s mistakes, 147 bishop endings, 238–242 bishop movements, 28 definition, 11, 322 king movements, 33 knight and bishop values, 188 knight endings, 238–242 material strategies, 48 minor piece endings, 238–242 overview, 225 pattern recognition, 147–154 pawn-king endings, 227–237 rook endings, 237–238 space, 44 strategy, 226–227 study, 322 English Opening, 166 equal sign (=), 272 escape square, 322 etiquette, 251–255 Europe, 21 Euwe, Max (Judgment and Planning in Chess), 179, 310 The Even More Complete Chess Addict (Fox, Mike and James, Richard), 256, 342 The Evergreen Game (famous chess game), 281–283 exchange variation, 268–270 exchanging pieces bishop-bishop ending, 242 chess notation, 268–269 definition, 322 endgame strategy, 227 middlegame principles, 224 overview, 185–186 pawn formation, 146 uneven trades, 185 exclamation point (!), 272 experience, 216, 245–246 •F• feedback, 260 fers, 322 fianchetto definition, 89, 322 Dragon formation, 160–161 Indian Defenses, 212–213 Nimzo-Indian opening, 89 opening analysis, 199–200 overview, 158–159 FIDE (International Chess Federation) definition, 322 Kasparov-Short match (1993), 251 Official Rules of Chess, 331, 341 origins of chess, 21 Index overview, 250 ratings, 247 FIDE master (FM), 250, 322 50-move rule, 323 file chess notation, 270–271 definition, 15, 323 illustrated, 16 middlegame principles, 224 naming system, 16 file-first method, 16 Fine, Ruben (The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings), 140 Fingerfehler (finger-slip), 323 first board, 323 Fischer clock (chess clock), 323 Fischer, Robert J. (chess player) overview, 306 versus Donald Byrne, 294–297, 324 fish, 323 flag, 323 flank cutting off squares process, 66–70, 73–77 definition, 45 development, 323 Indian Defense, 212–213 openings, 323 space guidelines, 45 flight square, 323 fluid pawn center, 324 FM (FIDE master), 250 food, 255 fool’s mate, 324 forced move, 324 forcing nature, 138–139 forfeit, 247 fork decoy, 102 definition, 324 overview, 82–87 formation benefits of learning, 140 definition, 2, 11, 332 effect on game, 156–157 exchange of pieces, 146 overview, 155 strength and weakness analysis, 157–159 typical, 143–146 Forsyth notation, 324 forsythe notation, 263 Fox, Mike (The Even More Complete Chess Addict), 256, 342 Frankenstein-Dracula (tactic), 82–87 free game, 83 Free Internet Chess Server (Web site), 261 freeing move, 42 French bishop, 324 French Defense (opening) drawback, 207, 208 pawn chain, 140–143 pawn formation, 156 Fritz (computer program), 259, 260 frontier line, 324 •G• Gallagher, Joe (The Magic of Mikhail Tal), 119 gambit classic example, 110–112 definition, 50, 324 origin of term, 112 overview, 110 Game of the Century (Fischer-Byrne game, 1956), 294–297, 324 grading, 324 grandmaster draw, 325 grandmaster (GM), 250, 325 Grandmaster of Chess (formal title), 325 Grünfeld, Ernst (chess player), 256 •H• half-open file, 325 half-pin, 325 hand hover, 255 handle, 261 hanging pawn, 60, 325 351 352 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition heavy piece, 25 heuristics, 258 hole, 325 Hooper, David (The Oxford Companion to Chess), 342 hypermodern, 325 •I• ID, online, 261 The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings (Fine, Ruben), 140 illegal move, 325–326 illegal position, 326 IM (international master), 250 The Immortal Game (famous chess game), 278–281, 326 India, 21 Indian Defense (opening), 212–213, 326 initiative definition, 50, 326 Queen’s Gambit, 184 instruction, 260–261 intermediate move, 339 international arbiter, 326 International Chess Federation (FIDE) definition, 322 Kasparov-Short match (1993), 251 Official Rules of Chess, 331, 341 origins of chess, 21 overview, 250 ratings, 247 International Computer Chess Association, 326 international grandmaster (GM), 326 international master (IM), 250, 326 international tournament, 250 international woman grandmaster, 327 Internet chess. See also computer chess correspondence chess, 250–251 Kasparov versus the world, 299–303 overview, 12 procedure, 261–262 types, 261 Web sites, 251, 343 Internet Chess Club (Web site), 261 Internet resources chess clubs, 344 chess programs, 259, 260 correspondence chess, 251 databases, 260 Deep Blue, 299 informational sites, 261 instructional software, 260 Internet chess, 261, 343 mail order, 342 interposing, 88 intuition, 137, 139 isolated pawn, 59–59, 327 Isouard, Count (chess player), 283–285 •J• James, Richard (The Even More Complete Chess Addict), 256, 342 John G. White Collection (library), 344 Judgment and Planning in Chess (Euwe, Max), 179 •K• Karl of Braunschweig, Duke (chess player), 283–285 Karpov, Anatoly (chess player), 307 Karpov-Chom game (1977), 97–100 Kasparov, Garry (chess player) cheating, 254 versus Deep Blue, 259, 297–299 versus Nigel Short, 251 overview, 305 versus the world, 299–303 Keres, Paul (chess player), 312 key square, 188–191 kibitz, 2, 327 Kieseritzky, Lionel (chess player), 278–281, 326 king back rank mate, 124–125 capture basics, 32 castling process, 172–175 Index center-counter opening, 51–52 check overview, 10, 63–65 check process, 66–70 chess notation, 264 classic bishop sacrifice, 112–114 clearance sacrifice, 99–100 cutting off squares process, 66–72, 74–77 decoy, 100–102 defense, 32 double check, 95–96 endgame basic strategy, 226–227 fork tactic, 84–87 hunt, 327 illegal capture, 88 King’s Gambit, 110–112 Lucena’s position, 148–154 major versus minor pieces, 25 movements, 32–33 opposition, 229–233 origins of chess, 21 overview, 31 pawn promotion, 173 pawn-king ending, 227–237 pin tactic, 88 placement on chessboard, 20 queen-knight mates, 129–133 Queen’s Gambit, 183–184 quickest checkmate, 53–54 rook endings, 238 rook-king checkmate, 70–78 Scheveningen formation, 163 scholar’s mate, 122–123 sign of resignation, 253 skewer tactic, 90–91 stalemate overview, 65–66 symbol, 18 temporary sacrifice, 115–117 king safety element middlegame plan, 217–218 overview, 52–53 quickest checkmate, 53–54 King’s Gambit (classic gambit), 110–112 King’s Indian (opening), 212–213 kingside, 172, 327 Kmoch, Hans (Pawn Power in Chess), 217 knight Alekhine’s Defense, 209 attack power, 33–34 versus bishop, 47 blockades, 192 center-counter opening, 52 chess notation, 264 classic bishop sacrifice, 112–114 clearance sacrifice, 98–100 Closed English formation, 166–167 destroying the guard, 104–105 discovered attack, 92–94 endgame, 238–242 exchange of, 185 fork tactic, 82–87, 327 French Defense, 142 Indian Defense, 212–213 isolated pawn blockades, 59 key square strategy, 189–191 middlegame principles, 224 movements, 34–35 Nimzo-Botvinnik formation, 168 Nimzo-Indian opening, 89–90 opening development, 194 origins of chess, 21 overview, 33 permanent sacrifice, 118–119 Petroff’s Defense, 202–206 placement on chessboard, 19 queen-knight mates, 129–133 Queen’s Gambit, 181–184 relative value, 47, 188 scholar’s mate, 122–123 space guidelines, 45 symbol, 18 temporary sacrifice, 115–117 knight’s tour, 35, 327 Koltanowski, George (grandmaster), 35, 173 Korchnoi, Viktor (chess player), 175, 307, 312 Kotov, Alexander (Think Like a Grandmaster), 139 Kramnik, Vladimir (chess player), 310 353 354 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition •L• ladder, 327–328 Lasker, Emanuel (chess player) versus José Raúl Capablanca, 292–294 overview, 307–308 legal move, 328 Legall’s mate (mating pattern), 92–94, 328 Legall–St. Brie Paris game (1750), 92–94 letter, 15–17, 264 lever, 38, 328 Levitsky, Stepan (chess player), 290–292 lightning chess, 328 line, 100, 224 liquidation, 328 living chess, 328 locked pawn, 37–38 long algebraic notation, 328 long castling, 328 Lopez, Ruy (chess player), 112 loser, 256 loss on time, 247 Lucena’s position (endgame pattern), 147–154, 328 •M• magazine, 246 The Magic of Mikhail Tal (Gallagher, Joe), 119 major piece, 25, 329 majority, 329 manners spite check, 65 tournament etiquette, 251–255 verbal “check,” 64 mantri, 21 Marshall Chess Club, 329, 344 Marshall, Frank (chess player), 290–292 Marshall swindle, 329 master, 329 master tournament, 329 match competition, 249, 329 Match of the Century (Soviet Union versus the world), 329 mate. See also specific types definition, 318 with king and queen, 66–70 with king and rook, 70–78 major pieces, 25 minor pieces, 25, 26, 239–240 opening, 193, 194 overview, 66 quickest, 53–54 material guidelines, 48 middlegame plan, 217–218 overview, 46 strategies, 47–48 value of pieces, 46–47 mating attack, 329 mating net, 173 mating pattern. See also specific types definition, 10 versus endgame patterns, 147 memorization, 121 overview, 121 mating sacrifice, 329 mechanical move, 329 Mechanics’ Institute Chess Room (chess club), 344 memorization mating patterns, 121 opening moves, 193 pattern recognition, 138 Mephisto (chess-playing device), 330 middlegame attacks, 222–224 definition, 11, 330 general principles, 223–224 overview, 215–216 plan, 216–222 space strategies, 44 miniature, 330 minor exchange, 330 minor piece definition, 26, 330 endgame, 238–242 minority attack definition, 330 middlegame, 221–222 overview, 186–187 Index minus/plus sign (–/+), 272 mismatch, 249 mistakes, beginner’s check, 50, 157 endgame, 147 opening, 193–194 scholar’s mate, 122–123 tempo gains and losses, 50 mobility definition, 330 endgame, 241–242 middlegame, 217–218 Modern Chess Strategy (Pachman, Ludek), 217 Monster variation (tactic), 82–87 Morphy, Paul (chess player) versus Duke Karl of Braunschweig and Count Isouard, 283–285 mating patterns, 134, 136 Morphy’s mate (mating pattern), 134–136 moves. See combination; strategy; tactic My System (Nimzowitsch, Aaron), 330 •N• national master, 330 neoromantic play, 330 newspaper diagram, 272–273 Nimzo-Botvinnik formation, 167–168 Nimzo-Indian opening, 89–90 Nimzowitsch, Aaron (famous chess player) isolated pawns, 58–59 My System, 330 notorious loss, 256 popular opening, 89 weakened pawn chains, 140 norm, 330 notation annotations, 272 captures, 266–267, 270–271 castling, 268, 269–270 chess pieces, 264 definition, 330 en passant capture, 271 exchanges, 268–269 newspaper diagrams, 272–273 opening, 264–266 overview, 12, 263 pawn promotion, 270 number, 15–17 •O• obstructive sacrifice, 330 Official Rules of Chess (FIDE), 331, 341 one-half fraction (1⁄2), 272 online ID, 261 open file, 331 open game, 331 open tournament, 331 opening. See also specific moves analysis of, 196–200 attacks on opponent, 195–196 beginner’s mistakes, 193–194 centralization, 180–184 checkmate, 193, 194 chess notation, 264–266 definition, 11, 331 development, 194–195 differences in names, 200 discussion among players, 200 importance, 193 king safety strategy, 53, 54 knight movements, 34–35 memorization of moves, 193 rook pawns, 26 space strategies, 42–45 transposed, 193 weird names, 214 opening theory, 193 opposite-colored bishop ending, 28 opposition definition, 331 overview, 229–233 Orangutan (opening), 331 organic weakness, 331 outside passed pawn, 331 overloaded piece definition, 332 overview, 106–107 355 356 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition overprotection, 332 The Oxford Companion to Chess (Hooper, David and Whyld, Kenneth), 342 •P• Pachman, Ludek (Modern Chess Strategy), 217 pairing, 332 passed pawn advantage, 57 bishop-bishop ending, 242 definition, 57 endgame basic strategy, 226–227 knight-knight ending, 240 pawn-king ending, 235–237 protected, 57–58 rook endings, 238 pattern recognition calculations, 137, 138–139 endgame, 147–154 importance, 4, 10 memorization, 138 overview, 137 skill building, 138–139 pawn. See also specific types Alekhine’s Defense, 209 back rank mate, 124–125 bishop movements, 28–29 blockades, 59, 191–192 capture basics, 36–39 Caro-Kann Defense, 208–209 center-counter opening, 51–52 classic bishop sacrifice, 112–114 clearance sacrifice, 98–100 Closed English formation, 166–167 discovered attack, 92–94 double king pawn opening, 201–207 double queen pawn opening, 210–211 en passant method, 169–171 first impressions, 155 fork tactic, 82–87 French Defense, 207, 208 importance, 37 Indian Defense, 212–213 key square strategy, 189–191 king-pawn ending, 227–237 King’s Gambit, 110–112 knight-bishop ending, 242 lever strategy, 38 locked, 37–38 minority attack, 186–187, 221–222 Morphy’s mate, 135 movements, 36–39 Nimzo-Botvinnik formation, 168 opening analysis, 196–200 opening development, 195 opening space strategies, 43–45 origins of chess, 21 overloaded pieces, 106–107 overview, 35 permanent sacrifice, 117–119 Petroff’s Defense, 203–206 Philidor’s Defense, 206–207 placement on chessboard, 20–21 queen-pawn mates, 125–129 Queen’s Gambit, 181–181, 210–211 quickest checkmate, 53–54 relative value, 47 rook movements, 26 Ruy Lopez opening, 201–202 scholar’s mate, 122–123 Sicilian Defense, 207, 208 The Slav, 211 space guidelines, 45 symbol, 18 temporary sacrifice, 115–117 pawn chain definition, 61, 332 French Defense opening, 140–143 overview, 61–62 weakening tips, 62, 140–141 pawn duo, 39, 55 pawn formation. See also specific types benefits of learning, 140 definition, 2, 11, 332 effect on game, 156–157 exchange of pieces, 146 overview, 155 strength and weakness analysis, 157–159 typical, 143–146 Index pawn grabbing, 332 Pawn Power in Chess (Kmoch, Hans), 217 pawn promotion. See also queening a pawn chess notation, 270 definition, 148, 334 Lucena’s position, 148 overview, 171–172 pawn-king ending, 227–237 pawn quadrant, 227–229 pawn square method, 227–229 pawn storm, 332 pawn structure backward pawns, 59 definition, 39, 332 doubled pawns, 60–61 guidelines, 62 hanging pawns, 60 isolated pawns, 58–59 middlegame plan, 217–221 overview, 54–56, 139–140 passed pawns, 57–58 pawn chains, 61–62 Pawn Structure Chess (Soltis, Andy), 140 pawns, queening. See queening a pawn pay-to-play site, 261 PCA (Professional Chess Association), 251 perfect score, 333 permanent sacrifice, 117–119 perpetual check, 65, 333 Petroff’s Defense opening overview, 202–206 tempo gains and losses, 49–50 Petrosian, Tigran (chess player), 310 phalanx, 333 Philidor, François-André Danican (chess player), 309 Philidor’s Defense (opening), 206–207 piece, chess color, 13 definition, 12 design, 13 key to power, 55 major pieces, 25 notation, 264 ordering information, 12, 342 overview, 23 placement on chessboard, 18–21 relative values, 46–47 science versus art, 23 selection, 13–14 symbols, 18 tournament rules, 246, 254–255 wood versus other materials, 13–14 piece exchange bishop-bishop ending, 242 chess notation, 268–269 definition, 322 endgame strategy, 227 middlegame principles, 224 overview, 185–186 pawn formation, 146 uneven trades, 185 Pillsbury, Harry Nelson (chess player), 311 pin tactic, 87–88, 333 plan, 216–222 Playchess (Web site), 261 playoff, 333 plus sign (+), 272 plus/minus sign (+/–), 272 Pogo (Web site), 261 poisoned pawn, 333 Polgar, Judit (chess player), 254 position definition, 216 middlegame attacks, 222 middlegame plan, 216–217 positional advantage, 184 positional understanding, 185 postal chess, 250 postmortem session, 253, 333 pound sign (#), 272 prepared variation, 333 preventive sacrifice, 333 Professional Chess Association (PCA), 251 promotion. See pawn promotion protected passed pawn, 57–58, 334 pseudo-sacrifice, 115–117 Purdy, Cecil (famous chess player), 55 357 358 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition •Q• Quad tournament, 249 queen attack power, 31 capture basics, 30 center-counter opening, 51–52 check process, 66–70 chess notation, 264 classic bishop sacrifice, 112–114 clearance sacrifice, 97–100 cutting off squares process, 66–70 decoy, 100–102 defense, 31 deflection sacrifice, 102–104 destroying the guard, 104–105 discovered attack, 92–94 double check, 95–96 fork tactic, 83–87 French Defense, 142 history of piece, 30 isolated pawn blockades, 59 key square strategy, 191 king-queen checkmate, 66–70 knight-queen mates, 129–133 major versus minor pieces, 25 middlegame principles, 224 Morphy’s mate, 134–136 movements, 30–31 opening analysis, 197–200 opening development, 194 origins of chess, 21 overloaded pieces, 106–107 overview, 30 pawn-queen mates, 125–129 Petroff’s Defense, 204–206 pin tactic, 87–88 placement on chessboard, 19–20 quickest checkmate, 53–54 relative value, 47 scholar’s mate, 122–123 skewer tactic, 90–91 stalemate overview, 65–66 symbol, 18 temporary sacrifice, 115–117 queening a pawn. See also pawn promotion definition, 148 endgame strategy, 227 king-pawn ending, 232, 236–237 Lucena’s position, 148, 150, 154 opposition, 230–231 overview, 171–172 pattern recognition, 148, 150, 154 rook endings, 238 queening square, 172, 334 Queen’s Gambit, 180–184, 210–211 Queen’s Indian (opening), 213 queenside, 172 question mark (?), 272 quiet move, 334 •R• rajah, 21 rank definition, 15 illustrated, 15 middlegame principles, 224 naming system, 15 rapid chess, 334 rating, 247–248, 334 recaptured pieces, 111, 145 recognizing patterns calculations, 137, 138–139 endgame, 147–154 importance, 4, 10 memorization, 138 overview, 137 skill building, 138–139 recording games, 335 removing the defender, tactical theme, 85 repetition of position, 335 Reshevsky, Samuel (chess player), 312 resignation, 252–253 restraining advance, 191 retailer, equipment, 12, 342 Réti’s mate (checkmate), 96 Réti-Tartakower Vienna game (1910), 94–96 retrograde analysis, 335 Index return match clause, 309 rook back rank mate, 124–125 capture basics, 25 castling process, 172–175 chess notation, 264 clearance sacrifice, 97–100 cutting off squares process, 70–78 decoy, 101–102 deflection sacrifice, 102–104 destroying the guard, 104–105 double check, 96 endgame, 237–238 Lucena’s position, 148–154 major versus minor pieces, 25 middlegame principles, 224 Morphy’s mate, 134–136 movements, 24–25 opening development, 194 origins of chess, 21 overloaded pieces, 106–107 overview, 24 pawn promotion, 172 pin tactic, 87–90 placement on chessboard, 18 queen-knight mates, 129–130 Queen’s Gambit, 183–184 relative value, 47 sacrifice, 126–127 symbol, 18 rook pawn, 26 Rotlewi, Georg (chess player), 288–290 round-robin tournament, 249, 335 Rubinstein, Akiba (grandmaster) versus Georg Rotlewi, 288–290 overview, 311 rook endings, 237 rule of the square, 227–229 running away, 88 Ruy Lopez opening, 201–202, 335 •S• sacrifice. See also specific types bishop, 112–114 combination, 97–100 decoy, 320 definition, 48, 109, 335 double check, 95–96 drama, 110 gambits, 110–112 knight-knight ending, 240–241 overview, 109–110 pawn-king ending, 236 queen-knight mate, 132–133 queen-pawn mate, 125–128 rationale, 10 rook, 126–127 sandbagger, 248 Scheveningen formation, 161–163 Schiller, Eric (Unorthodox Openings), 214 scholar’s mate, 122–123, 335 science, 23 scope, 27 score definition, 264, 335 scorekeeping, 273–274 score sheet definition, 264, 335 example, 273–274 The Scotch opening, 202 sealed move, 335 second, 336 seesaw, 336 sharp opening, 82, 336 short castling, 336 Short, Nigel (chess player), 251 Sicilian Defense (opening) overview, 207–208 variations, 159–163 simplification, 47 simultaneous display, 336 skewer tactic, 90–91, 336 skittles, 336 The Slav (opening), 211 smothered mate, 131, 336 Smyslov, Vasily (chess player), 221, 310 software, 259–260, 272 Soltis, Andy (Pawn Structure Chess), 140 sound combination, 97 space guidelines, 45 importance, 46 middlegame principles, 224 359 360 Chess For Dummies, 2nd Edition space (continued) opening strategies, 42–45 overview, 41–42 Spanish game (opening), 201–202 Spassky, Boris (chess player), 310 special move, 169–175 speculative move, 336 Spielmann, Rudolf (chess player), 179 spite check, 65, 336 sportsmanship spite check, 65 tournament etiquette, 251–255 verbal “check,” 64 squares, on chessboard attacked versus contested, 42 bishop’s attack power, 27 color, 14 knight’s attack power, 34 naming system, 15–17 number, 15 queen placement, 19 queen’s attack power, 31 stalemate bishop-bishop ending, 242 definition, 4, 10, 321overview, 65–66 rook endings, 238 tournament etiquette, 253–254 Staunton design, 13, 337 Staunton, Howard (chess player), 13 Steinitz, Wilhelm (chess player), 285–288, 308 Stonewall formation, 163–164 strategic outpost, 188–191 strategy. See also specific strategies center control, 180–184 endgame, 226–227 importance, 11 overview, 179–180 structure backward pawns, 59 definition, 39, 332 doubled pawns, 60–61 guidelines, 62 hanging pawns, 60 isolated pawns, 58–59 middlegame plan, 217–221 overview, 54–56, 139–140 passed pawns, 57–58 pawn chains, 61–62 swindle, 337 Swiss Gambit (tournament strategy), 249 Swiss system, 248–249, 337 symbol, 272 symmetrical pawn structure, 337 symmetry, 337 •T• tactic. See also specific tactics definition, 11, 82, 337 importance, 10, 81 taking turns, 48–49 Tal, Mikhail (grandmaster), 119, 309–310 Tarrasch, Siegbert (chess player), 237, 311 Tartakower, Saviely (chess player), 95 tempo beginner’s mistakes, 50 definition, 49, 337 development, 49–50 gains and losses, 49–50 temporary sacrifice, 115–117 text move, 337 thematic move, 338 theoretical novelty, 338 theory, 338 Think Like a Grandmaster (Kotov, Alexander), 139 tiebreaking system, 338 tied game bishop-bishop ending, 242 definition, 4, 321 overview, 65–66 rook endings, 238 tournament etiquette, 253–254 time control, 247 learning needs, 1 limit, 273, 338 trouble, 338 top board, 323, 338 touch-move rule, 254–255, 338 Index tournament book of games, 338 chess set design, 13 clubs, 245–246 definition, 338 etiquette, 251–255 international, 250 overview, 12, 245 queen-pawn mates, 129 score sheet, 273–274 touch-move rule, 254–255 U.S. basics, 246–249 transposed opening, 194 trap definition, 193–194, 338 Petroff’s Defense, 203–205 traveling set, 13 tree of analysis, 139 triangulation, 339 tripled pawn definition, 60, 339 remedy, 61 turn taking, 48–49 •U• underpromoting, 171, 339 undoubling, 339 unintentional loss, 109 unit, 339 United States Chess Federation (USCF), 246, 247, 339 Unorthodox Openings (Benjamin, Joel and Schiller, Eric), 214 unsound combination, 97 •V• vacating sacrifice, 339 variation, 97 Vienna game (opening sequence), 82–87 vizier, 21, 30 Von Bardeleben, Kurt (chess player), 285–288 Vukovic, Vladimir (The Art of Attack), 121, 223 •W• warfare, 11 Web server. See Internet chess Web sites chess clubs, 344 chess programs, 259, 260 correspondence chess, 251 databases, 260 Deep Blue, 299 informational sites, 261 instructional software, 260 Internet chess, 261, 343 mail order, 342 The Week in Chess (Web site), 343 white square, 14, 50 Whyld, Kenneth (The Oxford Companion to Chess), 342 wing cutting off squares process, 66–70, 73–77 definition, 45 Indian Defense, 212–213 space guidelines, 45 wood sets and boards, 13–14 woodpusher, 216, 339 world championship, 250 World Chess Hall of Fame & Sidney Samole Chess Museum, 344 •Y• Your Move Chess & Games (retailer), 342 •Z• Zugzwang (forced move), 188, 339 Zwischenzug (intermediate move), 339 361 BUSINESS, CAREERS & PERSONAL FINANCE Also available: 0-7645-5307-0 0-7645-5331-3 † Accounting For Dummies † 0-7645-5314-3 Business Plans Kit For Dummies † 0-7645-5365-8 Cover Letters For Dummies 0-7645-5224-4 Frugal Living For Dummies 0-7645-5403-4 Leadership For Dummies 0-7645-5176-0 Managing For Dummies 0-7645-1771-6 Marketing For Dummies 0-7645-5600-2 Personal Finance For Dummies 0-7645-2590-5 Project Management For Dummies 0-7645-5283-X Resumes For Dummies † 0-7645-5471-9 Selling For Dummies 0-7645-5363-1 Small Business Kit For Dummies † 0-7645-5093-4 HOME & BUSINESS COMPUTER BASICS Also available: 0-7645-4074-2 0-7645-3758-X ACT! 6 For Dummies 0-7645-2645-6 iLife ‘04 All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies 0-7645-7347-0 iPAQ For Dummies 0-7645-6769-1 Mac OS X Panther Timesaving Techniques For Dummies 0-7645-5812-9 Macs For Dummies 0-7645-5656-8 FOOD, HOME, GARDEN, HOBBIES, MUSIC & PETS Also available: 0-7645-5295-3 0-7645-5232-5 INTERNET & DIGITAL MEDIA Bass Guitar For Dummies 0-7645-2487-9 Diabetes Cookbook For Dummies 0-7645-5230-9 Gardening For Dummies 0-7645-5130-2 Guitar For Dummies 0-7645-5106-X Holiday Decorating For Dummies 0-7645-2570-0 Home Improvement All-in-One For Dummies 0-7645-5680-0 Also available: 0-7645-6924-4 * Separate Canadian edition also available † Separate U.K. edition also available 2005 Online Shopping Directory For Dummies 0-7645-7495-7 CD & DVD Recording For Dummies 0-7645-5956-7 eBay For Dummies 0-7645-5654-1 Fighting Spam For Dummies 0-7645-5965-6 Genealogy Online For Dummies 0-7645-5964-8 Google For Dummies 0-7645-4420-9 Microsoft Money 2004 For Dummies 0-7645-4195-1 Office 2003 All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies 0-7645-3883-7 Outlook 2003 For Dummies 0-7645-3759-8 PCs For Dummies 0-7645-4074-2 TiVo For Dummies 0-7645-6923-6 Upgrading and Fixing PCs For Dummies 0-7645-1665-5 Windows XP Timesaving Techniques For Dummies 0-7645-3748-2 Knitting For Dummies 0-7645-5395-X Piano For Dummies 0-7645-5105-1 Puppies For Dummies 0-7645-5255-4 Scrapbooking For Dummies 0-7645-7208-3 Senior Dogs For Dummies 0-7645-5818-8 Singing For Dummies 0-7645-2475-5 30-Minute Meals For Dummies 0-7645-2589-1 Home Recording For Musicians For Dummies 0-7645-1634-5 The Internet For Dummies 0-7645-4173-0 iPod & iTunes For Dummies 0-7645-7772-7 Preventing Identity Theft For Dummies 0-7645-7336-5 Pro Tools All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies 0-7645-5714-9 Roxio Easy Media Creator For Dummies 0-7645-7131-1 Available wherever books are sold. 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'Moon starer' is a fitting anagram of what specialised profession?	Jon Edwards - Teach Yourself Visually Chess - Documents Jon Edwards - Teach Yourself Visually Chess Jon Edwards - Teach Yourself Visually Chess Nov 26, 2014 Share Jon Edwards - Teach Yourself Visually Chess Embed <iframe src="http://documents.mx/embed/jon-edwards-teach-yourself-visually-chess.html" width="750" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="http://documents.mx/documents/jon-edwards-teach-yourself-visually-chess.html" title="Jon Edwards - Teach Yourself Visually Chess" target="_blank">Jon Edwards - Teach Yourself Visually Chess</a></div> size(px) Description Text Chess by Jon Edwards Teach Yourself VISUALLY™ Chess Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/ permissions. Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, Teach Yourself VISUALLY, and related trademarks are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. 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Library of Congress Control Number: 2006926120 ISBN-13: 978-0-470-04983-9 ISBN-10: 0-470-04983-9 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Book production by Wiley Publishing, Inc. Composition Services Praise for the Teach Yourself VISUALLY Series I just had to let you and your company know how great I think your books are. I just purchased my third Visual book (my first two are dog-eared now!) and, once again, your product has surpassed my expectations. The expertise, thought, and effort that go into each book are obvious, and I sincerely appreciate your efforts. Keep up the wonderful work! —Tracey Moore (Memphis, TN) I have several books from the Visual series and have always found them to be valuable resources. —Stephen P. Miller (Ballston Spa, NY) Thank you for the wonderful books you produce. It wasn’t until I was an adult that I discovered how I learn—visually. Although a few publishers out there claim to present the material visually, nothing compares to Visual books. I love the simple layout. Everything is easy to follow. And I understand the material! You really know the way I think and learn. Thanks so much! —Stacey Han (Avondale, AZ) Like a lot of other people, I understand things best when I see them visually. Your books really make learning easy and life more fun. —John T. Frey (Cadillac, MI) I am an avid fan of your Visual books. If I need to learn anything, I just buy one of your books and learn the topic in no time. Wonders! I have even trained my friends to give me Visual books as gifts. —Illona Bergstrom (Aventura, FL) I write to extend my thanks and appreciation for your books. They are clear, easy to follow, and straight to the point. Keep up the good work! I bought several of your books and they are just right! No regrets! I will always buy your books because they are the best. —Seward Kollie (Dakar, Senegal) Credits Acquisitions Editor Pam Mourouzis Project Editor Donna Wright Technical Editor Richard Benjamin Editorial Manager Christina Stambaugh Publisher Cindy Kitchel Vice President and Executive Publisher Kathy Nebenhaus Interior Design Kathie Rickard Elizabeth Brooks Cover Design José Almaguer Photography Matt Bowen Photographic Assistant Andrew Hanson About the Author Jon Edwards is a four-time winner of the American Postal Chess Tournaments (APCT) championship and a two-time winner of the APCT Game of the Year award. He won the United States Correspondence Chess Championship in 1997 and the North American Invitational Correspondence Chess Championship in 1999. He became an International Master in 1997 and a Senior International Master in 1999. Jon is currently competing on the U.S. Correspondence Chess Olympiad Team. His ICCF rating of 2,580 places him in top 200 correspondence chess players in the world. Jon is also the webmaster of Chess is Fun (www.queensac.com), a site that provides free chess instruction. He has authored seven chess books, including The Chess Analyst, (Thinkers Press, 1997), which chronicled his success in the U.S. Championship. He is a 1975 graduate of Princeton University, where he serves today as the Coordinator of Institutional Communications and Outreach within the Office of Information Technology. He resides in Pennington, New Jersey, with his wife Cheryl and two sons, Aaron and Neil. Acknowledgments I want to thank Wiley Publishing for the opportunity to write this book. As a chess teacher for more than 30 years, I have seen the importance of chess in young peoples’ lives. While almost all players come to enjoy the game as a worthwhile pursuit and simply a whole lot of fun, in my experience, some players come to understand the game better than others. The reason, I believe, has much to with the different styles of learning. A few of my students are comfortable memorizing long sequences but, by and large, most prefer to learn the game visually, through pattern recognition and by learning to identify the various visual clues on the board. I have tried throughout this book to provide an introduction to and discussion of chess in a way that I believe is pedagogically sound for visual learners. These are the basic lessons that I have provided to young and old for decades. Wiley has assisted the effort in a very important way by producing a book with high-quality photographs of the board. Almost all chess books use diagrams that look straight down on the chessboard and represent the pieces with symbols. Here, you will see the board as it exists and from an angle that promotes understanding as well as excellent posture. It is fitting that a book like this should have such an amazing photograph of the author. Special appreciation goes to Princeton University’s photographer Denise Applewhite for her impressive skill. The editors at Wiley are a very professional bunch and throughout made my life an easier one. Pam Mourouzis understood the importance of this book from the beginning. I thank her also for her willingness to bend her deadlines around my work schedule. Editors Donna Wright and Christina Stambaugh helped to shape the book into its current form. They know their craft and pursue it with impressive dedication. I am also grateful for the excellent technical editing job that Richard Benjamin performed. We were competitors in the 10th U.S. Correspondence Chess Championship. It’s a whole lot more fun to have him on my side. I am happy to share the credit with this fine crew, but in the end, of course, any errors that remain are my responsibility. Permit me also to express my love and appreciation for my wife, Cheryl, and for my two sons, Aaron and Neil, who have all waited on too many occasions for Daddy to finish up his chess. Table of Contents chapter 1 An Introduction to Chess Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Viewing the Chessboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Introducing the Pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Setting Up the Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 How the King Moves and Captures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 How Rooks Move and Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 How Bishops Move and Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 How the Queen Moves and Captures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 How Knights Move and Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 How Pawns Move and Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Chess Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Protect Your Pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 chapter 2 Special Moves Checks and Checkmate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Stalemates and Other Draws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Discovered Checks and Double Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Promoting (and Under-Promoting) Your Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Castling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 The En Passant Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 chapter 3 Rook Strategy Rooks Belong on Open Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Advance Your Rooks to the 7th Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Simple Back-Rank Checkmates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Fun with Active Rooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Rooks Belong Behind Passed Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 chapter 4 Knight Strategy Move the Knights to the Center of the Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Place Your Knights Where the Enemy Pawns Can’t Attack Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Knight Forks Are Fun! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 chapter 5 Bishop Strategy Bad Bishops and Good Bishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Bishops Can Dominate Knights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Fianchettos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Bishops of Opposite Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Skewers and Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Bad Bishops Against Good Knights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Bishops Can Dominate Rooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 chapter 6 Pawn Strategy Don’t Double Your Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Pawn Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Some Doubled Pawns Are Strong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Pawn Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Pawn Majorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Isolated Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Backward Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Hanging Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Pawn Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Pawns Can Fork, Too! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Passed Pawn Blockaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Every Pawn Move Creates a Weakness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 chapter 7 King and Queen Strategy Don’t Develop Your Queen Early . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Beat Back Early Queen Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Safeguard Your Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Don’t Risk Your King! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Castling Long or Short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Don’t Push Your Pawns in Front of a Castled King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 chapter 8 Opening Strategy Fight for the Center of the Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 An Ideal Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Knights Before Bishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Limit Your Early Pawn Moves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Complete Your Development Before You Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Gain Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Limit Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Avoid Exchanging Bishops for Knights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 chapter 9 Opening Variations Double King Pawn Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Other Replies to 1.e2-e4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Double Queen Pawn Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Indian Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Two Bad Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 chapter 10 Common Opening Formations King’s Indian Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Colle System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Hedgehog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Avant-Garde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Dragon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 French Winawer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Stonewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Benoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 chapter 11 Middlegame Strategy Five Steps to Victory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Candidate Moves and Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Responding to Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Recaptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 chapter 12 Elementary Checkmates Two Queens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Queen and Rook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Two Rooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 King and Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 King and Rook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 King and Two Bishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 King, Bishop, and Knight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 chapter 13 Attacking the King Smothered Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Back Rank Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 Gueridon Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 Greco’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Epaulette Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 Anastasia’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Boden’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Blackburne’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Lolli’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 Pillsbury’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Domiano’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Legal’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 chapter 4 1 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices The Dragon Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 The English Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Common Knight Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Bishop Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Exchange Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 chapter 15 An Introduction to Endgames King and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Rook and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Bishop and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Knight and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Queen and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 chapter 1 An Introduction to Chess Welcome to the game of chess. Like most games, chess has some very basic rules. Once you learn and understand those basics, you will be able to play against others, and you will be able to play through and enjoy the great matches that chess masters have played through time. In this chapter, I introduce the chessboard, how to set it up to start a game, how each piece moves, and how to begin play. I also give you the basics on chess notation, showing you the “shorthand” used in the chess world (and in this book) to indicate each move a player makes. Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Viewing the Chessboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Introducing the Pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Setting Up the Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 How the King Moves and Captures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 How Rooks Move and Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 How Bishops Move and Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 How the Queen Moves and Captures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 How Knights Move and Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 How Pawns Move and Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Chess Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Protect Your Pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Getting Started Chess is an ancient game of war first invented and played in China or India more than 1,000 years ago. Over time, the rules have changed, but chess remains a game of strategy and skill that continues to excite players young and old. The names of the pieces bring to mind the origins of the game—a battle. Imagine soldiers on foot with the pawns leading the charge. Imagine the cavalry on horseback; the Knights jumping into battle. Imagine the general or the King with the Queen at his side. In many battles of yore, when the King died the battle would end. And so it is in the game of chess. Chess is played between two players who sit on opposite sides of a “chessboard.” Each player takes command of a “white” or “black” army of 16 units always arranged in the same way at the start of the game. By rule, the player with the white pieces always begins the game. The players alternate moves until one player attacks the enemy King in such a way that the King cannot escape. We call that checkmate. Many people believe that you have to be a genius to be good at chess. Being really smart helps at most things, but success in chess requires familiarity with the rules and some basic strategy, as well as practice. This book will help you to get started and to feel comfortable sitting down and playing a real game. Know that everyone starts out as a beginner. To get the most out of this book and your chess experiences, I recommend that you buy or borrow a chessboard and a chess set to play along as you read this book. Many people have very artistic sets. Those are fine for display, but when you review the material in this book and when you play, you will want to have a standard set much like the one depicted in this book. They are not very expensive and easy to find in stores and on the Internet. If you are having trouble finding a standard set, go to the U.S. Chess Federation’s website at www.uschess.org. 4 Viewing the Chessboard An Introduction to Chess chapter 1 Chess is played on a board with 64 squares. To make it easier to view the board and move the pieces, the board has alternating light and dark squares. As you will see, it is useful to think of the board in terms of its ranks, files, and diagonals. The Chessboard Setup This chessboard is typical of those on which you will play. To set up the board correctly, place it so that a dark square is in the lower-left corner. Or, as chess players like to say, “It’s white on the right.” Some boards are labeled with letters (a–h) and numbers (1–8) in the margins. Others are blank. It is perfectly fine to play with a board that does not have these letters and numbers in the margins. They are there to help you talk about the board, to name each square, and to emphasize certain features. In this book, we use a labeled board so you can easily identify the pieces and moves discussed. For example, every board has eight ranks (rows) and eight files (columns). The 1st rank consists of the eight squares directly in front of you. The 8th rank contains the eight squares that are farthest from you. As you can see, ranks are horizontal. Try to visualize each rank in turn: the 2nd rank, the 3rd rank, and so on. Files are vertical. The eight squares on the left side of the board are called the a-file. The eight squares on the right side of the board are called the h-file. The alternating colors of the squares are another wonderful visual aid. For the moment, simply note that there are alternating light and dark squares and light and dark diagonals. As you will soon see, some pieces move along the ranks and files, while others move diagonally. 5 Introducing the Pieces Your chess “team” is made up of five types of pieces: one King, one Queen, two Bishops, two Knights, and two Rooks. Each player also has eight pawns. The pieces can look different from chess set to chess set, but you will always be playing with these same chessmen. The Five Types of Pieces The King is truly the most important piece because you lose the game if your King is attacked and cannot escape. Kings are abbreviated with the letter K. The Queen is considered the most powerful piece in terms of its ability to move around the board. Each player has one at the beginning of the game, though you will see, it’s possible to get more! Queens are abbreviated with the letter Q. 6 An Introduction to Chess Bishops usually have a nice, tapered appearance. At the beginning of the game, each player starts with two Bishops. They are abbreviated with the letter B. chapter 1 Knights, like the cavalry, can jump into action. Each player starts with two Knights. They are abbreviated with the letter N. Rooks are sometimes called towers or castles because they resemble the tower of a castle. Each player starts with two of them. They are abbreviated with the letter R. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 7 Introducing the Pieces (continued) The Pawns The pawns are the smallest unit on the chessboard. They can seem small and unimportant, but they are often very useful in helping to control territory and to launch attacks on your opponent. Pieces and Pawns at a Glance Pieces and Pawns King Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawns Abbreviation K Q R B N — How They Move One square in any direction, but never into a square controlled by an enemy piece. One or more squares in any direction. One or more squares horizontally or vertically. One or more squares along the diagonals. Like the letter L. The Knight is the only piece that can “jump” over other pieces and pawns. Forward, one square at a time. Pawns capture diagonally ahead one square. Pawns that have never moved have the option of moving forward two squares. 8 Setting Up the Board An Introduction to Chess chapter 1 The chessboard setup for the start of a game is always the same. In fact, one of the great charms of chess is that you start from the same position as others have done for centuries. Where to Place the Pieces The Rooks begin the game in the corners. The Knights (many beginning players call them horses) are next. The Bishops start the game next to the Knights. Finally, the Queen and King fill in the remaining squares on the 1st and 8th ranks. The Queen will always start on its own color. Note that the white Queen is on a white square. The black Queen is on a dark square. Don’t forget the pawns; all eight of them are ready to start the charge. At the beginning of the game, the eight white and eight black pawns form a line just in front of the white and black pieces, across the 2nd and 7th ranks, respectively. Note: In this book, the black side is always represented assuming a starting position at the “top” of the board on ranks 8 and 7, and white at a starting position at the “bottom” on ranks 1 and 2. Chess is played between two players, one in control of the white pieces and one in control of the black pieces. White always has the first move. To decide who gets white and who gets black, it is customary for one player to hide a white and black pawn in each hand. The other player then picks a hand. Whoever picks or is left with the white pawn will get the white pieces and will move first. In the second diagram, white is advancing one of its pawns by moving it forward two squares. As you will soon see, this pawn move helps control the key squares in the very center of the chessboard and permits one of white’s Bishops as well as the white Queen to move out. 9 How the King Moves and Captures The King can move one square in any direction, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. It can move forward and then back, but only one square at a time. The King can also capture any opponent’s piece if it is on one of those squares. However, the King is not permitted to move into an attack. If you make a mistake and move your King into an attack, you will be required to take back your move. In other words, the King is not permitted to move so that it could then itself be captured on the next move. How to Move the King In this position, the white King can move legally to any of the squares highlighted in purple. A King in the center of the board can therefore move to a total of eight different squares, assuming that your opponent does not control any of those squares. By contrast, the black King in the corner can move to only three squares, those highlighted in green. Here, only two squares are forbidden to the white King. The King cannot move to a square already occupied by its own pawn, and the King cannot move to the square marked with a red X. The white King is not permitted to move there because one of the black pawns controls that square (see page 16 to learn how the pawns move and capture). White has several interesting options. White can capture either black pawn (to capture, white would simply remove the pawn from the board, placing the King on the square that the pawn occupied). It’s fun to practice such captures. Masters have become adept at moving and snatching a piece in one fluid motion. 10 An Introduction to Chess In this position, both Kings are facing each other. The white King can move to any of the squares highlighted in purple, and the black King can move to any of the squares highlighted in green. But neither King can move next to the other King. Simply put, a King may never move next to another King. To do so would be illegal because the other King controls those squares. It’s an important point. Both Kings “control” the same three squares! chapter 1 FAQ Is a checkerboard the same as a chessboard? It sure is! Both contain 64 alternating-color squares situated in the eight rank/eight file format. You can use a checkerboard in a pinch if you don’t mind the checkerboard’s traditional red squares instead of the white used for chess. In fact, you can purchase chess/checkerboard sets, which contain just one board, along with a set of checkers and a set of chessmen. 11 How Rooks Move and Capture Unlike the King, a Rook can move more than one square at a time. A Rook can move any number of squares in a straight line, either horizontally or vertically, but only in one direction at a time per move. Note that a Rook cannot jump a piece of either color. How to Move a Rook In this position, the white Rook can move legally to any of the squares highlighted in purple. For example, it can move toward the black Knight or capture it by replacing the Knight on the square on which the Knight stood. Similarly, you might decide to capture the black Bishop, again simply by taking the Rook and placing it on the square that the Bishop occupied, being sure to remove the Bishop from the board as part of the move. A Rook is not permitted to jump either white or black pieces, so it cannot move on the other side of the white King. 12 How Bishops Move and Capture An Introduction to Chess chapter 1 Like a Rook, a Bishop can move more than one square at a time. As opposed to a Rook, which always moves in straight lines, a Bishop can move any number of squares diagonally. A Bishop will therefore always remain on a square of the same color on which it started the game. Like a Rook, a Bishop can move forward or backward, but in only one direction at a time per move. How to Move a Bishop In this position, the white Bishop can move to any of the squares highlighted in purple. For example, it can move toward the black Knight or capture it. Similarly, you might decide here to capture the black Rook, again simply by replacing the black Rook with the white Bishop. The white Bishop is not permitted to jump either the white or black pieces. 13 How the Queen Moves and Captures The Queen is a very powerful chess piece. It combines the powers of both a Rook and a Bishop. As such, the Queen can move horizontally, vertically, and diagonally. Like the King, it can move in any direction. Unlike the King, however, it can move far in one direction if there are no pieces in its path. As you might expect, the Queen cannot jump another piece. How to Move the Queen In this position, the white Queen can move legally to any of the squares highlighted in purple. The power of the Queen becomes obvious when you observe all of the purple squares. Clearly the Queen has many, many options. For example, the Queen can move toward or capture the black Knight. Similarly, you might decide here to capture the black Rook or the black Bishop. The Queen is not permitted to jump either the white or black pieces. 14 How Knights Move and Capture An Introduction to Chess chapter 1 A Knight is the only piece that can jump over other pieces. Some players visualize the Knight moving in an L-shape—two squares horizontally and then one square vertically (or two squares vertically and then one square horizontally). More experienced players understand the move is a straight line from the starting square to the destination. As you practice your Knight moves, notice that a Knight starting on a dark square will land on a light square. And of course, a Knight starting on a light square will land on a dark square. How to Move a Knight In this position, the white Knight can move legally to any of the squares highlighted in purple. As you can see, it can capture the black Rook but cannot occupy the same square as the white Bishop. Remember, two pieces can never occupy the same square. Some players have some difficulty with a Knight’s movement. Keep in mind that a Knight on a dark square, as in this diagram, will only be able to move to light squares. And of course, a Knight on a light square will only be able to move to dark squares. KNIGHTS CAN JUMP A Knight is the only chess piece permitted to jump over other pieces. In this position, the white Knight has just made the first move in the game. As you can see, it has jumped over the white pawns. Note again that the Knight, which started on a dark square, has arrived on a light square. From its new position, the Knight now has access to four new dark squares, indicated in purple. 15 How Pawns Move and Capture The pawns are often called the “soul of chess.” They are the only chessmen that move differently from how they capture. A pawn, like a foot soldier in war, marches ever forward, one square at a time. Unlike the other pieces, the pawn can never retreat. Pawns that have not yet moved have the option of making their first move two squares forward instead of just one square; but after this initial two-square move, it’s one square at a time. Pawn Dynamics HOW TO MOVE A PAWN In this position, the white pawn can move forward one or two squares (highlighted in purple). The white pawn has that additional two-move option because it has not yet moved. It does not matter how many moves have been played. A pawn that has never moved will have the additional option to move ahead two squares on its first move. By contrast, the black pawn has already moved. It therefore has only one option, to advance a single square (highlighted in green). Note: Experienced players never refer to pawns as “pieces.” Pawns are pawns. Knights, Bishops, Rooks, Queens, and Kings are considered pieces. HOW PAWNS CAPTURE A pawn is the only chessman that captures differently from how it moves. It captures diagonally only one square ahead, as if it were fighting on its side with a short sword. In this position, the white pawn can advance one or two squares, but it also has the opportunity to capture the black Knight. To bring about the capture, simply move the pawn diagonally one square, replacing the black Knight. The black pawn has three options. It can advance a single square, but it can also capture either the white Knight or the white Bishop. 16 Chess Notation An Introduction to Chess chapter 1 In order to discuss and write about chess, chess players have invented a written language that, as languages go, is the easiest language you will ever learn. Reading and Writing Chess Moves Just as each piece has a name, so too does every square. In each chess diagram, you will notice that there are eight letters along the top and bottom of every board (a–h) and eight numbers along each side (1–8). To identify any square, locate its letter and then its number. For example, the square in the bottom left corner is a1. The square in the upper-right corner is h8. The square indicated is d5. Using the names of the squares helps us to discuss the board in a very simple, clear manner. For example, in this position, the white Queen is on b1, the black Queen is on e5, and a black Bishop is on d7. White has pawns on c3 and c4. Take a moment to locate them. As you will see, it’s very easy. A numeral and period at the beginning of a notation indicates the move number. For example, in the game shown here, white’s first move was pawn e2 to e4. This is notated 1.e2-e4. You will see this type of notation starting in Chapter 8, “Opening Strategy.” CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 17 Chess Notation (continued) Notation also permits us to talk about the movement of pieces. Remember, pieces are abbreviated as follows: K for King, Q for Queen, B for Bishop, N for Knight, and R for Rook (there isn’t an abbreviation for pawn). For a refresher on these abbreviations, see “Pieces and Pawns at a Glance” on page 8. In this position, white has just moved the Queen from d1 to b1. In this book, I use the long form of the notation, “Qd1-b1,” but many chess players abbreviate the move with “Qb1.” As a result of white’s move, the white Queen on b1 is suddenly attacking the black pawn on b6. As you can see, it’s not very hard to find the black b6-pawn. To defend the b6pawn, black might now play Re8-b8, moving the black Rook from the e8-square to b8. Captures are simply recorded with an “x.” And so in this position, if black were to move the black Queen on e5 to capture the white pawn on e4, you would write: Qe5xe4. Of course, that awful Queen move would result in losing the black Queen to the white Bishop (Bc2xe4). When a move results in check, an attack on the enemy King, this is indicated with a “+” at the end of the notation. When a move results in checkmate, this is indicated with a “#” at the end of the move. In this second position, white is about to promote a pawn. Promoting the e7-pawn to a Queen on e8 would be written e7-e8=Q or simply e8=Q. Note: If a pawn makes it all the way to the 8th rank on the other side of the board, you get to promote it to a more valuable piece, meaning you get to trade in this pawn for a Queen, Rook, Knight, or Bishop (most often players promote to a Queen because of its versatility). For more on promoting pawns, see “Promoting (and Under-Promoting) Your Pawns” in Chapter 2. 18 Protect Your Pieces An Introduction to Chess chapter 1 Many beginners make the same simple mistake. After their opponent captures a piece or a pawn, they fail to recapture or “take back.” A good rule of thumb is if your opponent captures one of your pieces, try to recapture a piece of equal or greater value. Generally speaking, if one side has more material than the other, they will have the advantage and will be more likely to win the game. Protection Strategies BE SURE TO RECAPTURE In this example, recapturing is illustrated with pawns. Black is about to move the pawn on d5 to capture the white pawn on e4. Not to fear. As long as white is alert, black will not “win” the pawn. Rather, white can simply move the Knight to e4 (following the arrow) to recapture the pawn. PRESERVE THE BALANCE In this position, the situation is more complicated because more pieces have moved, but the idea of recapturing is the same. Black moves the Knight on a5 to capture the white Bishop on c4. White could respond with many moves, but white should recapture with the white pawn on d3. If white fails to recapture, black will simply move the Knight back to safety and will have taken the white Bishop without losing a thing. It may be hard to believe, but good players will almost always win the game if you give them the advantage of an extra Knight or Bishop. Note: If an illegal move has been played in an informal game between friends, you would simply point out the illegal move and your opponent would have another chance to move. In a tournament, that’s still the case except that the opponent who touched a piece would still have to move it, albeit in a legal manner. There’s also often a time penalty . . . extra time for you or less for your opponent. 19 chapter 2 Special Moves Like many other games, chess has some special moves. There are checks that attack the enemy King, checkmates that are checks from which the enemy King cannot escape, and stalemates—an end to the game in which the enemy is not in check but has no legal moves. There are discovered checks and double checks. You can transform (promote) your pawns into Queens or even under-promote your pawns to become Knights, Bishops, or Rooks. Castling permits you to move your King and Rook at the same time. And there’s a special capture called en passant reserved just for the pawns. This chapter explains all these moves and helps you understand how you can use them to improve your play. Checks and Checkmate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Stalemates and Other Draws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Discovered Checks and Double Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Promoting (and Under-Promoting) Your Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Castling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 The En Passant Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Checks and Checkmate Whenever you attack your opponent’s King, you are putting the King in check. The goal of chess is checkmate— to attack your opponent’s King when it has no escape. You are not obliged to say “Check,” and in tournaments, saying “Check” is considered rude. But who could resist saying “Checkmate”? When the King Is Under Attack Check simply means that a King is under attack. In this position, the black King is in check because the white Queen is attacking it along the diagonal. On the very next move, black must make sure to stop the attack. There are three possibilities. First, the King can move out of check to any square that is not being attacked (f1, g2, h1, or h2). Note that the King cannot move to f2 because that would still be check. Simply put, the King cannot move into check. 22 Special Moves Or black could end the attack by capturing the white Queen with the Knight (Nd5xb6). chapter 2 Or black could move a piece between the attacking Queen and the King in order to interrupt the direct attack. For example, black could move the Bishop to d4 (Ba1-d4) or the Knight to e3 (Nd5-e3). If the King is under attack and there is no immediate way to end the attack, the game is over. Note that checkmate does not actually involve removing the King from the board. In this position, the black Bishop is attacking the white King. The King has no legal moves because the other white pieces are occupying the escape squares. White cannot capture or block the attack from the Bishop. Checkmate! 23 Stalemates and Other Draws Not all games end in a checkmate. Many games end in a draw, usually an agreement between the players that no one wins. This section reviews most of the types of draws. So what is a draw? That’s when nobody wins. In tournaments, draws are recorded as 1⁄2 – 1⁄2, essentially half a point for each player rather than a full point for a win. Types of Draws A TYPICAL STALEMATE The most exciting form of a draw is the stalemate. On a player’s turn, if he or she is not in check and cannot make a legal move, this is a stalemate—neither side wins. In this position, it is black’s move. The black King is not in check, and it has no legal moves. It cannot capture the white pawn or move to c7 or e7 because the white King controls those squares. Similarly, the black King cannot move to c8 or e8 because the white pawn controls those squares. Remember that the King is not permitted to move to any square controlled by an enemy piece. This position is the most common stalemate in chess. White appears to be well behind in this position. In fact, black is threatening to move the Rook on g3 to g1 (Rg3-g1#), checkmate. (The Knight on f3 would defend the Rook.) 24 Special Moves However, it is white’s move. White surprises black by moving the Rook on a2 to h2, check (Ra2-h2+). At first glance, the move looks terrible because black can simply capture the white Rook with the Knight. But after the Knight on f3 captures the Rook (Nf3xh2), the result is a stalemate. The white King is not in check but cannot move. chapter 2 OTHER TYPES OF DRAWS By Agreement The most common type of draw is by agreement. At any time in a game, you can offer a draw to your opponent. Be mindful of good etiquette, however. Don’t offer a draw on every move! Most chess players consider that to be rude. Perpetual Check In this position, white appears to have an overwhelming advantage and the prospect of a quick win, perhaps with a Rook-from-e4-toh4 checkmate. But black on the move draws in one of two interesting ways. The most spectacular is Qb8-h2 check because, after white captures the black Queen, the result is a stalemate! Black could also draw quickly with what is called a perpetual check, a never ending series of checks. Black moves the Queen from b8 to g3, check (Qb8-g3+). White cannot capture the Queen or block the attack. White therefore must move the King into the corner at h1 (Kg1-h1). To draw, black will simply check the white King on h3 (Qg3-h3+) and then again on g3 (Qh3-g3+). Reaching the same position three times in a row is an automatic draw. For a play-by-play of this draw scenario, see the next page. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 25 Stalemates and Other Draws (continued) 1 White is considering a Rook move from e4 to h4, putting black in checkmate, but it’s black’s move. 2 Black moves its Queen from b8 to g3, check (Qb8-g3+). 3 White moves its King to h1 to get out of check (Kg1-h1). 4 Black moves its Queen to check white on h3 (Qg3-h3+), and can simply move back and forth between h3 and g3, keeping the King in perpetual check. 26 Special Moves 50-Move Rule And then there’s the merciful 50-move rule. If both players have made their last 50 consecutive moves without moving a pawn and without making a capture, either player can claim a draw. Obviously, you will need to have kept an accurate score sheet to make this claim! In this example from a real game, white just moved the Rook from e3 to e4 (Re3-e4) and used the 50-rule move to claim a draw. This particular game lasted a total of 170 moves. chapter 2 FAQ How much are the pieces worth? It must be obvious by now that the Queen is much stronger than the Knight, Bishop, or Rook. After years of experience, we know the relative value of each piece. This table estimates the value of the chessmen. The basic unit, the pawn, has a value of one. Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawn 9 5 3+ 3 1 Use the values in this table as a rough guide. A Rook is roughly worth as much as five pawns or a Knight (or Bishop) and two pawns. A Queen is worth approximately as much as a Rook, Knight, and pawn. Two Rooks are roughly equivalent to a Queen plus a pawn. Of course, in most situations, there are many other factors to consider, such the activity of the pieces and the amount of space on the board each player controls. The King is not included in the table because, in a real sense, it has infinite value. If your opponent attacks your King and it has no escape, you lose the game. But in many positions, especially late in the game, the King can play an active role. In such situations, it might be useful to think of the King as having a value of approximately five pawns. Note that the Bishop has a value slightly greater than the Knight. The Bishop is usually, though not always, worth a bit more than a Knight. See Chapter 5, “Bishop Strategy,” for more information on why this might be so. 27 Discovered Checks and Double Checks Discovered checks are among the most powerful moves in chess. The maneuver is quite simple. You move a piece, exposing an attack from a piece behind it. If it’s possible, double checks are even more exciting and deadly. Like a discovered check, a piece moves to expose a check from behind it while the piece itself also gives check. As you will see, double checks always force the King to move. Discovered Checks In this first position, the black King would be in check from the white Queen except that, for the moment, the white Knight on e5 is blocking the attack. With white to move, any move by the Knight will expose the attack from the Queen and place black in check, thus the discovered check. White could play the Knight to g6 check (Ne5-g6+), winning the h8-Rook on the next move. Better still, white selects the Knight to c6 check (Ne5-c6+), knowing that no matter what black does to block the check from the white Queen, the white Knight will capture the black Queen on the next move. In this second position, black has more material than white has, but white can quickly win the black Knight and the Queen by using a discovered check. White begins by moving the Rook on b1 to b7, capturing the black b7-pawn. The Rook on b7 would place the black King in check because the Rook on b7 attacks the b8 square. The white Bishop on g2 defends the Rook on b7 (in other words, the black King cannot capture the Rook because it would then be in check from the white Bishop). Therefore, under attack from the Rook, black has no choice but to retreat the King into the corner at a8 (Kb8-a8). White then continues with a powerful discovered check: The white Rook takes the black Knight on e7 (Rb7xe7), leaving the diagonal open, with the white Bishop now holding the black King in check. After black gets out of check by moving its King back to b8 (Ka8-b8), white will move the Rook (now on e7) to capture the black Queen on f7 (Re7xf7). See the next page for a play-by-play of this discovered check scenario. 28 Special Moves 1 The white Rook captures the black pawn on b7, putting the black King in check (Rb1-b7+). chapter 2 2 Black retreats its King to a8 (Kb8-a8). 3 The white Rook captures the black Knight on e7, revealing the discovered check from the white Bishop (Rb7xe7). 4 Black moves its King back to b8 to get out of check (Ka8-b8). Then white moves its Rook to capture the black Queen on f7 (Re7xf7). CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 29 Discovered Checks and Double Checks (continued) Double Checks At first glance, it appears that black has a significant advantage in this game. The Knight on f2 is attacking the white Queen and both of the white Rooks. Note also that black has two Knights while white has only one. But white has the possibility of bringing about a powerful double check. White begins by sacrificing the Queen by moving it to d8, putting the King in check (Qd3-d8+). Black has no choice but to capture the Queen on the key d8 square (Ke8xd8). This is the position after the Queen sacrifice. White now moves the Bishop on d2 to g5 (Bd2-g5+), giving double check from both the Bishop and the Rook on d1. Note that black is attacking both of these white pieces, but it is not possible to capture both with one move. To get out of the double check, black must move the King from d8. If the King moves to c7, white has the amazing Bishop g5 to d8 checkmate! If, instead, black moves the King from d8 to e8, white delivers checkmate by advancing the Rook to d8. 30 Promoting (and Under-Promoting) Your Pawns Your pawns are worth less than the King, Queen, Bishops, Knights, and Rooks, but they can help you control key squares, and they become very powerful as they approach the end of the board. If you succeed in advancing a pawn all the way to the 8th rank, you must remove the pawn and replace it with a Queen, a Rook, a Knight, or a Bishop. Almost all the time, you will want to promote the pawn to a Queen, but there are interesting exceptions. Promoting Your Pawns Special Moves chapter 2 Advance a pawn to the 8th rank and a wonderful transformation will occur. The rules require that you convert the pawn to a Knight, Bishop, Rook, or Queen. As the most powerful piece, the Queen is the most obvious choice, and most players promote to a Queen. This position is from a game between former world chess champion Bobby Fischer (playing white) and the Russian Tigran Petrosian (playing black). Petrosian advanced the pawn on a2 to a1 (a2-a1=Q) and promoted it to a Queen. Fischer replied by advancing his h6 pawn to h7 (h6-h7). Petrosian was unable to prevent Fischer from promoting that pawn to a Queen on the next move (h7-h8=Q). With eight pawns at the beginning of the game, you can, in theory, have a total of nine Queens on the board. It is rare, of course, to have more than two Queens. Some modern sets come with two Queens. If you have only one in your set, it is customary to use an upside-down Rook as the second Queen. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 31 Promoting (and Under-Promoting) Your Pawns (continued) Under-Promoting Your Pawns Under-promotion is rare, but it’s always fun when it occurs. Here, with black to move, black dares not promote the pawn on e2 to a Queen because white will quickly respond by moving its Rook on b8 to e8 (Rb8-e8+), checking the black King, and, on the next move, capturing the new Queen on e1. Instead, black under-promotes the e-pawn to a Knight! Suddenly, the white King is in check from the new Knight with only a single legal move: King from f3 to e3 (Kf3-e3). Note that on e3, the King no longer has any legal moves. The new Knight controls d3 and f3. The Rook on a2 controls the squares on the 2nd rank. And the black King controls d4, e4, and f4. Black should therefore attack the trapped King by advancing the f-pawn from f5 to f4 (f5-f4). That’s check, with mate to follow on the next move (after two pawn captures on f4)! 32 Castling Special Moves chapter 2 The King and the Rook can take part in a very special move, the only chess move that involves moving two pieces at the same time. This move, known as castling, helps bring the King to a safer square and bring the Rook toward the center. How to Castle Here, the white King can castle on either side of the board. To castle, follow these steps: 1 Move the King two squares toward the Rook (in this example, from e1 to c1 or from e1 to g1. 2 Move the Rook to the square immediately on the other side of the King (in this example, to d1 or f1). Technically, castling is a King move, so be sure to move the King first. If you touch the Rook first in a tournament, you will be required to move just the Rook. Here’s where the King and Rook end up after castling. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 33 Castling (continued) The Rules of Castling Note that castling is permitted only when your King and Rook have not previously moved. In addition, there are two simple rules to keep in mind: • • You cannot castle out of, through, or into check. If your King is being attacked, castling is not an option for getting out of check. All of the squares between the King and the Rook must be vacant. Note that you can castle if your Rook is under attack. You can even castle if your Rook passes through a square controlled by your opponent. In this diagram, white is not in check but cannot castle on the Kingside because the black Bishop on h3 controls the f1 square through which the King would have to move. White is permitted to castle Queenside despite the fact that black’s Bishop on g7 is attacking the Rook on a1 and the black Queen on h7 is attacking the b1 square through which the white Rook would move. 34 The En Passant Capture Special Moves chapter 2 In the early days of chess, pawns could move forward only one square at a time. When the rules changed to permit pawns to advance two squares for their first move, the French added a new rule to make sure that a pawn couldn’t become a Queen without a neighboring pawn having at least one chance to capture it. Many players are not familiar with this unusual pawn capture, but it is very much a part of the game. The en passant (French for “while passing”) capture is perhaps the trickiest chess move to learn and remember. How to Capture En Passant In this diagram, the white pawn on d2 has not yet moved. It has the option of moving one or two squares. If it moved ahead a single square to d3, the black pawn would clearly be able to capture it. If the white pawn moves ahead two squares, however, the black pawn on the neighboring e-file would like to have the chance to capture it before the white pawn can advance toward its Queening square, d8. The en passant rule applies here. For one move only, the black pawn can respond by capturing the white pawn as if it had moved only a single square. Note: From white’s viewpoint, Queening squares consist of all squares in the 8th rank. For black, the Queening squares are all the squares on the 1st rank. For more on promoting pawns, see “Promoting (and Under-Promoting) Your Pawns,” earlier in this chapter. To capture the white pawn, move the black pawn forward diagonally as if the white pawn had moved only a single square. This diagram shows the final position. Note that only pawns can capture en passant, and that only a pawn on an adjacent square can capture in this way. EN PASSANT CAPTURE IN ACTION In this position, it is black’s move. The black King has no legal moves. In fact, black’s only legal move is with the black b7-pawn. If black advances its pawn two squares from b7 to b5, white has a very strong response with the en passant capture, a5xb6. Without the en passant capture, black might actually win the game by advancing the b-pawn and promoting it to a Queen on b1. With the en passant capture, white will quickly advance the b6-pawn all the way to b8, promoting to a Queen (or Rook) with checkmate! 35 chapter 3 Rook Strategy A Rook is a powerful piece. This chapter will help you learn how to make the most of it. Some chess players find it difficult to develop the Rooks effectively because the Rooks begin the game in the corners. Developing your pieces quickly and moving the Rooks toward the central files will help you secure control over the center of the board. And by attacking or controlling distant squares, the Rooks can help your attacks succeed. Experienced players know that Rooks belong on open files (not blocked by pawns) and that Rooks are especially effective when they get to the 7th rank to attack the enemy pawns. Rooks Belong on Open Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Advance Your Rooks to the 7th Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Simple Back-Rank Checkmates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Fun with Active Rooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Rooks Belong Behind Passed Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Rooks Belong on Open Files To make the Rooks as good as possible, move them to open files where the pawns do not block their mobility. On open files (remember, files are the “vertical columns” on the chessboard, lettered a–h), the Rooks can move forward and help control the center and far reaches of the board. Rooks Are Powerful on Open Files You will often want to move a Rook to an open file where its own pawns cannot block its forward movement. In this example, the black Rook on a8 has the option of moving to any of the squares on the 8th rank. One of those squares, of course, is different. Moving the Rook from a8 to e8 (Ra8-e8) is the best move here because from e8, the Rook will help control all the squares along the 8th rank as well as the squares on the open e-file. In the second example, there are two black Rooks and two open files. If it’s good to place one Rook on an open file, it’s even better to place both Rooks on open files. In this case, placing the Rooks on d8 (Ra8-d8) and e8 (Rh8-e8) will help black to control the important squares in the center of the board. 38 Rook Strategy In this final example, black has both Rooks but only a single open file. You can begin by moving one of the Rooks to the e-file. Of course, that Rook will be a “good” Rook, while the other will remain “bad.” To make both Rooks good, move the Rook at e8 forward, perhaps to e7 or e6. This advance will make room for the other Rook. Complete your Rook maneuver by moving the other Rook to e8. This is called “doubling Rooks” (see the next photo for the resulting doubling Rook position). chapter 3 Once you control an open file with a Rook, you can often use the Rook to infiltrate your opponent’s position. The Rook is especially effective when it is attacking undefended pawns deep in the enemy’s position. 39 Advance Your Rooks to the 7th Rank Rooks become especially powerful when they advance safely across the board to attack the enemy pawns. Don’t let the term 7th rank confuse you here. When playing chess, your back row counts as rank 1, so black’s 7th rank, for example, is the same as white’s 2nd rank. 7th Rank Advances In this example, the enemy pawns rest on their original squares. And so, masters often talk about advancing their Rooks to the 7th rank where the enemy pawns usually are. The key for black is to advance the Rook on e8 to e2 (Re8-e2). White will then have a problem. The black Rook on e2 will be attacking undefended white pawns on d2 and f2. White can respond by moving its Rook on b1 to d1 (Rb1-d1) or f1 (Rb1-f1), but there’s clearly no way to move the Rook on b1 to defend both pawns. In this example, the black Rooks are dominating black’s 7th rank. Black has succeeded in doubling the Rooks on the 7th rank, a catastrophe for white. On the 7th rank, the Rooks combine to place tremendous pressure on the white pawns. White has succeeded with the King on b1 and the Rook on c1 to defend the c2-pawn adequately. However, the white f2-pawn is in jeopardy. White could push the f2-pawn forward, but the black Rook on e2 would then capture the g2-pawn instead, and then go on to threaten the h2-pawn. 40 Simple Back-Rank Checkmates Here are our first checkmates! Rook Strategy chapter 3 Rook Checkmates One of the reasons that Rooks belong on open files is that they can often deliver checkmate all by themselves. In this example, black has an active Rook on an open file. Moreover, white has no defense along the 1st rank. Black simply moves the Rook forward all the way to e1 (Re8-e1) to attack the white King. White cannot move its King, capture the Rook on e1, or place a piece between the King and the attacking Rook. It’s checkmate! Experienced players will often head off this attack by moving a pawn forward in front of their Kings; you will be surprised how often this simple attack works. In this second example, black shows off the power of doubled Rooks. White does have a Rook defending the key e1-entry square, but black has two attacking Rooks. Black begins by advancing the Rook on e7 to e1, check (Re7-e1+). To avoid checkmate, the white Rook on g1 must capture the black Rook on e1 (Rg1xe1). White then delivers checkmate by playing Rook on e8 takes Rook on e1 (Re8xe1#). 41 Fun with Active Rooks As the game unfolds, the player with the most active Rooks is often the victor. Be sure to place Rooks on open files, look to advance them to undefended outposts in your opponent’s position, and remain aware of the awesome power of your doubled Rooks. Active Rooks Can Assist Mating Attacks Here’s another example of why it is so important to double your Rooks on an open file. The black Rooks are dominating the only open file on the board. As you have seen in previous examples, the Rooks will advance to the 7th rank to attack the enemy pawns. Here, however, black has a much stronger plan. The two black Rooks combine to attack the key e1 square. White is defending the square with two Rooks. The attack will work if black can eliminate one of white’s defending Rooks. Black therefore begins with the aggressive Queen sacrifice: The black Queen captures the white Rook on g1, check (Qc5xg1+). White must recapture with the Rook on h1 (Rh1xg1). The result is a simple two-on-one attack on the e1 square. Black moves its e7 Rook to e1 (Re7-e1). White then captures it with its remaining Rook (Rg1xe1). Then black advances its e8 Rook to e1 (Re8-e1#). The white King cannot escape from the final check by the e1-Rook; it’s checkmate. 42 Rooks Belong Behind Passed Pawns Rooks are also especially powerful when you place them behind passed pawns (pawns that are advancing toward promotion and cannot be captured by an enemy pawn). By themselves, the pawns might be successfully captured. With a Rook behind them, they become a powerful force. Rook Strategy chapter 3 Rooks and Passed Pawns In this position, white has placed the Rook on a1 behind the passed pawn on a7. To prevent the pawn from promoting to a Queen, black was forced to play Rook to a8. The white Rook is clearly playing a strong, aggressive role. By contrast, the black Rook is quite passive and cannot move along the rank without permitting the pawn to advance. To win, white will need only to move the King from d4 to the key b7 square. On that square, the white King will attack the black Rook, forcing it to move away or be captured. If black decides to move the Rook along the 8th rank, the pawn will be able to advance and promote to Queen. 43 chapter 4 Knight Strategy While the Bishop, Queen, and Rook can sweep across the board, the Knight is limited to its relatively short L-shaped movements. As you will see, these limited movements make it all the more important to decide early on where you can safely post the Knight and from where it can effectively assist in the battle. Move the Knights to the Center of the Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Place Your Knights Where the Enemy Pawns Can’t Attack Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Knight Forks Are Fun! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Move the Knights to the Center of the Board The experience of masters tells us that a Knight belongs in or near the center of the board, where the enemy pawns cannot attack it. From this safe post, a Knight can lash out to assist in attacks against the enemy King, to deliver unexpected forks (forks are explained in “Knight Forks Are Fun!,” later in this chapter), and simply to tie down enemy movement. Attack from the Center In this position, the white Knight is safe from attack in the center and can move to eight different squares. From its central perch on d5, the white Knight is ready to assist in an attack on the black King or to lash out toward the black Queenside (the side of the board where the Queen started is called the Queenside while the side of the board on which the King started is called the Kingside). By clear contrast, the black Knight is in the corner at a8, where it will likely have very little effect on what will happen next. In this position, the white Knight controls eight squares because it is actively placed in the middle of the board. Note that the Knight is occupying a light square on e4 and, as a result, is attacking eight different dark squares. 46 Knight Strategy If you move or place a Knight on a dark square, for example on d4, it would be attacking eight different light squares. Observing the light square/dark square relationship here can help you become more comfortable with the movement of the Knight. chapter 4 By contrast, if you place the Knight on the side of the board, the Knight will have access to only four squares. In this case, the Knight on d8 can move only to b7, c6, e6, and f7. That’s why we say that “a Knight on the rim is grim.” In this position, the white Knight on the a2 square has access to only three squares: b4, c3, and c1. The black Knight in the corner on h8 can move only to two light squares: f7 and g6. There’s a rhyme for that too: “A Knight in the corner makes you a mourner.” 47 Place Your Knights Where the Enemy Pawns Can’t Attack Them The actual rule for Knight strategy is a bit more complicated than simply moving your Knights to the center of the board. The key is to move your Knights to central squares that your opponent’s pawns cannot attack. Avoid Pawn Attacks Black has just responded to white’s opening move of pawn from e2 to e4 (e2-e4) with Knight g8 to f6 (Ng8-f6). At first, black’s move seems strong because the Knight has developed quickly toward the center and is attacking the white pawn on e4. However, on white’s second move, the pawn on e4 can advance again to e5 (e4-e5), attacking the black Knight on f6. The black Knight would need to move again to avoid its loss, but moving the Knight to e4 would invite another pawn attack d2 to d3 (d2-d3). Moving the black Knight to d5 (Nf6-d5), a better move, would nonetheless invite white to attack the Knight with c2 to c4 (c2-c4). As you can see from this example, advancing your Knights to the center of the board isn’t enough; read on. In this example , the white Knight is on its starting g1-square. The advance of black’s central pawns has created a “hole” in black’s pawn structure on the d5 square. Note that the black pawns will not be able to attack or capture the white Knight if it’s on d5, and from the d5 hole, the Knight would help to control eight squares. On d5, the Knight would be able to assist a Kingside attack or possibly deliver forks on the c7 square (imagine a black Rook on a8 and the black King on e8). To learn about forks, see “Knight Forks Are Fun!,” on the next page. The arrows show the fastest and safest path for the Knight to follow to reach the key d5 square in this scenario: g1-e2-c3-d5. 48 Knight Forks Are Fun! The Knight can attack two or more pieces at the same time. When a Knight attacks two pieces at once, we call it a Knight fork. An attack on more than two pieces is called a family fork. In practice, it is rare for a Knight to attack more than two pieces at a time, but forks are often the culmination of complex maneuvers and tactical intrigue. Knight Strategy chapter 4 Family Fork Here’s a position from a sample game, with black set to move. As you can see, the white Knight on d5 is attacking the black Queen on e7. If the black Queen moves forward one square from e7 to e6, do you see how white can move the white Knight to deliver a family fork? The answer is Knight from d5 to c7 (Nd5-c7); resulting in check, as well as a family fork. The white Knight on c7 is attacking black’s Knight (Ke8), Queen (Qe6), Rook (Ra8), as well as the Bishop (Ba6). CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 49 Knight Forks Are Fun! (continued) In this more difficult example, white combines a wonderful Queen sacrifice with a clever Knight fork to gain a decisive material advantage. Note that the white Knight on d5 is powerfully located in the center, even though it is being attacked by a black pawn on e6. As chess books like to say, it’s white to move and win, in this case by winning a piece. White begins by moving its Knight to f6, putting the King in check (Nd5-f6+). Note that black cannot capture the Knight with its Bishop because the white Queen on g4 is pinning the Bishop on g7. Simply put, you are not allowed to make a move that places your King in check. Black must therefore respond by moving the King to f7 or into the corner to h8. White then has a wonderful combination ending with a Knight fork. White captures the black Bishop with its Queen, putting the King in check (Qg4xg7+). Black must respond by recapturing the Queen with its King (Kxg7). This then yields a Knight fork opportunity for white that will regain the Black Queen. Can you find the solution? The answer is Knight to e8, check (Nf6-e8+), forking the King and Queen. The play-by-play of this combination is detailed on the next page. 50 Knight Strategy 1 White moves Knight to f6, putting the King in check (Nd5-f6+). chapter 4 2 Black’s King moves to f7 to get out of check (Kg8-f7) (the King could also move to h8). 3 White’s Queen captures the black Bishop, putting the King in check again (Qg4xg7+). 4 Black responds, capturing white’s Queen with the King (Kxg7). This reveals the Knight fork opportunity for white (Nf6-e8+), forking the King and Queen. 51 chapter 5 Bishop Strategy The Bishop is forever committed to traveling on the same color. To make sure that the Bishop will have the most substantial effect on the position, it is important not to fix your pawns on the color of your Bishop. In an open board where the pawns are mobile, the Bishop can be a very powerful piece. You will soon see pins, skewers, and Bishops that can dominate Knights and even Rooks. However, in a closed position where many of the pawns are fixed, the Bishop’s mobility can be seriously limited. Bad Bishops and Good Bishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Bishops Can Dominate Knights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Fianchettos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Bishops of Opposite Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Skewers and Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Bad Bishops Against Good Knights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Bishops Can Dominate Rooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Bad Bishops and Good Bishops Just as there are good Rooks (on open files) and good Knights (in the center where the enemy pawns can’t attack them), there are good Bishops and bad Bishops. From experience, it is clear that Bishops are good as long as you don’t limit their mobility behind pawns that are fixed (set on the same color as the Bishop). A VERY BAD BISHOP In this situation, the white Bishop on f1 can safely move around to g2, h3, and even h1. You can immediately see that, while the Bishop remains on the board, it will have no meaningful effect on the rest of the game. In a real sense, white’s pawns on e2, f3, and g4 have imprisoned or trapped their own lightsquared Bishop. The simplest advice: Don’t let this happen to you! GOOD VS. BAD Most of the time, Bishops are not quite that bad, but the principle remains important. Do not fix pawns on the same color as your Bishop. In this example, the two pawns are considered fixed because they cannot advance. The Bishop on b2 is considered “bad” because the white pawn on d4 is fixed on its color. By contrast, the black Bishop on g7 is considered “good” because it is attacking a fixed white pawn. 54 Bishops Can Dominate Knights One reason that Bishops are worth slightly more than Knights is that the Bishop can dominate a Knight on the open board. Bishop Strategy chapter 5 In this position, the white Bishop on e5 controls all four of the squares to which the black Knight on h5 can move. To improve your play, you should play against others and also play through the games of some the world’s greatest players. As you play through master games, time and again, you will observe the same pattern: Bishops three squares away from enemy Knights, dominating them just as they do in this example. 55 Fianchettos Fianchetto is Italian for “on the flank.” In chess, a fianchetto is a special formation of pawns that give the Bishop an opportunity to take control over the longest diagonal on the chessboard. White can fianchetto the Bishop on the Queenside by playing b2-b3 and then Bc1-b2. On the Kingside, white can play g2-g3 and then Bf1-g2. Many players enjoy these formations because fianchettoed Bishops have such sweeping control through the board. The Formation At the beginning of a game, you have an opportunity to place your Bishop quickly on the board’s longest diagonal, setting up a fianchetto. In this position, after advancing the g-pawn to g3 (g2-g3), white can play Bishop f1 to g2 (Bf1-g2). Many players like this maneuver, but white must be careful when advancing the g-pawn that black is not able to capture the white Rook on h1 with a Bishop or a Queen coming straight down the long diagonal. Here, all of the Bishops have been fianchettoed (flanked by their pawns). Note that both sides have been very careful, developing the Knights to f3 and f6 to prevent any of the Bishops from capturing another Bishop. 56 Bishops of Opposite Color Light-squared Bishops and darksquared Bishops can never capture one another. That simple fact usually means that games ending with opposite-colored Bishops result in draws. Bishop Strategy chapter 5 Opposite-Colored Bishops Often Result in a Draw In this position, black appears to have a significant two-pawn advantage. However, white has a light-squared Bishop, while black’s Bishop can travel only on the dark squares. The two can never come into direct conflict. White can effectively blockade the black pawns by moving its Bishop to light squares that stay in contact with the d3 square. For example, white could simply shuttle the Bishop back and forth between d3 and c2. If black moved the King around to c3 in order to prevent Bishop to c2, the white Bishop could move instead to e4. Simply put, there’s no safe way for black to advance the pawns. 57 Skewers and Pins Skewers are dramatic attacks by the Bishop, usually involving a check, that often net a Rook or a Queen. Pins are much more common maneuvers. A pin begins with a Bishop attacking a piece, usually a Knight. In some cases, a movement by the Knight would expose the Queen to attack. In other cases, the Knight cannot move, because the Bishop would then be attacking the King. The Knight is thus, pinned by the Bishop. SKEWERS In this position, it is white’s move. White can carry out a skewer in two different ways. First, white could attack or check the black King by playing Bishop on d1 to f3 (Bd1-f3). The black King on d5 would have to move, permitting white to capture the Rook on a8 (Bf3xa8). Better still, white could play Bishop to b3, check (Bd1-b3+). Here, the skewer will net the Queen on g8 (Bb3xg8). PINS In this position, there are two pins. Note that the white Bishop on b5 is pinning the black Knight on c6 to the black King. This is called an absolute pin because the Knight on c6 cannot legally move (remember, you cannot make a move that results in putting your King in check). By contrast, the black Bishop on g4 is pinning the white Knight on f3 to the white Queen. This is called a relative pin because the Knight on f3 is permitted to move. Such moves are often unwise though, because moving the Knight would result in the loss of the white Queen. It is far more common, in master play, for players to “unpin” with a move like Bishop f1 to e2 (Bf1-e2), as seen in the photo at the top of this page. Or, white could simply challenge the black Bishop by moving the pawn from h2 to h3 (h2-h3); masters call such pawn maneuvers “putting the question to” or “kicking” the Bishop. 58 Bad Bishops Against Good Knights While Bishops are often better than Knights, there are exceptions to the rule. A good Knight (in the center of the board where the enemy pawns cannot attack it) is almost always better than a bad Bishop (locked in by its own pawns). Bishop Strategy chapter 5 In this example, material is even—black and white are evenly matched in the number and value of their pieces. However, black’s Knight is wonderfully posted, while the white Bishop has little scope. In this position, it is white’s turn to move, but every move that white can make will result in a winning advantage for black. If, for example, white moves the Bishop, black will be able to capture it with its Knight and then infiltrate with the King. 59 Bishops Can Dominate Rooks In almost all situations, Rooks are stronger than Bishops. Perhaps you will be fortunate to skewer a Rook or to pin a Rook to a Queen or a King. There is another way for a Bishop to dominate a Rook. It simply requires some help, in this case from an advanced pawn. In this example, both Bishops are dominating a Rook. The white Bishop on f8, for example, has trapped the black Rook on g8 with help from the pawn on g7. If the Rook moves to h8, the pawn will capture it. If the Rook captures the Bishop on f8, the pawn will then capture it. If the Rook captures the pawn on g7, the Bf8 will capture it. Similarly, the black Bishop on b2, with help from the advanced black a-pawn, has trapped the white Rook. If the Rook moves to a1 or captures the a3-pawn, the Bishop can capture it. And if the Rook on a2 captures the Bishop on b2, the a3-pawn will be able to recapture. Imagine trapping a Rook in this way and then bringing up another pawn or piece to attack it. 60 Bishop Strategy chapter 5 This position was reached in the famous 1972 World Championship match between Bobby Fischer and the Russian Boris Spassky. Spassky, playing white, had just played Bishop to e7 and was threatening to play Bishop e7 to f8 (Be7-f8) and then pawn g7 to g8 (g7-g8) to promote to Queen (g7-g8=Q)! Fischer had no choice but to prevent that threat with Rook a8 to g8 (Ra8-g8). Naturally, Spassky followed up with Bishop e7 to f8 (Be7-f8), trapping Fischer’s Rook. In spite of having his Rook trapped, Fischer nonetheless went on to win the game and the match. FACT U.S.-born Bobby Fischer is viewed by many chess players as the greatest chess player in history. He took the chess world by storm in 1972, when he challenged and defeated reigning World Champion, Russian Boris Spassky. This meeting was coined as the “Match of the Century.” Fischer’s convincing victory over Spassky brought chess into the international limelight and elevated Fischer to celebrity status. Fischer’s win was viewed by many as a symbolic Western victory during the Cold War. 61 chapter 6 Pawn Strategy Unlike Kings, Queens, Bishops, Knights, and Rooks, pawns can move in only one direction: forward, ever forward. Reach the final rank and the lowly pawn, the foot soldier of chess, can transform itself into any piece except a King (players most often opt to promote to a Queen). But there is much more to pawns than just the quest to promote into a more powerful piece. As the pawns move forward, they open up diagonals for the Bishops, protect other pieces, and often lead the way for attacks. They can pry open an opponent’s Kingside, but they can also spell doom when they become weak, and are then subject to capture. Don’t Double Your Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Pawn Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Some Doubled Pawns Are Strong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Pawn Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Pawn Majorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Isolated Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Backward Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Hanging Pawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Pawn Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Pawns Can Fork, Too! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Passed Pawn Blockaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Every Pawn Move Creates a Weakness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Don’t Double Your Pawns When pawns are one in front of the other, we refer to them as doubled pawns. Doubled pawns occur when a pawn captures and moves in front of another pawn. There are exceptions to most rules in chess, but you should usually try to recapture with a piece rather than with a pawn to avoid the weakness of doubled pawns. The Weaknesses of Doubled (and Tripled) Pawns In this position, white has doubled pawns on the f-file, while black has tripled pawns on the c-file. These pawns are weak because they cannot defend one another. If you were playing white, for example, you might attack the black pawns with Rooks along the c-file, and perhaps also with your other pieces. Black might decide to try to defend the pawns or, alternatively, attack the weak white doubled pawns. Here, black has not one but two sets of doubled pawns. White’s strategy is clear. White has doubled the white Rooks on the c-file and will, on the next move, capture the weak black pawn on c6. In contrast, the white pawn structure seems quite strong with no obvious weaknesses. As a result, black cannot easily mount a counterattack on white’s position. It is worth noting that there are many situations in which you need not be in rush to attack such weaknesses. By all means do so if you see a clear win as a result, as in this situation, but keep in mind that weaknesses such as doubled pawns are “structural” in that the weaknesses will usually be there for the whole game, and you will easily be able to capture such pawns once all of your pieces are well developed. 64 Pawn Islands Pawns are generally more secure and harder to attack when they are connected and able to defend one another. By contrast, when the pawns are scattered around the board, they are easier to attack. Pawn Strategy chapter 6 The Fewer Pawn Islands the Better Here, white has two pawn islands. Pawn islands consist of a single pawn or group of side-by-side pawns that are separated from other pawns by open files. The white pawns on the a-, b-, and c-files form one island, while the white pawns on the f-, g-, and h-files form the other island. Side-by-side, these pawns do not defend one another, but we consider these strong formations because, unlike the doubled pawns we just saw, they contain no permanent weaknesses and are capable of defending one another. By contrast, the black pawns in this diagram form a total of four pawn islands and are considered much weaker. Three of the pawns have no neighbors. Therefore, if attacked, these pawns would need to be defended by Knights, Bishops, Rooks, or Queens, pieces that in most cases have more important roles to play than to defend a lowly pawn. The general rule here is simple: During the game, try to have fewer pawn islands than your opponent. 65 Some Doubled Pawns Are Strong Many beginning players become so fearful of doubling their pawns that they miss situations when doubled pawns can be strong. Double Pawns Supporting the Center In the following position, the black Knight has just captured on the e3 square. White could automatically recapture with the Queen to avoid doubling the white pawns on the e-file. A great American chess player, Frank Marshall, reached this position in a game against Abraham Kupchik in 1915. Marshall decided that capturing with the pawn had some advantages that outweighed the structural weakness of doubling the pawns. Here is the position after the pawn capture. The new pawn on e3 helps to support the white center by defending the white d4-pawn. More important, by recapturing with the pawn, white has opened up the f-file for the Rook. To be sure, white now has four pawn islands while black has only two, but Marshall, who went on to win the game, felt that having both the Queen and the Rook on the open file and the strengthened center more than compensated for the doubled pawns and the extra pawn island. 66 Pawn Chains Pawn Strategy chapter 6 In many openings, the pawns form chains along a diagonal. Compare these chains to birds flying in formation. When three birds fly overhead in formation, the best strategy for a hunter is to aim for the last bird. The other birds may hear the shot, but they won’t actually see that the bird has been hit. Similarly, the pawn at the rear of the chain is the weakest because no other pawn defends it. The best strategy is to aim your attack at the rear of your opponent’s pawn chain. Introducing Pawn Chains In this position, the three white pawns are forming a chain. Note that two of the three white pawns are defended. The most advanced white pawn on e5 is defended by the pawn on d4. The pawn on d4 is defended by the pawn on c3. By contrast, the white pawn on c3 is completely undefended. The pawn in the rear of the chain is considered the weakest of the pawns precisely because the other pawns can no longer protect it. The weak pawn in the chain often becomes the main target of the attack by your opponent. In this position, black has prepared and will now play the move c7 to c5 (c7-c5). If white should capture black’s c5-pawn (d4xc5), both of white’s remaining pawns would be weak and subject to capture. White would try a similar strategy by advancing the f-pawn from f2 to f4 (f2-f4). White’s plan would then be to play f4 to f5 (f4-f5) with the idea of attacking the weak e6-pawn in black’s short pawn chain. Note: For more on attacking pawn chains, see “Backward Pawns” later in this chapter. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 67 Pawn Chains (continued) This position offers a more practical example. White, on the attack, advances the pawn to e6 (e5-e6) where it attacks the base of black’s f7-g6-h5 pawn chain. If black responds by capturing white’s e6-pawn (f7xe6), white will be able to respond with Queen to g6 to capture the middle pawn in the chain, simultaneously putting the King in check (Q3-g6+). TIP Want to learn more about pawns and other chess strategies? Join a local chess club. Most chess clubs have players from beginners through master. You can use the United States Chess Federation’s website (www.uschess.org/directories/AffiliateSearch/) to look for clubs in your area. All chess clubs welcome new and intermediate players, and most offer free lectures and lessons. Apart from meeting new people, a chess club is a great place simply to play and improve. If there isn’t an existing chess club in your area, gather some other interested players and start one. The U.S. Chess Federation makes starting a new club easy. For more on becoming an affiliate, visit their website. 68 Pawn Majorities Pawn Strategy chapter 6 One key goal for the pawns, of course, is to promote at least one to a Queen by advancing it to the end of the board. Sometimes, pawns are able to advance without any opposition. More often, you will have to find a way to push your pawns successfully past your opponent’s pawns. A pawn majority means that one player has more pawns than the opponent on one side of the board. As you will see, some pawn majorities are more useful than others. USEFUL PAWN MAJORITIES In this position, both sides have useful pawn majorities. On the Queenside, for example, white has three advanced pawns facing only two black pawns. With white to move, white can make significant progress toward promoting a pawn by advancing the c-pawn forward (c5-c6). With no black pawn on c7, white threatens simply to advance the c-pawn from c6 to c7. Black can delay the advance of the white pawn temporarily by capturing on c6 (b7xc6), but white will be able to use the power of this majority to force a white pawn through no matter what black tries. Black, of course, has a useful pawn majority on the Kingside. Knowing that it is not possible to prevent white from Queening a pawn, black might instead seek a Queen by advancing the h-pawn forward to h3 (h4-h3). Here too, white can delay the advance with a capture (g2xh3), but the majority will succeed in making a passed pawn (remember, “passed pawn” is just another term for a pawn that can’t be opposed by an enemy pawn). NOT USEFUL PAWN MAJORITIES In this next position, on the Queenside, white has a three-pawn majority against only two for black, but the pawns are all fixed and the extra pawn is not capable of being forced through for promotion. Similarly, on the Kingside, black has a pawn majority, but the pawn majority is not useful. Any effort by black to advance the g-pawn will result in the pawn’s capture and in a dangerous passed pawn for white. 69 Isolated Pawns Simply put, isolated pawns are single pawn islands that have no pawns on either side. Such pawns therefore cannot be defended by a pawn. Even without help, such pawns can advance aggressively, but all too often, isolated pawns are blocked, attacked, and captured. HOW TO SPOT AN ISOLATED PAWN In this position, white and black both have three pawn islands. Black’s smallest island, the e6-pawn, is an isolated pawn. Notice there are no black pawns on the d-file or on the f-file. If a white piece was to attack the black e6-pawn, black would have to defend the isolated e-pawn with a piece because there are no pawns to do the job. To try to eliminate the isolated pawn, black might try to push it to e5 in an effort to exchange it. Similarly, one of white’s island is the isolated pawn on d4. Faced with a lasting weakness, white might consider advancing the pawn to d5 in an effort to exchange it for black’s e6-pawn. Isolated pawns like these play an important role in shaping strategy. Here, black might try to double Rooks. For example, black might place a Rook or two on the d-file to place pressure on or perhaps capture the isolated white d-pawn. White could try a similar strategy, doubling the white Rooks on the e-file to attack black’s weak e6-pawn. BLOCKADE ISOLATED PAWNS WITH YOUR KNIGHTS In this next position, white and black have both succeeded in blockading each other’s isolated pawns. The white Knight on e5 occupies a key square, right in the center of the board where the black pawns will not be able to attack it. Similarly, the black Knight on d5 blockades white’s isolated d-pawn. From these key squares, the Knights will often have opportunities to lash out with forks or to assist in the attacks on each other’s Kings. 70 Backward Pawns Pawn Strategy chapter 6 The pawn in the rear of a pawn chain is called a backward pawn. There are many situations in which backward pawns are very weak and especially open to attack. HOW TO SPOT A BACKWARD PAWN There are several backward pawns in the following position. Black’s a7-pawn is a glaring example. If black moves the a7-pawn forward, white will be able to capture it on a6. Note that white would be able to capture en passant if black advanced the a-pawn two squares to a5. For a refresher on en passant captures, see Chapter 2, “Special Moves.” There are three other backward pawns in this position: f5, f2, and h2. Imagine blockading these pawns with a Knight, or mounting an attack on them with your Bishops, Rooks, and Queen. ATTACKING A BACKWARD PAWN In this position, white has succeeded in fixing and attacking black’s backward a7-pawn with both Rooks. Because no pawns can defend the backward pawn, black will either have to defend the pawn with a piece or else let white capture it. Try to imagine how to defend the a7-pawn. Perhaps you would move a Bishop to b8. Or perhaps, you would use two Rooks along the 7th rank. 71 Hanging Pawns Pawn islands that have two pawns side by side are often called hanging pawns. Hanging pawns are sometimes weak and sometimes strong. If you are on the attack, try to get your opponent to move one of the pawns and then blockade the pawn chain that emerges. HOW TO SPOT HANGING PAWNS In this position, black’s pawns on c5 and d5 are said to be “hanging.” The word suggests danger, and as you will see, such pawns can bring about wonderful attacking chances or be the cause of defeat. With white to play, imagine how you might organize your pieces to attack either the c5- or the d5-pawn. Perhaps you might double your Rooks on the c- or d-file. Perhaps you might use your Knights to attack one of the pawns. In this section, there are several examples that will illustrate the potential strength and weakness of hanging pawns. 72 Pawn Strategy HANGING PAWNS CAN BE STRONG In this position, the hanging pawns have helped black to attack the white pawn on e2 (d5-d4). Notice that the advanced black pawn on d4 helps to control the key e3 square. White cannot advance the e2-pawn without black having an opportunity to capture with the d-pawn on e3. Notice that black has assembled a massive amount of pressure on the white e2-pawn. The two Rooks and the black Bishop on a6 are all combining to pressure white’s e2-pawn. It should be clear that black’s hanging pawns are assisting in the attack. The most meaningful weakness in the position is on e2. chapter 6 Similarly, in this position, the hanging pawns have helped black to attack the white pawn on b2. In this case, black has advanced the c-pawn to c4 (c5-c4), helping to fix and attack the key white pawn on b2. Black’s pieces are poised here for the attack, with both Rooks and the black Bishop joining in the attack on the b2-pawn. In this case, the most meaningful pawn weakness is on b2. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 73 Hanging Pawns (continued) HANGING PAWNS CAN BE WEAK In this position, the hanging pawns are very weak. Black has advanced the d-pawn to d4 (d5-d4), creating a “hole” in the pawn structure on c4. Rather than play passively and permit an attack on the e2-pawn, white has responded aggressively by fixing and then attacking the backward pawn on c5. As you can see, all four of the white pieces have joined in on the attack on black’s c5-pawn. Here, the hanging pawns are also very weak. This time, black has pushed the c-pawn to c4 (c5-c4), leaving a backward pawn on d5. White has again responded aggressively by mounting a huge attack on the backward d5pawn. As you can see, the white Knight, the two white Rooks, and white’s light-squared Bishop have all joined in the attack. 74 Pawn Masses Obviously, pawns can become more and more powerful as they advance toward the end of the board. By themselves, however, they can be vulnerable, blocked, and then captured. Instead, imagine a group or mass of pawns advancing in tandem. Such pawn masses are especially strong and can overwhelm your opponent’s position. Pawn Strategy chapter 6 A Powerful Pawn Mass In this position, three black pawns have crashed through the enemy lines and together, threaten to overwhelm the white army. The simplest way for black to proceed is to advance the black d-pawn forward from d4 to d3 (d4-d3). On d3, the wellprotected pawn attacks the white Bishop on e2. Note that the Bishop, once attacked, would have no safe retreats. As you might imagine, pawn masses are fun to have. Make sure, of course, that you protect your pawns carefully. For example, in this position, if it were white’s move, the white Bishop could capture the undefended black c4-pawn or the white Queen could safely capture the d4-pawn. 75 Pawns Can Fork, Too! The lowly pawn will occasionally have a chance to show off some power. Look for opportunities to attack two pieces at the same time with your pawns. These pawn forks will almost always result in a significant gain of material, the capture of a piece worth much more than a single pawn. Pawn Forks Here’s a simple example. By advancing the white e-pawn to e5, the little white pawn will be attacking the black Rook and Knight at the same time. Be on the lookout for such moves because they often result in the gain of material. A REAL LIFE EXAMPLE In this position, white has just moved the dark-squared Bishop to f4. By advancing the black e-pawn from e6 to e5 (e6-e5), black can fork the white Bishop and the white Knight on d4. If white responds by moving the Knight, black could capture the Bishop. And of course, if white were to retreat the Bishop, black could capture the Knight. 76 Passed Pawn Blockaders How do you stop a passed pawn? Placing a Queen or a Rook in the path of a passed pawn may not be the solution because it’s too easy to force such a valuable piece to move. To prevent your opponent’s passed pawn from advancing, try blockading it with a Knight. In the position at the right, the white h2-pawn is the only passed pawn because it can proceed down the h-file, all the way to the h8 Queening square without any black pawn ever being able to capture it. Pawn Strategy chapter 6 Stopping Passed Pawns In this position, with black to move, the Knight can prevent the white a-pawn from promoting into a Queen by blockading the pawn. Move the Knight into the corner at a8, and you will prevent the further advance of the a-pawn. Knights usually make the best blockaders. If you block a passed pawn with a more powerful piece, a Queen for example, the Queen would have to move off its blockading square if attacked by a piece of lesser value. The Knight makes the best blockader because it is the least valuable among the major (Queen and Rook) and minor (Bishop and Knight) pieces. 77 Every Pawn Move Creates a Weakness As you have seen, pawn moves can be very strong. Pawns can fork, and they can promote into Queens. However, every pawn move also creates a weakness. As pawns move forward, they give up control over squares that can often become important bases for the opponent’s pieces. Always consider whether your advance of a pawn is more important than the weakness that you will create. The Advance of a Pawn Creates a Weakness In this position, with black to move, black is considering the possibility of advancing the pawn on e6 to e5. The pawn move makes some sense. The pawn will move forward and force the white Knight on d4 to move. However, the pawn on e6 currently defends the d5 and f5 squares. If black advances the e-pawn to e5, both the d5 and f5 squares will become weak. 78 Pawn Strategy chapter 6 Here is the position after the advance of the black e-pawn. It is true that the white Knight on d4 must move, but white has the strong move Knight d4 to f5 (Nd4-f5). On f5, the white Knight attacks the black Bishop on e7 and places more pressure on what is now a backward black pawn on d6. More important, perhaps, the advance of the black e-pawn has created a hole in the black pawn structure on the key central d5-square. For example, white is likely, within a few moves, to move the Knight on c3 into the hole on d5. Both of these key moves, Knight to f5 (Nd4-f5) and Knight to d5 (Nc3-d5), are possible because black decided to advance the e-pawn to e5. So keep in mind, all pawn moves create such weaknesses. Be sure to locate the weaknesses and consider their importance before you lash out with pawn moves. 79 chapter 7 King and Queen Strategy The King and Queen are the two strongest pieces. The Queen has tremendous scope, especially in the open board, but it is important not to bring the Queen out too early. If you do, you might find that your opponent is able to attack the Queen and make it move again and again, often a clear waste of time. The King, of course, is the most important piece. If it is attacked and has no escape, you lose the game. Therefore, you typically want to safeguard your King before you begin your attacks. In most games, you will usually want to castle to safeguard your King and activate a Rook. Once castled, try not to move the pawns in front of your King. As you saw in Chapter 6, every pawn move creates weaknesses that your opponent may be able to exploit. Don’t Develop Your Queen Early . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Beat Back Early Queen Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Safeguard Your Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Don’t Risk Your King! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Castling Long or Short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Don’t Push Your Pawns in Front of a Castled King . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Don’t Develop Your Queen Early Most of the time, you will want to develop your Knights, Bishops, and perhaps also your Rooks before you bring out your Queen. The Queen is so valuable that it is difficult early on to be sure exactly where the Queen belongs. If you advance your Queen into the middle of the board, your opponent will have a chance, for example, to develop their Knights, Bishops, and Rooks and, at the same time, attack your Queen. You will lose valuable development opportunities because you will have to move your Queen over and over again while your opponent will be properly developing many pieces. In this position, black has developed the Queen before bringing out any of the black Knights, Bishops, or Rooks. As a result, white has a very strong move, developing the Knight on b1 to c3 (Nb1-c3). The Knight develops to a strong natural square and, at the same time, attacks the Queen. The Queen, a much more valuable piece than the white Knight, will have to move again. Some players might simply retreat the black Queen to its starting square. Imagine, however, that black decides to move the Queen to e5 giving check (Qd5-e5+). Here, white has responded to the check from the Queen by developing the light-squared Bishop to e2 (Bf1-e2). Then, with white to move, white can bring out another piece, in this case the Knight on g1 to f3 yet again attacking the black Queen. As you can see, white is busy developing pieces actively while black is forced to make moves again and again with the Queen. 82 Beat Back Early Queen Aggression Many beginning players have never been told, or simply don’t believe, that you shouldn’t bring the Queen out early. But, please heed my warning and fight the urge to make an early Queen move. King and Queen Strategy chapter 7 In this position, white has broken the rule and posted the white Queen very aggressively on just the second move of the game. At first glance, you might wonder why the move is so bad. After all, the Queen attacks the undefended black pawn on e5. The Queen’s move, however, offers black a simple way to develop effectively. First, black can defend the e5-pawn by developing the Knight on b8 to c6 (Nb8-c6). On the next move, black can simply advance the g-pawn to g6, gaining time by attacking the Queen and getting ready to develop the Knight from g8 to f6 and the Bishop from f8 to g7. 83 Safeguard Your Queen Rather than develop the Queen too early, where it might be a target and assist your opponent’s development, try developing all of your other pieces first. That way, your opponent may not be able to figure out what you intend to do with your Queen. Remaining flexible is often a good idea in chess, especially when it comes to developing your Queen. In this position from a game between two masters, both players have placed their Queens far from the center. Neither Queen can be easily attacked, yet both are likely to aid in the later action. 84 Don’t Risk Your King! King and Queen Strategy chapter 7 The goal in chess, of course, is checkmate, an attack on the King from which there is no escape. The most important advice, therefore, is to secure your King before you launch your attacks. Masters often spend an extra move or two to make sure that their Kings are safely removed from open files and diagonals before they begin their attacks. They know from experience that complicated maneuvers will often fail because, at the end of a complicated set of moves, an exposed King will be attacked, pinned, or skewered. In this position, white has dominated the center quickly with pawns on d4 and e4 and developed a Bishop, while black has preferred to fianchetto the Queen’s Bishop (see Chapter 5 for more on fianchettos). Seeing an opportunity for a quick attack, black advances the f-pawn to f5 (f7-f5). White takes advantage of black’s poor development by capturing the pawn on f5 (e4xf5). At first glance, it would appear that white has made a terrible mistake. After all, black can now capture the white pawn on g2 with the light-squared Bishop (Bb7xg2). That move certainly looks like it will win the white Rook on h1. However, white has a very powerful response that takes advantage of the undeveloped black King. White plays the Queen to h5, giving check (Qd1-h5+). As you can see, the King cannot move. Black has no choice but to block the check by advancing the g-pawn (g7-g6). CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 85 Don’t Risk Your King! (continued) As this next position shows, white has continued the attack by capturing the black g6-pawn with the white pawn on f5 (f5xg6). Black simply does not have time to capture the white Rook on h1 because any move by the white pawn on g6 will be checkmate! Black therefore decides to develop the Knight on g8 to f6 (Ng8-f6), attacking the white Queen. White now has a fabulous checkmate in two more moves. White continues with pawn take pawn (g6xh7), sacrificing the Queen to the f6 Knight! Here is the position after black responds with the only possible move, Knight captures Queen (Nf6xh5). White ends the game with the amazing Bishop to g6 checkmate (Bd3g6#)! This wonderful game emphasizes the need for more rapid development and making sure that your King is safe before your lash out with an attack. 86 Castling Long or Short King and Queen Strategy chapter 7 Generally speaking, it is safer to castle on the Kingside (short). Simply put, there is less space to defend. On the Queenside (long), you often have to spend time moving your King at least once more toward the corner. Of course, there are exceptions. If your opponent has castled Kingside, consider castling Queenside in order to launch an attack that includes the advance of the Kingside pawns. Here, white has castled on the Queenside, while black has castled on the Kingside. White gains an advantage because the white Rook lands on an open file. But the white King has a bit more space to defend. An attack by black on the white a-pawn might require white to move the King again or to advance the apawn. And, of course, after castling on the Queenside, the white King is exposed on the c1-h6 diagonal By contrast, black’s King is slightly safer. The King is not exposed to any checks, and all of black’s Kingside pawns are defended. However, unlike the white Rook, the black Rook is usually not on an open file after castling on the Kingside. In this example, white has castled Queenside and taken the added precaution of moving the King further to b1. On c1, the King would rest on a file that black is likely to use to double the black Rooks. By castling on the Queenside, white is able to advance the Kingside pawns forward in a menacing way. White might continue, for example, by advancing the g- or h-pawn again. Black has castled Kingside here, and is not without possibilities. With black to move, black would likely advance the b-pawn to attack the white Knight (b5-b4). There are good attacking chances for both sides in this position. White will be attempting to coordinate an attack on black’s Kingside with moves like g5-g6 and Qd2-h2. Black must not wait for the attack, but rather move aggressively against the white King with moves such as b5-b4, Rf8-c8, and perhaps Nc6-e5-c4. 87 Don’t Push Your Pawns in Front of a Castled King In Chapter 6, “Pawn Strategy,” you learned that every pawn move creates a weakness. This section presents three additional examples that demonstrate the consequence of advancing pawns in front of a castled King. In this first example, black has advanced the g-pawn (g7-g6). As a result, two squares have become weak: f6 and h6. Both of these are squares that the pawn controlled before moving forward. White has many different moves that might take advantage of these weaknesses. For example, white might move the Queen to c3 or to h6, threatening to deliver checkmate with the Queen on the g7 square. Or white might simply advance the h-pawn to h5 in an effort to open the h-file and to blow apart the black Kingside. Generally speaking, the more moves made in front of a castled King, the more vulnerable the King will be. 88 King and Queen Strategy In this second example, black has weakened the Kingside by advancing the h-pawn to h6. As a result, white has at least two plans for breaking through. First, white could simply challenge the black h6-pawn by playing g4 to g5. Note that the white h-pawn, the Rook, and the Queen all support the g4 to g5 advance. But let’s consider an interesting alternative. The advance of the black h-pawn has created a short pawn chain. The black h6-pawn is the strong pawn in the chain. By contrast, the black pawn on g7 is the weak pawn in the chain. White might therefore consider the pawn move f5 to f6. Black’s movement of the black g7-pawn to g6 or f6 would permit white to capture the h6pawn with the Queen. If, instead, black advanced the g-pawn to g5, white could pry apart the Kingside with the h4 to g5 pawn capture (h4xg5). And black’s third option of leaving the pawn on g7 would, of course, permit the f6 to g7 pawn capture, (f6xg7). Things don’t look good for black. In this last example, black has advanced two pawns in front of the King. Again, the weakness of black’s Kingside creates many good options for white. For example, the white Queen might move to d3 or e4 in order to threaten Queen to h7 checkmate. Or the white Queen might move to h5 in order to attack the backward black h-pawn. Or white could simply advance the h-pawn to h4 in an effort to break apart black’s pawn structure. You don’t need to remember all of the details. However, you should remember that moving the pawns in front of a castled King exposes the King to many dangers. Advance those pawns at your own peril. chapter 7 89 chapter 8 Opening Strategy Now that you know how to set up the board and how to move and activate the pieces and pawns, it’s time to start putting it all together. Playing chess is very much like being a commander in a war. You are in control of all your pieces. Some beginners make the mistake of bringing out only one or two pieces, while leaving the rest of their army on their original squares. To play a good game, it’s important to try to coordinate all of the pieces in your army. In this chapter, you will learn about using all of your pieces to fight for the center the board. You will see why it’s important to develop your Knights before your Bishops and why you should limit the number of early pawn moves. If you place your pieces on active squares, you will find that your attacks succeed more often. Fight for the Center of the Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 An Ideal Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Knights Before Bishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Limit Your Early Pawn Moves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Complete Your Development Before You Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Gain Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Limit Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Avoid Exchanging Bishops for Knights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Fight for the Center of the Board The center of the chessboard forms the high ground in a chess battle. If you dominate the center of the board, your attacks are very likely to succeed. Two Common Opening Moves for White The absolute center consists of the four squares highlighted here (d4, d5, e4, and e5). From the very beginning of the game, you want to fight for control over these squares. The two most common first moves for white are pawn e2 to e4 (1.e2-e4) and pawn d2 to d4 (1.d2-d4). These moves have merit. If you open the game with e2 to e4, as in this example, you can see that the pawn already occupies one of the key center squares and exercises control over another central square, d5. Note: Remember that a numeral followed by a period in chess notation indicates the move number. For a refresher, see “Chess Notation” in Chapter 1. Notice also that the white Bishop on f1 and the white Queen on d1 gain the ability to move out. Although you have already learned not to develop your Queen too early, having these early mobility options often proves useful. For example, black should not reply with the move b7 to b5 (1.b7-b5) because white’s Bishop on f1 would be able to capture it. 92 Opening Strategy In addition to staking a claim in the center, white’s e2-e4 opening move has an important threat. Here, the threat is simply the move that white would make if white could move again—d2 to d4 (2.d2-d4)—taking full command over the center of the board. The two pawns together, if unopposed, occupy two of the squares in the center and exercise control over the other two center squares. chapter 8 White’s other main possibility at the beginning of the game is d2 to d4 (1.d2-d4). Here, too, the pawn occupies one of the central squares and helps control another key square, e5. In this case, the move provides additional mobility for the white Bishop on c1 and carries the obvious second move threat of e2 to e4 (2.e2-e4). These first moves are bit like a religion: Some players believe firmly in one or the other. Players who prefer e2 to e4 (1.e2-e4) tend to be highly tactical players—players who prefer highly complicated contests that require careful calculation. By contrast, players who open the game with d2 to d4 (1.d2-d4) tend to be more positional players, who prefer a calmer, more strategic approach to chess. In my experience, younger players tend to prefer opening games with 1.e2-e4, and more seasoned players often prefer 1.d2-d4. 93 An Ideal Setup You won’t always be able to obtain this ideal setup (described in detail below) for your pieces; in fact, the moves that you make will depend on what your opponent does. But the following position represents a goal, an ideal position that you might want to obtain if your opponent puts up very little resistance. Your Goal In this position, white has complete command over the center of the board. The two pawns on d4 and e4 occupy two of the squares in the center. White is exercising very strong control over the d5-square. As you can see, the Knight on c3 (Nc3), the Bishop on c4 (Bc4), and the pawn on e4 all help control the key d5-square. White also has excellent control over the key e5square. The pawn on d4 and the Knight on f3 (Nf3) are both attacking e5. 94 Opening Strategy Place Your Pieces on Their Best Squares chapter 8 In this ideal setup, white has succeeded in developing every piece. The Rooks occupy the central files and exert influence over the center. Having castled on the Kingside, the white King is safe. Both Bishops have been developed, and the white Queen, while developed, is posted where it will not be easily subject to attack. Note that white is now fully prepared for the next step—an attack on the black King. For example, the white Bishop on c4 (Bc4) is attacking black’s f7-pawn, the weakest spot in black’s beginning setup. The f7 pawn is weak because only the black King defends it. Keep in mind that every move in chess is important. Beginners often make the mistake of moving the same piece or a small number of pieces over and over again. In the early part of the game, try to place your pieces on strong natural squares, squares that will help to control the center or, like the Bc4, control key diagonals. Try not to move a piece more than once or at most twice in the first ten moves of the game . . . unless by doing so you can capture (or recapture) a piece or force your opponent to retreat. In other words, don’t start attacking until all or at least most of your pieces are developed. TIP Get Online The Internet offers a full range of chess activities and never-ending opportunities to play. Many websites even provide free instruction. Not surprisingly, my top recommendation is www.queen sac.com, a site that I began nearly 20 years ago. In addition to free instruction, there are thousands of free games to play through. Another Web gathering place for chess enthusiasts is www.chesscafe.com. Here you’ll find instructional articles for beginners, several book reviews, and some fascinating archives for those who enjoy the history of the game. To improve your tactics and your endgame, visit http://chess.about.com/od/improveyourgame; this site contains numerous exercises. 95 Knights Before Bishops As my Uncle Joe used to say, “Knights before Bishops, Knights before Bishops, Knights before Bishops.” I think that he said it three times because he really meant it. There are exceptions, but moving Bishops first can cost time later because the Bishop may be posted on a square that in a few moves, if not immediately, could be attacked. So make my uncle happy and move your Knights before you move your Bishops! Advantages to Developing Knights First Most of the time, it is fairly clear where the Knights should be developed. The best squares for the Bishops become apparent a bit later. In this position, white has opened the game with e2 to e4 (1.e2-e4). Black, in an effort to prevent white from carrying out the threat of d2 to d4 for it’s second move (2.d2-d4), has responded with an opening move of e7 to e5 (1.e7-e5). This popular response is a favorite at chess tournaments. For its second move, white has several options. Both Knights can develop to their natural squares on c3 and f3. Knight to f3 (2.Ng1-f3) is the preferred response for several reasons. This Knight move attacks the black pawn on e5, and it helps prepare for castling by clearing a square between the King and the h1-Rook. The Knight on f3 also supports the later move d2-d4, an important part of the effort to control the center of the board. 96 Opening Strategy Disadvantages to Developing Bishops First chapter 8 All of the possible moves by white’s light-squared Bishops are considered not as good. Playing Bishop f1 to a6 (2.Bf1-a6) is the worst Bishop move, not because the move does not help white control the center, but because the black pawn on b7 and the black Knight on b8 both control the a6 square. A second move of Bishop f1 to a6 would lose the Bishop! Note: You may come across “?” or “??” in chess notation. The “?” indicates a bad move, and “??” a very bad move. Therefore, the Bishop f1 to a6 move detailed above can also be notated as 2.Bf1-a6??. A second move of Bishop f1 to d3 (2.Bf1-d3) is also considered very weak. On d3, the Bishop would defend the white e4pawn, but it also blocks the advance of the important white d-pawn. If the d-pawn can’t move, white’s dark-squared Bishop on c1 might also have a difficult time entering the game. Even Bishop f1 to b5 (2.Bf1-b5) is considered a poor second move because black will be able to play either pawn a7 to a6 (2.a7-a6) or even pawn c7 to c6 (2.c7-c6), attacking the Bishop and forcing it to move again. Your goal with the Bishops is to place them on strong natural squares. If it isn’t clear which Bishop move is best, you will want to wait until you have a clear reason why one move might be better than the others. Here, white has played Knight g1 to f3 (2.Ng1-f3), attacking black’s e5-pawn. Black has responded to the threat by playing Knight b8 to c6 (2.Nb8-c6). As you can see, the black Knight on c6 defends the black e5-pawn. In this position, white is finally ready to consider moving the Bishop on f1 (Bf1). Many players try Bishop f1 to c4 (3.Bf1-c4), preparing to castle by clearing the squares between the King and h1-Rook and beginning to place pressure on the weak f7-square. (Remember, the f7-pawn is weak because only the King is defending it.) The best third move for white, however, is probably Bishop f1 to b5 (3.Bf1-b5). It is a move that was bad just a move ago. But now, the Bishop arrives on b5 with an attack on the black Knight on c6 (Nc6), all with the idea of putting more pressure on the black e5-pawn. White’s idea is simple enough. Perhaps, by capturing the black c6-Knight (Bb5xc6), white will be able to win the black pawn on e5 in its fourth move. Black will be busy responding with a Bishop recapture (b7xc6 or d7xc6) for its third move. 97 Limit Your Early Pawn Moves Quick development is one of the main keys to success in chess. The winner of the game is often the player who, after just ten moves, has the most pieces bearing down on the center. With that in mind, early pawn moves that do not have a bearing on the center could be a waste of time. Avoid Early Maneuvers on the Flank Certainly, early in the game, try to limit the number of moves made by pawns on the a-, b-, g-, and h-files (these files are called flanks because they’re on the outside edges of the board). The following example is a bit extreme. White began by playing g2 to g4 (1.g2-g4) and has continued by advancing the f-pawn (2.f2-f3). Black can punish such play very quickly, in this case with a Queen to h4 checkmate (2.Qd8-h4#)—the fastest possible mate. Very few players will fall into that quick checkmate. Here is a more practical example. Black, a beginner, has developed only on the flanks. White, a more experienced player, has taken quick control over the center, castled, and even developed a Rook to the e-file. By contrast, black has no control over the center other than two attacks from the Bishops. Black would also like to castle on the Kingside in order to safeguard the King, but to do so, the black Knight on g8 (Ng8) would have to move first. The natural move, of course, is Knight on g8 to f6 (Ng8-f6). However, the strong white pawn center makes that move very hard to play, as explained on the next page. 98 Opening Strategy Here is the position after Knight g8 to f6 (Ng8-f6). White can respond powerfully with pawn e4 to e5 (e4-e5), taking further command over the center and forcing the poor f6Knight (Nf6) to move again. Notice that if the Knight moves again to d5, g4, or h5, it will be subject to another attack from a white pawn. chapter 8 The worst of these choices is perhaps Knight to h5 (Nf6-h5). By moving to h5, the Knight has moved to the rim and no longer has any safe moves. White might be reluctant to weaken the position in front of the King, but the attacking move pawn g2-g4 (g2-g4) will win the Knight. Like many games, chess has its tradeoffs. In this instance, the capture of the black Knight should compensate white for the weakening of the Kingside. The real point, of course, is to fight for the center and to avoid early maneuvers on the flank that cede the center to your opponent. 99 Complete Your Development Before You Attack All too often, beginners tend to begin their attacks before they have completed developing their pieces. Be sure to develop first, then attack. Develop First Here is a typical example of such a mistake. In this position, white probably should develop the Knight from b1 to c3 (Nb1c3), or simply castle. Instead, white launches an aggressive attack on the black Kingside with Knight from f3 to g5 (Nf3-g5). White sees that having the Knight on g5 (Ng5), and the white Bishop on c4 (Bc4) will combine to attack the black f7-pawn twice. For the moment, at least, black has only a single defender of f7, the black King. 100 Opening Strategy Here is the position after black’s response, castling Kingside. As you can see, by castling, black now defends the key f7-pawn twice, with the Rook on f8 (Rf8) as well as the King. Intent on the attack, white mistakenly lashes forward, moving the Knight yet again to capture on f7 (Nf3xf7). Black will respond, capturing the white Knight with its Rook (Rf8xf7), and then white answers by capturing the black Rook with its c4-Bishop, putting the King in check (Bc4xf7+). The black King then captures the white Bishop (Kg8xf7). The trade of two minor pieces, in this case a Knight and a Bishop, for a Rook and pawn is rarely a good idea so early in the game. See the next position below for how this plays out. After the captures have cleared on f7, black’s position is well developed. The two Knights are on natural squares, c6 and f6, helping to control the center. The Bishop on c5 (Bc5) is also well placed. Black is likely to continue development with pawn d7 to d6 (d7-d6), bringing the Bishop from c8 to e6 (Bc8-e6), retreating the King back to g8 for safety (Kf7g8), and then finding files for the Queen and the remaining Rook, probably on the f-file. By clear contrast, white’s development has suffered. Both Rooks, the Knight, the Bishop, and the Queen are—as masters like to say— still “in the box;” they haven’t moved from their starting positions. White has made very little progress, while black has an excellent plan to activate every piece. The cause of this catastrophe for white was the premature attack on f7. Rather than lash out by moving the same piece three times in the opening, white should simply have tried to develop slowly, bringing out all or most of the pieces before commencing the attack. chapter 8 101 Gain Time As you are developing, pay attention to your opponent’s moves. Is your opponent threatening to capture one of your pieces? Did your opponent leave a piece undefended where it can be successfully captured at little or no cost to you? Almost as important, can you gain time by forcing your opponent to retreat? Alekhine’s Defense In this position, black has responded to white’s opening move of pawn e2 to e4 (1.e2e4) with the very sharp Knight g8 to f6 (1.Ng8-f6). This opening—known as Alekhine’s Defense, after former world champion Alexander Alekhine—prevents white from playing a second move of pawn d2 to d4 (2.d2d4) because black’s first move threatens to capture the white pawn on e4. White could decide to defend the e4-pawn with pawn d2 to d3 (2.d2-d3), but the white d-pawn really would like to develop directly to d4. White therefore decides to gain time by advancing the e-pawn for a second time to e5 (e4-e5). The second advance of the white epawn might appear to break the rule of developing a piece only once, but the advance does present the black Knight with a problem. Black mistakenly advances the attacked Knight to e4 (Nf6-e4). Knight f6 to d5 (Nf6-d5) is the main line, although the Knight can also be attacked there by the white pawns. In this position, white can continue to attack the black Knight with its d2-pawn (3.d2-d3), gaining time for rapid development. Here is the position after the third moves by white (d2d3) and black (Ne4-c5). (These moves can be notated together as 3.d2-d3 Ne4-c5). Note: When both white’s move and black’s move are notated together, they are preceded by the move number, with white’s move always being listed first, as above. The poor black Knight is being forced to move again and again, while white is successfully establishing a strong pawn center. White’s next move is likely to be d3 to d4 (4.d3-d4), followed by the rapid deployment of the white Knights to f3 and c3. 102 Limit Exchanges Many beginners feel that they ought to exchange pieces—Knights for Knights, Bishops for Bishops, Rooks for Rooks—whenever they have the opportunity. As a general rule, exchanges are not often advantageous because they only help an opponent gain time for development. Opening Strategy chapter 8 Avoid Early Exchanges In this position, both sides have been developing normally, bringing out their Knights first. With white to move, white has an opportunity to exchange Knights on c6 or to develop a Bishop. The best move is probably to develop the Bishop on f1 to c4 (Bf1-c4). If, instead, white decides to capture the black Knight on c6 (Nd4xc6), black will simply recapture with the b7-pawn (b7xc6) and gain time for development. The pawn on c6 would be useful in supporting the later advance of the black d-pawn. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 103 Limit Exchanges (continued) It is possible that white feared that black would exchange Knights on d4. Here is the position after the white Bishop moves from f1 to c4 (6.Bf1-c4) and the exchange of Knights on d4. It is true that white, in recapturing on d4, had to develop the Queen aggressively and early (Qd1xNd4). Notice, however, that black does not have a useful, immediate way to attack the white Queen. The black pawn move of e7 to e5 (7.e7-e5) permanently weakens the d6-pawn and creates a hole at d5. If black instead moves the Queen from d8 to b6 (7.Qd8-b6) white can exchange Queens, which will in turn result in doubled black pawns on the b-file. In Many Openings, One Exchange Is Useful Waiting for your opponent to do the exchanging is usually good because most recapturing often improves your position. In many openings, however, one exchange is advantageous. In this position, white opened with e2 to e4 (1.e2-e4), and black responded with e7 to e6 (1.e7-e6), the French Defense. The idea behind the French Defense is to delay the fight for the center by one move. Note: In the early 1800s, a Paris team used this opening move to defeat a London team in a correspondence match, thus the name French Defense. For more on correspondence chess, see page 134 in Chapter 10. 104 Opening Strategy As you can see, black made no effort to prevent white from taking full command over the center. So white proceeds with the usual strategy, playing pawn d2 to d4 (2.d2-d4). Black responds immediately with d7 to d5 (2.d7d5), a move that instantly places pressure on the white e4-pawn. chapter 8 Following the idea of limiting exchanges, white declines to capture the pawn on d5 (3.e4xd5). Rather, white pursues straightforward development with the b1-Knight to c3 (3.Nb1-c3), defending the e4-pawn and placing additional pressure on black’s d5-pawn. Black responds with the Classical Variation of the French Defense, developing it’s g8-Knight to f6 (3.Ng8-f6). With a Knight on f6, black places more pressure on the white e4-pawn. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 105 Limit Exchanges (continued) In this position, white has an important choice. White could push the e-pawn from e4 to e5 (e4-e5), establishing a small pawn chain on d4 and e5. If white were to do that, its light-squared Bishop would become good. White’s dark-squared Bishop, however, would become bad (trapped by the fixed pawns on the d4 and e5 dark squares). At the same time, black’s lightsquared Bishop on c8 would become bad, trapped by its own pawns, while black’s dark-squared Bishop would become good. Note: For a refresher on good and bad Bishops, see Chapter 5, “Bishop Strategy.” White’s interest is in trying to exchange the bad Bishop on g5 (Bg5) for black’s good dark-squared Bishop. To prevent the loss of the Knight, black “unpins” with its Bishop, moving it from f8 to e7 (Bf8-e7). On g5, the white Bishop is pinning the black Knight on f6 and threatening to play e4-e5, attacking and perhaps winning the pinned Knight. Now, of course, after white advances its e4 pawn to e5 (5.e4-e5) and the black Knight retreats from f6 to d7 (5.Nf6-d7), white will succeed in exchanging the bad dark-squared Bishop for black’s good Bishop. 106 Avoid Exchanging Bishops for Knights Opening Strategy chapter 8 As you have seen, Bishops can dominate Knights, and Bishops tend to be more useful than Knights so long as the board is not sealed shut by long-fixed pawn structures. Exchanging a Bishop for a Knight too early in the game is a very risky strategy, even if the exchange brings about doubled pawns. The reason is that, early in the game, the pawn structure is not yet set. The person with the extra Bishop can aim to keep the board open so their extra Bishop will be able to work well. Here is a position early in a game after white opens d2 to d4, black opens Knight g8 to f6, and white responds Bishop c1 to g5 (1.d2-d4 Ng8-f6 2.Bc1-g5). This opening, called the Trompowski, breaks the important rule of developing a Bishop before the Knights. White’s strategy, perhaps flawed, is to weaken the black pawn structure by capturing the black Knight on f6. Here is the same game a few moves later. Note that the black f-pawns are indeed doubled. In compensation, black has aggressively posted the dark-squared Bishop on g7. This Bishop is quite strong because it is well posted on the long diagonal and because white no longer has a dark-squared Bishop to challenge it. Black may not be able to castle safely on the Kingside, but black could later in the game be able to post a Rook or even double Rooks on the open g-file. Note also that black’s f5-pawn is preventing white from developing normally with e3-e4. The point, of course, is that such early exchanges of Bishops for Knights are very committal and might determine who will have winning chances. It’s best to avoid such exchanges if you have the Bishop and, of course, to seek such exchanges if you have the Knight. 107 chapter 9 Opening Variations The beginning moves of a chess game, the first phase of the game, are called the opening. Some players spend years memorizing long opening variations, but you can get far in chess with a firm understanding of just a few key principles. Make sure that you fight for control of the center of the board. In your fight for the center, try to limit the number of your pawn moves. Before you attack, try to develop most of your pieces on squares that help control the center and from which they can’t easily be attacked. In other words, pick safe, good squares for your pieces, and don’t keep moving one piece if you have many other pieces that have not been moved. Of course, don’t play like a robot. You can have a good plan or idea for where all your pieces may go, but carefully watch the moves that your opponent makes. If your opponent makes a move that threatens something, it’s often best to eliminate that threat before you continue with your development. Most of the openings in this section conform to these principles. I have also included a set of bad openings that break these rules. As you will see, there are good reasons to avoid such moves. One more thing: In previous chapters, I described moves with both text (move the Knight on b4 to c2) and with chess notation (Nb4-c2). In this chapter through the end of the book, you’ll see that I mainly use chess notation to identify pieces and to describe moves. Review the “Chess Notation” section in Chapter 1 for a refresher on this notation. Double King Pawn Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Other Replies to 1.e2-e4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Double Queen Pawn Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Indian Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Two Bad Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Double King Pawn Openings A number of interesting openings begin with the moves 1.e2-e4 e7-e5. This is called a double King pawn opening because King’s pawns (the pawn directly in front of each King) advance two squares. Black’s first move prevents white from establishing a broad pawn center with pawns on e4 and d4. Like white’s first move, 1.e7-e5 provides the black Bishop on f8 (Bf8) and the black Queen with some mobility. Alternatives to 2.Ng1-f3 In this common opening position, white has several logical ideas for its second move. I examine the most common choice, 2.Ng1-f3, just below. In this section, I introduce several interesting alternatives for white. The King’s Gambit offers a pawn in exchange for quick development. The Vienna Game offers a tamer alternative that will permit you to develop quickly. The Center Game is a less favored choice because white’s Queen enters the game too early. KING’S GAMBIT (1.E2-E4 E7-E5 2.F2-F4 The famous King’s Gambit continues with 2.f2-f4. Black, of course, will often simply capture the pawn on f4 with e5xf4. Gambits are openings that offer material, here the white pawn on f4, in exchange for space or rapid development. As a result of the capture on f4, black takes a material advantage, the extra pawn on f4. White offers the f-pawn in the King’s Gambit in an effort to obtain immediate control over the center with 3.Ng1-f3 and 4.d2-d4. Black has interesting ideas here as well. If white does not play 3.Ng1-f3, black could try the very aggressive 3.Qd8-h4+. If white does play 3.Ng1-f3, black can play 3.g7-g5, a move that breaks the rule about fighting for the center but the move does hold on to the extra pawn and it threatens 4.g5-g4. Note: The King’s Gambit, defined by the moves 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2. f2-f4 was a favorite opening choice during the 19th century. It remains appealing because, at the cost of only a pawn, white gains full control over the center with d2-d4 as well as an open f-file. 110 Opening Variations THE VIENNA GAME (1.E2-E4 E7-E5 2.NB1-C3) The Vienna Game, 2.Nb1-c3, is another option. Rather than offer the f-pawn with 2.f2-f4, white prepares the advance of the fpawn with moves such as 3.Bf1-c4, 4.d2-d3, and then 5.f2-f4, when white’s Bishop (Bc1) would be able to recapture on f4. Note: The Vienna Game, defined by the moves 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 2.Nb1-c3 is a cousin of the King’s Gambit. Rather than play 2.f2-f4 immediately, white postpones the move in the hope of getting more pieces developed before the attack starts. chapter 9 The disadvantage of the Vienna Game is that white’s second move does not contain an immediate threat. Black can therefore respond aggressively with 2.Ng8-f6. If white continues with the plan of 3.Bf1-c4, black has an interesting tactical shot. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 111 Double King Pawn Openings (continued) Black can play 3.Nf6xe4 because, if white recaptures on e4 with 4.Nc3xe4, black can recover a piece with an amazing pawn fork. As you can see in this diagram, the pawn move 4.d7-d5 is attacking both the Bishop (Bc4) and the Knight (Ne4). Of course, white wasn’t required to recapture on e4. Instead, the most interesting move for white is the very aggressive 4.Qd1-h5. In this position, white is already threatening checkmate on f7, as well as to recapture the white Knight on e4. Black would need to retreat Ne4-d6 to stop both threats with an interesting and complex game ahead. 112 Opening Variations THE CENTER GAME (1.E2-E4 E7-E5 2.D2-D4) The Center Game is a relatively poor opening choice for white. Although white’s second move does place pressure on the center, white will find that, after black counters with 2.e5xd4, there is simply no good way to recapture. Recapturing the d4-pawn with 3.Qd1xd4 places the white Queen prematurely in the center where it will be easy for black to attack with Nb8-c6. As you might imagine, an early Ng1-f3 would have improved white’s plan, because the Knight on f3 rather than the Queen would then be able to recapture on d4. chapter 9 Continuing with 2.Ng1-f3 The most common second move for white after 1.e2-e4 e7-e5 is simply to develop the Knight on g1 to f3 (Ng1-f3). The Knight move threatens to capture the black pawn on e5, develops the Knight to a logical square that exerts influence over two central squares (d4 and e5), helps to prepare the advance of the white d-pawn to d4, and the move brings white a little closer to castling. The openings in this section all begin with 2.Ng1-f3. THE RUY LOPEZ (1.E2-E4 E7-E5 2.NG1-F3 NB8-C6 3.BF1-B5) For the reasons stated just above, most players find that 2.Ng1-f3 is the most logical second move for white. Black’s most common response is to defend the black e5-pawn by playing Nb8-c6. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 113 Double King Pawn Openings (continued) White’s third move, 3.Bf1-b5, defines the opening as the Ruy Lopez, or the Spanish game. The Bishop on b5 threatens to capture the black Knight that is defending the black e-pawn. Just as important, the Bishop move prepares white to castle on the Kingside and then to bring the King’s Rook to e1, where it will exert significant support for the center. Note: A Spanish priest named Ruy Lopez wrote at length about this opening in 1561. The opening remains popular today and is regularly revitalized by the strongest players with fresh analysis. The opening maintains the pressure on the black center and often leads to a complex struggle for control over the center of the board. In the Ruy Lopez, white will often proceed very slowly, preparing the move d2-d4. Here is an ideal setup for white in the Ruy Lopez. Note that white has prepared the advance d2d4 with c2-c3. If black were to capture on d4, white would recapture with the c3-pawn, maintaining a strong pawn center. Note also that white’s Queen’s Knight has reached the g3-square, where it usefully supports the white pawn on e4 and aims to advance aggressively with Ng3-f5. To get to the g3 square, the Knight followed the interesting path Nb1-d2-f1-g3, a very common maneuver in the Ruy Lopez. Finally, note that black “kicked” the white Bishop on b5 back to b3 with both a7 to a6 and then with b7 to b5. This Bishop is sometimes called the Ruy Bishop. If white succeeds in advancing the center pawns, this Bishop can become a very powerful force in assisting attacks on black’s Kingside. If the central pawns become fixed, this “Ruy Bishop” could remain bad. 114 Opening Variations THE SCOTCH GAME (1.E2-E4 E7-E5 2.NG1-F3 NB8-C6 3.D2-D4) White does not have to play 3.Bf1-b5. On the third move, white has the choice of entering the Scotch game with 3.d2-d4. Unlike the Ruy Lopez, in which white carefully prepares the d2-d4 advance, in the Scotch game, white plays the move straight away. The move often leads to quick exchanges that can limit white’s attacking chances, which is the main reason strong chess players prefer the Ruy Lopez to the Scotch game. Note: The Scotch game received its name from a correspondence chess game played between Edinburgh and London in 1824. A 19th century favorite of Grandmasters Blackburne and Chigorin, the opening has been played more and more lately by the best players. chapter 9 PETROV’S DEFENSE (1.E2-E4 E7-E5 2.NG1-F3 NG8-F6) Rather than defending the e-pawn on the second move, black has the option of counterattacking with Petrov’s Defense. As you can see, like white, black has also developed the King’s Knight, ignoring the attack on the e5pawn, and instead countering with an attack on the white e4-pawn. At first glance, it would seem that each side now has the opportunity to capture a pawn. White can play 3.Nf3xe5 and black could respond with 3.Nf6xe4. Note: Petrov’s Defense is named after Alexander Petrov, a 19th-century Russian chess player. An alternative spelling is Petroff’s Defense, and in Europe, it’s sometimes called the Russian game. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 115 Double King Pawn Openings (continued) In this position, both players have captured a pawn but white also has a very strong response with 4.Qd1-e2. Note that the two Knight captures have completely opened up the e-file. With the move 4.Qd1-e2, white immediately threatens to capture the undefended black Knight on e4. Black cannot continue to copy white’s moves because, after 4.Qd8-e7, the white Queen will successfully capture the black Knight on e4. Black has an enormous problem in this position. If black moves the Knight on e4 away, say to f6, white will be able to take full advantage of the open e-file with a powerful discovered check. 116 Opening Variations The best move for white after black’s 4.Ne4-f6 is the amazing 5.Ne5-c6, revealing a check from the Queen. The discovered check will, no matter what black does, result in the loss of the black Queen to the white Knight! chapter 9 Correct Play in Petrov’s Defense Rather than copy white’s capture in the center, black must first attack the advanced white Knight. Here, black has played the essential move, 3.d7-d6, attacking the white Knight on e5 and forcing it to move away. Once the Knight moves off, black will be able to capture successfully on e4 without having to face the devastating discovered check. 117 Other Replies to 1.e2-e4 After white’s 1.e2-e4 opening, black is not obligated to play 1.e7-e5. In fact, many of the alternative replies in this section are among the most popular choices. Black can choose from dynamic openings such as the Sicilian, the French, the Caro-Kann, and Alekhine’s Defense. The Sicilian Defense (1.e2-e4 c7-c5) Black’s first move, 1.c7-c5, defines the opening as a Sicilian. Black’s move is aggressive. It immediately aims to prevent white from taking command over the center with d2-d4. With just one move, black intends to capture white’s central pawn when it reaches d4 and, by so doing, open up the c-file for activity with black’s Rooks. Note: The Sicilian Defense received its name in the 17th century from the Italian master Greco. Today, the Sicilian is a regular guest at every chess tournament and a favorite of Grandmasters like Bobby Fischer and Garry Kasparov. In the Sicilian, white usually develops actively with 2.Ng1-f3 and then 3.d2-d4. When black captures on d4 with the c5-pawn, white intends to recapture with the Knight on f3 rather than the Queen. Here is a typical Sicilian position after just five moves by each side. White has played d2-d4 and, after a pawn capture, recaptured with a Knight from f3. Both sides have developed their other Knights to posts that help to exert some control over the center. Black has also played the move d7-d6 in an effort to develop the Bishop on c8 and to exert additional control over the e5-square. Notice that black’s c-file is now open. Black’s plan might be to develop the Bishop Bf8-e7 (with e7-e6 first or to g7 with g7-g6 first), and then to castle on the Kingside. Within the next dozen moves, or so, black would hope to have doubled Rooks on the c-file. 118 Opening Variations The French Defense (1.e2-e4 e7-e6) In the French Defense, with 1.e7-e6, black makes no immediate effort to prevent white from playing 2.d2-d4. Here is the basic position in the French Defense after just two moves by each player. As you can see, white has placed both central pawns on their best squares. Black has countered with one pawn in the center, the d5-pawn, supported by the e6-pawn. Note: For an explanation of how this defense got it’s name, please see “Limit Exchanges” in Chapter 8. Advocates of the French Defense are a loyal bunch, sticking with their approach despite the cramped nature of its positions. chapter 9 Most positions in the French Defense involve an immediate or slightly delayed e4-e5 pawn push by white. Note that, in this position, the black Bishop on c8 is a bad Bishop because it is already trapped by its own fixed pawns on e6 and d5. Note also that both sides have fixed pawn chains. White would like to proceed aggressively against the black Kingside with moves such as Ng1-f3, Bf1-d3, and perhaps even h2-h4 and Rh1-h3. Black would likely play against the relative weak d4-pawn and break up white’s central pawn chain by playing c7-c5 and then Nb8c6. Both sides have active and interesting play. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 119 Other Replies to 1.e2-e4 (continued) The Caro-Kann Defense (1.e2-e4 c7-c6) In a strategy very similar to the French Defense, black delays the fight against white’s center for one move, but this time beginning with 1.c7-c6, the Caro-Kann Defense. As you can see, black has again used a pawn to support the d7-d5 pawn push on black’s second move. In one key respect, the Caro-Kann is better than the French Defense because the black pawns do not imprison the black Bishop on c8. Indeed, in this opening, black’s lightsquared Bishop will be able to play a much more active role than its counterpart in the French Defense. Note: The Caro-Kann was little understood and barely played until the 1890s when H. Caro of Berlin and M. Kann of Vienna began to play it regularly. World Champion Jose Capablanca used it in a 1922 match. Other World Champions, notably Tigran Petrosian and Anatoly Karpov, have been advocates of the Caro-Kann. Here is a typical position in the Caro-Kann after just four moves. Black has captured in the center with d5xe4, and the white Knight, which entered the game on c3, has recaptured. Black has taken advantage of the CaroKann pawn structure to activate the light-squared Bishop from c8 to f5. As you can see, this Bishop is far more active than the Bishop in the French Defense. In this position, white must either defend or move the currently undefended Knight on e4. The most commonly played move for white here is to retreat the Knight to g3, attacking the black Bishop on f5 and forcing black to retreat it— most commonly to g6. 120 Opening Variations Note that, in this position after the white Knight plays Ne4-g3 and the black Bishop moves Bf5-g6, the black Bishop winds up three squares away from the white Knight. As you saw in Chapter 5, “Bishop Strategy,” Bishops can dominate Knights in this manner. A typical white plan from this position involves the idea of a quick flank attack with h2-h4, threatening to trap the Bg6 with h4-h5. Black can respond by making “luft” (the German word for space) for its Bishop with h7-h6. chapter 9 Alekhine’s Defense Alekhine’s Defense, named after former world champion Alexander Alekhine, is not for beginners. On the very first move, black prevents white from playing 2.d2-d4 by challenging the white e4-pawn directly. As you saw in Chapter 8, white should proceed in this position by pushing the e-pawn to e5, forcing the Knight to move again. The correct response for black is Nf6-d5. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 121 Other Replies to 1.e2-e4 (continued) Already on move two, the unusual character of Alekhine’s Defense is clear. Black is trying to provoke many pawn moves, while white would like to gain full control over the center and prove that black’s strategy of moving the Knight over and over is fatally flawed. In this position after move two, white already has two excellent alternatives: to gain more control over the center with 3.d2-d4 or to challenge black’s Knight yet again with 3.c2-c4. Here is a common position in Alekhine’s Defense, an opening variation known as the Four Pawns Attack. After white’s c2-c4 move, the black Knight retreated once again, this time to b6. White will likely continue with development moves such as Nb1-c3 and Ng1f3. Few beginners would be happy with the black position, although, in tournament experience, white often finds it difficult to defend all of the forward pawns. 122 Double Queen Pawn Openings After 1.d2-d4, white is already threatening to take full command over the center with 2.e2-e4. Most of black’s replies therefore attempt to prevent white from playing 2.e2-e4. Double Queen pawn openings (moving the pawns located in front the Queens) all involve the black reply 1.d7-d5. White’s usual plan in this opening is to prepare e2-e4. Unfortunately, the obvious 2.Nb1-c3 move is not effective because black can defend the e4-square with Ng8-f6. The Queen’s Gambit Accepted Opening Variations chapter 9 White usually continues with 2.c2-c4, a move that gambits a pawn, though it is rare that black accepts the offer. After 2.c2-c4 d5xc4, white is able to gain undisputed control over the center of the board with 3.Nb1-c3 and 4.e2-e4. Indeed, once white develops normally, it might be able to recapture on c4 with the Bf1. To prevent that, black might have to play moves such as a7-a6 and b7-b5. So many pawn moves on the flank will only encourage white to take full command over the center. Note: The Queen’s Gambit dates back to 1490, but the opening was considered dull and unambitious. The Queen’s gambit began to emerge as a reasonable choice only in 1870s when many players seemed to tire of the already over-analyzed King’s Gambit. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 123 Double Queen Pawn Openings (continued) Queen’s Gambit Declined (1.d2-d4 d7-d5 2.c2-c4 e7-e6 3.Nb1-c3 Ng8-f6) Most players prefer to decline the gambit and to fight for a share of the center. Here is a typical position in the Queen’s Gambit Declined after just three moves. White has continued with c2-c4 and then Nb1-c3, which is pressuring the d5-square. Black has responded to this pressure by developing first with e7-e6 and then Ng8-f6. White would like to play e2-e4, but the black d5-pawn and the black Knight both control the key e4-square. White usually continues with Bc1-g5 in an effort to pin the black Knight and then to play e2-e4. Reacting to the threat, black will usually break the pin with Bf8-e7. This position has some resemblance to the French Defense in that black’s light-squared Bishop is blocked in by the black pawns on e6 and d5. This bad Bishop is one of the main drawbacks for black in the Queen’s Gambit Declined. 124 Opening Variations The Slav Defense (1.d2-d4 d7-d5 2.c2-c4 c7-c6) The Slav Defense is very similar to the Queen’s Gambit Declined except that black defends the d5-pawn by playing c7-c6 rather than e7-e6. As you can see in this position, black has avoided the problem of sealing in the Bishop on c8. In this respect, the Slav Defense is also similar to the Caro-Kann Defense. Note: The Slav gained its name because it was first played by Slavic masters, notably Alapin. Its strength and versatility were unrecognized until grandmaster Euwe adopted it as a regular defense in the 1930s. chapter 9 In the Slav, black will usually be able to develop the c8-Bishop aggressively on f5 or g4. In this position, a typical one that might be reached from either the Queen’s Gambit, the Queen’s Gambit Declined, or the Slav Defense, black has elected instead to fianchetto the Bishop on b7. The black Bishop on b7 is much less active than white’s lightsquared Bishop on d3. Note that, with the black pawn on c6, the Knight on b8 developed to d7 rather than to c6. As you can see, black is making it difficult for white to play the attacking move e3-e4. The pawn on d5 and the Knight on f6 stand ready to capture on e4, and black hopes for counter-play with the aggressive move c6-c5, freeing the Bishop on b7. 125 Indian Defenses There are other popular ways after white’s 1.d2-d4 to prevent white from playing 2.e2-e4. The most common first move today for black against 1.d2-d4 is 1.Ng8-f6. The Knight move by itself prevents 2.e2-e4 and keeps many options alive for black. The popular King’s Indian Defense involves a Kingside fianchetto by black. The Queen’s Indian Defense involves a Queenside fianchetto. And the Nimzo-Indian Defense is a hard-hitting counter that immediately challenges the white setup. King’s Indian Defense (1.d2-d4 Ng8-f6 2.c2-c4 g7-g6 3.Nb1-c3 Bf8-g7) In the King’s Indian Defense, white proceeds with the idea of 2.c2-c4 and 3.Nb1-c3. Black, in turn, pursues a Kingside fianchetto. After just three moves, it has become clear that black’s defense does not prevent white from playing 4.e2-e4. White will therefore be able to achieve a broad pawn center. This typical position in the King’s Indian provides a sense of the opening’s unusual character. Black has challenged white’s pawn center by advancing the e-pawn and later the f-pawn. Black is likely to attack on the Kingside in spite of the fact that its King is castled there. White has achieved much more central space and often attacks on the Queenside with the idea later of c4-c5. The black Knight that opened the game at f6 has moved to the h5 square first to prepare f7-f5 and to make room for the other black Knight, which arrived at f6 from b8 and then d7. See Chapter 10 for a related opening formation— the King’s Indian Attack. 126 Opening Variations Queen’s Indian Defense (1.d2-d4 Ng8-f6 2.c2-c4 e7-e6 3.Ng1-f3 b7-b6) The Queen’s Indian Defense involves a fianchetto on the Queenside. Here is the position in the Queen’s Indian after just three moves. White has again opened with d2-d4 and then c2-c4. Black has countered with 1.Ng8-f6, 2.e7-e6, and then 3.b7-b6. Black intends to play Bc8-b7 where the Bishop, in conjunction with the Knight on f6, tries to prevent white from playing e2-e4. chapter 9 Here is a typical position in the Queen’s Indian Defense. Black has completed a Queenside fianchetto and is ready to castle. However, with black to move, black has the option of preventing e3-e4 by playing Nf6-e4. This sharp resource is one of reasons this defense is popular. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 127 Indian Defenses (continued) The Nimzo-Indian Defense (1.d2-d4 Ng8-f6 2.c2-c4 e7-e6 3.Nb1-c3 Bf8-b4) The very popular Nimzo-Indian Defense is named after Aron Nimzovitch, a great chess theorist of the early 20th century. In this opening, black aggressively prevents white from playing e2-e4 by pinning the white Knight on c3. As you can see, white has developed normally with 2.c2-c4 and with 3.Nb1-c3. Black has responded with 1.Ng8-f6, 2.e7-e6, and, unlike the Queen’s Indian, with 3.Bf8-b4. The Bishop on b4 pins the white Knight on c3 and, by so doing, prevents white from playing 4.e2-e4. If white were to play 4.e2-e4, black would simply capture the e4-pawn with the Knight on f6 (Nf6). As you might expect, the early placement of the black Bishop on b4 can lead to its exchange for the white Knight on c3. Often, the white c-pawns become doubled, but white will then have an uncontested darksquared Bishop as compensation. FAQ Why do we call these Indian Defenses? The term Indian Defense comes from the ancient chess-like game chaturanga. Chaturanga originated in India circa 7th century. A common opening move in this game was to develop a Bishop on the wing—we call this a fianchetto today. For more on fianchettos, see Chapter 5, “Bishop Strategy.” 128 Two Bad Openings Opening Variations chapter 9 If you’re careful about fighting for the center and guarding your material, you’re likely to avoid a catastrophe in the opening. As you might expect, there are many bad openings. There are even a number of chess books dedicated to the study of such moves. Here are two bad openings, the Englund Gambit and the Spike. They have glamorous names, but make no mistake: These are openings to avoid. THE ENGLUND GAMBIT (1.D2-D4 E7-E5?) In this opening, black responds to white’s 1.d2-d4 with an awful move that simply loses a pawn. As you can see, the Englund Gambit involves an immediate 1.e7-e5 by black. On just the second move, white wins a pawn with little or no compensation for black. To win the pawn, of course, white simply plays 2.d4xe5. THE SPIKE The name of this opening is far more compelling than the move itself. Rather than contest the center, white opens the game with 1.g2-g4. Black should respond to white’s flank move by capturing a part of the center with 1.d7-d5 or 1.e7-e5. 129 chapter 10 Common Opening Formations To improve in chess, it helps to be able to recognize certain pawn structures and have a coordinated plan for how to proceed. In this chapter, I present several different structures and opening formations. Most are relatively easy to set up and can be very effective even in the hands of a relatively inexperienced player. As you will see, every structure has its strengths and weaknesses. Understanding the role of each piece within the structure will help guide your play. The first two sections involve opening formations that you might use with the white pieces. The second two are structures commonly used by the player with the black pieces. The only danger is that you might decide to set up these formations without regard to what your opponent is doing. It’s great to have these plans at your disposal, but watch and consider all of your opponent’s moves before you play your next move. King’s Indian Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Colle System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Hedgehog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Avant-Garde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Dragon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 French Winawer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Stonewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Benoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 King’s Indian Attack Unlike most of the openings presented in Chapter 9, the King’s Indian Attack is a very patient opening system that seeks to develop all of white’s pieces before initiating any attack. You might not win with it, but at least no one will be able to run you off the board quickly. The King’s Indian Attack is essentially a King’s Indian Defense, but played with the white pieces rather than with black. As you might expect, the extra move that white has by moving first gives the opening a bit more punch than the defense. In the King’s Indian Attack, white aims to achieve this position by move 7. Note that white has fianchettoed the light-squared Bishop. The Knight on g1 has developed to f3. The Knight on b1 has developed to d2. White has a modest but solid central pawn structure with pawns on d3 and e4. To achieve this position, white could have opened the game with either 1.e2-e4 or even 1.Ng1-f3. Many players reach this position by playing 1.Ng1-f3 first, fiancettoing quickly with 2.g2-g3 and 3.Bf1-g2, and then castling. It may surprise you that the move e2-e4 can actually be played in this opening system on move 7 rather than on move 1. So, after castling, white might continue with 5.d2-d3, 6.Nb1-d2, and finally 7.e2-e4. 132 Common Opening Formations White’s next moves very much depend, of course, on what black is trying to do. But white does have a straightforward plan for making progress. As long as the Knight can’t be captured there, white might try Nf3-h4, or otherwise Nf3-e1, followed by the quick advance of the f-pawn from f2-f4. In this position, white is getting ready to attack with e4-e5 or possibly f4-f5. Perhaps you might decide first to develop the Queen to e2 or (after the Nd2 moves) Bc1-e3. However you proceed, you have the possibility to play ten moves or so without significant error, even against a relatively strong player. Even if you lose eventually, your opponent will be impressed that you have made quick progress as a chess player, and you will have the opportunity for an exciting middlegame with an active set of pieces. For middlegame strategies, see Chapter 11. This King’s Indian Attack position was reached after just seven moves. White has reached the ideal position. Black responded to 7.e2-e4 by pushing the d-pawn through to d4. In this position, white decides to play Nd2-c4, an interesting move that combines with the Nf3 to attack the black e5-pawn twice. Black is forced to defend the pawn by playing 8.Qd8-c7. chapter 10 CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 133 King’s Indian Attack (continued) Rather than play quickly or automatically, white realizes that black might try to attack the Nc4 by playing b7-b5. White would like to keep the Knight on c4, near the middle of the board. White therefore plays 9.a2-a4 in order to safeguard the Nc4 from attack. Notice that the Nd2-c4 maneuver now permits Bc1 to move out, perhaps to the g5 square. If you find this kind of position to your liking, you now know how to reach it! FAQ What is correspondence chess? In this age of the Internet, it may be hard to believe that proponents of playing chess through the mail still exist. Correspondence chess, also known as postal chess, is perhaps the slowest form of chess, with international games lasting as long as 3 to 4 years! Postal chess players enjoy taking days over each move, exploring all the possibilities. But in the age of chess software, e-mail, and chess websites, correspondence chess could be on its way out. To get started in postal chess, try one of the dedicated postal chess organizations. The U.S. Chess Federation (www.uschess.org/cc/) runs its own postal tournaments. The International Correspondence Chess Federation (www.iccf.com) organizes international events. 134 Colle System Common Opening Formations chapter 10 The Colle System carries the name of the Belgian master, Edgard Colle, who used it to win many brilliant games in the 1920s. The Colle System is very much like the Slav Defense but is played with the white pieces rather than with black. White begins the game with a rather unassuming setup. Rather than fight immediately for the center, white has chosen a pawn structure that delays the occupation of e4. This idea is very simple. White wants to prepare e3-e4 rather than play it immediately. And so note that the white Qc2, the Bd3, the Nd2, and the Re1 are all poised to support the move e3-e4. When the move comes, it will have half an army to defend it. To bring the position about, white usually begins the game with 1.d2-d4, and continues with 2.Ng1-f3, 3.e2-e3, 4.Nb1-d2 (Knights before Bishops), and then 5.c2-c3, 6.Bf1-d3, and then castles Kingside (0-0), Rf1-e1, and Qd1-c2. Be sure not to play these moves automatically. If black initiates a capture, be sure to recapture. And do not permit black to safely advance the black e-pawn to e4 where it would fork white’s Bd3 and Nf3. In this position from a real game, white plays 9.e3-e4 immediately in order to threaten e4e5, forking the Bd6 and the Nf6. As you can see, the e4-push can be very strong, and white will usually develop a strong attack if the pawn can safely advance to the e5square. If there is a drawback to the Colle System, it is that white has made no effort to activate the Bc1. With black, you should certainly try to prevent white from playing e3-e4 and, if possible, to advance the black e-pawn to the key e4-square. 135 Hedgehog Just as the Colle System and the King’s Indian Attack are all-purpose attacks for white, the Hedgehog is an all-purpose defense for black. It’s not a gimmick or a second-rate defense. I used it to win the 10th U.S. Correspondence Chess Championship, and some of the strongest players in the world continue to make it their main weapon. The Hedgehog is an animal akin to the porcupine: Get too close and you will get poked. Here is the Hedgehog pawn structure. The black pawns on a6, b6, d6, and e6 form a defensive wall that aims to prevent white from advancing. Some people believe that the black pawn structure resembles a hedgehog, hence its name. Note that the black c-pawn is missing. Black usually exchanges the c-pawn for the white d-pawn, as you have already seen in the Sicilian Defense. This example illustrates a common setup for all of black’s pieces within the Hedgehog. Note that the black Rooks are aggressively doubled on the c-file. The Bishop on b7 and the Queen on a8 are joining forces with the Nf6 to deliver three attacks on the white e4pawn. The Knight on d7 can help direct the attack. If the Knight moves to e5, it will become the third attack on the white c-pawn. If the Nd7 moves to c5, it will become the fourth attack on white’s e4-pawn. 136 Common Opening Formations chapter 10 One of the best features of the Hedgehog is that there are no meaningful pawn weaknesses in the black camp. To reach the Hedgehog structure, black can play a Sicilian against 1.e2-e4. When white plays d2-d4, black should capture the pawn so long as a Knight or a Queen will recapture. Black usually begins to set up the Hedgehog structure with e7-e6, a7-a6, d7-d6, Ng8-f6, Nb8-d7, and often Qd8-c7. The Bishops then move to e7 and b7 and, after castling, black will play Ra8-c8. The Queen on c7 “tucks” to b8 and perhaps to a8, where it is very safe from attack, and plays an important role in attacking the white center. The Hedgehog is considered an all-purpose weapon because it can be reached easily against 1.e2-e4, 1.c2-c4, and 1.Ng1-f3, all by beginning with black’s move 1.c7-c5. This position illustrates a common Hedgehog tactic. Black has completed the development of all the pieces. Black now plays b6-b5, knowing that if white captures on b5 with the c4-pawn, black can unleash the power of the doubled Rooks with Rook capturing Nc3. 137 Avant-Garde The Avant-Garde, as its name may imply, is a modern attempt to create a truly all-purpose approach for black. In this opening structure, white develops all of the Knights and Bishops fairly quickly, but in a very distinct way. Many players will not be happy with its cramped approach to the game but, like the other systems we’ve examined, it has the merit of keeping even a beginner in the game against a much stronger opponent. You will see that this setup would not be difficult to achieve. Both Bishops are fianchettoed, the Knights have developed toward the center at d7 and e7. Black’s position is cramped but quite versatile; there are no weaknesses. Most white players decide to expand in the center and simply can’t resist trying to break down this system. In this figure showing black’s position as well as a portion of white’s center, white can decide to move forward with e4-e5. Black will not capture on e5 but rather will respond with d6-d5 and then c7-c5, counterattacking on the Queenside. If, instead, white attacks with d4-d5, black, rather than capture, will often play e6-e5 and then f7-f5, counterattacking on the Kingside. One Canadian Grandmaster, Duncan Suttles, made a chess career out of playing such positions with black and with white as well. Many others find the system to be very slow, but Suttles showed that with sufficient patience, the Avant-Garde can be a dangerous weapon. 138 Dragon Just as the Hedgehog pawn structure does not look much like a hedgehog, the Dragon structure doesn’t really look like a dragon. “Dragon” describes the Kingside pawns that are said to be the dragon’s head, and the Queenside pawns that form its tail. Common Opening Formations chapter 10 The Dragon is a specific variation of the Sicilian Defense, but for our purposes, think of the Dragon simply as one possible strategy for developing the white and black pieces. In this position, black has fianchettoed the dark-squared Bishop within the Dragon’s head and castled on the Kingside. Black’s formation is set for a sharp attack on the white Queenside. Black’s decision is whether to attack first with the pawns or with the pieces. In a pawn-led attack, black might advance the a-pawn to a6 and the b-pawn to b5 and then perhaps on to b4. Then black might continue with Qd8–a5. In a piece-led attack, black might play Bc8d7 and Ra8-c8, bringing the Rook quickly to the open c-file. Black might then continue with Nc6-e5 and then Ne5-c4, where the Knight would fork the white Queen and the Bishop on e3. The position is “double-edged” because white also has a plan to slay the Dragon. White has two ideas here. The pawn-led attack involves g2-g4 and then h2-h4-h5, an effort to pry open the h-file for the Rook on h1 and perhaps also the Queen after Qd2-h2. In a piece-led attack, white might try Bf1-c4 as well as Be3-h6—an attempt to exchange black’s dark-squared Bishop, which is an important defender of the black Kingside. In order to fianchetto, black had to advance the g-pawn to g6. We know that every pawn move creates weaknesses. In this case, the h6-square is no longer defended by the black g-pawn. Notice how carefully white has constructed the attack to go after the weakness on h6. White has castled on the Queenside in order to be able to push the Kingside pawns forward without compromising the King’s safety. And white has pointed the Qd2 and the Be3 toward the key h6-square. White has also safeguarded the Be3 by placing the f-pawn on f3 where it prevents the annoying Nf6-g4. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 139 Dragon (continued) During tournament play in this position, white (Anatoly Karpov) and black (Victor Kortchnoi) were engaged in a titanic struggle in which white eventually won. In this Dragon, white has succeeded in exchanging the darksquared Bishops and, hoping to play Qh6xh7, would now like to eliminate the key Nf6. Karpov therefore played g4-g5 and, after black’s Rc5xg5, continued with the amazing Rd3-d5, a move that looks bad because the Nf6 attacks the d5-square. Of course, the Nf6 must not move because it is needed to defend the h7-square from the threat of Qh6xh7. As you can appreciate, games in the Dragon tend to be among the most complex in chess. TIP If playing the game is the best way to improve, reading chess books is a close second. There are thousands of books about chess out there. Some even focus solely on openings. However, I recommend that beginners shy away from the chess opening books. Instead, stick with ones that focus on complete games—openings, middlegames, and endgames. Many of my students have enjoyed Irving Chernev’s classic Logical Chess Move by Move. To sharpen your tactics, try Fred Reinfeld’s 1001 Brilliant Ways to Checkmate. As you progress, I hope that you also discover two special chess classics: Bobby Fischer’s My 60 Memorable Games and David Bronstein’s Zurich, 1953. The truth is, you will benefit from any chess book, as long as you spend time with it and give thought to the various positions. Reading about chess is a surefire way to improve. 140 French Winawer Common Opening Formations chapter 10 Named after Simon Winawer, the French Winawer was popularized by Aron Nimzovitch and later by World Champion Mikael Botvinnik. A variation of the French Defense, it provides another instructive pawn structure. As you saw in Chapter 9, in the French Defense, white is able to place both the d- and e-pawns on the 4th rank. Black supports the d7-d5 counter with e7-e6. The French Winawer variation begins after 3.Nb1-c3 and then black’s move, 3.Bf8-b4. This Bishop move is interesting. Black breaks the rule of moving a Bishop before a Knight, but the pin on white’s Nc3 is annoying. The Knight was defending the white e4-pawn, which white must now advance or further defend. White prefers to push with 4.e4-e5 in order to imprison black’s bad light-squared Bishop on c8. The pawn chain that emerges has the strong pawn on e5 but also the weak pawn on d4. Black therefore plays the move 4.c7-c5 in an effort to disrupt white’s pawn chain. White now “puts the question” to the black Bb4 with 5.a2-a3. After all, the Bishop moved early and is now being forced to move again. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 141 French Winawer (continued) Black responds by capturing the Nc3 with Bb4, check, and white of course recaptures with the b2-pawn. The following position includes one additional move by black, 6.Ng8-e7, a logical square for the Knight now that the white pawn on e5 is guarding the natural f6-square. In this interesting position, notice that both sides have long pawn chains. White’s pawn chain stretches from c3 through e5, while black’s reaches from the backward pawn on f7 through to d5. As a result of the two chains, black’s Bishop on c8 is bad because it is boxed in by the fixed black pawns. Unfortunately for black, the good dark-squared Bishop has already been traded. White can try to take advantage of the absence of black’s dark-squared Bishop in two ways. First, white could advance the a-pawn once again to a4 and then play Bc1-a3. From a3, the Bishop would exert powerful pressure on the a3-f8 diagonal. Or, white could play the surprising Qd1-g4. White has not yet developed the Ng1 or the Bishops, but the early Queen move causes a real problem for black. With the black Bishop gone from f8, how should black defend the pawn on g7? Black could castle, but it’s not hard to visualize a powerful attack brewing with moves such as Bf1-d3, Bc1-h6, h2-h4, Rh1-h3-g3, and Ng1-e2-f4. In response to 7.Qd1-g4, black could push the g-pawn to g6. But every pawn move creates weaknesses, in this case on the f6 and h6 squares. In most games, black therefore plays 7.Qd8–c7, permitting white to capture the g7-pawn and hoping for counter-play on the Queenside. 142 Stonewall Common Opening Formations chapter 10 Like an old stone wall in New England, the Stonewall’s pawn formation is set in stone. In this pawn structure, no attack will proceed through the center. If either player attempts to push their e-pawn, it will be lost. The attacks will therefore occur on the flanks. Notice that each side will have a bad Bishop. This fixed structure makes white’s darksquared Bishop bad. Black’s light-squared Bishop will also be bad. Each side would very much like to trade its bad Bishop for another Bishop or a Knight. In open positions, Bishops are better than Knights. Here, with the pawns locked in the center, the Knights can be more valuable. This is a stonewall position in which black is doing very well. Black has managed to trade the light-squared Bishop for a Knight on the f3square. Black’s Knight on e4 is especially strong, located in the middle of the board where the enemy pawns can’t attack it. White would also like to place a Knight on the key e5-square, but the Queen on f3, which arrived there to recapture black’s Bishop, is blocking the Nd2’s path to f3 and then e5. With such wonderful activity, black draws up a neat attacking plan. Black will play Kg8-h8, slide the Rf8-g8, and attempt to attack on the flank with g7-g5. 143 Benoni The Benoni is an interesting defense against 1.d2-d4 that creates an imbalanced pawn structure that often results in very spirited games that aggressive players tend to appreciate. Black begins the game like the Indian Defenses in Chapter 9 with 1.Ng8-f6 and, after white’s 2.c2-c4, black continues with 2.c7-c5. The Benoni formation was named for a biblical reference. Benoni means, literally, “son of sorrow.” A forte for a time of World Champion Alexander Alekhine, it is a frequent visitor in tournament play. As you can see in this position, the black pawn on c5 presents three options to white. White can capture the black c5-pawn, but that would simply double white’s c-pawns and invite black to recapture in any number of ways. The strongest method for black would probably be 3.e7-e6, hoping to recapture with the Bishop. If then 4.b2-b4, black has the strong response 4.a7-a5, attacking the b4-c5 pawn chain at the base. As an alternative, white could defend the pawn with Ng1-f3, but that would invite black to capture the d4-pawn with the flank c5pawn and reach a Hedgehog position with e7-e6, a7-a6, and Qd8-c7. White’s best move in this position is to push the d4-pawn to d5. Here is the position after 3.d4-d5 e7-e6, 4.Nb1-c3 e6xd5, 5.c4xd5 d7d6. As you can see, there is a significant imbalance in the pawn structure. Black has three pawns on the Queenside, a majority compared to white’s two pawns. By contrast, white has a five-on-four advantage on the Kingside. White would like to continue with e2-e4 with the idea of preparing for an e4-e5 advance. Apart from trying to prevent white’s advance of the e-pawn, black will try to advance the Queenside pawns. The fianchetto of the black’s dark-squared Bishop and castling on the Kingside will assist in that goal. 144 Common Opening Formations Here is a Benoni after 12 moves. Black has fianchettoed the dark-squared Bishop, castled, and brought a Rook to e8 to watch over the key e5-square. Black has also prepared to advance the b7-pawn by playing the Nb8-a6c7 and by sliding the Rook from a8 to b8. White played f2-f4 to support an e4-e5 advance. The Be2 is likely soon to support the white center with Be2-f3. The Nd2 will likely move to c4 in order to support e4-e5 and to place some pressure on black’s weak pawn on d6. chapter 10 TIP Practice with Online Chess A good place to practice opening formations is online. There are many places to play chess on the Internet these days. Many are free; a few charge a modest fee. If you just want to play a light game of chess at any hour, try one of these websites: • • • • • Yahoo: games.yahoo.com Pogo: www.pogo.com MSN: http://zone.msn.com/en/chess/default.htm www.chessclub.com www.playchess.com 145 chapter 11 Middlegame Strategy Many players memorize long opening variations but have little or no idea how to proceed once they get to the middle of a game. You already know about having good and bad pieces, placing Rooks on open files, placing the Knights in the center where the enemy pawns can’t attack them, and trying to avoid bad Bishops. In this chapter, I offer four basic principles and strategies that will help you integrate many of these ideas. Aron Nimzovitsch, a great German Grandmaster of the early 20th century, introduced new ways of thinking about chess. His chess classic, My System, is a long and complex book that was awkwardly translated to English. In the first section, I introduce his five steps to victory in an easy-to-understand manner. In the second section, I introduce two important ways of approaching your thought process in every chess game. The first, the idea of selecting and considering options, at least three “candidate moves,” was popularized in Alexander’s Kotov’s 1971 classic Think Like a Grandmaster. The idea is simple enough. In every position, consider not one move but at least three. Or, as the great player Emanuel Lasker put it, “When you see a good move, look for a better one.” In the third section, I offer an important way of thinking about “threats.” Before every move, consider whether your opponent is threatening to do something important. In response, you must either turn off the threat or else find a threat that is more significant. And finally, in the fourth section, I emphasize the importance of recapturing after someone captures one of your pieces. Five Steps to Victory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Candidate Moves and Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Responding to Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Recaptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Five Steps to Victory The five steps that I outline here were first discussed by Grandmaster Aron Nimzovitsch in his books My System and Blockade. He never actually called them “the five steps to victory,” but these steps are discussed extensively in his books. The five steps are relatively simple but account for many of my victories, and they are present in one form or another in many, if not most, master games. The Steps STEP 1: IDENTIFY THE WEAKNESS The first step is simple enough. You will win many games if you train yourself to be aware of and to quickly identify all of your opponent’s pawn weaknesses. In this example, the two central black pawns on d6 and e5 form a pawn chain. As you saw in Chapter 6, “Pawn Strategy,” the backward pawn at d6 is the weaker of the two pawns because no pawn can defend it. Black’s d6-pawn represents a key weakness in the black pawn structure. Having identified the key weakness on d6, you are ready for step 2. STEP 2: FIX THE WEAKNESS The second step is quite simple. To prevent black from pushing the d6-pawn to d5, white must fix black’s weakness by occupying or controlling the d5-square. In Chapter 4, “Knight Strategy,” you learned that it is advantageous to place Knights in the center of the board where they can’t be attacked by pawns. Here, you can see that it would be helpful to place a Knight—or another piece, for that matter—in the “hole” at d5. By moving the Knight to d5, or even by using the Knight to control d5, you will prevent black from eliminating the d6-pawn weakness by pushing the pawn from d6 to d5. In this figure, white controls the key d5-square with both the Knight on e3 and the pawn on e4. If black were to push the d6-pawn to d5, white would be able to win it. With the Knight on e3, the pawn on d6 has been fixed because it can’t successfully move without being lost. 148 Middlegame Strategy STEP 3: ATTACK THE WEAKNESS WITH YOUR PIECES Once you have identified and fixed the weakness, it’s time for step 3: Attack the weakness with your pieces—not your pawns. In this position, it is clear that white has successfully arranged an attack on black’s d6-pawn with four different pieces, the doubled Rooks on d2 and d3, the Queen on d1, and even the dark-squared Bishop on a3. Notice that white’s attack has been patient in that the Queen is not leading the charge on d3 but rather is attacking from the rear on d1. Strong players know that it’s often more effective to have the less valuable pieces lead the attack. As they say in boxing, “Don’t lead with your nose.” chapter 11 STEP 4: YOUR OPPONENT WILL BE FORCED TO DEFEND THE WEAKNESS If you have successfully carried out the first three steps, your opponent must carry out step 4. For every one of your attacks on the pawn weakness, your opponent will have to find a defender. If your opponent fails to defend the pawn adequately, look to take the target-pawn first “with the little thing.” What “little thing,” you ask? It depends on the position but it is often a Knight or a Bishop. In this position, white is still attacking black’s d6-pawn with four pieces, and black has responded by defending the poor d6-pawn with four pieces—Rd8, Rd7, Be7, and Qb8. As a result, these pieces aren’t very active. Note that, as a result of the first four steps, white has two active Rooks on a semi-open file, while black’s Rooks are stuck defending the d6-pawn. White has a good Bishop on a3, attacking the d6-pawn, while black’s Be7 is bad, stuck behind the fixed d6-pawn. Even the white Queen on d1 is more active than its black counterpart on b8. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 149 Five Steps to Victory (continued) STEP 5: ATTACK THE WEAKNESS WITH A PAWN By the time your opponent has completed step 4, he’ll know that there’s trouble ahead. Most or all of your pieces will be active by focusing their energy on a single fixed point. By contrast, your opponent’s pieces will be relatively weak, defending rather than attacking a weakness. For the final step, attack the weakness with a pawn. As you can see in this position, white has simply advanced the c4-pawn to c5 and black is in a quandary. The black d6-pawn has three options. It can capture on c5, push forward to d5, or remain where it is. We know that the pawn can’t push forward to d5 because it is fixed. On d5, white would have four attacks on the pawn while black would have only two defenses (the Rooks). Instead, if black were to capture with d6xc5, white would suddenly have three attacks on the Rd7. Capturing the white pawn would lose a black Rook. Black could do nothing, but white would still have five attacks on the d6-pawn, and black would have only four defenses. On white’s next move, white would continue with c5xd6, winning the key black pawn. TIP See the Five Steps to Victory in Action Online! Observing other players online is a great way to learn and to see the five steps in action. PlayChess (www.playchess.com) and Internet Chess Club (www.chessclub.com) are pay-sites that offer fairly competitive games, but you can log in as a guest and watch live grandmaster events from all over the world. PlayChess is my personal favorite, and you will often find me playing there with the login name jedwards. 150 Middlegame Strategy The Five Steps in Practice In this position, with black to move, black realizes that the white b3-pawn is a weakness and is already fixed by the black c5-pawn and the black Nc6. Black plays Nc6-a7, threatening to capture Bb5 and, by forcing the Bishop to move, gaining access for Rb8-b4. White responds with Bb5-e2. chapter 11 Black continues with the strategy by playing Rb8-b4, helping to fix the pawn and preparing to bring the Rc8 into the strategy by doubling the Rooks on the b-file. Understanding black’s strategy, white attempts to bring the King closer to the b-pawn by playing Kf1-e1. Black continues with Rc8-b8, placing a second attack on the white b3-pawn. For the moment, white has only one defender, the Rc3. White therefore plays Be2-d1, using the Bishop to defend b3. There are now two attacks and two defenses. The third attack will require that the black Knight reach the a5-square. Black plays Na7-c6. Knowing there will soon be a third attack, white could defend again with Rc1-b1, but Rb1 would be vulnerable after Rb4xa4 because the b3-pawn would be pinned and unable to recapture on a4 without losing Rb1. White therefore plays Rc1-a1 with the idea of defending the b3-pawn with a Rook on a3. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 151 Five Steps to Victory (continued) Black now continues with Nc6-a5, placing the b3-pawn under a third attack. White has no choice but to defend the pawn with its Rook and plays Ra1-a3. The only step remaining is to attack b3 with the c5pawn (c5-c4). Black, in no rush, delayed for a moment to fix another one of the white pawns on a dark square with g6-g5. White responded with a bad move, Ke1-d2, permitting the black Knight to move later toward the center with a powerful check (Na5-c4+). Finally, the fifth step. Black plays c5-c4, making the fourth attack on the white b-pawn. A pawn capture on c4 not only weakens the white pawn structure, but also permits Na5xc4+: a Knight fork that attacks white’s Kd2 and Ra3. If white does nothing, black will be able to capture and win the b3-pawn. TIP Practice with Chess Software Chess software and websites are transforming how to play chess. Anyone with a computer can play against software that can challenge even the best players in the world. Most of the current chess software programs are so strong that many players can get discouraged quickly. No human enjoys losing game after game, but the advantage is clear: You have a built-in opponent who is happy to play at any hour of the day or night. Keep in mind that the engines in the software are simply number-crunching and never tire. They play a very different game than humans do, and as long as you keep that in mind, you can use them to hone your skills. The engines almost always permit you to take back a bad move—a nice advantage when you’re learning. 152 Candidate Moves and Planning Consider your options (candidates) at every move. Very few masters move quickly. Instead, they tend to play very thoughtfully. But what are they thinking about? At every move, most strong players consider at least three different moves. That may surprise beginners, who are content to play the first good-looking move they find. Emmanuel Lasker summed it up by explaining that even after you find a strong move, keep looking. You may find something stronger. Making Plans Middlegame Strategy chapter 11 Many beginners believe that the masters have trained themselves to think many moves ahead. The fact is that masters have an advantage. Masters rarely calculate long forced sequences. Although some rely on intuition or an innate feel for the game, most are able to plan ahead. They have a sense of where the strongest squares are and where each piece belongs. From experience, they know how to conduct attacks and how to coordinate their pieces. To illustrate the process, this section follows the ideas and considerations through 12 consecutive moves of a master game. In this first position, white already has a tangible advantage. The move Nf3-g5 has already caused black to prevent Bd3xh7 with the move g7-g6, a pawn advance that has weakened the black Kingside. Notice that by moving the g-pawn forward, the f6 and h6 squares are now weak. White would like to move the dark-squared Bishop on c1 to h6 where it would attack the black Rf8 and also control the g7-square in front of the black King. White would also like to further weaken the black Kingside. White therefore has two ideas. The first is the move Qf3-h3 with the threat of Qh3xh7 checkmate (Ng5 would defend Qh7). The threat of checkmate would require black to weaken the Kingside with h7-h5. White could also try Ng5-e4, which is a strong looking move with the idea of both Ne4-f6 check as well as opening the Bc1’s path to the h6 square. Both plans are legitimate. Although you should keep in mind the principle that when two moves look good, one is always better than the other. In this case, white plays Qf3-h3 in order to further weaken the black Kingside. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 153 Candidate Moves and Planning (continued) As you can see, black has prevented the immediate checkmate by advancing the h7pawn to h5, but the pawn move has further weakened the black Kingside. It would now be more difficult, for example, to drive the Ng5 away, and the support for the g6-pawn has been reduced. White might again try Ng5-e4 with the idea of Ne4-f6 check and Bc1-h6. That idea seems even stronger now that the Kingside is weaker. White could also try to advance the f-pawn to f4 and then f5. Or white could play g2-g4 to try to batter down the black Kingside. White must decide whether to conduct a pawn-led or a piece-led attack. Both pawn moves weaken the white Kingside. White therefore decides on the first course of action, Ng5-e4, with the idea of activating the Bc1. Black responds by capturing on d5 with the Ne7. The Nd5 will be well posted in the center of the board where the white pawns will not be able to attack it. White has three candidate moves in this next position. White could capture the Bd6 with the Ne4. White could develop the Bc1 directly to h6, or white could play Bc1-g5. Both Bishop moves take advantage of the weak dark squares around the King. White’s move Ne4xBd6 is very tempting because, in the open board, the Bishop has considerable sway. However, the Knight is a powerful piece in the center of the board where, to drive it away, black would have to play f7-f5, further weakening black’s Kingside. The most tempting move is white’s Bc1-h6, but white would lose quickly after this move with black’s Bb7-c8 attacking the white Queen. In that position, the Queen would be quickly trapped in the center of the board after Qh3f3 and Bc8-g4. Having seen the trap, white avoids it by first playing the move Bc1-g5, attacking the black Queen. To guard the Queen, black responds with Bd6-e7. 154 Middlegame Strategy After black’s Bd6-e7, black is threatening simply to capture the white Bg5. White therefore has two options: capture the black Be7 or play the move Bg5-h6. Fortunately, after Bg5-h6, black is no longer able to trap the white Queen because, without the black Bishop on d6, the Queen will have access to the g3-square. Rather than exchange Bishops, which would reduce the firepower aimed at the black King, white plays Bg5-h6. This move, of course, attacks the Rf8. Rather than move the Rook, black plays Bb7-c8, attacking the white Queen. chapter 11 With the attack by the Bc8 on the Qh3, white has two logical moves. To save the Qh3, white can move it to f3 or to g3. On f3, the Queen would be subject to another attack with Bc8g4. White therefore decides to play Qg3 where the Queen, in conjunction with the Bd3, is generating pressure on the weakened g6pawn. Black responds by moving Rf8-e8, out of danger from the attack from the Bh6. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 155 Candidate Moves and Planning (continued) White has many good moves in this position. For example, white could activate the Ra1 to c1 or the Rf1-e1. The Bd3 could move to b5 to attack the Re8. Or white could play Qg3-e5, threatening checkmate in one move with Qe5-g7. Both Rook moves look useful, but masters know that Rook moves are often the most difficult moves to make because it is hard to know exactly where the Rooks belong. White decides to play Qg3-e5, in part because the move is very difficult to meet. After Qg3-e5 black can’t respond with Be7-f6. White would then play the amazing Qe5xNd5, seeing that after black’s Qd8xd5, white plays Ne4xBf6 check, forking the King, the e8-Rook, and the black Queen on d5. Black therefore must block the checkmate by white’s Queen on g7 by advancing the f7-pawn to f6, yet another weakening of the black Kingside. In this case, the f7-f6 move weakens the now undefended g6-pawn. Having forced yet another Kingside weakness, the white Queen must now retreat. In this instance, there is only one safe move: Qe5-g3. Fortunately for white, the Qg3 will now attack the black g6-pawn. To defend it, black decides to push the g6-pawn to g5. 156 Middlegame Strategy White’s strategy has worked very well. As a result of carefully timed maneuvers, black’s Kingside is in shambles. However, black does suddenly emerge with the idea of trapping the Bh6 behind enemy lines. White could develop one of its Rooks, but to take advantage of the Bh6’s advanced position, white decides to play h2-h4. Note that the pawn on h4 represents the fourth attack on the black g5-pawn. Under such pressure, black has no choice but to push the g-pawn yet again. chapter 11 This position represents the culmination of white’s initial strategy of forcing the black Kingside pawns to advance. Having caused the damage, white now considers the next phase: how best to take advantage of the open diagonals and the entry squares around the black King. White has many interesting options and, as many strong players like to say, even a bad plan is better than no plan. White could now take aim on the a2-g8 diagonal with moves such as Bd3-c4 and Qg3-b3. Alternatively, white could begin with Ra1-c1 or Rf1-e1. Another interesting option is Ra1-e1, with the idea of advancing the f-pawn against black’s weak pawn structure. White decides on the first plan of Bd3-c4, putting pressure on the white center, pinning the black Nd5 against the Kg8, and taking aim on the e6 and f7 squares. Black responds, as masters often do, by moving the King in order to break the pin (Kg8-h7). CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 157 Candidate Moves and Planning (continued) In this position, white faces the need to retreat the Bh6. Retreating the Bishop to g5 would lose the Bishop to the f6-pawn. Retreating back to c1 makes little sense, because the Ra1 will probably want to develop there. That leaves d2, e3, and f4. The e3-square is relatively inactive because of the fixed d4-pawn, and, with a Bishop on e3, the Qg3 would be blocked from the b3 square. White decides to retreat the Bishop to d2 where, three squares away from the centralized black Nd5, the Bishop dominates the black Knight. Fearful of white’s activity and mindful of the Kingside weaknesses, black responds with Bc8-f5, attacking the undefended Ne4 and immediately taking control over the b1-h7 diagonal on which the black King is sitting. With no reasonable retreat for the white Ne4, white will need to defend it. Qg3-d3 is unacceptable because white would not want to walk into a pin. Retreating the Bc4-d3 blocks the Queen’s access to the b3 square and the Bc4’s real idea is to pressure the a2-g8 diagonal. White therefore needs to choose between Ra1-e1 or Rf1-e1. Ra1-e1 would probably commit white to using the Rf1 to push the f-pawn. Rf1-e1 would give white the opportunity to use the Ra1 on the c-file. White selects Rf1-e1 as the more flexible move. Black responds with Bf5-g6 in an effort to fight for control over the f7-square. 158 Middlegame Strategy White’s move is relatively easy this time, with Qg3-b3—the most logical move. On b3, the Queen augments the pressure along the a2g8 diagonal. Black is simply unable to defend the Knight a second time. If, for example, black plays Bg6-f7, white can play Ne4-c3, a third attack on the poor Nd5. If the black Knight on d5 were to move, the black Bishop on f7 would fall. Black therefore retreats the Nd5 to c7, three squares away from the c4-Bishop, in an effort to limit the Bishop’s scope. chapter 11 After 12 moves in this middlegame, white has a substantial advantage. You might imagine continuing with Ra1-c1 or Bc4-f7. Both are excellent moves. Ra1-c1 places white’s final undeveloped piece on an open file. White’s Bc4-f7 takes advantage of the entry square on f7. Note that after Bg6xf7, the white Queen would powerfully infiltrate the black Kingside on the f7 square. White’s strategy has resulted in a nice range of options that gives white by far the best chances to win the game. In the actual game (J. Edwards vs. W. Jones, 1993), the contest ended as follows: 28.Bc4-f7 Re8-f8 29.Bf7xg6+ Kh7xg6 30.Ne4-g3 Rf8-h8 31.Ra1-c1 Nc7-e8 32.Qb3-e6 Be7-a3 33.Ng3xh5 Ba3xc1 34.Qe6xg4+ Kg6-f7 35.Qg4-e6+ Kf7-g6 36.Nh5-f4+ Kg6-h7 37.Qe6-f7+ Ne8-g7 38.Nf4-h5 1–0 Black resigns. 159 Responding to Threats Strong moves often contain threats. A threat is simply the move that you would make if, after having moved, you were given an opportunity to make a second consecutive move. When your opponent makes a move that contains a threat, you have an important choice: Stop the threat immediately, or make a move that contains a bigger threat. In the following sequence, the moves on both sides contain numerous threats. A Sequence of Threats This scenario occurred in the Sicilian Defense after the moves 1.e2-e4 c7-c5, 2.Ng1-f3 Nb8c6, 3.d2-d4 c5xd4, 4.Nf3xd4 Ng8-f6, 5.Nb1-c3 e7-e5. Black’s last move, e7-e5, threatens on the next move to capture white’s Nd4. White has many options for the Knight, including the retreat to f3, but white prefers to play Nd4-b5, where the Knight will threaten the move Nb5-d6 check. Black responds by stopping that threat with the move d7-d6. You might recognize that black’s central pawn structure contains a weakness on d6 and a central hole on d5. White would like to play the move Nc3-d5 but the Nd5 would be captured immediately by the strong Nf6. Rather than play the move Nd5, white threatens to play it by first moving Bc1-g5. The Bishop pins the Nf6 to the black Queen and the threat of Nc3-d5 is now real. Strong players often say that “the threat is stronger than the execution.” They mean that preparing the threat correctly (in this position with Bc1-g5) is better than playing the threat immediately (with Nc3-d5) as you can see in this position. After the move Bc1-g5, black has several interesting candidate moves. Black could un-pin immediately with Bf8-e7. Black could guard the d5-square with Bc8-e6. But black prefers to meet the threat of Nc3-d5 with his own threat, the move a7-a6 threatening to capture the Nb5. 160 Middlegame Strategy White’s Nb5 is now under attack and has only one logical retreat. White could play Bg5xf6, meeting the threat on the Nb5 with a larger threat, but black might simply recapture with the g7-pawn. White therefore retreats the Nb5-a3. Black responds with b7-b5, a move that carries another threat, a pawn fork with b5-b4. chapter 11 White stops the threat of the pawn fork on b4 simply by moving the Nc3 powerfully to the central hole on d5. The black Nf6 dare not capture the Nd5 because the Bg5 is pinning it to the black Queen. Black therefore responds with Bf8-e7, a move that carries another threat, this time the move Nf6xNd5, winning a piece! CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 161 Responding to Threats (continued) Responding to the threat, white now plays Bg5xf6, giving up the Bg5 but stopping the threat of Nf6xd5 and retaining the powerful Nd5. To advance in chess, watch carefully for such threats. Strong chess players develop a finely honed sense of danger. Before you move, always ask: “Does my opponent’s last move contain a threat?” If so, your move should either stop the threat or, even better, you should look for a threat that’s even bigger. Meeting a Threat with a Bigger Threat Sometimes, the best way to meet a threat is with an even bigger threat. In this position, white has just made the move Nc3-d5. The Nd5 threatens to capture the Qf6 and threatens to play Nd5xc7 check, forking the black King and the Ra8. You might expect black to meet both threats with the move Qf6-d8, removing the Queen from attack and using the Queen to defend the c7-pawn. Instead, black responds to the threat of Nd5xc7 with a bigger threat: Qf6-g6. 162 Middlegame Strategy The move Qf6-g6 may surprise you, and you might wonder where black’s threat is. Let’s take a look. If white is insensitive to the danger, white might continue with Nd5xc7 check. In check, black would move the King to d8. chapter 11 With the Nc7 under attack from the King, white would continue with Nc7xa8. But now, black would be able to demonstrate that the Qf6-g6 move had considerable bite. Black continues with Qg6xg2. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 163 Responding to Threats (continued) The power of black’s idea is now clear. On g2, the Queen threatens both the white Rh1 as well as Qg2xf2 checkmate! To prevent both threats, white must move the Rh1-f1. Black would likely respond with the powerful move Bc8-g4, pinning and soon winning white’s Nf3. With the threats of Bg4xf3 and Nc6-d4 along with the idea of capturing the Na8 by moving the King and then playing Rh8xa8, black is well ahead. 164 Recaptures Middlegame Strategy chapter 11 Almost every time that someone captures one of your pieces, you will want to recapture. There are exceptions, however, and there is nothing automatic about recapturing. Always consider other options. Recapturing Your Pieces and Pawns In this position, black’s advantage is pronounced. The Nd5 is in the center the board where it can’t be attacked by white’s pawns. White’s dark-squared Bishop on d2 is bad, locked in by its own pawns. By contrast, the black Bishop on d8 will have an important role to play in black’s attack on the Kingside. Note that black’s Rooks are actively doubled on the g-file and the Qh6 is bearing down on the white Kingside. In an effort to relieve some of the pressure in this position, white played Bc4xd5. Most chess players would gladly recapture immediately with the e6-pawn in order to undouble the black e-pawns. But black has a much stronger response with the move Rg5-h5. Black suddenly has the huge threat of a check with Rh5xh3+, forcing the white King to g2. Then white can play Rh5-h2, checking the Kg2 and then winning the white Qf2 with check when the King retreats to f1. Masters achieve their strength in part because they consistently look for such “in-between” moves. 165 chapter 12 Elementary Checkmates To win a chess game, you must deliver a checkmate (or mate, for short)—placing your opponent’s King in check with the King having no legal move. In this chapter, you will be able to explore all the most basic checkmates. As you will see, some of these checkmates are very simple. In fact, if you’re clever enough to Queen a pawn, the checkmate with two Queens against a lone King is easy and fun to do. The other checkmates in this chapter are somewhat more challenging, but with a bit of practice, you’ll be able to deliver checkmate with just a Rook or even with a King, Bishop, and Knight. You will also learn to recognize when there is insufficient material to deliver a checkmate. That way, you won’t play on and on, trying to do the impossible. Or perhaps when you’re trailing, you will be able to reach such an endgame and avoid a loss. Two Queens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Queen and Rook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Two Rooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 King and Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 King and Rook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 King and Two Bishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 King, Bishop, and Knight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Two Queens You can have more than one Queen by promoting pawns. Some players enjoy promoting more than two, if they can, but two Queens are almost always enough to deliver checkmate. In this section, you will see how two Queens together are so powerful that checkmates will occur quite quickly. The Basic Checkmate Here is the basic checkmate. With white to move, white can deliver a check on several squares, but the move Qb6-b8 is checkmate. On b8, the Queen will be attacking the black King, which cannot escape from the attack. Note that the Queen on a7 controls all of the squares of the 7th rank while, after Qb6-b8, the Queen on b8 controls all of the squares of the 8th rank. 168 Elementary Checkmates How to Get There The simplest method for this checkmate is illustrated here. The technique is a bit like walking a dog, forcing the King step by step toward the top edge of the board. Here, white has many paths to the checkmate, but the simplest is clearly Qb4-b6, attacking the lone King. The King must retreat to the 7th rank. chapter 12 Here, after the retreat of the King to d7, white will continue to force the King toward the top of the board by playing Qa5-a7. Note that, given the power of the white Queens, the black King is unable to approach the Queens in an effort to prevent the checkmate. After Qa5-a7, you will be in the same position illustrated at the beginning of this section (see the previous page). As you can see, checkmating with two Queens is relatively simple. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 169 Two Queens (continued) Another Way to Checkmate Here is another example of a checkmate with two Queens. White could simply proceed with the technique we just reviewed, but there is a much faster and more elegant checkmate. The Qb5 controls the 5th rank while the Qc3 controls the 3rd rank. White begins with Qb5-e5 check. Note that, after the check, black has only a single legal move, to g4. White completes the checkmate by playing Qc3-g3#, using the Queen on e5 to support the Qg3. It is a beautiful checkmate! In many chess games, however, you might not have the luxury of having so much extra material. In the following sections, we will explore checkmates with less material. 170 Queen and Rook Elementary Checkmates chapter 12 Together, the Queen and Rook are almost as powerful as the two Queens. And in most chess games, you are more likely to have a Queen and Rook in an endgame than two Queens. Both techniques that you saw in the first section are still useful here. How to Get There THE FIRST TECHNIQUE In this position, the Queen and Rook combine very much like the two Queens. White brings about a quick checkmate by playing Qa5-a7 and then, once the King retreats to the 8th rank, with Rb6-b8 checkmate. THE SECOND TECHNIQUE This position requires a slightly different technique. Here, the Queen covers all the squares on the 5th rank, while the Rook covers the 3rd rank. White begins by playing Rc3-e3 check. Note that the Qc5 defends the Rook on e3. Black has no choice but to retreat along the 4th rank to f4. White continues with Qc5-e5 check, driving the King farther along the 4th rank to g4. The technique should be clear now. White alternates Rook and Queen moves, driving the King to the edge of the board. Checkmate is near. White continues, with the Re3-g3 check, driving the King to the edge on h4. White then follows with the Qe5-g5 checkmate. The Queen and Rook are defending each other while covering all of the King’s possible retreats. 171 Two Rooks Using two Rooks is another common checkmate. It is slightly more difficult to do because the Rooks are not as powerful as the Queens. How to Get There The Rooks will attempt to walk the black King toward the 8th rank. This time, however, the King will be able to approach the Rooks and disrupt the simple checkmate. White begins as expected by playing Ra4-a6, forcing the black King to retreat toward the 8th rank. As you can see, the King retreated to the d7-square, approaching the Rooks. As with the Queens, white continues with Rb5-b7, forcing the black King to the top edge of the board. Black moved Kd7-c8, attacking Rb7. The Rooks do not support each other like the two Queens and the Queen and Rook did. If white carelessly played Ra6-a8 check, black could escape with Kc8xRb7. Instead, white safeguards the Rb7 by moving it across the 7th rank to h7. With the threat of Ra6-a8 checkmate looming, black must defend the a8-square by playing Kc8-b8. The defense is annoying, but white can still win by shifting the a6-Rook toward the Kingside with Ra6-g6. Facing the inevitable move Rg6-g8 checkmate, black might resign here. Few chess players like being checkmated. 172 King and Queen It might surprise you to learn that the Queen alone cannot deliver checkmate. When it’s down to King and Queen vs. the King, the Queen requires close cooperation with its King to deliver the mate. Elementary Checkmates chapter 12 A Simple Checkmate Here is the simplest of the checkmates with a Queen and a King. Notice that the Qd7 is smothering the black King against the top edge of the board. Simply put, the Queen is attacking the King and covering all the black King’s possible retreats. Moreover, the black King cannot capture the Queen because the Qd7 is defended by the white King. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 173 King and Queen (continued) Other Ways to Checkmate In this position, white can bring about a similar checkmate by playing Qg7-e7 checkmate. Even though the white King is on d6, the Queen on e7 will still be defended and will be smothering the black King against the edge of the board. White has an additional option, playing Qg7-g8 checkmate. In this position, the white King is preventing a black retreat to d7 and e7, while the Queen not only attacks the black King but also covers the key d8, f8, and f7 squares. In this position, white again has two possible checkmates in one move. White can play either Qg2-a8 or Qg2-g8. Both moves attack the black King, and cover all of the squares on the 8th rank, while the white King prevents any move by the black King to the 7th rank. 174 Elementary Checkmates Moves to Avoid In bringing about the checkmate with your King and Queen, there are two key moves to avoid. In this position, white has a simple checkmate with Qb6-b8. However, Qb6-d6 is a move that many players make without realizing the danger. With the white Queen on d6, black has been stalemated! Black of course must move, but black has no legal move and the black King is not in check. Note that stalemate applies only when one side has no legal move whatsoever. For more on stalemates, see the section “Stalemates and Other Draws” in Chapter 2. There are many positions in which the King or another piece cannot move. It is only a stalemate if one side is not in check and has no legal moves anywhere on the board. chapter 12 In this interesting position, white should march the white King toward f6 and deliver checkmate with the Queen. This strategy speaks to the key of all of these King and Queen checkmates: To win, the King and Queen must work together in harmony. Instead, white blundered with Qa7-f7?, again with a stalemate. Notice that the black King is not in check. But because of the bad move by the white Queen, the black King has no legal moves. 175 King and Rook Mating with a Rook is somewhat more challenging than mating with a Queen, although many players prefer this mate because there are fewer possibilities for a stalemate. The Basic Checkmate Here is the basic checkmate. The Rf8 is checking the black King and preventing Kh8-g8. As in the King and Queen endgames, the white King plays an essential role by preventing the black King from escaping to either g7 or h7. Backing up just one move, the checkmate in this position should be clear. White simply advances the Rook from f7 to f8 checkmate. A significant mistake would be Rf7-g7, resulting in the only stalemate with a King and Rook. Therefore, it is a key move to avoid. 176 Elementary Checkmates Here, if it were black’s move, the black King would have only one move—Kg8-h8. White would then checkmate with Rf7-f8 as we have seen. But if it is white’s move, white wants to make sure that the black King does not escape to the Queenside. White therefore plays Rf7-f1. Actually, any backward movement of the Rook along the f-file would accomplish the purpose, but most chess players like dramatic finishes. chapter 12 Black has no choice in this position but to move the King directly into the corner at h8. With a flourish, white can play Rf1-f8, delivering checkmate. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 177 King and Rook (continued) How to Get There Checkmating with a King and Rook is easy once the King is in the corner. Here’s how you can force the enemy King into the corner. Notice that the white Re5 has already placed the black King in a box. The Rook controls e6, e7, and e8, as well as the key squares on the 5th rank: f5, g5, and h5. The black King is trapped inside those squares and has only nine squares at its disposal (f6, f7, f8, g6, g7, g8, h6, h7, and h8). To make some headway, the white King and Rook must work together. White begins with Ke4-f4, waiting for the black King to move backward. Black is in a quandary. If black moves to g6, white has Re5-f5 to push black further toward the corner and close the box from nine squares to just six (g6, g7, g8, h6, h7, and h8). Therefore, black decides to move instead to f7. The moment that black gives ground, white should step forward to claim that territory. In this case, white has the strong move Kf4-f5, claiming control over both f6 and g6. 178 Elementary Checkmates chapter 12 Fearing an imminent checkmate, black does not want to retreat to the top edge of the board. Rather, black tries to hold ground with Kf7-g7. White could continue slowly with Re5-e6 and, indeed, you might want to practice such a slow procedure. As it turns out, white can proceed more quickly here with a check Re5-e7 check. Black might not want to respond by moving the King to f8 where, after Kf5-f6, white is very close to the checkmate that introduced this section. Instead, black tries to escape from the corner with Kg7-h6. In this position, white moves toward the end of the game quickly with a dramatic Re7-a7 (other Rook moves to b7, c7, d7, or f7 also work), forcing the black King to move to h5. At the end of a long sequence, white has a beautiful checkmate in one move with Ra7-h7. As you can see, these checkmates require patience. Of course, it helps to recognize the mating patterns. You will find that, after a bit of practice, you will be able to deliver checkmate with just a King and a Rook. 179 King and Two Bishops A checkmate with two Bishops does not occur often. If it does, you will find that patience is required. The first step is to force the King toward any edge of the board and then toward any corner. The checkmate will look very much like the photo on the right. Notice that the white King is playing a very active role in blocking the escape of the black King. The light-squared Bishop is controlling the g8 escape square. The dark-squared Bishop is attacking the black King and delivering the checkmate. How to Get There 1.Be4-f5 Ke7-d8 There are many ways to proceed in this position. White would like to drive the black King toward the top edge of the board and then walk the King into one of the corners. Black would like to try to run away from white’s King and Bishop and therefore might try Ke7-d7. White therefore begins with 1.Be4-f5 to prevent black from moving to d7. Black continues to try to escape toward the a-file with Ke7-d8. Note: As you learned in the “Chess Notation” section in Chapter 1, the move number is indicated with a numeral followed by a period at the beginning of the notation. Here, we use move numbers starting with “1.” to best illustrate this endgame scenario. These move numbers are not indicative of a start-to-finish game, but are instead used to easily illustrate the order of moves necessary to achieve this checkmate. 2.Ke5-d6 Kd8-e8 White prevents any further movement of the black King toward the Queenside by advancing the King from e5 to d6. Black has no choice but to continue with Kd8-e8. 180 Elementary Checkmates 3.Bf4-g5 Ke8-f7 Here, white’s move Bf4-g5 captures control over the d8-square and prevents the black King from moving toward the Queenside. Black responds by moving off the 8th rank with Ke8-f7 to try to hold on to as much territory as possible. chapter 12 4.Kd6-d7 Kf7-f8 In turn, white takes control over the e8-square that black vacated by advancing Kd6-d7. Black again tries to avoid moving toward the corner with Kf7-f8. 5.Kd7-e6 Kf8-e8 White progresses with the King toward the key g6-square. Black again tries to escape toward the Queenside, Kf8-e8. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 181 King and Two Bishops (continued) 6.Bf5-g6+ Ke8-f8 White regains control over the e8-square, forcing the black King toward the corner with Bf5-g6+. To get out of check, black’s King makes its only legal move, Ke8-f8. 7.Bg5-h6 Kf8-g8 White’s dark-squared Bishop moves aggressively to h6 to control both the f8 and g7 squares. Black again makes the only legal move it has, Kf8-g8. 8.Bg6-e4 Kg8-h8 White moves the light-squared Bishop to e4 where it continues to control the h7 escape square but also readies the idea of Be4-d5. Black is forced to move the King to h8. 182 Elementary Checkmates 9.Ke6-f6 Kh8-g8 White brings its King closer to the g6-square where it can control the g7 and h7 squares without help from the Bishops. Black again moves back to g8. chapter 12 10.Kf6-g6 Kg8-h8 The movement back and forth is not a threefold repetition because white’s moves have been different. Indeed, white continues to make progress, with the King having reached the key g6-square. Black retreats again to h8. 11.Bh6-g7+ Kh8-g8 White moves Bh6-g7 for check and is very close to checkmate. White’s Bg7+ move forces the black King back to g8 where, suddenly, it has no moves. 12.Be4-d5 checkmate White’s Be4-d5 is a pretty checkmate. 183 King, Bishop, and Knight Of all the checkmates in this chapter, the checkmate with a King, Bishop, and Knight is the most complex. It is so difficult that some masters have failed to deliver the checkmate within the 50-move limit rule. (The U.S. Chess Federation rule book states that the result of a game is a draw if, after 50 consecutive moves by each player, there have been no captures or pawn moves.) The Final Checkmate Position Here is the final checkmate. Note that the white King controls the g7 and h7 escape squares. The Nh6 plays a key role in controlling g8. And of course, the Bd4 is delivering the final check. The key to this endgame is that the checkmate can be forced only in the corner that the Bishop can control. Players with the lone King should therefore run into the “wrong” corner and see if their opponent can figure out how to force the checkmate. 184 Elementary Checkmates How to Get There In this position, white has already made good progress. The black King is on the edge of the board. White needs to decide which corner to drive the black King into. chapter 12 1.Be5-f6 Ke8-f8 Be5-f6 prevents the black King from moving to d8 and toward the wrong corner. Black’s response to f8 is black’s only legal move. 2.Bf6-e7+ Kf8-g8 The Bishop check on e7 forces the black King to g8 because Kf8-e8 would allow Nf5-d6 checkmate! 3.Ke6-f6 Kg8-h7 The white King heads toward the key g6-square, moving Ke6-f6. Black moves the King to Kg8-h7 to prevent white from moving to g6 and in an effort to run the King toward h1. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 185 King, Bishop, and Knight (continued) 4.Kf6-f7 Kh7-h8 White makes a “waiting move” with Kf6-f7, knowing that black will have no choice but to leave the h7-square, moving Kh7-h8. 5.Kf7-g6 Kh8-g8 The white King has reached the g6-square with Kf7-g6. The black King has no choice but to shuttle back and forth between g8 and h8. 6.Nf5-h6+ Kg8-h8 The white Knight moves to h6, delivering check and forcing the black King into the correct corner. The final move of the game will be 7.Be7-f6 checkmate, a beautiful final position. 186 Elementary Checkmates Insufficient Mating Material chapter 12 Please note that it is not possible to force a checkmate with just a Bishop or just a Knight. Even with a King and two Knights, no checkmate can be forced. In this position, white will be able to deliver checkmate if black plays the Kg8 into the h8-corner. But black can avoid all trouble simply by playing Kg8-f8. TIP Use a Chess Database to Help Your Game A chess database is simply a database that is dedicated to chess. These specialized chess applications provide you with easy access to the history of chess. Current programs come with more than 3,000,000 games that you can view and play through. For example, you can use ChessBase, the most popular of these programs (www.chessbase.com) to find all the games of your favorite players and the games in your favorite openings. You can even play through an assortment of great combinations or instructive endgames. The PlayChess website (www.playchess.com) has a unique feature: All the games that you play there will be entered in the ChessBase database. This enables you to explore what other players did in the same position, or simply what you did wrong in a key position. In ChessBase, you can view a board position that shows the different moves that have been played from this position, as well as statistical information with regard to the relative success of the different alternatives. There is also an interesting list of the grandmasters who have favored each alternative and a list of all the games actually played from this position. With a chess database, you can easily play through many important games very quickly, learning as you go. 187 chapter 13 Attacking the King The most exciting phase of the game of chess is the attacks leading to checkmate or to the gain of substantial material. In this chapter, you will be able to review a number of different patterns for attacking an opponent. By playing through these patterns, you will learn to recognize such possibilities in your own game—either how to bring about the attacks or how to stop them. In almost every section, you will see that the black King, as checkmate approaches, has no moves. As a general rule, when your opponent’s King cannot move, all you need is check! Many strong players use this rule. When they reach positions in which their opponent’s King cannot move, they know that they can safely sacrifice considerable material if they can find a way to deliver the final blow. Note: As I did in the later sections of Chapter 12, “Elementary Checkmates,” I again show these checkmates move by move, starting the move numbering with “1.” Again, these move numbers are not indicative of a start-to-finish game, but are instead used to easily illustrate the order of the moves necessary to achieve these checkmates. Smothered Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Back Rank Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 Gueridon Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 Greco’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Epaulette Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 Anastasia’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Boden’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Blackburne’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Lolli’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 Pillsbury’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Domiano’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Legal’s Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 Smothered Mate The smothered checkmate is one of the prettiest in chess. A lone Knight, with help from the enemy forces, checkmates the King. As you can see here, with the smothered mate, the black King is under attack and cannot move because its own Rook and pawns are blocking the escape. The Smothered Mate in Action 1.Ng5-f7+ Kh8-g8 Are you wondering why the black player would have allowed such a powerful move? The actual checkmate usually begins in a position like this one. As you can see, the black Rook is not on g8 and would certainly not want to move there voluntarily. White begins by moving the Ng5-f7, giving check to the black King. The King has no choice but to move out of the corner to g8. 2.Nf7-h6++ Kg8-h8 The power of the double check! White continues by moving the Nf7-h6, giving check to the black King from both Nh6 and Qb3. Black cannot capture the white Knight with the g7-pawn because the black King is also in check from the Queen. Black must move its King, but not to f8 where the white Queen, supported by the Nh6, would deliver checkmate with 3.Qb3-f7. The black King therefore retreats back into the corner. Note: As you learned in Chapter 1 in the section on “Chess Notation,” A single “+” after a move indicates a check. In turn, “++” indicates a double check. 190 Attacking the King 3.Qb3-g8+ Ra8xg8 Rather than check again with the Knight on f7, white plays the amazing Qb3-g8+. Black cannot capture the Queen with the its King because the Knight on h6 supports the g8 square. Black therefore must capture on g8 with the Rook. chapter 13 4.Nh6-f7 Checkmate White’s final move of Nh6-f7# is pleasing to the eye. Watch for such combinations in your own games. You might be surprised how often this smothered checkmate occurs in practice. FAQ I’d like to play in a chess tournament, but how do I find one? Every year, thousands of chess tournaments are held, including dozens in every state. Tournaments are the best place to meet other players and to practice the craft of chess. Most tournament events are certified by the United States Chess Federation (www.uschess.org), and the games are rated. The better your results, the higher your rating. With a high enough rating, you can gain an official title of expert, master, or even grandmaster. The U.S. Chess Federation publishes a monthly magazine, Chess Life, and maintains a website, both of which list tournaments throughout the United States. Their Web page www.uschess.org/directories/tnmtsearch/ permits you to search for tournaments in your area. State and regional championships tend to be the most competitive events, but there are club and weekend events that attract a wide range of players. 191 Back Rank Mate The back rank mate is both simple and elegant. The white Rook checks the King along the back rank, and black’s own pawns prevent the King from escaping, as shown here. In practice, the back rank mate can be easy or surprisingly difficult. There are two examples in this section: the first easy, the second more difficult. The Back Rank Mate in Action AN EASY BACK RANK MATE 1.Qe3-e7+ Kf8-g8 In this position, white does not have a direct checkmate if it moves its Queen to the e8-square because the black King on f8 and the Rook on d8 both help to defend e8. White therefore first plays the Queen to the e7-square in order to drive the black King back to g8. 2.Qe7-e8+ Rd8xe8 The rest is simple. White has two attacks on the key e8-square. Black has only the Rook defending. White therefore sacrifices the Queen on e8 with Qe7-e8+, forcing Black to capture with Rd8xe8. 192 Attacking the King 3.Re1xe8 Checkmate Although white has lost the Queen, the result is clear. The white Rook moves to e8 to capture black’s Rook. This move is checkmate, because the black King, thanks to its own pawns, has no escape. chapter 13 A MORE DIFFICULT BACK RANK MATE 1.Qf2xf7+ Rf8xf7 Here is a somewhat more challenging example of the back rank checkmate. Notice first that white has three attacks on the black f7-pawn, while black has only two defenses. White could therefore begin with 1.Ra7xf7, although there would be no immediate checkmate if black responded with Rg6-f6. White begins instead with the neat Queen sacrifice on f7 (Qf2xf7+). In check, black cannot simply retreat the King into the corner or white will checkmate quickly with 2.Qf7xf8 checkmate. Black therefore must capture the Queen with Rf8xf7. 2.Ra7-a8+ Rf7-f8 At first glance, it might appear that white has simply lost a Queen. But don’t forget about the back rank checkmate. White plays Ra7-a8, delivering check to the Kg8. Black could bring the Queen back to d8, but white would simply capture the Queen. Black therefore blocks the check by retreating Rf7-f8. 3. Ra8xf8 or Rf1xf8 Checkmate To end the game, white will capture the black Rf8 with either of its Rooks (Ra8xf8 or Rf1xf8)—checkmate! 193 Gueridon Mate Here is another very pleasing checkmate in which the King’s own forces block its escape. The white Queen is attacking the King. The King cannot capture the Queen because the pawn on e5 defends it. The two black Rooks are occupying the only escape squares that the Queen doesn’t directly control. The Gueridon Mate in Action 1.Bc4xf7+ Ke8xf7 Some combinations seem to come from nowhere. White does have excellent control over the center and appears to be ready to castle and to play Nb1-c3. Instead, white launches a power attack on the black King with Bc4xf7+. The f7-pawn, defended only by the black King, is black’s weakest pawn. Black could decline the sacrifice and opt not to recapture with the King, but that would leave black’s King on f8 and white would be able to fork the black King and Queen with Nd4-e6+. So black recaptures the Bishop with Ke8xf7. 2.Nd4-e6 Kf7xe6 White presses forward with the amazing Nd4-e6, threatening the black Queen. Note that black could simply move the Qd8 to safety on e8. Doing so, however, would invite Ne6xc7, forking the Rook and Queen, and white would probably continue to attack with Qd1-d5. Instead, black, noticing that the advanced white Knight is undefended on e6, captures it with the King. 194 Attacking the King 3.Qd1-d5+ Ke6-f6 It is extremely dangerous to move a King so early into the middle of the board. White is quick to punish the black King. White continues with Qd1d5 check, attacking the black King with support from its e4-pawn. Black, blocked by a pawn, a Knight, and a Bishop, has only one legal move: Ke6-f6. chapter 13 4.Qd5-f5 Checkmate The white Queen delivers the Gueridon checkmate with Qd5-f5. The white Queen smothers the black King, with black’s own pieces blocking the escape. FACT From the French word for pedestal, the Gueridon mate is likely of French origin. If you prefer, this checkmate is sometimes referred to as the Swallow’s Tail mate. 195 Greco’s Mate Greco’s mate is very much like the back rank mate, but on the side of the board instead. As you can see here, the white Rook is attacking the King along the h-file. The white Bishop on b3 controls the g8 escape square, while the black pawn on g7 prevents the King from moving there. Checkmate. Greco’s Mate in Action 1.Ne5-g6+ h7xg6 At first glance, it might appear that white is in trouble. After all, the black Knight on d2 is forking the white Qf3 and the Rf1. However, notice that the white Bb3 is cutting straight through to the g8-square, preventing the black King from moving. White begins by checking with the e5-Knight to g6. This Knight check would be checkmate, except that black can capture the Knight with its h7-pawn. Black has no choice but to accept this Knight sacrifice (h7xg6). 2.Qf3-h3 Checkmate White ends the game quickly with Qh3 checkmate, a pretty example of Greco’s mate. 196 Epaulette Mate A Rook or a Queen provides the final check in this pleasing checkmate. In this position, the Rook delivers a check along the open g-file. The poor black King has no escape; it’s hemmed in by the two black Rooks and the f- and h-pawns. Attacking the King chapter 13 Epaulette Mate in Action The Epaulette mate is a useful part of your chess arsenal. Positions like this can occur if the enemy King, rather than castling, is forced by a check to walk toward its own Rook. 1.Qe7xf6 g7xf6 Black’s position looks secure, but white will win quickly, starting with Qe7xf6. The Queen capture pries open the black Kingside. Black is not forced to recapture and, indeed other moves would permit the game to go on. Nonetheless, the winning of a Knight is very useful and usually enough to guarantee victory. Black therefore responds with g7xf6. 2.Rd3-g3 Checkmate Now that the g7-pawn has captured the white Queen on f6, the g-file is open for the white Rook to deliver the checkmate. Once white plays Rd3-g3, the King is in check. Black cannot capture or block the Rook, and the black King has no escape from the check. It’s checkmate! 197 Anastasia’s Mate Anastasia’s checkmate is very similar to a back rank mate except that it can occur on any side of the board. As you can see in the final position of Anastasia’s mate shown here, the Rook along the h-file is delivering checkmate. The white Knight has control over the g6 and g8 escape squares, while the black pawn on g7 blocks the King’s other escape square. Anastasia’s Mate in Action Try to imagine how to achieve Anastasia’s checkmate from this position. Clearly, white will need to check with the Knight on e7 and pry open the h-file for the checkmate. 1.Nf5-e7+ Kg8-h8 With white to move, it plays the Knight to e7 check, which forces the black King into the corner at h8. After black’s move, note that the black King cannot move. All white needs is to check. 2.Rh1xh7+ Kh8xh7 White blasts through the black defense with a nice Rook sacrifice on h7. Black has no choice but to recapture the Rook with its King. The mate is now set up. The white Knight on e7 controls both g8 and g6, while the black pawn blocks any escape by the black King to g7. 3.Qd2-h2 Checkmate White ends the game with Anastasia’s mate, this time with the check from the Queen on h2. 198 Boden’s Mate Attacking the King chapter 13 In 1853, an Englishman named Samuel Boden was the first to uncork this fascinating finish. The black King has castled Queenside and has no moves because the white Bh2 cuts through the darksquare diagonal all the way to b8. Boden’s Mate at a Glance 1.Qf3xc6+ b7xc6 White begins with Qf3xc6+, a spectacular Queen sacrifice that rips open the black Queenside. The black King cannot move to b8 because the Bh2 controls the b8-h2 diagonal, and there is no way to block the check. Black therefore has no choice but to accept the sacrifice by capturing the Queen, b7xc6. 2.Bf1-a6 Checkmate The game ends abruptly with the check from the light-squared Bishop, Bf1-a6. Notice how the two Bishops by themselves deliver this pleasing checkmate. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 199 Boden’s Mate (continued) Boden’s Mate in Action This position seems ripe for Boden’s mate. Note that black has castled on the Queenside and that the black King cannot move. However, the white Knight on b5 is blocking the Bd3’s access to the a6-square. How can white deliver the mate? 1.Nb5xa7+ Bb8xa7 White begins by ditching the Nb5, capturing the pawn on a7 and forcing black to recapture with the Bb8. Once the exchange on a7 occurs, you will start to recognize Boden’s mate. 2.Qf3xc6+ b7xc6 In this example, there is no Queen sacrifice, simply an exchange of Queens on the c6-square. But the result is the same. White’s light-squared Bishop now has access to the key a6-square. 3.Bd3-a6 Checkmate The a6-square is now open for the checkmate. Even though there wasn’t a true Queen sacrifice here (black and white just exchanged Queens), the final checkmate is still very satisfying. 200 Blackburne’s Mate Joseph Henry Blackburne, a 19thcentury English master who was nicknamed the Black Death, discovered this nice checkmate with two Bishops. Note here that the two Bishops are actively cutting through the position toward the black King. The Knight on g5 plays a key role in the checkmate by supporting Bd3-h7 checkmate. Attacking the King chapter 13 Blackburne’s Mate in Action Blackburn’s mate often occurs when the g- and h-pawns advance in front of the King. As you can see here, white’s Bb2 has control over all of the dark squares along the long diagonal. White would like to play Bd3-h7 checkmate but the pawn on g6 is in the way. 1.Qd1xh5 g6xh5 White begins with a Queen sacrifice that black simply cannot refuse. The Qd1xh5 threatens both Qh5-h7 checkmate and the Qh5-h8 checkmate. Once the g6xh5 recapture has occurred, the Bishop’s diagonals are fully open. 2.Bd3-h7 Checkmate In this example, white offered a Queen sacrifice to open lines for a Blackburn’s checkmate. Bishop d3-h7 finishes the job. The fault here, of course, is black’s for having weakened its Kingside with the advance of both the g- and h-pawns. 201 Lolli’s Mate Named after an 18th-century Italian chess enthusiast, Lolli’s mate is a familiar theme to beginning chess players. The checkmate will occur with the white Queen on g7, supported by a pawn on f6 or h6 or perhaps by a Bishop along the a1-h8 diagonal. Lolli’s Mate at a Glance 1.f5-f6 g7-g6 As you can see in this example, the advance of the white pawn to f6 will often serve to weaken the black pawn structure, whether or not the f-pawn is taken. Here, of course, with the Queen pinning the g7-pawn, the g7xf6 capture is illegal. White’s f5-f6 pawn advance threatens checkmate on g7 with Qg5xg7. Because black is unable to use a piece to capture on f6 or to defend the g7-pawn, black will have to respond with g7-g6, further weakening the Kingside. As you know, every pawn move creates a weakness. In this case, the g7-g6 pawn push creates a significant weakness on the h6-square. 2.Qg5-h6 Kg8-h8 White takes immediate advantage of the new weakness on h6 to move the Queen there. The threat, often unstoppable, is the Qh6-g7 checkmate. 3.Qh6-g7 Checkmate An abrupt finish. It’s mate. 202 Attacking the King Lolli’s Mate in Action FIRST EXAMPLE The threat of Lolli’s mate often forces players to move the King into the corner and then to defend the g7 mating square with a Rook. Once again, this defense has left the black King without a move. chapter 13 1.Qh6xh7 Kh8xh7 White, again, sacrifices the Queen with Qh6xh7 to expose the black King to further attack. It is generally not a good idea to give up your Queen unless you see clear compensation; with black recapturing with Kh8xh7 here, it’s worth it. 2.Rf3-h3 Checkmate In this case, the compensation is clear. The f6pawn controls the g7 escape square, while the black Rg8 and the pawn on g6 also block the King’s escape. Rf3-h3 is checkmate! CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 203 Lolli’s Mate (continued) SECOND EXAMPLE One additional feature of Lolli’s mate is that, if the enemy Rook moves to g8 to prevent Qh6g7 checkmate, the f7-pawn becomes weak. If a Knight were able to take safely on f7, the King, unable to move, would be checkmated. 1.Nf3-g5 Qf8xh6 Here, black appears to have defended successfully. The Rg8 prevents Qh6-g7 mate and the Qf8 defends the weak f7-pawn and challenges the white Queen on h6. White makes a very strong move, Nf3-g5, with the powerful threat Qh6xh7 checkmate. Black responds with Queen takes Queen in order to prevent the mate. 2.Ng5xf7 Checkmate White unleashed a huge surprise—a smothered checkmate with the Knight! 204 Pillsbury’s Mate Attacking the King chapter 13 This common checkmate honors Harry Nelson Pillsbury, a great American player of the late 19th century. This mate takes advantage of a strong Bishop on the long diagonal and a Rook on an open g-file. In this simple position, white will capture on g7, but will it be with the Bishop or the Rook? Both appear strong, but one leads to checkmate in just two more moves. Pillsbury’s Mate at a Glance 1.Rg1xg7+ Kg8-h8 Here, white captures on g7 with the Rook because the black King is forced into the corner and white will now have a powerful discovered check. 2.Rg7-g1+ Rf8-f6 White responds with Rg7-g1 for check (actually white could deliver check by withdrawing the Rook to any of the other squares along the g-file. The discovered check looks like mate but black can delay the inevitable by blocking the check with the Rf8-f6. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 205 Pillsbury’s Mate (continued) 3.Bb2xf6 Checkmate Another checkmate that is pleasing to the eye. The black King is jailed in the corner by the white Rook and the black pawn. The little Bishop delivers the final blow. Pillsbury’s Mate in Action Despite black’s material advantage, it is not surprising that white is winning in this position. The white Bishop on b2 has impressive control over the long diagonal, and the Rg1 has control over the open file pointed right at g7. Together, the Rook and Bishop are attacking the g7-pawn twice, and only the black King defends it. Note, however, that the black Knight on d3 is attacking the Bb2. 1.Rg1xg7+ Kg8-h8 White captures the g7-pawn in the most forceful way, with its Rook. Black has no choice but to move the King into the corner, permitting a discovered check on the next move. At least black can count on the fact that the Nd3 is attacking white’s Bb2. On any conventional discovered check, black can simply play Nd3xb2. 206 Attacking the King 2.Rg7-g8++ Kh8xg8 Rather than a discovered check, white tries a double check from both the Bb2 and the Rg8. The black King must move and, in fact, has only one move, to capture the Rg8. chapter 13 3.Ra1-g1 Checkmate Here’s Pillsbury’s mate, a real beauty. Black cannot capture or block the check from the Rook. And of course, the black King on g8 cannot move, so the check from the Ra1-g1 is mate. 207 Domiano’s Mate Pedro Domiano discovered this checkmate in 1512. In this spectacular checkmate, white will sacrifice one or two Rooks to clear the way for a Queen check on the h-file and then checkmate on h7. Domiano’s Mate at a Glance In this position, neither King can move. If it were black’s move, 1.Qa7-a2 would be checkmate. White must therefore act quickly and decisively. The white pawn on g6, like the black pawn on b3, is playing a key role. The g6-pawn controls both f7 and h7. If white could find a way to place the Qc1 on h7, the game would be over. 1.Rh1-h8+ Kg8xh8 The Rook sacrifice here brings the King to the h8-square and opens up the h1-square for the Queen. Black has no choice but to capture the Rook and place the King in jeopardy on h8. 2.Qc1-h1+ Kh8-g8 With the black King exposed on h8, the white Queen gains access with check to the h-file and especially to the key h7-square. The black King has only one move, to retreat to the g8-square. 208 Attacking the King 3.Qh1-h7 Checkmate Another nice finish. White finishes the game by moving the Queen to the key h7-square. The Qh7, defended by the pawn on g6, checkmates the black King. chapter 13 Domiano’s Mate in Action Once you have visualized these patterns, you will begin to recognize them in more complex situations. In this position, both sides have raging attacks. Black is threatening to checkmate in one move with Ra7xa2. White, however, recognizes the possibilities for a Domiano checkmate. 1.Nh4-g6+ h7xg6 White begins with a surprising Knight fork of the black King and Queen. Black could decline the sacrifice with Kh8-g8, but white would then capture the black Queen with check and next prevent the checkmate on a2 by playing a2-a3. Black opts to play h7xg6 to eliminate the Knight fork. 2.h5xg6+ Kh8-g8 White continues with an important discovered check, playing h5xg6+. The pawn capture on g6 brings check from the Rh1. Black has no choice but to retreat to g8. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 209 Domiano’s Mate (continued) 3.Rh1-h8+ Kg8xh8 As you can see, Domiano’s checkmate sometimes involves the sacrifice of more than one Rook. White responds with the sacrifice of the first Rook on h8. Black is forced to recapture. 4.Rd1-h1+ Kh8-g8 The pattern repeats. White “reloads the gun” with Rd1-h1+. The idea is to sacrifice a second Rook on h8. The black King is yet again forced to retreat to g8. 5.Rh1-h8+ Kg8xh8 The second Rook sacrifice brings the King for the final time to h8. The white Queen finally has access to the h1-square, where it can deliver the key check and gain entry to the h7 mating square. 210 Attacking the King 6.Qc1-h1+ Kh8-g8 White is finally able to bring the Queen with check to the h-file, where, with support from white’s g6-pawn, it will have access to the key h7square. Black retreats again to g8. chapter 13 7.Qh1-h7+ Kg8-f8 As you can see, Qh1-h7+ is not quite checkmate because the black King has one final retreat to f8. In this case, the final mate resembles a back rank mate in which the black Qe7 blocks one of the escape squares. 8.Qh7-h8 Checkmate With the final move Qh7-h8, it’s checkmate. 211 Legal’s Mate Legal’s mate usually only occurs against beginners in the opening. Black has already broken several rules in this position. The Bg4 developed before the Knights, and black has moved three pawns while leaving seven pieces “in the box.” White is able to punish black’s poor development with a spectacular sacrifice. Legal’s Mate in Action 1.Nf3xe5 Bg4xd1 White begins by breaking the pin from the Bg4. Black is not obligated to capture the Queen, although most beginners would. By simply recapturing the Ne5 with its d6-pawn instead, black would only be down a pawn after white’s anticipated next move of 2.Qd1xg4. But black opts to capture the Queen. 2.Bc4xf7+ Ke8-e7 Although down a Queen, white has a mate in two moves! White continues with the pawn capture on f7, check, taking advantage of the centralized Knight on e5, which now defends the f7-Bishop. The King has only one legal move, to e7. 212 Attacking the King 3.Nc3-d5 Checkmate In the final position, the white pieces harmoniously cooperate to cover all of the King’s possible moves. The Nc3-d5 delivers the checkmate by attacking the King and by covering the f6 escape square. The Ne5 covers d7 and f7, while the Bf7 covers e8 and e6. It’s checkmate! chapter 13 FAQ How does someone become a “master”? By playing in a tournament, you will earn a rating. Every time you play, you will gain or lose points depending on your results and the strength of your opponent. If you defeat a strong player, you will win as many as 32 points. If you lose to a strong player, you could lose only 1 point. Of course, if you lose to a low-rated player, you could lose as many as 32 points. The U.S. Chess Federation maintains a classification system that contains eight classes, identified by accumulated tournament points (see table at right). If you are new to tournaments, you will begin as an unrated player and soon thereafter gain a provisional rating for your first 20 games. All of your results will count, and your first established rating will reflect those results. The ratings are used to rank players in order to make fair pairings in the events. Points 2400+ 2200–2399 2000–2199 1800–1999 1600–1799 1400–1599 1200–1399 0–1199 Class Senior Master (includes international masters and grandmasters) Masters Experts Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E 213 chapter 14 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices Middlegame attacks are often the most exciting phase of the chess game. In this chapter, you will be able to review a number of different strategic themes for attacking an opponent. By playing through these patterns, you will be able to recognize such possibilities in your own game—either to bring them about or, if you are being attacked, to be able to prevent them. Just as important, you should be able to get a sense that successful attacks require careful coordination among many pieces, not just one or two. Sacrifices are special kinds of attacks in which one player gives up or “sacrifices” material, perhaps as little as a pawn or as much as a Queen, in order to generate an attack. This chapter will review a number of common sacrifices that can occur in your own games. In almost every case, attacks and sacrifices occur because one player is better developed than the other. For example, you might be able to mobilize many pieces around your opponent’s King. Or perhaps if you remove one of the key defensive pieces, even at a high price, it will open direct lines against your opponent’s King. As attacks develop, you will often see that a King, as checkmate approaches, has no moves. As a general rule, when your opponent’s King can’t move, all you need is check! Many strong players use this rule. When you reach positions in which the opponent’s King can’t move, know that you can safely sacrifice material if you can find a way to deliver the final checkmate. The Dragon Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 The English Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Common Knight Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Bishop Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Exchange Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 The Dragon Variation The Dragon variation of the Sicilian Defense gets its name from its pawn structure. The eye of the dragon is on g7. The a6- and b7-pawns form the tail. Notice first that black is likely to have a fianchettoed Bishop on g7, and black will be castling on the Kingside. Having moved the g-pawn from g7 to g6, the f6 and especially the h6-square have become weak. White should therefore coordinate an attack on the dark squares on the Kingside. Slaying the Dragon Here is a typical Dragon position. Notice that white has castled on the Queenside in order to use both Rooks in the Kingside attack. The white Be3 and the Qd2 are both pointed aggressively toward the weak h6-square. The white pawn on f3 discourages black from moving its e5-Knight to g4, where the Knight might attack the Be3 and help defend the h6-square. The f3pawn also supports the g4-pawn. Note too that white has taken the useful precaution of moving the King from c1 to b1. It’s good advice to safeguard your King from possible checks before you commence an attack. In this position, white has at least two excellent options. There is Be3-h6, seeking to exchange the dark-squared Bishops and leaving the black King without a key defender. White could also play h2-h4, rushing the h-pawn forward toward h5 in an effort to pry open the h-file for use by the Rh1 and a Queen after Qd2-h2. 216 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices In this position, one move later, white has begun the attack with Be3-h6 while Black, eager to counterattack, has played b7-b5. White now presses forward with h2-h4, threatening to push the h-pawn forward again to h5. Notice the usefulness of playing g2-g4 first. The pawn on g4 discouraged black from trying to defend with h7-h5. Black has a terrible choice to make. If black captures the Bishop on h6, the white Queen will recapture and lead the attack on h6. If black declines to capture on h6, white will be able to capture on g7, which forces the black King to recapture on g7. chapter 4 1 Again, a move later, the exchange of Bishops has occurred on g7. Black is seeking some counterplay on the Queenside with Qd8-a5. White will now continue the attack with h4-h5. The idea, of course, is to open up the h-file with h5xg6 and then with Qd2-h6 check. These attacks are very powerful and fun to play. 217 The English Attack The attack against the Dragon works well even when black does not fianchetto the Bishop at g7. White’s pawn structure against the Dragon has become known as the English attack, named after a number of English grandmasters who helped popularize the attack nearly two decades ago. The English attack is a potent weapon for you to consider whether or not your opponent fianchettos. An Active Kingside Attack ONE WAY TO GO In this position, black has again chosen to castle on the Kingside, but this time the Bf8 has developed to e7. Black’s Kingside is much more secure because black has avoided the Kingside fianchetto. Nonetheless, white continues as before. White has successfully developed most of its pieces, with the Be3 and Qd2 powerfully pointing toward the Kingside. Once again, the pawn on f3 prevents Nf6-g4 and supports the beginning of an attack with g2-g4-g5. After you have completed or nearly completed your development, you will need to make a decision about the nature of your attack. Will the attack be led by your pawns or by your pieces? That interesting decision gets easier with experience. In this position, white will lead the charge with the g-pawn, playing g2g4. The idea is to push the pawn to g5, where the g-pawn will attack the Nf6 and force this key defender of the black Kingside to move away. In the second figure, two moves later, white has proceeded quickly to advance the g-pawn to g5. Black has countered with b7-b5 with the idea of b5-b4 attacking the white Nc3. Black has an awkward choice in this position. The black Nf6 could retreat to e8 or move to the dim rim at h5. Note: As you learned in Chapter 4, “Knight Strategy,” if you place a Knight on the side of the board, it will have access to only four squares. Keeping a Knight near the center yields more square access. Thus the saying, “A Knight on the rim is dim.” Let’s examine both possibilities. 218 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices Here, two moves later, black has moved the Bc8-b7, while white has “swung” the Nc3-e2 and then on to g3, where it attacks the undefended Nh5. Black dare not defend the Knight with g7-g6 because, after Ng3xh5, the resulting pawn recapture would drastically weaken the black Kingside. If, instead, black captures the Ng3, white will recapture with the h2pawn, opening up the h-file for a forceful attack. chapter 4 1 Here is the culmination of white’s idea. After the recapture on g3 with the h2-pawn, white has played Qd2-h2 with the powerful threat of Qxh7 checkmate. Black can stop the checkmate by advancing the h-pawn, but that additional Kingside weakness will leave white with an enormous edge and an easy way to continue the attack with g5xh6. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 219 The English Attack (continued) ANOTHER WAY Here is a position that might have occurred had black retreated the Nf6-e8 rather than play Nf6-h5. Note that white has advanced the h2-pawn to h5. The h-pawn was needed on h2 in the event that white had to play Nc3e2-g3. Here, the black Knight is on e8 rather than h5. White has therefore rushed the h-pawn to h5, where it can support the additional pawn advance, g5-g6. White’s strategy is becoming clear. Black will not be able to use the f7-pawn to capture on g6 because the f7-pawn is required to defend against the threat Nd4xe6 forking the Qd8 and the Rf8. Black can prevent the advance of the white g-pawn by playing g7-g6, but that move would weaken the f6 and h6 squares and permit white to open the h-file for its Rook and Queen with h5xg6. In both of these English attack examples, white opens up the h-file for an attack from the heavy pieces, the Rooks and the Queen. TIP What to Expect in a Tournament When playing in a tournament, come prepared. Be sure to bring a chessboard, a chess set, and a chess clock to the events, although there are usually extras if you forget. If you need to buy equipment, the U.S. Chess Federation is a good source for the standard equipment used at most tournaments. Chess clocks are used to allocate time fairly. Chess clocks are actually two timers in one. When you make a move, your clock stops ticking and your opponent’s clock starts up. In national events, players typically must make 40 moves in 2 hours or 30 moves in 90 minutes. In local clubs, faster time limits are the norm. Often, each player gets 30 or 60 minutes for the whole game. If you fail to make the required number of moves in the time allotted, you lose. Most of the time, however, players become nervous about the clock and speed up their play. The best advice is to play patiently and slowly. A bad move brought on by concern about the clock could permanently spoil your game. 220 Common Knight Sacrifices chapter 4 1 In the opening, when you employ a gambit to sacrifice a pawn, you might expect in return to control an open file or gain an active square or two for your pieces. When you sacrifice a Knight, a Bishop, or more, you usually can expect much more compensation. In this section, two Knight sacrifices lead either to material gain or to the gain of significant positional advantages. As you observe these positions, consider how much fun it must be to offer the material, knowing the reward that may await you. The Fried Liver Attack In addition to having an amusing name, this opening variation provides a quick attack that many players enjoy. The moves 1.e2-e4 e7-e5, 2.Ng1-f3 Nb8-c6, and 3.Bf1-c4 Ng8-f6 are the starting position of what’s called the Two Knights’ Defense. This position, although only three moves into the game, permits white to try the interesting Nf3-g5 move. The Knight move breaks an important principle of moving a piece twice so early in the game, but it carries the powerful threat of Ng5xf7. To prevent the threat, black usually plays d7-d5, blocking the Bc4’s attack on the f7-square. White continues by capturing on d5 with the e4-pawn. Experienced players know that black’s best response in this position would be to play Nc6-a5, threatening the white Bc4. Instead, black responds with the obvious recapture, Nf6xd5. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 221 Common Knight Sacrifices (continued) Here is the critical position. For the moment, white has only one attack on the black Nd5 with Bc4, and black has a single defender— Qd8. The Fried Liver Attack begins now with the surprising move Ng5xf7, forking the Qd8 and the Rh8. To prevent the capture of the Queen or the Rook, black must recapture the Knight with Ke8xf7. Why would white give up a Knight in this manner? In this case, because white is able to develop very quickly and force the black King into the middle of the board. First, white is able now to play Qd1-f3 check. The Queen move develops the Queen powerfully to f3 where, in addition to the check, it adds a second attack on the black Nd5. To defend the Nd5, black must bring the King farther into the center with Kf7-e6. As you might imagine, few players enjoy having their King exposed so early in the game. 222 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices White now has two attacks on the black Nd5, while black has two defenders, the Qd8 and the Ke6. Rather than capture the Nd5, white increases the pressure on the pinned Nd5 by developing the other Knight with Nb1-c3. Now facing three attacks on it’s d5-Knight, black plays Nc6-b4, using the Nb4 to provide a third defense and simultaneously to threaten Nb4xc2 check, forking the white Ke1 and the Ra1. chapter 4 1 White now has two interesting options: play Qf3-e4, defending the c2-pawn, or threaten to develop quickly with a2-a3. White plays the amazing a2-a3, attacking the black Nb4 and forcing it to carry out its threat of capturing on c2. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 223 Common Knight Sacrifices (continued) Having already sacrificed a Knight, white sacrifices an additional Rook. But consider that the Ra1 has not yet moved, while black’s Knight on c2 will have moved four times if it proceeds with Nc2xa1. In this position, white’s King, in check, moves to d1 to force the Nc2 to move and to open the e1-square for Rh1-e1. With the Knight under attack, black naturally captures the Ra1. White is down considerable material, but note that white now has three attacks on the black Nd5 while black has only two defenders. In compensation for the sacrifice of a Knight and a Rook, white is now able to capture the Nd5 and continue to attack with moves like Rh1e1 and d2-d4. Are the sacrifices correct? That question has haunted chess players for more than 400 years. Many books have been written on this subject, and still the answer is not yet clear. What is clear is that this type of sacrificial play is very exciting and a joy to play. By all means try to prove the soundness of the sacrifice. Or join the many players who are convinced that the Fried Liver is unsound. Either way, you will have become yet another chess player with an opinion about this exciting line. 224 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices Another Knight Sacrifice on f7 In the Caro-Kann Defense, after the moves 1.e2-e4 c7-c6, 2.d2-d4 d7-d5, 3.Nb1-d2 d5xe4, 4.Nd2xe4 Nb8-d7, 5.Bf1-c4 Ng8-f6, 6.Ne4-g5 e7-e6, 7.Qd1-e2 Bf8-e7, we reach this position. White’s Ng5, Bc4, and Qe2 are all aiming at the e6-square. If it were black’s move, black would likely castle, moving the King to safety. For the moment, however, the King is the only black piece defending the key f7-pawn, and white has an opportunity to expose the King to a terrific attack. White begins with the Knight sacrifice Ng5xf7. Faced with the Knight fork of the Qd8 and the Rh8, black recaptures with Ke8xf7. chapter 4 1 The white Qe2 and Bc4 are now combining to attack the e6-pawn, which black is defended only with the Kf7. White continues with the powerful Qe2xe6 check. The black King dare not retreat to f8 to face a Qe6-f7 checkmate. Black therefore moves the King forward to g6. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 225 Common Knight Sacrifices (continued) Black is clearly in trouble. There are several excellent moves here. The most efficient is Bc4-d3 check. Black’s only legal response is Kg6-h5. The end comes very quickly with Qe6-h3 checkmate. Note how well the two white Bishops control the black King’s many possible escape squares. 226 Bishop Sacrifices Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices chapter 4 1 Bishop sacrifices, like Knight sacrifices, should lead either to a significant attack or later material gain. For example, the Greco sacrifice of the Bishop on h7 leads to a complex position in which white delivers checkmate in every line. The complications can be difficult to calculate, but I hope you will begin to recognize positions in which the sacrifice could work. The Greco Bishop Sacrifice White begins straight away with Bd3xh7. Black is not required to recapture the Bh7, but avoiding the recapture simply permits white to win the h7-pawn. Few players will decline the offer. If black were to play Kg8-h8, white would simply continue with Nf3-g5 and then Qd1-h5 for a powerful attack. Black opted to recapture with Kg8xh7; white has given up a Bishop. In compensation for the material, the black King is now exposed. White’s plan is to play Nf3-g5 and, if the black King retreats, follow up with Qd1-h5 and then the Qh5-h7 checkmate. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 227 Bishop Sacrifices (continued) GRECO’S SACRIFICE IN ACTION Many of these sacrifices work because one side has far better development than the other. This is certainly true here. White has successfully advanced the e-pawn to e5, attacking black’s Nf6, which has retreated to d7. As a result, the black Knight is no longer on f6, where it can defend the Kingside, notably the h7-square. White begins by playing with Bd3xh7 check. Only the King can recapture. Black is not required to recapture, but moving the King to h8 would lose the h7-pawn with no compensation and only invite additional moves like Nf3-g5 and Qd1-h5 for a powerful attack. Black therefore captures the Bishop with Kg8xh7. Having sacrificed the Bishop, white should play aggressively, not permitting black time to safeguard the King. White therefore continues with Nf3-g5 check. Black dare not capture the Ng5 with the Qd8 because the white Bc1 defends the Knight. Black therefore must move the King. Black rejects the move Kh7-h8 because white would win quickly with Qd1-h5 check followed by Qh5-h7 checkmate. 228 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices First Variation: Kh7-g8 Here, after the retreat of the black King to g8, white continues the attack with Qd1-h5, with the important threat of Qh5-h7 checkmate. Fortunately for black, the Queen’s arrival on h5 is not check. To delay the checkmate, black plays Rf8-e8 to give the black King an escape to f8. chapter 4 1 By moving off the f8-square, the black Rook no longer defends the f7-pawn. White, with two attacks on the f7-pawn, plays Qh5xf7 check, which forces the black King to retreat to h8. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 229 Bishop Sacrifices (continued) In this position, see if you can find the checkmate in four moves. The solution? The game ends quickly after the following forced sequence: Qf7-h5+ Kh8-g8 Qh5-h7+ Kg8-f8 Qh7-h8+ Kf8-e7 Qh8xg7 checkmate Second Variation: Kh7-h6 Now, let’s see what happens if black opts to retreat the King from its check on h7 to the h6-square. The move by the black King does prevent white from moving the Queen to h5, but the Kh6 is suddenly on the c1-h6 diagonal. Any movement now by the Ng5 will be a powerful discovered check. The best of those moves is probably Ng5xe6, revealing the check from the Bishop and attacking both the black Qd8 and the Rf8. No matter what black’s response, white will be able to win the black Queen—clearly wonderful compensation for the sacrificed Bishop. 230 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices Third Variation: Kh7-g6 Finally, what if black moved Kh7-g6? In this position, the black King is dangerously exposed, but it does prevent white from playing Qd1-h5. White has two other strong ideas. White could play Qd1-g4, threatening discovered checks like Ng5xe6. Or white could play what may be an even more powerful move, h2-h4. The pawn advance would provide additional support for the Knight and threaten the h4-h5 check. The King would then have to move to the dangerous h6-square when discovered checks from an Ng5-move again become possible. chapter 4 1 Bishop Sacrifices on h6 As you can see, black has weakened the Kingside by advancing the h-pawn to h6. If you have a lead in development, you might want to consider the following Bishop sacrifice. White begins by playing Be3xh6. Not wanting to lose the h6-pawn for no reason, black recaptures with g7xh6. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 231 Bishop Sacrifices (continued) White has given up the Bishop but, as you can see, the black Kingside has been broken up as a result. Here, white can continue with Qd2xh6, with the immediate threat of Qh6-h7 checkmate and, if necessary, Nf3-g5 with the threat of Qh6-h7 mate. THE BXH6 SACRIFICE IN ACTION White will begin in this position with the Bishop sacrifice on h6. You can see that the Queen will be able to follow up with Qd2xh6. The Bc2 will clearly play an important role in supporting the threat of checkmate on h7. 232 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices This is the position after the Bishop sacrifice on h6 and black’s recapture with g7xh6. The black h6-pawn is now isolated and weak. White will continue the attack with Qd2xh6, threatening Qh6-h7 checkmate. To stop the mate, black plays the move f7-f5, blocking the Bc2’s support for the mate and providing the f7-escape square for the King. chapter 4 1 The advance of the black f-pawn has left the g6-square open for the white Queen. White plays Qh6-g6 check, forcing the black King to h8. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 233 Bishop Sacrifices (continued) The black King can’t move now. To end the game, white only needs to deliver check from a piece other than the Queen. White sees that the Re1 can now move to e3 and then slide to the h-file on h3, delivering the final blow. With the Kingside in shambles and poor development, black has no way to prevent the checkmate from occurring. A Bishop Sacrifice on f7 It is readily apparent that white has good control over the center in this position. The two center pawns are unopposed, and white’s Nf3 and Bc4 are already actively placed. By contrast, black has fianchettoed the Bg7 and developed the Queen’s Knight to d7. Black’s last move, Nb8-d7, probably should have been Ng8-f6 to develop the Knight toward the center and to prepare for castling. White can now take advantage of black’s lack of development by playing the impressive Bc4xf7 check. Black can decline this Bishop sacrifice offer with Ke8-f8, but white would then simply be ahead a pawn with a nice attack brewing with moves such as Nf3-g5 and Qd1-f3. Black therefore accepts the sacrifice with Ke8xf7. 234 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices White is down material in this position, but there is significant compensation. Black’s King is exposed to attack, and white has the development to take advantage of black’s weaknesses. White plays Nf3-g5 check. In response, the black King has three choices. Retreating to e8 or f8 loses the Queen immediately after Ng5-e6! Black therefore decides to play it’s only other option, Kf7-f6. chapter 4 1 Note that the black King can’t move now. White therefore plays Qd1-f3 checkmate. 235 Exchange Sacrifices An exchange sacrifice, or “the sacrifice of the exchange,” occurs when one player exchanges a Rook for a “minor piece,” either a Knight or a Bishop. This section introduces two common exchange sacrifices, one for white and one for black. The themes should be familiar to you. As compensation for the lost material, the player giving up the Rook for the minor piece gains open files against the opponent’s King and active squares for the remaining pieces. An Exchange Sacrifice on h5 In the Dragon variation, to break through to the King, white often must sacrifice a Rook for a Knight. For example, in this position, white would like to checkmate quickly with Qh6xh7, but the black Nf6 is defending the h7-square. White therefore begins by advancing the g4pawn to g5, kicking the Nf6. The Knight must move or be captured. Black therefore plays Nf6-h5, blocking the h-file and continuing to prevent white from checkmating on h7. To break through to the King, white continues the attack with an exchange sacrifice, Rh1xh5. Obviously, the move offers the Rh1 for the Nh5, but it succeeds in breaking up the black Kingside and setting up the final checkmate. Faced with the threat of Qh6xh7 and needing compensation for the loss of the Knight, black recaptures with g6xh5. 236 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices With the g6-pawn gone, white is now able to continue the attack with g5-g6. The pawn move permits white to threaten Qh6xh7 checkmate. Black could defend against the checkmate by sacrificing the Rf8 on f7, but after g6xf7 check, white would have a significant material advantage. Instead, black captures the pawn on g6 with h7xg6. chapter 4 1 The end is near. Having broken though, white continues with Qh6xg6 check, which forces the black King into the corner. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 237 Exchange Sacrifices (continued) There are many ways for white to finish the game quickly. The most accurate is the move Rd1-g1, with the threats of Qg6-g7 checkmate, as well as Qg6-h6 checkmate and even Qg6xh5 checkmate. To delay the checkmates, black could sacrifice the Qa5 on a2, but most players with the black pieces would probably resign after Rd1-g1. An Exchange Sacrifice on c3 Not all sacrifices and victories in the Dragon variation are played by white. Here is a typical exchange sacrifice that will help the player with the black pieces gain a victory or two. In this position, white has begun an attack on the black Kingside with h2-h4-h5 and with Be3-h6. Black has responded by posting the Queen aggressively on a5 and by doubling the Rooks on the c-file. Note that black would like to play Qa5xa2, but the white Nc3 is defending the a-pawn. Black therefore begins with Rc7xc3, an exchange sacrifice that removes a key defender. White could ignore the capture with a move like Bh6xg7, but white decides instead to accept the exchange sacrifice with b2xc3. 238 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices As you can see, the sacrifice of the exchange has resulted in severe damage to the pawns around the white King. The c-pawns are doubled. Black has two attacks on the c3-pawn, which is defended only by the white Queen. Rather than capture the c3-pawn, black decides instead to play Qa5xa2 with the powerful threat Qa2-a1 checkmate. In an effort to guard the a1-square and prevent the immediate checkmate, white responds with Nd4-b3. chapter 4 1 Black would like to continue with Rc8xc3, but the white Queen on d2 is guarding the c3pawn. Black therefore plays Bg7xh6, attacking the Qd2 and forcing white to respond with Qd2xh6, a move that white usually likes to play, but here it removes the Queen from its role in defending the Queenside pawns. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 239 Exchange Sacrifices (continued) With the white Queen now on h6, black can continue the attack with Rc8xc3, a capture that carries the threat of Rc3xc2 checkmate as well as Qa2xc2 checkmate. Seeing that after Rd1-d2, black could simply play Qa2xb3 (taking advantage of the fact that Rc3 pins the white c2-pawn), white responds instead with Nb3-d4, using the Nd4 to defend the c2-pawn. Already with firm control over the white Queenside, black now offers a Knight sacrifice with Ne5-g4, attacking the white Queen. With no good retreats for the white Queen (Qh6g5 meets Rc3-c5, Qh6-f4 meets e7-e5, and Qh6-d2 meets Qa2-a1 checkmate), white captures the black Knight with f3xg4. 240 Attacking Themes and Common Sacrifices Black now plays Nf6xe4, capturing a central white pawn but, more important, taking control over the key d2-square that the white King needs for its escape. White is now helpless. The white Queen can sacrifice itself to delay checkmate, but the threat of Qa2-a1 is simply too difficult to stop. If Nd4-b3, for example, black would immediately end the game with Qa2xc2 checkmate. chapter 4 1 FAQ Are there different types of chess tournaments? Yes. The most common type of chess tournament in the United States is the Swiss tourney or Swiss system. In these tournaments, players who win are paired against other winners. And so, the final round often consists of two undefeated players competing for first place. If you lose several games in a Swiss system, your next pairing is likely to get easier. By using a Swiss system, tournaments need only four to six rounds and can take place within a two-day weekend. Major championships tend to be round-robins, in which each player plays every other player in the field. Such events tend to take place over a week or longer. 241 chapter 15 An Introduction to Endgames If both sides have played with reasonable care, the result at the end of the game is often what appears at first to be a very simple position. There are just one or two pieces on the board and perhaps just a handful of pawns. As you will see in this chapter, it is possible to gain victory with just a small advantage. You will learn how to win with an extra pawn, and hopefully, how to draw if you are down a pawn. The strategies in this chapter are relatively straightforward, but they form a solid foundation for your middlegame strategy. Perhaps you will be able to exchange pieces to reach a position similar to one in this chapter. Transitions to favorable endgames are at the heart of a master’s strategy. Many beginning players prefer to spend their time learning opening variations. Strong players often begin at the end, mastering the subtleties of these endgames in the expectation that their opponents will not know what to do in this phase of the game. No one will expect that you will study endgames for years, but having knowledge of the positions in this chapter will help you to play your endgames with much more confidence. Throughout this chapter, you’ll also find helpful sidebars highlighting basic endgame principles that you need to keep in mind as you play and learn. King and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Rook and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Bishop and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Knight and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Queen and Pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 King and Pawn King and pawn endgames seem simple but can be quite complex. This section will focus on several key positions that you are likely to experience. Some involve offense, trying to Queen a single remaining pawn. Others involve defense, trying to prevent your opponent from promoting a pawn to a Queen. Mastery of these simple positions will greatly aid your game. The Strategy THE MAGIC POSITION This first position is worth remembering because, no matter whose move it is, white will successfully be able to promote the pawn. As you can see, the white King is in front of the pawn. That’s the key! In this position, if it is black’s move, the black King must move to either d8 or to f8. Either way, the poor King must leave the square on which the white pawn will be promoted. White will then be able to move the King forward to gain control over the Queening square. In this position, after just one move, the situation has become completely clear. White has complete control over the key e8-square as well as the e6 and e7 squares through which the white pawn will now travel. White will successfully promote the pawn into a Queen and then proceed with a King and Queen to deliver the checkmate we reviewed in Chapter 12, “Elementary Checkmates.” 244 An Introduction to Endgames That was easy, but what if white has to move first from the Magic position. It’s still a win for white. From this same position, white begins by sliding the King to d6 or f6, making way to push the pawn forward. Whichever direction the white King selects, black will move in the same direction, attempting to prevent the white King from moving forward and capturing easy control over the e8-Queening square. chapter 15 Having made room for the advance of the pawn, white pushes it forward. Black has no choice but to defend the Queening square by occupying it. Now, white again pushes the e6-pawn to e7. Note the key principle. The pawn advances WITHOUT giving check to the black King. The King has only one legal move, Ke8-f7. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 245 King and Pawn (continued) White has a choice, but only one correct move. Queening the pawn would be a significant error because the black Kf7 would simply capture it! The key move is to patiently move the white King to d7 where it controls the Queening square and prepares the successful advance of the pawn to e8. HOW TO STOP THE PAWN? Here, with black on the defense, black must simply prevent the white King from moving in front of its pawn. Black therefore moves Ke7-d7, placing itself opposite the white King. Chess players call this “taking the opposition.” White now advances the pawn with e6 check. The black King, whenever it can, should occupy the square directly in front of the pawn. 246 An Introduction to Endgames White can’t move the pawn because the black King is blocking its path. Therefore, white must move the King. With Kd5-e5, white defends its pawn. Whenever the black King must move from the square in front of the pawn, it needs to move directly backwards. chapter 15 Here’s the key. If white advances the King to either d6 or f6, black must take the opposition. On Ke5-d6, black must play King to d8. If instead, white plays Ke5-f6, black must move its King to f8. Now, when white advances the pawn to e7, it is with a check. The black King moves to block the advance of the pawn with Kd8-e8. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 247 King and Pawn (continued) In this final position, white has a terrible choice. Kd6-e6 is a stalemate, a draw, and all other moves permit black to capture the pawn. THE RULE OF THE SQUARE To make it simpler to calculate long sequences, chess players have introduced a counting tool called “the Rule of the Square.” In this position, the white pawn is moving toward the h8-Queening square. You can see that the white h-pawn needs just three more moves to reach the h8-Queening square, while the black King needs four moves to reach h8. To make it simpler to see if the King can capture the pawn, imagine that the white pawn forms a four by four square. The highlighted area forms a square in which each length is the distance that the pawn must travel in order to become a Queen. The key principle is that the defending black King must be able to enter that highlighted area in order to be able to capture the pawn successfully. With black to move, the black King easily moves into the highlighted region by playing Kd4-e5. If, however, it were white’s move, h5-h6 would reduce the size of the highlighted area, and the black King would not be able to reach it in time. Exceptions to the Rule Most rules have exceptions. Here are two special cases. This is the same diagram as above, but with the addition of a black pawn on f6. The black King can enter the square of the white pawn but will not be able to do so again as the white pawn advances. The reason, of course, is that the black pawn on f6 is blocking the black King’s path toward the h8-Queening square. 248 An Introduction to Endgames Here is a second exception. It certainly appears at first glance that the black King will be able to reach the white pawn. The square is larger, and after white moves h2-h3, the black King would indeed be able to reach the pawn in time. However, white can begin with h2-h4! Suddenly, by moving ahead two squares, the black King will be unable to reach the pawn. chapter 15 THE POWER OF THE OPPOSITION You have already seen that using the opposition can help you to draw against a King and a pawn. The opposition can also help you to win. In this position, white could try to advance the h-pawn quickly, but after h2h4 black would be able to enter the square of the pawn with Kd3-e4 and eventually capture it. Rather than advance the h-pawn directly, white should instead take the opposition with Kc5-d5, blocking the black King’s access to the e4-square. Black will therefore continue with Kd3-e3 in an effort to reach the white h-pawn. White could now advance the h-pawn with h2-h4, but again the black King would be able to enter the square of the pawn after Ke3-f4. Showing off the power of the opposition, white again continues with Kd5-e5 and black continues to move toward the pawn with Ke3-f3. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 249 King and Pawn (continued) The opposition pays off this time with Ke5-f5 because the black King cannot move to the g3-square. Black therefore tries to reach the h2-pawn with Kf3-g2, an act of some desperation. The finale is now clear. White simply plays h2-h4 and the black King will not be able to capture it. The h-pawn will race unimpeded down the board and promote on the h8-Queening square. SELF-SUPPORTING PAWNS Late in the game, the pawns are often capable of defending themselves from capture. In this position for example, the King can capture the white pawn on d4, but the capture would bring the King outside the square of the c5-pawn. These pawns are therefore said to be “self-supporting.” 250 An Introduction to Endgames It might surprise you, but these two pawns are also self-supporting. Black can move the King in an attempt to capture one of them, but white will respond simply by advancing the other pawn. For example, black might play the move Kd6-e5, attacking the white e4-pawn. White would respond with c4-c5. chapter 15 It is clear that black dare not capture the e4-pawn here because that capture would bring the King outside the square of the c5-pawn. White would simply advance the c5-pawn to c6 and soon thereafter promote the c-pawn to a Queen. TIP Basic Endgame Principle #1: Stay Active The most important end game principle is to stay active. Often, in response to threats, beginners tend to defend against those threats rather than to counterattack with threats of their own. Stay active, and think about responding with a threat of your own. 251 Rook and Pawn Endgames that involve only Rooks and pawns are the most common type of endgames between strong players. These endgames are quite challenging, but having a firm understanding of the three main positions here will help you to survive the complexities. Remember, keep your Rooks active, even if doing so requires that you consider giving up a pawn. The player with the most active Rook and King will almost always win these endgames. The Strategy TWO CONNECTED PASSED PAWNS VS. A ROOK This first position illustrates that two connected passed pawns on the 6th rank are more powerful than a Rook. Even with black to move, there’s simply no way to prevent at least one of the pawns from successfully promoting to a Queen. Black’s best hope might be to attack one of the pawns from the rear, but white will respond by advancing the pawn that is not attacked. Black could now capture the c6-pawn, but white would successfully promote the other pawn. Instead, white could move the Rook behind the more advanced d-pawn. Of course, white would respond by advancing the c-pawn. 252 An Introduction to Endgames It’s clear in this position that one of the pawns will Queen. The back Rook can capture the d-pawn, but there’s simply no way for the Rook to capture both pawns. chapter 15 THE SECRET TO REACHING A DRAW In the section on King and pawn endgames, you learned that to win, the winning side needs to place its King in front of its advancing pawn. The same holds true here. In this position, white is threatening to play Ke5-e6. Black could try to check the white King with Ra2-e2, but the white King could escape check by moving in front of the pawn on d6. Similarly, after Ke5-e6, black could check the King with Ra2-a6. But white would simply advance the pawn to d6, with the terrible threat of Rb1-b8 checkmate! With black to move, in order to draw, black must play Ra2-a6 to prevent the white King from moving in front of its pawn. White can move the Rook around for a while, but so long as black’s Rook maintains control over the 6th rank, the white King will not be able to move in front of its pawn. To make progress, white will therefore have to advance the d5pawn to d6. As soon as white advances the d-pawn, black must move the Rook back as far as safely possible to the 1st or 2nd rank, in this case, back to a2. White can play Ke5-e6, threatening checkmate with Rb1-b8, but black will be able to draw. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 253 Rook and Pawn (continued) Although the threat of checkmate with Rb1-b8 is in the air, black has a simple draw. Rather than Ra2-a8 to defend the checkmate, black decides to check the white King with Ra2-e2. Note that, with the pawn on d6, there’s simply no place for white to escape a never ending series of checks. If white decides to approach the black Rook with the King, black will be able to approach and then capture the d6-pawn with Ke8-d7. WINNING WITH THE EXTRA PAWN The major difference between this position and the last is that the white King already controls the Queening square on e8. Note, however, that the white King cannot legally move off to one side and then Queen the pawn. For the moment at least, the white King cannot move because the black King defends d8 and d7, and the black Rook defends f8 and f7. In order to win, white must drive back the black King and then find a clever way to shield the white King from attacks by the black Rook. White begins by playing Rh2-c2 check, forcing the black King to retreat to the b-file. In order to construct a shield of protection for the white King, white plays the impressive move Rc2-c4. The purpose of this Rook move might not be immediately apparent. I recommend that you review this small section at least twice in order to understand the importance of this move. The Rc4 will, after several more moves, help to erect a shield in the center with the white King on e5 and the Rook protecting against checks on the e4-square. Chess players call this “building a bridge.” Black responds to white’s Rc2-c4 by moving its King to b6, hoping to advance to b5 to attack the c4-Rook. 254 An Introduction to Endgames White is now ready to try to promote the e-pawn by playing Ke8-d7. As you can see, after the King leaves the e8-Queening square, white threatens to promote the e-pawn to a Queen. Black must therefore check the King with the Rook (Rf1-d1) in an effort to delay or prevent the pawn promotion. chapter 15 There is no point in returning the King to the e8-square. Rather, white plays Kd7-e6, again threatening to promote the e-pawn. Black continues to check the white King with Rd1-e1 check. White must be careful here. Ke6-d5, for example, would permit black simply to capture the e-pawn. White therefore prepares the construction of the shield more patiently, first with Ke6-d6. Again, black continues to check the white King by playing Re1-d1 check. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 255 Rook and Pawn (continued) Now, with no direct threat to the e7-pawn, white simply plays Kd6-e5, again with the threat of promoting the e7-pawn. Black must again deliver check with the Rook, this time from e1. White’s strategy has finally paid off. In this position, white simply blocks the check from the black Rook by playing Rc4-e4, the culmination of white’s strategy. Black has no chances in the final position because there are no further delaying checks. Black might exchange Rooks, but the white pawn will now Queen successfully. TIP Basic Endgame Principle #2: Think Ahead Beginners tend to think about each move only as it occurs rather than thinking strategically. To succeed in chess, you should think three moves ahead—try to envision your future moves, as well as your opponent’s likely responses. 256 Bishop and Pawn An Introduction to Endgames chapter 15 In simple endgames that involve only a single Bishop with an outside passed pawn, the key is often whether the Bishop can control the Queening square. In endgames that involve Bishops on both sides, you should be concerned with whether the Bishops are of the same or of opposite color. Endgames that involve Bishops of the same color usually have one good and one bad Bishop. As you might expect, a good Bishop will usually help you to win the game. When the Bishops are of opposite color—one dark-squared and one light-squared—games are often drawn. Single Bishop and Rook Pawn Endgames WHEN THE BISHOP CAN CONTROL THE QUEENING SQUARE This first Bishop endgame is a very simple win because white’s darksquared Bishop is able to control the h8-Queening square. White begins by advancing the h6-pawn to h7, giving check to the black King. Black could retreat to f8, permitting the pawn to Queen, but black prefers to play Kg8-h8 to block the pawn. Note: A Rook pawn is defined as a pawn on either the a- or h-file. It’s called a Rook pawn because Rooks start on the a- and h-files at the beginning of the game. As you can see, now the black King cannot move. All white needs to do is check. Bg5-f6 is a very quick checkmate, all made possible by the fact that white’s dark-squared Bishop is able to control the dark h8-Queening square. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 257 Bishop and Pawn (continued) WHEN THE BISHOP CANNOT CONTROL THE QUEENING SQUARE It surprises many beginners, but even with a Bishop and pawn, white cannot win here. Unlike the last position, the light-squared Bishop on g4 will not be able to control the dark h8-Queening square. White again begins by pushing the h6-pawn to h7, and black gladly responds with Kg8-h8. Here, the black King cannot move, but there is no way for white to deliver the final checkmate. On any Bishop move, the game will end in a stalemate. White could retreat the King, but black would then capture the pawn. Unfortunately for white here, a King and Bishop is an insufficient force to deliver checkmate. Bishops of Opposite Color A DRAW In this situation, the remaining Bishops on the board each travel on different colored squares. Black’s Bishop can move only on the light squares. White’s Bishop can travel only on the dark squares. As such, the two Bishops will never be able to attack each other. Endgames that involve Bishops of opposite color are so drawish (or likely to end a draw) that even with an advantage of two and sometimes even three pawns, they simply cannot be won. As you can see in this position, white is ahead in material by two pawns. However, black has assembled a firm blockade on the light squares with the Bd5 and the Ke6. White, with its dark-squared Bishop, simply cannot force the black King or the black Bishop to move off and permit the white pawns to advance. Indeed, black can simply move the Bishop back and forth between any safe light square and the d5-square. Unable to make any progress, white should offer a draw. 258 An Introduction to Endgames NOT ALL OPPOSITE-COLORED ENDGAMES ARE DRAWISH In endgames with Bishops of opposite color, it is much easier to win when the two pawns are separated by several files because the defending side cannot easily blockade both pawns. In this position, black is blockading the white c6-pawn with the King, but that leaves only the Bg7 to prevent white from advancing and promoting the g4-pawn. White’s strategy is simple. Force the black King to commit to stopping one of the pawns and then use the white King to assist the advance of the other pawn. Here, white begins with Ke4-f5, moving toward the g6-square. Black dare not move the King too far away from the c6-pawn. Therefore, black decides to move the Bishop along the long a1-h8 diagonal to b2. chapter 15 White continues with g4-g5 to bring the pawn closer to the Queening square. By later bringing the white King to either f7 or h7, the King will be able to guide the g-pawn all the way toward the g8-Queening square. Black again moves the Bishop along the long diagonal, this time to d4. White now plays Kf5-e6, cutting off the black King’s access to d6 and with the idea of Ke6-f7, guiding in the g-pawn toward the g8-square. Black, without any good play, moves the Bishop to e3 to attack the g5-pawn. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 259 Bishop and Pawn (continued) The end is near. White reacts to the threat of Be3xg5 by advancing the pawn to g6. The rest is easy. White will continue with Ke6-f7 and then guide the g-pawn to g7. Black will probably capture the pawn on g7 with the Bishop, but after recapturing black’s Bishop, white will have a very easy win. Black will only have the King left and will have to move it, unblocking the c6-pawn and allowing it to promote to a Queen. White will move its King over to assist the advance of the c6-pawn. Checkmate will be just a few moves away. TIP Basic Endgame Principle #3: Place Your Pieces on Active Squares Another key principle is to consider where your pieces are best placed. In most positions, there are strong squares or outposts that are immune from capture by enemy pawns, and entry squares, undefended squares deep in your opponent’s position that permit the pieces to become active and to remain active. Keeping your Knights in the center, opening files for your Rooks and Queen, and placing your Bishops on long diagonals are all good ways to get the most action from your pieces. 260 Knight and Pawn The Knight is usually not quite as powerful as the Bishop in the endgame. Consider, for example, that the Bishop can control a key square from a large distance, while the Knight can take a few moves to reach a key square. As you’ll learn in this section, a victory for either side is possible when it’s down to a Knight and a pawn. An Introduction to Endgames chapter 15 The Strategy A DRAW In this first example, the black pawn is ready to promote on e1. Only the Knight can stop it. With black to move, the black King could capture the Knight and then Queen the pawn. It is white’s move, however, and the Knight is able to maintain control over the Queening square. White begins by moving the Knight to e1, blocking the advance of the pawn. Black responds by moving its King to d2, forcing the white Knight to move. White has two adequate options here. First, Ne1-g2 would continue to guard the e1-square and also prevent the black King from moving to e3 and thereafter to f2 in order to drive off the Knight. The second option is Ne1-f3 check. This move would guard the e1-square and force the black King to move—most likely to e3 in an effort to force the Knight away from its control over the key e1-square. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 261 Knight and Pawn (continued) As you can see, there is simply no way to drive the Knight away. White will respond with Nf3-e1. After some patient maneuvering, both sides are likely to finally agree on a draw. SOMETIMES THE PAWN CAN WIN! When it is able to control a square through which a passed pawn must travel, the Knight obviously has the ability to prevent the promotion of the pawn. However in this position, the Knight is unable to blockade the pawn. It’s white’s move. Because white must prevent black from capturing the h5pawn with Ng7xh5, white advances its pawn to h6 to attack the black Knight. There is no square that the Knight can move to that will help to prevent the pawn from reaching h8. Black instead tries to race the King toward h8 by playing Ke8-f8, and in turn, defending the Knight. In this key position, white would make a significant error by capturing the black Knight. That would lead to an uninteresting draw after Kf8xg7. Instead, white cleverly continues to advance the pawn to h7. Notice that the pawn on h7 prevents the black King from moving to g8 where it would be closer to the h7-pawn. The Knight is also unable to prevent the h7-pawn from promoting to a Queen on h8. 262 An Introduction to Endgames A KNIGHT AND ROOK PAWN WILL ALWAYS WIN Unlike the endgame with a Bishop and pawn when the pawn does not always promote (see pages 257–260 earlier in this chapter), the Knight will never have a problem controlling the Queening square so the pawn will always be able to promote to a Queen. In this position, white needs only to be careful not to stalemate the black King. For example, if white pushes the h6-pawn to h7, the black King will not be in check and will not have a legal move. The result will be a stalemate, an unfortunate draw for white. To win, white should begin by playing Ng5-f7 check to drive the black King from the Queening square to g8. chapter 15 The rest is quite easy. Now that white has control over the key h8-Queening square, white pushes the pawn to h7, delivering check and forcing the King away to f8. The h-pawn now Queens, forcing the King to e7. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 263 Knight and Pawn (continued) White has a very quick mate, in part because Queens and Knights work very well together. White proceeds by moving the new Queen from h8 to d8, check. It’s a powerful move that uses the Knight on f7 to defend the Queen on d8 and forces the black King to e6. White ends the game quickly with a beautiful checkmate, Qd8-d6#, again using the Knight on f7 to support the Queen on d6. Notice how the Knight, Queen, and King work together. TIP Basic Endgame Principle #4: Activate Your King In the opening and in the middlegame, it is a good strategy to safeguard the King, often by moving it into the corner. This isn’t so in the endgame. In the final phase of the game, the King becomes a powerful piece. After the Queens have been exchanged and there is no danger of a checkmate, it is often a good idea to begin moving your King forward or toward key sectors of the board. Perhaps the King will prevent an enemy piece from gaining control over a key outpost or entry square. Or perhaps the King will help to guide a passed pawn toward the Queening square. Either way, you are more likely to win in the endgame if your King is more active than your opponent’s King. 264 Queen and Pawn Queen endgames are less common than Rook endgames. When they occur, they are even more challenging. The reason, of course, is that the Queen is an extremely powerful piece, and the player with the Queen will have many options to consider. A few simple examples in this section can help you to cope with these complexities. An Introduction to Endgames chapter 15 The Strategy QUEEN AGAINST A LONE ROOK PAWN As you should expect, the Queen will almost always be able to prevent a pawn from Queening. In this example, the black pawn is only two squares away from the h1-Queening square, and the white King is too far away to provide immediate help. Nonetheless, white can win very quickly. White begins with Qa6-g6+. Black responds with Kg1-f2, with the idea of being able to advance the pawn to h2. There are many paths to the win here, but white decides to play Qg6-f5+ to check and, at the same time, attack the h3-pawn. The black King responds with Kf2-g3 in an effort to prevent the Queen from moving toward the black pawn. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 265 Queen and Pawn (continued) White presses on with Qf5-g5+. Black tries to prevent the white Queen from reaching g4 by playing Kg3-f3. White continues to make steady progress by playing Qg5-h4. It’s not check, but it does attack the undefended h-pawn. If black loses the pawn, the resulting endgame is extremely simple. Black therefore defends the h-pawn with Kf3-g2. After white plays Qh4-g4+, the black King has no choice but to continue to defend the h-pawn with Kg2-h2. 266 An Introduction to Endgames It is white’s move in this position, but white notices that, if it were black’s move, black would have only one legal move—Kh2-h1. It’s a move that would permit white to capture the h-pawn. White therefore can make any King move to force black to give up the h-pawn after Kh2-h1. chapter 15 THE QUEEN AGAINST A MORE ADVANCED PAWN In the previous example, the Queen was able to stop the advance of a Rook pawn on the 6th rank all by itself. Here, the pawn is in the middle of the board but more advanced. The Queen can succeed again, but this time only with help from the King. In this position, black is ready to promote the pawn on e1. The white Queen could capture the e2-pawn, but that would lead to an immediate draw once the black King recaptured. Instead, white wants to bring the King on d5 closer to the pawn. Therefore, white begins with Qe3-d3+, knowing that in order to continue to defend the e2-pawn, the black King will have to move to e1, thus blocking its own pawn from Queening. Once the black King is forced to block the advance of the e-pawn, white gains the opportunity to bring the King toward the pawn. White therefore plays Kd5-e4. In an effort to mobilize the pawn, black moves Ke1-f2, again threatening to promote the e-pawn. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 267 Queen and Pawn (continued) Once again, white attacks the King by playing Qd3-f3+. Note that on f3, the Queen is attacking both the King and the e2-pawn. In order to continue to defend the pawn, black once again is forced to return to the e1-square, blocking the e-pawn. Again, white takes the opportunity to advance the King, this time to the d3-square. Black can resign now, because white will now be able to capture the e2-pawn with the Queen on the next move and deliver checkmate soon thereafter. NOT ALL QUEENS WILL CATCH THE PAWN This position is a special case. The black h-pawn is on h2, only one square away from Queening. Unfortunately for white, the white King is far off and there is, as you will see, no way to bring the King close enough to capture the pawn. With white to move, white could simply play Qh3-f1 checkmate. However, with black to move, black will move Kh1-g1, black’s only legal move. 268 An Introduction to Endgames White now has a problem. Black is threatening to Queen the h-pawn. To prevent the advance of the pawn, white plays Qh3-g3+, and black happily moves the King back into the corner. As you can see, black is out of moves with its King in the corner and the white Queen on g3. White cannot move the King closer because the game would end immediately in a stalemate. chapter 15 ANOTHER EXCEPTION It would appear again that white will be able to bring the King on a6 closer and closer to the pawn. However, black has an important move to play. White begins by moving its King closer to the action with Ka6-b5. Black responds by moving its King toward the corner with Kf1-g1. In order to try to prevent black from Queening the pawn, white plays Qf3-g3+, expecting that black will move its King back in front of the f2-pawn. Instead, black cleverly moves the King into the h1 corner. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 269 Queen and Pawn (continued) White cannot capture the pawn because that position is a stalemate! Any King move would permit black to Queen the pawn. There’s simply no way to make progress. The Exception to the Exception The difference in this position is that the white King is already just close enough to enter the action. White begins with Qh3-g3+. Hoping for a stalemate, black responds with Kg1-h1. Rather than bring the King up closer, white releases the black King out of the corner with Qg3-f3+. The King is forced to return to the g1 square. 270 An Introduction to Endgames White could easily repeat the position with Qf3-g3+, but white has the surprising Kd4-e3. Black could delay the game a bit by promoting the pawn to a Knight. (I will leave it to you to see if you can force the checkmate quickly in that position.) Here, black prefers to promote the pawn to a Queen. chapter 15 The game ends beautifully with Qf3-f2 checkmate. The new Queen blocks the King’s retreat back into the corner! As you can see, a Knight on h1 would have prevented this checkmate by guarding the f2-square. 271 Glossary of Chess Terms # + ++ ? ?? Check notation. Checkmate notation. Double checkmate notation. Bad move notation. Very bad move notation. algebraic notation A method for recording chess moves that uses the letters a–h to describe the board’s ranks and the numbers 1–8 to describe the board’s files. The letters K, Q, R, B, N describe each of the pieces. The notation Ng1-f3 describes the movement of the Knight from g1 to f3. attack An aggressive move or set of moves aimed at winning material or delivering checkmate to the enemy King. back rank mate A Rook or Queen checks the enemy King along the back rank, and the King’s escape is blocked by its own pawn. bad Bishop A Bishop with limited mobility due to its own pawns being fixed on its color. capture A capture is the movement of a piece onto the square occupied by an enemy piece. That enemy piece is immediately removed from the board. castling The only move in chess that moves two pieces, the King and Rook, at the same time. The King moves two squares toward the Rook. The Rook is then moved to the other side of the King. To castle, the King and Rook must not have previously moved. You cannot castle out of, through, or into check. center The squares d4, e4, d5, and e5 comprise the center. The squares immediately surrounding these four squares are sometimes included in the definition. In the opening phase of the game, both players often fight for control over these key squares. check A check is a move that attacks a King. On the very next move, the King must end the attack, either by moving to a safe square, capturing the attacking piece, or by blocking the attack. Note that you are not required to say “check.” 272 checkmate The end of a chess game occurs when there is an attack on a King (a check) from which there is no escape. Note that the King is not actually removed from the board. correspondence chess A form of chess in which two players compete through the mail. Today, e-mail chess is becoming as or more popular than postal chess—the sending of post cards that contain chess moves. diagonals The chessboard has alternating black and white squares. The white and black squares form diagonals that cut through the board. Some of the diagonals are longer than others. Placing a Bishop on the longest diagonals, for example the diagonal stretching from a1 through h8, can increase their scope. discovered checks double check check. You move a piece, which exposes an attack from the piece behind it. When moving a piece exposes a check from behind it, while the piece itself also gives draw A completed chess game that has no winner. Both players can agree to a draw at any time. See also definition of stalemate on page 275. Other types of draws are discussed in Chapter 2, “Special Moves.” en passant When a pawn moves forward two squares, a pawn on an adjacent file can capture, only on its next move, the pawn as if it had moved forward only one square. The rule was introduced to make sure that a pawn could not advance all the way down the board without an adjacent pawn having an opportunity to capture it. endgame The final phase of the game, often distinguished by a simplified amount of material. fianchetto A pawn structure that permits a player to place a Bishop quickly on one of the board’s long diagonals. For example, advancing a pawn from g2 to g3 permits white to continue with Bf1-g2, fianchettoing white’s light-squared Bishop. file The chessboard contains eight vertical columns or files. In chess, we identify each file with a different letter, a–h. And so, white’s left-most file is the a-file; the right-most file is the h-file. flanks Files that are on the outside edges of the board (a, b, g, or h files). fork An attack, usually by Knight, on two enemy pieces at the same time. Forks of more than two pieces are called family forks. 273 gambit A gambit is a move or an opening that offers a pawn or more in exchange for control over the center, a file, or a key square. The most famous opening gambits are the King’s Gambit (1.e2-e4 e7-e4 2.f2-f4) and the Queen’s Gambit (1.d2-d4 d7-d5 2.c2-c4). good Bishop to move). A Bishop that is able to attack the opponent’s fixed pawns (pawns that are unable illegal move A move that is in violation of the laws of chess. When discovered, the game should be returned to the exact point that the illegal move occurred. The player who made the illegal move must then make a legal move with the piece that was moved illegally. Kingside The Kingside refers to the area on the side of the board on which the King began the game. On white’s side of the board, for example, the term usually refers to the squares f1, g1, h1, f2, g2, h2, and f3, g3, h3. The expression, attacking white’s Kingside, will usually refer to a piece- or pawnled attack on at least one of those squares. Knight fork An attack by a Knight on two or more pieces at the same time. middlegame The phase of a chess game after the opening in which both sides use their developed pieces to contest important squares or regions of the board and begin to attack each other’s King positions. passed pawn square. A pawn that no longer must face enemy pawns as it advances toward its Queening pawn chain A group of pawns set along a diagonal. The weakest pawn is the pawn in the rear of the chain because none of the other pawns can defend it. Most players, therefore, attack pawn chains at the weakest point, the pawn in the rear of the chain. perpetual check A never ending series of checks. pin There are two types of pins. An absolute pin is an attack on a piece that cannot now move because doing so would expose an attack on the King. A relative pin is an attack on a piece that can legally move, but doing so would expose an attack on a powerful and more valuable piece like the Queen. Queening square The square on the eighth rank on which a pawn, having reached it, will promote from a pawn to a Knight, Bishop, Rook, or Queen. Most players promote to a Queen, the most powerful piece. Hence the name. 274 Queenside The Queenside refers to the area on the side of the board on which the Queen began the game. On white’s side of the board, for example, the term usually refers to the squares a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2, and a3, b3, c3. The expression, attacking white’s Queenside, will usually refer to a piece- or pawn-led attack on at least one of those squares. rank The chessboard contains eight horizontal rows or ranks. In chess, we identify each rank with a different number, 1–8. And so, white’s bottom-most rank is the first rank. White’s top-most rank is the eighth rank. skewer An attack on a piece that results, after the retreat of the attacked piece, in the win of a more distant piece along that same rank, file, or diagonal. stalemate A special situation in which a player has no legal moves anywhere on the board, and the King is not in check. The result is a draw. United States Chess Federation www.uschess.org. The official governing body of American chess. Visit their website at 275 Index Numbers and Symbols 50-move rule, 27, 184 1001 Brilliant Ways to Checkmate (Fred Reinfeld), 140 A absolute pin, 58 active square, 257 a-file, 5 Alapin, Semion, 125 Alekhine, Alexander and Alekhine’s Defense, 102, 121 and Benoni, 144 Alekhine’s Defense, 102, 121–122 Anastasia’s mate, 198 attack. See also specific pieces and specific strategies developing pieces prior to, 100–101 Dragon variation, 216–217, 236, 238 English, 218–220 in five steps to victory, 149, 150 Four Pawns, 122 Fried Liver, 221–225 King’s Indian, 132–134 by Knight from center of board, 46–47 notation for, 18 securing King before, 85–86 Avant-Garde, 138 B back rank checkmate, 41, 192–193 backward pawn, 71 balance, recapturing for, 19 Benoni, 144–145 Bishop(s) (B) avoiding exchange of Knights for, 107 capture by, 13 checkmate with King, Knight, and, 184–187 checkmate with King and two, 180–183 checkmate with two, 201 described, 7 endgames with pawn and, 257–260 good vs. bad, 54 movement by, 8, 13 moving Knights before, 96–97 placement of, 9 promoting pawn to, 18, 31 relative value of, 27 Ruy, 114 value of Knight vs., 55, 59 Bishop sacrifice on f7, 234–235 Greco’s, 227–231 on h6, 231–234 Bishop strategy dominating Knights, 55 dominating Rooks, 60–61 fianchetto, 56 against good Knights, 59 good vs. bad, 54 and opposite-colored Bishops resulting in draws, 57 pins, 58 skewers, 58 black. See also specific pieces and strategies Avant-Garde, 138 choice of, 9 Hedgehog, 136–137 notation of moves by, 102 Queening squares for, 35 Blackburne, Joseph Henry (Black Death) and Blackburne’s mate, 201 and Scotch game, 115 Blackburne’s mate, 201 blockade of isolated pawns, 70 of passed pawns, 77 Blockade (Aron Nimzovitsch), 148 Boden, Samuel, 199 Boden’s mate, 199–200 books about chess, 140 Botvinnik, Mikael, 141 Bronstein, David, 140 building a bridge, 254 C Capablanca, Jose, 120 capture. See also recapturing by Bishops, 13, 57 en passant, 35 and 50-move rule, 27 by King, 10–11 by Knights, 15 notation for, 18 by pawns, 8, 16 276 by Queen, 14 by Rooks, 12 Caro, H., 120 Caro-Kann Defense described, 120–121 as Knight sacrifice, 225–226 origin of, 120 castle. See Rook(s) castling described, 33 on Kingside vs. Queenside, 87 long vs. short, 87 rules of, 34 Center Game King’s Gambit vs., 110 as poor opening for white, 113 center of board control of, 9 described, 92 fighting for, 92–93 King in, 10 Knight attacks from, 46–47 Knight in, 46, 59 Queen in, 82 chain, pawn, 67–68, 71 chaturanga, 128 check and castling, 34 discovered, 28–29 double, 30, 190 as goal of chess, 22 as King being under attack, 22–23 notation for, 18 perpetual, 25–26 saying, 22 checkerboard, 11 checkmate Anastasia’s, 198 back rank, 41, 192–193 Blackburne’s, 201 Boden’s, 199–200 defined, 4 described, 23 Domiano’s, 208–211 Epaulette, 197 as goal of chess, 22 Greco’s, 196 Gueridon, 194–195 with King, Bishop, and Knight, 184–187 with King and Queen, 173–175 with King and Rook, 176–179 with King and two Bishops, 180–183 Legal’s, 212–213 Lolli’s, 202–204 notation for, 18 Pillsbury’s, 205–207 with Queen and Rook, 171 Rook, 41 smothered, 190–191 with two Queens, 168–170 with two Rooks, 172 Chernev, Irving, 140 chess (in general). See also chess tournaments beginning game, 4 choosing color, 9 correspondence, 134 end of games, 24 goal of, 22 illegal moves in, 19 improving game, 55 on Internet, 95, 145, 152 learning about, 68 notation, 17–18 origin of, 4 pieces used in, 6 players, 4, 9 reading books about, 140 ChessBase, 187 chessboard checkerboard same as, 11 described, 4, 5 Kingside of, 46 orientation of, 5 Queenside of, 46 setup for, 9 chess clock, 220 chess clubs, 68 chess databases, 187 Chess Life magazine, 191 chess set, standard, 4 chess software databases, 187 practice with, 152 277 chess tournaments equipment for, 220 finding, 191 illegal moves in, 19 ratings from, 213 types of, 241 what to expect in, 220 Chigorin, Mikhail, 115 Classical Variation of the French Defense, 105–106 clock, chess, 220 clubs, chess, 68 Colle, Edgard, 135 Colle System, 135 column (file), 5 control of squares. See also specific strategies by Bishop, 13 in center of board, 9 by first pawn move, 9 by King, 10–11 by pawns, 31 by Queen, 14 by Rook, 12 corner, Knights in, 47 correspondence chess, 134 D databases, chess, 187 defense. See also specific strategies or formations Alekhine’s, 102, 121–122 Caro-Kann, 120–121, 225–226 French, 104, 119 French, Classical Variation of, 105–106 King’s Indian, 126 Nimzo-Indian, 128 Petrov’s, 115–117 Queen’s Indian, 127 Sicilian, 118, 216 Slav, 125 Two Knights’, 221 development. See also specific pieces and specific strategies of Bishops first, 97 gaining time for, 103–104 paying attention to opponent’s moves during, 102 prior to attacking, 100–101 of Queen, 82–83 diagonal, 5 discovered check, 28–29 Domiano, Pedro, 208 Domiano’s mate, 208–211 double check, 30, 190 doubled pawns, 64, 66 double King pawn openings Center Game, 113 King’s Gambit, 110 Petrov’s Defense, 115–117 Ruy Lopez, 113–114 Scotch game, 115 Vienna Game, 111–112 double Queen pawn openings Queen’s Gambit, 123 Queen’s Gambit Declined, 124 Slav Defense, 125 doubling Rooks for checkmate, 41 described, 39 for power, 42 Dragon opening formation, 139–140 Dragon variation attack described, 216–217 exchange sacrifice on c3, 238 exchange sacrifice on h5, 236 origin of, 216 draw by agreement, 25 in endgames with Bishops of opposite colors, 257 in endgames with Knight and pawn, 261–262 and 50-move rule, 27 with opposite-colored Bishops, 57 in perpetual check, 25–26 secret to reaching, 253–254 stalemates, 24–25 typical, 26 E Edwards, J., 159 endgame activating King in, 264 Bishop and pawn, 257–260 King and pawn, 244–251 Knight and pawn, 261–264 Queen and pawn, 265–271 Rooks and pawns, 252–256 staying active in, 251 thinking ahead in, 256 using active squares in, 257 278 ending of games and 50-move rule, 27 by stalemate or draw, 24–26 English attack, 218–220 Englund Gambit, 129 en passant capture, 35 entry square, 257 Epaulette mate, 197 Euwe, Max, 125 exchanges of Bishops for Knights, 107 limiting, in opening strategy, 103–106 by opponent, 104 exchange sacrifice on c3, 238–241 on h5, 236–238 French Winawer, 141–142 Fried Liver Attack, 221–225 G gaining time, 102 gambit, 110 Englund, 129 King’s, 110 Queen’s, 123 Queen’s, Declined, 124 Greco, Gioacchino, 118 Greco’s Bishop sacrifice, 227–231 Greco’s mate, 196 Gueridon mate, 194–195 H hanging pawn, 72–75 Hedgehog, 136–137 h-file, 5 horse. See Knight F family fork, 49 fianchetto and chaturanga, 128 described, 56 50-move rule, 27, 184 file (column), 5. See also open files first move, color for, 9 Fischer, Bobby in Match of the Century, 61 My 60 Memorable Games, 140 and promoting pawns, 31 and Sicilian Defense, 118 five steps to victory attack weakness with pawn, 150 attack weakness with your pieces, 149 fix weakness, 148 identify weakness, 148 online, 150 opponent forced to defend weakness, 149 in practice, 151–152 fixed pawn, Bishop behind, 54 flanks, 98 fork family, 49 Knight, 49–51 pawn, 76 Four Pawns Attack, 122 French Defense, 104, 119 French Defense, Classical Variation of, 105–106 I ideal setup, 94–95 illegal moves, 19 improving game, 55 Indian Defense King’s, 126 Nimzo-Indian, 128 origin of name, 128 Queen’s, 127 infinite value, of King, 27 International Correspondence Chess Federation, 134 Internet chess activities book reviews and archives, 95 instruction websites, 95 practice websites, 145, 152 Internet Chess Club, 150 island, pawn, 65 isolated pawn, 70 J Jones, W., 159 jumping, by Knight, 15 K Kann, M., 120 Karpov, Anatoly and Caro-Kann Defense, 120 and Dragon variation, 140 279 Kasparov, Garry, 118 kicking the Bishop, 58 King (K) activating, in endgame, 264 capture by, 10–11 castled, advancing pawns in front of, 88–89 castling, 33–34 in check, 22–23 in checkmate, 4, 23 checkmate with Bishop, Knight, and, 184–187 checkmate with Queen and, 173 checkmate with Rook and, 176–179 checkmate with two Bishops and, 180–183 control of squares by, 10–11 description, 6 double King pawn openings, 110–117 endgames with pawn and, 244–251 infinite value of, 27 movement by, 8, 10–11 placement of, 9 safeguarding, 85 King’s Gambit, 110 Kingside, 46 King’s Indian Attack, 132–134 King’s Indian Defense, 126 King strategy advancing pawns in front of castled King, 88–89 castling, 87 securing King before launching attacks, 85–86 Knight (N) avoiding exchange of Bishop for, 107 blockading isolated pawns with, 70 capture by, 15 checkmate with King, Bishop, and, 184–187 in corner, 47 described, 7 endgames with pawn and, 261–264 good, 54 jumping by, 15 movement by, 8, 15 moving, before moving Bishop, 96–97 pinned by Bishop, 58 placement of, 9 promoting pawn to, 18, 31 relative value of, 27 sacrifices with, 221–226 on side of board, 47 smothered checkmate with, 190–191 under-promoting pawn to, 32 value of Bishop vs., 55, 59 Knight fork, 49–51 Knight sacrifice Caro-Kann Defense, 225–226 Fried Liver Attack, 221–225 Knight strategy attack from center, 46–47 to avoid pawn attacks, 48 family fork, 49 Knight fork, 49–51 Kortchnoi, Victor, 140 Kupchik, Abraham, 66 L Lasker, Emmanuel, 153 Legal’s mate, 212–213 Logical Chess Move by Move (Irving Chernev), 140 Lolli’s mate, 202–204 long castling, 87 Lopez, Ruy, 114 luft, 121 M Magic position, 244–245 mail, playing chess by, 134 Marshall, Frank, 66 mass, pawn, 75 master(s) becoming, 213 moving and snatching pieces by, 10 planning of moves by, 153 Match of the Century, 61 middlegame attack Dragon variation, 216–217 English attack, 218–220 middlegame strategy candidate moves and planning, 153–159 five steps to victory, 148–152 recaptures, 165 responding to threats, 160–164 movement by Bishop, 8, 13 in castling, 33–34 illegal, 19 by King, 8, 10–11 280 by Knight, 8, 15 notation for, 17–18 by pawns, 8, 16, 78–79, 98–99 by Queen, 8, 14, 83 by Rook, 8, 12 moves. See also specific formations and strategies and 50-move rule, 27, 184 opening, 9 planning, 153–159 threats contained in, 160 My 60 Most Memorable Games (Bobby Fischer), 140 My System (Aron Nimzovitsch), 148 N Nimzo-Indian Defense, 128 Nimzovitsch, Aron Blockade, 148 and five steps to victory, 148–152 and French Winawer, 141 and Nimzo-Indian Defense, 128 notation, chess check in, 190 described, 17–18 double check in, 190 white preceding black moves in, 102 O 1001 Brilliant Ways to Checkmate (Fred Reinfeld), 140 online games, 95, 145, 152 open files checkmate by Rooks in, 41 moving Rooks to, 38–39 opening formation Avant-Garde, 138 Benoni, 144–145 Colle System, 135 Dragon, 139–140 French Winawer, 141–142 Hedgehog, 136–137 King’s Indian Attack, 132–134 online, 145 Stonewall, 143 opening move, 9 opening strategy avoiding exchange of Bishops for Knights, 107 developing Bishops first, 97 developing completely before attacking, 100–101 fighting for center of board, 92–93 gaining time, 102 ideal setup, 94–95 Knights before Bishops, 96–97 limiting early pawn moves, 98–99 limiting exchanges, 103–106 most common, 92–93 opening variation(s) Alekhine’s Defense, 121–122 bad, 129 Caro-Kann Defense, 120–121 Center Game, 113 double King pawn, 110–117 double Queen pawn, 123–125 Englund Gambit, 129 French Defense, 119 Indian Defenses, 126–128 King’s Gambit, 110 King’s Indian Defense, 126 Nimzo-Indian Defense, 128 Petrov’s Defense, 115–117 Queen’s Gambit, 123 Queen’s Gambit Declined, 124 Queen’s Indian Defense, 127 Ruy Lopez, 113–114 Scotch game, 115 Sicilian Defense, 118 Slav Defense, 125 Spike, 129 Vienna Game, 111–112 outpost, 257 P passed pawn blockading, 77 defined, 43 endgame with single Bishop and, 257–260 Rooks behind, 43 pawn(s). See also specific strategies advancing, in front of castled King, 88–89 attacking weakness with, 150 avoiding attacks on Knights by, 48 backward, 71 capture by, 8, 16 described, 8 doubled, 64, 66 double King pawn openings, 110–117 281 double Queen pawn openings, 123–125 endgames with Bishop and, 257–260 endgames with King and, 244–251 endgames with Knight and, 261–264 endgames with Queen and, 265–271 endgames with Rooks and, 252–256 in en passant capture, 35 fianchetto formation of, 56 and 50-move rule, 27 first move of, 9 fixed, Bishops behind, 54 Four Pawns Attack, 122 hanging, 72–75 isolated, 70 limiting early moves of, 98–99 majority, 69 movement by, 8, 16, 78–79, 98–99 notation for promoting, 18 passed, 43. See also passed pawn pieces vs., 16 placement of, 9 promoting, 18, 31, 168–170 relative value of, 27 Rook, 257, 263, 265 self-supporting, 250–251 as “soul of chess,” 16 tripled, 64 under-promoting, 32 pawn chain, 67–68, 71 pawn fork, 76 pawn island, 65 pawn majority, 69 pawn mass, 75 pawn strategy backward pawns, 71 chains, 67–68 doubled pawns, 64, 66 hanging pawns, 72–75 isolated pawns, 70 moves leading to weakness, 78–79 passed pawn blockades, 77 pawn forks, 76 pawn islands, 65 pawn majority, 69 pawn masses, 75 tripled pawns, 64 perpetual check, 25–26 Petrosian, Tigran and Caro-Kann Defense, 120 and promoting pawns, 31 Petrov, Alexander, 115 Petrov’s Defense, 115–117 pieces. See also pawn(s); specific strategies abbreviations for, 8 attacking weakness with, 149 Bishop, 7 King, 6 Knight, 7 notation for movement of, 18 pawns vs., 16 placement of, 9 protecting, 19 Queen, 6 recapturing, 19 relative value of, 27 Rook, 7 types of, 6 use of term, 16 Pillsbury, Harry Nelson, 205 Pillsbury’s mate, 205–207 pin absolute vs. relative, 58 of Bishop, 50 defined, 58 planning moves, 153–159 PlayChess, 150, 187 player classification system, 213 postal (correspondence) chess, 134 power of Queen, 14 of Rooks, 38, 40 promoting pawns described, 18, 31 notation for, 18 for two-Queen moves, 168–170 putting the question to Bishop, 58 Q Queen(s) (Q) capture by, 14 checkmate with King and, 173 checkmate with Rook and, 171 282 checkmate with two, 168–170 description, 6 double Queen pawn openings, 123–125 early development of, 82–83 endgames with pawn and, 265–271 movement by, 8, 14 placement of, 9 power of, 14 promoting pawn to, 18, 31, 168 relative value of, 27 safeguarding, 84 upside-down Rook as, 31 value of, 82 Queening square controlled by Bishop, 257 defined, 35 Queen’s Gambit, 123 Queen’s Gambit Declined, 124 Queenside, 46 Queen’s Indian Defense, 127 Queen strategy castling, 87 and early development of Queen, 82–83 and early movement of Queen, 83 safeguarding Queen, 84 placement of, 9 power of, 38, 40 promoting pawn to, 18, 31 relative value of, 27 sacrificing, 236–241 two, checkmate with, 172 upside-down, as second Queen, 31 Rook pawn defined, 257 Knight and, 263 Queen against, 265 Rook strategy active Rooks assisting in mating attacks, 42 checkmates, 41 moving to open files, 38–39 placement behind passed pawns, 43 7th rank advances, 40 round-robin, 241 row. See rank the Rule of the Square, 248–249 Russian game, 115. See also Petrov’s Defense Ruy Bishop, 114 Ruy Lopez, 113–114 S sacrifice Bishop, 227–235 exchange, 236–241 Knight, 221–226 sacrifice of the exchange. See exchange sacrifice Scotch game, 115 self-supporting pawn, 250–251 7th rank advance, 40 short castling, 87 Sicilian Defense, 118, 216 skewer, 58 Slav Defense, 125 smothered checkmate, 190–191 software, chess, 152, 187 “soul of chess,” pawns as, 16 Spanish game, 114. See also Ruy Lopez Spassky, Boris, 61 special moves castling, 33–34 check, 22–23 checkmate, 23 R rank (row), 5, 40 rating, tournament, 213 recapturing in middlegame, 165 with piece vs. pawn, 64 as protection strategy, 19 Reinfeld, Fred, 140 relative pin, 58 relative value of pieces, 27 Rook(s) (R), 7 capture by, 12 castling, 33–34 checkmate with King and, 176–179 checkmate with Queen and, 171 dominated by Bishop, 60 doubling, 39 endgames with pawns and, 252–256 “good” vs. “bad,” 38–39 movement by, 8, 12 283 discovered checks, 28–29 double checks, 30 draws, 24–27 en passant capture, 35 promoting pawns, 31 stalemates, 24–25 under-promoting pawns, 32 Spike, 129 square(s) active, 257 in castling, 34 designation of, 5 notation (names) for, 17–18 placement of pieces/pawns on, 9 Queening, 35, 257 stalemate. See also draw and 50-move rule, 27 illustrated, 26 typical, 24–25 standard chess set, 4 Stonewall, 143 Suttles, Duncan, 138 Swallow’s Tail mate, 195 Swiss tourney (Swiss system), 241 U under-promoting pawns, 32 United States Chess Federation Chess Life magazine from, 191 finding chess clubs through, 68 finding standard sets through, 4 player classification system of, 213 postal tournaments by, 134 unpinning, 58 V value of pieces/pawns, 27 Vienna Game, 110–112 W weakness, in five steps to victory, 148–150 white. See also specific pieces and strategies choice of, 9 Colle system, 135 as first mover, 4, 9 ideal setup for, 94–95 King’s Indian Attack, 132–134 most common first moves for, 92–93 notation of moves by, 102 opening move, 9 Queening squares for, 35 Winawer, Simon, 141 World Championship match of 1972, 61 T take back. See recapturing thinking ahead, 256 threats, responding to, 160–164 time penalties, 19 tournaments. See chess tournaments tower. See Rook(s) tripled pawns, 64 the Trompowski, 107 Two Knights’ Defense, 221 Z Zurich, 1953 (David Bronstein), 140 284 Read Less–Learn More® Teach Yourself VISUALLY books... ™ Whether you want to knit, sew, or crochet…strum a guitar or play the piano…train a dog or create a scrapbook…make the most of Windows XP or touch up your Photoshop CS2 skills, Teach Yourself VISUALLY books get you into action instead of bogging you down in lengthy instructions. 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Little Willie and Big Willie were nicknames for the first and second models of what British WWI armament?	Little Willie, the first British tank prototype in history Prototype – 1 built Genesis of the Concept The very first British tank (and the first in the world at the same time) derived from a number of projects dating back to the early 1915 stalemate. Then the first ideas advocated less for an armored fighting vehicle and more for a way to clear up barb wire, which was usually covered by direct, accurate machine gun fire. The alternative at the time were night operations by small detachments, but these were tricky. A noise (tin cans were often attached to the supports of the barb wire), a flare, and then heavy fire caused havoc on the raiding party. Later, other experiments included the reintroduction of the cuirass, various man-carried protections, but each time they were shown to be of little use against bullets, prone to concussions and the legs and arms of the operators were not protected. A big wheel with spinning hooks mounted on the front of a Holt tractor was the preferred concept at the time. But the need to protect the driver and the evolution of military thinking led to the “land cruisers”, which ultimately never left the drawing board. Origins Despite its seemingly cute name the “Little Willie” was in fact a impressive war machine conceived to punch a hole in the German lines. It was officially named a “tank” to deceive any enemy intelligence on the project. The “Little Willie” was the origin of all the British tank development during World War One. In fact, the original project initiated by the Landships Committee was picturing a vehicle capable of crossing any kind of trenches and destroying barb wire in the process. The Landships Committee was established in February 1915 as a small British War Cabinet commission, headed by the first Lord of Admiralty, Sir Winston Churchill, and composed of various politicians, engineers and officers, with the goal of producing the first armored vehicle before the end of 1915. The original idea, which provided the basis for the project, came from Col. Ernest Swinton and was promoted by Col. Maurice Hankey. The whole project was later supported by Churchill himself, whom was aware that such a concept could turn the tide of trench warfare in favor of the side which possessed the “landships” (H. G. Well’s writings had provided inspiration). The Navy also had interests in the project, not only because of Churchill, but because this was a development for enclosed guns. Among those who took some early interest were Thomas Hetherington and Col. Wilfred Dumble of the Royal Brigade. Testing the Lincoln Machine The track was indeed the major source of trouble throughout the test campaign. The first version was directly inspired only a strengthened tractor track. But due to the sheer weight of the hull and the mud, traction resistance of the plain, flat track was just too much for the tiny engine, which also led to poor steering. Other tracks were tested until Lt. Gordon Wilson ultimately delivered the right solution. A combination of new, hard-steel plates riveted to links with guides to be firmly kept in place, and connected to the hull with large spindles. This was done by the end of September, and ultimately proven by far the most reliable system. It was kept for every British tank in the war, although it limited speed. The motor was a powerful 105 bhp Daimler Benz at the back of the hull (the basis was the Foster-Daimler tractor), fed by one internal and two external fuel tanks. Armament was designed to be made up of one standard Vickers 2-pounder gun with 800 rounds and no less than six Madsen 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Machine guns. A dummy turret was tested and plans included large openings to laterally aim the gun, which was mounted on a rail system. Intended crew was six at least, and protection was assumed by 10 mm bullet-proof riveted plates. Pre-production Wilson, whom headed the project, felt the first prototype did not satisfy his expectations and built a second one, the HMLS Centipede, Mk. I . It included a rhomboid track frame with the armament mounted on sponsons in the hull after the removal of the turret. The first prototype was also rebuilt, with a longer track and other minor modifications. In December, the first prototype was renamed “Little Willie” after the yellow press mocking the German Imperial Crown Prince Wilhelm, and the second “Big Willie” after his father. But after popular reception and further extensive tests, only the concept of Big Willie was retained for production (although the first British tank series differed in many aspects). It was, in January 1916, the world’s first pre-production tank prototype, one month before the French Schneider CA-1 made its debut. Little Willie specifications One prototype Design Thomas Hetherington, supported at first by Churchill, proposed a real “land ironclad”, weighing about 300 tons, equipped with a large range of guns and machine guns. But while the idea was attractive on paper, not even naval-grade engines could match up to such a monster. But the idea of a heavy cross-country vehicle made its debut. An artillery tractor was soon envisioned as the basis for a more practical design. In July 1915, after many discussions, a specification was issued for a war engine able to cross a 1.5 m (5 feet) trench. This was the start of a project rush and, in the end, the winner was William A. Tritton of the agricultural William Foster & Co of Lincoln. He had given an order to produce a double tracked prototype based on a design by Tritton’s chief engineer, William Rigby. This was to be based on the Creeping Grip Tractor of the Bullock company from Chicago, a fairly crude, but sturdy system. In just a month (beginning in mid-August), the first prototype, called N°1 Lincoln Machine, was ready for tests, already fitted with a wheeled tail for better steering. On the 5th of September the Lincoln machine was tested at the Wellington foundry yard. Many improvements for the tracks and suspension were done during the process. The N°1 Lincoln Machine on trials, September 1915. This first design incorporated, almost without changes, the original Daimler tracks, which came from an artillery tractor and proved too flimsy and short for the large hull. The dummy turret (here covered) was assumed to use the light, naval, quick firing Vickers 2 pounder (40 mm), against machine gun nests, but was never fitted in this configuration. Later tests were made with the gun mounted in a sponson, another naval feature. Fate and Further Development Little Willie (now at the Bovington museum) was the basis for the Medium Mk. A “Whippet” as well as for the tracks of the production Mk. I . As the length of the tracks proved so important to cross obstacles, subsequent trials on the new Mk. I tank led to the famous lozenge design, where the tank had its tracks run the whole length and height. There was not yet any concept of separating tanks with guns and tanks with machine guns (“male and female”), as the prototype was a “male”, combining six machine guns and a gun in a sponson (also a naval feature). The crew would probably have been made of seven persons, in a confined, dark, hot, steamy and noisy environment. It had no suspensions at all, so any bumps on the ground were fully resented. The dummy turret preceded the Renault FT-17 concept by a year at least, but the steering system was not yet even conceived. Many considered the tank too high and an easy target for enemy guns. The relatively lightly armored hull was largely considered sufficient, but the Germans later proved that a single “K” armor-piercing bullet* could be lethal against tanks. As there were no antitank guns at the time, a direct hit by a 75 mm or larger shell would have been lethal as well. There was a long way to go before sloped armor and more refined protections. Little Willie with its tailwheel mounted for tests in December 1915. Sources	Tank
'Roadhouse' is the ironic US Secret Service codename for what famous standard-setting luxury Art Deco hotel at 301 Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City?	History of the tank \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia History of the tank United States A British Mark I tank in action on 26 September 1916 (moving left to right). Photo by Ernest Brooks . The history of the tank began in World War I , when armoured all-terrain fighting vehicles were first deployed as a response to the problems of trench warfare , ushering in a new era of mechanized warfare . Though initially crude and unreliable, tanks eventually became a mainstay of ground armies. By World War II , tank design had advanced significantly, and tanks were used in quantity in all land theatres of the war. The Cold War saw the rise of modern tank doctrine and the rise of the general-purpose main battle tank . The tank still provides the backbone to land combat operations in the 21st century. Contents Edit World War I generated new demands for armoured self-propelled weapons which could navigate any kind of terrain, leading to the development of the tank. The great weakness of the tank's predecessor, the armoured car , was that it required smooth terrain to move upon, and new developments were needed for cross-country capability. [1] :35 The tank was originally designed as a special weapon to solve an unusual tactical situation: the stalemate of the trenches on the Western Front . "It was a weapon designed for one simple task: crossing the killing zone between trench lines and breaking into enemy defenses." [2] The armoured tank was intended to be able to survive artillery bombardments and machine-gun fire, and pass through barbed wire in a way infantry units could not hope to, thus allowing the stalemate to be broken. Few recognized during World War I that the means for returning mobility and shock action to combat was already present in a device destined to revolutionize warfare on the ground and in the air. This was the internal combustion engine, which had made possible the development of the tank and eventually would lead to the mechanized forces that were to assume the old roles of horse cavalry and to loosen the grip of the machine-gun on the battlefield. With increased firepower and protection, these mechanized forces would, only some 20 years later, become the armour of World War II. When self-propelled artillery , the armoured personnel carrier , the wheeled cargo vehicle, and supporting aviation —all with adequate communications—were combined to constitute the modern armoured division, commanders regained the capability of maneuver. Numerous concepts of armoured all-terrain vehicles had been imagined for a long time. With advent of trench warfare in World War I , the Allied French and British developments of the tank were largely parallel and coincided in time. [3] Early concepts Edit The earliest concepts in recorded history include Leonardo da Vinci's late 15th century drawings of what some describe as a "tank"; a man-powered, wheeled vehicle encased in armor, with cannons all around it. [4] However the human crew would not have enough power to move it over larger distance, and usage of animals was problematic in a space so confined. The Levavasseur project described a crawler-tracked armoured vehicle equipped with artillery as early as 1903. [5] :65 [6] :101 In 1903, the French captain Levavasseur proposed the Levavasseur project , a canon autopropulseur (self-propelled cannon), moved by a caterpillar system and fully armoured for protection. [5] :65 [6] :99–100 Powered by a 80 hp petrol engine, "the Levavasseur machine would have had a crew of three, storage for ammunition, and a cross-country ability", [7] :65 but the viability of the project was disputed by the Artillery Technical Committee, until it was formally abandoned in 1908 when it was known that a caterpillar tractor had been developed, the Hornsby of engineer David Roberts . [6] :99–100 1904 illustration of H.G. Wells ' December 1903 The Land Ironclads , showing huge ironclad land vessels, equipped with pedrail wheels . H. G. Wells , in his short story The Land Ironclads , published in The Strand Magazine in December 1903, had described the use of large, armoured cross-country vehicles, armed with cannon and machine-guns, and equipped with pedrail wheels (an invention which he acknowledged as the source for his inspiration), [8] to break through a system of fortified trenches, disrupting the defense and clearing the way for an infantry advance: "They were essentially long, narrow and very strong steel frameworks carrying the engines, and borne upon eight pairs of big pedrail wheels, each about ten feet in diameter, each a driving wheel and set upon long axles free to swivel round a common axis. This arrangement gave them the maximum of adaptability to the contours of the ground. They crawled level along the ground with one foot high upon a hillock and another deep in a depression, and they could hold themselves erect and steady sideways upon even a steep hillside." [9] Some eight years later, in 1911, two practical tank designs were developed independently by the Austrian engineering officer Günther Burstyn and Australian civil engineer Lancelot de Mole , but both were rejected by governmental administrations. American tracked tractors in Europe Edit Benjamin Holt of the Holt Manufacturing Company of Stockton, California was the first to patent a workable crawler type tractor in 1907. [10] The center of such innovation was in England, and in 1903 he traveled to England to learn more about ongoing development, though all those he saw failed their field tests. [11] Holt paid Alvin Lombard US$60,000 ($1,574,889 in 2017) for the right to produce vehicles under Lombard's patent for the Lombard Steam Log Hauler . [12] Holt returned to Stockton and, utilizing his knowledge and his company's metallurgical capabilities, he became the first to design and manufacture practical continuous tracks for use in tractors . In England, David Roberts of Hornsby & Sons, Grantham, obtained a patent for a design in July 1904. In the United States, Holt replaced the wheels on a 40 horsepower (30 kW) Holt steamer, No. 77, with a set of wooden tracks bolted to chains. On November 24, 1904, he successfully tested the updated machine plowing the soggy delta land of Roberts Island . [13] A Holt tractor in the Vosges during the spring of 1915 serving as an artillery tractor for a French army De Bange 155 mm cannon . When World War I broke out, with the problem of trench warfare and the difficulty of transporting supplies to the front, the pulling power of crawling-type tractors drew the attention of the military. [14] Holt tractors were used to replace horses to haul artillery and other supplies. The Royal Army Service Corps also used them to haul long trains of freight wagons over the unimproved dirt tracks behind the front. Holt tractors were, ultimately, the inspiration for the development of the British and French tanks. [13] [15] By 1916, about 1000 of Holt's Caterpillar tractors were used by the British in World War I . Holt vice president Murray M. Baker said that these tractors weighed about 18,000 pounds (8,200 kg) and had 120 horsepower (89 kW). [16] By the end of the war, 10,000 Holt vehicles had been used in the Allied war effort. [17] Fully tracked caterpillar tractors became commercially available in 1908, especially in the United States , but also in lesser quantities in Europe, and were to prove a solution to the cross-country requirements of World War I battlefields. [1] :35 Over the next four years, they became a major artillery tractor , mainly used to haul medium guns like the 6-inch howitzer , the 60-pounder , and later the 9.2-inch howitzer. [18] By 1916, about 1,000 of Holt's Caterpillar tractors were in use by the British on the Western Front . By the end of World War I, the British War Office had received 2,100 Holt tractors, [19] about 1,800 of the Holt Model 45 "Caterpillars"; 1,500 of the Holt Model 75 "Caterpillars", and 90 of the Holt six-cylinder Model 120 "Caterpillars", about one-eighth of approximately 5,000 Holt vehicles used by all Allied forces. [20] Imported Holt tractors also formed the basis of the French Schneider and Saint-Chamond tanks and the German A7V tank . [21] French development Edit The French colonel Jean Baptiste Estienne articulated the vision of a cross-country armoured vehicle on 24 August 1914: [1] :38 "Victory in this war will belong to the belligerent who is the first to put a cannon on a vehicle capable of moving on all kinds of terrain" —Colonel Jean Baptiste Estienne , 24 August 1914. [1] :38 Some privately owned Holt tractors were used by the French Army soon after the beginning of World War I to pull heavy artillery pieces in difficult terrain., [1] :187 but the French did not purchase Holts in large numbers. It was the sight of them in use by the British that later inspired Estienne to have plans drawn up for an armoured body on caterpillar tracks. In the meantime, several attempts were made to design vehicles that could overcome the German barbed wire and trenches. The Boirault machine used a huge rotating frame around a motorized center, early 1915. The electric Aubriot-Gabet "Fortress", mounted on a tractor chassis, 1915. The Breton-Pretot machine was an armoured wire-cutting vehicle, tested in July 1915. From 1914 to 1915, an early experiment was made with the Boirault machine , with the objective of flattening barbed wire defences and riding over gaps in a battlefield. The machine was made of huge parallel tracks , formed by 4×3 meter metallic frames, rotating around a triangular motorized center. This device proved too fragile and slow, as well as incapable of changing direction easily, and was abandoned. [6] :104 A Frot-Laffly landship was tested on 28 March 1915 in France. In France, on 1 December 1914, M. Frot, an engineer in canal construction at the Compagnie Nationale du Nord, proposed to the French Ministry a design for a "landship" with armour and armament based on the motorization of a compactor with heavy wheels or rollers. The Frot-Laffly was tested on 18 March 1915, and effectively destroyed barbed wire lines, but was deemed lacking in mobility. [6] :106–8 The project was abandoned in favour of General Estienne 's development using a tractor base, codenamed "Tracteur Estienne". [6] :108 In 1915, attempts were also made to develop vehicles with powerful armour and armament, mounted on the cross-country chassis of agricultural tractors, with large dented wheels, such as the Aubriot-Gabet "Fortress" (Fortin Aubriot-Gabet). The vehicle was powered by electricity (complete with a supply cable), and armed with a Navy cannon of 37mm, but it too proved impractical. [6] :109 The Souain tank prototype crossing a trench at Souain on 9 December 1915. Final caterpillar test, on 21 February 1916, before the mass order of the Schneider CA1 tank on the 25th. In January 1915, the French arms manufacturer Schneider & Co. sent out its chief designer, Eugène Brillié , to investigate tracked tractors from the American Holt Manufacturing Company , at that time participating in a test programme in England, for a project of mechanical wire-cutting machines. On his return Brillié, who had earlier been involved in designing armoured cars for Spain, convinced the company management to initiate studies on the development of a Tracteur blindé et armé (armoured and armed tractor), based on the Baby Holt chassis, two of which were ordered. Experiments on the Holt caterpillar tracks started in May 1915 at the Schneider plant with a 75-hp wheel-directed model and the 45-hp integral caterpillar Baby Holt , showing the superiority of the latter. [6] :102–11 On 16 June, new experiments followed in front of the President of the Republic , and on 10 September for Commander Ferrus. The first complete chassis with armour was demonstrated at Souain on 9 December 1915, to the French Army, with the participation of colonel Estienne. [5] :68 [6] :111 [notes 1] On 12 December, unaware of the Schneider experiments, Estienne presented to the High Command a plan to form an armoured force, equipped with tracked vehicles. He was put in touch with Schneider, and in a letter dated 31 January 1916 Commander-in-chief Joffre ordered the production of 400 tanks of the type designed by Brillié and Estienne, [6] :119 although the actual production order of 400 Schneider CA1 was made a bit later on 25 February 1916. [6] :124 Soon after, on 8 April 1916, another order for 400 Saint-Chamond tanks was also placed. [6] :128 Schneider had trouble with meeting production schedules, and the tank deliveries were spread over several months from 8 September 1916. [6] :124 The Saint-Chamond tank would start being delivered from 27 April 1917. [6] :130 British development Edit Ruston Hornsby had been developing the caterpillar tractor since 1902, and built an oil engine powered crawler to move lifeboats up a beach in 1908. In 1909 The Northern Light and Power Company of Dawson City , Canada, owned by Joe Boyle , ordered a steam powered caterpillar tractor. It was delivered to the Yukon in 1912. Rustons tractors were trialled between 1905 and 1910 on several occasions with the British Army as artillery tractors, but not adopted. Hornsby sold its patents to Holt tractor of California. As a result of the killing fields of Flanders in 1915, Holt tractors were the inspiration for British tank development. [13] [22] In 1914, the British War Office ordered a Holt tractor and put it through trials at Aldershot. Although it was not as powerful as the 105 horsepower (78 kW) Foster-Daimler tractor, the 75 horsepower (56 kW) Holt was better suited to haul heavy loads over uneven ground. Without a load, the Holt tractor managed a walking pace of 4 miles per hour (6.4 km/h). Towing a load, it could manage 2 miles per hour (3.2 km/h). Most importantly, Holt tractors were readily available in quantity. [19] The War Office was suitably impressed and chose it as a gun-tractor. [19] In July 1914, Lt. Col. Ernest Swinton , a British Royal Engineers officer and the official war correspondent, learned about Holt tractors and their transportation capabilities in rough terrain from a South-African friend who had seen one in Antwerp, but the information was just passed on and not acted upon. [23] :12 [24] :590 Swinton was sent to France as an army war correspondent and saw in mid-September 1914 the potential of the track-laying tractor and the need to have a cross-country armed vehicle. [23] :116 [23] :12 By his own admission, "By a coincidence, Colonel Estienne had been seized around the same time as myself with the idea that some kind of machine of the nature of the tank was necessary to help the infantry". [23] :210 In October 1914, Swinton proposed in a letter to Sir Maurice Hankey , Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence, that the British Committee of Imperial Defence build a power-driven, bullet-proof, tracked vehicle that could destroy enemy guns. [23] [25] :129 Hankey persuaded the lukewarm War Office to make a trial on 17 February 1915 with a Holt tractor, but the caterpillar bogged down in the mud, the project was abandoned, and the War Office gave up investigations. [5] :25 [25] :129 Wooden mock-up of the "Big Wheel Landship" project, under construction at Lincoln, early 1915. The 1903 pedrail system was considered but turned out to be too fragile. [26] :234 Tritton Trench-Crosser , May 1915. In May 1915, the War Office made new tests on a trench-crossing machine: the Tritton Trench-Crosser . The machine was equipped with large tractor wheels, 8 feet in diameter, and carried girders on an endless chain which were lowered above a trench so that the back wheels could roll over it. The machine would then drag the girder behind until on flat terrain, so that it could reverse over them and set them back in place in front of the vehicle. The machine proved much too cumbersome and was abandoned. [5] :143–144 When Winston Churchill , First Lord of the Admiralty, learned of the armored tractor idea, he reignited investigation of the idea of using the Holt tractor. The Royal Navy and the Landships Committee (established on 20 February 1915), [27] at last agreed to sponsor experiments and tests of armoured tractors as a type of "land ship". In March, Churchill ordered the building of 18 experimental landships : 12 using Diplock pedrails (an idea promoted by Murray Sueter ), and 6 using large wheels (the idea of T.G. Hetherington ). [5] :25 Construction however failed to move forward, as the wheels seemed impractical after a wooden mock-up was realized: the wheels were initially planned to be 40-feet in diameter, but turned out to be still too big and too fragile at 15-feet. [5] :26–27 The pedrails also met with industrial problems, [28] :23–24 and the system was deemed too large, too complicated and under-powered. [5] :26 Instead of choosing to use the Holt tractor, the British government chose to involve a British agricultural machinert firm, Foster and Sons , whose managing director and designer was Sir William Tritton . [19] Articulated chassis made of two Bullock tractors back to back, July 1915 experiment. Vezdekhod amphibious tank, 1915. Killen-Strait armoured tractor, shortly after the 30 June 1915 experiments. The No1 Lincoln Machine , with lengthened Bullock tracks and Creeping Grip tractor suspension, September 1915. After all these projects failed by June 1915, ideas of grandiose landships were abandoned, and a decision was taken to make an attempt with US Bullock Creeping Grip caterpillar tracks, by connecting two of them together to obtain an articulated chassis deemed necessary for manoeuvering. Experiments failed in tests made in July 1915. [5] :25 Another experiment was made with tracks brought from the United States from the Killen-Strait tractor. A wire-cutting mechanism was successfully fitted, but the trench-crossing capability of the Killen-Strait proved insufficient. A Delaunay-Belleville armoured car body was fitted, making the Killen-Strait machine the first armoured tracked vehicle, but the project was abandoned as it turned out to be a blind alley, unable to fulfill all-terrain warfare requirements. [5] :25 After these experiments, the Committee decided to build a smaller experimental landship, equivalent to one half the articulated version, and using lengthened US-made Bullock Creeping Grip caterpillar tracks. [5] :27 [28] :27–28 This new experimental machine was called the No1 Lincoln Machine: construction started on 11 August 1915, with the first trials starting on 10 September 1915. [5] :26 These trials failed however because of unsatisfactory tracks. [28] :29 Little Willie design, December 1915. Development continued with new, re-engineered tracks, [28] :29} and the machine, now renamed Little Willie , [28] :30 was completed in December 1915 and tested on 3 December 1915. Trench-crossing ability was deemed insufficient however, and Walter Gordon Wilson developed a rhomboidal design, [28] :30 which became known as "His Majesty's Landship Centipede" and later " Mother ", [28] :30 the first of the "Big Willie" types of true tanks. After completion on 29 January 1916 very successful trials were made, and an order was placed by the War Office for 100 units to be used on the Western front in France, [24] :590 [25] :129 on 12 February 1916, [6] :216 and a second order for 50 additional units was placed in April 1916. [29] France started studying caterpillar continuous tracks from January 1915, and actual tests started in May 1915, [6] :102–111 two months earlier than the Little Willie experiments. At the Souain experiment , France tested an armoured tracked tank prototype, the same month Little Willie was completed. [6] :111Ultimately however, the British were the first to put tanks on the battlefield, at the battle of the Somme in September 1916. The name "tank" was introduced in October, 1915 as a security measure and has been adopted in many languages. William Tritton, stated that when the prototypes were under construction from August, 1915 they were deliberately falsely described in order to conceal their true purpose. [30] In the workshop the paperwork described them as "water carriers," supposedly for use on the Mesopotamian Front. In conversation the workers referred to them as "water tanks" or, simply, "tanks." In October the Landships Committee decided, for security purposes, to change its own name to something less descriptive. [31] One of the members (either Eustace d'Eyncourt or Ernest Swinton [32] ) suggested "tank," and the committee agreed. It became the Tank Supply Committee, and the name "tank" was used in official documents and common parlance from then on. This is sometimes confused with the labelling of the first production tanks (ordered in February, 1916) with a caption in Russian. It translated as "With Care to Petrograd," probably again inspired by the workers at Foster's, some of whom believed the machines to be snowploughs meant for Russia, and was introduced from May 15, 1916. The Committee was happy to perpetuate this misconception since it might also mislead the Germans. [33] The naval background of the tank's development also explains such nautical tank terms as hatch, hull, bow, and ports. The great secrecy surrounding tank development, coupled with the skepticism of infantry commanders, often meant that infantry at first had little training to cooperate with tanks. Russian development Edit Vasily Mendeleev, an engineer in a shipyard, worked privately on a design of a super-heavy tank from 1911 to 1915. It was a heavily-armoured 170 ton tracked vehicle armed with one 120 mm naval gun. The design envisioned many innovations that became standard features of a modern battle tank – protection of the vehicle was well-thought out, the gun included automatic loading mechanism, pneumatic suspension allowed adjusting of clearance, some critical systems were duplicated, transportation by railroad was possible by a locomotive or with adapter wheels. However, the cost was almost as much as a submarine and it was never built. [34] [35] The Vezdekhod was a small cross-country vehicle designed by aero-engineer Aleksandr Porokhovschikov that ran on a single wide rubber track propelled by a 10 hp engine. Two small wheels either side were provided for steering but while the vehicles could cross ground well its steering was ineffectual. In post-revolution Russia, the Vezdekhod was portrayed in propaganda as the first tank. The Tsar Tank , also known as the Lebedenko tank after its designer – was a tricycle design vehicle on 9 m high front wheels. It was expected that such large wheels would be able to cross any obstacle but the smaller rear wheel became stuck when tested in 1915. The designers were prepared to fit larger engines but the project – and the vehicle – was abandoned. Operational use in World War I Tank A British Mark I tank in action on 26 September 1916 (moving left to right). Photo by Ernest Brooks . A first offensive using Mark I tanks took place on 15 September 1916, during the Battle of the Somme , under Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig . Forty-nine were committed, of which 32 were mechanically fit to take part in the advance and achieved some small, local successes. [36] :1153 In July 1917, 216 British tanks were employed in the Third Battle of Ypres but found it almost impossible to operate in the muddy conditions and achieved little. Not until 20 November 1917, at Cambrai, did the British Tank Corps get the conditions it needed for success. Over 400 tanks penetrated almost six miles on a 7-mile wide front. However, success was not complete because the infantry failed to exploit and secure the tanks' gains, and almost all the territory gained was recaptured by the Germans. The British scored a far more significant victory the following year, on 8 August 1918, with 600 tanks in the Battle of Amiens . General Erich Ludendorff referred to that date as the "Black Day" of the German Army. Char Renault FT , Les Invalides . Parallel to the British development, France designed its own tanks. The first two, the medium Schneider CA and heavy Saint-Chamond , were not well-conceived, though produced in large numbers and showing technical innovations, the latter using an electro-mechanical transmission and a long 75 mm gun. Both types saw action on numerous occasions but suffered consistently high losses. In 1918 the Renault FT light tank was the first tank in history with a "modern" configuration: a revolving turret on top and an engine compartment at the rear; it would be the most numerous tank of the war. A last development was the superheavy Char 2C , the largest tank ever to see service, be it some years after the armistice. The German response to the Cambrai assault was to develop its own armoured program. Soon the massive A7V appeared. The A7V was a clumsy monster, weighing 30 tons and with a crew of eighteen. By the end of the war, only twenty had been built. Although other tanks were on the drawing board, material shortages limited the German tank corps to these A7Vs and about 36 captured Mark IVs. The A7V would be involved in the first tank vs. tank battle of the war on April 24, 1918 at the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux —a battle in which there was no clear winner. Film of WWI-era French and British tanks. Numerous mechanical failures and the inability of the British and French to mount any sustained drives in the early tank actions cast doubt on their usefulness—and by 1918, tanks were extremely vulnerable unless accompanied by infantry and ground-attack aircraft, both of which worked to locate and suppress anti-tank defenses. But Gen. John J. Pershing , Commander in Chief, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), requested in September 1917 that 600 heavy and 1,200 light tanks be produced in the United States. When General Pershing assumed command of the American Expeditionary Force and went to France, he took Lt. Col. George Patton . Patton became interested in tanks. They were then unwieldy, unreliable, and unproved instruments of warfare, and there was much doubt whether they had any function and value at all on the battlefield. Against the advice of most of his friends, Patton chose to go into the newly formed US Tank Corps. He was the first officer so assigned. The first American-produced heavy tank was the 43.5-ton Mark VIII (sometimes known as the "Liberty"), a US-British development of the successful British heavy tank design, intended to equip the Allied forces. Armed with two 6-pounder cannons and five rifle-caliber machine guns, it was operated by an 11-man crew, and had a maximum speed of 6.5 miles per hour and a range of 50 miles. Because of production difficulties, only test vehicles were completed before the War ended. The American-built 6.5-ton M1917 light tank was a close copy of the French Renault FT . It had a maximum speed of 5.5 miles per hour and could travel 30 miles on its 30-gallon fuel capacity. Again, because of production delays, none were completed in time to see action. In the summer of 1918 a 3-ton, 2-man tank, ( Ford 3-Ton M1918 ) originated by the Ford Motor Company was designed. It was powered by two Ford Model T , 4-cylinder engines, armed with a .30 inch machine gun, and had a maximum speed of 8 miles per hour. It was considered unsatisfactory as a fighting vehicle but to have possible value in other battlefield roles. An order was placed for 15,000, but only 15 were completed, and none saw service in the War. American tank units first entered combat on 12 September 1918 against the St. Mihiel salient with the First Army. They belonged to the 344th and 345th Light Tank Battalions, elements of the 304th Tank Brigade, commanded by Lt. Col. Patton, under whom they had trained at the tank center in Bourg, France, and were equipped with the Renault FT, supplied by France. Although mud, lack of fuel, and mechanical failure caused many tanks to stall in the German trenches, the attack succeeded and much valuable experience was gained. By the armistice of 11 November 1918, the AEF was critically short of tanks, as no American-made ones were completed in time for use in combat. Interwar period Vickers Medium Mark Is on a manoeuvre somewhere in England, 1930 After the Great War, General Erich von Ludendorff of the German High Command praised the Allied tanks as being a principal factor in Germany's defeat. The Germans had been too late in recognizing their value to consider them in their own plans. Even if their already hard-pressed industry could have produced them in quantity, fuel was in very short supply. Of the total of 90 tanks fielded by the Germans during 1918, 75 had been captured from the Allies. At the war's end, the main role of the tank was considered to be that of close support for the infantry. The U.S. tank units fought so briefly and were so fragmented during the war, and the number of tanks available to them was so limited, that there was practically no opportunity to develop tactics for their large-scale employment. Nonetheless, their work was sufficiently impressive to imbue at least a few military leaders with the idea that the use of tanks in mass was the most likely principal role of armour in the future. Highlights of U.S. Army appraisal for the development and use of tanks, developed from combat experience, were: (1) the need for a tank with more power, fewer mechanical failures, heavier armour, longer operating range, and better ventilation; (2) the need for combined training of tanks with other combat arms, especially the infantry; (3) the need for improved means of communication and of methods for determining and maintaining directions; and (4) the need for an improved supply system, especially for petrol and ammunition. Although the tank of World War I was slow, clumsy, unwieldy, difficult to control, and mechanically unreliable, its value as a combat weapon had been clearly proven. But, despite the lessons of World War I, the combat arms were most reluctant to accept a separate and independent role for armor and continued to struggle among themselves over the proper use of tanks. At the outset, thought of the tank as an auxiliary to and a part of the infantry was the predominant opinion, although a few leaders contended that an independent tank arm should be retained. In addition to the light and heavy categories of American-produced tanks of World War I, a third classification, the medium, began receiving attention in 1919. It was hoped that this in-between type would incorporate the best features of the 6½-ton light and the Mark VIII heavy and would replace both. The meaning of the terms light, medium, and heavy tanks changed between the wars. During World War I and immediately thereafter, the light tank was considered to be up to 10 tons, the medium (produced by the British) was roughly between 10 and 25 tons, and the heavy was over 25 tons. For World War II, increased weights resulted in the light tank being over 20 tons, the medium over 30, and the heavy, developed toward the end of the war, over 60 tons. During the period between the world wars, the weights of the classifications varied generally within these extremes. The U.S. National Defense Act of 1920 placed the Tank Corps under the Infantry. The Act's stipulation that "hereafter all tank units shall form a part of the Infantry" left little doubt as to the tank role for the immediate future. George Patton had argued for an independent Tank Corps. But if, in the interest of economy, the tanks had to go under one of the traditional arms, he preferred the cavalry, for Patton intuitively understood that tanks operating with cavalry would stress mobility, while tanks tied to the infantry would emphasize firepower. Tanks in peacetime, he feared, as he said, "would be very much like coast artillery with a lot of machinery which never works." At a time when most soldiers regarded the tank as a specialized infantry-support weapon for crossing trenches, a significant number of officers in the Royal Tank Corps had gone on to envision much broader roles for mechanized organizations. In May 1918, Col. J.F.C. Fuller , the acknowledged father of tank doctrine, had used the example of German infiltration tactics to refine what he called " Plan 1919 ". This was an elaborate concept for a large-scale armoured offensive in 1919. The Royal Tank Corps had to make do with the same basic tanks from 1922 until 1938. British armoured theorists did not always agree with each other. B. H. Liddell Hart , a noted publicist of armoured warfare, wanted a true combined arms force with a major role for mechanized infantry. Fuller, Broad, and other officers were more interested in a pure-tank role. The Experimental Mechanized Force formed by the British demonstrated a mobile force with its own self-propelled guns. Both advocates and opponents of mechanization often used the term "tank" loosely to mean not only an armored, tracked, turreted, gun-carrying fighting vehicle, but also any form of armored vehicle or mechanized unit. Such usage made it difficult for contemporaries or historians to determine whether a particular speaker was discussing pure tank forces, mechanized combined arms forces, or mechanization of infantry forces. British armoured vehicles tended to maximize either mobility or protection. Both the cavalry and the Royal Tank Corps wanted fast, lightly armoured, mobile vehicles for reconnaissance and raiding—the light and medium (or "cruiser") tanks. In practice the "light tanks" were often small armoured personnel carriers (the parallel with more recent American Armored Cavalry should be obvious[ citation needed ]). On the other hand, the "army tank battalions" performing the traditional infantry-support role required extremely heavy armoured protection. As a consequence of these two doctrinal roles, firepower was neglected[ citation needed ] in tank design. Among the German proponents of mechanization, Gen. Heinz Guderian was probably the most influential. Guderian's 1914 service with radiotelegraphs in support of cavalry units led him to insist on a radio in every armoured vehicle. By 1929, when many British students of armour were tending towards a pure armour formation, Guderian had become convinced that it was useless to develop just tanks, or even to mechanize parts of the traditional arms. What was needed was an entirely new mechanized formation of all arms that would maximize the effects of the tank. The German tanks were not up to the standards of Guderian's concept. The Panzer I was really a machine-gun-armed tankette, derived from the British Carden-Loyd personnel carrier. The Panzer II did have a 20-mm cannon, but little armour protection. These two vehicles made up the bulk of panzer units until 1940. In the twenties France was the only country in the world with a large armour force. French doctrine viewed combined arms as a process by which all other weapons systems assisted the infantry in its forward progress. Tanks were considered to be "a sort of armoured infantry", by law subordinated to the infantry branch. This at least had the advantage that armour was not restricted purely to tanks; the French army would be among the most mechanised. Tanks proper were however first of all seen as specialised breakthrough systems, to be concentrated for an offensive: light tanks had to limit their speed to that of the foot soldier; heavy tanks were intended to form a forward "shock front" to dislodge defensive lines. The doctrine was much preoccupied with the strength of the defender: artillery and air bombardments had to destroy machine guns and anti-tank guns. The envelopment phase was neglected. Though part of the Infantry branch, tanks were in fact concentrated in almost pure tank units and rarely trained together with foot soldiers. In 1931, France decided to produce armour and other equipment in larger quantities, including the Char B1 bis . The B1 bis, developed by Estienne in the early 1920s, was still one of the most powerful tank designs in the world fifteen years later. In 1934 the French cavalry also began a process of mechanisation; tanks were to be used for exploitation also. As the French Army was moving forward in the area of mechanization, doctrinal strife began to develop. In 1934, Lieutenant Colonel Charles de Gaulle published Towards the Professional Army. De Gaulle favoured a professional mechanised force, capable of executing both the breakthrough and the exploitation phase. He envisioned a pure armour brigade operating in linear formation, followed by a motorized infantry force for mopping-up. His ideas were not adopted, as being too expensive. From 1936 French tank production accelerated, but the doctrinal problems remained, resulting in 1940 in an inflexible structure, with the Infantry and Cavalry fielding separate types of armoured division. During the course of the 1920s and early 1930s, a group of Soviet officers led by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky developed a concept of " Deep Battle " to employ conventional infantry and cavalry divisions, mechanized formations, and aviation in concert. Using the expanded production facilities of the Soviet government's first Five Year Plan with design features taken in part from the American inventor J. Walter Christie , the Soviets produced 5,000 armoured vehicles by 1934. This wealth of equipment enabled the Red Army to create tank organizations for both infantry support and combined arms, mechanized operations. On 12 June 1937, the Soviet government executed Tukhachevsky and eight of his high-ranking officers, as Stalin shifted his purge of Soviet society against the last power group that had the potential to threaten him, the Red Army. At the same time, the Soviet experience in the Spanish Civil War caused the Red Army to reassess mechanization. The Soviet tanks were too lightly armoured, their Russian crews could not communicate with the Spanish troops, and in combat the tanks tended to outpace the supporting infantry and artillery. The United States was not nearly so advanced in the development of armoured and mechanized forces. As in France, the supply of slow World War I tanks and the subordination of tanks to the infantry branch impeded the development of any role other than direct infantry support. The US War Department policy statement, which finally came in April 1922, was a serious blow to tank development. Reflecting prevailing opinion, it stated that the tank's primary mission was "to facilitate the uninterrupted advance of the riflemen in the attack." The War Department considered that two types of tanks, the light and the medium, should fulfill all missions. The light tank was to be truck transportable and not exceed 5 tons gross weight. For the medium, restrictions were even more stringent; its weight was not to exceed 15 tons, so as to bring it within the weight capacity of railroad flatcars, the average existing highway bridge, and, most significantly, available Engineer Corps pontoon bridges. Although an experimental 15-ton tank, the M1924, reached the mock-up stage, this and other attempts to satisfy War Department and infantry specifications proved to be unsatisfactory. In reality it was simply impossible to build a 15-ton vehicle meeting both War Department and infantry requirements. In 1926 the General Staff reluctantly consented to the development of a 23-ton tank, although it made clear that efforts were to continue toward the production of a satisfactory 15-ton vehicle. The infantry—its new branch chief overriding the protests of some of his tankmen who wanted a more heavily armed and armored medium—decided, too, that a light tank, transportable by truck, best met infantry requirements. The net effect of the infantry's preoccupation with light tanks and the limited funds available for tank development in general was to slow the development of heavier vehicles and, ultimately, to contribute to the serious shortage of mediums at the outbreak of World War II. J. Walter Christie was an innovative designer of tanks, engines and propulsion systems. Although his designs did not meet US Army specifications, other countries used his chassis patents. Despite inadequate funding, the Ordnance Department managed to develop several experimental light and medium tanks and tested one of Walter Christie's models by 1929. None of these tanks was accepted, usually because each of them exceeded standards set by other Army branches. For instance, several light tank models were rejected because they exceeded the 5-ton cargo capacity of the Transportation Corps trucks, and several medium tank designs were rejected because they exceeded the 15-ton bridge weight limit set by the engineers. Christie simply would not work with users to fulfill the military requirements but, instead, wanted the Army to fund the tanks that he wanted to build. Patton later worked closely with J. Walter Christie to improve the silhouette, suspension, power, and weapons of tanks. The Christie tank embodied the ability to operate both on tracks and on large, solid-rubber-tired bogie wheels. The tracks were removable to permit operation on wheels over moderate terrain. Also featured was a suspension system of independently sprung wheels. The Christie had many advantages, including the amazing ability, by 1929, to attain speeds of 69 miles per hour on wheels and 42 miles per hour on tracks, although at these speeds the tank could not carry full equipment. To the infantry and cavalry the Christie was the best answer to their need for a fast, lightweight tank, and they were enthusiastic about its convertibility. On the other hand, the Ordnance Department, while recognizing the usefulness of the Christie, was of the opinion that it was mechanically unreliable and that such dual-purpose equipment generally violated good engineering practice. The controversy over the advantages and drawbacks of Christie tanks raged for more than twenty years, with the convertible principle being abandoned in 1938. But the Christie ideas had great impact upon tank tactics and unit organization in many countries and, finally, upon the US Army as well. In the United States the real beginning of the Armored Force was in 1928, twelve years before it was officially established, when Secretary of War Dwight F. Davis directed that a tank force be developed in the Army. Earlier that year he had been much impressed, as an observer of maneuvers in England, by a British experimental armoured Force. Actually the idea was not new. A small group of dedicated officers in the cavalry and the infantry had been hard at work since World War I on theories for such a force. The continued progress in the design of armour, armament, engines, and vehicles was gradually swinging the trend toward more mechanization, and the military value of the horse declined. Proponents of mechanization and motorization pointed to advances in the motor vehicle industry and to the corresponding decrease in the use of horses and mules. Furthermore, abundant oil resources gave the United States an enviable position of independence in fuel requirements for the machines. Secretary Davis' 1928 directive for the development of a tank force resulted in the assembly and encampment of an experimental mechanized force at Camp Meade , Maryland, from 1 July to 20 September 1928. The combined arms team consisted of elements furnished by Infantry (including tanks), Cavalry, Field Artillery, the Air Corps, Engineer Corps, Ordnance Department, Chemical Warfare Service, and Medical Corps. An effort to continue the experiment in 1929 was defeated by insufficient funds and obsolete equipment, but the 1928 exercise did bear fruit, for the War Department Mechanization Board, appointed to study results of the experiment, recommended the permanent establishment of a mechanized force. As Chief of Staff from 1930 to 1935, Douglas MacArthur wanted to advance motorization and mechanization throughout the army. In late 1931 all arms and services were directed to adopt mechanization and motorization, "as far as is practicable and desirable", and were permitted to conduct research and to experiment as necessary. Cavalry was given the task of developing combat vehicles that would "enhance its power in roles of reconnaissance, counterreconnaissance, flank action, pursuit, and similar operations." By law, "tanks" belonged to the infantry branch, so the cavalry gradually bought a group of "combat cars", lightly armoured and armed tanks that were often indistinguishable from the newer infantry "tanks." In 1933 MacArthur set the stage for the coming complete mechanization of the cavalry, declaring, "The horse has no higher degree of mobility today than he had a thousand years ago. The time has therefore arrived when the Cavalry arm must either replace or assist the horse as a means of transportation, or else pass into the limbo of discarded military formations." Although the horse was not yet claimed to be obsolete, his competition was gaining rapidly, and realistic cavalrymen, sensing possible extinction, looked to at least partial substitution of the faster machines for horses in cavalry units. The War Department in 1938 modified its 1931 directive for all arms and services to adopt mechanization and motorization. Thereafter, development of mechanization was to be accomplished by two of the combat arms only—the cavalry and the infantry. As late as 1938, on the other hand, the Chief of Cavalry, Maj. Gen. John K. Herr , proclaimed, "We must not be misled to our own detriment to assume that the untried machine can displace the proved and tried horse." He favored a balanced force made up of both horse and mechanized cavalry. In testimony before a Congressional committee in 1939, Maj. Gen. John K. Herr maintained that horse cavalry had "stood the acid test of war", whereas the motor elements advocated by some to replace it had not. Actually, between the world wars there was much theoretical but little tangible progress in tank production and tank tactics in the United States. Production was limited to a few hand-tooled test models, only thirty-five of which were built between 1920 and 1935. Regarding the use of tanks with infantry, the official doctrine of 1939 largely reiterated that of 1923. It maintained that "As a rule, tanks are employed to assist the advance of infantry foot troops, either preceding or accompanying the infantry assault echelon." In the 1930s the American Army began to seriously discuss the integration of the tank and the airplane into existing doctrine, but the US Army remained an infantry-centered Army, even though sufficient changes had occurred to warrant serious study. In the spring of 1940, maneuvers in Georgia and Louisiana, where Patton was an umpire, showed how far Chaffee had brought the development of American armoured doctrine. World War II Tank A Waffen-SS Tiger I tank in France. World War II forced armies to integrate all the available arms at every level into a mobile, flexible team. The mechanized combined arms force came of age in this war. In 1939, most armies still thought of an armoured division as a mass of tanks with relatively limited support from the other arms. By 1943, the same armies had evolved armoured divisions that were a balance of different arms and services, each of which had to be as mobile and almost as protected as the tanks they accompanied. This concentration of mechanized forces in a small number of mobile divisions left the ordinary infantry unit deficient in armour to accompany the deliberate attack. The German, Soviet, and American armies therefore developed a number of tank surrogates such as tank destroyers and assault guns to perform these functions in cooperation with the infantry. Armour experts in most armies, however, were determined to avoid being tied to the infantry, and in any event a tank was an extremely complicated, expensive, and therefore scarce weapon. The British persisted for much of the war on a dual track of development, retaining Infantry tanks to support the infantry and lighter, more mobile cruiser tanks for independent armoured formations. The Soviets similarly produced an entire series of heavy breakthrough tanks. During the war, German tank design went through at least three generations, plus constant minor variations. The first generation included such prewar vehicles as the Panzerkampfwagen (or Panzer) I and II, which were similar to Soviet and British light tanks. The Germans converted their tank battalions to a majority of Panzer III and Panzer IV medium tanks after the 1940 French campaign. However, the appearance of large numbers of the new generation T-34 and KV-1 Soviet tanks, that were unknown to Germans until 1941, compelled them to join a race for superior armour and gun power. The third generation included many different variants, but the most important designs were the Panther (Panzer V) and Tiger (Panzer VI) tanks. Unfortunately for the Germans, lack of resources combined with emphasis on protection and firepower and a penchant for overly complex design philosophies in nearly every part of an armoured fighting vehicle's design compromised the production numbers. In 1943, for example, Germany manufactured only 5,966 tanks, as compared to 29,497 for the US, 7,476 for Britain, and an estimated 20,000[ citation needed ] for the Soviet Union. However, an assault gun casemate-hulled development of the Panzer III, the Sturmgeschütz III , would turn out to be Germany's most-produced armoured fighting vehicle of any type during the war, at just over 9,300 examples, a popular design which could also be very effectively tasked to perform the duties of a dedicated anti-tank vehicle . The alternative to constant changes in tank design was to standardize a few basic designs and mass-produce them even though technology had advanced to new improvements. This was the solution of Germany's principal opponents. The Soviet T-34, for example, was an excellent basic design that survived the war with only one major change in armament, 76.2-mm to 85-mm main gun. The United States had even more reason to standardize and mass-produce than did the Soviet Union. By concentrating on mechanical reliability, the US was able to produce vehicles that operated longer with fewer repair parts. To ensure that American tanks were compatible with American bridging equipment, the War Department restricted tank width and maximum weight to thirty tons. The army relaxed these requirements only in late 1944. When Germany invaded western Europe in 1940, the US Army had only 28 new tanks – 18 medium and 10 light – and these were soon to become obsolete, along with some 900 older models on hand. The Army had no heavy tanks and no immediate plans for any. Even more serious than the shortage of tanks was industry's lack of experience in tank manufacture and limited production facilities. Furthermore, the United States was committed to helping supply its allies. By 1942 American tank production had soared to just under 25,000, almost doubling the combined British and German output for that year. And in 1943, the peak tank production year, the total was 29,497. All in all, from 1940 through 1945, US tank production totaled 88,410. Tank designs of World War II were based upon many complex considerations, but the principal factors were those thought to be best supported by combat experience. Among these, early combat proved that a bigger tank was not necessarily a better tank. The development goal came to be a tank combining all the proven characteristics in proper balance, to which weight and size were only incidentally related. The key characteristics were mechanical reliability, firepower, mobility and protection. The problem here was that only a slight addition to the thickness of armour plate greatly increased the total weight of the tank, thereby requiring a more powerful and heavier engine. This, in turn, resulted in a larger and heavier transmission and suspension system. Just this sort of "vicious circle" aimed at upgrading a tank's most vital characteristics tended to make the tank less maneuverable, slower, and a larger and easier target. Determining the point at which the optimum thickness of armour was reached, in balance with other factors, presented a challenge that resulted in numerous proposed solutions and much disagreement. According to Lt. Gen. Lesley J. McNair, Chief of Staff of GHQ, and later Commanding General, Army Ground Forces, the answer to bigger enemy tanks was more powerful guns instead of increased size. Since emphasis of the using arms was upon light tanks during 1940 and 1941, their production at first was almost two to one over the mediums. But in 1943, as the demand grew for more powerful tanks, the lights fell behind, and by 1945 the number of light tanks produced was less than half the number of mediums. In 1945–46, the General Board of the US European Theater of Operations conducted an exhaustive review of past and future organization. The tank destroyer was deemed too specialized to justify in a peacetime force structure. In a reversal of previous doctrine, the US Army concluded that "the medium tank is the best antitank weapon." Although such a statement may have been true, it ignored the difficulties of designing a tank that could outshoot and defeat all other tanks. The Cold War · Cold War · Tank The U.S. M551 Sheridan was an air-mobile light tank with a 152 mm gun/missile launcher. In the Cold War, the two opposing forces in Europe were the Warsaw Pact countries on the one side, and the NATO countries on the other side. Soviet domination of the Warsaw Pact led to effective standardization on a few tank designs. In comparison, NATO adopted a defensive posture. The major contributing nations, France, Germany, the USA, and the UK developed their own tank designs, with little in common. After World War II, tank development continued. Tanks would not only continue to be produced in huge numbers, but the technology advanced dramatically as well. Medium tanks became heavier, their armour became thicker and their firepower increased. This led gradually to the concept of the main battle tank and the gradual elimination of the heavy tank. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design and effectiveness. Many of the changes in tank design have been refinements to targeting and ranging ( fire control ), gun stabilization, communications and crew comfort. Armour evolved to keep pace with improvements in weaponry – the rise of composite armour is of particular note – and guns grew more powerful. However, basic tank architecture did not change significantly, and has remained largely the same into the 21st century. Entering the 21st century Tank Russian Chyorny Oryol or Black Eagle features With the end of the Cold War in 1991, questions once again started sprouting concerning the relevance of the traditional tank. Over the years, many nations cut back the number of their tanks or replaced most of them with lightweight armoured fighting vehicles with only minimal armour protection. This period also brought an end to the superpower blocs, and the military industries of Russia and Ukraine are now vying to sell tanks worldwide. India and Pakistan have upgraded old tanks and bought new T-84s and T-90s from the former Soviet states. Both have demonstrated prototypes that the respective countries are not adopting for their own use, but are designed exclusively to compete with the latest western offerings on the open market. Ukraine has developed the T-84-120 Oplot, which can fire both NATO 120 mm ammunition and ATGMs through the gun barrel. It has a new turret with auto-loader , but imitates western designs with an armoured ammunition compartment to improve crew survivability. The Russian Chyorny Oryol (" Black Eagle ") is based on a lengthened T-80 hull. An early mock-up, shown for the first time at the second VTTV-Omsk-97 International Exhibition of Armaments in 1997, appears to have dramatically heavier armour, and a completely new modern turret separating crew and ammunition. The prototype has a 125 mm tank gun , but is said to be able to mount a new 152 mm gun. Russia is also rumoured to be developing the Obiekt 775 MBT, sometimes called T-95 , with a remote-controlled turret, for domestic service. The Italian C1 Ariete MBT was among the latest all-new MBTs to be fielded, with deliveries running from 1995 to 2002. The tank is nearly the same size of the very first tank, both being 8 feet (2.5 m) high. The Mark I had a ~9.9 m long (hull) and the Ariete as a 7.6/9.52 m long (hull/hull+gun). However, the Ariete weighs over double and can travel ten times faster, 54,000 kg vs. 25,401 kg and 40 mph vs. 4 mph (60 v 6 km/h). A number of armies have considered eliminating tanks completely, reverting to a mix of wheeled anti-tank guns and infantry fighting vehicles (IFV), though in general there is a great deal of resistance because all of the great powers still maintain large numbers of them, in active forces or in ready reserve. There has been no proven alternative, and tanks have had a relatively good track record in recent conflicts. The tank continues to be vulnerable to many kinds of anti-tank weapons and is more logistically demanding than lighter vehicles, but these were traits that were true for the first tanks as well. In direct fire combat they offer an unmatched combination of higher survivability and firepower among ground-based warfare systems. Whether this combination is particularly useful in proportion to their cost is matter of debate, as there also exist very effective anti-tank systems, IFVs, and competition from air-based ground attack systems. Due to vulnerability from RPG's , the tank has always had local defense from machine guns to solve the problem. This partially solved the problem in some cases, but produced another. Because the machine gun had to be operated by the commander from outside the tank, it made him vulnerable to enemy fire. To solve this problem, gun shields were made to reduce this threat, but did not completely solve the problem. So, when the development of the M1A2 TUSK (Tank Urban Survival Kit) came, the finalization of a remote machine gun came into place, and was one of the first main battle tanks to have one. Other examples of this gun have been seen, such as a 20 mm remote cannon on the M60A2 . This remote machine gun, under the name CROWS (Common Remotely Operated Weapons Station) has solved the problem of enemy fire threat to the commander, when operating the machine gun. It can also be equipped with an optional grenade launcher. Possibly one of the main evolution sources for tanks in this century are the active protection systems . Until 15 years ago, armour ( reactive or passive ) was the only effective measure against anti-tank assets. The most recent active protection systems (including Israeli TROPHY and Iron Fist and Russian Arena ) offer high survivability even against volleys of RPG and missiles . If these kinds of systems evolve further and are integrated in contemporary tank and armoured vehicle fleets, the armour-antitank equation will change completely; therefore, 21st century tanks would experience a total revival in terms of operational capabilities. See also	i don't know
What is the international telephone dialling code for France?	France - International Codes - The Phone Book from BT To call France, the following dial code is required. +33 to dial in(00 33 from UK) International access code To call from France, the following dial code is required. 00 code to dial out(00 44 for UK) Country direct The country direct access numbers provide phone access in more than 140 countries, the access numbers for France are:	thirty three
On a conventional piano keyboard, what note is the white key which immediately follows the two black notes together (as distinct from the three black notes together)?	France Country Code 33 Country Code FR About France Hide CountryCode.org is your complete guide to make a call from anywhere in the world, to anywhere in the world. This page details France phone code. The France country code 33 will allow you to call France from another country. France telephone code 33 is dialed after the IDD. France international dialing 33 is followed by an area code. The France area code table below shows the various city codes for France. France country codes are followed by these area codes. With the complete France dialing code, you can make your international call. Euro (EUR) Languages French (official) 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) Electricity	i don't know
Name the 1959 instrumental piece by The Dave Brubeck Quartet - arguably the first ever mainstream jazz hit record - whose title referred to its unusual 5/4 time-signature?	Full text of "Evaluation of the work of jazz pianist/composer Dave Brubeck" See other formats AN EVALUATION OF THE WORK OF JAZZ PIANIST/COMPOSER DAVE BRUBECK BY DANNY RONALD ZIRPOLI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1990 Copyright 1990 by Danny Ronald Zirpoli ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This writer is greatly appreciative of the valuable help given by many people. A very special thanks and acknowledgement are extended to my chairman, mentor, advisor, and friend, Dr. David Z. Kushner whose belief in my ability gave me the confidence to see this project to completion. Gratitude is extended to my other committee members Dr. S. Philip Kniseley, Professor John S. Kitts, Dr. Jeff A. Hurt, and Dr. Forrest W. Parkay. Their help and encouragement were most appreciated. I would also like to thank Mrs. Robena Eng-Cornwell , Associate University Librarian, University of Florida, for her valuable assistance. This study would have been difficult to complete without the help of Mrs. Juliet Gerlin. She not only provided valuable support and source materials but also arranged for a personal interview with Dave Brubeck. To my mother, Margaret Zirpoli, mother-in-law, Eileen Cywinski, and father-in-law, John Cywinski, go my heartfelt thanks. Their faith and confidence in me were unsurpassed. I will forever be indebted to my wife for her help and moral support during this time. She truly helped me through my darkest hours. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES vi ABSTRACT xii CHAPTERS I INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT 1 II METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS 5 III REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 11 IV BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 18 V INFLUENCES AND STYLISTIC APPROACHES 37 Early Influences 3 7 Darius Milhaud Influence 56 Compositional Approach Polyrhythms and Polytonality 58 Influence of European Classical Composers Integration of Classical and Jazz Elements 67 Jazz Choral Compositions 80 Orchestral Genre — Elementals 88 Programmatic Inspiration — Keyboard Works.. 89 Inspiration from other Countries Keyboard Works 89 Schools of Jazz--Influences 102 Audience/Performer Interaction 105 Reciprocal Influence 113 VI BRUBECK AND THE CRITICS 115 Musical Criticisms 116 Social Criticisms 128 VII METRIC AND RHYTHMIC EXPERIMENTS 132 VIII CULTURAL AMBASSADOR 154 IX PEDAGOGICAL AND INSTRUCTIONAL VALUE 163 Elementary Student 164 Advanced Student 177 X SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS 195 Research Question One: To What Extent has Brubeck Contributed to the Development of Jazz Piano? 196 Research Question Two: To What Extent has Brubeck been Influential in Promoting the Cause of Jazz? 198 Research Question Three: What is the Extent of Brubeck's Contribution as far as Compositional Output is Concerned? 199 Research Question Four: What is the Extent of Pedagogical/Instructional Value in the Study and Analysis of Dave Brubeck's Music? 201 Implications 202 GLOSSARY: DEFINITIONS 204 APPENDICES A SELECTED LIST OF PIANO COMPOSITIONS 208 B SELECTED LIST OF CHORAL COMPOSITIONS 212 C RECORDINGS BY THE DAVE BRUBECK ENSEMBLES... 213 REFERENCES 215 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 221 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page 1 Gloria (measures 1-11) 40 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1976 St. Francis Shawnee Press, Inc. Music Co. 2 God ' s Love Made Visible (measures 1-5) 41 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1978 St. Francis Shawnee Press, Inc. Music Co. 3 Mr. Fats (measures 39-54) 46 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1980 St. Francis Derry Music Co. Music Co. 4 It's a Raggy Waltz (measures 1-11) 49 (c) 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 5 Rag (measures 13-25) 50 (c) 1962 & 1963 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 6 Mr. Fats (measures 1-11) 52 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1980 St.. Francis Derry Music Co. Music Co. 7 The Duke (measures 1-17) 55 (c) 1955 & 1956 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 8 Polytonal voicing 61 9 Polytonal chordal structures 62 10 Polytonal chord structure 63 11 Polytonal chord structure 65 12 Georgia on my Mind (measures 29-38) 66 13 Brandenburg Gate (measures 1-24) 69 (c) 1959 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission vi 15 16 17 19 21 23 26 Fugue (measures 1-12) 70 (c) 1962 & 1963 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission Pick Up Sticks (measures 1-11) 72 (c) 1960, 1961 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by. Permission Strange Meadowlark (measures 15 6-160) 73 (c) 1960 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission Strange Meadowlark (measure 68) 74 (c) 1960 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission Strange Meadowlark (measures 108-109) 76 (c) 1960 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission In Your Own Sweet Way (measures 1-7) 77 Tc) 1955 & 1956 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission Blue Shadows in the Street 78 (measures 1-12T (c) 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission Dziekuje (measures 1-16) 79 (c) 1959 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission Forty Days (measures 52-62) 84 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1968 St. Francis Shawnee Press, Inc. Music Co. Tone row 86 (From The Gates of Justice , Section XII) Oh , Come Let Us Sing (measures 87-106) 87 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1970) St. Francis Shawnee Press, Inc. Music Co. Strange Meadowlark (measures 1-2) 90 (•c) 1960 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission Tritonis (measures 1-15) 91 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1979 St. Francis Derry Music Co. Music Co. vii 27 Cantiga Nova Swing (measures 1-13) 93 (c) 1963 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 28 Castilian Blue s (measures 1-6) 94 (c) 1962 & 1967 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 29 Lamento (measures 33-42) 95 (c) 1963 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 30 Lamento (measures 1-16) 96 (c) 1963 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 31 The Golden Horn (measures 1-8) 97 (c) 1959 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 32 Blue Rondo a la Turk (measures 1-11) 99 (c) 1960 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 33 Nomad (measures 1-16) 100 (c) 1959 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 34 Koto Song (measures 53-60) 103 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1964 St. Francis Shawnee Press, Inc. Music Co. 35 The City is Crying (measures 1-13) 106 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1964 St. Francis Shawnee Press, Inc. Music Co. 36 Southern Scene (measures 50-58) 107 (c) 1960, 1962, 1964 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 37 Dizzy's Dream (measures 1-9) 108 (c) 1986 & 1987 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 38 Georgia on my Mind (measures 1-27) 109 39 Georgia on my Mind (1-17) 110 40 Georgia on my Mind (18-38) Ill 41 Blue Rondo a la Turk (measures 1-11) 133 (c) 1960 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 42 Standard twelve-bar blues pattern 135 43 Modified version of twelve-bar 136 blues pattern 44 Blue Rondo a l_a Turk (measures 79-90) 137 (c) 1960 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 45 Blue Rondo a la Turk (measures 91-102) 138 (c) 1960 & 1962) Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 46 Take Five (measures 1-12) 140 (c) 1960 & 1961 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 47 Kathy's Waltz (measures 1-13) 141 (c) 1960, 1961, 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 48 Kathy's Waltz (measures 34-58) 142 (c) 1960, 1961, 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 49 Kathy's Waltz (measures 73-90) 144 (c) 1960, 1961, 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 50 Everybody's Jumping (measures 1-18) 145 (c) 1960 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 51 It's A Raggy Waltz (measures 1-12) 147 (c) 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 52 Far More Blue (measures 1-16) 149 TcT 1961 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 53 Unsquare Dance (measures 1-18) 150 (c) 1961 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission ix 54 Unsquare Dance (measures 19-30) 152 (c) 1961 5 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 55 Three's A Crowd (measures 1-18) 166 (c) 1962 & 1963 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 56 Countdown (measures 1-8) 167 (c) 1962 & 1963 Reprinted by Permission 57 I See Satie (measures 1-14) 168 (c) 1986 & 1987 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 58 Elana Jov (measures 1-3) 170 (c) 1986 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 59 Elana Joy (measures 7-10) 171 (c) 1986 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 60 Dizzy ' s Dream (measures 1-9) 172 (c) 1986 & 1987 Derry Music co. Reprinted by Permission 61 How Does Your Garden Grow 173 (measures 1-9) (c) 1986 & 1987 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 62 Nomad (measures 37-46) 175 (c) 1959 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 63 Brandenburg Gate (measures 1-24) 176 (c) 1959 Derry Music co. Reprinted by Permission 64 Golden Horn (measures 1-8) 178 (c) 1959 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 65 Golden Horn (measures 21-28) 179 (c) 1959 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission x b6 Rising Sun (measures 19-29) 180 (c) 1964 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 67 Bluette (measures 1-11) 182 (c) 1961 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 68 Rising Sun (measures 1-8) 183 (c) 1964 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 69 Georgia on my Mind (measures 19-28) 184 70 Fast Life (measures 112-118) 185 <c) 1962 & 1963 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 71 Castilian Blues (measures 1-13) 186 (c) 1962 & 1963 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 72 Three To Get Ready (measures 45-59) 188 (c) 19F0 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 73 Blue Rondo a la Turk (measures 1-11) 189 (c) 1960 & 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 74 It 's A Raggy Waltz (measures 1-8) 190 (c) 1962 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 75 Weep No More (measures 1-18) 192 (c) 1955 Derry Music Co. Reprinted by Permission 76 The City is Crying (measures 1-13) 193 Reprinted by Permission (c) 1964 St. Francis Shawnee Press, Inc. Music Co. Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy AN EVALUATION OF THE WORK OF JAZZ PIANIST/COMPOSER DAVE BRUBECK By Danny Ronald Zirpoli May, 1990 Chairman: Dr. David Z. Kushner Major Department: Instruction and Curriculum The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the work of jazz pianist /composer Dave Brubeck in order to ascertain the extent of his contributions to the field of jazz . The thrust of the research concentrated on areas related to general biographical information; Brubeck's meter/rhythm experiments; European classical influences: cultural aspects, including sociological factors; compositional output; pedagogical and instructional values; and jazz ambassadorial contributions. Brubeck's relationship with the critics was also probed. Specific research questions included 1. To what extent did Brubeck contribute to the development of jazz? 2. To what extent has Brubeck been influential in promoting the cause of jazz? 3. What is the extent of Brubeck's contribution as far as the quantity of music literature is concerned? 4. To what extent might Brubeck's music be utilized in an educational setting? From the findings it was evident that Brubeck contributed to the field of jazz in a variety of ways. He contributed to the development of jazz piano by the systematic application of unusual meters, polyrhythms, and polytonality. He expanded the concept of free improvisation within the context of odd meters. Through the integration of classical and jazz elements Brubeck helped "pave the way" for other jazz musicians and create new markets for jazz. He also promulgated the cause of jazz and, in so doing, increased inter-cultural under- standing and feelings of goodwill. Although the focus of the study was on the piano works, selected examples of other genre were also examined. It was concluded that Brubeck's large-scale choral/jazz compositions are a viable contribution to music literature. Pedagogical value in Brubeck's piano compositions and improvisations was evident. It was concluded that a study of his music could benefit both the beginning and advanced jazz student. Recommendations were made to include a study of his music within a curriculum of jazz. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT Jazz pianist-composer Dave Brubeck, often identified as a representative of the West Coast school of jazz, has maintained an intensely active musical career spanning more than 50 years. His work has been divided equally between composition and performance. Brubeck's efforts as a composer have involved not only the medium of the piano but also large-scale orchestral-choral jazz works. A considerable amount of Brubeck's energy was devoted to metrical and rhythmic experiments. Brubeck's employment of unusual meters, such as 5/4, 6/4, 7/4, and polyrhythms raises some important questions regarding the extent of his influence. The classic Brubeck quartet was extremely active on the college concert circuit during the 1960s and 1970s. The Brubeck Quartet also toured Eastern Europe and the Middle East for the U.S. State Department. Furthermore, in 1964, it was the first jazz group to perform at an official White House function (Personal interview, 1989). More recently, Brubeck's tours of the Soviet Union (1987 and 1989) brought jazz to many people who hitherto had been deprived of it. 1 Presently, Brubeck is exteraely active composing and touring with a quartet that consists of Jack Six (bass), Randy Jones (drums), Bill Smith (clarinet), and Brubeck on piano. The Quartet's present itinerary includes both the United States and Europe. Brubeck's 1989 tour included Salzburg, Munich, Zurich, Basle, Berne, Brussels, and other cities in Germany, Austria, and Holland. An upcoming tour will include a concert with the London Symphony Orchestra in a celebration of Brubeck's 70th birthday. Brubeck has been the recipient of a number of awards. He received the Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) Jazz Pioneer Award , and he is a Duke Ellington Fellow at Yale University. In 1985 he received a place in the Walk of Honor at the Concord Pavilion, the Compostela Humanitarian Award , and a Citation from the National Federation of of Music Clubs. Brubeck was a recipient of the Connecticut Music Educators Award and also received a Commendation of Excellence from Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) for his contribution to the jazz field. Brubeck received the Connecticut Arts Award in 1987 and was honored in 1988 with the American Eagle Award presented by the National Music Council. In addition to these awards, he also holds four honorary doctorate degrees. o Problem Statement Each year an increasing number of music departments in colleges and universities around the country expand their music programs to include jazz studies. A review f the literature on jazz curricula revealed a definite need for more jazz literature and pedagogical materials. The same situation was evident regarding the elementary or young jazz pupil. Thus, it seems that this study could contribute significantly to the solution of some of the practical problems faced by jazz educators. The problem addressed in this study centered around two research objectives: 1. A general evaluation of the work of Dave Brubeck. 2. An assessment of pedagogical/instructional value in the study and analysis of Dave Brubeck 's music. Three questions were addressed regarding the first objective. 1. To what extent has Brubeck contributed to the development of jazz piano? 2. To what extent has Brubeck been influential in promoting the cause of jazz? 3. What is the extent of Brubeck's contribution as far as compositional output is concerned? In assessing Brubeck's contributions, an attempt must be made to place him in historical perspective. For example, to what extent is Brubeck a representative of a particular school, such as the West Coast or Cool school? Many contradictions appear in the literature; furthermore, it was concluded, following an initial review of the literature, that the question of Brubeck's historical perspective has not been adequately addressed. In most of the jazz history books and texts, the work of Brubeck has been given only cursory treatment; in many other writings on jazz he is not mentioned at all. This is another reason why this study is being conducted. The second research objective, evaluation of the music for instructional worth, is divided into two categories : a. Value as material for undergraduate/graduate jazz curricula. b. Value as material for the elementary jazz student . Brubeck's compositions actually fall into two categories. The first is a body of literature which does not rely on improvisation but is completely written out. It incorporates, however, definite melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic elements of jazz. The other category involves music which includes transcribed improvisations. The extent to which both these categories of music could be applied to an educational setting will be assessed. Analysis and discussion of Brubeck's works concentrate mainly on the keyboard works rather than other genre such as the orchestral-choral compositions. This provides for a sharper focus. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS In the present study, the researcher utilized standard historical procedures in order to address the research question. According to Hockett (1955), historical research is based on procedures that consist of "the gathering of data, the criticism of data; and the presentation of facts, interpretations, and conclusions in readable form" (p. 9). In conducting this research, past events were investigated, a record of current events was maintained, and evidence was evaluated in order to provide meaningful conclusions. Adherence to accepted musicological research practices were paramount. Valuable guides included A Guide to Research in Music Education by Phelps (1986) and An Introduction to Musicology by Haydon (1941). Although musicology is divided into systematic and historical categories, it should be kept in mind that the two divisions are complementary; it is almost impossible to maintain one without the other. According to Haydon (1941), "the systematic and historical approaches constitute the two axis in the frame of references in relation to which musical intelligence is oriented" (p. 10). The researcher strove to meet three general requirements : 1. To be conscious of the existing problem. 2. To define the problem in such a way as to render it susceptible of solution. 3. To seek the integration of this particular problem with more general problems. In order to achieve the objective of the research, a thorough examination of primary and secondary sources was undertaken. The examination of selected musical scores formed an important base. The preliminary vehicles for obtaining sources included the following: Eric search (RIE, CUE); the Encyclopedia of Educational Research ; Music Index ; Jazz Index ; International Repertory of Music Literature (RILM); Reader ' s Guide to Periodical Literature ; Facts on File ; and Books in Print . Comprehensive Dissertation Index and Dissertation Abstracts International were also consulted. Included among specific bibliographic jazz sources were The Literature of Jazz (Reisner, 1959), A Bibliography of Jazz (Merriam, 1970), and The Literature of Jazz : A Critical Guide (Kennington, 1971). The primary and secondary sources utilized covered a wide spectrum, including scores, recordings, concert programs, newsletters, newspapers, and reviews. Jazz history/ literature books, as well as jazz dictionaries and encyclopedias, were examined for pertinent information. A personal interview with Dave Brubeck, which took place on May 20, 1989, in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, provided valuable primary information. Both a structured and open- ended format was utilized. Specific questions employed within the interview related to areas such as biography, influences, stylistic approach, and pedagogy. Information obtained from the interview was integrated throughout the study. Analysis of actual musical examples formed an important part of the research strategy. Scores were obtained from Columbia Pictures Publications (Derry Music Company), Shawnee Press, and Hansen House. Musical analysis was used as one of the primary tools in addressing the two main research objectives: 1. A general evaluation of the work of Dave Brubeck. 2. The extent of pedagogical and instructional value in the study and analysis of Dave Brubeck's music. Even though the focus of the study was on the piano works, other genre, such as the large-scale choral jazz works, were briefly discussed, in as much as they occupy an important place in the spectrum of the composer's total musical productivity. In regard to general organization, the study consists of ten chapters, bibliography, glossary, and three 8 appendices . In Chapter III, "Review of the Literature," a foundation for the study is built by examining pertinent literature related to the problem statement. Chapter IV, "Biographical Sketch," contains information related to the composer's life and career development. Primary sources provide important insights for this chapter. In Chapter V, "Influences and Stylistic Approaches," the gamut of influences to which Brubeck was (and is) subject to is examined. This includes not only sociological factors, other jazz musicians, and education, but also the influences of American and European classical composers. A discussion of Brubeck 's interaction with various culture elements is included. Brubeck's stylistic approaches to his music are integrated within this chapter. Material from the personal interview provides pertinent data for this chapter. Chapter VI, "Brubeck and the Critics," contains information pertaining to Brubeck's relationship with the critics. Material is extracted from a sampling of criticisms which provides further insight into Brubeck and his music. In Chapter VII, "Metric and Rhythmic Experiments," selected compositions representative of Brubeck's early experimental period are discussed. His employment of meters and rhythmic procedures that were considered unconventional in jazz are evaluated. In Chapter VIII, "Cultural Ambassador," the researcher examines the extent to which Brubeck promulgates and promotes the cause of jazz and inter-cultural relations through his concert tours. In Chapter IX, "Pedagogical and Instructional Value," the extent to which Brubeck's work might be utilized in an educational setting is addressed. Selected piano compositions are examined for pedagogical worth. Material and methods for the beginning and advanced jazz student are considered. In Chapter X, "Summary, Conclusions, and Implications," the researcher provides a recapitulation of the data found in Chapters V through IX. Conclusions are drawn regarding the extent of Brubeck's contributions, and recommendations are made in the areas of musicological research and pedagogy. The glossary provides a list of key terms and definitions used in the study. Appendix A is a selected list of Brubeck's original compositions for piano. Appendix B is a compilation of other genre, such as the large-scale choral jazz works. Appendix C is an alphabetical list of recordings by the Dave Brubeck ensembles (trio, quartet, octet , etc. ) . In some instances, the literary approach within this study may appear to be somewhat journalistic. This is because of the subject area and nature of the source 10 materials. A greater part of the information was extracted from magazine sources and reviews. It is hoped that through the exploration of aesthetic elements, historical data, and the examination of technical features, an evaluation of the work of Dave Brubeck emerged, which will, in turn, contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of jazz. CHAPTER III REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The major portion of literature about Dave Brubeck emanated mainly from periodical sources and, for the most part, was in the form of either very brief profiles or concert reviews. Representative journals and magazines included Down Beat , Jazz Journal , Melodv Maker , Jazz Magazine , Variety , and the International Musician . Down Beat and Jazz Journal contained the larger percentage of pertinent articles. The literature found in books on jazz (texts and general reading) was minimal. Several encyclopedia sources provided information on Brubeck. Among these were The New Grove Dictionary of American Music (article by Richard Wang, 1986) and The Encvlopedia of Jazz in the Seventies (Feather and Gitler, 1970). A more specialized entry was found in 101 Best Jazz Albums — A History of Jazz on Records (Lyons , 1980) . A series of three substantive articles by Ralph J. Gleason were found in Down Beat (July, August, September, 1957). They contained information related to biography, Brubeck's budding popularity, and his reactions to the critics . 11 12 A very informative two-part report, About this Man Brubeek , by Gene Lees, appeared in Down Beat in 1961. It not only discussed the nature of criticisms directed toward Brubeek but also provided excellent information regarding some of his cultural influences. Other magazines which provided lengthy reports on Brubeek included Time magazine, Good Housekeeping , The New York Times , and the New Yorker . It was the Time article on November 8, 1954, that was extremely pro- Brubeck and seemed to produce many negative feelings from other musicians and critics. Michael Drury's, The Private Life of Dave Brubeek ( Good Housekeeping , February, 1958) provided a considerable amount of biographical information and was directed more toward Brubeek 's family life. The Beat Heard ' Round the World ( The New York Times , June 15, 1958), written by Brubeek, contained much information concerning his initial European and Middle Eastern tour. In June, 1961, the New Yorker produced a very substantial three-part profile on Brubeek which provided an excellent history of the evolution of the Brubeek ensembles. In regard to book sources, Hear Me Talking To Ya (Shapiro and Hentoff, 1966) and The Great Jazz Pianists (Lyons, 1983) yielded useful information. The interview by Lyons, in particular, was fairly comprehensive and was divided equally between biographical information and style characteristics. 13 T he Dave Brubeck Quartet Newsletter , published several times a year, was extremely valuable in that it provided many first hand accounts. It maintained a constant up-date of Brubeck 's itinerary and travel experiences . By the late 1950s, Brubeck had formed his "classic" Quartet and had begun not only his controversial experiments with meter and rhythm but also his series of college concert tours that, in turn, brought his unorthodox approach to many listeners, including the. critics. A large portion of the literature from these years (1956-1967) was extremely negative. Critics and reviewers who addressed these issues included Hentoff (1955), Mehegan (1957), and Williams (1961). Some of the literature during the earlier years also implicated the existence of negative feelings toward Brubeck from other musicians. Through his college concert tours Brubeck was finding not only public recognition but also a fair degree of financial success. Many other jazz musicians were not getting much exposure or lucrative "gig" opportunities; consequently, resentment often ran high. One particular incident was related by J. Collier. What he (Ornette Coleman) did instead was drop out of public sight. The cause, apparently, was a gig he played at the Jazz Gallery, a club opened by the Terminis in 14 Greenwich Village to capitalize on the new jazz wave. Coleman was getting something like S1200 a week for his group, playing to a packed house each time. He discovered that Dave Brubeck was getting something like $4,000 a week at the same club and not drawing as well as Coleman had done. (Collier, 1978, p. 469) Brubeck 's academic approach to jazz was influential in promoting resentment from many other jazz musicians; moreover, many of these musicians were, for the most part, unschooled. Brubeck discovered that by presenting his music in semi-academic fashion he could appeal to the college audience. Davis, in his Writings in Jazz , stated Dave Brubeck made an important move when he began appearing on college campuses through- out the country. Jazz had been popular among college audiences before this, but beginning with Brubeck, colleges and universities grew to be the largest market for jazz in the United States. (Davis, 1985, p. 116) Shortly after his first successful college date at Oberlin College, Ohio, Brubeck made a series of records that appealed to the college and university markets. From the periodical literature (Gleason, August 8, 1957; Rice, June 3, 1961), it appeared that his success in these endeavors was one of the first major breakthroughs for record companies into the college market since the 1920s. Although Brubeck was criticized by many of the black musicians, some of the literature from the 1960s dealt 15 with his use of a racially integrated group (Gleason, 1960). On one particular occasion, controversy resulted in the cancellation of a twenty-five day tour of southern colleges and universities which, in turn, cost the Quartet an estimated SAO, 000 in guarantees (Gleason, 1960). Following the cancellations, Brubeck made an appeal to southern jazz fans "to cooperate in helping us demonstrate that jazz music is one of the best aspects of American democracy" (Gleason, 1960, p. 13). Since the 1960s, a large proportion of the periodical literature dealt with the various constellations of musicians with whom Brubeck has worked (Ramsey, 1972; Cooper, 1974; Clark, 1974). Throughout the 1970s, Brubeck toured and recorded with many different musicians, including Gerry Mulligan, Allen Dawson, and Jack Six. He actually organized several new quartets that at various times included one or more of his sons (Feather, 1976). Since the late 1950s, Brubeck has been active composing various large-scale works. These have included ballets, oratorios, and cantatas. Most of the literature regarding these works was in the form of reviews. Reactions to Brubeck's large-scale jazz forms utilizing religious themes were mixed. For the most part, the literature was very superficial with little attempt to analyze the music or discuss any historical implications. 16 Very little of the literature dealt with Brubeck's classical influence. When this issue was addressed, it was very superficial; no attempt was made to analyze or synthesize. Case and Britt (1978) stated that "Brubeck imported many classical devices into jazz, especially atonality, fugue, and counterpoint. Bach, Beethoven, and Chopin borrowings can be found throughout his work and his touch is closer to the classical concert hall than the jazz club" (p. iO). One important research question concerns the extent to which any pedagogical/instructional value exists in the study and analysis of Brubeck's music. As implied earlier, there is an urgent need for more source materials in the jazz curriculum. This applies not only to the college music student but also to the elementary level jazz student. In surveying Brubeck's piano music we can find examples that would be applicable to both categories. Literature that made reference to any educational value in Brubeck's music was, to be sure, minimal. In one article that appeared in Keyboard Magazine , suggestions on polyrhythmic playing were included, along with a few examples of Brubeck's polytonal voicings (Laverne, 1987). The review of the literature provided the researcher with a relatively good base for the study. Areas that were targeted for the review included general biographical 17 information; Brubeck's meter/rhythm experiments; cultural aspects, including sociological factors; compositional output; European classical influences; pedagogical values; and "jazz ambassadorial" contributions. All of these categories needed to be taken into consideration in order to produce a sound evaluation of the work of Dave Brubeck. To this extent, a focus was achieved through considerable generalization, and resulted, hopefully, in a contribution to the field of knowledge. CHAPTER IV BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH David Warren Brubeck was born in Concord, California, on December 6, 1920. He was the third son of Howard "Peter" Brubeck, a cattle rancher, and Elizabeth Ivey Brubeck, an accomplished classical pianist, choir director, and music teacher (Personal interview, 1989). Both of Brubeck 's brothers were musicians; Henry Brubeck, who was eleven years older than Dave, studied the violin, while Howard, just four years Dave's senior, performed on the string bass. It was Howard who contributed significantly to Dave's career by transcribing many of his compositions and improvisations (Personal interview, 1989). As an infant Dave Brubeck was exposed to a variety of classical music. Actually, he felt that this exposure even preceded infancy; he related that "she [his mother] believed in prenatal influence, so she practiced through all her pregnancies. When we were born, we were all put near the piano to listen to her practicing. I heard Chopin, Liszt, Mozart, and Bach from infancy" (Lyons, 1983, p. 104). At the age of four, Brubeck began piano lessons with his mother. When he was about five, the lessons ceased U 19 for six months because his mother went to Europe in order to study piano with the renowned Tobias Matthay (Lyons, 1983). Upon her return, young Brubeck resumed his music studies; however, he said that "she didn't force me to play serious music, but she gave me a lot of theory, ear training, and harmony" (Gleason, August 8, 1957, p. 17). When he was eight or nine years old, Brubeck began to study the cello. Although he felt little kinship with this instrument, it did provide the opportunity for his first experience with chamber music (Personal interview, 1989). A family quartet was subsequently organized with his mother on piano, his brother Henry on violin, and his brother Howard on string bass (Race, 1961). In regard to his own reluctant role as cellist in the ensemble, Brubeck commented I was terrible. I started on a three-quarter cello when I was eight or nine years old and fought with my mother and elder brothers everv time I picked the thing up. We had one brother that played violin very well, that was Henry; then Howard played string bass for this quartet, my mother played piano and I was forced to play cello, and the sessions usually ended up with everybody rapping me with violin bows and everything else, so I began to hate the instrument, because they were all much older than I. (Race, 1961, p. 3) In 1931, Brubeck and family moved from Concord to lone, California, where his father managed a 45,000 acre ranch. It was during the lone years that the young 20 Brubeck began to make public appearances as a pop pianist. His first band experiences were with a local laundryman who was the leader of a combo that played for Saturday night dances. The country-oriented band played not only in lone but also in such surrounding communities as Fiddletown, Sheep Ranch, Angels Camp, Grizzly Flats, Copperpolis, and Volcano (Rice, 1961). According to Rice (1961), Brubeck was paid S8.00 for a work night that lasted from 9:00 until 12:00 a.m. and then, after a one hour break for supper, from 1:00 until 4:00 a.m. in the morning. This early Western rural background probably provided the impetus for some of Brubeck's later piano compositions such as Reminiscences of the Cattle Country and Centennial Suite . It seemed logical that Brubeck would follow in his father's footsteps and become a rancher. In response to his mother's attempt to encourage him to seek a music career, Brubeck quipped "Ma, you've got two musicians; I want to be a cattleman" ( Time , 1954, p. 73). In 1937, at the age of seventeen, Brubeck entered the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California, in order to study veterinary medicine. Although his original intention was to return to his father's ranch following graduation, Brubeck changed his major to music during his second year at the University (Rice, 1961). According to Rice (1961), 21 Brubeck found concentration on zoology particularly difficult because his classroom faced the music department. Rice related The noises that came in through the windows from the conservatory held far more interest for Brubeck than any possible discussion of frogs' ganglia — a fact that did not escape the notice of his professor. One spring day, while Brubeck was dreamily beating an accom- paniment with his foot to some snatch of music from across the lawn, the professor broke off his lecture in mid-sentence, pointed out the window, and said, "Brubeck, why don't you just go over there next vear?" (Rice, 1961, p. 60/62) During his student days at the College of the Pacific, Brubeck was introduced by a friend, Harold Meeske, to a young sophomore named Iola Marie Whitlock; Miss Whitlock eventually became Brubeck 's wife. Both Iola and Meeske became two very important influences in Brubeck 's life and career decisions. Iola, an aspiring actress and writer, was also the co-director of a weekly radio show at the University of the Pacific. Brubeck gained considerable early experience as a jazz pianist by making regular appearances on this show. One interesting anecdote related how, on one particular occasion, Brubeck stomped his feet so hard as he performed that the noise almost drowned out the music, whereupon, Iola made him take off his shoes ( Time , 1954). Brubeck graduated from the University of the Pacific in 1942 and immediately entered into military service. 22 Initially, he was assigned to the post at Camp Haan , in Southern California. During his 18-month stay at Haan, Brubeck not only played piano with the band but also began writing small combo arrangements (Gleason, August 8, 1957). Because of the European war, Brubeck, together with fellow band members, received new orders and was transferred to the infantry. He was sent at once to Camp Howze, Texas, for basic training with a new regiment. Regarding this brief but intense training period, Rice (1961) related On one characteristic night, Brubeck remembers, he was sleeping hard after a twenty-five-mile hike when he was shaken awake by a lieutenant, hustled into a jeep, and driven to a remote field where some unit or other was crawling under live ammunition. After several weeks of this, the musicians were hurried up to Boston, put on a transport sailing for Liverpool, transferred on the Liverpool dock into a sealed train headed for a Southhampton dock, sent across the Channel, and carried in another train to a replacement center near Metz, in eastern France — all in a matter of ten days, (p. 64) Despite the effort to ready Brubeck for combat, he never did any fighting. Brubeck missed going to the front by a matter of minutes by volunteering to serve as a pianist during a Red Cross show (Gleason, August 8, 1957). He was subsequently heard by the area commandant and assigned the leadership of a new band that was sent into nearby combat areas to play for the frontline troops. 23 Brubeck's experience with this new ensemble was more productive and satisfying compared to his situation at Camp Haan, due to the fact that he had the opportunity to arrange, compose, and lead (Gleason, August 8, 1957). Concerning the reception of his compositions, Brubeck said, "I had only one guy go back to the front rather than play them! He couldn't see it at all" (Gleason, August 8, 1957, p. 19). After the German capitulation, Brubeck traveled with various USO tours throughout France and Germany until his discharge in 1946. Upon leaving military service, Brubeck enrolled at Mills College in Oakland, California, where he began studying composition with Darius Milhaud (1892-1974). According to Gleason (1957), Brubeck had already established contact with Milhaud prior to entering the service. As will be noted later, Milhaud exerted a profound influence on Brubeck. In fact, Brubeck's oldest son, Darius, who was born June 14, 1947 in San Francisco, was named after the French composer. While at Mills College, Brubeck played various local engagements in and around the San Francisco area. He made fairly regular appearances at the Geary Cellar, a small club in the theatre district of San Francisco. Although Brubeck's combo at this club consisted mainly of Norman Bates on bass, Frances Lynne (later with Gene Krupa and 24 Charlie Barnet) on vocals, and Darryl Cutler on tenor saxophone and cocktail drums, Paul Desmond began to sit in with the group regularly; in fact, the Geary Cellar became an important setting for visiting musicians. Jack Egan, who was an advance man for many bands in San Francisco, wrote an article about Brubeck's engagement at the Geary Cellar, becoming the first to mention Brubeck in a national publication (Gleason, August 8, 1957). During this time Brubeck organized an experimental group, the Jazz Workshop Ensemble. Its main function was to play the pieces that had been written as classroom exercises. Five members of this group, including Brubeck, were in Milhaud's class — Bill Smith, Dave Van Kriedt, Dick Collings, and Jack Weeks. Originally, the ensemble was primarily a rehearsal band; however, shortly after its formation, Milhaud set up a concert at Mills College (Gleason, August 8, 1957). From there, the ensemble went to the College of the Pacific to perform. Sometime after the initial performances but before the first recording, the Jazz Workshop Ensemble became known as the Octet (Wang, 1986). In the spring of 1949, the Octet was presented in a concert at the Marines Memorial Theatre in San Francisco by Ray Gorham. A local disc jockey, Jimmy Lyons, heard the band, and with the help of KNBC instigated the birth 25 of a new radio jazz show, The Lyons ' Busy , which would utilize a trio led by Brubeck; the endeavor met with much success (Gleason, August 8, 1957). In addition to the radio show, Brubeck also began teaching a course in jazz history through the University of California extension program. Although Brubeck started to use a trio, which turned out to be the actual rhythm section of the Octet, he had hopes of reuniting the original Octet. Brubeck stated But I couldn't get work for the octet, so I went out with the rhythm section as a trio, hoping that as we got better known I could add everybody back. After a while I brought Paul back, but the public didn't go for the octet. (Woolley, 1978, p. 37) Brubeck's trio began its first steady commercial engagement at the Burma Lounge in Oakland, California, in the fall of 1949, where they stayed until April, 1950 Gleason, August 8, 1957). The trio began recording for trombonist Jack Sheedy's label, Coronet, in 1950 (Gleason, August 8, 1957). Actually, well-known record companies showed little interest in Brubeck despite his many submissions; in any event, two music promoters, Sol and Max Weiss, formed a partnership with Brubeck and created Fantasy Records. The first Fantasy 78-rpms in 1949 and 1950 included Blue Moon , Tea for Two , The Wav You Look Tonight , and Love Walked In (Feather, 1966). Concerning 26 his rejection by existing record companies and the creation of Fantasy, Erubeck commented that "my first record — with Fantasy — was made with my own money. Nobody would record me. And then I read somewhere that I've never paid my dues. ... I wish I knew who'd paid more" (Lees, 1961, p. 23). In August, 1950, the trio made its first appearance outside of Oakland at Salt Lake City and then returned to the Black Hawk in San Francisco where the original Octet had made several appearances (Gleason, August 8, 1957). The early Brubeck trio did undergo some personnel changes; moreover, double bass player Jack Weeks was replaced by Norman Bates, who, in turn, was later superseded by Ron Crotty. The final Dave Brubeck Trio, prior to the formation of a quartet, consisted of Dave Brubeck, Cal Tjader (drummer-vibraphonist ) , and Ron Crotty (double bass). It was disbanded in the spring of 1951, but not without first winning both the Downbeat and Metronome Awards for Best New Instrumental Group (Personal interview, 1989). Before Brubeck and Paul Desmond solidified their relationship with the creation of the Quartet, Brubeck accepted one more trio booking — a three-month stand at a Honolulu club in Hawaii. This trip, however, proved to be disastrous due to a near fatal swimming accident which incapacitated Brubeck for several months. He had been 27 spending the day at Waikiki Beach with his family — by this time he had his second son, Chris — when, after diving, he dislocated two of the vertebrae in his neck and destroyed the cartilage between them (Rice, 1961). According to Rice, Brubeck, from his bed in the Honolulu hospital, wrote to Desmond and proposed the formation of a quartet; in addition, he also charged Desmond with the mission of finding a rhythm section and employment for the group, if possible. Upon his return to California, in June of 1951, Brubeck found himself back at the Black Hawk making his debut with the newly formed Dave Brubeck Quartet (Rice, 1961). Despite several interruptions, the Brubeck-Desmond collaboration actually lasted for nearly 30 years. This new Quartet, however, would become the strongest vehicle to cement the Brubeck-Desmond bond which would, in turn, become a significant factor in catapulting Brubeck to national attention. Even though the new Quartet performed at the Black Hawk for only three months, it was long enough to enable the group to develop a repertoire and prepare for leaving the confines of San Francisco and the West Coast. Paul Desmond evidently looked forward to the prospect of extensive traveling. Regarding the unpredictable 23 element of the road, he related One thing I dig about traveling is the alternation between luxury and squalor. One minute it's all steak and Roquefort dressing and the Diners' Club, and six hours later you're pathetically grateful that there's a machine with peanut-butter sandwiches in it in some gas station. It keeps you focused on the true values of life, like what luxuries a good meal and a comfortable bed really are. (Rice 1961, p. 77) Brubeck, being very much a family-oriented man, would try to take his family with him as much as was practically possible; in fact, the first trip on which he took his wife and boys was fairly extensive and included such cities as Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, New York, Boston, and Chicago (Rice, 1961). Isolation from the family was a factor that had to be dealt with by many musicians; Brubeck was no exception. He related an incident about a musician whom he knew who quit the jazz world because he felt he was away from this family too much. This musician took a regular nine-to- five job and six months later confided to Brubeck, "I should have listened to you. You know when I see my kids now? At dinnertime and that's all" (Drury, 1958, p. 209). It appears that while Brubeck was at home, he fitted his work into the family's schedule rather than the other way around. 29 By 1954, Brubeck was contemplating how to liberate his Quartet from the night club circuit; moreover, he had a strong feeling that his music was not being properly attended by patrons who did enjoy the Quartet. When fellow musicians confided in Brubeck that they could not find work, he promptly responded, "You gotta create an environment to work!" (Personal interview, 1989). This is exactly what Brubeck did. Feeling that the college audience had been virtually untapped as far as jazz was concerned, he set into motion plans to concertize on college campuses. The earlier booking of his Octet at several campuses might have provided the impetus for this radical idea. Needless to say, Brubeck, at the time, did not realize how influential this concept would be. The success of his college concert tours was immense. On the heels of the success of the early Quartet concerts, Brubeck produced several recordings (Fantasy label) that appealed to the college and university markets. These included Jazz at Oberlin and Jazz at the College of the Pacific . Following these releases, Brubeck was approached by other record companies in an attempt to persuade him to depart from Fantasy. One company offered as high as S5.000 an album, while, according to Gleason (August 8, 1957), another offered guarantees of concerts totaling $30,000. Finally, Brubeck signed a contract with 30 Columbia Records (1954). In return for his release from his Fantasy commitments, Sol and Max Weiss insisted that Brubeck continue to make one record a year for Fantasy-- an obligation he honored (Rice, 1961). His first two albums for Columbia were Jazz Goes to College and Brubeck at Storyville . In 1956, Doe Dodge, who had been the group's drummer for three years, returned to San Francisco and was replaced by Joe Morello. According to Harry Frost, "Brubeck traded in his Dodge for a Jaguar" (Frost, 1963, p. 14). Actually, it was Desmond's suggestion to hire Morello, who had just finished playing at the Hickory House, in New York, as a member of Marian McPartland's trio (Rice, 1961). From 1958 on, Brubeck began to travel extensively with the Quartet. Between February and May of 1958, the group performed more than 70 concerts in such countries as Germany, Holland, Belgium, Turkey, and India. The Quartet's Eastern tours were the result of a U.S. Cultural Exchange program. Brubeck' s travels in the early 1960s resulted in the release of a series of albums that attempted to reflect Brubeck's impressions of these various countries; these included Jazz Impressions of Japan , and Brandenburg Gate Revisited . During the 1960s, Brubeck came under considerable attack because he had a racially integrated group. 31 Moreover, at one point, many concerts had to be cancelled because of the controversy. Throughout, Brubeck maintained a positive attitude; he said, "I know the students would like to have us play. It's just an unfortunate thing that will eventually resolve itself" ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1989, p. A). Despite this setback, the Quartet was very active touring and recording during the early and middle 1960s. The next major turning point for Brubeck came in 1967 with the dissolution of the Quartet. Brubeck related I was ready for a change. I gave the guys a year's notice, but a lot of people thought it was a rumor until it happened. Paul and I kept playing together during that time. I wanted to write and be home more. (Lyons, 1983, p. 109) Although Brubeck began to devote more time to composition, he still remained active as a performer. Throughout the 1970s, he toured and recorded with a variety of musicians, including the saxophonist Gerry Mulligan. As far as composition was concerned, Brubeck turned to a totally new genre--large-scale jazz choral works that utilized religious themes. An oratorio, The Light in the Wilderness (1968), and a cantata, The Gates of Justice (1969), were composed within two years of the Quartet's disbandment . During the 1970s, Brubeck performed with various combinations that included one or more of his sons. 32 In 1972, he regrouped his old trio and joined forces with the Darius Brubeck Ensemble, a contemporary jazz group that was led by his oldest son. This association, which eventually became known as Two Generations of Brubeck, devoted many tours to college campuses where the elder Brubeck had taken his jazz in the 1950s. In regard to the Brubeck family connection, Leonard Feather commented The closeness of the Brubeck family is manifested in many ways: a high point of the first Newport jazz Festival/West in Los Angeles will be the concert "Two Generations of Brubeck." It might well be entitled "My Three Sons." Pianist Darius Brubeck, 25, has led his own avant-garde ensemble since 1969. Danny Brubeck, 18, will play drums with the group, and 21-year-old Chris Brubeck, leaving his regular rock combo home, will guest star as trombonist with Darius. (Feather, 1976, p. 6) An important concert took place in May, 1972, when Brubeck appeared at Carnegie Hall with Paul Desmond, Gerry Mulligan, and the Darius Brubeck Ensemble (Ramsey, 1972). In 1974, both Desmond and Mulligan joined Two Generations of Brubeck for a concert at New York's Lincoln Center (Cooper, 1974). By the middle 1970s, Brubeck had solidified the New Brubeck Quartet that consisted of his sons Chris, Darius, Danny, and himself; this ensemble remained together until 1979, at which time Chris stayed with his father and, with the addition of clarinetist Bill Smith and drummer 33 Randy Jones, became an integral part of a new Brubeck quartet. Regarding the changing of personnel and the dissolution of the family ensemble [New Brubeck Quartet], Brubeck commented that "in my groups, people can come and go as they please. I think I've only actually let one person go over all the years" (Burger, 1986, p. 18). From the early to the mid-1960s, Brubeck maintained a frenetic performing schedule that included his second White House appearance, many recording sessions, and more than 100 concerts a year. Brubeck evidently found the new traveling routine considerably easier than it had been in the old days. Regarding his first professional engagement in 1941, he said, "We played for our suppers and slept in an attic dormitory over the dance hall. The road has gotten easier over the years since then. My wife can travel with me now, and the jobs are more interesting" (Burger, 1986, p. 18). In 1987, Brubeck completed a 13-performance tour of the Soviet Union which had begun in Moscow. He had formulated plans to play in Russia earlier in his career but had met with opposition due to strained relations between the Soviet Union and the United States (Dahlburg, 1987). According to Dahlburg (1987), Brubeck said that "to come to the Soviet Union and perform with my Quartet-- that's the fulfillment of a dream" (p. 2). 34 In May of 1988, the President and Mrs. Reagan invited the Brubeck Quartet to perform at the reciprocal White House State Dinner honoring Mikhail and Raisa Gorbachev (The D.B.Q. Newsletter . 1988). This was, indeed, eventful for Brubeck because it was followed by an invitation to return to Moscow. The return to the Soviet Union in the following June was further enhanced by the reunion of Brubeck and his former bassist Eugene Wright. This reunion marked the Dave Brubeck Quartet's 30th anniversary of their 1958 tour. Brubeck's unrelenting concert, recording, and composing schedule came to an abrupt halt on February 7, 1989, at the Yale Medical Center in New Haven, Connecticut; he underwent a triple by-pass operation. According to Brubeck, "it was an operation which could have happened ten years ago, but, with my commitments to concerts always on the horizon, it was difficult to find the right time to have it done" ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1989, p. 2). In December 1988, the operation could not be postponed any longer. Throughout the recovery period, Brubeck's optimism was evident; he remarked, "All I'm lacking now is a full head of steam, but my strength increases steadily each day; I have much to be thankful for" ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter, 1989, p. 2). One of Brubeck's greatest 35 concerns during this time was his loss of piano technique. He said I couldn't believe how much technique I lost. . . . far more than at other periods of my life, such as WWII, when I was in the army and away from a piano for months at a time. ... I started slowly, a few minutes at a time several times a day, playing the scales, exercises and arpeggios that are the foundation for every keyboard player. Gradually, the old fingers are learning to respond to the signals from the brain, and I think I'll be ready on April 9. ( The D.B.O . Newsletter , 118", p. 1) Brubeck's first concerts following his surgery took place on April 9 and 10, 1989 in Norwalk, Connecticut. He appeared with the Norwalk Symphony Orchestra along with his son, Mathew, on cello, Bill Smith, Randy Jones, and Jack Six. Jack Six, who had replaced Chris Brubeck, had toured and recorded with the Dave Brubeck Trio frequently during the 1970s. Since these Connecticut concerts, Brubeck has been extremely active performing and composing. Currently, he is working on a chamber music suite that he hopes will premiere early in 1990 and a choral work based on Gregorian chants. Prior to his surgery, a choral setting of Psalm 30 was completed and will soon be published ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter, 1989). Besides Quartet performances within the United States, Brubeck also hopes to return to the Soviet Union; optimistically, he said, "we're going back 36 to Russia next summer. We'll be playing at Gorky Park. . . . They've asked me to come this summer, and I said I'll go next summer, and they said fine, but the contract isn't signed. . . .I'd love to go back to Russia" (Personal interview, 1989). CHAPTER V INFLUENCES AND STYLISTIC APPROACHES In order to produce a valid assessment of Dave Brubeck's contribution to the field of jazz, many factors must be taken into consideration. Brubeck was subject to a wide spectrum of influences that helped to shape his approach to composition and performance. Sociological factors, influences of American and European composers, jazz musicians, education, and various cultural interactions will be explored in the present chapter. The objective is to gain more insight into Brubeck and his art. Both musical and non-musical factors will be addressed. Early Influences Brubeck credited his mother with providing his earliest influence. From infancy he was exposed to a variety of classical music, mainly as a result of listening to his mother practice the piano. His mother became his first music teacher and provided the young Brubeck with instruction in ear training and theory. This laid important ground work for the acquisition of jazz skills. According to Brubeck, his mother did not pressure him to play classical music (Gleason, August 8, 1957). One reason 3 7 38 for this was, most likely, Brubeck's eye problem. He commented I wasn't a good student anyway because I had a lot of trouble with my eyes. One eye was crossed, pulled all the way over to the side. I wore glasses from the age of two, and this problem discouraged me from reading music. I only use one eye most of the time now, although they don't look crossed any more. (Lyons, 1983, p. 5) Shortly following the onset of his piano lessons, Brubeck was befriended by another young boy, 3ob Skinner, who was to become an early musical influence. According to Gleason (1957), their musical collaboration began when Brubeck was about six years old and resulted in the creation of a tap-dance-ukulele-piano team. Brubeck remarked, "We were gigging! Lions Clubs and socials. We could be hired for as little as getting us out of school to five dollars apiece!" (Gleason, August 8, 1957, p. 18). Some years later, Skinner would be extremely influential by exposing Brubeck to jazz, via records, and providing some of the jazz pianist's earliest professional engagements . Brubeck's first experience with chamber music came when he was about eight or nine years old; he played the cello in the family quartet. Although this was not a pleasant experience for Brubeck, it did expose him to string writing. 39 After the family moved to the ranch in lone, Brubeck could not help but be surrounded by a strong rural influence. According to an article in Time (1954), the Brubecks, along with the cowhands, would have many evening gatherings that resulted in the singing and playing of western songs. Many times, Brubeck and father, who played harmonica, would join forces and run through "every cowboy tune that they could think of" ( Time , 195A, p. 73). During this time the younger Brubeck was befriended equally by both Mexican and Indian cowboys (MaCray, 1978). In connection with this and Brubeck's Christmas choral work, La Fiesta de la Posada , Brubeck related People have asked me how could I write the Mexican Christmas piece we are doing tonight, and from where I get my influences. My father was a cattleman, and lived and worked with Mexican and Indian cowboys. We always had cattlemen at the dinner table. People were singing all the time. I have toured Mexico six times and have always enjoyed listening to Mexican folk music. There are many Spanish influences in my musical back- ground, so to write the Mexican work is not unusual, but rather predictable. (McCray, 1978, p. 12) Figure 1 exemplifies a typical Brubeck approach to hemiola. The score also calls for the employment of Latin American percussion instruments. God ' s Love Made Visible from La Fiesta de la Posada also uses Latin American percussion instruments; furthermore, this example illustrates the the composer's handling of syncopation within a 5/A meter (Figure 2). 40 FtfBW.«cl. 100) S — 'WUMI I Shep-herttmd iimoiiTK ill ircm-aunt. wttn fright Whenihev Uc-«ne«l 10 vote . « and 2. Win men ma wi«o ■ ncrm via beam 01 Uie Held Were ail ga(A-etd m iwc i ft" ' c ' vt " ' c ' r " ^rr? r?"? i rr? r?° ?-t r i:,ure 1. Bmbsck, Gloria from "La Fiesta He la Posada," "easures 1-11 41 TENOR SASS 1. God's lov« mails via - 1 - bit I '.a - com - prv - nea- at - oiel 2. God gMvm Hit Soo U> u» To dwall is oa« of us. i r t Ht is la - vla-d-blal His lovw HU MMMb\| ua-io us I His low 1 rslgnl From lows so boun-tl - ful, 1 ralgnl To Him sll boa-or ortas;. j j i i~: j ■ fa LJLfLf \| hhrS I 1 1 Lr eJ Lf L_f 1 Figure 2. Brubec!:, God's Love Made Visible from "La Fiesta de la Posada," Measures 1-5 42 Brubeck's exposure to jazz through the media, such as recordings and radio, was limited during the lone years. This factor made it difficult for Brubeck to be aware of different jazz styles that were emerging during this time. Brubeck remarked, "I had little opportunity to listen to much music in jazz after I moved to lone and our family didn't listen to much jazz on the radio. Occasionally, I could get the Benny Goodman Show on Saturday night" (Gleason, August 8, 1957, p. 18). It was Bob Skinner who was influential in bringing Brubeck into contact with various jazz recordings. These recordings included, most likely, jazz artists such as Teddy Wilson, Duke Ellington, and Thomas "Fats" Waller. "Fats" Waller was greatly admired by Brubeck; Brubeck remarked, "But as to records, I had only the one "Fats" Waller record, which I still have--I bought it in Sacramento when I was about fourteen. It was Honey on the Moon Tonight and Close as Fingers in a Glove " (Gleason, August 8, 1957, p. 18). While in high school Brubeck came under the influence of other pop musicians on a more professional basis. He played many one-nighters with various local country bands. These dance "gigs" served as an initiation into the nocturnal world of the jazz musician. According to Rice (1961), some of the Saturday night dances often became somewhat "gamy" for the fifteen-year old due to vestiges 43 of the California gold-mining days. Rice stated That part of California is not only ranch country but gold-mining country — Sutter Creek, in which the nuggets that started the 18A9 rush were found, is only a few miles from Ione--and the local inhabitants were capable of creating quite some turmoil on a Saturday night. . . . (Rice, 1961, p. 60) Despite his early isolation from the mainstream of jazz, Brubeck was able to branch out while attending the College of the Pacific. He made frequent trips to San Francisco, where his friend, Bob Skinner, was performing and beginning to gain public recognition. Gleason (1957) mentioned that during these times Brubeck would sit in with many different San Francisco jazz musicians, such as Jerome Richardson, Johnny Cooper, Vernon Alley, Bob Barfield, and Wilburt Barranco. One particular experience appeared to be significant for Brubeck. He related that "in 1941 I came down to the Dawn club in San Francisco. Lee Watters' Yerba Buena Jazz Band was there, and that's the first time I actually heard a group play that way" (Gleason, September 5, 1957, p. 15). Brubeck's final decision to change from a veterinary to a music program was partly due to the influence of two people — J. Russell Bodley and Harold Meeske (Rice, 1961). Bodley was a harmony and composition teacher; Meeske was a well-traveled and literate student. According to 44 Rice (1961), Meeske was an insurrectionary sort who had bummed around the world as a sailor, had read Kierkegaard and Kafka, had kept abreast of the newest convolutions in poetry, painting, and music, and had acquired a number of unconventional ideas about aesthetics and politics and philosophy, (p. 63) For some time, Meeske, Brubeck, and four or five fellow jazz enthusiasts shared quarters. It was during this time that Meeske set about providing Brubeck with a quick course in modern culture. Rice related He [Meeske] provided Brubeck with reading lists, which included Dostoevski, Mann, Proust, and so forth; he presided over subterranean early-morning discussion sessions devoted to subjects like the Oedipus complex, Cubism, Marxism, logical positivism, and tone rows; and he made a point of unearthing on campus other candidates for the intelligentsia and seeing to it that Brubeck got together with them. (Rice, 1961, p. 63) Meeske 's literary and musical encouragement exerted a tremendous influence on Brubeck. Brubeck not only began to think more along the lines of being a composer but also turned into a more passionate reader. Indeed, it appeared that the awakening of his intellect was both sudden and intense . Brubeck listened to and played with many excellent pianists and musicians prior to entering the military. Some of these influential musicians have already been mentioned; others included Nat Cole, Joe Sullivan, Earl Hines, Stan Kenton, and Cleo Brown. 45 His admiration for the well-known jazz composer/ arranger Stan Kenton began when Brubeck was only nineteen years old. Brubeck related, "When Stan first started at Balboa, I had my own band up north in Oakland. It was a very young band— I was the oldest, and I was nineteen. We listened very closely to Stan's band, and ever since I've always followed Stan's music with great interest" (Frost, 1963, p. 14). According to Brubeck, Cleo Brown was the first really important person that he worked with (Personal interview, 1989). Regarding her influence and expertise, he stated She was a tremendous influence on me because of her left hand, and she played boogie woogie faster than anybody. God, she could go! If she'd had a right hand like her left, she'd have given anybody a lot of competition. (Gleason, August 8, 1957, p. 18) Mr - Fats illustrates Brubeck's usage of two popular boogie bass patterns (Figure 3). Although Cleo Brown had left the jazz field and moved into the area of sacred music, it was, according to Brubeck, "still the same beat and same wonderful left hand" (Personal interview, 1989). He went on to say that "she was so good that when 'Fats' Waller died, the members of the band asked her to replace 'Fats'. . . . They didn't ask for anyone else — she was the one" (Personal interview, 1989). Brubeck's stylistic approach to the piano during the early 1940s undoubtedly reflected some of the techniques that were prevalent among these early jazz musicians. 46 JL^JL. Figure 3. Brubeck, "Mr. Fats," Measures 39-54 Boogie-oriented bass lines, ragtime, and stride piano were among the techniques often employed. Brubeck deliberately did not devote an overabundance of time listening to other performers, either live or on record (Personal interview, 1989). It appears that he made every effort not to be a mere imitator. Brubeck stated I discovered at eighteen that I could play Teddy Wilson runs and Teddy Wilson bass, and some of the more difficult things of Art Tatum, not as clean, but I knew that with a few years more work, I could imitate Art Tatum in some ways. And I saw that this was going to lead me absolutely nowhere except to possibly be a poor imitation of the greatest pianist there was. (Gleason, September 5, 1957, p. 16) There were other jazz musicians that Brubeck greatly admired; however he still attempted not to be overly influenced by them. He remarked, "I like Tristano, Bud Powell, Garner, Shearing, Peterson; and I don't listen to any of them — as little as possible" (Feather, 1953, p. 12). Although Brubeck did not spend an excessive amount of time listening to other musicians, in 1957, he stated, "I think it's very important for me and for all people in jazz to have a thorough understanding of the pioneers" (Gleason, September 5, 1957, p. 15). He considered Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton (1890-1941) very important for early jazz development. In regard to "Jelly Roll's" 48 style, Brubeck related If you wonder why I include "Jelly Roll," listen to a thing called New Orleans Joys . If you want to hear somebody play behind the beat further than anybody's played behind the beat — you have to just sit there and count, and beat your brains, and he comes out. . . . (Feather, 1953, p. 12) Ragtime piano style had interested Brubeck from an early age; it was one area that he had hoped to investigate further. He commented I was completely fascinated down at Disneyland a few weeks ago. There were some old piano roll rags they had in the silent movies that were great. I would like to get all possible recordings now and become familiar with all the people that have contributed to jazz, especially "Jelly Roll." (Gleason, September 5, 1957, p. 15) Ragtime influence appears in some of Brubeck's compositions and improvisations. Figures A and 5 serve as examples. In regard to "Jelly Roll" and another of his favorite pioneers, Thomas "Fats" Waller, Brubeck said, "I want to try to find out what made him ["Jelly Roll"] so advanced. And I would like to know as much as possible about him, and I'd like to know more about 'Fats'" (Gleason, September 5, 1957, p. 15). Brubeck felt that "Fats" had been responsible for starting some of the jazz-technique approaches that had since become commonplace. He stated "Fats" was so important--you hear "Fats" in Tatum, in Garner--he's one of the most important piano men of all time. A lot 49 Hh-i- U' H. ■ as ' , u r i<?ure 4. Brubeck, "Raggy Waltz," Measures 1-11 50 ■ i«».t <■'«.,• tmA IHiitiVli^ ? i',ure 5. Erubeck, Rag from "?oint3 on Jazz, Measures 13-25 31 of the things that are commonplace now, somebody had to seek them out, and "Fats" definitely started a lot of them. (Feather, 1953, p. 12) Brubeck's homage to "Fats" Waller can be seen in his composition Mr. Fats (Figure 6). This work employs devices (bass lines & melodic figures) that were characteristic of the Waller style. Of all the early pianists, Art latum (1910-1956) held the strongest attraction for Brubeck. Although Brubeck raved about Tatum's technique and even compared him to Mozart, he had certain reservations about Tatum's non-risk jazz approach in public. Brubeck remarked I think he had a brain similar to Mozart-- total recall, perfect pitch — the technique that was unbelievable yet to me, you've got to say he was my favorite pianist, but I didn't agree with his approach in public. (Personal interview, 1989) For Brubeck, the element of risk that occurs during spontaneous improvisation is an integral part of jazz and should not be seen in a negative light. According to Brubeck, if ideas are calculated and worked out too much "you rob yourself of one great thing and that is the feeling of spontaneous improvisation, the feeling of hitting at the moment something that you know that you're not quite capable of doing" (Voce, 1961, p. 3). In connection with this philosophy and Tatum's approach, Brubeck stated I was taking more risks than most of the guys that were playing. For instance, if you 52 Em7 \m7 Um7 U G7 C7 F «T — ■ • « ■ ; ■ H ;i H • , %j > ^ » • • V ~T~ "-• ^ ' "r^miirbnai mmy omit notri tn pmrwmtbettl. figure 6. Brubeck, "Mr. Fats," Measures 1-11 53 compare Tatum's Tiger Rag from 1938 to 1956, you're going to hear about the same chorus. It gets cleaner and faster. ... He was clean, but it's still not, to me, the reason for jazz. It's more like classical music, and then you're playing it the same way every night. The classical audience goes to hear something like that to hear the perfection, and I think the jazz audience should be allowed to see somebody not make it! (Personal interview, 1989) Pianists Billy Kyle and Jimmy Jones should also be acknowledged as early influences on Brubeck. Kyle had not only recorded with his own trio but also served as a pianist for Louis Armstrong (Personal interview, 1989). Brubeck finally came into contact with Kyle during a joint recording effort known as The Real Ambassadors — an endeavor that involved both the Louis Armstrong and Dave Brubeck groups. In direct reference to Kyle, Brubeck remarked that "I listened to his playing carefully. . . . an early influence on me" and, following their collaboration on The Real Ambassadors , said, "That was a thrill for me because I admired him for so long" (Lyons, 1983, p. 106). Brubeck came into contact with Jimmy Jones about 1948 when Jones was accompanying Sarah Vaughn (Personal interview). Although Jones did not do very much solo playing, his harmonic approach to jazz was highly praised by many musicians (Personal interview, 1989). Vaughn even confided to Brubeck that "Jimmy didn't, couldn't 5A solo like most piano players. He could only play chords" (Lyons, 1983, p. 106). Following one particular nightclub performance, Brubeck asked Jones, "How do you do so much harmonically? What are you listening to?" Jones responded, "The Duke Ellington Orchestra" (Lyons, 1983, p. 106). Among the various recordings that Brubeck heard or owned as a youth, those of Duke Ellington were especially valued (Personal interview, 1989). Brubeck recounted that "there've been years when I didn't have a jazz record in the house. One time I had my whole collection swiped, all my Ellingtons, and I went ten years without buying another jazz record" (Gleason, September 5, 1957, p. 16). According to Brubeck, Ellington's main influence was through his band because "his band was an extension of his piano playing" (Lyons, 1983, p. 106). One of Brubeck's best known piano compositions is The Duke , which contains melodic figures stylistically similar to those used by Ellington (Figure 7). During the interview with Lyons (1983), Brubeck remarked that his favorite Ellington period was Warm Valley , Jumpin' Pumkins ' , Jack the Bear , and Conga Brava . Brubeck acknowledged his debt to Ellington in the program at his White House performance in February, 1988. He dedicated it "to the musicians who taught me so much" (The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1988, p. 2). The program 55 (* k»_ I-- !!■■ 1 . ; » 1 «5 ^3 «s_ ( £ ' Ml 1 ; • fe j- ■.jar »» « 5 a* ' A rf ii lat—JL i — ^ ~ijj i .i^i>'h t-t-^" a ■■ — i ■ * aw R.H. i Q&Q « — W— " » 6 1 n '■ a i— a ^^ « l ' » i >i gj >« ^ 44y« L l ^ ^= #4 .. a >. ,.. J ,., ; Figure 7. Brubeck, "The Duke," Measures 1-17 56 included music by W. C. Handy, Bill "Count" Basie, "Fats" Waller, and Duke Ellington. Ellington showed a sincere interest in what Brubeck was doing. Brubeck related that he was most appreciative of the encouragement that Ellington provided (Personal interview, 1989). Darius Milhaud Influence In 1968 Brubeck adamantly declared, "Three Jewish teachers have been a great influence in my life — Irving Goleman, Darius Milhaud, and Jesus" '' Down Beat , February 22, 1968, p. 9). Musically speaking, it was Darius Milhaud who became Brubeck' s primary mentor. In 1987 Brubeck remarked, "Milhaud was one of the greatest human beings I've ever met and certainly one of my greatest influences" (Montparker, 1987, p. 8). Like Ellington, Milhaud provided the young jazz pianist with a tremendous amount of encouragement. Brubeck stated, "Milhaud also believed I'd be a composer and when your teacher believes you can succeed, that's the greatest thing a teacher can give you" (Lyons, 1983, p. 106). When Brubeck began his studies with Milhaud at the College of the Pacific, he received a thorough grounding in counterpoint, fugue, and orchestration, but not in piano. Brubeck was often accused of being a classical pianist and composer who turned to jazz. He vehemently 57 refuted this idea and remarked, "It's not true; there's no truth to it at all" (Lyons, 1983, p. 105). Actually, Brubeck admitted that he went through the College of the Pacific without being able to read music. He did add that he acquired some basic reading skills toward the end of his college days (Personal interview, 1989). Milhaud was aware of this situation and even found it somewhat amusing. Brubeck related I could only play things close to what I wrote. The theme and the bar lines came out right, but there were a lot of things happening at the piano that were not on paper. He [Milhaud] thought it was funny. (Lyons, 1983, p. 106) During his initial classes with Milhaud, Brubeck decided that jazz might not be the best vehicle for the presentation of his ideas; hence, his interest in jazz declined. Milhaud, however, felt strongly that Brubeck had a natural propensity for jazz and evidently saw the potential for a cultural contribution. Brubeck stated, "He [Milhaud] pointed out that every great composer had expressed his culture in which he was familiar and was completely familiar with the folk idiom and jazz was the folk idiom of America" (Gleason, August 8, 1957, p. 19). Milhaud provided the encouragement for Brubeck 's return to jazz. Brubeck remarked that "Milhaud was the one who convinced me to go back, saying I couldn't possibly give 58 up jazz, that it was in me and if I wanted to represent this culture, jazz was such an important part" fGleason, August 8, 1957, p. 19). According to Milhaud, if Brubeck did not stay with the jazz idiom, he would have been working out of his own field and not taking advantage of his American heritage (Time, November 8, 1954). Compositional Approach Polyrhvthms and Pol vtonality When Brubeck studied with Milhaud, he was primarily interested in polyrhythms and polytonali ty . Brubeck was not alone in his feeling that Milhaud was one of the main experts on polyrhythms. Chris Goddard, in Jazz away from Home , praised Milhaud 's use and understanding of polyrhythms and went so far as to say that it comes closer to the African music concept than does American jazz (Patterson, Dissertation Proposal , 1989, p. 44). Brubeck's interest in African music most likely found its impetus from his association with Milhaud; however, it was not until he listened to an African recording, Dennis Roosevelt ' s Expedition into the Belgian Congo , in the 1940s, that he began seriously thinking about the African roots of jazz (Montparker, 1987). Brubeck posed the question, "If jazz is supposed to be African, what are we doing playing in 4/4 like European marches?" (Montparker, 1987, p. 8). 59 African folk music would serve as important source material during Brubeck's later experiments with unusual meters, polyrhythms, and their application to jazz. Indeed, Brubeck felt strongly that the African heritage of jazz deserved more attention. Examples of Brubeck's work in this area will be found in Chapter VII. Polytonality became an important vehicle for Brubeck in his quest to extend the boundary of jazz. It should be pointed out that, although Milhaud constantly experimented with ways in which to expand the concept of tonality, he did not feel a strong affinity for 12-tone music. In response to his reason for not liking this approach to composition, Milhaud told Brubeck that "it never seemed to start somewhere and never got anywhere." He went on to say that "because of having no home base, no tonality, which 12-tone composers claim to avoid, they miss out on the most emotional response you can get in music, which is the beauty of a modulation" (Lees, 1961, p. 16). Following his discharge from the service, Brubeck came into contact with Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951), a chief exponent of the dodecaphonic school. Even though Brubeck only had two lessons with the composer, they were most revealing. For his second lesson, Brubeck had brought 60 him a piece of music he had composed. Brubeck recounted He [Schoenberg] said, "that's very good. Mow go home and don't write anything like that again until you know why everything is there. Do you know now?"' he asked. I said, "Isn't it reason enough if it sounds good?" He said, "No, you have to know why." That was my last lesson with Schoenberg. (Lyons, 1980, p. 207) It should be mentioned, however, that Brubeck has utilized aspects of 12-tone technique in some of his compositions. One example is Section XII in The Gates of Justice . Shortly after Brubeck and Paul Desmond joined forces, Desmond related, "We decided to play the blues in B-flat, but the first chord Dave played was G major! It almost scared me to death" ( Time , November 8, 1954, p. 74). A typical Brubeck voicing of this polytonal chord can be seen in Figure 8. Even though Brubeck conceived this composite chord as containing two distinct tonalities (G major and B-flat major), it can also be analyzed as a thirteenth chord built on the root B-flat. Another technique discovered by Brubeck in the 1940s that has since become commonplace among many jazz pianists consisted of building chord structures by triads whose roots belong to the same diminished chord. The chords in Figure 9 illustrate this approach. Effective sounds were also created by combining chords whose roots were a whole-step apart (Figure 10). Brubeck stated that "even GSB07 or 801339 1 I ; r'fcj: § I 61 Figure 8. Polytonal voicing 62 CA Figure 9. Polytonal chordal structures 63 'igure 10. Polytonsl chord structure 64 polytonal chords with a minor-second relationship sound great! Also, thinking of the flat 5th as the center of a scale gives you a good polytonal relationship" (Laverne, 1987, p. 10A). This latter approach can be seen in Figure 11. The manner in which Brubeck utilized his polytonal ideas resulted in a more horizontal-chordal approach that, as Laverne (1987) also pointed out, became a trademark. Brubeck's early "blockbuster" approach to jazz piano often resulted in an array of negative criticism. Figure 12 illustrates Brubeck's chordal style within a specific jazz work. Although Milhaud provided Brubeck with the tools for polyrhythmic and polytonal compositon, influence also came from other twentieth-century composers such as Bela Barto'k (1881-1945) and Igor Stravinsky (1822-1971) (Personal interview, 1989). These influences were not only of a stylistic nature but also related to a philosophical outlook. Through composers such as Milhaud and Stravinsky, Brubeck learned the important dictum that artistic freedom cannot be successfully attained without discipline (Personal interview, 1989). In his Poetics of Music , Stravinsky stated The creator's function is to sift the elements he receives from [imagination], for human activity must impose limits on itself. The 65 Figure 11. Polytonal chord structure 66 ni a a 12 j m THIT Figure 12. Brubeck, "Georgia on ny Kind," Measures 29-38 67 more art is controlled, limited, worked over, the more it is free. (Grout, 1960, p. 640) Influence of European Classical Composers Integration of Classical and Jazz Elements It is obvious that, for Brubeck, a symbiotic relationship between classical music and jazz served as an important stylistic thrust. This involved both performing and composing. He remarked, "When I play jazz I am influence by classical music. And when I compose I am influenced by jazz" ( Time , November 10, 1952, p. 94). Again, it was Milhaud who was to provide the influence. Brubeck exclaimed that "he [Milhaud) was also the first to use jazz in the classical idiom when he wrote The Creation of the World (1923). This was before [Ernst] Krenek and [George] Gershwin used jazz in compositions" (Lyons, 1983, p. 106). In regard to classical influence and Brubeck 's early recording of the Octet, Paul Desmond commented The music aspired to the vigor and force of simple jazz, the harmonic complexities of Bartok and Milhaud, the form (and much of the dignity) of Bach, and at times the lyrical romanticism of Rachmaninoff. (Lyons, 1980, p. 209) In some of the literature, Brubeck was labeled as a classical pianist who turned to jazz. This is an area that needs to be clarified. Even though he studied 68 composition, theory, and ear-training formally, he did not indulge in classical piano to any great extent. Moreover, he studied piano as a child (with his mother) and during his last year at the College of the Pacific (Lyons, 1983). According to Brubeck, Milhaud was a stickler on Bach and Mendelssohn and insisted that Brubeck study fugues and follow all the rules (Montparker, 1987). Brubeck felt that Bach was never far removed from jazz, and most jazz musicians feel the debt to him (Personal interview, 1989). Brubeck 's contrapuntal approach to jazz permeates a wide spectrum of works and genres. It can be evidenced in some of the earlier piano pieces, such as Brandenburg Gate (1959). Note the use of a Bach-type theme and simple imitative counterpoint in Figure 13. Two-Part Contention (the title of which obviously stemmed from a word play on Bach's two-part inventions) serves as a good illustration of the contrapuntal approach to jazz improvisation. Another interesting example can be found in the two-piano arrangement of Points on Jazz (1962). This work, originally intended as a ballet, contains a collection of movements, the fourth of which is titled "Fugue." In Figure 14 we find the main fugue subject (meas. 1-3) in the dominant of c minor stated in the 69 Movfnz. » il h dleuity ijiM „ " 1 • • « » • I I , i a -, , „ i -, ' *•• at D ■ Figure 13. Brubeck, "Brandenburg Gate," D ' Measures 1-24 70 Moderately feet In twinging txji* • Fir-urs \i Frubeck, Fu^ue from "Points on Jazz Measures 1-12 71 bass, followed by its extra entrances in the tenor, alto, and soprano voices. Note the contour of the fugue subject, which results from an equal balance of steps and leaps. Points on Jazz also serves as a good example of Brubeck's neo-Baroque approach to formal design. Cast in suite form, it consists of eight dance-oriented movements — Prelude, Scherzo, Blues, Fugue, Rag, Chorale, Waltz, and A La Turk. These movements are actually rhythmic variations of the theme presented in the Prelude. Time Further Out (I960) was also conceived as a suite. Referred to as a Blues Suite by Brubeck, it incorporates nine separate movements. Brubeck also employed the Baroque-like ground bass. Figure 15 is taken from the 1959 Time Out collection and illustrates the usage of a passacaglia bass line to unify the entire composition. The coda of Strange Meadowlark provides an example of an effective use of a pedal or organ point (Figure 16). This composition also exhibits other style characteristics, consistent with Brubeck, such as the predilection for melodic/harmonic sequences and eighth and quartet-note triplet figures. Although Figure 17 contains cyclic root movement (up 4, down 5) that is commonplace among jazz musicians, the melodic sequence in the right hand is typical of Brubeck's approach. In measure 108 we find the usage 72 i ! i i" jm >"jim i t nu a a a r: =g« g. * ■ P ■ g \| -r- » l~ Mil ill ! • I P "'ii ! iii J I Nj t ^,i M il Ji t j -X r; r; nr? . m ■ n rj ■-? FT '■? "-■ H " rT =Q= i * ■ w •■ s — s. s -• p •• s f v. * p •■ u- Figure 15. Brubeck, "Pick up Sticks," Measures 1-11 73 E^= £** ^ c & + ^> -h-i-^^--^^ hk i t±JS^$M^±S± jS iffi ^: ;^rl : sa n Sfcfc J 1 1 ^ r m l n * i ±4=^ ^ 4 i=C t-uy 1 if: -t-e- Figure 16. Brubeck, "Strange Meadowlark , ' Measures 156-160 74 f^,y 3^7 £^7 ^ -pi; fes d U^Uj b ¥ tH as a -t? ** ^=2 -^ -\|— r r i"isure 17. Brubech, "Strange Meadowlark, " Measure 68 '5 of triplet figures favored by the composer (Figure 18). The 1955 composition, I_n Your Own Sweet Way , displays another prevalent triplet approach (Figure 19). Another pre-20th-century classical composer who exerted considerable influence on Brubeck was Frederick Chopin (1810-1849). This influence is especially noticeable in the melodic approach of some of Brubeck's ballads. Note the melody in Figure 20. The leaps and subsequent chromatic movement in the melodic line are very characteristic of Chopin's style. While in Poland, Brubeck was taken by some students of Paznan to the Music Museum where he was shown the room dedicated to the memory of Chopin. This experience was very profound for Brubeck. He related A statue of Chopin that had been demolished in World War II had been lovingly reconstructed. The visible scars across the face gave the statue impressive power and significance — like the crack in our own Liberty Bell. I saw the cast of Chopin's hands, his death mask, and had the thrill of touching the pianos upon which he had performed. With these impressions fresh in my mind, we performed that night, "Dziekuje," a theme I had written based on the Polish phrase for "thank you." (liner notes, 1958, Jazz Impressions of Eurasia ) Dziekuje (Figure 21) illustrates Brubeck's Chopin- like treatment of melody. Note the subtle chromatic lines that are created by effective leap and step movement. In the original version, the left hand is also reminiscent of Chopin in its arpeggiated treatment. 76 Fm7 Bk'EV' Akmaj' DV« Figure 18. Erubeck, "Strange Meadowlark, Measures 10S-109 77 d iwith ■ tcndar toucni r i.<;ure 19. Brubeck, "In Your Own Sv/eet Uay," Measures 1-7 78 Slow and wiatfnl - ■:? ?i°ure 20. Bruhock, "Blue Shadows in the Street, Measures 1-12 79 Moderately alow n:<n / I i s ,. '.' ? * _ * ; _ ;j 1 • a P K ' ; ■ ■ - ■ » ■- \| ttprtttixo HH» A ./ : ( a ' • — -— — * — 1 -t— t- — „ £te 1 \| w r^ ,.a. -M . ii ♦* -a A •9- i >' ■' & ■ ^ ttmtit n FT Cdim T FT dhfa — C. :. » i ! - — • aai • -• aba i t i . . i j * L ' s ■?—_ 1 -- _ ■ ' " - > i « = ■ »» v ' — r— ■igure 21. 15 rube ck, "Dziekuje," Measures 1-1.5 F.O After Dzieku je was recorded in the Quartet album Jazz Impressions of Eurasia , it was heard by Dania Krupska, an American choreographer of Polish descent who asked Brubeck if he would use the theme to provide a score for a jazz ballet she was preparing for the Metropolitan Opera. Although Brubeck finished the full score, the Met presentation had to be cancelled. Brubeck salvaged the work by adding a Fugue and rearranging the ballet as a duo- piano composition ( Points on Jazz ) ■ The adaptability of the Dzieku je theme was further evidenced when Iola Brubeck added words and produced a jazz vocal ballad; it was titled There ' 11 be no Tomorrow and subsequently recorded by Carmen McRae . Iola Brubeck has been an important influence by not only providing lyrics for some of her husband's earlier and later ballads, such as How Does Your Garden Grow , Easy as You Go , Dizzy ' s Dream , Strange Meadowlark , and Swin g Bells , but also by collaborating on his large choral jazz works. These include the oratorio, The Light in the Wilderness (1968), and the cantatas, The Gates of Justice (1969) and Truth is Fallen (1971). Jazz Choral Composi t ions Although Brubeck 's large-scale jazz choral works are not a focal point in the present study, it is apparent that his 81 compositions in this genre added significantly to the literature and show strong influences of a religious nature . In regard to a religious affiliation and The Light in the Wilderness . Brubeck related Although reared as a Presbyterian by a Christian Scientist mother who attended a Methodist church, and although this piece was written with the theological counsel of a Vedanta leader, a Unitarian minister, an Episcopal bishop, and several Jesuit priests, I am not affiliated with any church. ( Down Beat, February 22, 1968, p. 9) Brubeck's desire to compose an oratorio stemmed from an earlier age. He stated When I was 21 in the army I wanted to write an oratorio based on the ten commandments, especially on thou shall not kill. We were going against Italy which was the center of Catholicism and Germany which was the center Lutherism and the reformation of Catholicism — which was England and the other European countries, all totally ignoring the commandments. That was the first time I started wishing I could write an oratorio. (Personal interview, 1989) It is interesting to note that Brubeck does not claim to be the first composer of a religious jazz work. He related that "there was a 'kid 1 who was a teacher in Texas who lost his daughter and wrote the first mass or religious piece. It was such a tragedy in his life. He was a jazz musician, so I don't claim to be first — but I never actually heard that piece" (Personal interview, 1989). 82 Brubeck explained that The Light in the Wilderness was "simply one man's attempt to distill in his own thoughts and express in his own way the essence of Jesus ' teaching" (Dance, 1968, p. 60). This oratorio for orchestra, chorus, and baritone soloist, was given a premier in January, 1968 at the University of North Carolina in a utility version for organ, percussion, chorus, and baritone soloist. In February of the same year, it was presented by the Cincinnati Symphony at its second annual Ecumenical Concert (Dance, 1968, p. 60) The text for the oratorio was taken from the Gospels and Psalms. The first part of the work relates to the Forty Days in the Desert, the Temptations by the Devil, the Sermon on the Mount, the choosing of the Apostles, and the Commandments to love God, one's neighbor, and one's enemy. Man's faith in god and his place in the universe are addressed in the second part. Portions of the work reflect an eclectic approach. Brubeck stated The "Temptations" are in 5/4 to emphasize that in each of us (even Jesus) the tug of war between good and evil is never ending. . . . in "Love Your Enemies, "--a musical collage of quick jumps from modern to modal, Middle East to country hoe-down, jazz, rock and roll, to martial drums. (Dance, 1968, p. 60) The oratorio, which alternates jazz and non-jazz sections, allows for the element of improvisation. As 83 an indication of performer approach and flexibility, Brubeck said As a composer, I prefer the uninterrupted flow of text without improvisatory passages. As a performer, I have found the piece an enjoyable and challenging vehicle, and encourage other keyboard players to develop their own interpretations of and variations on the several themes. In this regard, the improvisatory style may or may not be in the jazz idiom, depending on the musical orientation of the performer. (Stuessy, 1978, p. 396-97) An excerpt from "Forty Days" can be seen in Figure 22. It not only illustrates the composer's approach to choral part-writing but also shows the careful attention to interpretive markings (articulation, dynamics, and tempo). Brubeck's cantata, The Gates of Justice , commissioned by the College-Conservatory of Music of the University of Cincinnati, in conjunction with the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, contains a text derived from the Old Testament and writings of Martin Luther King. The work is scored for jazz trio, bass-baritone (Negro, if possible), cantorial tenor, chorus, brass ensemble, and organ. Pointing to the juxtaposition of contrasting elements, Stuessy (1978) stated The Jewish tenor (Cantor) is given a non-jazz style. The Negro bass-baritone is more likely to be given a jazz, blues, or rock style. The sections in which the jazz writing is predomi- nant are as follows: section Ilia (near the end); section IV; section VII (includes both a big-band jazz style and a rock organ improvi- sation); and section XI (rock style including rock ostinato). Other sections display a less prominent jazz influence: section II (rhythmic 84 lgure l< BrubecU, Forty Days from "The Light in The Wilderness," Measures 52-62 85 and harmonic influences); section Illb (occasional blue notes in the Negro melodic line); section V (blues-influenced bass-baritone song with jazz piano accompaniment); section VI (rhythmic background); and section IX (rhythmic influences). Section XII is based on a twelve-tone row which contains six perfect fourths, (p. 397) Figure 23 illustrates the twelve-tone row that is utilized in section XII. The Gates of Justice received a highly favorable reception at its premier on October 19th, 1969 in Cincinnati's Rockdale Temple. Paul Cooper remarked Brubeck eschews third-stream techniques in favor of jazz-to-rock basis with significant overtones from Jewish sacred music; all strongly tonal, clearly designed, immediate, and very much in focus. The occasional quotes from music literature of the past (Bach, as an example) suggest strong philosophical premises in the conception and composing of this work. (Cooper, 1969, p. 98) "Oh, Come Let Us Sing," from The Gates of Justice , provides a good example of the combining of duplet and triplet rhythm patterns (Figure 24). Truth Is Fallen , premiered by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in 1971, is a lament for the victims of Kent and Jackson State Universities. According to Ramsey (1972), the message is that "our conscience has been buried beneath war, greed, and racism and that the way out is through God and love" (p. 19). 86 I 1 1 1 e i 1 — -i r E ° <> '■ ♦a- mr Sfc r igure 23. Srubeck, "The Gates of Justice," Section XII Tone row §7 Figure 24. Brubeck, Oh, Come Let Us Sing from "The Gates of Justice," Measures 37-106 88 Brubeck's other works in the religious choral genre include La Fiesta de la Posada (1975), the Festival Mass .to Hope (1980), the Pangua Lingua Variations , the Voice of the Holy Spirit , Lenten Triptych , and In Praise of Mary ■ Orchestral Genre Elementals In regard to large-scale non-choral works, Brubeck's Elementals should be mentioned. An ambitious composition, it was written in 1963 and received its first performance at the Eastman School of Music's Arranger's Holiday. It is scored for full orchestra with saxophones and orchestral piano. Concerning its structure, Stuessy (1978) stated It may be divided into five sections: I — Aeolian section; II--Dance-chorale section; III — Romantic section; IV — Swing section; V Finale-serial section. One may speculate that there was an attempt to order the sections to correspond with selected musical styles in a chronological sequence, (p. 296) The overall formal structure is unique and quite rhapsodic, although much of the internal structuring seems to be based on the format of the theme followed by improvisations based on the theme, a procedure which is basic to jazz. Some of the micro-harmonies (including polychords, quartal sonorities, and non-functional progressions) are classical elements, but the overall (or macro-) harmonic scheme is more aligned with jazz. (p. 319) 89 Programmatic Inspiration Keyboard Works Some of Brubeck's instrumental jazz works spring from programmatic roots. Strange Meadowlark , for example, was provided with a text by Iola Brubeck and illustrates the composer's use of word and text painting. This ballad is based on the call of the meadowlark, which Brubeck often heard as a youngster in the fields of Amador County, California. The first six notes of the theme correspond to the call of this bird (Figure 25). Tritonis . recorded by the quartet in 1980, was based on Greek mythology. It is the name of a mythical lake near the Mediterranean. It is said that Athena was born from Zeus' head on the shores of this lake; in addition, when the Argonauts became lost at this lake, the mythical god Triton guided them back to the sea. Figure 26 illustrates not only the employment of 5/4 meter but also the use of the augmented 4th — an interval that Brubeck often utilized within a polytonal framework. Inspiration from other Countries Keyboard Works Many countries and continents served as inspiration for Brubeck. These included Brazil, Spain, Turkey, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, and Africa. Brubeck often employed rhythmic patterns and devices characteristic of much of the music of South America. 90 Free rnbtto a cap r* Figure 25. Brubeck, "Strange 'Jeadowlark , " Measure 1-2 91 Figure 26. Brubeck, "Tritonis,' Measures 1-15 92 Cantiga Nova Swing < Swing a_ New Song ) serves as an excellent example. Note the os tinato-like syncopation in the bass part of Figure 27. These Latin American rhythms were also applied within unusual meters such as 5/4 (Figure 28). The piano composition Lamento displays a definite Brazilian type character in its use of syncopation and effective accents (Figure 29). This composition also shows the composer's effort to represent in the music the poetic imagery of a particular country. Brubeck said that "Portuguese is a poetic language, often humorous, or ironic, sometimes beautiful and always full of poetic imagery" ( Deluxe Piano Album [score], 1964, p. 4). The flexibility of tempo for expressive purposes is evident in Figure 30. Other keyboard compositions which show Latin American influence include Irmao Amigo , Recuerdo , and Vento Fresco . Rhythmic and metric elements associated with Turkish music can be found in some of Brubeck's compositions. Note the rhythm of the melody in The Golden Horn (Figure 31). According to Brubeck, "Choc Teshejjur Ederim" means "thank you very much" in Turkish, and when spoken rapidly resembles the rhythmic pattern that was used for the theme (Personal interview, 1989). 93 Figure 27. Srubeck, "CantiRa Nova Swing," Measures 1-13 94 Fait bines r«t aooi §!£ 4 r-P — — S > > i i i 1 I t \| \| i •'V. 1 ' g IS ■ j m * irl 1 U^_ i _,T 1 = m — ■ ' ' ' " ;>■ ■ " a ' J — Figure 28. limbeck, "Castilian "lues," Measures 1-6 95 UoderaielT fait . ■wtiucinx (J ■ iu> g g - .. \| \| I . J >»' * ■ I ■ ■ t ■ 4 ' w ■ ' , , [ 7 i£ure 29 . Prubeck , "Lai.iento , " Measures 33-42 96 Tempo rabftto M <xie r M • * - > •• AM /£i rit. r&itor I 1 f f I . . • f : • ! • ■ i f } Figure 30. Brubeck, "Lanento," Measures 1-16 97 WIIL niHUIed morrnjcul <j:7« It log •• n,t Ak« gt ot 7 isure 31. Brubeck, "The Golden Morn," Measures 1-3 93 One of the best examples of the Turkish influence can be found in Blue Rondo a la Turk , composed in 1958 while Brubeck was on his Middle East tour. His rhythmic treatment of the Blue rondo theme was inspired by Turkish folk music (Figure 32). Brubeck related I had been asked to appear on a radio show in Istanbul, and while walking through the old city en route to the studio, I heard some street musicians playing a fascinating, complicated rhythm. Trying to analyze their intricate patterns, I stood for some time on the street corner watching and listening. Still puzzled over what I heard, I continued on mv walk, keeping the rhythms going in my mind. I went directly to the broadcasting room where studio musicians were rehearsing. After being introduced to the Turkish musicians, I started beating out the street rhythms I had just heard. They spontaneously began to improvise in 9/8 (1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2-3) with great grins on their faces. Although we could not speak the same language, I immediately understood that the complicated street rhythm was as familiar to them as the blues in 4/4 would be to a group of jazz musicians. And in fact, the Blue Rondo a la Turk that emerged from that wonderful walk through Istanbul is a mixture of Turkish rhythms and the blues arranged in the form of a rondo—as a salute to Mozart's Rondo a la Turka . ( Blue Rondo [score], 1987, - p. 12) While on his State Department tour, Brubeck was also influenced from his visit to India. Kabul, Afghanistan served as the inspiration for the piano work Nomad (Figure 33). Exactly how this transpired was related in an interesting anecdote by Brubeck. One night in Kabul, I was awakened by the weirdest sound I ever heard. It actually 99 F f F" f' f«,j7 f' Figure 32. Trubeck, "Blue Rondo a la Turk," "easures 1-11 100 IMiyllimfr ir<iiiiic id Dtmaj.T Oil Sidt Figure 33. Brubeclc, "Nomad," Measures 1-16 101 made my hair stand on end. The muffled beat of drums and the eerie tones of a lone flute came closer and closer to my compound. I held my breath as the sound slowly faded away down the road. I was told the next morning that I had heard the music of one of the many nomadic tribes that drive their flock through Kabul into the Hindu Kush mountains. The drums were slung across the camel's back and were played by the nomadic musician as he balanced precariously on top of the camel's pack; plodding away into the night. I thought that this wandering musician and I had much in common— each of us traveling across our worlds playing our music as we went. When I wrote the piece Nomad I tried to capture the feeling of that lonely wanderer. The steady rhythm is like" the even, plodding gait of the camel, and the quicker beats are like the nomadic drums or the clapping of hands. The intricacies of Eastern rhythms are suggested in Nomad by superimposing three against the typical jazz four. (Themes from Eurasia [score), 1960, p. 5) Brubeck was immensely impressed with the improvisational abilities of Indian musicians. While in India Brubeck had the opportunity to "sit in" with some of that country's most outstanding musicians. He related that "of notable success was our attempt 'to jam' with Abdul Jaffer Kahn on sitar and various Indian tabla players. We all felt that given a few more days, we would either be playing Indian music, or they would be playing jazz" ( Themes from Eurasia [score], 1960, p. 15). Actually, Brubeck felt that Khan's influence made him play in a different way and that "although Hindu scales, melodies, and harmonies are so different, we understood each other and I feel that in a 102 few more meetings we would have been playing jazz together" (Brubeck, 1958, p. 32). Brubeck's Calcutta Blues emulates an Indian approach in its purposeful lack of harmony, the use of a drone bass, which simulates the role of the tambourra, and the overall use of the piano as a melodic instrument such as the ramonium or sitar. Brubeck's composition, Koto Song , stems from his 1964 tour of Japan and shows how the atmospheric quality of oriental music can be integrated into a more western structure such as the blues. Although Brubeck had the opportunity to hear many different Japanese classical instruments, he "was most fascinated by the Koto, a thirteen string convex-shaped zither, that traces its ancestry to the Chinese dulcimer" ( Jazz Impressions of Ja P an [Liner notes], 1964). The attempt to imitate this instrument and produce an ethereal quality, reminiscent of Japanese gardens and landscapes, can be seen in the fourth improvisation of Koto Song (Figure 34). Schools of Jazz Influences Brubeck has often been identified as a representative of the West Coast School of jazz which was based in Los Angeles during the 1950s and related aesthetically to the so-called "cool jazz" movement. In reaction to this i4lh Improvtsation-Ptanot 103 r i5ure 34. Btubeck, "Koto Son;;," Measures 5 3-^0 104 labeling, Brubeck remarked Well, that just happens to be where I was born and just like the guys that were born in New Orleans, and played there, or KC [Kansas City] or Chicago, you don't know at the time that you're doing anything but trying to work. You don't know that somebody is going to label it. (Personal interview, 1989). Brubeck felt that he was isolated from New York and the East Coast during his early years and hence not influenced by musicians and styles from these areas (Personal interview, 1989). The West Coast School was actually a subcategory of the Cool School. The label of cool jazz is somewhat ambiguous in that it really encompasses a group of diverse styles and approaches. In general, Cool School musicians tended towards a fairly reserved musical posture that very often emulated a chamber music approach. Existing concurrently with the Bop School, which stressed more complicated melodic improvisation and the increased use of substitute chords, Cool School musicians were influenced by Bop performers and often incorporated many of their melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic approaches. Bop is often considered the first modern jazz style and made its initial appearances during the 1930s and early 1940s. Musicians such as alto saxophonist Charlie Parker, pianist Thelonious Monk, and trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie 105 contributed to establishing the so-called Bop School and exerted considerable influence on West Coast performers such as Art Pepper, Paul Desmond, Hampton Hawes, and Shelley Mann (Gridley, 1985). Despite the isolation factor, characteristics reminiscent of Bop can be seen in many of Brubeck's earlier and later works. For example, note the intricate melodic writing in Figures 35 and 36. In Dizzy' s Dream , the composer deliberately emphasized the use of the flatted fifth, an interval that was used extensively by Bop musicians (Figure 37). Brubeck's abundant usage of chordal substitutions can be seen by comparing an original version of Georgia on mv Mind to his rendition (Figure 38, 39, & 40). Even though Brubeck has incorporated melodic advances of Bop, his approach, in most instances, has been toward more tune-like melodies and simpler improvisations. His ballads serve as notable examples. Audience / Performer Interaction When Brubeck made the statement that "jazz, to make it, has got to be a group feeling and a group feeling for everyone concerned at the time," (Shapiro and Hentoff, 1966, p. 409) he was referring not only to the group musicians but also to the audience and their influence. 106 Slowly, meditatively ( J =ca.JO) BmT £niT Bm(l7) hm 1 ■ r igure 35. Erubeck, "The City is Crying, " Measures 1-13 107 M — #-* ac_ J ^ ^ 7 if,ure 36. Drubeck, "Southern Scene," Measures 50-58 Moderately fan 4' 160 Straigbt ngbtbt 108 CT6»J l. r ^ -*.„ 3. \ > , = P 1 Be Sun / r "■ I Hoc. Gctz, i.;j ill Of 11 era 1 i-.1V kd Figure 37. Frubeck, "Dizzy's Dreaii," Measures 1- 109 SEE a* /? 7 ~Dra J .' r 3'tx. i 3 n S« 7 o* 3^ G- <? 9 7 ^? 7 3td <3» c i ^^ R#=^ a>» 3^ 7 3<- <9>» c 3>» 7 <S JJ»- Gw: ;yjj :;:-' j 't''i.-; vv- 3>~? E y "I /?T f , l f Am. C Fm rfm C F zX ^^ » r r i " o 1 dm. &m 3ri± f G. <"> F j ■: ■ i.w ,-,' g .7 '.'nVir J 5=£ ?igure 38. K. Carmichael, "Georgia on ny Mind, Measures 1-27 110 [fegipi Figure 39. Carnichael/Brubeck , "Georgia on ny Mind," Measures 1-17 Ill n i >-i rrrrr Figure 40. Carmichael/Brubeck , Measures 10-33 'Georgia on lay Mind,' 112 Brubeck places great emphasis on the role of an audience and their ability to inspire and shape a performance. He stated To me the audience is like the fifth instrument in the quartet and until you can make them into a unity, they become one in mind so that you have something to play to and to use, it's almost impossible for me to start getting an emotional idea across. (Race, 1961, p. 3) This idea of receiving inspiration from an audience, who, in essence, become a member of the group, was again stressed in the program notes that Brubeck prepared for the concerts in the Soviet Union. He remarked, "The audience is the fifth and determining member of the quartet. What you give back to us is the fuel from which we draw our energy and inspiration" ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1987, p. 8). The audience/performer influences operated in both directions. Brubeck even pointed to therapeutic aspects when he recounted I'm sincere in this audience participation thing. We made some experiments at an army mental institution. Those guys in the psychopathic wards were the best audience we ever had. We always played our best there, by far. These men were complete catatonics, hadn't moved for years, but started to beat their feet when we played. One who hadn't talked for years started to sing. We got more through in half an hour than the doctors ever had. (Shapiro and Hentoff, 1966, p. 409) 113 The effectiveness of live performance versus recordings was shown when Brubeck remarked that "the recorded music meant nothing to the patients. They needed the human warmth of the musicians there in the room with them" (Shapiro and Hentoff, 1966, p. 409). Reciprocal Influence Brubeck felt strongly that he not only influenced his audiences but also other musicians. Although this issue is addressed in other parts of the present study, it might prove valuable to note Brubeck's opinion on this matter. He stated You know, there are new guys that come along that I think I set the stage for. ... A few of them give me credit, like Cecil Taylor. He didn't mind saying that he used to come in and listen to me. There's a lot of other guys who don't mention it. In fact, they'll say the opposite. They were in there in those early days when I was taking those risks and expanding. They were sitting there night after night. A guy I didn't think I ever influenced was Bud Powell, but the only records he had were mine. I was the only person he'd listen to! (Personal interview, 1989) Regarding the relationship between the element of risk and the creation of new paths, Brubeck commented When critics used to criticize me I thought well — I'm one of the few guys out here taking the risks and really trying to get something new going, and play beyond my own limitations. I know there's a superdrive that most guys won't allow themselves to go in because they're timid about making mistakes and If 114 I made any contribution it was to make the attempt to go into overdrive, play beyond yourself, beyond your technique, and that's one of the reasons for jazz. (Personal interview, 1989) Strong feelings regarding influence are evidenced in the following statement made by Brubeck. You'll see I kicked on that door first. I didn't go through maybe as well. . . . Paul used to say, "Dave, you keep going this way, but you don't exploit it, and somebody else comes along and takes just what we've done and makes their whole style out of it." (Personal interview, 1989) Many of the influences that were brought to bear on Brubeck throughout his life were examined in this chapter. These influences, in turn, significantly shaped his style and personal approach to jazz. Other factors, of a more subtle nature, also exerted their influence but are beyond the scope of the present study. For the most part, the discussion utilized information that would be deemed necessary in order to arrive at an evaluation of Dave Brubeck's "work." CHAPTER VI BRUBECK AND THE CRITICS Criticism, usually found in the form of brief reviews, is an ever-present force in the life of the artist who becomes well-known. Regardless of the thrust of the review, information can often be extracted which provides more insight into the artist and his music. Moreover, the acquisition of additional information becomes one of the primary reasons for the inclusion of the present chapter. In the case of Brubeck, a marked dichotomy among the critics was evident. Within Brubeck's responses and rebuttals, however, the researcher gleaned information related to compositional style and artistic goals. The review of the critics' literature aided the writer in answering the "what" and "why" questions related to Brubeck's approach. Most of the criticisms presented are very brief because they were extracted from periodical record and concert reviews. In some cases, only a few applicable statements were found. The thrust of the criticisms related to Brubeck's achievement of commercial success, compositional approach, manner of performance, and employment of a racially integrated ensemble. The chapter is divided into two parts: Musical Criticisms and Social Criticisms. 115 116 Musical Criticisms From the early 1950s up to the present, Brubeck has been the target of considerable negative criticism. Concerning this criticism, Freeman (1955) stated He [Dave Brubeck] is sick and tired of the bulk of the written criticism which he considers manifestly unfair, often misinformed, at times irrelevant and frequently, he says, based on a woeful lack of understanding and background, (p. 7) In 1955 Brubeck's picture appeared on the front cover of Time magazine; this event seemed to spawn much hostility. Brubeck, in an ominous manner, remarked It was a big thrill, but I know it sounded the time for execution! I knew in front what was going to happen and that was really the turning point where I became the target of everybody that hadn't cared too much one way or the other. So I'm not surprised. (Gleason, July 25, 1957, p. 54) One critic even questioned the issue of raising jazz's credibility. Brubeck related, "You'd think I'd betrayed jazz by getting on Time . One jazz critic actually thought so. He told me he wished we wouldn't get so popular, and he wondered if it were wise to take jazz away from the smoky dives" (Freeman, 1955, p. 7). John Mehegan commented that "his appearance on the cover of Time magazine with an accompanying text abounding in such gibberish as 'flights of fancy,' supposedly awakened millions of Americans to something that had been around them unnoticed for fifteen years" (Mehegan, 1957, p. 17). 117 Mehegan also saw Brubeck's rise in popularity and commercial success as a trend in the wrong direction. He said, "The worst thing that could happen to Dave and his quartet happened: acceptance to the north, east, south, and west coast tune of 3100,000 a year" (Mehegan, 1957, p. 17). Equating Brubeck's new role as a "messianic" one, Mehegan commented, "Speaking to Dave, one is moved by the sincerity with which he speaks of jazz, and his role (essentially a messianic one), in the art form. Like any messiah, Dave would like more than anything else to possess devoted apostles who would go out into the world and preach his gospel" (Mehegan, 1957, p. 17). On many occasions, Brubeck was criticized for his heavy-handed percussive approach to the piano. Typical comments included His father was a cowboy, which could explain the heavy-handed approach to the kevboard. (Keating, 1976, p. 20) I agree, too, that Brubeck on occasions does appear to confuse the piano with a chopping block. (Hentoff, 1955, p. 4) Alas for a man with such rigid and static rhythmic limitations, Brubeck's approach to a solo is largely percussive. (Williams, 1961, p. 183) Brubeck believed in using the full range of dynamics that the piano has to offer. He remarked, "The critics say our touch is heavy. They say I pound the piano. To them, I say why don't you listen to Audrey or to Stardust" (Freeman, 1955, p. 7). 118 In regard to creating a variety of moods, Brubeck stated If occasionally I sound heavy it's because I want to sound heavy. It's because the mood we want to create is a heavy mood. We want to create all kinds of moods in our music, not only the mood that the critic feels like hearing. (Freeman, 1955, p. 7) One critic in particular supported Brubeck' s argument along these lines. Barry Witherden, in Jazz Journal , related One hearing of Brubeck 's solo effort Laura from his Jazz at the College of the Pacific LP recorded in 1953 will, as Alun Morgan says on the sleeve "demolish the arguments about Dave's heavy-handed approach." Played in a tender Debussy-influenced style, it is a beautiful solo. Tied up with these accusations of ham-f istedness is his reputed lack of gradation: he can make the piano shout, but not talk or whisper. To scotch this idea, one has only to listen to All the Things You Are from the same album. His improvised choruses begin in a quiet, delicate manner, but as his solo progresses it rises in volume and tension until he changes pace and stvle in the sixth chorus. (Witherden, 1968, p. 6) For further evidence of Brubeck 's employment of a variety of moods and volumes, one should listen to some of the selections from his so-called "Impressions" albums. These include Impressions of Eurasia , Impressions of the U.S.A . , and Impressions of Japan ■ A bittersweet quality characterized some of the criticisms from the early 1960s. Referring to Brubeck's 119 1961 Carnegie Hall concert, Martin Williams, in Where ' s the Melody , stated, "But there is, I suppose, a kind of reassuring 'nice guy' quality in his genially unself- conscious pounding, and his playing does make a pleasant, undemanding companion" (Williams, 1961, p. 184). Brubeck was also severely ostracized for supposedly not swinging. It was no mere coincidence that these criticisms began around the same time as Brubeck's metric and polyrhythmic experiments. Concerning one specific album, Mehegan (1957) remarked that "probably Dave's problems with time are most evident in his recent album Brubeck Plavs Brubeck ; there is not one swinging moment on the entire record" (p. 17). Well-known jazz trumpeter Miles Davis commented, "Do I think he swings? He doesn't know how to" (Gleason, July 25, 1957, p. 13). Negative comments towards Brubeck, in the area of swing, also persisted into the 1970s. Benny Green of The London Observor said that "much of what he plays impresses more in its implications than in actual execution, quite apart from the fact that he doesn't swing" ("Green, 1971, p. 33). In rebuttal to these charges, Brubeck retorted, "Any jackass can swing. But to try something new and swing at the same time, that's hard, because to swing you have to be relaxed and to create you have to be excited. I'll take the hazard" (Rica, 1961, p. 41). According to Brubeck, 120 it was very often a matter of degree. He said, "The critics say I don't swing. I say we always swing — sometimes we don't swing very much, but it's always enough to be considered jazz. That much I guarantee" (Freeman, 1955, p. 7). It would appear that Brubeck's creative approach to jazz has a direct bearing on the degree of swing that is felt in his performing. He was very adamant when he stated You'll find very often that the serious creative musician does not swing as readily or as easily as some of the others. The creative musician is interested in saying something and trying to say something is hard work. It's not a tinkling, light approach which comes when you're not push- ing hard to say something individual. This light approach is a matter of technique — just playing it nice and easy. (Frost, 1963, p. 15) In reference to the possibility of sacrificing creative abilities in order to achieve swing, Brubeck commented The piano men who swing the most are usually the ones who don't play creatively, compose, experiment, or try to understand the scope of jazz. In their self-imposed technical trap they crystalize, and, on the altar of swing, sacrifice their future creative ability in order to gain a perfection of performance. I admire this type of instru- mentalist but he isn't my idea of the com- plete musician. (Lees, 1961, p. 23) When Brubeck employed his unusual time signatures and polyrhythmic interplay between members of the group, it would result in a style less rhythmically cohesive. 121 It appears that the typical big band swing style of this time, characterized by a constant tempo, uneven (swing) eighth-note patterns, rhythmic lilt, and cohesive group playing, was not a priority for Brubeck. Regarding this aspect and an African influence, Brubeck remarked The way I want to swing is the most difficult-- to superimpose over what the bass and drums are doing. And the polyrhythmic qualities that should be inherent in jazz are only going to be attained through the idea that the bass and drums are playing together and the pianist is a superimposition over this-- which is very African as an approach, which most jazz unfortunately isn't. (Lees, 1961, p. 23) Ideally, Brubeck wanted to use this approach and still be able to maintain the element of swing. He stated, "Closer to my ideal is when the bass is playing one thing, the drummer another, the piano still another, and it's still swinging" (Lees, 1961, p. 23) There appear to be occasions when Brubeck did not swing, as such, but this does not mean that he "couldn't." Lees (1961) commented that "the problem of Dave Brubeck lies, I think, in the impression that swinging is a jazz absolute and in persistent attempts to concentrate on what he isn't necessarily trying to do while ignoring what he is trying" (p. 23). This criticism points to the idea of faulty criticisms and misunderstandings arising from the critic's expectations of what Brubeck "ought" to be doing. 122 At any given time, a pronounced dichotomy was evident among the critics. On the positive side, the literature provided comments such as: Dave Brubeck is the most vigorous, swinging, exciting modern jazz pianist around today [Quoted by Paul Sampson in the Washington Post]. (Gleason, July 25, 1957, p. 14) But when the rhythm section is together and the horns are with it, and the time concept- ions draw so close that the group seems to be thinking and feeling as a singleminded heart, that's when the group swings hardest. (Lees, 1961, p. 23) No matter how much they try to say Dave doesn't swing, it's factually unimpor- tant. . . . Dave honestly thinks he's swinging. . . . and at Newport and else- where, Dave had the whole house patting its feet and even clapping its hands [Charlie Mingus in Down Beat]. (Gleason, July 25, 1957, p. 141 An ear bent to the piano only on, indeed any, of Dave's records (with the possible exception of his very early — pre-Quartet days), but especially numbers like Le Souk , Maori Blues , and any of his many jazz waltzes, will convince any reasonable critic of Brubeck's ability to swing. . . . (Witherden, 1968, p. 7) But for me, Brubeck does frequently swing in his own jagged, uncompromising way. And though his approach to the piano is a strange surfacely unsubtle one, it works for him because he has things to express that no one else can (or wants to), and these ideas come through his fingers with a power and imaginative subtlety that frequently is immensely moving. (Hentoff, 1955, p. 4) 123 Regarding Brubeck 's deliberate manipulation of the swing quality and also the implication that his music should be objectively evaluated, regardless of the degree of swing, Williams, in Jazz Masters in Transition , stated In it (Nomad), the placement, accentuation and shading of the notes doesn't make them swing. He begins to swing on Golden Horn , and very soon abandons it. On Marble Arch he opens with swinging (if not very original) phrases and abandons it again. There is a section later in "Arch" of apparently written Baroque-like "fours": Desmond places his notes with swing, Brubeck doesn't. Morello and Benjamin swing no matter what happens. But this could perfectly well be good music, swing or no swing. (Williams, 1970, p. 22) Much of the negative criticism toward Brubeck revolved around his time experiments. Mehegan (1957) voiced the opinion that the element of time has always been a perennial problem for Brubeck. He remarked In the areas of time, the quartet seems always to have had problems of one kind or another. One interesting insight in this area is to watch Dave play an up tune. At the start, Dave will beat four and the group can get a fairly swinging sound going. As the tune progresses, Dave will begin beating two at which time there is a sudden change in his ideas since he is now feeling two instead of four. Often if the tune is of sufficient length, Dave will even beat one, and again his ideas undergo a transition; it is at this point that he usually resorts to Bach-like figures, to sustain the pulse. There is, sometimes, not much pulse left in the group at this stage, except the external beat carried by Joe Dodge and now by Joe Morello. (p. 17) 124 For some of the critics, the question was raised as to whether. Brubeck's music qualified as jazz. On more than one occasion, his use of unorthodox time signatures was labeled as a gimmick. Sinclair Traill not only- denounced Brubeck's use of unusual time signatures but also accused the pianist of heavy-handedness . It is interesting to note the similarity in rhetoric that exists between this critic and that of Martin Williams (1961). Having, therefore, proved to his own satisfaction that he and his group can all count up to eleven or thirteen (or whatever jazzless time signature is going to be employed) he then commences to pound the piano like an automaton, fully wound. The audience were duly enthralled by these thumping excursions into 5/4, 7/4, 9/4, 11/4, and even 13/4 — which brings us to the real heart of the matter. That this is but a gimmick to provide music for the uninformed, the unhip. It is sad to see just how many there are who fail to recognize that this is a hybrid music, a music totally lacking in those basic jazz ingredients of true feeling and personal expression. (Traill, 1964, p. 17) Many of the criticisms were of a very sarcastic bent. Eddie Condon, in Treasury of Jazz, commented, "I'll say this for them [Brubeck's goup]. They may keep time irregulary, but they keep it. I sometimes wish they'd give it away" (Gleason, July 25, 1957, p. 13). According to Brubeck, "they just didn't understand what I was trying to do" (Montparker, 1987, p. 8). He went on to sav The best example was a Carnegie Hall performance that left me entirely 125 elated; everything had gone great. Paul Desmond and I had really pulled it off. We were entirely free, with the drums in one tempo and the bass in another. The audience loved it, we loved it; but the critic said, "They couldn't even keep time together." Sometime I might take a clue from such criticism and give a lecture to the next audience: "In case there are some who might not understand what we're doing, some of us will be in three, some in five, some in four, but we all have to come out together on one, so pray for us!" (Montparker, 1987, p. 8) Collier (1978) not only questioned Brubeck's validity but also criticized his overemployment of certain devices.- He stated However, whether Brubeck's music warranted the acclaim accorded it is another question. Brubeck's playing is often stiff and unyielding. He is addicted to playing long strings of block chords, as, for example, on Balcony Rock , recorded in 1954 at a concert at Oberlin. A second device he overemploys is low sequences of pairs of evenly played eighth notes, which produce an odd seesawing effect. His extended solo on Over the Rainbow , cut in 1952 at Storyville, a nightclub in Boston, is replete with such devices and can only barely be classified as jazz. (p. 418) Like most artists, Brubeck was sensitive to the weathervanes of criticism. At the same time, he did hold his own opinions as to the reasons for much of the negative criticism. For example, on the heels of his rising success in the mid-1950s, he remarked The critics deny it, of course, but it's too obvious not to be true. They don't like success. They're restless, these jazz critics we have today. They want 126 to discover an unknown talent, build him up but make sure he doesn't get too popular because that's when they start getting picayune in their criticisms. When an artist gets popular, the critics hunt for flvspecks. (Freeman, 1955, p. 7) In response to negative criticisms of fellow musicians, Brubeck stated, "To any musician, past, present, or future-- who feels he must put me down, I have but one answer. . . . You are successful the moment you believe fully in what you are doing" ( Down Beat , May 9, 1963, p. 7). It appears that Brubeck attempted to remain steadfast to specific musical ideals and goals that he had set forth early in his career. He stated For twenty years now my name has been popping up in Down Beat and other jazz magazines-- sometimes in praise, sometimes not. I've made it a policy to avoid writing letters to the editors to defend myself (though tempted), because I know that the only true defense lay in the integrity of the music I continue to provide. ( Down Beat , May 9, 1963, p. 7) Regardless of the thrust of the musical criticisms, they do provide pertinent information and an increased insight into Brubeck's style and approach. In some of the rebuttals, Brubeck not only explained what he was doing but why he was doing it. Information gleaned from the reviews, despite their brevity, can aid in the evaluation of his work and assessment of his contribution. In some instances, reviews were very contradictory. For example, Brubeck was often accused of being too 127 experimental or "far out" — a criticism implying that he was not attempting to integrate jazz with the rest of music. On the other hand, he was also accused of not beinj committed to jazz in its pure form as native American folk art — a criticism implying that he was not trying to segregate jazz from the rest of music. Brubeck was often accused of forsaking jazz for the symphony. On some occasions, however, he was actually doing both. In one particular instance, he was appearing with Leonard Bernstein and at the New York Basin St. East club in the same evening. Brubeck related We would be at the Basin St. East, get into a cab, time the intermission so that we could go across town, play with the symphony orchestra, and then come back and finish our job at the Basin St. East where they had two bands. (Personal interview, 1989) One volatile area for Brubeck concerns the charges that his Octet in the late 1940s was an imitation of the Miles Davis band in New York. Many writers credited Miles Davis and his Capital recording of 1949, Birth of the Cool , with "officially" launching the Cool School. The writer found multiple criticisms that accused Brubeck of being a mere "copier" of the Miles Davis group. In Lyons (1983), Brubeck related Another thing that has bothered me is that people said the Octet was a copy of the Miles Davis's band in New York, the one with Gerry Mulligan and Lee Konitz. But we got started in 1946, before Miles, 128 and there were no records for us to listen to anyway until 1949. We couldn't have heard them. (P. 110-111) In 1989 Brubeck reaffirmed that "we were isolated and therefore not influenced by New York at the time. . . . By no reason of our own, we were associated with the Miles Davis band. We had been established for quite a few years!" (Personal interview, 1989). Social Criticisms In the late 1950s, Brubeck came under considerable criticism for having an integrated musical group. Actually, his combo had employed black musicians on and off since the early 1950s; Eugene Wright, Joe Benjamin, Frank Butler, and Wyatt Reuther are among the black jazzmen who had been members . In 1957 the University of Georgia established a policy which prohibited racially mixed groups from performing on the campus; it resulted in the cancellation of the Brubeck Quartet, which had been scheduled for a concert in February of 1959. Stuart Woods, head of the University of Georgia Jazz Society, said that "he had phoned Mr. Brubeck, who called the action 'unconstitutional and ridiculous'" ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter . 1988, p. 4). Brubeck was very adamant in his stand against racial bias. "Prejudice is indescribable," he said, "To me it is the reason we could 129 lose the whole world. We have to realize how many brown- skinned people there are in this world. Prejudice here or anywhere else is setting our world up for one terrible let-down" (Gleason, 1960, p. 13). Implying a relationship between race, democracy, and art, Brubeck remarked I think we — and the other integrated jazz groups — can demonstrate a great deal about American democracy, not just the face we show abroad but the face we have at home, in a quiet and effective way through music. (Gleason, 1960, p. 13) Although Brubeck did not realize it at the time, the incident at the University of Georgia was a foreshadowing of turmoil to come. In February of 1960, the Brubeck group had planned to make appearances at twenty-five Southern universities and colleges. According to Gleason (I960), As it became evident that he would not accept a lily-white clause in the contracts, the tour dropped from 25 to 15 to 12 to 10 colleges. When the final 10 were notified by telegram flatly that the Brubeck Quartet was integrated, only three would accept the group, (p. 12) The three schools that were willing to accept the group were the University of Jacksonville (Jacksonville, Florida), Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tennessee), and the University of the South (Sewanee, Tennessee). In retrospect, it is interesting to note some of the comments that were made by officials of colleges that rejected Brubeck. Dean L. E. Chandler, of Southeastern Louisiana 130 College said that "his school does not even accept all-Negro groups. We have Negroes in school, understand. Have had them for five years." (Gleason, 1960, p. 13) Troy H. Middleton, President of Louisiana State, and former Lieutenant General and Commander of the U.S. Army 10th Corps in Europe, gave a terse military statement. "We have no integration down here." (Gleason, 1960, p. 13) Willis Ducrest at Southwestern Institute said, "There's no college policy against interracial groups." He went on to say, however, that in the eighteen years he has been responsible for booking concerts at the college, "I don't recall we ever had a mixed group." (Gleason, 1960, p. 13) Throughout this period, Eugene Wright, Brubeck's bassist, maintained a somewhat positive attitude. In reference to the irony of the situation he remarked I think it's a shame we can go and travel all over the world and have no problems and come home and have such a silly problem. But it doesn't bother me. It's a shame thev can't get themselves together. If thev ever do get themselves together, they're in for a treat. It's wonderful to get it (the music) first hand! (Gleason, 1960, p. 13) On the other hand, Paul Desmond, in embracing Brubeck's stand, quipped, "I feel sorry for the kids down there, but maybe all is not yet lost. The State Department could always send us on a tour through the south! (Gleason, 1960, p. 13). As time went on, however, the situation improved. Following Brubeck's lead, more and more integrated jazz 131 ensembles became welcome on Southern campuses. Iola Brubeck implied a contribution when she stated Eugene and Dave have gone through history- making occasions together; not the least of which was the integration of some Southern schools. . . . There were also times, capitulating to student demands, that school administrators allowed the concerts to take place thus integrating the schools (at least on stage) for the first time. ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1988, p. 3) CHAPTER VII METRIC AND RHYTHMIC EXPERIMENTS While other jazz musicians were concentrating more on harmonic, melodic, and formal ideas, Brubeck was busy devoting a considerable amount of his energies to the areas of rhythm and meter. It is his work with unusual meters and their application to jazz that will be the focal point of this chapter. Examples for this chapter were taken from Brubeck 's two early experimental albums, Time Out (1959) and Time Further Out (1961). Blue Rondo a la Turk , from the Time Out album, was one of Brubeck's earliest experiments in a jazz-remote time signature. Even though this composition is in 9/8, the eighth-note groupings are not in the expected 3+3+3, but exhibit the underlying structure of 2+2+2+3 (Figure 41). Blue Rondo is sectional and definitely shows its deriva- tion from the classic rondo form. The improvisations that follow the main theme are cast in the traditional twelve-bar "Blues" form; in fact, the harmonic structure of the work, as a whole, employs a variation of the blues pattern. This so-called twelve-bar blues pattern became an important vehicle for Brubeck as it also did, and still does, for many other jazz musicians. As will be 132 133 I-ivelv J Figure 41. Brubeck, "Blue Rondo a la Turk," Measures 1-11 134 seen, Brubeck's Time Further Out album was conceived as a blues suite wherein each piece was cast in the twelve- measure form. Basically, this jazz form (twelve-bar blues) is a standard rhythmic-harmonic structure in which the twelve- measure progression I-I-I-I-IV-IV-I-I-V-IV-I-I is utilized as either the foundation for an actual song or, through continuous repetitions, as a vehicle for improvisation (Figure 42). This form was extremely flexible, and, as such, could be employed to represent divergent styles. It can be rendered literally, for example, as in "boogie- woogie," or altered radically, as in modern jazz. Though basically a I-IV-I-V-I progression, the blues pattern can employ a huge assortment of chord sequences. The use of secondary dominants and dominant substitutions is preva- lent in more modern jazz styles. Compare Figure 43 to Figure 42. In Blue Rondo Brubeck integrated the main theme within the twelve-bar pattern. Of particular interest is the alternation of 4/4 and 9/8 (Figure 44). Figure 45 provides a sample improvisation based upon the twelve-bar scheme. Take Five , also from the Time Out session, is a Paul Desmond composition which was written in 5/4, one of Brubeck's favorite meters. In reference to this and other meters, Brubeck stated: I think that 5/4 is my favorite time, and I've used 7/4 a lot. . . . some 9/4 too. 135 Figure A2. Standard twelve-bar blues pattern m - \ • - \| ~ ' 136 -3»> 7 E 7 &m 7 &>•> Gr-> G^ r /? 7 -"? ZDr»-> G 1 -! Figure 43. Modified version of twelve-bar blues pattern 137 Figure 44. Brubeck, "Blue Rondo a la Turk," Measures 79-90 138 Figure 45. Brubeck, "Blue Rondo a la Turk," Measures 91-102 139 Each has a different feeling. I wrote a song once called 'Unisphere.' It was in 5/4, but my brother (composer Howard Brubeck) later convinced me that it was really in 10/4. It has to do with where the strong downbeat is. It works both ways, though. (Burger, 1986, p. 18) Take Five became one of the Quartet's most popular works. In fact, it was a huge commercial success. This was extremely significant considering the usual jazz tradi- tion of poor record sales. Furthermore, this composition has remained extremely popular, even into the 1980s. Rhythmically, the entire work is built on a one- measure two-chord ostinato pattern. As is evident in Figure 46, the phrasing revolves around the pattern of 3 + 2 (123 12). Brubeck's role in the recording of Take Five is, more or less, that of an anchor man playing the ostinato pattern behind Paul Desmond or Joe Morello. Despite the limited harmonic vocabulary and repetitive rhythm which is in a meter other than 4/4, the work does actually "swing." Kathy ' s Waltz , dedicated to Brubeck's daughter, opens in a swing 4/4 meter which later leads into a rapid 3/4 waltz (second improvisation). Note Figures 47 and 48. It is in the third improvisation that two different meters are employed simultaneously — the right hand plays in 6/8 as opposed to the left hand's 3/4. As can be seen in 140 Moderately fa a I m' E>m B»m' E »m '* !»■ Figure 46. Desmond, "Take Five," Measures 1-12 141 Medium Rwinn; 4- 1st Imorovtsstion - I 1 £3E Mr ' »'<: ' V'SOf I Figure 47. Brubeck, "Kathy's Waltz," Measures 1-13 142 2nd Improvisation p -T I i ■ - ~ ! —■-].. :> v ■ g f I __ — , "^ . '^ i 4 <U 1 ± 4t i Figure 48. Brubeck, "Kathy's Waltz," Measures 34-5f 143 Figure 49, the resulting cross-rhythms provide a unique effect . Another instance of the use of shifting time signa- tures can be found in Everybody ' s Jumping , one of Brubeck's most swinging compositions from the Time Out session. After an initial four-measure phrase in 4/4 meter, a shift is made to 3/2, where it remains for two phrases. The next four-measure phrase is in 4/4, and is then followed by a four-measure phrase in 3/4 meter. This effective use of multi-meter is illustrated in Figure 50. From measure sixteen until the conclusion of the opening section, the meter continues to alternate between 4/4, 3/2, and 3/4. In the three improvisation sections, Brubeck employs the blues-oriented twelve-bar pattern; however, the metric scheme involves an alternation between 4/4 and 3/2 meters. The concluding section of this work is basically a reca- pitulation of the opening material. Time Further Out : Miro Reflections was Brubeck's interpretation of Joan Miro's Painting : 1925 . Miro was an artist of the generation of Picasso and Matisse. According to Brubeck, the compositions are conceived as a blues suite in which each reflection is in the form of a twelve-bar structure or a variation thereof ( Time Further Out: Miro Reflections [Liner notes], Aug 1961). In regard 144 3rd Improvisation EkMj* Ak* Stmt.)- \| B 1 • «5 •T ■ J ■r {■" ' B C«v £ fS£ T^ ! -^ ^ Up. a "" i — - ' ■- * ' 3 i ' — I I ; E . 1 t-mrnj' Dm M J£^ j > ' M m r '''f < g^ ■-■■ Figure 49. Brubeck, "Kathy's Waltz," Measures 73-90 145 Easy swing d-.n* ps _£3 '■ i ^i — ■ — = ^— . — -. ! ■ . . ; ' i— * fcj] g ^=. gg Pf --• — i. M 1 =2=] ■ j; '-!' ; ! A> Btn? On Pai\|' :J J, * T T=r >-_> ;; „. - = — T * 3 - 3 •■-■ ■» g ^ = r y t ^ 1 P~ i= Ah e.m- Cm 7 y j ■ B Asia ^■- ; f-fl L Ji, i j i 'rr3_ra — s — L — %, >&=z 5 " °' ^ ; •"— » -* 8 ' -4- 5»^.3: ' 1 : 1 1: 1 i F^ ^: * -- * * - I r »>, , TO. ■ iftft <=a fTffTfTfTTr? i 1 =£H?F Ipippl^P^ ^P ^t^-J^j- »c e e e S E_/ ^j- ,'L' ll' : i,L-'iJ'L a g s « Figure 50. Brubeck, "Everybody's Jumping," Measure 1-lf 146 to the abstract conception of the Miro painting and a relationship to his own ideas, Brubeck stated I feel that in Miro's painting he has expressed in visual terras my own approach to music — that is, a search for something new within old forms, an unexpected perspective, a surpris- ing order and inner balance that belies the spontaneity of composition. ( Time Further Out : Miro Reflections [Liner notes j , Aug 1961 ) It is interesting to note that the sequence of the compo- sitions' meters (3/4, 4/4, 5/4, 6/4, 7/4, 8/8, and 9/8) seem to correspond to the numbers that appear in the Miro painting . In Brubeck's own words, It ' s A Raggy Waltz "is neither rag nor typical waltz, but a rhythmic variation of both stated in twelve-bar blues form, with an added B section, or bridge" ( Time Further Out : Miro Reflections [Liner notes], Aug 1961). This composition illustrates an effective use of the devices of hemiola and secondary rag (Figure 51). The hemiola effect was achieved by arranging the notes in the 3/4 composition into groups of two, thereby producing the effect of duple meter. The accent shifts give the waltz a definite rag-time quality; furthermore, the swing bass effect produced by the alternation of low bass notes and chord structures, along with the bass note accents, also contributes immensely to this rag-time effect. Syncopated accents in the melody prove very effective in providing rhythmic vitality. 147 Swinging waltz tempo - c j J ■ Ay ^ f * • ■,,-^_r- ! Figure 51. Brubeck, "It's A Raggy Waltz," Measures 1-12 1.48 Far More Blue is another composition which is cast in 5/4. However, compared to Take Five , it is based on a more complex harmonic scheme, and illustrates a melodi- cally freer written and improvised approach over the unusual meter. In regard to his pianistic role, Brubeck stated As the soloists became more familiar with 5/4, they gradually needed me less in my capacity of 'laying down' the rhythm and I was free to 'feed' chords to Paul during his choruses in much the same manner as I had always used in 'comping.' ( Time Further Out: Miro Reflections [Liner notes J, Aug 196T5 As can be seen in Figure 52, Far More Blue is also based upon the twelve-measure blues pattern, but incorporates a more varied harmonic structure. The sixth composition of the Time Further Out album is somewhat of a novelty number. Like many of the other works, it is based upon the twelve-bar blues progression; however, the Unsquare Dance employs the meter signature of 7/4, which is equated with the number 7 that appears in Miro's painting. While the pattern of a constant recurring seven counts has been found to be prevalent in certain African chants, Brubeck's phrasing in the 7/4 meter falls into a structure of 2+2+3 (12 12 123). This is illustrated in Figure 53. 149 Medium blues — * 1 r- W- R,l EJ ■ l I 3' t> Fn. \i,- , > 1 " '. - • ■•=>== > : -- 1 ; v- .---- 5 =^== T =5S= = = — « — i g — ! — * ; m , v — ' ■■■ : -\ • B>tn« .^J. f 1 . , . m » — p3^ 1 t - ■ H K— 1 1 I "■ l -•» ' ■■ ■""'• - J — ' ■ — si Improvisation ,j ? ; ■ I: , , k ■ >■ ■ ; Z ~t~ / h' i ,» * . ' ■■ » ■ zc^ I I ' » ' a — i » 1— Figure 52. Brubeck, "Far More Blue," Measures 1-16 150 Moderately fas 5f =T^ Figure 53. Brubeck, "Unsquare Dance," Measures l-lf 151 The Brubeck arrangement of the Unsquare Dance incorporates hand-clapping and an interesting drum solo in which the sticks are played only on the side of the bass drum (Figure 54). In regard to this composition Brubeck related Unsquare Dance is a challenge to the foot- tappers, finger-snappers and hand-clappers. Deceitfully simple, it refuses to be squared; and the laugh you hear at the end is Joe Morello's guffaw of surprise and relief that we had managed to get through the difficult last chorus. (' Time Further Out : Miro Reflections [Liner notes ] , August, 1961) From an analysis of selected musical examples it appears evident that Brubeck effectively incorporated metrical and rhythmical ideas that were already prevalent in many twentieth-century compositions. He integrated unusual meters and such devices as polyrhythms and hemiola into the realm of jazz. In some examples, Brubeck even adapted his experimental metric approaches to traditional jazz forms such as the twelve-bar blues pattern. The writer found that contrapuntal and fugal-type writing were often employed within the context of unusual meters and polyrhythms. Brubeck 's usage of the uncommon meters also has implications for the concept of free improvisation; moreover, he showed how improvisation might be handled within meter signatures such as 5/4, 7/4, or 9/4. Brubeck's metrical approach can not only add new interest 152 Figure 54. Brubeck, "Unsquare Dance," Measures 19-30 153 and vitality to melodic passagework but also show the jazz musician ways in which he might break away from old molds. CHAPTER VIII CULTURAL AMBASSADOR One of the premises of the present study is that Dave Brubeck, through his various travels, promulgated the cause of jazz and, in so doing, increased intra- cultural understanding; furthermore, this increased understanding between cultures contributed to improved relationships and feelings of goodwill. Brubeck's conception that jazz is an important American export with an international appeal can be evidenced in the following: The fact is that jazz, our single native art form, is welcomed — not simply accepted-- without reservation throughout the world and is felt to be the most authentic example of American culture. (Brubeck, 1958, p. 14) In reference to jazz's success as a communicative art, Brubeck went on to say But there is no mistaking its effect: it arouses a kinship among peoples; it affords them flashes of recognition of common origins, because of its basic relationship to folk idioms; and the for thrightness and directness of its appeal are grasped alike by the naive and the sophisticated. (Brubeck, 1958, p. 14) Regarding the idea that jazz can be color blind, Brubeck remarked When a German or a Pole or an Iraqi or an Indian sees American white men and colored 154 155 in perfect creative accord, when he finds out that they travel together, eat together, live together and think pretty much alike, socially and musically, a lot of the bad taste of Little Rock is apt to be washed from his mouth. (Brubeck, 1958, p. 14) Although Brubeck realizes that similar effects can be produced by the best of our classical music, theatre, and literature, he feels that jazz is such a strong vehicle because it is being created at the very moment it is played before an audience. In regard to this and the democratic thrust of a jazz ensemble, he said It [jazz] is the most creative, the freest and most democratic form of expression I know. ... It is music freely created before listeners (watchers, too) by a group of instrumentalists, each of whom is afforded a maximum of individual expression in a democratically agreed-on framework of rhythms, harmonies, and melodies. (Brubeck, 1958, p. 14) Jazz, by its very essence, does seem to represent an aspect of freedom. For many peoples confronted with political repression, it is not difficult to see how jazz can become symbolic of political freedom. Brubeck commented But I do know this--and I believe it to be more than coincidence — generally, whenever there was a dictatorship in Europe, jazz was outlawed. And whenever freedom returned to those countries, the playing of jazz invariably accompanied it. (Brubeck, 1958, p. 31) 156 Brubeck's 1958 world tour, the major portion of which was financed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Special International Program for Cultural Presentations, included such countries as Great Britain, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Turkey, India, Ceylon, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq. It was during his fourteen concerts in seven cities in Poland that Brubeck witnessed the unifying influence of jazz most vividly. Regarding an experience in Poland, he recounted Somewhere along the line I had a talk with a man — I will identify neither the man nor the city nor even the place in which we talked — but he said this to me: "Dave, I must agree with you that Poland is the most misunderstood country in the world. We realize we have to be misunderstood. This is the pitiful part of it. If Russia realized how pro-Western we are, we would lose whatever freedom we have. We want freedom as much as you do." He went on to say how much jazz has become the symbol of freedom in Poland, particularly through the broadcasts of the Voice of America, and he wound up telling me, "your very presence indicates that we have more freedom now than we had two years ago." (Brubeck, 1958, p. 31) In one Polish city, Brubeck was shown a letter which had been written to the country's only jazz publication. Sent by Czechoslovakian fans it requested, "If you will send us tickets to today's performance, we will cross the border and enter Poland at the risk of our lives!" (Brubeck, 1958, p. 31) 157 Despite vast differences in culture, the Quartet's concerts in Turkey met with much success and strongly reaffirmed the power of jazz to promote both goodwill and better understanding of common roots. Following one particular concert, the editor of an anti-Western magazine confided in Brubeck that "for the first time in my life you have made me forget that I am a Moslem and that you are Christians" (Brubeck, 1958, p. 32). One of the concerts in Ankara was heard by Cevat Menduk Altar, Turkey's General Director of Fine Arts, after which, Brubeck was told by Patricia Randies, assistant cultural officer of the U.S.I.S. in Ankara, that it had been the first time she had been able to get him to attend any United States function (Brubeck, 1958). One of the Quartet's most significant tours was in 1987 when they gave 13 concerts in Moscow, Leningrad, and Tallinn in Estonia. This tour was the result of a cultural accord signed by President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at their November 1985 summit meeting in Geneva. The actual tour was sponsored by the Soviet state concert agency Gosconcerts, the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, and the Kadan Company of San Francisco ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1987). 158 Brubeck's previous plans to play in the Soviet Union had not materialized due to strained relations between the superpowers. When Brubeck stepped through customs upon his timely arrival in the Soviet Union, he was greeted by Alexei Batashev, who was to serve as the master of ceremonies for the Moscow concerts. Batashev exclaimed, "Welcome! It is a dream come true. I cannot believe you are really here" ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1987, p. 1). Brubeck began his tour in a packed 2,500-seat concert hall in Moscow, at the Rossiya Hotel near the Kremlin. The Quartet's impact on the diversified audience was evident from the following remarks: Brubeck for me is my youth, the 1950s, the thaw after Stalin, better relations with America. He's all that, plus, of course, his wonderful music [55-year old Moscow office worker and jazz enthusiast]. ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1987, p. 2) But I'm happy, overwhelmed, really, by music my parents raised me on, and now I'm getting to watch as it's made [22-year old law student]. ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1987, p. 2) Brubeck in Moscow — it's a pure miracle. Like jazz, he's no longer American, he's international, something we all under- stand [32-year old musician]. ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter . 1987, p. 2) For many years, jazz performances and jazz record albums were difficult to obtain in the Soviet Union. The most common accesses to jazz were via taped air play, such 159 as Voice of America or the BBC overseas broadcasts, and friends, who happened to own recordings and were traveling to Poland or East Germany. At present, tapes, recordings, videos, and publications are shared in various jazz clubs, semi-official organizations of musicians, and among friends. Iola Brubeck recounted an interesting incident that occurred during the Quartet's stay in Russia: One day a member of the Moscow jazz club came to our hotel with 25 albums for Dave to autograph. He spoke no English, so he was accompanied by his friend, an anthro- pologist/musicologist, who had been working with Paul Winter on a recording project. "Where did you get all these?" Dave exclaimed. The albums obviously had been obtained from various European countries, only one, a CBS Russian release. The interpreter friend explained, "It was not easy. He has been collecting your albums for over 20 years, and sometimes at great risk, I might add." ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1987, p. 3) The strong socio-political undertones of jazz became evident when Iola Brubeck went on to say The arrival of the Dave Brubeck Quartet in Russia was of great significance to the middle-aged and older, because they could remember those "other" times. In those days a group of friends would gather around the radio or phonograph with the volume turned low and the shades drawn so they would not be detected in the act of listening to "decadent, bourgeois jazz." Now, as one veteran jazz musician explained, "to be able to hear and to play jazz freely and openly, it is a heady experience." ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1987, p. 3) 160 Among the highlights of Brubeck's 1987 tour were the various jam sessions with Russian musicians. These took place at the Union of Composers in Moscow, at the American Consulate in Leningrad, and at the jazz clubs in Tallinn and Leningrad. A further indication of music's communicative powers and Brubeck's contribution toward the recognition of Russian artists was summed up in a statement made by the president of the jazz club in Tallinn, Estonia. Politicians meet, shake hands and smile for the cameras, and we are all used to their little white lies. But music must tell the truth and nothing but the truth. And we have heard the truth these past three nights in Tallinn. (The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1987, p. 3) " It would appear that the monumental effort of the U.S. State Department and Gosconcerts was aptly rewarded by the Quartet's 1987 tour. On December 8, 1987, Dave and Iola Brubeck were guests at the official "summit" dinner at the White House. The significance of improving international relations was obvious when Iola Brubeck recounted Early that morning we had stood shivering on the White House lawn awaiting the arrival and official welcoming of the Gorbachevs. Little American and Soviet flags were given to each of us who had been invited by the White House. It seemed incongruous that we should be holding these two flags side by side, clutching an of- ficial program that read: "The President of the United States and Mrs. Reagan will greet His Excellency the General Secretary of the 161 Central Committee of the Communist Partv of the Soviet Union and Mrs. Gorbachev, 10:00 a.m. Tuesday, December 8, 1987." We felt extremely priviledged to be a witness to history unfolding. ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter . 1988, p. 2) In the spring of 1988, the Brubeck Quartet received an invitation to return to the Soviet Union in order to perform at the reciprocal State dinner honoring Mikhail and Raisa Gorbachev. The Quartet had also been invited to play in Moscow for the U.S. Embassy staff at a brunch to be hosted by the Reagans. Bassist Eugene Wright joined Brubeck for the Moscow performance and, in so doing, celebrated the 30th anniversary of their three month U.S. State Department tour in which they were the first internationally known jazz group to perform "behind the Iron Curtain" ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter . 1988). It was also significant that this concert marked the 25th anniversary of the first jazz performance at an official White House function. President Lyndon B. Johnson had invited the Quartet to perform in 1963, when King Hussein of Jordan was guest of honor at a State dinner ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1988). Through his performances in the Soviet Union, it appears that Brubeck has truly shown himself to be an ambassador of jazz and cultural exchange. Soviet jazz critic Andrei Batashyev commented The music was something people of both superpowers could share. Today they 162 applaud Soviet jazz in the United States, and we are delighted to welcome American jazz to our country. (The D.B.Q. Newsletter. 1987, p. 2) Brubeck holds the conviction that the message of peace and understanding through cultural exchange is one full of hope. He stated My conviction that cultural exchange is one of our strongest and least used "weapons" remains firm after 30 years of experience in this field. If anything, I feel it stronger than ever after this Soviet tour. ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1987, p. 2) 1 CHAPTER IX PEDAGOGICAL AND INSTRUCTIONAL VALUE One of the primary reasons for conducting this research is a desire to determine the extent of pedagogical value in Brubeck's keyboard music. There exists a definite need for more source materials in jazz curricula. This need applies to both the elementary and advanced student of jazz. The present writer feels that through a study of Brubeck's keyboard works, the music student will learn not only more about rhythmic, harmonic, and melodic concepts of jazz performance but also techniques and approaches not addressed in other materials. An example of this would be the handling of free improvi- sation within the context of odd meters such as 5/4, 7/4, or 9/4. In surveying Brubeck's piano compositions, one finds examples that would be applicable to elementary and advanced students. Of value to the student is the manner in which Brubeck's music falls into two separate categories. The first is a body of literature that does not rely on improvisation but is completely written out; however, it would provide the student with both self-contained recital- type pieces and a deeper understanding of important melodic, 163 164 harmonic, and rhythmic elements. The second category- involves compositions which include transcribed improvi- sations . Howard Brubeck contributed immensely by notating, transcribing, and, in many cases, arranging many of Dave Brubeck 's compositions and improvisations. According to Dave Brubeck, his brother's transcriptions are authentic and completely faithful to the composer's intentions (Personal interview, 1 989 ) . This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part addresses the elementary student of jazz. It is assumed that the elementary student has already acquired the basic skills in piano (approximately 1-3 years), regardless of age. The second part is directed to the advanced student of jazz. This category would include university/college students involved in a jazz program. Elementary Student John Brimhall, notable for a profusion of piano instruction books, has also rearranged some of Brubeck's works for the young primary/intermediate student. This effort resulted in the Columbia Pictures publication Dave Brubeck Made Easy for the Piano (1986) , which contains arrangements of the composer's works from the early 1950s, such as Blue Rondo a l_a Turk , Countdown , It ' s a Raggy Waltz , 165 Three to Get Ready , and Unsquare Dance ■ Many of these compositions employ unusual meter signatures; hence, they could serve as ideal pedagogical pieces for teachers who desire to provide their students with a challenge. For example, note the simplified version of Three ' s A Crowd in Figure 55. Although many notes have been omitted, it is still in the original 7/4 meter, and, as such, would provide the student with the opportunity to acquire the skill in playing in this rare time signature. Original articulation markings and accents have been included. This would stress the importance of phrasing and syncopation, so vital to the idiom of jazz. Countdown (Figure 56) allows the student to play within the context of 5/4 by way of alternating hands. Some of the less difficult compositions by Brubeck include I See Satie , Elana Jov , Dizzy's Dream , Festival Hall, and How Does Your Garden Grow ? Although I See Satie was composed somewhat as a musical prank, it illustrates for the student the use of a 12-tone row in the realm of jazz. Three separate tone rows are employed in the first twelve measures (Figure 57). Elana Jov is a work that Brubeck composed in tribute to the birth of his granddaughter. From a study of this composition, the student would learn important techniques used by jazz performers, such as major seventh voicings, 166 Moderately l#- l^hi Figure 55. Brubeck, "Three's A Crowd," Measures 1-8 167 Modsnuly Fill (J- 192) n^= — i , ~i — c -q ) ' \| 1 = cm i i . » »1 J » . * -*• — ' 1 ' — T " ■ 3= ; 9 I ' ' LHj ' T f s ■ J g -' J ' — <rr 1 P. 1 E ° 1 1 ^=F - ■! 1 — 1 ~i ■ ■■ 7 S ~-2- : ' ' g ^ r ■» Figure 56. Brubeck, "Countdown," Measures 1-8 168 T~ T Figure 57. Brubeck, "I See Satie," Measures 1-14 169 sequences, and cyclic root movement. The effective use of open seventh voicings in the left hand of Figure 58 is easily playable by young elementary students. The example in Figure 59 illustrates the up 4, down 5 root progressions favored by jazz composers and pianists. Due to the use of chord symbols, Elana Joy also provides the opportunity to practice improvisational skills. Brubeck remarked that "it is a good jazz tune to improvise on, with some new but natural kind of chord changes" ( Blue Rondo [score], 1986, p. 32). Dizzy ' s Dream , composed as a collage of various styles, illustrates the use of the flatted fifth and three-note quartal-type left hand voicing (Figure 60). Brubeck's typical use of the augmented ninth chord can be seen in measure 5 . How Does Your Garden Grow ? , composed in 1986, provides the student with both excellent examples of the use of minor eleventh chords and open seventh voicings in the left hand (Figure 61). This work would also aid the student in developing expressive phrases. The compositions in the Themes From Eurasia collection, discussed earlier within the context of ethnic/cultural influences, can be of considerable benefit to the young or elementary jazz student. In regard to the short supply of interesting and practical material for the piano student, 170 Figure 58. Brubeck, "Elana Joy," Measures 1-3 171 ."■■'! ■ I J 'i -" iSa a .1 ^ _H U ^E Figure 59. Brubeck, "Elana Joy," Measures 7-10 172 Moderately fan J- 160 Straight eighths G7(13) m oii ■ i Ln-Un n' to Sun 7 --^_ -~t^7» ; = Cttt. ^^ r ^fe IT — .. » ■if" 1 • f K nP — 1 1 f —>^= ■ >«] , ■-■ ; g - "■'; £5 — ■* f — —. h^g g g '! F 1 - _, X ft K g g g 7 ■ p = rg ~— ha"""!" — a — M * » ■ i ft ■■ ■■ r Be Sun / 2* ! GtU, •Bird" in iii or », ft * pUy ■ in 1 " * iff- t£± =H Figure 60. Brubeck, "Dizzy's Dream," Measures 1-9 173 £ Slowly and freely Gmll kg** Amll Gmll ' r . Mow doe» your mi =r=T mtnd th* qi> F7 Btmvij7 E>nui7 A? 7 OS) 1.3. plotl w on g ! - j ffl M - \|ln o tear • m — • ill . ! Am) 1 . ' =i f 1 1 ' u — f =1 3 : !■'' 11 Figure 61. Brubeck, "How Does Your Garden Grow," Measures 1-9 174 Brubeck's mother, Elizabeth Brubeck, stated As a music teacher of some fifty years experience, I am convinced that the reason for so many casualties in the present student situation is the lack of suitable material to meet the need (perhaps the sub-conscious need) of the pupils of today; they are not technically equipped to play the strictly classical; the teacher scorns, as indeed she should, the vacuity of the hackneyed tune and corny swing bass; and often the contemporary piano literature is too far removed from the student's experience. ( Themes From Eurasia [score], 1960, p. Z) According to Dave Brubeck, the Eurasia collection was conceived with an underlying "instructional" purpose. He remarked Then there's an album I directed to students called Eurasia on Shawnee Press. Its got a lot of very simple things, but almost the way that we recorded it — they weren't that difficult. (Personal interview, 1989) In Nomad , one finds ample opportunity for developing skills in the playing of jazz syncopations. The student is able to practice the syncopated right-hand melody over a simple ostinato-like bass (Figure 62). Brandenburg Gate provides the pupil with a contrapuntal approach to jazz. It illustrates how a lyrical jazz theme can be developed using imitation and simple counterpoint (Figure 63). The student should also note the effective jazz voicings that are employed for the up 4, down 5 root movement (measures 3 & 4). 175 l/«.-l. - —* — ** <> — 5 1 " = n n pp rllard ■» m 1 . ■ i " \ lui 1 1 ll Figure 62. Briibeck, "Nomad," Measures 37-46 Moviojr, with dlpulty .:. : i« 176 1 14 1 t is I SI 41' Figure 63. Brubeck, "Brandenburg Gate," Measures 1-24 177 Two items of interest can be found in the Golden Horn . The first is the descending step-wise movement in the bass as a method of moving from the tonic minor chord to the dominant (Figure 64). In Figure 65, another device often used by jazz pianists is illustrated, namely, the melodic- like movement of parallel lOths. Advanced Student Brubeck's more advanced compositions, which include written-out improvisations, contain much that would be of value for the more advanced student. There are well over a hundred works in this category. Most of Brubeck's piano compositions include the chord symbols within the score, which illustrates for the pupil how the composer improvises within the framework of the chords upon which main themes are based. Furthermore, these symbols also serve the student who wishes to experiment with his own improvisations. Brubeck's improvisations generally fall into two categories. The first is a chordal-type approach, and the second is the more common single melodic-line improvisation. The improvisation in Figure 66 illustrates the chordal style in the right hand over both a swing-bass and a more melodic left hand accompaniment. This demonstrates a hybrid approach for the jazz pianist's left hand. In 178 Wl(b agitated movfoieul ( J:tz u 100 tr r»»wr' i C.J Figure 64. Brubeck, "Golden Horn," Measures 1-f 179 li. J l LJ '• - ' J '~~1 l'J IJ L 1 i J J i = . . — 1 /__, ^ _ r ^ . — ^ 1 - r ' ' j 1 ■' ' ' i L_l i- f Figure 65. Brubeck, "Golden Horn," Measures 21- 180 <htt/>r<tutsatitMt-/'<a>ivt U " ,T G EbO) c Em ' #fW FT^ JjT 1 ' JjJ-f lJ^I -J-f . f ;^' J Figure 66. Brubeck, "Rising Sun," Measures 19-29 181 Figure 67 we find a typical single melodic-line improvi- sation. The extemporization in Bluette (Figure 67) also provides an excellent example of Brubeck's use of trip- let figures. For the student of harmony, Rising Sun exemplifies the composer's use of thick complex harmonic structures which often incorporate effectively-voiced eleventh chords (Figure 68). This approach was also employed with a standard jazz ballad such as Georgia on my Mind (Figure 69). Other improvisations of Brubeck illustrate the usage of free-flowing eighth-note patterns that are grouped irregularly from one measure to the next, most likely a Chopin influence (Figure 70). Another Chopin-like trait that can be utilized by the jazz student is the device of repeating one note while another voice moves step-wise (Figure 71). Brubeck's works that are based on the unusual time signatures, such as 5/4, 7/4, and 11/4, and polyrhythms offer unlimited instructional opportunities. For example, they would enable the advanced student to refine his im- provisational skills within a framework that is not commonly found among other jazz composers. In as much as the jazz musician attempts to improve melodic and harmonic techniques, attention should also be paid to the rhythmic 182 2nd ImproTitaiiou '.>■ ■> ' -^ I • gg fe I " 1 I >P £\| ^5= «n S>nr iAv\\~jra: -i , r— a s ;c:;r ^— .' f??^= ra si J ,# 1 ^i. — ' 4 * 4 -^VJL i ' ?t -'t - : ' ? ' ~ ' ■ t Ifetil •^ ■ » r » - g^t--" Jr f t 1 f * 1~T Figure 67. Briibeck, "Bluette," Measures 1-11 183 GmaJ7 3Etma)7 c , - 4 \| J! Bm7 , D9 EmI , 7 c\|m7 D&maj7 Bt6 Dm«\|7(! Ob (9/6) (1 -'r m i A7 i ( W Dtmai7(9) Btm7 Bkm7(9) aVb Bkm»)7 Gm7(9) ° m7 Et9 Dm7(9) "»»I«W C7 D+6 1m. 1* \|A'='' L b» Figure 68. Brubeck, "Rising Sun," Measures 1- 184 m ai ,sn m ij- f'f^ifrTMJJ 4 3 i - 1 ^ I !M-^4 M > ' * h \|J"'> WJIlt yyi Ekmll D?lllD9 \|D»°'D» v tnrr Figure 69. Carmichael/Brubeck, "Georgia on mv Mind," Measures 19-28 185 Figure 70. Brubeck, "Fast Life," Measures 1 12-1 If 186 Fait blues (J ; too> > • 1 ■ 1 1 I 1 1 J 1 II ■ 1 4 1 1 \| t 1 » i 1,1 1 y s a ask 4 . _\ t >■ 1t~~ v Figure 71. Brubeck, "Castilian Blues," Measures 1-13 187 and metric vocabulary. It is indeed a challenge to be able to improvise freely in an unusual meter such as 5/4, or, for that matter, over continually changing time sig- natures. For an example of the latter, note Figure 72. The student can also gain a wider perspective from the manner in which Brubeck often treats the commonplace meters. Two good examples of the composer's approach in this area are Blue Rondo a_ l_a Turk and It's a_ Raggy Waltz . A time signature such as 9/8 is usually conceived as 3/8 + 3/8 + 3/8 (or three beats in each measure); however, in Blue Rondo , the subdivision of 9/8 is very unequal and results in 2/8 + 2/8 + 2/8 + 3/8 (Figure 73). Normally, 3/4 meter has three counts per measure with the stress being on the first beat; on the other hand, in It ' s a Raggy Waltz , Brubeck provides for a hemiola-type approach in which a strong duple pulse is felt (Figure 74). The fact that Brubeck cast many of his compositions and improvisations in the standard 12-bar blues pattern can be an added value for the jazz student. To be sure, it can provide him with a consistent formal structure with- in which to practice his creative skills. Brubeck even utilized this standard mold in many of his experimental works, such as Far More Blue and Raggy Waltz . 188 3rd Improvumon J ' ' l ( «, Fa' » j j 1 I Ed> 14 1 1 i Foi* 1 ■ ■ss ^-'■^. ' 5 ''-— ^ 1 n^^». g J = i i i r^p- ^t '1 w •] JUi ' Figure 72. Brubeck, "Three To Get Ready," Measures 45-59 189 Fm.j F T F" F F F* P« * F T >e ■f» Si u J?* * k* • ? - ~- — "f i" =i ^ = Fm»j' F' F* F F««J' P» P* F-* Km 1 D' Dn 7 Am F' Am F r>' \m 7 D 7 Do 7 Am r a SJ ^ '. '■ l » » ^^ '-— ^., _^ 8 >^ V Li '-J ''O^ LJ" " V,- - 1 I l\| t\| £ ''* l\| » li 1" 4 '« ^ =f — i i i 1 Figure 73. Brubeck, "Blue Rondo a la Turk," Measures 1-11 190 Swinfinf Walti Tempo JT2=J«'"') * ? D7 Gdim ' 0- W <«f w^ A^L i m 3 1- 1 l a j a r ^ m^ § Figure 74. Brubeck, "It's a Raggy Waltz," Measures 1- 191 For the classically-oriented student who is attempting a systematic study of jazz, Brubeck's assimilation of classical formal procedures can provide for a more relevant approach. The student can see specific ways in which the jazz composer might apply classical forms (rondo, suite, etc.) and devices, such as fugal-writing, to jazz composition . Many of Brubeck's compositions can serve as vehicles for the refinement of interpretive and performing skills. The jazz student should always strive to improve his technique in such areas as phrasing, voicing, and articulation. The same high standards of musicianship that performers apply to classical music should also be applied to jazz. Compositions such as Weep Mo More (Figure 75) and The City is Crying (Figure 76) offer many opportunities for the development of interpretive abilities. Both these works are extemely expressive and would aid the jazz student in developing a cantabile approach to jazz playing. Many of Brubeck's works could serve admirably as recital/concert program material, both for the elementary and advanced student. Unless the student uses only commercial standards, the availability of original jazz compositions is fairly limited. An advantage is the fact that Brubeck's compositions cover a very wide range as far as mood and tempo are concerned. 192 Figure 75. Brubeck, "Weep No More," Measures 1-16 193 Slowly, meditatively ( • =ca.50) Bm7 Em7 Bm(l7) E ™ Ticet J ! a Dma]7 Cimj7 ■ Ba>7 ] . I Ami 1 » i 1 4 t • i i • »f 1 1 «.P'-— 1 -J J 1 y^!ii ^J-:^ J J> JJ 5rf c ^^r « y < Figure 76. Brubeck, "The City is Crying," Measures 1-13 194 It would appear that Brubeck's piano music could be of considerable value if placed within an educational setting. This setting could be either an independent studio facility or an institution of higher learning, such as a college or university. Both the private and classroom teacher of jazz could utilize materials discussed in this chapter. CHAPTER X SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS The primary objective of this study was to assess the work of jazz pianist-composer Dave Brubeck. The purpose of this assessment was to ascertain the extent of his contributions to the field of jazz. The following research questions were addressed and answered: 1. To what extent has Brubeck contributed to the development of jazz piano? 2. To what extent has Brubeck been influential in promoting the cause of jazz? 3. What is the extent of Brubeck's contribution as far as his compositional productivity is concerned? A. What is the extent of pedagogical/instructional value in the study and analysis of Dave Brubeck's music? In order to answer these questions, the thrust of the research concentrated on areas related to general biographical information; Brubeck's meter and rhythm experiments; European classical influences; cultural aspects, including sociological factors; influences from other jazz musicians; pedagogical value; and jazz ambassadorial contributions. Pertinent information was also extracted from a probing of Brubeck's relationship with the critics. 195 196 The research procedure relied on the collecting of primary and secondary source materials. Fundamental sources for the study included journals, periodicals, newsletters, concert reviews, encyclopedias, and jazz literature-history texts. The preliminary vehicles for obtaining sources included The International Repertory of Music Literature (RILM); Music Index ; Jazz Index ; the Reader ' 3 Guide to Periodical Literature ; and Books in Print . An Eric search (RIE, CUE) was conducted. A personal interview with Dave Brubeck provided valuable primary data related to various facets of his life and work. The interview utilized both a structured and open-ended format. The examination of selected musical scores formed an important base for the study. Although the emphasis was on the keyboard scores, several examples representative of Brubeck's choral genre were also included. Research Question One : To What Extent has Brubeck Contributed to the Development of Jazz Piano ? Based on the data, it is evident that Brubeck's primary contribution to the development of jazz piano was in the area of meter and rhythm. His employment of 20th-century classical elements such as multi-meter and polyrhythm resulted in a broadening of the base for jazz. 197 Many of Brubeck's peers applied concepts of 20th- century classical composers to the jazz idiom; however, these endeavors usually centered around harmonic and melodic approaches. Early American jazz was firmly rooted in street parades and their accompanying march rhythms; the dominance of the common 4/4 and 2/4 meters was indisputable. Although jazz musicians emancipated jazz in areas related to harmony and melody, very few attempts were made to break away from the bounds of these regular time signatures. Brubeck's systematic application of odd meters (5/4, 7/4, 9/4, 11/4) to jazz piano significantly helped to expand jazz's metric horizon. Brubeck's Time Out and Time Further Out collections serve to document his systematic approach. Brubeck contributed by showing jazz musicians ways in which they might break away from old molds. One example of this would be the application of free improvisation within the context of unusual meters. Brubeck's systematic employment of polyrhythms also contributed to the development of jazz piano. His polyrhythmic usage not only helped broaden the rhythmic base for jazz technique but also aided in demonstrating jazz's African heritage. Brubeck provided practical ways in which to apply concepts of this heritage. Brubeck did not work solely on approaches related to eter and rhythm. From the data, it is obvious that he m 198 contributed toward the expansion of harmonic boundaries in jazz. Polytonality became an important vehicle for Brubeck in his quest to extend the potential of jazz technique. The manner in which he utilized his polytonal ideas resulted in a more horizontal-chordal approach. In many of his compositions, Brubeck demonstrated how this more complex harmonic approach and improvisation might be integrated. Research Question Two : To U ha t Extent has Brubeck been Influential in Promoting the Cause of Jazz ? According to the data, it appears that Brubeck made a contribution by being a cultural ambassador for jazz. He contributed toward increased artistic understanding between peoples and cultures. Brubeck helped create new markets for jazz in the early 1960s when he began his series of college concert tours. These concerts brought new concepts of jazz to America's college population. For the most part, many college students in the 1960s had experienced little beyond occasional dance bands. Brubeck's brand of jazz most likely signified modernity for many of these students. Brubeck's extensive concertizing on campuses around the country also led to an increase in the jazz record sales market. Brubeck's ensemble contributed toward the breaking down of certain barriers by being one of the first jazz 199 groups to be racially integrated. This is especially significant due to the fact that definite schisms often developed between the black bebop jazz groups and some of the predominently white-swing musicians in the 1950s. Brubeck aided in the increase of understanding and goodwill not only between musicians of different ethnic backgrounds but also between musicians and their audiences. As a result of his travels outside of the United States, Brubeck succeeded in bringing jazz to many people who, hitherto, had been deprived of it. He successfully demonstrated jazz's universal appeal. An important implication concerns the role that jazz can play in increasing communication between peoples. It can, indeed, be a powerful tool when other means of communication weaken. Brubeck 's tours throughout Poland and the Soviet Union were especially significant. Brubeck held, and still holds, the conviction that the message of peace and understanding through cultural exchange is one full of hope ( The D.B.Q . Newsletter , 1989). r.esearch Question Three : '..'hat is the Extent of Brubeck ' s Contribution as far as Compositional Output is Concerned ? Another contribution results from Brubeck's proliferation of substantial music for the jazz field. At a time when there is not an overabundance of written-out literature in the field, this is a welcome contribution. :oo Brubeck's compositions for piano, numbering over 300, represent a wide spectrum of mood, tempo, and difficulty. They range from slow lyrical ballads to more aggressive, technically challenging compositions. In addition to his original music for the piano, Brubeck also produced a sizable quantity of music for other genre. One category includes the large-scale religious choral jazz works. At present, the amount of literature which integrates jazz and sacred elements is limited. With the exception of the informal black jazz gospel services, the actual use of jazz for more formal religious occasions has a relatively short history. Although Brubeck's work in this genre was not a focal point in this study, it would appear that his religious jazz compositions do add significantly to the literature and could be considered among his contributions. This contribution includes two oratorios, three cantatas, and two masses. Brubeck's large-scale non-religious compositions should also be noted. These include two ballets, Elementals for orchestra, and other works for jazz combo and orchestra. 201 Research Question Four : What is the Extent of Pedagogical / Instructional Value in the Study and Analysis of Dave Brubeck ' s Music ? After surveying and analyzing a considerable portion of Brubeck 's piano compositions, it became apparent that his music could be of value if placed in an educational setting. This setting could be either an independent studio facility or an institution of higher learning. Brubeck 's music could serve both the beginning and advanced student of jazz. Through an analysis and performance of Brubeck 's original compositions and improvisations, the jazz pupil can learn important concepts related to melody, rhythm, and harmony. This writer feels that the student would also learn more about certain techniques and stylistic approaches not adequately covered in other materials. Because Brubeck's improvisations have been completely written-out, the jazz student would have the opportunity to analyze elements of actual spontaneous improvisations. This would, in turn, aid the student in developing his own creative skills . Brubeck's assimilation of classical formal procedures could provide a more relevant approach for the classically- oriented student who is attempting a systematic study of jazz. The student could observe ways in which classical and jazz elements might be integrated. 202 Many of Brubeck's original piano works would have value as far as recital-concert situations are concerned. At present, the amount of available piano literature for the performing jazz student is limited. Brubeck produced jazz compositions which would cater to both the young elementary student (e.g. Themes from Eurasia ) and the more advanced student (e.g. The Duke ) . Implications Brubeck's quest to create new markets for jazz resulted in a broadening of the base for jazz. This is especially significant in the area of education. Brubeck contributed by bringing jazz to many students. He stated My wife wrote to every school — we played free--grammer schools, junior high schools, junior colleges, colleges--any place that we could drive to. . . . We were out saying we've got to broaden the base for jazz. (Personal interview, 1989) From the data, it also appeared that Brubeck helped pave the path for other musicians to follow. This included not only the concept of bringing jazz to more students but also the stylistic approach based on the integration of classical and jazz elements. An example of the latter would be the formation and subsequent success of the Modern Jazz Quartet. It is interesting to note, however, that Brubeck received very little credit for pioneering work in this area. One possible reason for this situation might be 203 detected in the following statement made by Brubeck. You'll see I kicked on that door first. I didn't go through maybe as well. . . . Paul used to say, "Dave, you keep going this way, but you don't exploit it, and somebody else comes along and takes what we've done and makes their whole style out of it." (Personal interview, 1989) Based upon the research, it is the view of this writer that Dave Brubeck made significant contributions to the field of jazz. As a result of his work, the jazz idiom has been immensely enriched. Due to limitations, this study focused on selected areas of Brubeck' s career and work. Moreover, there are other areas which would warrant further research. For example, an in-depth examination of Brubeck's choral genre could prove valuable, especially if it addressed areas relating to performance practices and historical perspective. More research might also be undertaken concerning the possible relationships that exist between jazz and politics. This could include the use of jazz as a communicating tool. Brubeck's travels and experiences in Poland and the Soviet Union raised some important issues regarding the socio- political apsects of jazz. Finally, a study could be undertaken which would search for ways to effectively integrate Brubeck's music into a college or university curriculum for jazz studies. GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS AD LIB: ATTACK: BALLAD : BLUES: BOP (BEBOP): BREAK: BRIDGE: CHORUS: (Ad Libitum) "at the pleasure of the performer" — indicates that the per- former is improvising or should impro- vise . The beginning of a sound (opposite of release ) . A jazz composition having a slow tempo . A simple style of Black music separate from but coexistent with jazz; began at least as early as the turn of the century, probably much earlier. It has been and continues to be an in- fluence on jazz. The majority of blues compositions employ the I-IV- I-V-I chord progression or a varia- tion of it in a twelve-bar pattern. Blues usually have a slow tempo. A jazz style that flourished between about 1944 and 1958, stressing compli- cated melodic improvisation and an increased use of substitute chords. A style associated with such musi- cians as Charlie Parker, "Dizzy" Gillespie, Thelonius Monk, Bud Powell, Dexter Gordon, and Sonny Stitt. The portion of a piece in which all band members stop playing except the one who improvises a solo. The term "break" can also refer to the solo itself. The B part of an AABA composition; Also known as the release or inside. A single playing through of the struc- ture being used to organize the music in an improvisation. 204 :o5 COLLECTIVE IMPROVISATION: COMPING: COMPOUND METER: COOL SCHOOL: COUNTERPOINT: DOUBLE-TIME: EXTEMPORIZATION: FAKE: FILL: FUGUE/ FUGAL: FUNKY: HEMIOLA: IMPROVISATION: LATIN (FEEL): Simultaneous improvisation by all members of a group. Syncopated chording which provides accompaniment behind a soloist. Meter that includes a triple sub- division within the beat, e.g., 6/8. A more reserved style of jazz which was often associated with West Coast jazz in the 1950s. It often emulated a chamber-like approach. The linear aspect of melodic lines sounding together. The feeling that the music (or player) is going twice as fast as the tempo. The chord progressions continue at the original rate. See improvisation. To improvise freely (usually upon a pre-determined chord progression. See Ad Lib. Anything a drummer plays in addition to basic timekeeping. A procedure which employs imitative counterpoint (theme is stated in more than one voice ) . Earthy association. Bluesy, gospel- flavored. Often contains a pre- dominance of lowered thirds and fifths. The quality of six divisible two different ways. For example, in 6/8, 1 and 4 can be stressed or 1, 3, and 5 can be stressed. Spontaneous creation of music based on a preconceived chord pattern. A style usually associated with Latin American music. Eighth-notes are played evenly. :o6 LOCKED-HANDS STYLE: METER: A style in which a separate chord parallels each note of the melody (All fingers strike the keyboard together). Also known as block- chording or block-chord style. The pattern in which a steady succession of rhythmic pulses is organized. The organization of beats within a measure. MULTI-METER: OSTINATO: POLYCHORD: POLYRHYTHM: POLYTONAL : The continual use of different meters within the same section or composition. A short musical pattern that is repeated persistently throughout a composition. Repetition same voice/same pitch. A complex chord created by the combi- nation of two different chords. The simultaneous use of two or more contrasting rhythms that are not readily perceived as deriving from one another. The use of more than one key at the same time. RAGTIME: RHYTHM SECTION: RIFF: RONDO: A popular, syncopated turn-of-the- century piano style. The style of music associated with composers Scott Joplin and Tom Turpin. The players whose band function is accompanying. Usually the pianist, bassist, and drummer. A brief, relaxed, tuneful phrase. A motive. A multisectional form based on the recurrence of a theme. For example: ABACA. SEQUENCE: Repetition same voice ( chord) /different pitch. 207 STRIDE: SWING: SYNCOPATION: TERNARY FORM: THIRD STREAM: TRIPLET: TURNAROUND : Left-handed style used by early jazz pianists. It usually employs a bass note on the first and third beats of each measure and a chord on the second and fourth. A style of jazz which combines con- stant tempo, syncopation, swing eighth notes (uneven) , and rhythmically co- hesive group playing. Often associ- ated with the big bands of the early 1930s to late 1940s. Stress on any portion of the measure other than the first part of a pri- mary beat . A form having three parts or sections- ABA. Music that combines elements of jazz and 20th century art music. Term usually associated with Gunther Schuller. Three notes of equal value to be played in the time normally occupied by two notes of the same value. A passage that occurs at the end of a section and allows the performer to repeat the section. TWELVE-BAR BLUES PATTERN: VAMP: VOICING: WALKING 'BASS: A jazz form. A standard harmonic structure in which the 12 bar pro- gression I-I-I-I-IV-IV-I-I-V-IV-I-I is utilized. It can serve as the foundation for a actual song, or be used as a vehicle for improvisation. A short chord progression which is repeated many times. Often used "for introductions and endings. The assignment of notes to a chord. A style of bass line in which each beat of each measure receives a separate tone. APPENDIX A SELECTED PIANO COMPOSITIONS A Misty Morning (A/K/A So This is Kirsten) Ben jamin Blue Lake Tahoe Blue Rondo a la Turk Blue Shadows in the Street Blues for Newport Bluette Bossa Nova U.S.A. Brandenburg Gate Bru 1 s Boogie Woogie Cable Car Calcutta Blues Cantiga Nova Swing ( Swing a New Song ) Castilian Blues Castilian Drums Countdown Danse Duet Darius Dizzy ' s Dream Easy as You Go Easy as You Grow 208 209 Elana Joy Eleven Four Everybody' s Coming Everybody ' s Jumpin ' Far More Blue Fast Life Festival Hall For Iola Fujiyama G-Flat Theme Golden Horn Good Reviews Home at Last Home Without Iola How Does Your Garden Grow X Didn 1 t Know Till You Told Me I See , Satie I 'd Walk a Country Mile In the Lurch In Your Own Sweet Way Irmao Amigo It's a_ Raggy Waltz Jet Lag ( Circadian Dysrhythmia ) Kathy ' s Waltz King for a_ Day Koto Song 210 Lamento Like Sunshine ( Cassandra ) Lost. Waltz ( I'm So Lost ) Maori Blues Marble Arch Micheal , My Second Son Movin ' Out Mr . Fats My One Bad Habit Nomad Ode to a Cowboy One Moment Worth Years Osaka Blues Out of the Past (A/K/A Fantasy No. One ) Pick Up Sticks Points on Jazz Polly Recuerdo Rising Sun Rotterdam Blues Since Love Had It's Way Skyscape Softly , William , Softly Sounds of the Loop 211 Southern Scene ( Briar Bush ) Strange Meadowlark Summer Song Swing Bells Temptation Boogie lhank You ( Dziekuje ) The City is Crying The Summer Music Theme for June There ' 11 Be No Tomorrow Three To Get Ready They Say I Look Like God Tokyo Traffic Too Young for Growing Old Traveling Blues Tritonis Two Churches Two Part Contention Unisphere Unsquare Dance Vento Fresco Walkin ' Line Wa t u s i Drums Waltz Limp We All Remember Paul Weep No More APPENDIX B CHORAL COMPOSITIONS Light in the Wilderness oratorio Decca/MCA 10009 - 1970 Premiere: Feb 1968 Gates of Justice cantata Decca DL 710175 Premiere: Oct 1969 Truth is Fallen cantata Atlantic 40367 - 1973-74 Premiere: May 1971 La Fiesta de la Posada Christmas Chorale CBS 73903 - 1979 Pageant Premiere: Dec 1975 Beloved Son oratorio Premiere: Aug 1978 To Hope : A Celebration Premiere: April 1980 Pangua Lingua Variations Premiere: 1983 Voice of the Holy Spirit (Tongues of Fire) Premiere: June 1985 I see , Satie (Secular) Premiere: 1987 Upon This Rock (1987) Four New England Pieces (Secular) Premiere: Jan 1988 Lenten Triptych Premiere: May 1988 In Praise of Mary Premiere: Dec 1989 212 APPENDIX C RECORDINGS BY THE DAVE BRUBECK ENSEMBLES Abbreviation codes: ATC ATLANTIC CCJ CONCORD JAZZ COL COLUMBIA FSY FANTASY GRP GRP RECORDS MLS MILESTONE OJC ORIGINAL JAZZ CLASSICS HOR HORIZON MUSIC RECORD AAM A & M RECORDS MCA MCA RECORDS ALL THE THINGS YOU ARE: ATC AMERICAN POP: MCA ATLANTIC JAZZ: ATC BACK HOME: CCJ BLUE RONDO: CCY BLUE RONDO A LA TURK (SINGLE): COL BROTHER, THE GREAT SPIRIT MADE US ALL: ATC BRUBECK A LA MODE: FSY BRUBECK AND DESMOND 1975: THE DUETS: AAM BRUBECK AND RUSHING: CSP COLUMBIA JAZZ MASTERPIECE SAMPLER: COL CONCORD ON A SUMMER NIGHT: CCJ CONCORD SOUND: CCJ DAVE BRUBECK OCTET: FSY DAVE BRUBECK/ PAUL DESMOND: FSY FIESTA DE LA POSADA (FESTIVAL OF THE INN): COL FOR IOLA: CCJ GONE WITH THE WIND: COL GREAT CONCERTS: COL GREATEST HITS: FSY HAPPY ANNIVERSARY, CHARLIE BROWN: GRP JAZZ AT THE COLLEGE OF THE PACIFIC: FSY JAZZ AT OBERLIN: FSY JAZZ MASTERS - 27 CLASSIC PERFORMANCES: COL JAZZ: RED HOT AND COOL: COL JINGLE BELL JAZZ: COL JAZZ SAMPLER (VOL II): COL JAZZ SAMPLER (VOL V): COL LAST SET AT NEWPORT: ATC MOSCOW NIGHT: CCJ MUSIC FROM WEST SIDE STORY AND OTHER SHOWS AND FILMS: COL NEAR-MYTH WITH BILL SMITH: FSY 213 214 NEWPORT: 19 58: COL PAPER MOON: CCJ PIONEERS OF THE NEW AGE: COL REFLECTIONS: CCJ REUNION: FSY STARDUST (SINGLE): OJC STARDUST: MLS TAKE FIVE (SINGLE): COL TAKE FIVE: CSP TIME FURTHER OUT: COL TIME OUT: COL TRITONIS: CCJ 25th ANNIVERSARY REUNION: AAM 24 CLASSIC ORIGINAL RECORDINGS: FSY TWO GENERATIONS OF DRUBECK: ATC WE'RE ALL TOGETHER AGAIN: ATC REFERENCES Blue Rondo (1987). Editor, M. Johnson. Miami: Columbia Pictures Publication. Brubeck, D. (1958). "The beat heard 'round the world." The New York Times , 14+, Jun 15. Burger, J. (1986). "Dave Brubeck still in high gear after thirty successful years." Keyboard Magazine, 12: 18, Dec. Case, B. & Britt, S. (1978). "Brubeck, David," in The illustrated encyclopedia of jazz . Mew York: Harmony Books, 40. "Chico's charges challenged." (1963). Down Beat , 30: 7 , May 9 . "Cincinnati bow for Brubeck's oratorio." Down Beat, 35: 9, Feb 22. Clark, A. (1974). "Old hands in new alliance: Brubeck & Mulligan." Jazz Journal , 27: 18-19+, Feb. Collier, J. (1978). The making of jazz . Boston: Mifflin. Cooper, A. (1974). "Swingin family." Newsweek , 83: 89, Mar 11. Cooper, P. (1969). [The gates of justice] Music Journal , 27: 98, Dec. Dahlburg, J. (1987). "Soviets cheer Dave Brubeck at first Moscow concert." The Hartford Courant , Mar 27. Dance, S. (1968). [The light in the wilderness] Music Journal , 26: 60, Nov. Dave Brubeck Quartet ( D.B.O . ) Newsletter . (1987). Wilton, CT 5: nl. D.B.Q . Newsletter . (1988). Wilton, CT 6: nl. 215 216 D.B.Q . Newsletter . '1989). Wilton, CT 7: nl. Drury M. (1958). "The private life of Dave Brubeck." Good Housekeeping , 146: 52-53+, Feb. Feather, L. (1953). "Dave's raves are Tatum, Jelly Roll." Down Beat , 20: 12, Feb 25. Feather, L. (1976). The pleasures of jazz . New York: Dell Publishing. Feather, L., & Gitler, I. (1970). The encyclopedia of jazz in the seventies . New York: Horizon Press. Freeman, D. (1955). "Dave Brubeck answers his critics." Down Beat , 22: 7, Aug 10. Frost, H. (1963). "Alike vet unalike." Down Beat , 30: 14-15, Nov 21. Gleason, R. (1957a). "Brubeck." Down Beat . 24: 13-14+, Jul 25. Gleason, R. (1957b). "Thev said I was too far out." Down Beat , 24: 17-19+, Aug 8. Gleason, R . (1957c). "I did some things first." Down Beat , 24: 14-16+, Sep 5. Gleason, R. (1960). "An appeal from Dave Brubeck." Down Beat , 27: 12-13, Feb 18. Green, B. (1971). "Jazz expo '70: a step backward?" Down Beat , 38: 33, Jan 7. Gridley, M. (1985). Jazz s t v 1 e s : History and analysis ■ New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Grout, D. (1960). A history of western music ■ New York: Norton. Haydon, G. (1941). An introduction to musicology . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Hentoff, N. (1955). "Counterpoint." Down Beat , 22: 4, Mar 9. Hockett, H. (1955). The critical method in historical research and writing . New York: Macmillan. in Jazz impressions of Eurasia (1958). "The Dave Brubeck Quartet." Columbia: CS 8058. Jazz impressions of Japan (1960). "The Dave Brubeck Quartet." Columbia: CL 2212. Keating, L. (1976). "Jazz on the screen." Jazz Journal , 29: 20-21, Dec. Kennington, D. (1971). The literature of jazz : A critical guide . Chicago: American Library. Laverne, A. (1987). "Dave Brubeck presents pointers on poly-playing." Keyboard Magazine , 13: 104+, Nov. Lees, G. (1961a). "About this man Brubeck." Down Beat , 28: 22-4, Jun. Lees, G. (1961b). "About this man Brubeck." Down Beat , 28: 16-18, Jul. Lyons, L. (1980). "The Dave Brubeck Quartet," in 101 best jazz albums : A history of jazz on records . New York: William Morrow, 206. Lyons, L. (1983). The great jazz pianists : Speaking of their lives and music . New York: Quill. "Man on cloud no. 7." (1954). Time , 64: 67-70+, Nov 8. Mc Cray, J. (1978). "An interview with Dave Brubeck about his choral church music." Diapason , 69: 12+, Sep. Mehegan, J. (1957). "Jazz pianists: 2." Down Beat , 24: 17, Jun 27. Merriam, A. (1970). A bibliography of jazz ■ New York: Da Capo Press. Montparker, C. (1987). "Taking five with Dave Brubeck." Clavier , 26, n2 : 6-11, Feb. Patterson, A. (1989). The solo songs of Darius Milhaud in the curriculum of the college voice studio . Dissertation Proposal: University of Florida. Phelps, R. (1986). A guide to research in music education . London: the Scarecrow Press. Race, S. (1961). "Brubeck re-visited." Jazz Journal , 14: 1-3, Feb. Ramsey, D. (1972). "Caught in the act." Down Beat , 39: 31-33, May 11. Reisner, R. (1959). The literature of jazz . New York Public Library. Shapiro, N. & Hentoff, N. (1966). Hear me talkin 1 to ya . New York: Dover. Stuessy, D. (1978). The confluence of jazz and classical music . (Doctoral dissertation, Eastman School of Music) Rilm Abstract , XII/2, 3105. "Subconscious pianist." (1952). Time , 60: 92+, Nov 10. Taylor, B. (1982). Jazz piano : History and development ■ Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown. Themes from Eurasia (1960). Edited by H. Brubeck. Delaware Water Gap: Shawnee Press. Traill, S. (1964). "The Dave Brubeck Quartet." Jazz Journal , 17: 16-17, Jul. Wang, R. (1986). "Brubeck, Dave," in The new grove dictionary of american music. First edition, edited by H. Wiley Hitchcock & S. Sadie. London: Macmillan Press, vl:' 313-14. Williams, M. (1961). Where ' s the melody . New York: Random House. Williams, M. (1970). Jazz masters in transition , 1957- 69 . New York: Macmillan. Witherden, B. (1968). "Dave Brubeck: Experiment in action. Jazz Journal , 21: 6-7, Apr. Woollev, S. (1978). "Like father, like sons." Melody Maker , 53: 37, Jul 8. 219 SCORES UTILIZED FOR THE STUDY Brubeck : time out -- -jazz piano . (1962). San Francisco: Derry Music Dave Brubeck . (1965). Transcribed and edited by H. Brubeck. San Francisco: Derry Music. Dave Brubeck made easy for piano ■ (1986). Arranged by J. Brimhall. Miami: Columbia Pictures. Dave Brubeck : Points on jazz . (1963). San Francisco: Derry Music. Dave Brubeck : Blue rondo . (1987). Edited by M. Johnson. Miami: Columbia Pictures. Dave Brubeck : The genius continues . (1986). Transcribed by H. Brubeck. Edited by M. Johnson & D. Olsen. Miami Columbia Pictures. Genius of Dave Brubeck , book I. (1984). Transcribed by H. Brubeck. Editor, D. Olson. Miami: Columbia Pictures . Genius of Dave Brubeck , book II. (1984). Transcribed by H. Brubeck. Editor, D. Olson. Miami: Columbia Pictures . Gloria from La fiesta de la posada. (1976). Delaware Water Gap: Shawnee Press. God ' s love made visible from La fiesta de la posada. (19 78). Delaware Water Gap: Shawnee Press. Jazz impressions of Japan . (1957). Transcribed and edited by H. Brubeck. Delaware Water Gap: Shawnee Press . Light in the wilderness . (1968). Delaware Water Gap: Shawnee Press. 220 Oh , come let us sing from The gates of justice. (1970), Delaware Water Gap: Shawnee Press. Themes from Eurasia . (1960). Edited by H. Brubeck. Delaware Water Gap: Shawnee Press. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Danny Ronald Zirpoli was born in London, England, on August 9, 1945. He began the study of piano at the age of fourteen and presented his first public recital after six months of study. Shortly after arriving in the United States, at age sixteen, he gave a special recital for North Carolina Governor Terry Sanford. By the time he graduated from high school he had made numerous recital appearances and toured as soloist with the North Carolina Symphony. Mr. Zirpoli earned a full scholarship to attend the College-Conservatory of Music of the University of Cincinnati, where he studied piano with Mme . Karin Dayas. Before graduation in 1967, Mr. Zirpoli had been a soloist with the Conservatory Philharmonia Orchestra, the Concert Orchestra, the Cincinnati Brass Enssemble, the Cincinnati Percussion Ensemble, and received the coveted Gorno Memorial Award for Superior Achievement in Piano. In 1967, he received a full scholarship for graduate study at the University of Cincinnati, where he began teaching as an adjunct faculty member. Prior to receiving his master's degree (piano) in 1970, Mr. Zirpoli organized and directed the Cincinnati YWCA 221 Choir, composed and arranged music for Gerding Productions of Cincinnati (commercials and educational films), became head of the teaching department for Willis Music Company, and organized a jazz ensemble, which maintained a very active performing schedule. In 1969, he gave a special recital for Princess Irene of Greece. Before coming to the University of Florida, Mr. Zirpoli had divided his time equally between traveling with his own jazz ensemble and teaching in Sarasota, Florida. While at the University of Florida, Mr. Zirpoli has studied musicology with Dr. David Z. Kushner and piano with Professor Boaz Sharon. He has appeared as a soloist with the University Symphony Orchestra and been very active with the Theatre Department of the University. In 1989, Mr. Zirpoli was a recipient of the University of Florida President ' s Recognition Award . Mr. Zirpoli's affiliations in the field of music include Phi Beta Delta (Honor Society for International Scholars), Pi Kappa Lambda, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the American Musicological Society, the College Music Society, and the Music Teachers National Association. I certify that I have read this study and that in ray opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. )avid Z.H^ushner, Chair Da Professor of Music I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. S. Phil^ip / Knlseley Professor of Humani'ties I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation/for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Jeff /A/. /Hurt Assistia^/t Professor of Instruction and Curriculum I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Forrest W. Parkay U Associate Professor of Educational Leadership This dissertation was submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the College of Education and to the Graduate School and was accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. May, 1990 Dean, College of Education Dean, Graduate School UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 08554 9821	Take Five
What African capital city is regarded as the largest French-speaking city after Paris?	Jazz and Beyond - the Number One Australian music e-zine. News, gig guides, reviews, interviews. Benjamin Sanz Quintet - Mutation Majeure (Archie Ball ARCH 1101) French based Sanz has avoided the lure of recording a drummerï¿½s album. Having worked with Sunny Murray at 18 and subsequently David Murray, Oliver Lake, the free improviser Jean-Luc Guionnet or the hip-hop trio Iswhat?!, Sanz brings a diverse array of influence to the studio and does not need to prove his virtuosity. Maybe his biggest influence is his African collaborations but the polyrhythmic textures he expresses in some post bop sit just as comfortably in other post modern contexts. For me ï¿½Jungleï¿½ is the highlight where trumpeter Rasul Siddik exhales unsettling sounds of danger with a flute. Keep an open mind by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight March 2012 Back to Index Houston Person - So Nice (High Note HCD 7229) I always look forward to a new release by the bruising yet soulful tenor of Person. This album of 12 less trampled standards (Star Eyes) sees Person more restrained and breathy than usual. The most appealing aspect is the lack of any arrangements leaving the intuitive talent surrounding Person such as Warren Vache on trumpet and Howard Alden on guitar, the freedom to interact in pure settings. Whilst it gets a little soapy, Person fans will not be disappointed. The experienced trombonist Mark Patterson whoï¿½s worked with everyone from Streisand to Maria Schneider stands out with his sublime sentimental tone by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight March 2012 Back to Index Compass - Ode to an Auto Rickshaw (Earshift Records EAR005) Compass is a saxophone quartet made up of Christina Leonard, soprano, Jeremy Rose, alto, Matthew Ottignon, tenor and Luke Gilmour, baritone. Five years in existence, Compassï¿½s second disc again explores cross cultural collaborations and this time itï¿½s a jazz/classical collision with Hindustani & Carnatic musician Sarangan Sriranganathan on sitar/vocals and Bobby Singh tabla. Rose composed the six movement River Meeting Suite whilst Sandy Evans, already versed in Indian music, was engaged to contribute the title track. Nocturneï¿½s dreamy melody is elongated and harmonically jazz based whilst Evanï¿½s title track opens mystically and then rolls busily through a plethora of sub-continental flavours. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight March 2012 Back to Index The Vampires - Garfish (Earshift records) This third album from young Sydney quartet The Vampires continues their musical advancement, investigation of latin rhythms, and masterful compositions by altoist Jeremy Rose and trumpeter Nick Garbett. Rose in particular is rapidly gathering further high acclaim and awards. With the same personnel and guest artists ï¿½ trombonist Shannon Barnett and percussionist Fabian Hevia ï¿½ as their 2010 recording Chellowdene, this new one sounds definitely Caribbean-based in style. Roseï¿½s Haiti opens with an infectious Carib rhythm established by Heviaï¿½s percussion, Alex Massoï¿½s drumkit and Alex Bonehamï¿½s mobile bass, then utilises the three horn front line in an authentic Haitian blend of Afro-Cuban, French, and Spanish influences injected with a jazz feel. Itï¿½s the longest track at eight minutes and includes a skilled, joyously swinging, stuttering trombone solo. Strugglinï¿½features wonderful solos from firstly Roseï¿½s clever, bluesy-latino alto plus quick runs, followed by a precise, slightly sedate trumpet ending in a downward growl, to conclude in inventive drum exchanges with the two riffing horns. While many tracks use post-bop themes blended with latin rhythms, Life In The Fast Lane is the most representative of those ideas, moving through changing tempos and altering moods with alto and trumpet voiced against faster-moving bass and accented drums ending in an unexpected, faintly mariachi passage. Garfish is a fine addition to the The Vampiresï¿½ collection of evolving originality by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian March 2012 The fourth album for this Sydney based group builds on the seductively loping reggae grooves and spritely flavours of their previous albums. Two guests are added, percussionist Fabian Hevia and trombonist Shannon Barnett. The latterï¿½s machine gun like solo on ï¿½Haitiï¿½ is underpinned by a driving tribal beat that could be compared to The catholics but the distinctive alto and trumpet harmonies are quite unique and have become a Vampires trademark. Compositional rights are shared by altoist Jeremy Rose and trumpeter Nick Garbett while Bonehamï¿½s clean bass tone and Massoï¿½s zooming toms add to the joyous danceability of this disc by Peter Wockner Back to Index Charmaine Jones and Mike Bevan - A Small Hotel (Independent/www.asmallhotel.com.au) Many fine Australian jazz performers are not well known nationally simply because they belong to the diaspora beyond the dominant Sydney-Melbourne axis. This is true of Adelaide performers, vocalist Charmaine Jones and guitarist Mike Bevan, both of whom are on the A-list in their home base, and deserve a wider audience. Jones, from a musical family in Sri Lanka, where her mother was an operatic soprano, came to Australia aged eight. She undertook vocal studies in 1997 at the Elder Conservatorium where she now lectures. Bevan, a lecturer in jazz guitar at the Elder has appeared with many, mostly jazz groups, over 35 years. In 2000 he formed Caliente, a group specialising in authentic Brazilian music, and Jones soon after became its resident vocalist From the first notes on the duoï¿½s debut album, a faster than usual, superbly scatted version of Noel Cowardï¿½s Mad About The Boy, itï¿½s obvious we are close to virtuoso territory. Rich guitar chords maintain the pulse as Jonesï¿½s voice re-interprets the theme, then embarks on a guitar-stopped chorus of marvellously interpretative scat. Eleven of the thirteen tracks are standards, many lesser known, including a delightfully nostalgic On a Little Street in Singapore. Thereï¿½s a dreamy Bevan original with wordless vocals, Little Paddock, and Jonesï¿½s paradoxically entitled, Another Standard, where her treatment of this cleverly harmonised ballad with sophisticated lyrics might just make the song into a standard. The well-established standard, Embraceable You is introduced by a chorus of lush, romantic guitar using beautiful chording and masterful running notes, a perfect prelude for the entry of Jonesï¿½s coloratura expressionism which ends with a deeply moving, uniquely-styled conclusion. That song was a showstopper at the albumï¿½s launch in February at the Adelaide Fringe Festival Jonesï¿½s vocal range is unusually wide, from the soprano register, extending down to Dflat below middle C, with a style encompassing jazz-based phrasing and interpretations, and transcendent sensitivity, adding both power and fragility. She describes herself as an instrumentalist over multiple genres. Canï¿½t We Be Friends further illustrates Jonesï¿½s ability to seamlessly interweave a familiar theme with her own improvisations, creating something entirely new. The cover shot is from the portfolio Adelaide Noir by local photographer Alex Frayne by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Mar 2012 Back to Index Slide Albatross (Independent) This self-titled debut album from a Sydney-based trio consists of three musicians who met while studying at Sydney Conservatorium. Saxophonist Brendan Berlach has recently completed a six year stint with Judy Baileyï¿½s Jazz Connection, while guitarist Dave de Vries has performed with 3 Omega and others, and drummer Alex Masso toured with Trio Apoplectic and The Vampires. The eleven tracks are all originals in a style perhaps best described as instrumental indie-jazz-folk. They are all, save two, in a sombre mood; the exceptions are Migration Seven given a latin beat and an overly repetitive guitar riff, with a fine, fast-running sax solo, also the slightly brightly-themed MS Coconut. The group describes their music as ï¿½migratory with no particular stylist home ground,ï¿½ but itï¿½s difficult to grasp what is being migrated from, and to where. The players are all competent and quite well integrated but the album would have been improved with a few more lively, uplifting tracks and less use of minor keys. Many begin with long, low, slow notes on sax or guitar, setting a depressing atmosphere. An example is the opener Collect, a downcast blues, and another is a truly sad and aching arrangement of the traditional song Make Me Down A Pallet On Your Floor. If the intention was to produce an album of melancholy then this music is an anguished success by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Mar 2012 Iï¿½ve got to say this disc reminded me of the ECM release of Paul Motian, Bill Frisell and Joe Lovano Time and Time Again. The album has similar granular textures and generous allowances for the gradual development of personal expression within solo and trio contexts with no overt sense of urgency. Led by tenor saxophonist Brendan Berlach, the trio has its origins in a 2010 completely improvised live Sydney set, but these are spare melodic structures that are purposely devoid of arrangement and mostly from Berlach who has some Rollins tenor tone. Dave DeVries guitar and Alex Masso drums make up the trio by Peter Wockner Back to Index Marc Hannaford - Ordinary Madness (Quintet) and Sarcophile (Trio) (Digital-only: www.marchannaford.com) Twenty-nine year old Melbourne pianist Marc Hannaford is at the forefront of cutting edge contemporary improvised music. Hannafordï¿½s diverse, musical eclecticism is illustrated in his selections for his final masters recital. He played works by Heinichen, Gesualdo, Elliott Carter, Bach, Messiaen, four of his own compositions, and a Thelonious Monk. Although Hannaford plays classical music at home, he breaks it apart, as a source for improvisational ideas Ordinary Madness ï¿½ a title from US writer Charles Bukowski (1920 - 1994) ï¿½ aligns Hannaford with avant-gardist Scott Tinkler on trumpet, bassist Philip Rex, drummer Simon Barker and US saxophonist Tim Berne to embark on three lengthy tracks of completely unstructured, unedited improvisation. The music is abstract; the complete inverse of easy listening, performed by highly talented musicians and demands the listenerï¿½s total attention. The performance relies on the autogenetic ideas of the participants and their ability to instantly collaborate, take an idea, a series of sounds, and utilise, enhance, expand and explore them to construct an overall result. Each of the three pieces moves through varying moods. Dolls opens with a dreamy alto sax, floating piano, and trumpet declamations, soon joined by bass and staccato drum statements evolving into rhythmic post-bop passages, climactic mayhem, abrupt decrescendos, introspective wandering and a gamut of expressionism. Anyone expecting a theme-solos-theme format might be bewildered, but careful attention to these inspired works of high-level, unfettered, group improvisation will be rewarded. The trio album is a more orthodox collection of Hannaford originals with bassist Sam Pankhurst and drummer James McLean, both aged early to mid-twenties. The compositions are complex, cerebral, intricate, and swing mightily, often in a neo-classical way. Hannafordï¿½s solos are skilfully constructed, meaningful excursions, not mere tracings of chord changes. Jack Hammerfordopens with typically unexpected melodic piano intervals, and deep dark chords precipitating rhythmic changes for exhilarating improvisations at varying speeds. Beginning with solo bass walking, Something We Know moves into polyrhythms as the piano states a jagged theme leading to increasingly speeding, convoluted runs, punctuated by drums. These albums deliver state of the art improvised music in two different settings: an unstructured larger group and in a more familiar, arranged trio setting by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Mar 2012 Back to Index Dave Brubeck Quartet - Their Last Time Out (Columbia Legacy 88697815622) Itï¿½s a pity this final concert by the classic Dave Brubeck in the ballroom of the Statler Hilton Hotel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on December 26, 1967 was not officially recorded by Columbia. If the sound had matched that of the quartetï¿½s finest live recording, the 1963 Carnegie Hall concert, this would have been a set to treasure. It was recorded monaurally on tape which was found gathering dust in the Brubeck household a few years ago. Despite the uneven mix, Paul Desmondï¿½s alto saxophone is slightly under-recorded at times as is Eugene Wrightï¿½s bass, no serious Brubeck collector should be without this two-disc set which again highlights the remarkable interplay between the pianist and Desmond counterbalanced by the rhythm generated by Wright and Joe Morelloï¿½s drums. A romping St Louis Blues sets the scene in which there are no great surprises but an air of excitement as the four enjoy this historic event which would end 10 years of playing together. Take The A Train, a Brubeck favourite, sizzles as does the rousing Someday My Prince Will Come and there is the contrast of the Mexican folk song La Paloma Azul noted for Desmondï¿½s flowing lyrical lines. It ends appropriately with Take Five by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight March 2012 Back to Index Nicki Parrott - Canï¿½t Take My Eyes Off You (Venus Records VHCD 1057) Newcastle-born Nicki Parrott is a rarity, a first-class bass player who is also a vocalist. And she sings very well as her previous recordings with pianist Rossano Sportiello and those for this Japanese label have shown. In her latest album, recorded in March last year, with a melodic emphasis she again restyles some of the great standards (Gershwin, Berlin etc) and music by Burt Bacharach, Tony Hatch and Willie Nelson. She is again admirably backed by tenor saxophonist Harry Allen and pianist John DiMartino with Chuck Reddï¿½s vibes a welcome addition. And the bass playing is spot on too! by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight March 2012 Back to Index Keith Jarrett - Rio (ECM 2198/99) Jarrett was once quoted as saying ï¿½If you make a map of something, and that map isnï¿½t changeable, youï¿½re stuck with the map. For driving, thatï¿½s good, but for music, Iï¿½m not sureï¿½. Jarrettï¿½s solo live recordings have tended to concentrate in Europe, Tokyo or New York but this album was captured in Rio de Janeiro April 2011 and, like Tokyoï¿½s Radiance, Jarrettï¿½s performance is deplete of preconceptions. Each piece is entitled Rio Part I - XV and averages six minutes in length over two discs . Previously afraid to lose the flow of his music, these days Jarrett knows when a song is complete and each is around six minutes in length. This is spontaneous creation of song and Jarrett is in a spirited mood. Rollicking bass grooves underpin funky vamps or wandering lyricism cleverly interspersed with rising melodies which overwhelmingly delight the audience. Each phrase is sublimely reconciled then bridged into the next crescendo by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight February 2012 Back to Index Nick Haywood Quartet - 1234 (Jazzhead HEAD 147) Amongst many career highlights, Haywood, the bassist of the trio that produced one of the definitive Australian recordings Sudden in a Shaft of Sunlight in 1998 has chosen Stephen Magnusson guitar and Colin Hopkins piano with stalwart Allan Browne on drums. Each had their own troubles prior to the session which might explain the melancholia but the sublime interaction, spontaneity, minimalism and the choice of material makes this a must have disc to wash away the blues. Four originals and significantly Jimmy Webbï¿½s broodingly beautiful ï¿½The Moonï¿½s a Harsh Mistressï¿½ and the country tinged ï¿½Blue Eyes Crying in the Rainï¿½ were both one takes. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight February 2012 Back to Index Kellylee Evans - Nina (Plus Loin PL4528) One of the few tribute albums in recent times that walks the fine line of respect for the icon without compromising oneï¿½s individuality. A previous Monk Institute finalist, the Canadianï¿½s third album doesnï¿½t include My Baby Just Cares for Me or Mississippi Godamm but there is no mistaking the intent. She uses Cassandra Wilson guitarist Marvin Sewell and Dee Dee Bridgewater drummer Andre Ceccarelli in vocal territory trail blazed by Wilson and Betty Carter with hints of Holiday phrasing. Amongst several highlights is the most haunting re-arrangement of Mood Indigo Iï¿½ve heard. The very clean bass of Francois Moutin epitomises a fine album. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight February 2012 Back to Index Ella Fitzgerald - Sï¿½Wonderful: Ella in Japan (Verve B001530502) As far as jazz singing is concerned this is the best Ella Fitzgerald on disc, even surpassing the award-winning four-CD set Twelve Nights In Hollywood. Here is the supreme female popular and jazz vocalist of the last century at her peak before a rapturous audience in two concerts in Tokyo in January, 1964 with a quartet led by trumpeter Roy Eldridge, showcased on four tracks, and Japanese musicians. Originally planned as a follow-up to the Grammy-winning Ella In Berlin under the title Ella In Nippon, the project was canned by her manager Norman Granz because of the surfeit of Ella material about to be released. The master tapes lay gathering dust for 47 years, but what a treasure trove including a stirring Sï¿½Wonderful partly sung in Japanese. By personalising I Love Being Here With You early she sets the scene for two nights of great jazz singing by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight February 2012 Back to Index Liam Burrows With John Morrisonï¿½s Swing City - All of Me (LB01) It reads like the script from something like the 1939 MGM musical Babes In Arms. Talented teenager leaves school to find himself singing with a swinging jazz orchestra of the highest class in an impressive recording debut. What is more remarkable is that Liam Burrows has love for the music of Sinatra and the great standards in an age where public taste is governed by the pop industry. But he knows how to swing and can really belt out a song. Minor flaws in his diction, phrasing and dynamics will be ironed out with maturity. And remember heï¿½s only 17! by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight February 2012 Back to Index Michael Feinstein - The Good Life: The Sinatra Project, Volume Two (Concord Jazz CJA 330-02) Michael Feinstein, the leading custodian of The Great American Songbook, continues his homage to the greatest male interpreter of the popular song but whereas in the first volume he concentrated on Sinatraï¿½s great years in the 1950ï¿½s and before, here itï¿½s Frankï¿½s Rat Pack days of the 1960ï¿½s including numbers associated with Dean Martin (Sway) and Sammy Davis Jnr (For Once In My Life). The 30-piece orchestra under the direction of arranger-producer Bill Elliott backs him impeccably. The bossa nova-inspired The Way You Look Tonight is a gem but the urbane singer-pianist is at his best and most intimate accompanying himself on a poignant Iï¿½ll Be Around. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight February 2012 Back to Index Gadjo Guitars - Lï¿½Amour En Douce (Independent http://gadjoguitars.com) In an age where we really don't feel we can trust our senses anymore ï¿½ Photoshop tricks our eyes, Pro-Tools and AutoTune bamboozle our ears ï¿½ it is no surprise that music fans are turning to more acoustic, rootsier forms of music for a thrill that can only be enjoyed first hand. The less production steps between the musicianï¿½s instrument and our minds/hearts, often the better. The recent resurgence of Gadjo (or Manouche) music ï¿½ Gypsy Jazz, mon ami! ï¿½ï¿½ is one example where intimacy and immediacy pay off in spades, emotionally and viscerally. The trade-off of course is that there is little or no studio retouching required or even desired ï¿½ the artist has to get it right, in the moment, to capture all the charm and life in the music as it rushes by. And with a music as technicially demanding and virtuosic as Manouche Jazz it is a rare artist that can pull it off with a (gallic) smile on his face. Sydneyï¿½s Gadjo Guitars feature well-known Sydney virtuoso Nigel Date who has made jaws drop for a while now whenever he plays a solo or duo show. Nigel is joined by Jose Zarb and Cameron Jones ï¿½ all three playing the peculiar wide-mouth manouche guitar. Their debut album is called Lï¿½Amour En Douce and it is a gem, containing all the charm and artistry that this French form of jazz is known for. The towering figure of Manouche Jazz (and French jazz in general) is Django Reinhardt ï¿½ an illiterate gypsy with a damaged fretting hand who made everyone who ever heard him sit up and take notice. The GGs open with Djangoï¿½s ï¿½Douche Ambienceï¿½ and pepper the repetoire with his classics ï¿½ ï¿½Nuagesï¿½, ï¿½Djangologyï¿½ and a particularly spry take on Djangoï¿½s ï¿½Dinetteï¿½. Standards such as ï¿½Le Feuilles Mortesï¿½ (known outside of Montmartre cafï¿½s as ï¿½Autumn Leavesï¿½) and ï¿½Summertimeï¿½ are there but tastily arranged and used as musical material for the three guitarists to have some good Gadjo fun with. What Stan Valacos and Nigel Dateï¿½s production has got so right with this is they have retained a very ï¿½liveï¿½ feeling to the performances. Each of the cuts feels nice and immediate ï¿½ string squeaks, a couple of almost-flubbed notes and some slightly ragged endings are all included. Over-production such as reverb and extensive EQ or compression are eschewed in favour of immediacy. The vibe very much reminds me of ï¿½The Pizza Tapesï¿½ of a few years back ï¿½ the LP The Grateful Deadï¿½s Jerry Garcia made with bluegrass buddies Dave Grisman and Tony Rice. A very different style but just the same afternoon haze ï¿½ three friends getting together to make some music; it could be in your lounge room. The rhythm-guitars chop away with a grinning swing as the melodies and solos are passed around between Date, Zarb and Jones. The whole thing has a real feeling of joie dï¿½vivre to it. This music is irresistible and holds enough dazzling virtuosic runs and effects ï¿½ check out the chiming harmonics in Djangoï¿½s ï¿½Sweet Chorusï¿½ ï¿½ to keep the guitar-freaks out there happy (and practicing). I know I am. by John Hardaker Back to Index Bridie King - Blue Ivories (Trailblazer) Sydney pianist Bridie King is well known for her bluesy, New Orleans pianistics over more than thirty years in such bands as The Hippos and The Boogie Kings, plus two earlier albums. Right from the jump opening of Memphis Slimï¿½s Nat Dee Special, the style and exuberance of authentic Barrelhouse, Blues, and Boogaloo piano leaps out from these thirteen tracks, including two of Kingï¿½s originals. With Mike Rix on acoustic bass ï¿½ slightly under-recorded ï¿½ and Toby Hallï¿½s dynamic, synch-perfect drums, Kingï¿½s piano stomps joyously with its signature shuffle beat. Pat Powell adds his raw vocals to two numbers: the classic Down The Road Apiece as the piano rolls it along, and less powerfully on Ainï¿½t There Something Money Canï¿½t Buy? A slower, more reflective number is an instrumental Blue Moments digging deep into historical blues phrases and featuring a better recorded bowed bass sequence, while Professor Longhairï¿½s Willie Fugalï¿½s Blues raises the tempo with a rumba rhythm. An unexpected inclusion is Donovanï¿½s sixties hit Mellow Yellow, where King drives the tune along with a strutting feel. River Is Waiting is a masterful exercise, painting a picture of blues-soaked nostalgia. None of this is new music, but King has a finely honed technique with a perfect grasp of the early southern US piano idiom and plays it with exhilaration and ineluctable swing by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Feb 2012 Back to Index Andy Sheppard, Michel Benita and Sebastian Rochford - Trio Libero (ECM/Fuse) This second album for the fabled ECM label by UK saxophonist Andy Sheppardï¿½s new trio continues his cool, lyrical style on tenor and soprano saxes. With French bassist Michel Benita and genre-spanning UK drummer Sebastian (ï¿½Sebï¿½) Rochford the trio plays originals, group improvisations and one standard: Iï¿½m Always Chasing Rainbows. That familiar tune is delivered at an ultra-slow tempo in deliciously drawn-out soprano phrases that, with beautiful sensitivity, verge on the edge of falling out of time, in the breath-holding spaces between measures. After the melodic statement from Sheppard accompanied by an occasional, understated brush from the drumkit and a perfectly contained, smouldering undercurrent from Benita, the bass takes up the theme as the soprano softly filigrees. The fragile mood is sustained throughout thirteen tracks, opening with Sheppardï¿½s Libertinoon tenor with an incisive but lyrical attack and accessible, melodic improvisation. Benitaï¿½s composition Ishidatami leads with the bass in an eastern modality and Rochfordï¿½s well-placed hand drumming ahead of the sopranoï¿½s weaving of a pausing, ever so slightly echoey narrative. The one track by Rochford, Lots of Stairs moves through several moods from the drum footsteps beginning to a restrained tenor theme punctuated by brushes, growing into a climax then a decrescendo. The album is yet another superbly recorded and produced by the incomparable Manfred Eicher by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Feb 2012 Back to Index Maggie Britton - Ditto ï¿½ Songs for Alexander (Oak Records) Gold Coast-based vocalist Maggie Jodrell Britton has a career spanning more than forty years, appearing regularly on Brian Hendersonï¿½s TV Bandstand in the sixties and touring extensively around the globe. Her 1981 Royal Command Performance in London ranks as a career highlight and she has had numerous hits, including Come on Down, Morning Dew, and the country classic Reuben James. This recent collection ï¿½ Brittonï¿½s first recording in 30 years ï¿½ of twelve standards are all, except for two, taken at slow ballad tempos. They are delivered in a professional, straightforward smooth-jazz style with a dash of Broadway Musical and perhaps an occasional overuse of sweeteners in some of the recipes. Nevertheless, these are sumptuous orchestral arrangements by Roberto Merlini with Gold Coast musicians, and Britton retains a wide vocal range with the ability to hold a long high note, such as the last one in an ultra-slow Ainï¿½t Misbehavin. She also uses a controlled vibrato to good effect. One of the most successful of these time-worn classics is Gershwinï¿½s The Man I Love performed with expressive taste; another is a tenderly interpreted Our Love Is Here To Stay. And the dedication to ï¿½Alexander?ï¿½ Heï¿½s a friend and a fan of the singerï¿½s live performances who asked for some of her music to play in his car by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Feb 2012 Back to Index Christian McBride - Conversations with Christian (Mack Avenue Records/The Planet Company) Top-ranking US bassist Christian McBride is a man for all seasons, appearing on nearly 300 recordings with artists ranging from the jazz A-list, such as Freddie Hubbard and Pat Metheny, to classical and classical-fusion exponents, hip-hop, pop, and soul performers including vocalists Carly Simon and Sting. McBrideï¿½s latest is a thirteen track album of duets, featuring his excellent playing, with a variety of performers. The duo format deserves more jazz exposure with its intense one-on-one interaction, highlighting each player in a way that larger groups canï¿½t achieve. Three vocalists are included: Sting singing a repetitive originalConsider Me Gone, and adding a few guitar chords; Dee Dee Bridgewater interspersing dialogue and scat with McBride and his swinging bass in Itï¿½s Your Thing; and the Beninoise, Angelique Kidjo, the best of the three, in a Congolese rumba, Afirika. Violinist Regina Carter plays Bachï¿½s Double Violin Concerto which soon moves into a bluesy adaptation entitled Fat Bach and Greens, concluding with a straight classical rendition as McBride bows the bass beautifully. The most impressive of four pianists is George Dukeï¿½s fast-flowing interpretation of McBrideï¿½s McDukey Blues, although Eddie Palmieriï¿½s energetic latino piano piece with huge chords is a welcome addition. Overall this album, though diversely novel, is overshadowed by McBrideï¿½s big band release The Good Feeling, just two months earlier by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Feb 2012 Back to Index Phil Treloar - Of Other Narratives (Volume 1 Integrations - www.feeling-to-thought.com) These three pieces of around 20 minutes chart an almost circular journey of discovery for drummer/percussionst Phil Treloar. From 1976, an acclaimed Sydney Opera House improvisation with visiting spontaneous bassist and composer Barry Guy and enigmatic pianist Roger Frampton who was just as unique on the alto saxophone. Integrations 1 dates back to 1991 and explored the integrational relationship between notated composition and improvisation when Simone De Haanï¿½s legato trombone strains, at times, resembled the didjeridoo, while Treloarï¿½s fully notated Womb of Paradigm for bass clarinet and piano was so complex itï¿½s hard to believe it was not fully improvised. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight January 2012 Back to Index Jeff Riley - Jazz Suite (Independent) The Jeff Riley Jazz Suite is a project begun a decade ago in the US by the eponymous saxophonist. Itï¿½s a ten piece ï¿½little, big bandï¿½ that, apart from performing original music around swing, funk and reggae styles, also supports music education for under-privileged children. The opener T for Tyka uses an interesting format, a twelve tone row: a melody that uses all twelve chromatic notes before any are repeated, and begins with a short vocal welcoming lyric from Kimberly Dawson. After that the instruments take over in swinging big band mode with a powerful brass section of four, plus three reeds, from which the leader emerges with a swing-era alto solo. The nostalgia is preserved with a Louie Bellson style drum solo preceding a tenor-led final chorus. The tempo drops a little for Mvmt II another swing piece featuring the strong trombone of Joel Timm. Reggae Soul, despite weak lyrics from the two vocalists uses a smart rhythmic drive from electric bass and drums, while another reggae-based track Time Shuttle, opening with an electric bass riff is more dynamically interesting with a lift-off trumpet solo from John Lake and big chords driving the ensemble. Swing beats the sing on this album ï¿½ most lyrics are mundane ï¿½ which is really one for the big band era aficionado featuring competent solos and period-evoking arrangements by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Jan 2012 Back to Index Quentin Angus Quintet - Retrieval Structure (Independent) Adelaide guitarist Quentin Angus, now New York based, is studying for his Masters with, amongst others, the legendary John Abercrombie, so itï¿½s no surprise that Angus plays with a masterly technique. Added to that his guitar has a soft, mellow tone devoid of the sharpness favoured by some players and he solos with a constantly surprising creativity. The nine tracks recorded in New York for this debut album are Angus originals, often fluidly complex, cerebral in nature, but completely accessible. The opener, Coltrane Matrix, based on the changes from Coltraneï¿½s famous Giant Steps begins with softly strummed guitar and the subdued piano of another outstanding ex-Adelaidean, Mathew Sheens. Then a fast, intricate, zigzagging theme is stated by guitar and Chad Lefkowitzï¿½s tenor sax in unison, building then subsiding into floating solos from both instruments. The title track moves through various time signatures from 7/4 to 3/4 and a standard 4/4 giving a constantly moving rhythmic sequence of passages over which soprano sax, piano and guitar roll and manoeuvre impressively into theme or improvisation. The shortest track, Sentient opens with a smart, quick solo from drummer Kenneth Salters to introduce a post-bop theme for a driving tenor solo to climb to a high abrupt end after just under two minutes. These are refreshingly interesting and diverse compositions interpreted by a quintet of seriously accomplished young jazz players by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Jan 2012 Back to Index Robert Burke Tony Gould Tony Floyd Nick Haywood - Live at Bennettï¿½s Lane (Jazzhead) This quartet of well-established Melbourne musicians was recorded over a twelve-month period from October 2009 at Bennettï¿½s Lane. The six tracks are lengthy expositions of several standards and two of saxophonist Robert Burkeï¿½s originals. Cole Porterï¿½sAll of You is given a gauzy, out-of-tempo interpretation at first with tenor sax gently meandering over Tony Gouldï¿½s rippling piano, gradually moving into a more passionate mode as the piano plays a staccato repetitive static harmony. Porterï¿½s theme doesnï¿½t emerge until around six minutes in, and later, after Nick Haywoodï¿½s bass takes up a single note reiteration, a satisfying release comes with the piano melody statement in big, extended chords. The original piece Pointilism, opens with jagged stopped sax notes accompanied by Tony Floydï¿½s unified drum shots aligned with piano and bass stabs, then establishes a vague, free-style structure which continues throughout as the track develops into dreamy, tempo-less terrain. The standard, Easy To Rememberopens with a flowingly pensive piano before the tenor sax arrives for a luscious interpretation of the ballad at an ultra-slow speed, underpinned by bass and drums as the piano segues into a more conventional backing. Tahdon, by Finnish saxophonist Jukka Perdo is a slow Nordic, atmospheric piece of beauteous harmonies and a journeying narrative, amply revealed by the piano opening, preceding the tenorï¿½s sympathetic exploratory solo by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Jan 2012 Back to Index Mike Nock Trio Plus - Hear and Know (FWM Records) There are few, if any, on the Australian jazz scene who can equal the length and depth of experience as NZ born pianist-composer Mike Nock. Heï¿½s played with top US, Australian and European names, and led important bands, over a lifelong career. His compositions, recordings and performances in jazz and classical music have won many citations, including an induction into the Bell Awards Hall of Fame. This latest recording, adding to Nockï¿½s collection of over thirty albums, features Karl Laskowskiï¿½s tenor sax and trumpeter Ken Allars, 20 year-old winner of the 2011 James Morrison Scholarship, plus the pianistï¿½s long-standing trio. Ben and James Waples on double bass and drums respectively have accompanied Nock for ten years since they met at the Sydney Conservatorium where Nock still teaches, and where he also met Laskowski and Allars. This is a stellar quintet of four younger players led by a grand old master whose compositions and arrangements here are like a 21st century reinvention of the legendary works of Gil Evans for Miles Davisï¿½s famous quintet of 1963 to 1965. A similar achievement to Evansï¿½s luscious textures and understated themes is immediately evident in the title track, opening with a placid piano, unhurried yet authoritative with a gospel hint, as a slow rhythm emerges and the horns arrive with the theme majestically voiced. The arrangement continues with firstly a soft piano then added hushed horns underscoring a truly inspirational bass solo of singing intensity. If the composition ended here it would be impressive, but Nock orchestrates a final section in ï¿½ time, interspersed with bars in 5/4, starting in a stately Viennese Waltz manner then lifting off with joyous trumpet and tenor swinging hard in counterpoint before a soft-landing conclusion: just sublime. Each of the seven tracks is a different revelation, from the blasï¿½ ennui captured in Slow News Day to the upbeat post-bop excitement of Colours, or the trumpet tremolo and sax response beginning to a ï¿½birth of the coolï¿½ style Komodo Dragon. All of the solos are not only talented improvisations; crucially they also embody the spirit and meaning of Nockï¿½s melodies. The CD includes a booklet of high-class shots of the musicians recording by Melbourne photographer Gerard Anderson by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Jan 2012 Hear and Know has all the classic traits that give reason to Nockï¿½s now legendary status. With the addition of Karl Laskowski on tenor and Ken Allars trumpet, Nock has two energetic technicians and expressive voices complementing his deft touch on piano. The title track is a spare repetitive motif thatï¿½s as simple and joyful as it is melodic, underpinned by a hypnotic syncopated groove. The ï¿½Sibylline Fragranceï¿½ fills the senses with a beautifully intense and harmonically robust melody before Allarsï¿½ taut beaming tone makes way for Nockï¿½s succinctly distilled solo. Ben Waples underpins ï¿½Coloursï¿½ with an elastic walking bass line allowing Nock to explore freer and more rapid rhythmic figures and rhapsodic passages, randomly piercing the horn line with darts of block chord. ï¿½After Satieï¿½ has the ensemble wandering nomadically before the brilliant brightness of Allars drives the groupï¿½s momentum back to its origins. You can feel the sand underfoot when James Waples brush on skin shuffles the ï¿½Komodo Dragonï¿½ along before Laskowski skillfully enters into a dark dialogue with Nock whoï¿½s happy to oblige with harmonic commentary. Nock is playing with more authority now than ever yet it never intrudes on the subtlety of his music by Peter Wockner Back to Index Peter Knight - Fish Boast of Fishing (Listen Hear collective) Melbourne trumpeter/composer Peter Knight, after successful recordings of his jazz/world music group Way Out West, has recently re-positioned his talents in far more abstract directions. Following the release of Residual, a duo album featuring Knightï¿½s trumpet, various Vietnamese instruments and electronica, comes his latest work for six musicians ï¿½ part structured, part improvised sonic experimentation. The odd title comes from a poem by avant US poet E. E. Cummings who experimented radically with syntax and poetic expression. Fans of Way Out West may be surprised at this stylistic departure from the previous idiom, although a couple of tracks contain an echo of Knightï¿½s earlier trumpet work, notably in And Men Are Caught by Worms. That amalgamation begins with an almost frightening jumble of percussive, snorting, growling, tinkling effects followed by a silence then a restatement of those sounds in an aphasic rhythm as the trumpet arrives with long notes voiced with Adam Simmonsï¿½s contrabass clarinet seguing into mystical prepared piano by Erik Griswold and sinister acoustic bass notes from Frank Di Sario. Unknowness 1 opens in a more conventional way where the bass moves in a slow rhythmic two-note pattern under percussive effects from Vanessa Tomlinson and Joe Taliaï¿½s drumkit, blending with tremolos and effects from the prepared piano ahead of some quite beautiful slow trumpet and contrabass clarinet harmonies. Not for the faint-hearted by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Jan 2012 Back to Index Marialy Pacheco - Songs that I Love (Pinnacles Music) This third solo piano album from Cuban born, Brisbane-based Marialy Pacheco, features several standards, a couple of her own compositions, and several Cuban pieces. The music flows pleasantly with feeling in slower numbers such as her own ballad original Bremen, and surges with a Latin exuberance using fast-running passages against a chordal Cuban left hand in another original dedicated to her adopted home, The Sunshine State. Two Jerome Kern standards are included: a romantic interpretation of The Way You Look Tonight with quick melodic improvisations, and The Song is You taken at a faster clip with a constantly moving interchange between bass and fast-moving treble. The three Cuban pieces might have come straight from a solo piano at a resplendent dining room of classic 1940s Havana, most notably in Mambo Inn with its characteristic rhythms and hyper-fast runs breaking out to sweep across the keyboard. Tres Lindas Cubanas is a relaxing performance strongly imbued with a Spanish tinge and rhythmic stops that come close to missing a beat, but never do as the coursing melody is always picked up just in time. This music doesnï¿½t push boundaries but it exhibits a joyous Latin spirit executed with admirable technique and an improvising ability that, whilst not trying to be cutting edge, can hold the attention with unexpected directions, changes in tonal colour, and some remarkably quick ornamentation by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Jan 2012 Back to Index Bucky and John Pizzarelli - Generations (Arbors ARCD 19345) A reviewerï¿½s nightmare is overlooking albums deserving of a better fate than being left to gather dust. Such a disc is this guitar duo set recorded in 2006 by the prolific recording Pizzarellis, father Bucky (then 81) and son John (47). Using the seven string guitar, they cover a wide range with rich chordal voicings as they segue easily between lead and rhythm showing their love of swing in tributes to Benny Goodman (Avalon) and Zoot Sims (Fred) but outstanding are the lovely Darn That Dream and Johnï¿½s Iï¿½ll Remember April, a tribute to guitar master George Van Eps by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight January 2012 Back to Index Emma Grace Stephenson - Jazz Workshop Australia This is an impressive recording by the 20-year-old pianist and vocalist who won the 2010 Pat Corrigan Scholarship at the annual JWA Jazz Camp run by John Morrison and is now studying jazz at the Sydney Conservatorium. Backed consummately by bassist Phil Stack and Morrisonï¿½s drums, she shows she can not only swing but her time is sure, she uses dynamics expertly, and has a sure and sensitive touch. Her singing, confined to one track, is overshadowed by her piano playing which sparkles in any context. Just listen to Green Dolphin Street. Here is a pianist of rich promise by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight January 2012 Back to Index Warren Vache and Bill Charlap - 2gether (Nagel Heyer 7003) The late cornet great Ruby Braff called it ï¿½the adoration of the melodyï¿½ _ the love and respect for the timeless melodies from the Great American Songbook. Itï¿½s something that Warren Vache, who has taken over Braffï¿½s mantle, and pianist Bill Charlap share. Vache has developed a beautiful tone on both cornet and flugelhorn, one of great richness and depth. Listen to any track and you will hear a master at the peak of his powers pushed all the way by the pianist. Their musical empathy is uncanny. This is one of the most beautiful duet sets I have heard by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight January 2012 Back to Index Ella Fitzgerald - Live at Mister Kellyï¿½s (Verve 0602517332157) A real treasure trove, this set captures a relaxed Ella Fitzgerald in an intimate setting interacting confidently with a live audience at the Chicago nightclub in 1958 with her trio. It has never released before probably because Norman Granz had already released concert albums with her from the Hollywood Bowl (1956) and the wonderful Live At The Opera House (1957). This is vintage Ella, a mixture of uptempo numbers, lovely ballads and swing anthems scatted as only she knew how. Many were songs she rarely sang including two associated with Frank Sinatra ie. In the Wee Small Hours and Witchcraft. A must for Ella fans by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight January 2012 Back to Index Cedar Walton - Voices Deep Within (Highnote HCD 7204) Having recorded ï¿½Naimaï¿½ in 1959 with Coltrane himself, there is none better qualified to re-record the classic from the album ï¿½Giant Stepsï¿½. This is Walton playing to his strengths; three of his own originals, ï¿½Over the Rainbowï¿½, Stevie Wonderï¿½s ï¿½Another Starï¿½ and Rollinsï¿½s ï¿½I Got Rhythmï¿½ clone ï¿½No Moeï¿½. Yes he finds safety in those strengths but there are few more exquisite pianists out of the ï¿½Messengersï¿½ tradition than Walton. He remains a cherished link to the past via Tatum, Powell, Peterson and Silver. Bassist Buster Williams is the anchor alongside the relative youth of Vincent Herringï¿½s tenor and Willie Jonesï¿½s III drums. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Dec 2011 Back to Index Samurai Spirit - Ganbare Nippon (Rufus Records RF 101) Samurai Spirit satisfies the soul and helps in a small way to address the catastrophe caused by the earthquake and tsunami at Tohoku north of Tokyo in March 2011, as a percentage of sales supports the disaster relief. The two CD set includes 25 tracks comprising 70 artists whoï¿½ve recorded for the Rufus catalogue. Each track provides a pleasant reminder of the Australian classics that have appeared on this label such as Clarion Fracture Zone. Animus Part 1 is a scintillating post bop signature by Tony Gorman and a showcase for a thunderous yet spatial Alister Spence, followed by Animus Part II, a CFZ definitive contrast using the Bulgarian Martenitsa Choir in Gaelic tongue. The stellar selections also include Eulogy for a Friend from saxophonists Bernie McGann and Sandy Evans. A subtle theme of ï¿½recoveryï¿½ is ever-present over both discs, but the compilation is simply an exemplary representation of the labelï¿½s impressive catalogue. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Dec 2011 Back to Index Warren Wolf - WW (Mack Avenue MACK 1059) ï¿½The next major voice on his instrument.ï¿½ What a challenge for a debut recording artist to fulfil! Six of the ten tunes are Wolf originals while other polished gems include Coreaï¿½s Senor Mouse and the pretty Mercer/Mandel Emily. Wolf might be a vibrant virtuoso on vibraphone and marimba but the ensemble sound is his primary concern and why not when Christian McBride, Greg Hutchinson & Peter Martin are present. The opener, 427 Mass Ave defines the set with hard-bop unison front lines over a speed bumpy rhythmic signature driven by piano and bass with Hutchinson washing the space with splashy cymbals and intense skins by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Dec 2011 Back to Index Ella Fitzgerald - Best of the BBC Vaults (Voyage 2759806) Ella Fitzgeraldï¿½s golden years were from 1955, when she left the Decca label to be managed by Norman Granz resulting in the first of the popular songbook albums (Cole Porter) on his new Verve launched as a showcase for her talents, until her final recording date for the label on March 26, 1965 with pianist Tommy Flanagan, bassist Keeter Betts and drummer Gus Johnson. She was at the peak of her powers: this wonderful voice, her impeccable pitch and diction, and ability to swing unmatched by anyone in both popular music and jazz. This is why this set, with audio highlights of more than two hours of some of the best of the singer on film, is so important, especially as the two 1965 TV specials are vintage Ella. There is an exhilarating set from Ronnie Scottï¿½s Club in London (1974) and another from the 1977 Montreux Jazz Festival but this was the decade when her health and vocal range began to diminish, although her rhythmic sense was undiminished. Highlights abound: a joyful Cheek To Cheek, Goody Goody with Flanagan quoting a few bars of One Oï¿½Clock Jump, and a masterful Every Time We Say Goodbye. Indispensable. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Dec 2011 Back to Index Rebecca Kilgore with Harry Allen Quartet - Live at Feinsteinï¿½s: Celebrating Lady Day and Prez (Arbors ARCD 19433) This is a first-class example of how to salute the past without imitating it, no mean feat when the music is associated with two of jazzï¿½s greatest and legendary names: blues singer Billie Holiday and tenor giant Lester Young. This album, recorded live at Feinsteinï¿½s in New York in August last year, contains some of the best Rebecca Kilgore on disc but she always seems to be in fine voice. Her quartet is perfect for the occasion. Both tenor Harry Allen and pianist Roberto Sportiello, exhilarating and imaginative soloists, know how to back a singer perfectly. Highly recommended. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Dec 2011 Back to Index Nick Hempton - The Business (Positone PR 8085) NY based since 2004, this Australian born saxophonistï¿½s second album cements what has become a highly cohesive and multicultural working group. Appropriately titled, he sets about driving a hard bop agenda of mostly originals with only three of the 10 pieces ballads. Hemptonï¿½s tenor DNA shows signs of Gordon and Rollins notably on the leisurely Gee Baby Ainï¿½t I Good to You whilst his beautifully constructed and logical solo on Roland Kirkï¿½s From Bechet, Byas & Fats is a highlight following an exciting ensemble accelerando . Drummer Dan Aran fills pauses with well placed multiple punctuations, bridging what is clearly a solid band dynamic by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Nov 2011 Back to Index James Whiting - Burbank (www.jameswhiting.com.au) For his debut, Brisbane born vibist has tapped instinctively into the elegant sound of the vibraphone with a maturity way beyond his 20 years. His sometimes, chiming, sometimes modal or swinging compositions utilising warm melodies are beautifully subtle vehicles for his expressive style. Never overtly virtuosic, he plays with controlled finesse. A student of Joe Locke, Whiting gathered a first rate band to record in New York including ex-pat bassist Sam Anning and pianist Steve Newcombe. John Wikanï¿½s textural drumming and notably his cymbal work particularly complements the recording as does the German saxophonist Stefan Schmid on four of the eight tracks by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Nov 2011 Back to Index Keith Jarrett - Rio (ECM/Fuse) US pianist, composer and bandleader Keith Jarrett displayed extensive musical talents at an early age. Possessing perfect pitch he began piano lessons just before his third birthday, appeared in a TV talent show at age five, and gave his first piano recital at seven playing Mozart, Bach and Beethoven plus two of his own compositions. As a teenager Jarrett studied jazz, became inspired by a Dave Brubeck concert, and turning down an offer to study classical piano in Paris, pursued jazz studies at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Moving to New York in 1964, Jarrettï¿½s talents were soon noticed and he joined Art Blakeyï¿½s Jazz Messengers in 1965, subsequently signing on with the trail-blazing Charles Lloyd group where he formed a long-lasting friendship with drummer Jack Dejohnette. From 1970 to 1971 Jarrett played electric keyboards in a reputation enhancing stint with Miles Davis, but later turned his back on electronics. In 1971 Jarrett also began his crucial, surviving association with Manfred Eicher of ECM records recording his first solo piano album Facing You. Jarrett then performed solo concerts across Europe, releasing his Bremen and Lausanne performances in a triple album voted 1974 Record of The Year by Down Beat and three other influential US publications Jarrettï¿½s legendary improvisations encompass many jazz traditions including blues and gospel, but also western classical music and folk. His solo concerts in the seventies and eighties were totally improvised, as is this current live release recorded at Rio De Janiero, Brazil in April 2011. Tracks are simply labelled Rio Part I through to Rio Part XV recorded before an enthusiastic audience at the sold-out concert. The material is multifarious, from a boogie-woogie style Part XI to gospel-laced Part XIV and Part V, or classically-based Part I and Part II, all executed with breathtaking technique and a seemingly inexhaustible flow of rhythmic, harmonic, and melodic ideas. Part IV is a ballad-style piece of wandering, romantic beauty, using increasingly extended harmonies, while Part X plunges straight into hyper-fast high treble runs working into underlying post-bop ideas overlaid with classical motifs. Finally, Part XV evolves slowly and fluidly in a meditative piece with what Jarrett terms: ï¿½My best ending ever.ï¿½ by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Nov 2011 Back to Index Compass Quartet - Ode to an Auto Rickshaw (Earshift Records) An increasing trend amongst Australian jazz musicians is to incorporate elements of Indian classical music into a jazz context, with varying degrees of success. The Australian Art Orchestra and Sandy Evans have been foremost in these endeavours, both releasing albums that explore the concept. Jeremy Rose is a highly active Sydney saxophonist who won the 2009 Bell Award for Best Young Jazz Artist, and appears in, and/or leads various groups including The Vampires, The Strides, and several jazz combos, releasing a number of albums. The latest features Roseï¿½s saxophone quartet plus two Indian musicians, vocalist and sitarist Sarangan Sriranganathan with Bobby Singh on tablas. The title track, composed by Sandy Evans, is in Carnatic (South Indian) style opening with Christina Leonardï¿½s thematic soprano sax and later Roseï¿½s alto followed by Mathew Ottignonï¿½s tenor in weaving improvisations over tablas, sitar, and ensemble voicings. The piece works towards Mohara (crescendo) then a concluding vocal Korvai (a pattern of rhythmic syllables) composed by Guru Karaikudi Mani. The Indian content sounds authentic, the harmonised four saxes less so, with the solo reed work seemingly more a mixture of Indian musicality and western classical references. However the intent to fuse Indian music with European concepts works better than many similar attempts to date. The remaining five tracks are each movements in Roseï¿½s composition River Meeting Suite. by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Nov 2011 Back to Index Darius Jones Trio - Big Gurl [Smell My Dream] (AUM Fidelity/Fuse) Following his anagalactic debut album, Manï¿½ish Boy in late 2009, US alto saxophonist Darius Jones continues ï¿½the sonic poem of my lifeï¿½ with this new CD, and a different trio. The same exultation and intensity of emotion are still present in the 32 year old Jonesï¿½s fiery alto, but this time using a more orthodox instrumentation of bassist Adam Lane and Jason Nazary on drums. The opening to the first track, E-Gaz is emblematic: three high sax notes and a blurted low one introduce sizzling cymbal and stick work from Nazary as the bass romps through a groove pattern before Jones returns to add a repeated staccato single note crossing the rhythm, ahead of explosive soloing. The piece continues as Jones plays modal passages; quick darting runs; long, wide-vibrato notes; honks, hoarse multiphonic sounds; and shrill trills, building the climax to end on one long, whistle note. Michele Loves Willie demonstrates Jonesï¿½s ability with a ballad, maintaining a more conventional tonal quality, and showcases some lovely lines in Laneï¿½s bass solo. A standout is Jonesï¿½s A Train, an amazing re-working of the Ellington standard, employing manic shrieks, throaty wails, and inspired blowing, as well as show-stopping eight bar exchanges between alto and drums, and a spectacular bowed bass solo. ï¿½Soul powerï¿½ is Jonesï¿½s apt summation of his extraordinary interpretations and titanic, trail-blazing originality by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Nov 2011 Back to Index Memory of Elements - MoE (Jazzhead/MGM) Perth-based Jamie Oehlers, possibly the best jazz tenor saxophonist in Australia, has played with a great many local and overseas top-ranking names. Now Oehlers has assembled a sextet of Perth musicians, a city where jazz, partly due to Oehlers, is undergoing a resurgence. These six originals, recorded live in Perth, are by various band members, including two by Oehlers. The opener, Prehensile Dream opens softly with Simon Jeansï¿½s guitar chords against the harmonised horns of Oehlers, with Carl Mackey on alto, when strong piano chords from Tom Oï¿½Halloran emerge as the piece gains volume and a slightly over dramatic epic substance. Bolero y Abakua based on Abakua rhythms from Cuba moves through several differing Latin beats with top ranking drummer Ben Vanderwal and Pete Jeavons on bass working overtime to supply a great foundation for a clamorous crescendo from the soloing horns, underlaid by Oï¿½Halloranï¿½s uproarious piano. The longest track at 15 minutes, Angle opens with a cracking, high-speed drum solo ahead of a jagged theme with the two horns chasing each other, but not generating the anticipated heights of excitement; more level on the saxes would have improved this. A ballad, Lines gives Oehlers an opportunity to display his virtuosic ability, but again the tenor is slightly under-recorded. Everyone here is an excellent player but somehow something has been lost in over-written arrangements and varied mixing by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Nov 2011 Back to Index Laura Fygi - The Best is Yet to Come (T2 Entertainment PRCD2011001) This album reminds me of another era (1950ï¿½s and 1960ï¿½s) when singers backed by big bands revelled in the first-class settings provided by such legendary arrangers as Billy May, Nelson Riddle and Sy Oliver. Co-arrangers Jan Menu and Johan Plomp provide the means for Laura Fygi to show that not only can the Dutch vocalist smoulder like her inspiration, Julie London, as on Fever but swing effortlessly. Just listen to the sizzling Too Darn Hot or the pulsating You and The Night and The Music. Remarkably this is her first big band album. What a band and an album! by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Nov 2011 Back to Index ï¿½Buckï¿½ Pizzarelli and the West Texas Tumbleweeds - Back in the Saddle Again (Arbors ARCD 19414) Who would have thought that Jamaican-born pianist Monty Alexander was a country music fan. He obviously enjoyed himself as veteran guitarist ï¿½Buckï¿½ Pizzarelliï¿½s new sidekick with the West Texas Tumbleweeds on this engaging sequel to 2009ï¿½s Digginï¿½ Up Bones, playing melodian on Drifting Along With The Tumbling Tumbleweeds and crooning Happy Trails (even yodelling briefly) in a solo performance. His playing highlights the jam on the effervescent opener Lone Star Swing where vocalist Rebecca Kilgore also shines. Three Johnny Cash numbers are covered but nothing matches the languid Along the Santa Fe Trail. Can we hope for a third album? by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Nov 2011 Back to Index Dave Ades & Friends at Venue 505 9th Nov 2011 I haven't seen Dave Ades in a while, but saw he was playing with friends at the 505 and knew I had to go........ Arrived a little early and the band was rehearsing, Cameron (Undy) said I could hang loose, so ordered a beer and listened to a preview of what was to unfold..... like a wine tasting, a gorgeous red that there is no way you are going to despatch to the bucket! All Ades originals with a band of chosen 'sidemen'. The first number set up the night with Ades and Keegan (tenor) playing in unison, then branching out into solos. Ades looks like an American Indian, fine features, tanned taught body belying his years, soloing with the power of a man half his age! One was reminded of McGann when his knee used to come up and meet the bell! Ades, like McGann is no copyist, he has his own sound and like McGann is a fine composer. I should have taken notes and would then been able to have given you a blow-by-blow description, alas I did not. However, the highlights are still with me! "one for the salvos" let loose the band, Ades is not a dictator, he solos stunningly, but then encourages his compatriots to bring his ideas to life through their own voices. Here we had solos by Ades, extraordinary, and Keegan coming from a totally different place, but not out of place, They retired to the side and let Carl Dewhurst (guitar) do his thing as only Carl can do! Evan Mannell on drums put down some great rhythms at times putting down a rock beat, but it was his mallets that just blew me away, which were so right for the Ades composition. He also had a cymbal on the floor which he used to great effect. As always, that little imp of the bass, Cameron Undy played like a titan! Man, this was only the first set! The second set started off with an extended number, of which the highlight, there were so many, was Ades and Dewhurst exchanging ideas with a call and response edging each other to greater heights! The next number inspired by Ades girlfriend, something 'Bean", whose title drew a few laughs until Ades announced, "B-E-E-N". Followed by "Hidden", which we were told may have had something to do with previous number? The last number was announced as something they had never played and there was some confusion as to who had the charts, Ades saying, "Can I have one?" This was a superb night of music making by fine musicians, all individuals in their own right, brought together to discover and play the music of a great musicalitarian. Yes, there were a few flat spots, but one can only imagine what these guys would do with a week's residency. Sadly those days have gone, what a pity. Ades is a great alto player and that would be enough; he has his own voice, but then add on the compositions and you really have something special On one night, with very little rehearsal time, we were taken on a journey to rare and unimaginable places. I'm still flying and don't know when I'm coming down? (Hopefully find a runway big enough!) by Chris Hinkley Back to Index Wangaratta Festival of Jazz 2011 The 22nd edition of the Wangaratta Festival of Jazz began with a literary flavour. Sydney pianist Mike Nock, the chief festival awards judge and one of the headline performers, was there to launch a collection of jazz by Canberra poet Geoff Page on Friday evening. In a wonderful echo of 1950s beat poets, Page, accompanied by Sydney bassist Alex Boneham, read several poems; language riffing about jazz and its performers. Fridayï¿½s opening concert featured bassist Linda Oh, ex Perth, now New York based, with three US players ï¿½ saxophonist Sam Sadigursky, drummer Kendrick Scott, and new piano prodigy, Cuban born Fabian Almazan. The tight combo performed compositions by Oh and Almazan and also included a dramatic rendering of Somethingï¿½s Coming from West Side Story. Oh delivered expressive solos with impressive technique, while Almazan played with exquisite delicacy of touch and ceaseless ideas reflecting classical influences. It was refreshing to see their drummer supplying power and speed with minimum muscularity and maximum subtlety. Almazan, now 27 began studying classical piano at age seven in Cuba, and cites Chopin as a favourite. An experienced piano trio, Ohï¿½s smaller group later demonstrated an almost clairvoyant cohesion, anticipating each otherï¿½s phrases, presenting many of Almazanï¿½s compositions from his new album, Personalities. Top Australian guitarist James Muller with his trio of drummer Ben Vanderwal and Alex Boneham on acoustic bass worked through a diverse program including a couple of standards. Mullerï¿½s extraordinary guitar work was especially evident in a Jimi Hendrix piece, Mitch. With his flashing high-speed runs and astonishing technique itï¿½s easy to see why US guitarist John Scofield named Muller, ï¿½the most exciting guitarist Iï¿½ve heard in years.ï¿½ Friday night ended with the high spot of the festival: US trombonist and composer Josh Roseman with the Australian Arts Orchestra, a total of thirteen performers, playing Rosemanï¿½s originals. Roseman, a highly original musician eccentrically announced his drummer and multi-instrumentalist as ï¿½Peter Apfelbaum on the membrane-ophone,ï¿½ then counted in the ensemble in falsettoed gibberish. They played Roseman originals with arcane titles in extravagantly complex arrangements that demonstrated an innovatory path for future contemporary jazz. Although cleverly structured, there was ample space for a series of stellar soloists including Tim Wilsonï¿½s brilliant alto sax, the outstanding Jamie Oehlers on tenor, trombonist James Greening, piano maestro Paul Grabowsky and drummer Apfelbaum soloing on tenor sax and melodica. Elsewhere in the festival Roseman presented his quartet, showcasing his high-level trombone work with a beautiful mellow tone while a squad of electronics added textural variety. Several guests were brought on including American bass guitarist Chris Hale who played a lustrous solo. On Saturday French bass-clarinettist Denis Collin presented three members of La Societe Des Antipodes from Paris together with top-ranking Melbourne saxophonist Adam Simmons. Their divergent material began with a softly eloquent piece in three four time which built to a delirious climax, followed by a deep, murky intro from keyboardist Benjamin Moussay developing into a hyper fast post-bop number where Simmons rocketed off on tenor sax and Collin displayed a nicely contrasting intellectual, European approach. Two grand old masters, both in their seventies, pianist Mike Nock and acoustic bassist Barre Phillips, France-based, were paired for an hour of unstructured music circling from soothing serenity to restless edginess. Phillips produced a surprising range of sounds, often using the bow on the bassï¿½s body; sometimes the bass sighed and moaned as the piano tinkled rhythmically in the high treble or stabbed and rolled in the low end. Another Saturday duo featured pianist Paul Grabowsky and Sandy Evans, on soprano or tenor sax. Their music was thematically structured, often fluidly romantic, and both soloed copiously. Evans also appeared on Sunday with her high quality sextet to present the powerful thirteen-suite work from their recent album When The Sky Cries Rainbows. The work is dedicated to Evansï¿½s husband, a victim of Multiple Sclerosis, and conveys a depth of emotions from apprehension to despair and ultimately hope. There was beautifully sad balladry from Evans on soprano or tenor sax and many outstanding solos, notably from Evans and Phil Slaterï¿½s trumpet. This year saw the administration of an interim Jazz Festival board following the previous committeeï¿½s resignation after festival losses totalling $124,000, were underwritten by the City Council. Fortunately, long-term artistic director Adrian Jackson was retained, since despite cost over-runs Jacksonï¿½s impeccable taste was chiefly responsible for the festivalï¿½s artistic successes. Attendance numbers were unavailable but revenue in excess of $320,000 had been racked up. Although Jackson operated with a reduced budget, he again assembled a diverse program of jazz styles. There were 220 performers, including fourteen from abroad, perhaps fewer overseas headliners than some years, but throwing the spotlight on to the strong contingent of Australian talent. The national jazz award for $8000 and an ABC recording contract went to Sydney drummer Tim Firth. by John McBeath Back to Index Sean Jones - No Need for Words (Mack Avenue MAC 1057) It came as no surprise to me that trumpeter Sean Jones toured recently with ex Miles Davis band members Marcus Miller, Herbie Hancock and Wayne Shorter keeping a legacy alive but clearly with this release, Jones is his own man. He was the lead trumpeter with the Lincoln Centre Jazz Orchestra for five years and this is his sixth album as leader. Conceptually one about love and inspired by various love induced emotional states. ï¿½Loves Furyï¿½ the highlight, is case in point where Jones and alto saxophonist Brian Hogans trade alternative argumentative blows over the top of a furious African tom tom beat by drummer Obed Calvaire and angry cries from Matt Stevens guitar. His roots are heavily informed by church gospel music and two of these eight tracks more than intrude into that territory using almost Chris Bottiesque legato strains. These are especially melancholic personal statements to his parents but tend to border on the morose. Otherwise the album is a treat, highlighting not only his bold approach, his bright tone but also his teasing interaction with his musical co-horts especially on the opener Look and See where pianist Orrin Evansï¿½s block chords beautifully dance in a light-footed synchronicity adjacent to the trumpeterï¿½s assurance by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight October 2011 Back to Index Peter Knight and Dung Nguyen - Residual (Parentheses Records PREC 02) The trumpeter never fails to push the limits of his creativity, not unlike Miles. This duo album with Way Out West collaborator Dung Nguyen almost re-defines the sonic possibilities of a trumpet or cornet. Other instruments include prepared piano, electronics and traditional Vietnamese stringed instruments dan tranh or dan bau and modified electric guitar. To western ears the exoticism is captured or processed in such a way as to enhance the percussive as well as the tonal mystique and this feeds immensely hypnotic grooves. Meanwhile Knightï¿½s thematic approach; the mountainous cries for help or his bias favouring air is as omnipresent as Buddhist enlightenment. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight October 2011 Back to Index Takadimi - New Common Sense (The Planet Company/MGM) This debut album from Sydney quintet Takadimi follows their formation in 2007. The style is diverse, but strongly infused with folk/world music and jazz references, adding a pinch of soft country rock. There are two guitars, electric or acoustic bass, violin, and compatible percussion from Jeffrey Argent including a drumkit and the Peruvian box drum, the cajon. All ten tracks are collaborative compositions with ample space for solos. Opening track, Into The Night is described as playing ï¿½with the tala rhythms of Indian classical music . . . from which they take their name.ï¿½ Tala is a Hindi word meaning rhythmic cycle; Takadimi is an Indian system using vocal syllables to describe beats and their subdivisions. The opener has two guitars working on an Indian-style rhythm as Brianne Curranï¿½s violin takes the lead to improvise in a convincing, authentic fashion, building tension before a galvanizing guitar solo and a fade-out theme. The title track is a slower melody, featuring an intelligent bass solo from Curtis Argent against a folksy/jazz, busy riff from guitarists Keiran Ryan-Colton and James McKendry. Little Cashews opens with big, rhythmic, octave chords on nylon-stringed guitar ï¿½ both nylon and steel strings are used effectively ï¿½ introducing a smartly moving theme by guitar and violin in unison which has aspects of an Irish bluegrass melody intermingled with an eastern tonality by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Oct 2011 Back to Index Ingrid James & The Global Collective - Pangaea (Newmarket Music) This, the sixth release from Brisbane vocalist Ingrid James, contains a diverse line-up of eighteen multinational musicians presenting covers of numbers from the 1970ï¿½s and 80ï¿½s. The title comes from a name given to the supercontinent of 250 million years ago, before the separate continents drifted apart. The eleven tracks were recorded in Brisbane and several US locations with arrangements by Texas musicians trumpeter Paul Armstrong, and multi-instrumentalist Todd Harrison who both appear on most tracks. Opening with Fame, the 1975 David Bowie hit ï¿½ not the musical ï¿½ is an overblown arrangement of multiple percussion, trumpet and alto solos, ghostly echoes from a back-up vocal group and Jamesï¿½s voice appearing in the mix. A Fame remix, albeit a more robotic-sounding one is included as the final track. A C&W song from 1944, San Antonio Rose begins with Mexican-style wordless chanting against rustling castanets, tablas, guitar and synthesiser before Armstrongï¿½s insipid vocal and Christian Fernandezï¿½s distant muffled words. Bert Bacharachï¿½s Close To You starts with rollicking guitar and percussion quadrupling the time behind Jamesï¿½s contrasting high-pitched voice in slowed time, moving into wordlessness and back-up group chanting. Perhaps the most successful piece is a straight ahead ballad arrangement of Neil Finnï¿½s Donï¿½t Dream Itï¿½s Over, giving James a chance to express and interpret the song with a more appropriate quintetï¿½s soft acoustic backing by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Oct 2011 Back to Index Origami Trio - The Blues of Joy (Listen/Hear Collective) This album must qualify as having the most attractive, cleverly designed cover in CD history. Reflecting the Melbourne groupï¿½s name, the circular, quality paper packaging in Origami style, looks like a round, white, hand-held fan. Whatï¿½s more, bandleader and woodwind multi-instrumentalist Adam Simmons, a designing artist, has himself produced and folded these album packages. The trio consists of Simmons on alto sax, bassist Howard Cairns, and drummer Anthony Baker. Simmons wrote six of these widely differing nine tunes, and the surprise opener, Sometimes I Dream comes from C&W singer Merle Haggard. It starts with Cairnsï¿½s ultra-slow acoustic bass before Simmonsï¿½s alto emerges as if from mantles of mist continuing the almost funereal tempo suffused with deep feeling. The Blues of Joy is at the other end of the mood spectrum, opening in a joyful, uptempo bouncy theme stoked with enthusiasm and using the altoï¿½s high end to delirious effect. Another speedy original, Morse Code almost speaks its staccato narration of the telegraphic title, with Simmons soaring into harmonics and a frenetic 16th note groove, assisted greatly by Bakerï¿½s accelerated stick work, sometimes melodically integrated with the horn. Simmonsï¿½s total alto mastery is evident on Cheers Big Ears with street march drumming behind the exquisitely tender saxophone, seguing into quick soul-edged runs. These highly descriptive pieces are expertly interpreted by an energetic and intelligent trio by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Oct 2011 In a way, this album reminds me of Sonny Rollinsï¿½s Way out West when the emerging titan, back in 1957 used only saxophone, bass and drums to transform some of the most unlikely simple themes into sophisticated jazz. Simmons, a genuine multi-instrumentalist, chooses only alto saxophone and achieves similar feats with Merle Haggardï¿½s lost-love lament ï¿½Sometimes I Dreamï¿½. Snow Patrolï¿½s pop ballad ï¿½Chasing Carsï¿½ receives a haunting bowed double bass intro by Howard Cairns while the highlight Outkastï¿½s 2003 hit Hey Ya is shuffled along briskly by Anthony Bakerï¿½s ride cymbal. Simmons is no stranger having been on the Melbourne scene since the 1990ï¿½s but this could be his defining moment. Origami, with masterly technique, embrace some of the most vital aspects of jazz tradition and yet has an utterly contemporary relevance. Swing, groove, interplay, self expression, and in the example of past masters such as Rollins, has embraced pop without compromising artistic integrity. Meanwhile, Simmonsï¿½s original compositions are just as diverse in character with tender moments pre-empting fury then jungle growling where it almost seems heï¿½s wrestling with the horn, or bending notes to breaking point then stretching them seamlessly in upward trajectories. The more chaotic and excessive, the more I enjoyed it. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight January 2012 Back to Index The Andrew Dickeson Quintet - Weaver of Dreams (Rufus/Universal) Sydney drummer, educator and bandleader Andrew Dickeson studied in New York in the early nineties, appears on around fifty albums, and has played with the cream of jazz talent in Australian and internationally. Recorded live at Sydneyï¿½s SIMA Sound Lounge in April 2011, this strongly swinging front line consists of tenor powerhouse Roger Manins, who commutes between Auckland and Sydney, and Melbourne trumpeter Eamon McNelis, who won the 2010 Wangaratta Jazz Festival National Award. The eight tracks are all standards, but of a slightly unusual nature, skilfully arranged by Dickeson. Harold Arlenï¿½s Ill Wind is a fourteen minute opener, where drums rhythmically emphasize the melody line with the horns, ahead of two solo sets from all five, firstly with Maninsï¿½s full-bodied, endlessly inventive tenor, superbly underwritten by pianist Steve Barry and Alex Bonehamï¿½s bass. Isfahan features solo trumpet with the rhythm section and McNelis delivers a sensitive ballad interpretation, climbing chromatically into the upper register then dropping down to tenderly caress the lower notes before a languid piano excursion. The title track opens with highly intelligent, crash-and-bang free drums followed by outstanding solos from everyone. Manins plays a wonderful breathy tribute to Coleman Hawkins on Darn That Dream and bass and drums provide clever exchanges in Parkerï¿½s Big Foot. For a live recording this album quality is very good with no distracting audience noises by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Oct 2011 Few groups making their recording debut have excited me as much as this quintet led by Andrew Dickeson, whose drumming is a byword for taste, class and swing. Standards and little played compositions by Charlie Parker and Dexter Gordon are reworked with imagination, fire and excitement. Ill Wind is given an Art Blakey Jazz Messengers makeover (a far cry from my favourite version by Ella Fitzgerald at the Chicago Opera House in 1957) and Soy Calif, after flirting with the feel of a Cuban descargo, takes off crackling with unflagging excitement. Melbourne trumpeter Eamon McNelis is superb, especially on Isfahan, his beautifully controlled horn sensitive with a singing quality. Tenorist Roger Maninsï¿½ solos are full of ideas and pianist Steve Barry is another fluent and absorbing soloist. Bassist Alex Boneham meshes beautifully with Dickerson who gives a master class of jazz drumming on Relaxin At Camarillo. An exceptional album! by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Nov 2011 Back to Index The Paul McNamara Trio - Independent The first thing to say about this album is that itï¿½s a non-standard approach to standards. The Sydney trio is off standard too, comprised of pianist Paul McNamara, David Pudney on acoustic bass, and vocalist Nicky Crayson: all widely experienced performers. Guitarist Jeremy Sawkins guests on seven of the twelve tracks. The opening track I Didnï¿½t know What Time It Was, arranged by Crayson, sets the style with her novel interpretation extending long notes way beyond their usual length and singing a catch-up over the next few bars. She also improvises a melody line in the Rogers and Hart song using the original words dramatically as McNamaraï¿½s piano supplies softly jabbing chords and flowing embroidery. Sawkins makes an appearance on a Wayne Shorter medley commencing with When You Dream, to play a Jimi Hendrix inspired sequence after Craysonï¿½s vocalised theme, followed by a subdued piano of gloomily expressive chords. Drought, a Sawkins composition for solo guitar, right from its wide reverb single note spacey opening, paints an effective musical picture of parched timelessness. McNamaraï¿½s piece, The Night Sky is also descriptive, interspersing deep, dark chords with pedal notes to produce a ï¿½black as midnightï¿½ effect. Pudneyï¿½s walking bass skilfully underpins Craysonï¿½s beginning to Willow Weep For Me and as the song progresses with perhaps a little overly dramatic vocal emphasis, the bass supplies a strongly swinging solo by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Oct 2011 Back to Index Karrin Allyson - Round Midnight (Concord Jazz CJA-32662-02) Quiet and haunting, this is the finest ballad album I have heard since Frank Sinatraï¿½s classic 1958 Capitol set Only The Lonely. High praise indeed but the smokey-voiced Karrin Allyson is in her element here. A consummate jazz singer, she adds her own reflective touch with emotional intimacy to such gems as Turn Out The Stars and Iï¿½m Always Chasing Rainbows. Allyson, who also plays piano throughout and wrote the charts, is backed beautifully by her group especially Bob Shepherd (reeds), whose flute steals the show on The Shadow Of Your Smile, and Randy Weinstein (harmonica) on Sophisticated Lady by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight October 2011 Back to Index Nicki Parrott and Ken Peplowski - Like a Lover (Venus VHCD 1050) After two duet albums with pianist Rossano Sportiello, Nicki Parrott has teamed up with clarinet virtuoso Ken Peplowski for her third. A singer of true class, her warm voice and ability to give true meaning to the lyrics, make her a joy to listen to as she accompanies herself. Sheï¿½s also an exceptional bassist. Through 14 ballads she is impeccably accompanied by Peplowski who also shows what a fine tenor player he is. Her jazz-inflected, melodic offerings breathe new life into golden chestnuts from Irving Berlin (Whatï¿½ll I Do) to Lennon and McCartney (Here, There and Everywhere). by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight October 2011 Back to Index Rossano Sportiello Trio - Lucky to be Me (Arbors ARCD 19408) Rossano Sportiello impresses more with each new release. Fats Waller, Hank Jones and Barry Harris are among the Italian-born New York-based pianistï¿½s influences and he draws on their legacy to create his own individual style in his first trio album with bassist Frank Tate and drummer Dennis Mackerel, both strong soloists. Among the highlights in an impressive mix of jazz and popular standards and originals are the bluesy whimsy of When I Grow Too Old to Dream, in complete contrast to his upbeat exploration of Bill Evansï¿½ Show-Type Tune but best of all, Bluesy Basie, as he recalls the Count. A rare talent indeed! by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight October 2011 Back to Index Stan Getz - The Clef and Norgran Studio Albums (Verve B0014657-02) A cover story in the May 20, 1965 edition of Down Beat magazine was headlined ï¿½Stan Getz: Always A Melodistï¿½! And it was the tenor saxophonistï¿½s lyricism that made him such a success both artistically and commercially; his was one of the most beautiful and recognisable tenor sounds in jazz. Inspired by Lester Young, it was light and clean, emphasising Getzï¿½s love for melody but he also had a profound sense of swing _ and his best format was with a quintet or quartet. This three-CD release covering seven sessions from 1952-55 for Norman Granzï¿½s Clef and Norgran labels finds him in the stellar company of first, guitarist Jimmy Raney, and then valve trombonist Bob Brookmeyer. Both groups were working bands. Granz had a simple formula in recording Getz and the other great musicians in his stable _ classic standards from The Great American Songbook. Except for Ben Webster, Getz had no peer in this format. Beautifully recorded, here are flawless improvisations by one of the true greats. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Sept 2011 Back to Index Sherrie Maricle and The DIVA Jazz Orchestra - Johnny Mandel: The Man & His Music (Arbors ARCD 19419) Recorded over two nights in 2010 (May 25-26) at Dizzyï¿½s Club Coco-Cola at New Yorkï¿½s Jazz At The Lincoln Centre, this is an outstanding tribute to Johnny Mandel, a great arranger, songwriter and composer of memorable movie soundtracks .highlighted by first-class musicianship from the strong solo-laden ï¿½No Manï¿½s Bandï¿½, Mandel conducts the orchestra through an entertaining retrospective of his career. The ensembles are flawless and the outstanding soloists include Lisa Parrott (baritone) on Black Nightgown and Janelle Reichman on Close Enough For Love (clarinet) and Low Life (tenor). TNT is a fitting closer with 11 soloists featured. Highly recommended by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Sept 2011 Back to Index Leonie Cohen Trio - Sideshow Pony (Jazzgroove Records JGR 059) This is the South African born pianistï¿½s second album for Jazzgroove and contains two jazz standards amongst a collection of slow to medium tempo originals save the bebop anthem Billies Bounce. Her elegant understated touch makes for pleasurable relaxed appreciation shining through her tempered but highly melodic compositions. A natural it would seem at creating captivating melodies, Cohenï¿½s ï¿½Twenty Oneï¿½ opens with Hugh Fraser creating tantalising tension with his dry woody double bass tone before Cohen enters with a wonderful question and answer shaped melody then saliently skirts the original melody with her solo. Simon Barkerï¿½s velvety textured brushes add a level of sophistication matched only by Cohenï¿½s choice of Ellingtonï¿½s In a Sentimental Mood which she vividly portrays. ï¿½Wild Thingï¿½ has an uncanny resemblance of Cole Porterï¿½s Love for Sale while the soulful ï¿½The Sound of Waterï¿½, at walking pace tempo, was written for American author James McBride, is a bittersweet lament. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Sept 2011 Back to Index Cedric Hanriot - French Stories (Plus Loin Music PL4535) You must be doing something right to attract the likes of bassist John Patitucci and drummer Terri Lyne-Carrington to your debut recording. Clearly in command of an advanced technique, French pianist and sound designer Cedric Hanriot is attracted to the elements of surprise and spontaneity but both of which are more prominent in his arrangements and cross genre splicing than the actual improvisations or interplay. Piecing together violin and cello string sections with hip-hop beats and RnB backing vocals and placing it squarely in the standard jazz piano trio foundation might just have worked. Is this Franceï¿½s next Herbie Hancock? by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Sept 2011 Back to Index Laura Kahle - Circular (Independent) Trumpeter Laura Kahleï¿½s debut album cover looks interesting: she is smiling enigmatically and holding what looks like a toy trumpet; itï¿½s a pocket trumpet, about 10 inches long, around half the length of a standard trumpet. The pocket trumpet, with the same length of tubing only more tightly wound, sounds very similar to a standard trumpet, although there are slight differences in tonal quality. Kahle has an interesting background. She was born in Michigan, USA, grew up and studied for a Music Masters in Brisbane, and is now New York based where she met her husband, renowned drummer Jeff ï¿½Tainï¿½ Watts who supplies excellent rhythmic work on this album. The eleven tracks are Kahleï¿½s originals featuring her quintet plus guest Claudia Acuna singing a sweetly expressive ballad, Blackberry Garden. Sounding reminiscent of the voicings on Miles Davisï¿½s Kind of Blue, Kahleï¿½s composition Daize has the support of Yosvany Terry on alto sax, J D Allen on tenor, bassist Orlando Fleming, and husband Watts, who opens the track with very smart solo brushes. Touch & Go has all the elements of a quick-tempo bop standard with Watts driving everyone along, sometimes doubling the tempo as alto, trumpet and tenor take racing solos. In fact Watts is the standout on this recording, opening several tracks solo, notably Duality, and almost overshadowing everyone with his genius and endlessly creative drumkit by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Sept 2011 Back to Index Lee McAllistair - Spellbound (Independent/leemcallistair.com) Given her background, experience, and abundance of exceptional vocal and compositional talents, Lee McAllistair deserves to be far better known in Australia. Originally from Adelaide, now Sydney-based, McAllistair was a member of the SA vocal quartet Women With Standards, and studied for a B. Music at Adelaideï¿½s Elder Conservatorium, with Jo Lawry, now co-vocalist with Sting, and Anita Wardell who has built a successful singing career in London and Europe. For two years McAllistair took up a teaching post in jazz vocal studies at the Conservatorium, and over the past fifteen years she has performed in London, Edinburgh, at festivals across Asia and recorded for the BBC, London and the ABC in Australia. Her vocal style is a little reminiscent of Peggy Lee, using similar expressive phrasing, but with a mistier more fragile quality over a wider range, and she writes strikingly beautiful songs that work very well on both musical and poetic levels. While there is no shortage of able female jazz vocalists in Australia, there are very, very few able to write as convincingly and memorably as McAllistairï¿½s compositions. The opening stanza of Borneo, a highly evocative ballad in 5/4 time, immediately envelops the listener in an exotic, gauzy image of tropical dreaming: Time stands still in Borneo/Senses fill in Borneo/Can I steal away eternity? This all-Adelaide production features pianist Mark Simeon Ferguson ï¿½ who also arranged many of the originals ï¿½ and guitarist Mike Bevan, with bassist Lyndon Gray. The title track, Spellbound a tempo-less ballad opens with gentle, unearthly piano chords as the lyric describes a meeting between former lovers and the melody climbs and falls cyclically until the finale of five ascending vocal notes ends impressively in sopranino territory. A straight ahead, medium-tempo swinger, The Odd Couple is neatly groove-driven by bass and guitar beneath McAllistairï¿½s occasionally melismatic vocals, and the piano and guitar solos are directly from the zenith of the swing era. In a perfect delivery of honeyed scat, McAllistair begins No Cinderella, underpinned by Grayï¿½s ï¿½Big Benï¿½ bass which later takes a superbly stoked speedy solo; the lyrics are cleverly nonsensical: Well there was no Cinderella with size twelve shoes/Yes itï¿½s a Grimm kind of fairytale of postmodern blues by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Sept 2011 Back to Index Adrian Cunningham - Walkabout (Newmarket Music NEW3298.2) Sydney saxophonist Adrian Cunningham, New York-based since 2008, returned to Sydney to record this album with his long-term Sydney group plus a string quartet led by Phil Hartl. Well known as former saxophonist with Galapagos Duck, Cunningham has won numerous awards and appeared in many global venues. Pianist Bill Risby is a strong member of Cunninghamï¿½s quartet, and remains part of ï¿½The Duck,ï¿½ whose work, like Cunninghamï¿½s occupies a central spot in the mainstream, with heavy dosages of funk and blues. Cunningham is extremely versatile, playing alto and tenor saxes, clarinet, and flute with a high level of technique, matched by Risbyï¿½s piano plus bassist Dave Pudney and drummer Gordon Rytmeister. The string quartet is used sparingly and most successfully with flute or clarinet, apart from a one minute Prologue for strings. Oasis (for Central Park) begins with a raucous string exposition building to the clarinetï¿½s entry with speeding acoustic bass, and then slows to a more tranquil piano solo against a marching-style drumbeat. Two tracks are entitled In Transit, each beginning with a ï¿½flight delayedï¿½ announcement and a twisted, squawky tenor theme perfectly expresses the frustration and annoyance of such occasions. Cunningham plays soulful alto on Dancing Into The Sun (For Bahia) with bluesy echoes of Joe Zawinulï¿½s Mercy, Mercy, Mercy, where Risby excels with fast-flowing piano and Rytmeisterï¿½s drum solo erupts into a detonation by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Sept 2011 Recorded during his most recent tour from his NY base, this album showcases mainly original compositions inspired by travels since leaving Australia nearly four years ago and adds a string quartet to his regular band. Cunningham has developed into a deeply intuitive artist who can execute a diverse array of concepts it would seem with ease. Take his shivery baroque flute intro to Winterï¿½s end that almost has your teeth chattering, or the melancholy lamenting clarinet on What I Canï¿½t take with Me that somehow embraces both promise and regret beautifully bridged by a tastefully coloured piano solo by Bill Risby. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Nov 2011 Sydney saxophonist and composer Adrian Cunningham takes us on a fantastic round-trip of styles and textures on his new CD, Walkabout. With his superlative quartet on board, he has also packed a string quartet and a hilarious (ï¿½snottyï¿½ says the liner notes) airport announcer. It's a fun ride. The quartet ï¿½ Bill Risby, Dave Pudney and Gordon Rytmeister behind Cunningham ï¿½ fly through whatever is before them, whether it be the humid swing of ï¿½Baby Please Don't Go (For New Orleans)ï¿½, the stately ballad ï¿½What Can I Take With Me?ï¿½ or the cooking rock-samba of ï¿½Dancing Into the Sunï¿½. Cunninghamï¿½s virtuosic gifts on all saxes, clarinet and flute never overshadow his expressiveness or clog his clear voice. There are few more exciting soloists in jazz than those who have much to truly say and almost infinite facility to say it: the fleet, fragmented alto lines of ï¿½Transit #2ï¿½ (prefaced by the wonderful ï¿½snottyï¿½ airport announcer, Emily Asher), the cool woody clarinet dexterity of ï¿½Chasing the Horizonï¿½, especially the burred and spat Roland Kirk-like flute passages at the beginning of ï¿½Winterï¿½ ï¿½ reminiscent of the scraped and slippery violin effects which herald Vivaldiï¿½s ï¿½Winterï¿½ from ï¿½The Four Seasonsï¿½. Cunninghamï¿½s use of the string quartet of Phillip Harti, Ursula and Angela Nelius and Paul Stender is dazzling throughout. The writing is smart, witty and used to great effect ï¿½ the snarled and barbed string clusters that bookend ï¿½Oasis (For Central Park)ï¿½ (with a languid peaceful middle section ï¿½ get it?) are startling, painting a vicious and edgy New York City. The gorgeous writing in ï¿½Prologue-Wanderlustï¿½ really seems to lay the map, and the world out before you. My only reservation is with the stabbed string section as we get into ï¿½Oasisï¿½ ï¿½ it seems the strings are pushed a little, forced into an area better left to the muscle of horns. Itï¿½s a small quibble in a smart and evocative piece of music. Yes, the entire ensemble shines all over Walkabout but I must give pianist Bill Risby my gold star. Whether languidly painting washed tones over the ballad ï¿½What Can I take With Meï¿½ or effortlessly doubling Cunninghamï¿½s fleet flute lines in the 7/8 samba of ï¿½Winterï¿½s Endï¿½ (a lovely bright sprite of a tune after the glassy ï¿½Winterï¿½) Risby is style and ease personified. Itï¿½s a trip worth taking, and while it might not take us into outer space or metaphysical realms, Walkabout is the ticket to Adrian Cunninghamï¿½s passionate, colourful, very very beautiful world. by John Hardaker Back to Index Sandy Evans Sextet - When the Sky Cries Rainbows (Independent/Birdland Records) Sydney saxophonist/composer and multi award-winner Sandy Evans, says for her the rainbow is a symbol of finding hope through suffering. And, sadly she has had far more than any fair share of suffering since her husband, clarinettist Tony Gorman was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis in 1996. She recalls: ï¿½Tonyï¿½s diagnosis was devastating . . . years went by in a haze of fear and depression.ï¿½ Now Evans has composed a suite of works dedicated to Gorman, and expanded her long term trio with bassist Brett Hirst and drummer Toby Hall to sextet size, recording this thirteen part suite. The title track opens with a sunburst of soprano sax, James Greeningï¿½s trombone and Phil Slatersï¿½s trumpet giving way to an introspective passage from solo soprano ornamented by Alister Spenceï¿½s glistening piano, before contrapuntal sequences from the three horns are enlivened by subtle grooves from bass and drums. Expressively swinging solos from soprano, piano and trumpet bring ï¿½Rainbowsï¿½ back to its descriptive, floating theme. Evansï¿½s rich, warm-toned tenor sax begins an out-of-tempo Indigo Hues with just the pianoï¿½s soft chords and flowing accompaniment, while Spectre is a two-minute trumpet solo of aching beauty. Indra Slays The Demon Serpent is an energetic workout for Greeningï¿½s declamatory trombone. These outstanding works, exquisitely played, embody both sadness and hope in a landmark album, adding to Evansï¿½s remarkable repertoire by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Aug 2011 Back to Index Mace Francis Orchestra - Chinese Whispers IV (Listen Hear) Eleven different composers wrote the title track for this thirteen-piece Perth group. The idea was to have composers create ten bars each, passing these on to the next participant who then passes on only the newly composed section to the next composer so that each sees only the previous composerï¿½s work. There are rules regarding notes to use and tempo, and the final work ï¿½ the fourth edition ï¿½ had every composer contributing twice. Each participant was also asked to write a new, unrestricted piece inspired by the collaboration, and seven of these are included. The resulting opener, Chinese Whispers IV is surprisingly coherent, but then each of the contributors is a talented composer, including leader-conductor Mace Francis, and the award winning Johannes Luebbers. The title track has a contemporary big band sound, bold and brassy at times, subdued and section-focused at others, but always with interesting scorings and ideas. The leaderï¿½s composition Little White Lie begins with a passage of subdued expectancy using trombones moving to climactic trumpets to introduce Sean Littleï¿½s lengthy solo narrative from restraint to crescendo on tenor sax. Rumour Has It by Johannes Luebbers features a dramatic score with an outstanding trumpet lead and solo from Callum Gï¿½Froerer. These numbers are much more than mere big band swing, displaying the MFOï¿½s ability to punch musically well above its weight by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Aug 2011 Back to Index Katie Noonan Elixir - First Seed Ripening (ABC/Universal) Brisbane vocalist Katie Noonanï¿½s trio Elixir has always been about poetry set to music. With husband Zac Hurren on soprano saxophone and top-ranking Melbourne guitarist Stephen Magnusson, Noonanï¿½s classical-style soprano graces this album, Elixirï¿½s second, following their self-titled debut in 2003. That first recording featured the lyrics of writer Martin Challis and the new one fits lyrics by poet Thomas Shapcott into a musical framework. A string quartet from the Australian Chamber Orchestra is added on seven of these fourteen tracks, arranged by Noonanï¿½s long-term collaborator Stephen Newcomb. Although the mood is serenely ethereal and the arrangements are quite gossamer-like, when Magnusson or Hurren solo, as they frequently do, their playing has a jazz-infused quality. The opening track First Seed Ripening utilises the string quartet delicately during a middle passage following the solo guitar moving lusciously behind Noonanï¿½s extraordinarily wide-ranging, fragile vocal, and Hurren contributes a melodic unearthliness on soprano sax. Guitar establishes a lazy rhythm to open Circle of Moonlight as the vocal line weaves in, out and around, while Joni Mitchellsï¿½ My Old Man, though picking up the tempo, maintains the tranquil atmosphere. Another of the three songs not by Hurren and Noonan is Tim Finnï¿½s I Hope I Never, recorded by just the trio, utilises minimal pedal on the guitar and showcases Noonanï¿½s astonishing ability to leap effortlessly over octaves by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Aug 2011 Back to Index Matt Keegan Trio - Meets David Ades (Chillum Records/Vitamin) Following the Sydney saxophonistï¿½s live 2008 trio album and then winning the 2011 Freedman Jazz Fellowship award for $15,000, Matt Keegan has released another trio CD with the addition of alto saxophonist Dave Ades. A highly acclaimed national tour promoting the recording has just concluded. The album opens with Etude 1, the first of four shortish, unaccompanied, classically-inspired Etudes spread throughout the recording where the voicings of the alto and tenor saxes are superbly arranged, sometimes in counterpoint, or beautifully harmonised, with the two horns creating a perfectly sublime sound. Several of these originals involve an Indian modality, an influence Keegan has investigated, and plans to continue studying in India, using the Freedman prizemoney. A piece entitled Shambati is an example incorporating Indian musicality, opening with a four note theme by the unaccompanied saxes before Dave Goodmanï¿½s drums and Cameron Undy on bass arrive to provide a subtle rhythmic foundation and an explorative bass solo is supported by the saxes quietly backgrounding the theme throughout. When Ades begins to solo in the same piece he builds a searing intensity with quick passages and speeds effortlessly into the altoï¿½s high harmonics. Panchat Kat uses a ï¿½travellingï¿½ style bass ostinato in an irresistible pulse under a theme infused with a raga-like essence where Ades and Keegan take their respective solos, the tenorï¿½s lower register making a satisfying contrast to the altoï¿½s tonality. Adesï¿½s impassioned solo on Early Days lifts off with ultra-fast runs arcing through the progressions with a bluesy feel and unexpected twists climbing to a level of near delirium, while Keeganï¿½s take on Gumbo demonstrates the composerï¿½s ability to weave melodic alternatives while interacting with punctuated passages from drums and bass. Goodmanï¿½s drumming is showcased in Time and Time Again starting with a variety-laden drum solo which continues as the horns state a delightfully sagging, draggy theme. These compositions are quite exceptional, ranging from subtle Indian nuances to elegant, finely crafted Etudes for two saxophones, and a clutch of more orthodox, yet memorable jazz melodies. Keeganï¿½s playing, leadership, and refreshingly different compositions delivered by top echelon players make this a milestone work in Australian contemporary jazz by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian Aug 2011 At first this seems a dark sombre affair but repeated listening reveals melodic hooks that trap you in the ecstasy of alto and tenor saxophone harmonies. With just bass and drums, space (a hallmark of Keegan) prevails and notably on the New Orleans flavoured blues ï¿½Gumboï¿½. Guest David Ades fans a storm with his piercing shrieks and tumbling cascades without a hint of clichï¿½ and must be considered one or our most original alto players. Punctuated by four brief etudes, the bluesy soulful tenor of Keegan at times, ups the ante to euphoric places while Goodmanï¿½s malleability of the beat is infectious. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight August 2011 Back to Index Harold Lopez-Nussa Trio - El Pais de las Maravillas (World Village WVF017) If youï¿½re a fan of the Cuban piano trios of Chucho Valdes or Gonzalo Rubalcaba youï¿½re going to enjoy this disc from rising star 26 year old Harold Lopez-Nussa who broke from his classical music roots and embraced jazz. He brings a youthful vibrancy to his compositions like the title track which showcases his nimble and explosive ability but they can also be melodically sublime like ï¿½A Camilinï¿½ allowing the bass of another classical convert, Felipe Cabrera to gently daub the outlines and massage the heart. Guest David Sanchezï¿½s meaty tenor saxophone adds extra dimension to four of these original works. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight August 2011 Back to Index Dan Barnett - Somewhere, Some Place, Some Time (www.danbarnett.com DB006) Dan Barnettï¿½s fifth album offers a kaleidoscope of vocal big band variety, from Latin, Cuban, swing, the blues and stompin New Orleans beats neatly arranged by saxophonist Andrew Robertson. Mose Allisonï¿½s Seventh Son gets a Cubano horn line while Bob Montgomeryï¿½s Warm Hearted Blues has Barnettï¿½s trombone engaged in chatters, growls and low down utterances. Barnettï¿½s own ï¿½Soup Songï¿½ showcases his formidable scatting talents that hold traces of Mark Murphy and Joe Lane or nasily Jamie Cullum like vocals on the funky ï¿½Big Chiefï¿½. Solos are shared across the band generously even to the highly talented trombonist Jeremy Borthwick. Highly entertaining! by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight August 2011 Back to Index Scott Hamilton and Rossano Sportiello - Midnight at Nolaï¿½s Penthouse (Arbors ARCD 19415) Duets have been an integral part of jazz since the most famous of them all, Louis Armstrong and Earl Hinesï¿½ 1928 recording of Weatherbird. Iï¿½ve been hooked on them since first hearing Ruby Braff and pianist Ellis Larkinsï¿½ 1955 tribute to the illustrious song-writing team of Rodgers and Hart and enjoyed the great cornetistï¿½s later collaborations with Larkins and Dick Hyman. Now I have found just as much musical satisfaction in the pairing of Scott Hamilton, arguably the finest living tenor player in the swing idiom, and Italian-born Rossano Sportiello who seems to be a master of all the classic piano styles. Hamilton, to whom melody is as natural as breathing, and the nimble-fingered Sportiello are a joy to the ear as they tenderly turn the 1950ï¿½s Four Aces ï¿½hitï¿½, A Garden In The Rain, into a ballad of substance and sizzle through All Godï¿½s Chillun Got Rhythm. More please by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Aug 2011 Back to Index Bill Charlap - Iï¿½m Old Fashioned (Venus VHCD-1043) As an unabashed admirer of The Great American Songbook I always look forward to each new album by Bill Charlap who, recognised as his generationï¿½s jazz piano standard bearer, is artistic director of Jazz In July in New York. His gifted interpretations have been documented on this label with his excellent New York Trio but here he fronts a drumless group with guitarist Peter Bernstein and bassist Peter Washington. In such an intimate setting, Charlap makes a mockery of the albumï¿½s title with solos that are sophisticatedly modern. It also allows Washingtonï¿½s virtuosity to come to the fore. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Aug 2011 Back to Index Duke Ellington - The Great Concerts: London & New York 1963-64 (Nimbus NI2704/5) Edward Kennedy Ellington is one of the pillars of modern music and any new release by the Duke is an event, especially the three concerts heard here _ two in London (1963-64) by his orchestra and a piano recital with rhythm in New York (1964). The Dukeï¿½s major soloists, alto saxophonist Johnny Hodges (Isfahan and Mood Indigo), trumpeter Cootie Williams (Caravan) and tenor saxophonist Paul Gonsalves (Diminuendo and Crescendo In Blue), are in top form and thereï¿½s a superb version of his suite Harlem. The excellent final concert includes a guest appearance by Willie ï¿½The Lionï¿½ Smith by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Aug 2011 Back to Index Melbourne International Jazz Festival 2011 In Review New York jazz critic John Kelman recently wrote an article entitled ï¿½When Is a Jazz Festival (Not) a Jazz Festival,ï¿½ examining the move towards pop, rock and other non-jazz performances appearing at jazz festivals. From Montreux to Montreal and Melbourne itï¿½s a global trend, evident too at this yearï¿½s MIJF. Program Director Sophia Brous, a 25-year-old musician, vocalist and human powerhouse wanted to select an all-encompassing program and she delivered a well-judged musical mix. There were over 120 events by 400 performers, eleven venues, plus family and kidsï¿½ activities, masterclasses, free activities and concerts, jazz on film, a six-hour festival within the festival and nightly jam sessions. The opening concert packed out Federation Square with Festival samplings including the famous American ten-piece Sun Ra Arkestra with their ï¿½planetary music,ï¿½ now led by saxophonist Marshall Allen in a flowing, red-sequined cape. Their music was a mash-up of styles: traditional, stride piano, rock, pop vocals, swing, Latin and some impressive avant garde with several highly talented soloists. Later, comedian Rusty Berther delivered his hip-hop version of a well-known song: Waltzing Matilda/She came from St Kilda/Her middle name was Hilda/And her father was a builder. Amongst events previously uncommon at dedicated jazz festivals was an opening night production featuring four pop vocalists billed as singing great jazz standards. Leaving aside that Perry Comoï¿½s Catch a Falling Star hardly qualifies as a jazz standard, Eddie Perfect, Tex Perkins, Paris Wells and Kimbra were clearly out of their depth, despite the highly accomplished backing of Sam Keeversï¿½s piano trio. Another inclusion that raised jazz purist eyebrows was American trumpeter Chris Botti, a populist kind of Kenny Gee of the trumpet with little originality, a massive technique ï¿½ often with digital echo added ï¿½ and Las Vegas style showmanship. Botti made his entrance by playing a few trumpet phrases then shot up to an impossibly high note and held it for what seemed an impossibly long time. Both Botti and the four vocalists attracted large audiences, fulfilling John Kellmanï¿½s premise, but if these didnï¿½t appeal there was an almost oversupply of wondrous and diverse alternatives. Foremost amongst the headliners was American saxophone colossus Sonny Rollins, now aged 80, who has lost none of his big, wide gorgeous tone but occasionally slipped notes and had a tendency to rely on single note repetition as he fronted a rather lacklustre backing group. Nevertheless itï¿½s always a thrill to see a living legend perform and Rollins resembled a lovable, elderly uncle who moves with a pronounced swaying limp. Sadly the much anticipated, legendary American saxophonist Lee Konitz, aged 83, took ill and was cancelled. American pianist, winner of the 2010 MacArthur Fellowship, Jason Moran introduced each of his trioï¿½s numbers by playing a recorded track with which the band gradually joined in, following in style. But as the recording faded, the group began working the arrangement into brilliantly improvised interpretations. A Mississippi Delta blues went through transformations from a slow, soft rendition with beautifully extended deep, satisfying chords, to frantic racing piano passages as the electric bass bubbled excitedly and drums drove it all on. Another multi award-winning American pianist, Vijay Iyer ï¿½ Jazz Journalistsï¿½ Associationï¿½s 2010 Musician of The Year ï¿½ gave an extravagantly gifted solo performance of his compositions and an inspired version of Darn That Dream building dissonance to near breaking point. Iyer also appeared in Raw Materials, a duo with saxophonist Rudresh Mahanthappa, a 15-year association. Both of Indian parentage, they gave dazzling interpretations of their originals, the altoï¿½s pure, unmuddied tone swooping and soaring above the pianoï¿½s percussive arpeggios in excursions where Indo-Asian modalities met western jazz and classical references. Representing old school mainstream was American bassist Ron Carterï¿½s trio. Aged 74, Carter has lost none of his remarkable agility over a smooth, warm repertoire of acoustic bass possibilities. Together with piano and guitar Carter sailed through a clutch of ï¿½oldiesï¿½ culminating in a bass-led signature rendition of John Lewisï¿½s 1957 classic, The Golden Striker. A welcome detour into Eurojazz came from long established UK vocalist Norma Winstone with an Italian pianist and German saxophonist Klaus Gesing who performed exquisitely on bass clarinet. Winstoneï¿½s style is subtle, rich and evocative, sometimes singing her own eloquent lyrics and sometimes using her voice wordlessly on material from varied folk and classical sources delivered with a soft, jazz colouring. Further out in the jazz universe were two New York groups: altoist Tim Berneï¿½s Los Totopos quartet featuring the stunning drumkit of Ches Smith with an armory of percussive devices, and also muscular drummer Jim Blackï¿½s AlasNoAxis in sax/guitar integrated jazz-rock style abstraction. Overall the 2011 MIJF was a great success even allowing for the unavoidable time clashes between events at festivals, obliging patrons to leave some gigs early and arrive late at others. Sophia Brous is to be congratulated for once again delivering a remarkably diverse program where it seemed every conceivable taste in jazz was catered for and a sprinkling of truly legendary figures appeared. Organisers have announced box office takings were up thirty percent on last year, and the Victorian Government has confirmed funding for the MIJF over the next two years. by John McBeath Previously published in the Australian July 2011 Back to Index Howard Alden - I Remember Django (Arbors ARCD 19401) It is fitting that one of the most memorable of the many tributes to Django Reinhardt recorded since his death in 1953, is by Howard Alden, one of the greatest American guitarists of his generation. With strong support from rhythm guitarist Matt Munisteri and bassist Jon Brown, who played with Stephane Grappelli for many years, Alden recaptures the spirit of Django, his early inspiration. Highlights abound: Aldenï¿½s stunning solo tour de force on Nagsaki; cornetist Warren Vache nimble on a sparkling Who Cares but best of all, rising star Anat Cohenï¿½s, (soprano) wonderful duet with Alden on Nuages. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight July 2011 Back to Index Elly Hoyt - Pinnacle (Music PM0210) The high praise for Elly Hoyt has not been exaggerated. The Tasmanian-born 24-year-old has all the attributes of a top jazz singer; taste, sensitivity and swing. Her class shines on this her first disc, which won this yearï¿½s Australian Jazz Bell Award for the best vocal album. Backed by the warm flugelhorn of John Hoffman, on two tracks, and especially pianist Matt McMahon an exemplary soloist and accompanist, and guitarist James Sherlock, she is a delight whether swinging through the neglected Jerome Kern gem Nobody Else But Me or gliding through a rhythmic My Foolish Heart. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight July 2011 Back to Index Sarah McKenzie - Donï¿½t Tempt Me (ABC Music ISBN 2770600) The solo recording debut of Melbourne pianist, vocalist and composer Sarah McKenzie could not be more impressive. The opening track, a crackling Youï¿½d Be So Nice To Come Home To with a sizzling trumpet solo by Eamon McNelis, sets the scene for an outstanding showcase of her talents not only vocally and instrumentally but as an arranger and composer. With the addition of a gentle bossa nova rhythm, she transforms the maudlin dross of Love Me Tender into a ballad of substance. As the winner of the 2009 Generations in Jazz Vocal Scholarship at Mt Gambier (SA) held in conjunction with the James Morrison Scholarship, it seemed only appropriate the trumpeter should guest on the attractive Latin-flavoured title track, one of three of her compositions on the album. Tenor saxophonist Julien Wilson, another guest, also blows admirably on Dindi. But itï¿½s McKenzie, with excellent backing, who holds centre stage. The warmth and maturity of her singing belies her 23 years but her piano playing is just as impressive. She has a penchant for effortless swing (I Wonï¿½t Dance) and digs into a rollicking groove on another of her originals, Iï¿½ve Got The Blues Tonight. Impressed? You bet! Sarah is something very special by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight July 2011 Back to Index Jeremy Pelt - The Talented Mr Pelt (Highnote) Since its inception in 2007 the third album for Peltï¿½s post-bop/modernism quintet led by the gifted NYC trumpeter, triumphs over previous releases in its ballad intimacy and the groups tight dynamic. Achieved without inhibiting each instrumentalist to stretch the limits, and in some cases reach for the unreachable. Pelt has his own metallic and brash tone which at the higher end becomes grainy but finishes with a gorgeous gentle vibrato. Most are Pelt up-tempo originals and yes the sound has NYC attitude and complex signatures for rhythm underneath the horns but overall makes for challenging and compelling listening. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Magazine July 2011 Back to Index My Goodness McGuiness - Insular Peninsular(Rufus Records RF 089) Trombonist Lucian McGuiness is a genuine genre hopper. All forms of jazz, hip-hop, rock, folk and world music have informed his sound and this band is just one of his projects. He contributes four originals to this album and conceptually his inspiration for this group is Bartok. Indeed the folk trace elements, classicism and modernism are all abundantly evident. Energy levels rarely escalate but the groove and melody are beautifully robust. There is an overarching pure quality to the McGuiness tone, coupled with a less is more approach, never overplaying, the line-up includes two percussionists rather than a drum kit creating crisp rhythms and space for long time collaborator Dan Junor on saxophone and Aaron Flower on guitar to improvise around some favourite melodies. Bowieï¿½s Oh You Pretty Things is turned Latin by Fabian Hevia or the most distinctive instrumental version Iï¿½ve heard of Bing Crosbyï¿½s I Donï¿½t Stand a Ghost of a Chance with you. Leonard Cohenï¿½s Hey, Thatï¿½s No Way to Say Goodbye puts you on location in an old western movie as Aaron Flowerï¿½s prairie guitar twangs against the clip-clopping hand drums. Brendan Clarkeï¿½s double bass has rarely recorded better than on this album. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Magazine July 2011 Back to Index Pascal Schumacher Quartet - Bang My Can (Enja) Schumacher is a vibraphone player and a laureate of three European conservatories, extending his music making way beyond jazz. When the vibraphone and the piano are played in unison and allowed to resonate they provide an exquisite bell like resonance that permeates these originals contributed by each band member. Pianist Franz Von Chossy allows his classical background to seep through his improvisations while drummer Jens Duppe shows a dextrous touch with the brushes. A highlight ï¿½No Dance on Volcano Ashesï¿½ opens with a hopping bass solo which recedes and smoulders before vibes, bass and drums erupt in a luminescence of sound. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight Magazine July 2011 Back to Index Browne, Hannaford, Anning - Shreveport Stomp (Jazzhead Head140) Following their winning of the 2010 Bell Award for Homage as Best Classic Jazz CD ï¿½ prize money from which was used to fund this live recording at Bennettï¿½s Lane, Melbourne ï¿½ these three supereminent musicians have produced an absolutely stunning album. With seemingly unlimited capabilities the trio of piano, bass and drums, explores, deconstructs and reinterprets a most interesting and varied collection of seven classic pieces. The opener, Thelonious Monkï¿½s Bemsha Swing starts with Marc Hannafordï¿½s solo probing piano in a distant parallel to Bill Evansï¿½s 1963 version from Conversations With Myself, but when drums and bass arrive the mix begins to intensify as the piano races excitedly and the ensemble takes on a wild, unstructured style before slipping into a Latin rhythm with feverishly fast piano runs. Jelly Roll Morton is represented with Shreveport Stomp taken slower than the original but giving Hannaford an opportunity to apply modernistic extended harmonies and embroiderings to the tune as he moves into a wonderful exercise in phase- shifted stride piano and out again. The standard, Body and Soul begins with Sam Anningsï¿½s investigative bass solo, perhaps slightly under-recorded, introducing the pianoï¿½s superbly elasticised slow evocation of the lovely ballad, a triumph of instant, surprising composition. The three musicians play excellently throughout, with Hannafordï¿½s performance once again placing him in the top echelon of Australiaï¿½s very best jazz pianists by John McBeath Previously published in the Australian July 2011 Back to Index Cameron Earl Quartet - Run Run (Newmarket New3293.2) The material for this album by newly-formed Melbourne quartet, led by seasoned trumpeter Cameron Earl, has been composed by the leader over the past six years. The style is mainstream with an infusion of rock influences where the trumpet, or flugelhorn is supplemented and underpinned by guitarist Stella Skinner. Bassist Steve Temple and Earlï¿½s younger brother Matt on drums complete the piano-less group. Many of these originals are based around what sound like repetitive riffs, although Skinnerï¿½s guitar injects some differing, original ideas. The opening title track, Run Run is an example where an eight bar theme is overly repeated by the trumpet, but the guitar solo diverges more interestingly. Sharp is more successful with guitar interweaving melodic ideas as the trumpet states a less riff-based theme, and White and None benefits from the use of muted trumpet and some more exploratory improvisation. A drum solo intro opens Cam And Conceal, then lapses into a ï¿½tok-tokï¿½ rhythm behind the trumpetï¿½s melody line but again itï¿½s the guitarï¿½s invention and vitality that lifts the ante. A better delivery of narrative interpretation appears on People Say with rock-oriented drumming, slightly distorted energetic guitar, investigative trumpet, and a sequence in three four time. Itï¿½s back to a riff sound for the final track, Pimpstagumba with the trumpetï¿½s tendency to overuse tremolos by John McBeath Previously published in the Australian July 2011 Back to Index Daniel Gassin Sextet - Which Way (Music/Fuse WWM012) Melbourne-based pianist Daniel Gassin of French and American parentage describes his original music on this album as a meeting between French and American jazz styles. To those influences could be added an Afro component on two tracks where Felipe Cornejo plays bata drums, an hourglass shaped drum from Nigeria via Cuba. Trumpet work is shared between Cam McAllister on three tracks and Pat Thiele on five, with Phil Noy on alto, Anton Delecca on tenor, Michael Story on double bass and drummer Craig Simon. The music is strongly energetic both in ensemble and solo passages with appealing arrangements that sometimes score the horns in a harmonic backdrop to the piano. An outstanding solo comes from Noyï¿½s alto on Crossover where, after an out-of-tempo piano opening of rich harmonic progressions, the group takes up the theme in a medium-slow tempo, dissolving into the altoï¿½s gentle balladeer start to an increasingly involuted sequence as the piano provides a varied backing beyond mere comping. Deleccaï¿½s alternately racing and sliding tenor takes the solo honours on Roundtrip with piano, bass and drums continuing their interweaving accompaniment. A short, vibrant bass intro to Y-Tune brings a bata drum reinforced rhythm section into an Afro-Cuban style piece, while New Song features an intelligent, gradually building trumpet solo from Thiele against a Latin beat. Inspired playing and arrangements of exceptional compositions by John McBeath Previously published in the Australian July 2011 Back to Index Fran Swinn Trio - Every Dog (Independent) Guitarist Fran Swinn wrote six of these nine tracks for her trio, one is from her bassist Tamara Murphy, another by the drummer Ben Hendry, plus the Paul Simon hit Cecilia. The album was commissioned for ABCï¿½s Jazztrack program and mixed and mastered by presenter Mal Stanley. The opening track, the leaderï¿½s Alien To Me, is a bluesy theme expertly punctuated by the drums, stepping up to double time for the middle section guitar solo. Cecilia opens with guitar offering a manipulated version of the familiar song using slight distortion and occasional dissonance, features that are maintained into an explorative solo with strong rhythmic support from bass and drums. Murphyï¿½s composition Fï¿½r Oigen uses an ostinato bass line, augmented by skilful drumming under Swinnï¿½s constantly stoking guitar before a bass solo of intricate intensity. Jazz players use syncopation in different ways: sometimes riding the beat, or playing slightly ahead of, or marginally behind the rhythm, providing subtle contrasts in pulse. Much of the guitar work here is fractionally behind the beat and would have been improved by more variation in rhythmic approach. Nevertheless the melodic ideas are inventive and the arrangements produce a cohesive trio sound, well demonstrated on E is For Everything where a strong guitar solo is followed by a thoughtfully rhythmic one on acoustic bass and smart drum to guitar exchanges by John McBeath Previously published in the Australian July 2011 Back to Index Joachim Kuhn, Majid Bekkas and Ramon Lopez - Chalaba (ACT 9502-2) The trioï¿½s third album is their finest to date. Whilst much of this recording, courtesy of Moroccan guembri and oud master Majid Bekkas showcases the North African music Gnawa and how that 16th century three string bass (guembri) might relate with what we call blues and jazz, other influences like Indian, Caribbean and Middle Eastern spill over to naturally inform the multilateral directions. Spanish percussionist Ramon Lopez plays drums and tabla while avant-garde pianist Joachim Kuhn allows the rhythms and the desert spirit to take him to remote corners of jazz improvisation and admirably adds alto to the mix in one track. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight June 2011 Back to Index Portico Quartet - Knee-deep in the North Sea (Real World ) Buskers know how to make hay while the sun shines. After two years on the streets of London the quartet recorded this Mercury Music Prize nominated album in 2007. Following the success of the groups follow up ï¿½Islaï¿½ and their live performances, the debut is now re-mixed by Abbey Road producer John Leckie into a deluxe package with three extra live tracks recorded in Copenhagen in July 2010. Porticoï¿½s warm soothing sound stems from an instrument that has only been around for 11 years; the steel hang drum. Its tropical sound sits somewhere between the thumb piano and the steel drum but at times even sounds like a banjo. Both Duncan Bellamy and Nick Mulvey use a number of these ï¿½welded woks with dimplesï¿½ along with Jack Wylieï¿½s somewhat Nordic bent soprano and Milo Fitzpatrickï¿½s double bass to create captivating melodies, dramatic shunts and momentum changes and numerous snappy percussive passages. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight June 2011 Back to Index Matt Baker - Underground (www.mattbaker.com.au) The Australian pianist has been based in NYC for nearly 11 months and this recording (his fourth as leader) took place in March 2011 providing a recent barometer reading of his development since his previous Swiss alps inspired orchestral outing. On this occasion he splices three tasteful standards amongst an impressive selection of originals utilising a fine cast of New York talent including the muscular trumpet of Jeremy Pelt and the breadth of tone in Dayna Stephensï¿½s tenor. Sensitivity and understatement is the order of Bakerï¿½s touch and this warmth radiates through solo, trio and steelier ensemble pieces. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight June 2011 Back to Index Luke Howard and Janos Bruneel - Open Road (Which Way Music/Fuse) Melbourne pianist Luke Howard specialises in a jazz approach to his tranquil, relaxed compositions, demonstrated on his 2010 trio album Meadowlands. His current duo production, beautifully recorded in the famous Rainbow studios in Oslo, with outstanding Belgian bassist Janos Bruneel, virtually sings with serenity and inspired interpretation. The opener Vita Bis (Second Life) introduces the luscious sounds of Bruneelï¿½s acoustic bass moving with an abstracted, yet descriptive piano in an intelligent, pastoral narrative. An aching solitude pervades the ominously entitled She Left a Note as the solo piano works through its melancholic theme, while the title track celebrates the joyous potential of an Open Road with a piano of possibilities and a travelling bass solo. Fourth Floor starts with another highly expressive bass passage leading the piano into deeply rich chords beneath a satisfyingly uncomplicated melody. Stargarter uses a tangential, restrained style of cheerfulness through a jazz-inflected, semi-classical pathway of descending progressions aided by the substantial grounding of the bass. The bass is unaccompanied for Bruneelï¿½s short composition of just under two minutes Ay Yildiz, providing an opportunity to savour his ravishing sound quality and graceful technique. This is an album of outstanding acoustic quality and a high level of musicianship with original pieces devoted to unhurried creative discernment ï¿½ a perfect accompaniment to dreamy contemplation by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian June 2011 Back to Index The End - The End (Newmarket Music) Melbourne guitarist Tim Willis formed his Australian quintet The End in 2009 after working three years in Paris and touring Europe. He says the group is heavily influenced by rock, and it is, but not of the cochlea-crunching variety. Comprised of some fine Melbourne up-coming talent, there are two saxophones in the front line: Jon Compton on alto and John Felstead on tenor. Gareth Hill plays acoustic bass and Nick Martyn is on drums. Of the ten original tracks, several have a post-bop, rock fusion feel including Dervish where the uptempo pace is maintained by a guitar riff and rock drumming under the two saxes clever unison theme. Another example, although slower, is Dark Cloud where a bop-style theme is underpinned by back beat drumming and both alto and guitar contribute genre-straddling solos. The opener Fiddling While Rome Burns, has a catchy, raucous theme set to a guitar, bass and drums ostinato. A quieter Sleep starts with some smart bass work and high, chiming guitar before the saxes bring in the tranquil melody culminating in stabbing chords to introduce a racing alto solo and another on Willisï¿½s quick-thinking guitar. Good People is also a slower track with a subdued alto start and sympathetic brushwork from the drumkit. A fine debut album of accomplished originals from a young group with an assured future by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian June 2011CCC Jason Moran and The Bandwagon - Ten (Blue Note/EMI) Currently on his third visit to Australia, appearing at the Melbourne International Jazz Festival, US pianist Jason Moran celebrates ten years with his trio, The Bandwagon ï¿½ Tarus Mateen on bass, and drummer Nasheet Waits. The thirteen tracks are mostly Moran originals, but with Monk, Bernstein, and a couple of others also represented. Blue Blocks, a commissioned work, opens in a slow, unusual blues style, and led by acoustic bass soon doubles the tempo, then as bass and drums hold that rhythm Moran races ahead doubling the tempo again with scarcely believable knuckle-cracking runs of eight notes per beat, dropping back to the starting tempo to close out. There are two versions of Study No. 6 by Conlon Nancarrow (1912 ï¿½ 1997) both drawing heavily on classical themes, played firstly uptempo, then with a more flowing, beautifully textured approach. Monkï¿½s Crepuscule With Nellie employs Mateenï¿½s bass moving elegantly with rich piano chords before Moranï¿½s characteristic fast-running sequences, always purposefully directed, followed by a stomping piano style to back a speeding bass solo. Gangsterism Over 10 Years, a Moran composition, draws on soul influences with a fast-moving melody line and a flurry of stabbing notes and chords as the drums supply a varied, energetic backdrop. A Jaki Byard composition, To Bob Vatel of Paris is a masterful display of stride piano imbued with grooving intelligence by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian June 2011 Back to Index Briana Cowlishaw - When Fiction Comes to Life (Planet/MGM) Sydney vocalist Briana Cowlishaw has achieved a lot in her 22 years, appearing regularly on the Sydney jazz scene with many outstanding musicians since 2007. This debut album was recorded in late 2010 in New York with some of that cityï¿½s greatest jazz performers: Aaron Goldberg on piano, bassist Rueben Rogers, drummer Gregory Hutchinson, Mike Moreno on guitar, and the amazing young trumpeter, Ambrose Akinmusire. There are eleven of Cowlishawï¿½s originals and two standards, mostly in ballad style, plus several in soft Latin rhythms. The fastest track is Four Views of a Secret, opening with a few bars of scat leading into a strongly swinging piece containing some excellent trumpet work and a smart bass line behind Cowlishawï¿½s assertive vocals. Her originals are advanced in structure and harmonic content but Cowlishawï¿½s potent expression gives the songs an accessibility, partly because they recount experiences of every day life and partly due to her clarity, pitch and phrasing. Hoagy Carmichaelï¿½s lovely ballad Skylark receives hypersensitive treatment with its interpretive lyrics assisted greatly by Goldbergï¿½s languid piano and Akinmusireï¿½s tenderly soulful trumpet. The Little Things moves through several different rhythms, starting in a Latin style, and shaking down to a forceful straight-four climax displaying Cowlishawï¿½s ability to glide effortlessly from vocal fragility to powerful authority. A formidable debut from a vocalist and composer of topflight talent by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian June 2011 It would be very easy for a young angelic voice as good as this, in debut, to release a collection of contemporary soft rock covers with jazz backing and then rely on her stunning good looks. No. Cowlishaw, heavily influenced by Joni Mitchell, chooses to take her candid original material to NYï¿½s Aaron Goldberg trio and put her musical heart on her sleeve. Sure, bravado alone doesnï¿½t make a good disc and some of the lyrics lack refined cohesion with melody but when stars align, as they do frequently here, sparks fly. Notably, guitarist Mike Moreno is the most assured soloist. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight August 2011 Back to Index Art Tatum - Solo Masterpieces (Pablo 0600753312001) The late American pianist and jazz educator Dr Billy Taylor once said: ï¿½Every Art Tatum recording is essentialï¿½. This eight-CD set of magnificent solo piano is more than essential. It is a landmark in recorded jazz and popular music. Tatumï¿½s collaboration with jazz impresario Norman Granz spread over less than three years (1953-56) produced recordings which set a standard, rarely equalled then and seldom since. One can only marvel at his genius; the fantastic technique, his harmonic variations and delicate light touch which resulted in the beautifully idiomatic version of Tenderly and the rocketing treatment of Elegy, one of his showpieces. Tatum was given a free hand by Granz in both the choice of material and the number of selections recorded. There were no rehearsals, no time limits. He just sat at the keyboard and played. The 121 tracks here (plus four from a 1956 concert at the Hollywood Bowl) encompass the best in American popular music including such Tatum favourites as Begin The Beguine and Someone To Watch Over Me. This indispensable set is a fitting testimonial to one of the greatest pianists in jazz whose early death at the age of 47 in 1956 stunned the music world. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Magazine June 2011 Back to Index Allan Vache - Look To The Sky (Arbors ARCD 19396) This album epitomises what first attracted me to jazz; swing, melody and the clarinet, especially the music of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw. The rich tone of Allan Vache, one of the best of todayï¿½s Goodman acolytes, has seldom sounded better. He swings exuberantly with a quintet (For Once In My Life) and his and pianist John Sheridanï¿½s arrangements for strings and woodwinds provide the perfect framework for Vacheï¿½s melodic improvisation whether venerable standards (Long Ago And Far Away) or the music of Brazil by Antonio Carlos Jobim (Someone To Light Up My Life and the title track) by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight Magazine June 2011 Back to Index Jacam Manricks - Trigonometry (Positone PR8064) Brisbane born saxophonist/composer Jacam Manricks, New York based for the past ten years, comes from a musical family of Sri Lankan/Portuguese extraction. The first striking thing about Manricksï¿½s NY sextet is the intellectually stimulating quality of his compositions, followed closely by the leaderï¿½s pleasing alto tone, ceaseless ideas, and advanced technique. This is a tightly interlaced group of respected NY musicians with a front line of Manricks, Scott Wendholt on trumpet and trombonist Alan Ferber. The title track Trigonometry, like its namesake in maths, explores triangular relationships and angles, in this case in 7/4 time and features the alto gliding over the rhythm section of Gary Versace on piano, bassist Joe Martin and drummer Obed Calvaire who socks a rockfall foundation under the closing, off-beat frontline chord stabs. Cluster Funk is certainly funky, again in 7/4 time, with a soul-infused piano and trumpet lead, moving into a grooving, building, trumpet solo then a diagonal approach from the alto. The only non-original on the album is Eric Dolphyï¿½s esoteric piece Miss Ann which loses none of its impact when Manrickï¿½s purity of tone contrasts with Dolphyï¿½s original raw-edged attack; the hyper-fast, unpredictable Dolphy-style jagged flow is maintained by the alto and Martinï¿½s bass keeps the momentum alive in his solo. by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian May 2011 Back to Index Quinsin Nachoff - Forward Motion (FoMo) (Independent/www.quinsin.com) Canadian born, now New York-based tenor saxophonist Quinsin Nachoffï¿½s quartet Forward Motion has released a debut album of contemporary jazz with rock and fusion influences using Adrean Farrugia on Fender Rhodes as an anchoring point. Making up the quartet, trumpeter Russ Johnson and Mark Kelso on drums respectively add melodic and rhythmic context to Nachoffï¿½s impressive originals. The rock influences are mostly of a cerebral, soft rock extraction skilfully infused in a jazz approach. Since the group is bass-less some of the Fender Rhodes contribution provides a bass line which works particularly well with Kelsoï¿½s coefficient percussion. The opener, Devilï¿½s Advocate starts with staccato stuttering between trumpet and tenor before the angular theme is stated by the two instruments leading to lengthy solos from each in a ï¿½coolï¿½ jazz style. The title track fuses a celestial theme with a Chick Corea-like analogy and after a probing trumpet solo features driving drum work interspersed with ensemble chord stings, moving into intelligent solos from keyboard and tenor. In African Skies a modal theme is underpinned by an Afro-rock rhythm and Nachoffï¿½s tenor solo is emblematic of the albumï¿½s retroflexive approach where a blaring, blasting rock focus is replaced by intelligent, questing and graceful ideas. by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian May 2011 Back to Index Song Fwaa - Ligetiï¿½s Goat (Independent FWA001) To label this album as experimental would be a vast understatement. Everything about this Sydney trio is esoteric: ï¿½Song Fwaaï¿½ is a rough phonetic of the French ï¿½sang-froid,ï¿½ literally cold blood, but meaning self-possession or unflappability. Song Fwaaï¿½s music is an extraordinary collection described as ï¿½conversational, viewing music as an open vessel into which ideas are dropped and stewed.ï¿½ Itï¿½s a tribute to avant classical composer Gyorky Ligeti (1923 ï¿½ 2006) whose body of advanced works is most known for excerpts on the soundtrack of 2001 A Space Odyssey. The trio of alto saxophonist Martin Kay, guitarist David Reaston, and drummer Jamie Cameron has adopted a Ligeti-style approach, sometimes using dense webs of texture suspended in space and time. The title track, ï¿½exploring the eating cycle of a goat,ï¿½ opens with murky chords and percussive effects in an odd time signature with the alto floating tranquilly above, then slides into glissandos moving upward against a heavy, swinging drumkit as a controlled chaos emerges, to be grounded by a walking rhythmic passage with unpredictable jazz-like phrases from the alto. Motility begins with a classical style alto cadenza which dives into busy traffic mode where percussion provides heavy transport sounds as the piece moves in and out of rhythm. This investigative album wonï¿½t appeal to everyone but its diverse styles and eclecticism are skilfully and originally explored by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian May 2011 Back to Index Jane Monheit - Home (Emarcy B0014700-02) For those who have followed Jane Monheitï¿½s career since she was runner-up at the age of 20 to the late Teri Thornton in the 1998 Thelonius Monk Institute vocal competition (Roberta Gambarini was third) this is the album we have been waiting for. At 33, 11 years after her recording debut, she has come of age as a jazz singer. It shows in the confident way she tackles a lyric with a voice like a taste of honey with a shot of whiskey and her sense of dynamics and especially scat singing which befits someone who cites Ella Fitzgerald and Mel Torme among her early influences. There are many highlights: the spirited feistiness of Everything I Have Is Yours with Mark Oï¿½Connorï¿½s violin; plumbing the emotional depths in Iï¿½ll Be Around; and the romanticism of Thereï¿½s A Small Hotel with lovely piano by Michael Kanan. All show sheï¿½s the real deal by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight May 2011 Back to Index Bill Allred Featuring John Allred - The New York Sessions (Arbors ARCD 19395) A strong lineup headed by guitarist Howard Alden and bassist Nicki Parrott and guest appearances by his son John and cornet great Warren Vache help trombonist Bill Allred reprise a 50 year career in traditional jazz and swing in an enjoyable mainstream session. Father and son harmonise well together on trombones (shades of Jai and Kai on Lullaby of Broadway), the senior Allred has fun with Parrott as they sing Dave Frishbergï¿½s I Want To Be A Sideman, and the younger Allred and Vache rejuvenate the venerable Sweet Sue into a real swinger. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight May 2011 Back to Index Duke Ellington - From His Treasure Chest 1965-72 (Nimbus NI 2736) First issued on the MusicMasters label in 1991, this reissue of what Duke Ellington used to refer to as his ï¿½stockpileï¿½ (unreleased non-commercial recordings) is a valuable addition to the Ellingtonian discography. As well as original material, the Duke revisits his New Orleans Suite in Milan, Italy in 1970. He had written it earlier in the year. Clarinet virtuoso Jimmy Hamilton shows he was also a fine tenor soloist on an extended The Old Circus Train and the Duke is showcased with a six-man reed section on the charming Woods, originally written as a background to one of his most popular songs. Timeless by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight May 2011 Back to Index David Klein Quintet - My Marilyn (ENJA ENJ9422.2) Originally released in 2001 and now available in Australia, this is a somewhat charming attempt to recast the perceived misunderstood Monroe into a figure of greater substance using the songs associated with her film catalogue but in a jazz setting. The sometimes breathy, sometimes latter day Billie Holiday chanelling vocalist Miriam Klein, carries the blondeï¿½s character admirably but the highlights are the instrumentals including Porterï¿½s ï¿½My Heart belongs to Daddyï¿½ and the Cahn and Van Heusen ï¿½Specialisationï¿½ where Swiss saxophonist David Klein, pianist Mulgrew Miller and bassist Ira Coleman get to extend their reach on what ultimately is less than challenging reminiscences by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight May 2011 Back to Index 3ofMillions - Abstruction (Rufus Records RF094) Following in his own intrepid paths of Triosk and the Alister Spence trio, Adrian Lim-Klumpes latest foray into improvised acoustic electronica is 3ofMillions featuring piano, Rhodes, electronics, Abel Cross electric bass and Finn Ryan on percussion. Primal urges or intuitive spasms from Lim-Klumpes and Cross are engulfed by the deepest canyons of groove from the drummer. Then vibratory disturbances make way for ghostly intimidating whispers. The highlight is the ten minute finale ï¿½Acquiescenceï¿½ where microcosmic electronic distortions shoot out from a velvety Rhodes backdrop. 3ofMillions are choosing the many unlikely and challenging sonic options from millions of possibilities by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight May 2011 Back to Index East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival (BluesFest) 2011 You just donï¿½t know where to start when youï¿½re covering an event as huge as the twenty first ï¿½East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festivalï¿½ (BluesFest) at Tyagarah Tea Tree Farm (10km north of Byron Bay). Six days, five stages, hundreds of gigs and tens of thousands ofï¿½ very enthusiastic visitors. Iï¿½ve been on many music festivals, but this is my first Byron Bay BluesFest. Itï¿½s hard to pin down what is more important ï¿½ writeing about individual artists and gigs, about their musical qualities or to try to express the overall vibe of the events itself ï¿½ I will try to do both. I will focus more on local and up-and-coming musicians. Iï¿½ll give you my take on some of the gigs in a chronological order (I was able to attend four days only) ï¿½ and will write only about the gigs I really liked ï¿½ forgive my elated tone. Oh, and just one more thing before I start - JazzAndBeyond usually does not cover rock. That said, there were some very fine rock performances of all different styles and varieties. But being the old rock die-hard that I am (come on, do you remember who was a lead guitarist in ï¿½Nazarethï¿½ in 1975?) I will cover two or three - itï¿½s just too hard to resist. FRIDAY -my first day at BluesFest. Thousands of gumboot-clad music fans are entering via several gates. Slightly muddy pitch, nice aroma of freshly-cut grass everywhere. Juke Joint ï¿½ 15:00 ï¿½ Bob Abbot and The Fabulous Green Machine Look at the photo ï¿½ Mr Bob Abbot ï¿½ the Sunshine Coast Mayor since 1982. This is not a mistake ï¿½ he also very active as a leader of a local blues band. A great bear of man, snazzy in appearance, he plays harp and growls stomping blues with his mates. After seeing his ï¿½Got My Mojo Workingï¿½ (Muddy Waters) you can be sure that the Sunshine Coast district is in a rock-solid hands. Local soul queen Lisa Hunt ( http://www.foreversoul.com/ ) joined the group for several numbers. Her rendition of ï¿½You make me feel like a natural womanï¿½ with high voltage screaming tenor sax and strong, yet sexy female voice dialogsï¿½ well, I canï¿½t speak for the women, but it definitelyï¿½ made every bloke feel like a natural man. Green Machinesï¿½s saxophonist (sorry, could not find his name) ï¿½ was one of the finest of the whole festival. APRA ï¿½ 20:15 ï¿½ U Blues Band (The Universal Blues Band) ( http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=2339659180 ). This blues band from Singapore, who were semi-finalists at the "International Blues Challenge" in Memphis in 2003, proves that Blues is the one of the most universal music genres in the world. Their highly entertaining approach is impeccable ï¿½ the timing, sound, attack, rhythm are all perfect. Listening to their tunes, I think I made a scientific discovery ï¿½ there is a Blues Gene and people of all cultures have it, but in some people it is just been a bit dormant (for now!). This gig overlapped with BB King, so everyone kept checking their watches - and not leaving! APRA ï¿½ 21:20 ï¿½ Ray Beadle and his Band ( www.raybeadle.com ) Despite very unfortunate time slot (overlapping with B B King) it was truly one of the best shows! Ray (lead guitar) and his band, all from Sydney, brought a dynamic mix of hits ï¿½ some original, others well known. Pretty soon, it was hard to tell who was enjoying the performance more ï¿½ the musos, or the fans.ï¿½ Whatever the case, by the end of the show, both groups had fused into one ï¿½ and the energy was sizzling. I know, I know ï¿½ it is not a good idea for reviewer to compare different musicians ï¿½ but at the back of my mind, as a kid from a school rock-band (many years ago, in a past life, in the USSR) I always do thatï¿½Ray was definitely the best guitarist of the Friday. Mojo ï¿½ 22:00 ï¿½ Grace Jones ( www.theworldofgracejones.com ) I think about this gig have to write in CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY. IT WAS AN EXOTIC PAGAN RITUAL. GRACE WAS THE HIGH PRIESTESS, AN ANCIENT GODDESS, BLACK PANTHER, SUPERMODEL ï¿½ AND ON TOP OF IT ALL HER UNMATCHABLE CONTRALTO-VOICE, HER PLASTICITY AND ENERGY! DIFFERENT STYLES, COSTUMES, INCREDIBLE VISUAL EFFECTS ï¿½ FROM WELL KNOWN PIAZZOLLAï¿½S ï¿½LIBERTANGOï¿½ TO ï¿½HURRICANEï¿½ FROM THE LATEST ALBUM, TO BLUES, TO REGGAE NUMBERS ï¿½ YOU COULD CLOSE YOUR EYES AND FIND YOURSELFï¿½ IN JUNGLES, IN JAMAICA OR MAYBEï¿½ IN ANOTHER GALAXY. HOLD ON TO YOUR CHAIRS WHEN SHE SINGS ï¿½HURRICANEï¿½! Jambalaya ï¿½ 22:50 (and Saturday 22:00)ï¿½ ï¿½ Melbourne SKA Orchestra ( http://www.melbourneskaorchestra.org ) Started in 2003 by Jamaican music historian Mohail Slim and drummer Nicky Bomba, now grown to 26 member big-band, MSO gets together only rarely (maybe once a year), but when they do - their shows are invariably unusual, engaging and enjoyable. To be honest, this is the only gig on BluesFest I allowed myself to see twice! Led by Nicky with his very eccentric style, MSO produces music of the highest, even for big-band (synchronisation, sound, etc) standards. This, of course, did nott stop them from going wild on stage. Their slick, black attire didnï¿½t get in the way of their creating absolute chaos on the stage, moving, dancing, shaking, grooving, - sometimes queuing behind the main mike to get a solo in. Mixing different styles ï¿½ SKA, reggae, tracks from James Bond movies ï¿½ MSO and their international guests, among them ï¿½Miss Nadeenï¿½ from Haiti ï¿½ huge Aretha Franklinï¿½s style voice - smashed out two very memorable gigs, the second drawing a crowd four times as big as the first. Nicky Bomba had complete crowd control ï¿½ people were gladly following all his orders ï¿½turn back, count to four, jump, dance, shake hands, etcï¿½ ï¿½ total clinical mass happiness! I highly recommend them to everyone regardless of age (a very good way to introduce kids to big-band/orchestral music). Busking Competition had many incredibly bright acts - even though I could see just a fraction of them. A local band "Little Province" ( http://www.myspace.com/alittleprovinceinchina ) was one to remember ï¿½ made up of drums, two acoustic guitars plus violin and vocals. Playing original material they gathered very appreciative crowd that outsized many of the official gigs. SATURDAY - warmer and drier than previous day. Juke Joint ï¿½ 20:30 - B.B & the Blues Shacks ( http://www.bluesshacks.com ) One of the best, if not the best, European (Hildesheim, Germany) traditional blues bands, made up of brothers Michael (vocal, harp) and Andreas (guitar) Arlt plus Bernhard Egger (drums),ï¿½ Henning Hauerken (bass) and Dennis Koeckstadt (keys). The style? Something along the lines of Otis Rush or Eddie Cochran. The energy? Maybe the most dynamite performance of the whole festival! With high class musicians, lots of really good guitar solos, vocal and keyboard together with some very spectacular acrobatic tricks. Iï¿½ll try to give you a sketch: Andreas is playing a long guitar solo with heaps of string bending and pulling. It is coming to its climax (you know itï¿½s going to finish, but you really donï¿½t want it to), then Michael runs along the stage and jumps head-first towards the keyboard ï¿½ pulls himself into handstand, starts falling, but Dennis catches one of his legs, not interrupting playing his piano (see the picture) and, obviously, Michael continues his singing. Can you imagine what happened to the crowd?! APRA 20:00 - Nat Col and the Kings ï¿½( www.myspace.com/natcolkings ) The Nathan Cavaleri and Col Hatchman band. Blues plus rock. Nathan represents the blues ï¿½ though still young, he has already collaborated with many blues legends (including a tour with B B King when he was just 15). His guitar technic, his voice is awesome, his song-writer skills supreme.ï¿½ Col, the Drummer, brings the very deep and serious rock. Dynamic, creative, versatile - and busting a chiselled bare torso - his aura is overpowering.ï¿½A very remarkable group indeed. Busking Competition revelation ï¿½ ï¿½Luna Junctionï¿½ ( www.myspace.com/lunajunction , www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=214903028520570 ) ï¿½ Tweedsï¿½ answer to Sydneyï¿½s Messier Camembert. A crew of local multitalented musicians, led by singer/trumpeter/flutist Shani Forrester - they play original and fresh mixture of folk, gypsyï¿½ and cabaret. Although the main part of their performance went on in near-complete darkness (Busking Tent did not have lighting) the audience did not want them to leave for a long time. SUNDAY APRA 17:00 ï¿½ Ajak Kwai ( www.ajakkwai.com ) Very different gig. Ajak Kwai ï¿½ Sudanese singer/songwriter, storyteller, refugee, human rights activist, who has been living in Australia since 1998. Her supporting group - acoustic guitar and a flute. It is unbelievable and strange how well classical flute blends with Saharan songs...for one hour, Ajak created an African desert in the middle of Australian farm. The most memorable song, in my view, was ï¿½Habibiï¿½ - a Sudanese folk song, sung by women to the men they love. Although this song is in Arabic, but you don't need to know words to sing it. All women joined in with Ajak to sing it all together, each to her own someone. Pity, but my wife was not there :-) APRA ï¿½ 23:00 ï¿½ Blackbirds ( http://www.blackbirds.com.au/ ) Again a nice change of rhythm and style. Blackbirds, a local group made up of two Indonesian musicians Adi and Benhur alongside the stunning African-Jamaican front-woman Mama Renee, were joined by amazing Azo Bell from Old Spice Boys. Fully acoustic set ï¿½ guitars and variety of ukuleles. I could not even imagine such creative and interesting ukulele solos (played by Azo Bell). This is how Blackbirds describe their music ï¿½ ï¿½Simple and elegant. Like a harmonic bath of honey.... [It] is about making an intimate connectionï¿½ ï¿½ and it really makes it. They are currently touring with Eric Bibb ï¿½ try not to miss their concert. Busking Competition - "Lifeline" - I could not find any information about them on internet (would be very grateful to anyone who could help out here). This isnï¿½t really surprising when you think about it ‑ the average age of Lifeline could be under 15 (look at photo).ï¿½ Donï¿½t let their youth fool you though, ‑all of them are already astute musicians, playing some quite complex original arrangements. They have very big potential - watch them grow! MONDAY - Day of the Bob Dylan T-shirts. It was a baby-boomers delight day ï¿½ how often do you have Bob Dylan, Jethro Tull and Elvis Costello & the Imposters at the same night and at the same place?... Mojo ï¿½ 17:30 - Buffy Sainte-Marie ( http://www.creative-native.com/ ) If you donï¿½t know who Buffy Sainte-Marie is - itï¿½s worth your while to check out her biography. A Cree girl born on the Canadian Indian reservation, she has became one of the most prominent indigenous rights and peace activists ï¿½ her song "Universal Soldier" has been accepted as one of the anthems of the worldwide movement. Educator, songwriter, singer, visual artist, Honorary Doctor of several top universities, winner of multiple international awards, she travels the world to deliver her message. It was a real spiritual experience (not a clichï¿½ here!!) when she sang a cappella ï¿½Boarding school bluesï¿½ about small Indian girl taken from her parents. Supported by her band of mainly Canadian Indian musicians she also sang material from her latest CD ï¿½The Pathfinderï¿½. You should have seen the Nimbin Tribe people dancing their Luna dance on a back-drop of one of the big screens during this concert! JukeJoint - 19:30 - The Old Spice Boys ( http://www.myspace.com/oldspiceboys ) This one is to remember. No electronics, no kilowatts, no visual effects ï¿½ just three spice boys - Azo Bell (ukulele), Billy Milroy (tea-chest bass), Tim Reeves (snare drum). All from Byron Bay. But what a musical class! These guys donï¿½t need high power bells and whistles. With just three instruments (not a single one of them electric :-), the Old Spice Boys were able to tackle, effortlessly, just about anything they wanted ï¿½ Bill Haley, Miles Davis, classical music, blues, you name it! And add to mixture their own stylish and humorous original compositions. Tim Reeves (ex Mungo Jerry and T-Rex) keeps the pace with just one snare drum and Billy Milroy (ex The Sundowners) with complex ï¿½walkingï¿½ bass just on one string, which would keep puzzled many jazz aficionados, set the stage for virtuoso solos of Azo Bell (he is in the Ukulele Hall of Fame in the USA). Delicious! Busking Competition ï¿½ the best of Monday (in my view) were ï¿½Pink Zincï¿½ ( http://www.myspace.com/pinkzincmusic ). This bunch of young, talented and enthusiastic guys (Harry Nichols ï¿½ guitar, Shay Cater ï¿½ drums, James Taylor ï¿½ keys, Luke Davis ï¿½ bass-guitar and Sarah Grant ï¿½ vocal) are from Lismore. All highly professional musicians, Graduates of the Contemporary Music Degree of Southern Cross University, they brought together a huge, dancing, moving shaking anima of an audience! I could add more gigs to my review, but I should stop somewhere. Iï¿½ll just add some photos and names/links about less known in Australia yet musicians, which definitely deserve your attention: Victor Valdes and the Marin Brothers - www.therealmexico.com.au Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band - www.micconway.com Hank Greenï¿½s Blues - www.hankgreensblues.com Credit needs to go to the organisers of BluesFest. It was very touching to see how much attention they paid to the needs of people with disabilities (every marquee had a dedicated viewing area for them). There was also a very active, hard-working group of volunteers and staff. Well done BluesFest! It is impossible to bring to life the experience of these several days in just a few words. The music, the atmosphere, the energy, the talking and dancing with strangers all tremendous and indescribable. Next year - pack your bags, take your friends and go to BluesFest and experience it yourself - Iï¿½ll definitely be there. by Vlad Gilbourd, May 2011 Back to Index Amphibious - Alive & Breathing (Independent/www.amphibious.net.au) A clue to the diverse influences on this live album from Sydney quartet Amphibious comes from track two, Passacaglia: a slow dance music originating in Spain and Italy in the seventeenth century. The form incorporates three beats per bar, usually framed over an ostinato. That sounds a long way from jazz, but after a classical opening featuring Ollie Miller on cello and a mediaeval drum beat from Jamie Cameron, improvisations from Richard Maegraithï¿½s tenor sax and Aaron Flower on electric guitar are unmistakeably 21st century jazz-inspired. The unusual instrumentation works perfectly for this collection of genre-defying compositions. There are aspects of soft rock in Mysterious Insider, while Life of Our Life is a beautiful, blues-imbued ballad where the cello moves from bowed to pizzicato under spreading guitar chords as Maegraithï¿½s tenor propels, arching and building. Epicure begins with guitar, pizzicato cello and drums laying out a strict-time four/four pattern developing into a livelier eighth note grounding as the tenor swoops and soars above. The sax climbs and falls gently to open D Minor seguing into runs, tremolos and staccato phrases as cello and guitar provide a substructural wash and the introduction of steady drumming could have come directly from the baroque composer Pachelbel. The atmosphere throughout this highly original album is of jazz-infused classicism delivered in fascinating moods from floating tranquillity to surging excitement by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian April 2011 Back to Index Jane Irving - Beams (Independent/www.janeirving.com) Every so often an album appears without a marketing campaign, slipping almost unnoticed into the vast ocean of Australian CDs, and when heard with neutral expectations, suddenly springs to life with lavish talent and striking originality. Such an album is this release from Sydney vocalist Jane Irving. Thirteen tracks, some slightly lesser-known, carefully selected songs were recorded over two different sessions with a variety of top quality musicians, including amongst others Matt McMahon or Michael Bartolomei on piano, trumpeter Don Rader, bassist Brendan Clarke, and James Waples on drums. Irvingï¿½s apogee of swinging expression and vocal range on Horace Silverï¿½s Doodlinï¿½ alone makes this album worth having. Amongst several beautifully delivered ballads is a moving interpretation of Kurt Weillï¿½s Lost In The Stars, featuring a sensitive solo from Raderï¿½s flugelhorn. The album opens with a bouncy version of Frank Loesserï¿½s I Hear Music, and includes some smart scat exchanges with Clarkeï¿½s acoustic bass. A slower, languid pace is ideally suited to McMahonï¿½s arrangement of Stolen Moments, a complex piece for vocalists, but enchantingly interpreted by Irving, while still holding a grooving pulse. The Rodgers and Hart standard Everything Iï¿½ve Got Belongs To You illustrates Irvingï¿½s ability with phrasing and long held notes. Her style is very reminiscent of Anita Oï¿½Day: the same expressive phrasing and the facility to slide almost unnoticed into sophisticated scat by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian April 2011 Back to Index Tim Stevens Trio - Scare Quotes (Rufus/Universal RF 098) In this fourth album for Rufus, Melbourne trio led by pianist Tim Stevens continues with its previous styles and concepts. It comprises six of Stevensï¿½s original compositions premiered at the 2010 Wangaratta Jazz Festival, plus five collective improvisations including some esoteric titles. The idea here is to include both pre-structured and spontaneous forms on one recording, where previously each has been performed on separate albums. Stevensï¿½s originals are captivating ï¿½ intelligently melodic, and cohesively understood by Ben Robertsï¿½s bass and Dave Beckï¿½s neatly ornamented drumming. Bluesosphere Blogs, a topical title, has a lively discursive sensibility employing a fast-running theme which scurries to a climactic interchange of striking piano chords and busy drums. Stevensï¿½s Lu Bird opens in ballad mode but soon moves into a swinging excursion full of melodic narrative and a rhythmic underscoring drive from the drumkit. The five spontaneous pieces are of course, more abstract and most are totally out of tempo: Wiseband and Huff wanders introvertively, allowing each member variously to take centre stage, where the piano flows and shimmers. Another unstructured, tempo-less piece Initiatrix, conveys a sombre mood with its bass-end piano notes while Letters and Diaries features interplay between high treble piano tremolos and Robertsï¿½s slightly under-recorded bass. This is an interesting concept interspersing written forms and autogenetic works from three skilled, long-term musical associates by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian April 2011 Back to Index James Osborne Jazz Collective - Playtime (Newmarket Music NEW3290.2) Canadian drummer James Osborne, Melbourne-based since 2008, has assembled three different pianists, an organist and three bassists for this album to augment a core trio of drums, tenor sax and trumpet. The style is very much mainstream, featuring lesser-known compositions from various musicians Osborne admires, and one original ballad. The front line consists of Christophe Genoux on tenor and trumpeter Brae Grimes who open in a medium tempo, alternating between a latin rhythm and a straight-ahead groove attack on a Woody Shaw original, The Organ Grinder. That opener includes a lengthy, competent trumpet solo, a standout bass solo from Tamara Murphy and a more staid one from pianist Simon Mavin. Duke Ellington is represented by Mount Harissa which has Mark Fitzgibbonï¿½s piano expertly driving the trumpet into a more effective solo. The trumpet displays a more commanding presence in Alter Ego where the tenor also features well and Rory Clark on piano keeps it all flowing. More Today Than Yesterday introduces Kim Kelaart on Hammond Organ to provide momentum for a relaxed tenor and an elemental muted trumpet. The one original piece, How Could I Have Known is a pretty ballad given languorous Coleman Hawkins style treatment from Genouxï¿½s tenor, while Helenï¿½s Song benefits from Fitzgibbonï¿½s piano despite repetitive tok - tok drumming, but Gareth Hill contributes productive bass work by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian April 2011 Back to Index Renaud Garcia-Fons - Mediterranees (Enja ENJ 9563 2) With a jazz history of working with greats like Kenny Clarke, Garcia-Fons will be largely unknown to Australian audiences but this technically brilliant French bassist is known as the ï¿½Paganini of the double bassï¿½ and should make an impact with his eighth release as leader. About 10 years into his relationship with the bass he re-modelled and re- tuned the instrument with a fifth string. The resulting resonances in both pizzicato or arco is astounding and the diversity of sound (the bass can easily be confused with the cello or even at times the viola) is matched only by the variety of Mediterranean musical ports he visits in this recording. This is not a cultural sampling exercise, but there is ample layering and I suspect re-layering which may be off-putting for some but for mine, it does not intrude on the essence of each message. From Spain to Northern Africa, the Middle East, Greece, Turkey and Italy, each piece, whether melancholy or joyous, is embellished with a variety of the regions traditional instruments such as the lute, the bouzouki or the oud. There are 18 gorgeous melodies or deeply rooted grooves some of which are teasingly truncated leaving you wanting more. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight April 2011 Back to Index Mark Isaacs Resurgence Band - Aurora (Grace Music) Isaacsï¿½s compositions flood the senses and the pianist is playing with a passion that stands out in Australia today. The passive ï¿½Good Tidingsï¿½ and the mournfully lyrical ï¿½Threnodyï¿½ offer textural contrasts against high energy pieces all of which constantly compel with dynamic interplay often woven into smart arrangements whilst the title track exposes hints of melody from traditional Jewish sources. Complete with a ï¿½liveï¿½ DVD performance, itï¿½s insightful to compare aurally and visually the ï¿½liveï¿½ energy with the ï¿½studio polishï¿½ of ï¿½Resurgenceï¿½ that includes James Muller ï¿½ guitar, Matt Keegan ï¿½ saxophones, Brett Hirst ï¿½ bass and Tim Firth ï¿½ drums. by Peter Wockner Previously published in Limelight April 2011 This album from Sydney pianist/composer Mark Isaacï¿½s now well-established Resurgence Band generously contains a bonus DVD of the 2009 concert recording of their previous CD, ï¿½Tell It Like It Is.ï¿½ Isaacsï¿½s strong classical background and influences are noticeable in all of the Aurora originals and his piano technique is as brilliant as ever. Curiously his top-flight sidemen, guitarist James Muller, and saxophonist Matt Keegan sound somewhat contained, unlike the explosive work both have exhibited on their own recordings as band leaders. There are still some impressive solos, notably Mullerï¿½s rocket assisted lift-off on the travelling blues piece, For The Road, or Keeganï¿½s rock referenced tenor sax on Emergence. Drummer Tim Firth takes a driving solo towards the end of For The Road and bassist Brett Hirst rides the lines expertly in his solo in Aurora. The title track features a semi-classical piano opening which soon develops a rhythmic essence as the remaining instruments emerge and the piano goes into overdrive for a solo that retains both a strong pulse and classical influences, while some smart drumming builds a climactic conclusion. Although the playing throughout is flawless, it could be that these arrangements are just a little too tight and controlling. by John McBeath Previously published in The Australian May 2011 Back to Index Nicki Parrott - Black Coffee (Venus Records VHCD 1041) This is arguably the best album yet by versatile vocalist-bassist Nicki Parrott for the Japanese label as she again shows her affinity for the great standards of American popular music in covering songs mainly associated with Peggy Lee and Julie London. As usual her supporting cast is all class including her impressive reed-playing sister Lisa, pianist John Di Martino, and tenor saxophonist Harry Allen, a plus on any recording date. Highlights? There are many: shades of Slam Stewart and Major Holley in her improvised humming as she bows the bass on Dark Eyes or accompanies herself on Fever. Impressive. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight April 2011 Back to Index ï¿½Buckï¿½ Pizzarelli and the West Texas Tumbleweeds - Digginï¿½ Up Bones (Arbors ARCD 19394) Guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli, a master of melody and rhythm, recalls the era of classic Western swing something he and his sons John (guitar) and Martin (bass) had planned for many years. With, among others, Aaron Weinstein (violin), country star Tommy White (pedal steel guitar) and vocalist Rebecca Kilgore they also pay tribute Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys who did so much to popularise this amalgam of jazz and country music in the 1930ï¿½s and 1940ï¿½s. Not for the intellectual and narrow-minded, this is entertaining toe-tapping music summed up by John Pizzarelliï¿½s breezy original Turkey In The Raw. Recommended. by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight April 2011 Back to Index Lew Soloff and Steve Richman - Sketches of Spain (Sheffield Lab SL10089) That this album stands on its own merits against one of the landmarks of modern music is a credit to the dedication of trumpeter Lew Soloff and conductor Steve Richman and his 19-piece Harmonie Ensemble New York. Released last year to mark the 50th anniversary of the classic Miles Davis and Gil Evans collaboration, their sympathetic interpretation makes it a worthy successor, still faithful to the original but adding new depth and colour. Soloff, who was surprised to find that so much of the original was written not improvised, plays superbly and Richman makes sure Evansï¿½ charts sound even better. A remarkable achievement by Kevin Jones Previously published in Limelight April 2011 Back to Index Copyright ï¿½ 2003 CorporateNews P/L. All Rights Reserved.	i don't know
A muntjac is what type of animal?	ADW: Muntiacus muntjak: INFORMATION scrub forest Physical Description Muntiacus muntjak, also known as the Indian muntjac, have small antlers present in males which are relatively short with long burrs. The females have tufts of hair and small bony knobs that are in the location of the antlers in males. They have a short coat of hair. The coat can be thick and dense for those living in cooler climates, or thin and less dense for those living in warmer areas. The color of the coat is golden tan on the dorsal side, white on the ventral side, and the limbs and face are dark brown. The ears have very little hair. These deer also posses tusklike upper canines measuring about 1 inch long in males. Their body length ranges from 89-135 cm. Their shoulder height and the length of their tail ranges from 40-65 cm and 13-23 cm respectively. The males tend to be larger than the females. Other Physical Features Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Behavior The common name of this Muntjac is the barking deer. When they sense the presence of a predator, they emit sounds that sound like a dog barking. They may bark for more than an hour to make a predator show itself or leave the area. The muntjac may bark more frequently when its ability to see its surroundings is reduced as a result of the evironment. The adult male and female muntjacs are solitary. During the rut their home ranges overlap for a short period. The young leaves the mothers territory when it is just about six months old, after which it must fight for its own territory. Sometimes the adult muntjac allows another indiviual in its territory. However, the other animal must be a male without complete antlers. These males are not aggressive nor are they ready to mate. They also display both diurnal and nocturnal activity. Key Behaviors chemical Food Habits Muntjacs are omnivorous, feeding on herbs, fruit, birds' eggs, small animals, sprouts, seeds, and grasses. They use their canines to bite and their forelegs to deliver strong blows in order to catch small warm-blooded animals. Economic Importance for Humans: Positive Hunters of pheasants in India can rely on the barking noises made by the muntjac as a warning signal of an approaching predator. This could be a leopard or tiger which in turn can pose a threat to the hunters themselves. The muntjac itself can be hunted for its meat and skins. Economic Importance for Humans: Negative In some areas, where the population is large, they destroy a large number of trees by tearing off the bark. This in turn can lead to a loss of food sources as well as a loss of wood that can be used to provide shelter. Conservation Status A study done in 1987 showed that there are 140,000-150,000 Muntiacus muntjak in China. They have been introduced in Texas, the Andaman Islands, and on Lombok. Muntjaks also thrive very well in zoos. The IUCN rates the species Lower Risk, Least Concern. No special status Other Comments The Indian muntjac falls into the subgroup of the deer family that have plesiometacarpals. In this group the only the upper parts of the second and fifth digit metacarpals are present in the foreleg. Some of their predators include pythons, jackals, tigers, leopards, and crocodiles. Contributors Adria Jackson (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Phil Myers (editor), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. Glossary bilateral symmetry having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. chemical uses touch to communicate tropical savanna and grassland A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia. savanna A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome. temperate grassland A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands. References Grzimek, D., D. Badrian, D. Herre, R. Hess, M. Jones. 1990. Grzimek's Enclopedia of Mammals (vol.5). New York, St. Louis, San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Walker, E., R. Nowak. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.	Deer
How many centimetres are in a foot, to two decimal places?	22 Animals You Didn't Know Exist LIFE We learn all about the common animals when we're young: dogs, cats, cows, horses, elephants, and on and on. But there are dozens of animals out there that you don't know about. Not only do you not know about them, but they're incredibly unique and some are even incredibly adorable. Just take #19 for example. I want one, no matter how illegal that may be. In no particular order, here are 22 of the most unknown animals that we thought you would be interested in. Check it out. 1. The Dhole is a species of canid native to South and Southeast Asia. The dhole is a highly social animal, living in large clans which occasionally split up into small packs to hunt. It primarily preys on medium-sized ungulates, which it hunts by tiring them out in long chases, and kills by disemboweling them. Though fearful of humans, dhole packs are bold enough to attack large and dangerous animals such as wild boar, water buffalo, and even tigers. imgur 2. Babirusa, meaning "Hog-deer", are members of the pig family found in Wallacea, or specifically the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Togian, Sula and Buru. If a babirusa does not grind its tusks (achievable through regular activity), they will eventually keep growing so as to penetrate the animal's own skull. imgur 3. The pink fairy armadillo is approximately 3.5-4.5 inches long, excluding the tail, and is pale rose or pink in color. It has the ability to bury itself completely in a matter of seconds if frightened. It is a nocturnal animal and it burrows small holes near ant colonies in dry soil, and feeds mainly on ants and ant larvae near its burrow. It uses large front claws to agitate the sand, allowing it to almost swim through the ground like it is water. It is torpedo-shaped, and has a shielded head and back. imgur 4. The fossa is a cat-like, carnivorous mammal that is endemic to Madagascar. The fossa is the largest mammalian carnivore on the island of Madagascar and has been compared to a small cougar. It has semi-retractable claws and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and also support jumping from tree to tree. imgur imgur 5. The gerenuk, also known as the Waller's gazelle, is a long-necked species of antelope found in dry thorn bush scrub and desert in Eastern Africa. The word gerenuk comes from the Somali language, meaning "giraffe-necked". Gerenuks have a relatively small head for their body, but their eyes and ears are proportionately large. Gerenuks seldom graze but browse on prickly bushes and trees, such as acacias. They can reach higher branches and twigs than other gazelles and antelope by standing erect on their rear legs and stretching their elongated necks. imgur imgur 6. The Naked Mole Rat. This creature has a lot of characteristics that make it very important to human beings. For one it is resistant to cancer. They also live up to 28 years, which is unheard of in mammals of its size. It seemingly does not age much in those 28 years either. It remains “young, healthy and fully fertile for almost all its days, which for an elderly animal is equivalent to an 80-year-old woman having the biological make-up of someone 50 years younger.” The naked mole rat is used in both cancer research and the study of aging. Not only making it a bizarre creature, but an incredibly important creature as well. imgur 7. The Irrawaddy dolphin is a species of oceanic dolphin found near sea coasts and in estuaries and rivers in parts of the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia. Genetically, the Irrawaddy dolphin is closely related to the killer whale. imgur imgur 8. The markhor is a large species of wild goat that is found in northeastern Afghanistan and Pakistan. The species is classed by the IUCN as Endangered, as there are fewer than 2,500 mature individuals. The markhor is the national animal of Pakistan. While chewing the cud, a foam-like substance comes out of its mouth which drops on the ground and dries. This foam-like substance is sought after by the local people, who believe it is useful in extracting snake poison from snake bitten wounds.9 imgur imgur 9. Also known as the Kiwaidae, this crab is a type of marine decapod living at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The animals are commonly referred to as "yeti crabs" because of their claws and legs, which are white and appear to be furry like the mythical yeti imgur 10. Snub-nosed monkeys live in various parts of Asia and get their name from the short stump of a nose on their round face. Snub-nosed monkeys inhabit mountain forests, in the winter moving into deeply secluded regions. They spend the majority of their life in the trees and live together in very large groups of up to 600 members. They have a large vocal repertoire, calling sometimes solo while at other times together in choir-like fashion. imgur 11. The Maned Wolf is the largest canid in South America, resembling a large fox with reddish fur. This mammal is found in open and semi-open habitats, especially grasslands with scattered bushes and trees throughout South America. The maned wolf is the tallest of the wild canids and it's long legs are most likely an adaptation to the tall grasslands of its native habitat. imgur imgur 12. The southern right whale dolphin is a small and slender species of mammal found in cool waters of the southern hemisphere. They are fast active swimmers and have no visible teeth and no dorsal fin. They are very graceful and often move by leaping out of the water continuously imgur 13. Southern Red Muntjac. Found in south Asia, it has soft, short, brownish or greyish hair and is omnivorous, feeding on grass, fruits, shoots, seeds, birds' eggs as well as small animals. It sometimes even displays scavenging behavior, feeding on carrion. It gives calls similar to barking, usually upon sensing a predator. Males are extremely territorial and—despite their diminutive size—can be quite fierce. They will fight each other for territory using their antlers or their tusk-like upper canine teeth, and can even defend themselves against certain predators such as dogs. imgur imgur 14. It is a species of treehopper called Cyphonia Clavata that literally has an ant growing out of its head. Well not literally, the ant-like thing on its head is an appendage that hides the treehopper’s actual body from predators. imgur 15. Also known as The Sunda flying lemur, the Sunda Colugo is not actually a lemur and does not fly. Instead, it glides as it leaps among trees. It is strictly arboreal, is active at night, and feeds on soft plant parts such as young leaves, shoots, flowers, and fruits. The Sunda Coluga can be found throughout Southeast Asia in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore imgur 16. The Tufted Deer is a small species of deer characterized by the prominent tuft of black hair on its forehead. It is a close relative of the muntjac, living somewhat further north over a wide area of central China. It is a timid animal, mainly solitary or found in pairs and prefers places with good cover, where it is well camouflaged. imgur 17. Lampreys are a type of jawless fish that live mostly in coastal and fresh waters whose adults are characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. They attach themselves to fish and suck their blood. Lampreys have been around for nearly 300 millions years and their body structure has remained relatively unchanged. imgur 18. The Raccoon Dog, or Tanuki, is a canid indigenous to East Asia. The raccoon dog is named for its resemblance to the raccoon, to which it is not closely related. They are very good climbers and regularly climb trees. imgur imgur 19. The Patagonian Mara is a relatively large rodent found in parts of Argentina. This herbivorous, somewhat rabbit-like animal has distinctive long ears and long limbs and its hind limbs are longer and more muscular than its forelimbs. imgur 20. The Amazonian Royal Flycatcher is found in forests and woodlands throughout most of the Amazon basin. They are about 6 1/2 inches in length and like to dart out from branches to catch flying insects or pluck them from leaves. They build very large nests (sometimes up to 6 feet long) on a branches near water. The nest hangs over the water which makes it hard for predators to reach. imgur imgur 21. The zebra duiker is a small antelope found in Ivory Coast and other parts of Africa. They have gold or red-brown coats with distinctive zebra-like stripes (hence the name) Their prong-like horns are about 4.5 cm long in males, and half that in females. They live in lowland rainforests and mostly eat leaves and fruit. imgur 22. The star-nosed mole is a small mole found in wet low areas of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. It is easily identified by the 11 pairs of pink fleshy appendages ringing its snout, which is used as a touch organ with more than 25,000 minute sensory receptors, known as Eimer's organs, with which this hamster-sized mole feels its way around. imgur The gerenuk and the raccoon dog are welcome in my house any time, but the star-nose mole can go away. Not welcome. Share these awesome, unique, barely known animals with others. Spread the knowledge. Need more ViralNova in your life? Sign up for our newsletter today! Email Address	i don't know
In what century was the Indian mausoleum the Taj Mahal built?	The Taj Mahal - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Taj Mahal: Shah Jahan’s Romantic Gesture Shah Jahan was a member of the Mughal dynasty that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid 18th-century. After the death of his father, King Jahangir, in 1627, Shah Jahan emerged the victor of a bitter power struggle with his brothers, and crowned himself emperor at Agra in 1628. At his side was Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal (“Chosen One of the Palace”), whom he married in 1612 and cherished as the favorite of his three queens. Did You Know? According to one gruesome (and most likely sensational) story, Shah Jahan had his minions cut off the hands of the Taj Mahal's architect and his workers after the structure was completed, ensuring they would never build another of its kind. In 1631, Mumtaz Mahal died after giving birth to the couple’s 14th child. The grieving Shah Jahan, known for commissioning a number of impressive structures throughout his reign, ordered the building of a magnificent mausoleum across the Yamuna River from his own royal palace at Agra. Construction began around 1632 and would continue for the next two decades. The chief architect was probably Ustad Ahmad Lahouri, an Indian of Persian descent who would later be credited with designing the Red Fort at Delhi. In all, more than 20,000 workers from India, Persia, Europe and the Ottoman Empire, along with some 1,000 elephants, were brought in to build the mausoleum complex. Design and Construction of the Taj Mahal Named the Taj Mahal in honor of Mumtaz Mahal, the mausoleum was constructed of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones (including jade, crystal, lapis lazuli, amethyst and turquoise) forming intricate designs in a technique known as pietra dura. Its central dome reached a height of 240 feet (73 meters) and was surrounded by four smaller domes; four slender towers, or minarets, stood at the corners. In accordance with Islamic tradition, verses from the Quran were inscribed in calligraphy on the arched entrances to the mausoleum, in addition to numerous other sections of the complex. Inside the mausoleum, an octagonal marble chamber adorned with carvings and semi-precious stones housed the cenotaph, or false tomb, of Mumtaz Mahal. The real sarcophagus containing her actual remains lay below, at garden level. The rest of the Taj Mahal complex included a main gateway of red sandstone and a square garden divided into quarters by long pools of water, as well as a red sandstone mosque and an identical building called a jawab (or “mirror”) directly across from the mosque. Traditional Mughal building practice would allow no future alterations to be made to the complex. As the story goes, Shah Jahan intended to build a second grand mausoleum across the Yamuna River from the Taj Mahal, where his own remains would be buried when he died; the two structures were to have been connected by a bridge. In fact, Aurangzeb (Shah Jahan’s third son with Mumtaz Mahal) deposed his ailing father in 1658 and took power himself. Shah Jahan lived out the last years of his life under house arrest in a tower of the Red Fort at Agra, with a view of the majestic resting place he had constructed for his wife; when he died in 1666, he was buried next to her. The Taj Mahal Over the Years Under Aurangzeb’s long rule (1658-1707), the Mughal empire reached the height of its strength. However, his militant Muslim policies, including the destruction of many Hindu temples and shrines, undermined the enduring strength of the empire and led to its demise by the mid-18th century. Even as Mughal power crumbled, the Taj Mahal suffered from neglect and disrepair in the two centuries after Shah Jahan’s death. Near the turn of the 19th century, Lord Curzon, then British viceroy of India, ordered a major restoration of the mausoleum complex as part of a colonial effort to preserve India’s artistic and cultural heritage. Today, some 3 million people a year (or around 45,000 a day during peak tourist season) visit the Taj Mahal. Air pollution from nearby factories and automobiles poses a continual threat to the mausoleum’s gleaming white marble façade, and in 1998, India’s Supreme Court ordered a number of anti-pollution measures to protect the building from deterioration. Some factories were closed, while vehicular traffic was banned from the immediate vicinity of the complex. Tags	17th
Created in 1949 and used by the US Air Force, Sierra Sam was the first what?	Taj Mahal - Wikiquote Taj Mahal It is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World The Taj Mahal (/ˈtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl/ often /ˈtɑːʒ/;, from Persian and Arabic , "crown of palaces", pronounced [ˈt̪aːdʒ mɛˈɦɛl]; also "the Taj") is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra , Uttar Pradesh , India . It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal . The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art " in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world 's heritage . It is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World . Taj Mahal’s central dome is approximately equal to a skyscraper of 25 stories. It is as high as 240 feet with intricate Quran verses inscribed on its entrance, keeping in line with the Islamic tradition. Contents Quotes[ edit ] Not a piece of architecture , as other buildings are, but the proud passions of an emperor’s love wrought in living stones. Not a piece of architecture , as other buildings are, but the proud passions of an emperor’s love wrought in living stones. Edwin Arnold in: Shefali Patel A Penchant for Love , iUniverse, 2006, p. 246 Along with the masses of labourers flocking to Agra once news of its [Taj Mahal] inception spread, materials for the construction had also begun arriving; red sand stone from local quarries in Fatehpur Sikri and marble dug from the hills of far-off Makrana in Rajasthan . In order to transport the marble, a ten-mile long ramp of tampered earth was built through Agra on which an unending parade of thousand elephants and bullock carts continually dragged the blocks of marble to the building site. Jim Ford in: Don't Worry, Be Happy: Beijing to Bombay with a Backpack , Troubador Publishing Ltd, 2006, p. 442. One can imagine having a procedural rule that anything ambiguous should be treated as the Taj Mahal unless we see that it is labelled " fog "...The motorist replies: "What sort of rule is this? Surely the best guarantee I can have that the fog is fog is if I fail to see the sign saying 'fog' because of the fog." The soul of Iran incarnate in the body of India . M. Grousset on the blended architecture [of Taj Mahal] which developed in India in the creation of Taj Mahal quoted in: Rajendra Prasad Dube in: Jawaharlal Nehru: A Study in Ideology and Social Change Mittal Publications, 1988, p. 35 Different people have different views of the Taj but it would be enough to say that it has a life of its own that leaps out of marble, provided you understand that it is a monument of love . As an architectural masterpiece, nothing could be added or substracted from it. Bina Gupta in: Shrine Of Love- Taj Mahal , binaguptapoetry.com Post card image - ...I am one of the declared seven wonders of the world Global admirers are amazed as my beauty is unfurled Like unveiling of a blushing bride under many covers My beauty too unfolds in layers beckoning in whispers... Shrine of Love -Taj Mahal I am the tear drop of a grieving lover A magnificent declaration of his ardor A marble symphony by maestro carvers A magnum opus , an aria by Wagner to savor I am the tomb royal of departed Mumtaz Mahal I change many hues like her moods that dapple I am homage to Shah’s Queen that held him in thrall My exquisite inlaid work in crafting do my visitors enthrall I am one of the declared seven wonders of the world Global admirers are amazed as my beauty is unfurled Like unveiling of a blushing bride under many covers My beauty too unfolds in layers beckoning in whispers I am the legendary love epic’s poetry in marble, a tomb immortal Lovers exchange vows before me with faces lit like candles Yet for all my magnificence and breathtaking glory I am tainted by amputated limbs of craftsmen, a fact gory I am piece de resistance , an epitome of architectural magnificence For centuries I am a benevolent provider to many folks in silence As visitors stand n behold me in awe they forget my real significance I am a symbol of death , a tomb signifying all life ends as it is transient I am the tear drop of a grieving lover A magnificent declaration of his ardor A marble symphony by maestro carvers A magnum opus, an aria by Wagner to savor. Bina Gupta in:"Shrine Of Love- Taj Mahal" When you do music concerts at Taj Mahal and the Acropolis , you have to be careful about your performance being appropriate with the place that surrounds you. It has to be appropriate to the culture - it should fit the building behind you, the environment you are playing it in and the culture of that place. And the sun and the moon shed tears from their eyes . In this world this edifice [Taj Mahal] has been made; To display thereby the creator 's glory . - Emperor Shah Jahan . Should guilty seek asylum here, Like one pardoned , he becomes free from sin . Should a sinner make his way to this mansion , All his past sins are to be washed away. The sight of this mansion creates sorrowing sighs ; And the sun and the moon shed tears from their eyes . In this world this edifice [Taj Mahal] has been made; To display thereby the creator 's glory . Emperor Shah Jahan in: [Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). Muslim Rule In India. p. 200] and David Carroll, Newsweek, inc. Book Division The Taj Mahal , Newsweek, 1973 "Aye, build it on these banks," the monarch said, "That when the autumn winds have swept the sea, They may come hither with their falling rains, A voice of mighty weeping o'er her grave." Letitia Elizabeth Landon , Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832 (1831), 'The Taj-Mahal, at Agra - The Tomb of Muntaza Zemani' Yeah, I can understand that. All the splendor of the Taj Mahal, without the inconvenience and expense of traveling to India. Stephenie Meyer in: Eclipse , Hachette UK, 26 February 2009, p. 109 ...approached the Taj with a radiant smile , ready to experience great beauty . We were privileged to see the delicate semi-precious-stone floral inlays and lacey marble screen carvings through his sensitive fingertips, And to hear him describe what his fingers saw. I shut my eyes and let my fingers trace exquisite inlay patterns and follow the intricate carvings. I felt the power of enduring beauty created by craftsman centuries before and learned from Rodney a deeper way of seeing. Rodney Mohag, blind Fulbright student expressing his views on Taj Mahal as explained by Jean Durgin Harlan Landing Right Side Up in Nehru's India: Field Notes from a Punjab Sojourn , iUniverse, 12 November 2012, p. 143 It was built up by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan , who wanted his beloved wife to be remembered by one and all, with help of architectural geniuses like Ustad Isa , Isa Mohammad Effendi and Puru of Persia . The result that came across was a fine piece of Mughal architecture , fused with Persian , Islamic , and Indian architectural styles ; or is believed so by many. Walter Pennacchietti in: La sottile linea rosa , Lulu.com, p. 18. She ran off with my plunge router guide. How am I supposed to build that scale model of the Taj Mahal out of cherry wood without my plunge router guide? Carmen Sandiego in: The Great Train Slobbery , CBS Interactive Inc., 15 December 1992 ...inspected the 16th Century Humayun's Tomb --a forerunner to the Taj Mahal--and cruised past scores of international embassies... - Harry Shattuck. The most impressive in the Taj Mahal complex next to the tomb, is the main gate which stands majestically in the centre of the southern wall of the forecourt. The gate is flanked on the north front by double arcade galleries. The garden in front of the galleries is subdivided into four quarters by two main walk-ways and each quarters in turn subdivided by the narrower cross-axial walkways, on the Timurid-Persian scheme of the walled in garden. The enclosure walls on the east and west have a pavilion at the centre. It is a perfect symmetrical planned building, with an emphasis of bilateral symmetry along a central axis on which the main features are placed. The building material used is brick-in-lime mortar veneered with red sandstone and marble and inlay work of precious/semi precious stones. It is good to recall that three centuries ago, around the year 1660, two of the greatest monuments of modern history were erected, one in the West and one in the East; St. Paul's Cathedral in London and the Taj Mahal in Agra . Between them, the two symbolize, perhaps better than words can describe, the comparative level of architectural technology , the comparative level of craftsmanship and the comparative level of affluence and sophistication the two cultures had attained at that epoch of history . But about the same time there was also created—and this time only in the West—a third monument, a monument still greater in its eventual import for humanity. This was Newton's Principia , published in 1687. Newton 's work had no counterpart in the India of the Mughals . I would like to describe the fate of the technology which built the Taj Mahal when it came into contact with the culture and technology symbolized by the Principia of Newton. Taj has been described as having been designed by giants and finished by jewellers. Renu Saran in: Wonders of the World , Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd, 22 April 2014, p. 10 As a tribute to a beautiful woman and as a monument of enduring love , it reveals its subtleties when one visits it without being in a hurry. Its ctangular base is in itself a symbolic of the different sides from which to view a beautiful woman. The main gate is like a veil to a woman’s face which should be lifted delicately, gently and without haste on the wedding night. In Indian tradition , the veil is lifted gently to reveal the beauty of the bride . As one stands inside the main gate of it, his eyes are directed to an arch which frames the Taj. Renu Saran in: “Wonders of the World”, p. 10 We had admired the presidential palace and parliament houses, paused beside the striking India Gate , inspected the 16th Century Humayun's Tomb --a forerunner to the Taj Mahal--and cruised past scores of international embassies. Harry Shattuck in: The old and the new of Delhi , Houston Chronicle, 14 May 2006 It is a celebration of woman built in marble and that’s the way to appreciate it. Susant Pal in: Imbibed In Faith , Partridge Publishing, 2014, p. 104 The Taj is pinkish in the morning, milky white in the evening and golden when the moon shines. These changes, they say, depict the moods of woman. Susant Pal in: "Imbibed In Faith" P.104 It rises above the banks of the river like a solitary tear suspended on the cheek of time. Rabindranath Tagore in: Dini Von Mueffling The 50 Most Romantic Things Ever Done , N.A. Talese, 1997, p. 50 Alternate version: A tear drop on the cheek of eternity . Rabindranath Tagore in:"Imbibed In Faith" P.104 An immense mausoleum of white marble, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favourite wife, it is the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage. Unesco in: Taj Mahal , unesco.org It is considered to be the greatest architectural achievement in the whole range of Indo-Islamic architecture. Its recognised architectonic beauty has a rhythmic combination of solids and voids, concave and convex and light shadow ; such as arches and domes further increases the aesthetic aspect. The colour combination of lush green scape reddish pathway and blue sky over it show cases the monument in ever changing tints and moods. The relief work in marble and inlay with precious and semi precious stones make it a monument apart. Unesco in: "Taj Mahal" The most impressive in the Taj Mahal complex next to the tomb, is the main gate which stands majestically in the centre of the southern wall of the forecourt. The gate is flanked on the north front by double arcade galleries. The garden in front of the galleries is subdivided into four quarters by two main walk-ways and each quarters in turn subdivided by the narrower cross-axial walkways, on the Timurid-Persian scheme of the walled in garden. The enclosure walls on the east and west have a pavilion at the centre. Unesco in: "Taj Mahal" It is a perfect symmetrical planned building, with an emphasis of bilateral symmetry along a central axis on which the main features are placed. The building material used is brick-in-lime mortar veneered with red sandstone and marble and inlay work of precious/semi precious stones. Unesco in: "Taj Mahal" Although an important amount of repairs and conservation works have been carried out right from the British period in India these have not compromised to the original qualities of the buildings. Unesco in: "Taj Mahal" The Taj Mahal[ edit ] Panoramic view - It is a complex of buildings; a mosque , a guest house, an enormous entrance gate , four minaret towers and the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan’s wife. It is laid out in a rectangular grid on 42 acres along the Yamuna River , with water fountains and gardens and reflecting pools. Lesley A. DuTemple in: The Taj Mahal ,Twenty-First Century Books, 1 January 2003 Shah Jahan , the fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire , commissioned the building of the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his beloved wife. p. 4 It is in Agra , a city in India, which was part of the Mughal Empire in the seventeenth century. A Monument To Love, India's Taj Mahal is a beautiful example of a great building feat. With the exception of its gardens , it is exactly as it was designed in 1631. In: p. 6 It is a complex of buildings; a mosque , a guest house, an enormous entrance gate , four minaret towers and the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan ’s wife. It is laid out in a rectangular grid on 42 acres along the Yamuna River , with water fountains and gardens and reflecting pools. In: p. 6 Wagon loads of colorful gemstones arrived from all parts of Asia and Europe . Its story is one of great passion and sorrow . Shah Jahan built it as a tomb for his beloved Mumtaz Mahal, whose beauty inspired many royal poets . He chose to express his grief through architecture . It is a testament to his undying love . In: p. 7 The mystery surrounding it does not dim its beauty . It has been called one of the wonders of the world. In modern times millions of visitors journey to India every year to see the tomb, its grounds and the buildings around it. Sixty thousand people visit the site every day, making it one of the popular tourist attractions in the world . They find an extraordinary white marble building, shimmering like a jewel on the banks of the Yamuna River – the famous Taj Mahal, tangible evidence of a love story that has endured for centuries. In: p. 7 No single person designed the whole Taj Mahal complex. The buildings were the work of many people – architects , engineers , artists , calligraphers , and Shah Jahan himself. In: P.23 Europeans could not believe that anything so beautiful could have been designed by a non-European. Europeans of the time considered the people of India uncivilized . They recognized that it was a magnificent building. So they thought it couldn’t have been designed by an Indian . On the question as to who built the Taj Mahal, whether it was Austin de Bordeaux, a Frenchman or Geronimo Veroneo who were both in the Mughal court at the time quoted in: P.23 Base, dome and minaret - The tomb sits on a large marble platform , called a plinth . At each corner of this platform is a minaret . The building is a domed structure made of white marble inlaid with colourful gemstones in the shapes of flowers. Passage from the Quran are inlaid in black marble. In: P.23 The tomb sits on a large marble platform , called a plinth . At each corner of this platform is a minaret (a tall, narrow tower from which a Muslim calls the devout to prayer ). It is this building which is called the Taj Mahal, although the name often refers to the whole complex. In: p. 25 Mughal court records refer to Mumtaz Mahal’s tomb as the illuminate tomb, probably because of the beautiful decorations and passages from the Quran inlaid in the marble. (“Illuminated” refers to lustrous decoration and marble reflects light well). As the years passed, though, the tomb and surrounding complex came to be called the Taj Mahal. Historians aren’t really sure why, but most likely the name is an abbreviation of “Mumtaz Mahal”. In: P.25-26 It is a spectacular example of Mughal architecture , blends Islamic, Hindu, and Persian styles. In: P.26 Many of the architectural features found in it were first tried out in other buildings, such as the tombs of the emperors Humayun and Akbar . in: P.27 It Never Disappoints; The Taj Mahal has the sort of majestic beauty that catches you unawares[ edit ] Bill Coles in: It Never Disappoints; The Taj Mahal has the sort of majestic beauty that catches you unawares , The Wall Street Journal, 25 February 2006, the Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi. It is, like the Mona Lisa , one of those masterpieces with which you will be outstandingly familiar long before you ever get to see it...it does not disappoint. It does not disappoint the first time you see it, nor the third time, nor even the 30th time... Its appearance is constantly changing. It might sound strange to say this of an inanimate building , but every time you see the Taj, it looks different. The color of its white marble changes throughout the day, from the waxy yellow at dawn through to the pastel blue-gray of a full moon . Its appearance is constantly changing. It might sound strange to say this of an inanimate building , but every time you see the Taj, it looks different. The color of its white marble changes throughout the day, from the waxy yellow at dawn through to the pastel blue-gray of a full moon . It is, according to almost every guidebook, the world 's "greatest monument to love . ... the Taj was long ago plundered of its loot, and all that remains in the crypt are the ornate marble tombs of Shah Jahan and his Mumtaz . After the main building had been completed, the most lavish detail was added. w:Jade:Jade and crystal were shipped in from China , lapis lazuli from Afghanistan . And coral and mother-of-pearl were garnered from the Indian Ocean . The tomb itself had gold lamps and a door of solid jasper , and was guarded by gates of silver . Sadly, the Taj was long ago plundered of its loot, and all that remains in the crypt are the ornate marble tombs of Shah Jahan and his Mumtaz . Shah Jahan was said to have been so delighted with the end result that he had the architect beheaded, the better to ensure that no other building would ever rival the Taj. Even to this day, the emperor's wish would appear to have come true...later on in his life , he planned to build a black Taj for himself on the other side of the Yamuna . It was to have been every bit as magnificent as the white Taj, and the two were to have been connected with a bridge of solid silver . If the light is right, you can squint at the Taj and see the specter of its black twin on the other side of the Yamuna -- and it is then that you truly marvel not just at the Taj, but at the wonder of what might have been. Giles Tillotson in: Taj Mahal , Profile Books, 1 October 2010 It is the queen of architecture . Other buildings may be as famous, but no other is so consistently admired for a beauty that is seen as both feminine and regal . Many people feel that to class Taj Mahal as architecture is a mistake: it is both too personal and too magnificent . In: p. 1 To too many people in India it suggests not only a building but a blend of tea . It is also cry of admiration as Wah Taj!, indicative of Mughal sophistication and elegance ...There are several appropriations to the building name to brand names such as of hotels, tea, saffron , and bars of soap and so forth. In; P.2 It is a tomb , most famous of the Mughals, whose empire flourished in India between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, enshrining the remains of the fifth emperor of the dynasty , [[w:Shah Jahan\|Shah Jehan\| and those of his second wife Mumtaz Mahal . She died before him and construction of the complex began immediately. In: p. 3 The building ’s [[beauty is a metaphor for hers [Mumtaz Mahal] and is thus contemplated as feminine. It is builder's feeling for the woman interred within. What else but passion, they ask, could have inspired something so perfect? In: P.4 The idea of Taj as an expression of love has made it a favorite destination for honeymooners ... observing the ritual of getting photograph taken while seated on a marble bench as a backdrop. Such images are so widely circulated that Princess Diana had to appear in this pose alone on a royal tour of India shortly before the break-up of her marriage with Prince Charles , to convey to the world her sense of loneliness and loss . The bench was a later addition, about 100 years ago, quoted in: p. 4 So grand a structure cannot be purely and simply a tomb. Wayne Begley commenting on the ideological agenda of Taj Mahal, quoted in: p. 6 As a symbol of love it does not quite work for her, since its overwhelming beauty demands a passive response that is irritating to the [[adventurous. Ebba Koch in: p. 6 Its secondary career has been as a symbol of India . The prize piece of Indian heritage , it is seen to embody the country’s celebrated history and civilization ...Elevated to the national symbol by outsiders, not until about 1900 was it accepted as such by Indians . In: P.6 Early Indian visitors to the Taj, who came either as pilgrims or sightseers , were far outnumbered by those going elsewhere. And this continues. Today it is seen by two million Indians per year. The Tirupati temple in southern India , meanwhile welcomes nearly twelve million pilgrims per year. Yet it is the Taj that is recognized as the symbol of India. In: p. 6 The other seeming oddity of its role as a national symbol is that it has achieved this status for Indians in spite of it being Islamic. In: P.6 The year 2005 was declared as the buildings 350th anniversary, and in September of that year, a crowd of people collectively offered at the building a shawl measuring 100 m in length....as a standard gesture of congratulations meted out to persons but offering a shawl at a tomb is a religious rite in Islam . To avoid any misunderstanding the members of this crowd were at pains to point out that they represented many different religions and theirs was a ‘secular shawl’. Reverence for the Taj was thereby removed from any specifically ‘Islamic’ context and a common ownership was declared. In: P.7-8 No one it seems is willing to play by the rules . The original builders overlooked orthodoxy ( Islamic ), and modern devotees overlook unwanted historical associations, both in order to shape the Taj according to their own desires . In: p. 8 One of the first to do [including Taj under the Seven Wonders of the world] so was the French physician François Bernier , who was present in India at the time of its construction and averred: 'this monument deserves much more to be numbered among the wonders of the world than the pyramids of Egypt ’, which he described by comparison as ‘unshapen masses and heaps of stone’. The Taj has achieved inclusion among the New Seven Wonders of the World , the subject of a worldwide popular internet vote organized by the Swiss adventurer Bernard Weber. In: P.11 There was a major restoration programme initiated by Lord Curzon . His efforts at the Taj Mahal have had a mixed reception. They are often judged to be largely benign , and they even received complimentary accolades from Jawaharlal Nehru . Post-colonial critics of the Raj have predictably been less willing to exonerate this exemplar of aristocracy . In: p. 14 ...how Mughal is the name Taj Mahal anyway? It is usually said that the name derives from Mumtaz Mahal, the title given to the empress which means ‘select of the palace.’ There is room for doubt about this; ‘taj’ need not be abbreviation of ‘mumtaz’ since it is itself a perfectly good Persian word meaning ‘ crown ’. It is also worth noting that the building is not called Taj Mahal in the contemporary Mughal sources. Abdul Hamid Lahauri , the author of Padshahnama , the official history of Shah Jahan’s reign calls it rauza-i munawwara, meaning the illumined or illustrious tomb (where rauza implies specifically a tomb in a garden . In: P.14 ...Crowning this dome of heavenly rank, the circumference of whose outer girth is 110 yards, there has been affixed a golden filial 11 yards high, glittering like the sun , with its summit rising to a total height of 107 yards above the ground. - w:Abdul Hamid Lahauri Abdul Hamid Lahauri . Above the inner domes, which is radiant like the hearts of angels , has been raised another heaven-touching, guava - shaped dome , to discover the minute mathematical degrees of which would confound even the celestial geometrician. Crowning this dome of heavenly rank, the circumference of whose outer girth is 110 yards, there has been affixed a golden filial 11 yards high, glittering like the sun , with its summit rising to a total height of 107 yards above the ground. Abdul Hamid Lahauri in Padshanama quoted in: p. 86 At the corner of the white marble platform, which is 23 yards above the level of the ground, stand four minarets , also of marble, with interior staircases and capped by cupolas , which are 7 cubits in diameter and rise to a total of 32 cubits from the pavement of the said platform to the filial, appearing as it were, like ladders reaching towards the heavens . - w:Abdul Hamid Lahauri Abdul Hamid Lahauri . At the corner of the white marble platform, which is 23 yards above the level of the ground, stand four minarets , also of marble, with interior staircases and capped by cupolas , which are 7 cubits in diameter and rise to a total of 32 cubits from the pavement of the said platform to the filial, appearing as it were, like ladders reaching towards the heavens . Abdul Hamid Lahauri in Padshanama quoted in:p.86 Its designers drew inspiration from three related traditions : the architecture of the Mughals ' central Asian homeland; the buildings erected by earlier Muslim rulers of India, especially in the Delhi region; and the much older architectural expertise of India itself. In: p. 46 For a building that is supposedly a symbol of love , it has generated a lot of anger . Or rather, some people have been angered by what others have said about it, and have felt called on to defend its honour . In: p. 85 Nerina Rustomji]] in: The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture , Columbia University Press, 1 October 2013 The interior dome of the mausoleum was built to evoke eternity , since it held a single tone for nearly half a minute. What is remarkable about it is not only the complete and sophisticated program that included architecture , inscriptions and floral imagery to project a permanent garden , but also the intention that the complex would be visited by a large public purpose. Ebba Koch in: p. 178 It was built with posterity in mind ; we the viewers are part of its concept.	i don't know
What is the surname of the famous German brother fairy tale writers, Jacob and Wilhelm?	How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale \| Humanities How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale By Jack Zipes \| HUMANITIES, March/April 2015 \| Volume 36, Number 2 The young son of a Lord extends kindness to a caged man in “The Wild Man.” —Illustration © Andrea Dezsö A desperate young man makes a bargain for his soul in “The Devil in the Green Coat.” —Illustration © Andrea Dezsö An impoverished King sells his youngest daughter to an enchanted whale in “The Three Sisters.” —Illustration © Andrea Dezsö “Hans My Hedgehog,” the name given to an unlikely son, tends his pigs with his trusty rooster. —Illustration © Andrea Dezsö A donkey prince learns to play the flute and find happiness in “The Little Donkey.” —Illustration © Andrea Dezsö When a princess loses her golden ball in the pond, she makes a deal with a frog in “The Frog King, or Iron Henry.” —Illustration © Andrea Dezsö Two hundred years ago, two young German librarians by the names of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm published a collection of tales that would become one of the most influential works of folklore in Germany, Europe, and eventually the world. Between 1812 and 1857, seven editions of their tales appeared, each one different from the last, until the final, best-known version barely resembled the first. Given that the first edition has recently been honored in bicentenary celebrations throughout the world, it is perhaps a good time to reexamine what we think we know about the original tales of the Brothers Grimm. The stories the Brothers Grimm first collected are brusque, blunt, absurd, comical, and tragic, and are not, strictly speaking, “fairy tales.” In fact, the Grimms never intended the tales to be read by children. The tales are about children and families and how they reacted to the difficult conditions under which they lived. The Grimms thought the stories and their morals emanated naturally from the German people in an oral tradition, and they wanted to preserve them before the tales were lost forever. In gathering the tales, the Grimms made a unique contribution to folklore, and their Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children and Household Tales) is even listed by UNESCO in its Memory of the World Registry. It was in large part their first edition, published in two volumes in 1812 and 1815, that inspired folklorists in Europe and Great Britain to gather tales from their oral traditions to preserve as part of their cultural heritage. This first edition is wholly unlike the so-called definitive edition of 1857. In the process of publishing seven different editions over forty years, the Grimms made vast changes in the contents and style. The stories in the first edition are closer to the oral tradition than the tales of the final, which can be regarded more as a literary collection, because Wilhelm, the younger brother, continually honed the tales so that they would resonate with a growing literary public. Their books would become second in popularity only to the Bible in German-speaking lands. By the twentieth century, they would become the most famous collection of folk and fairy tales in the western world. When Jacob (b. 1785) and Wilhelm (b. 1786) began collecting folk tales and songs at the beginning of the nineteenth century, they were precocious students at the University of Marburg, still in their teens. They grew up quite fast, plagued by money problems and caring for their siblings—their father died in 1796, leaving the once middle-class family in poverty. Their situation was further aggravated by the rampant Napoleonic Wars. Jacob interrupted his studies to serve the Hessian War Commission, although Wilhelm passed his law exams and found work as a low- paid librarian in the royal library. In 1807, Jacob lost his position with the War Commission, when the French occupied Kassel, but he was then hired as a librarian for the new King Jérome, Napoleon’s brother, who now ruled Westphalia. Amidst all the upheavals, their mother died in 1808, and Jacob and Wilhelm became fully responsible for their three younger brothers and sister. Despite difficult personal problems and meager financial support from 1805 to 1812, the brothers proved themselves to be innovative scholars in the new field of German philology by publishing articles and books on medieval literature. In fact, they would be surprised to learn that they are more famous today for their tales than for their superb philological studies, which include pioneering work on German sound shifts, and the founding of the voluminous German Dictionary in 1854. But it was their training in philology and the demands that they placed on themselves as researchers that assisted their collecting and editing the tales. In 1808, their friend, the romantic poet Clemens Brentano, asked them to collect all types of folk tales so he could use them in a book of literary fairy tales. In 1810, they sent him fifty-four texts, which they fortunately copied. Fortunately, because Brentano then lost the manuscript in the Ölenberg Monastery in Alsace and never used the Grimms’ texts. When they realized that Brentano was not going to use the tales, they decided, upon the advice of another romantic writer and mutual friend, Achim von Arnim, to publish their collection. It had grown to eighty-six tales, which they published in 1812, and then another seventy, which they published in 1815. What compelled the Grimms to concentrate on old German epics, tales, and literature was a belief that the most natural and pure forms of culture—those which held the community together—were linguistic and based in history. According to them, modern literature, even though it might be remarkably rich, was artificial and thus could not express the genuine essence of Volk culture that emanated naturally from experience and bound the people together. Therefore, all their efforts went toward uncovering stories from the past. In their preface, the Grimms explained their interest in the culture of the common people, and their intention in recording their tales: “It was perhaps just the right time to record these tales since those people who should be preserving them are becoming more and more scarce. . . . Wherever the tales still exist, they continue to live in such a way that nobody ponders whether they are good or bad, poetic or crude. People know them and love them because they have simply absorbed them in a habitual way. And they take pleasure in them without having any reason. This is exactly why the custom of storytelling is so marvelous.” In short, the Grimms’ first collection was shaped as an archaeological excavation and as a book for adults and for scholars. Their tales were not to be classified as children’s stories, not even today. Although the young Grimms had not entirely formalized their concept of folklore while they worked on the publication of the first edition, they held to their original principle: to salvage relics from the past. They intended to trace and grasp the essence of cultural evolution and to demonstrate how natural language, stemming from the needs, customs, and rituals of the common people, created authentic bonds and helped forge civilized communities. This is one of the reasons why they called their collection of tales an educational manual (Erziehungsbuch), for the tales recalled the basic values of the Germanic people through storytelling. The Grimms wanted to bequeath the oral tales to the German people, not realizing that these tales would assume relevance in all cultures. Though the tales can be considered part of a German nationalist movement in the nineteenth century, they were also related to tales from many other nations, and this relationship accounts for their international appeal today. Turning to the tales of the first edition, a reader might notice that many of the stories such as “The Hand with the Knife,” “How Some Children Played at Slaughtering,” and “The Children of Famine,” have nothing to do with fairies or happy endings. Instead, these are stark narratives about brutal living conditions in the nineteenth century. For instance, “The Children of Famine” begins this way: Once upon a time there was a woman with two daughters, and they had become so poor that they no longer had even a piece of bread to put in their mouths. Their hunger became so great that their mother became unhinged and desperate. Indeed, she said to her children, “I’ve got to kill you so that I can get something to eat.” In another haunting tale, “The Godfather,” a poor man in need of a godfather unknowingly chooses the devil, who may eat him after a visit to the devil’s house of horrors. These tales were omitted in later editions. Some tales, such as “Puss in Boots,” “Bluebeard,” “Princess Mouseskin,” and “Okerlo,” were also omitted because they were con-sidered too French to be included in a German collection. Though it is impossible to clarify fully why certain tales were deleted or placed in footnotes in later editions, we do know that “Death and the Goose Boy” was omitted because of its baroque literary features; “The Strange Feast,” because of its close resemblance to “Godfather Death”; “The Stepmother,” because of its fragmentary nature and cruelty; and “The Faithful Animals,” because it came from the Siddhi-Kür, a collection of Mongolian tales. From the first edition in 1812/1815 to the final one in 1857, the Grimms received numerous versions of tales already in their collection and new tales from strangers, friends, and colleagues, and they often decided to replace one tale with another version, to delete some of the tales, or to include variants in their footnotes. In contrast to the final 1857 edition, most of the tales in the first edition are shorter and sparser. They have a rawness that was later to be refined. For example, “Rapunzel” is embellished a great deal in the final edition: First Edition Once upon a time there lived a husband and wife who had been wishing for a child for many years, but it had all been in vain. Finally, the woman became pregnant. Now, in the back of their house the couple had a small window that overlooked a fairy’s garden filled with all kinds of flowers and herbs. But nobody ever dared to enter it. Seventh Edition Once upon a time there was a husband and wife who for quite some time had been wishing in vain for a child. Finally, the dear Lord gave the wife a sign of hope that their wish would be fulfilled. Now, in the back of their house the couple had a small window that overlooked a splendid garden filled with the most beautiful flowers and herbs. The garden, however, was surrounded by a high wall, and nobody dared enter it because it belonged to a sorceress, who was very powerful and feared by all. Aside from adding a Christian motif and substituting a sorceress for a fairy, Wilhelm Grimm also concealed a later scene in the first edition when Rapunzel reveals that she apparently had sex with the prince and was impregnated by him. Other differences in the editions show: In the first, Snow White’s mother, not her stepmother, wants to kill the beautiful girl out of envy. The terse tale called “The Wild Man,” in which a mysterious powerful king helps a boy who has helped him escape from a cage, is embellished and transformed into a very long elaborate tale with the title “Iron Hans.” The wild man in the 1812 version is more kind than the stern Iron Hans, who determines the young man’s destiny in a coming-of-age story. Likewise, “The Devil in the Green Coat” is given a new title, “Bearskin,” and a totally new beginning and meaning. In the 1812 tale, the Grimms portrayed an oppressed, timid young man, abandoned in the woods by his brothers. He accepts the devil’s green coat that will enable him to survive for seven years if he doesn’t shave or clean himself. In the much longer 1857 version there are echoes of the Napoleonic wars: The protagonist is a discharged and homeless soldier who is treated poorly by his family and then turns to the devil for survival. All of the tales in the first edition bear the marks of their diverse storytellers who believed in the magic, superstitions, and miraculous transformations of the tales. It may be difficult for us to understand why this is the case, but for the storytellers and writers of these tales, the stories contained truths about the living conditions of their times. The tales in the first edition were collected not from peasants, as is commonly believed, but mainly from literate people whom the Grimms came to know quite well. Evidence shows that these people often obtained their tales from illiterate or anonymous informants. Even if they did not know their informants, the Grimms came to trust almost everyone who contributed to their collection. It is this mutual trust that marks the tales as something special and endows them with a certain humanity, what Germans call Menschlichkeit, and it is this mutual trust among folklorists in the nineteenth century that marks it as the golden age of folk and fairy tales. The tales in the first edition set a certain standard that collectors began to follow and still follow even today. Though brusque and raw, the Grimms’ tales of the first edition still resonate with us today because they indicate how we can transform ourselves and our conditions to live in a better world. As philologists, collectors, translators, researchers, editors, and mediators, the Grimms worked in the hope that their tales would benefit us in unimaginable ways, and, indeed, it is this hope that can still be felt when we read and listen to their tales. About the Author Jack Zipes is Professor Emeritus of German and Comparative Literature at the University of Minnesota. His three most recent books are: The Golden Age of Folk and Fairy Tales: From the Brothers Grimm to Andrew Lang (2013), The Original Folk and Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (2014), and Grimm Legacies: The Magic Power of the Grimms’ Folk and Fairy Tales (2015), and this article is based on material from his books. He received an NEH fellowship for his work on the origins of European fairy tales. Andrea Dezsö is a visual artist and associate professor of art at Hampshire College. Keywords Journeying through South America, Alexander von Humboldt sought nothing less than "the unity of nature." By Anna Maria Gillis Famed translators Pevear and Volokhonsky reach another milestone. By Kevin Mahnken Frankness and plain speaking made Carl Sandburg a celebrity. By Danny Heitman In studying the sea, we are returning to our beginnings. By John R. Gillis What accounts for Emerson's endurance as a writer? By Danny Heitman	Grimm
What is the square root of 441?	Brothers Grimm: Religious Elements in Fairy Tales \| Holylit - AG Religion & Literature Site Notice/Impressum Brothers Grimm: Religious Elements in Fairy Tales The Grimm Brothers’ Children’s and Household Tales (aka Grimms’ Fairy Tales) are still famous all over the world. From 1806 on, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm started collecting fairy tales from pre-existing literature as well as from their circle of friends and acquaintances. The ‘fairy tale’ that the brothers travelled all throughout the countryside in order to collect these tales is not true though. Rather, they let people send different stories to them and they then subsequently worked over the given material. The first volume of the first edition was published in 1812 (86 stories); the second volume (70 stories) followed in 1815. The Siebte Auflage letzter Hand appeared in 1857. In two sessions of our seminar with Professor Renger and Professor Brittnacher we tried to discover the religious aspects in Grimms’ Fairy Tales, particularly in tale number 3 Mary’s child (German Marienkind). This tale is full of Christian elements: we encounter the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Holy Trinity, angels, and, in a way, even God himself (in the form of rain). The narrated tale also tells the reader about the proper meaning of Christianity: Someone falls into sin, does not admit his fault, and is therefore condemned, but shortly before death admits his fault and thereby receives forgiveness. What happens here, however, is not the commonplace happy ending of “and they lived happily ever after…” that is normally associated with fairy tales. Why not? If we take a closer look at the narrative line, we notice that the contrasting forces that we normally associate with fairy tales are missing: the good and the bad. What we have here actually is the initiation of a young girl. Her bliss is not related to the contrast of good and bad, but to the appreciation of a confession: only when the girl admits at the stake that she opened the forbidden door does Mother Mary arrives from heaven to redeem her. The comparison with an older version of the fairy tale Marienkind, by Friederike Mannel 1809, shows the difference more clearly: Here we do not find Mother Mary in person but a beautiful woman dressed in black. The young girl also does not find the Holy Trinity behind the forbidden door, but four other women dressed in black. In addition, the girl chooses her penalization by herself: dumbness. Here we find the opposite force in the shape of the malevolent mother-in-law. The black lady, furthermore, will save the girl from a certain wrongful death. This version fulfils the elements attributed to traditional fairy tales. Of course the different stories have been interpreted in many directions. Among others, different psychologists have seen in the Marienkind either a story about a deficient integration of the id and its consequences or a tale about the damnability of lies and the good example of the confession. But what the Brothers Grimm provides us with is, in fact, a kind of religious story, in which different genres are mixed (cf. the Aarne–Thompson tale type index Verzeichnis der Märchentypen). So we do not get a pure fairy tale, but rather a fairy tale mixed up with a moral Christian demand, which might lay claim to more understanding of already forgotten virtues. 21.11. + 28.11.2013 / Verena Düntsch	i don't know
What is the more common name of the oak nut?	Ten Most Common Trees \| North Carolina Cooperative Extension Ten Most Common Trees — Written By Melissa Vaughn We are definitely very fortunate in western North Carolina to have such a wide variety of trees in our forests. You can find trees here that also grow in Florida, the Midwest and even Canada. Our climate, soils and growing season allow trees from many different regions to grow well here. The U. S. Forest Service report called the “Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees” says there may be more than 865 different species of trees in the United States. Let’s look at the 10 most common native tree species in the U. S. based on several Federal surveys of tree stem count. # 10 White oak. Considered the most majestic tree of the eastern hardwoods, it is also touted as having the best all-purpose wood. Acorns are a very valuable source of wildlife food. More than 180 different kinds of birds and mammals use oak acorns as food. The wood is used for many products including furniture, flooring, doors, kitchen cabinets, paneling, baskets and barrels. #9 Lodgepole pine. This tree is found in the western United States. Lodgepole pine provides many acres of wildlife habitat and is important to local communities throughout the West. The wood is used for framing, paneling, posts, utility poles, railroad ties, and pulpwood. Lodgepole pine is an important timber species and also a major tree in many scenic and recreational areas. #8 Flowering dogwood. This important native tree showcases our state flower every spring. Some consider it the “queen” of North American forests because of its graceful branching, beautiful and unique blossoms, red berries loved by wildlife and unforgettable red fall foliage. It is one of the best landscape trees to use in our area. The wood was used in the manufacture of shuttles for textile weaving. #7 Balsam fir. Balsam fir is one of the most cold hardy and aromatic of all fir trees. It grows well in the Canadian cold, but is also comfortable when planted in some parts of eastern North America. It is one of America’s most popular Christmas trees. Fraser fir, another important Christmas tree grown in our area is closely related to balsam fir. #6 Sugar maple. Sugar maple is not just a northern U.S. tree. You can find sugar maple from Florida to Maine. The leaf is memorialized on Canada’s flag and sugar maple tree sap is the backbone of Vermont’s syrup industry. The beautiful orange fall color makes this tree a favorite for landscapes. The wood (called hard maple) is valuable and used for flooring, furniture, paneling, gymnasium floors, butchers blocks and many other products. #5 Quaking aspen. This tree gets its name from the leaves which flutter in the breeze. Aspen trees are the most visible of western North American hardwoods providing biodiversity, wildlife habitat, livestock forage, specialty forest products, and highly desirable scenery. The brilliant yellow fall color can be striking. The wood is used for furniture parts, doors, kitchen utensils, matchsticks and chopsticks. #4 Douglas-fir. The tree is one of the dominant trees in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and up the slopes to medium altitudes. It has been transplanted successfully throughout most of the North American temperate zone. It is used for structural lumber, paneling and decking. It is also one of the most commonly marketed Christmas tree species in the United States. #3 Sweetgum. This tree is easy to identify in both summer and in winter. Look for the star-shaped leaf as foliage grows in the spring and look for the dried “spiked” seed balls under the tree in winter. The wood is used for furniture, paper pulp, veneers and baskets of all kinds. #2 Loblolly pine. This pine is the most commercially important pine of the Southeast where it is dominant on approximately 29 million acres and makes up over one-half the standing pine volume. It does not grow naturally in western North Carolina because it cannot survive the effects of cold winters. The wood is used for lumber and pulpwood. And the #1 most common tree in the U.S. is: Red maple. This maple is adaptable to a very wide range of site conditions, perhaps more so than any other tree in North America. It can be found growing in swamps, on poor dry soils, and most anywhere in between. Elevation is also not a limiting factor in its range, as it grows well from sea level to about 3,000 ft. Due to its attractive red fall color and pleasing form, it is often used as a shade tree for landscapes. It is used commercially on a small scale for maple syrup production as well as for its wood (called soft maple) used for medium quality lumber. Written By Melissa Vaughn County Extension Administrative Assistant (828) 488-3848 (Office) [email protected] Swain County, North Carolina Updated on Apr 22, 2015 Was the information on this page helpful? Yes check No close Care to tell us why? This page can also be accessed from: go.ncsu.edu/readext?151663 Share this Article	Acorn
What area in square metres is a hectare?	Fruits Called Nuts © W.P. Armstrong 15 March 2009 A nut may be defined as a one-seeded fruit with a hard pericarp (ripened ovary wall). One or several nuts may sit in a cup-shaped structure called an involucre. In oaks (Quercus) the involucre is composed of small scales and the entire structure (involucre plus nut) is called an acorn. In chestnuts (Castanea) and beech (Fagus) the involucre is spiny, while in filberts and hazelnuts (Corylus), the involucre is leafy or tubular, depending on the exact species. This is a simplified classification of dry fruit types that follows most general botany textbooks and plant identification manuals. There are many fruits that don't exactly fit the nut or drupe categories. For an in-depth study of these fruit types, please refer to the A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types by Richard Spjut (Memoirs of New York Botanic Garden, Volume 70, 1994). This scholarly article is based on extensive research of classical fruit nomenclature dating back to the 18th century. Unfortunately it does not use the term "nut" as a distinct fruit type. Assortment of true and false nuts: A. Hazelnut (Corylus americana), B. Pecan (Carya illinoensis), C. Peanut (Arachis hypogea), D. Macadamia Nut (Macadamia integrifolia), E. Almond (Prunus amygdalus), F. Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa), G. Chestnut (Castanea dentata), H. Kukui Nut (Aleurites molucanna), I. Water Caltrop (Trapa bicornis), J. Walnut (Juglans regia). [True nuts: A. & G.; Drupes: B., D., E., H., I. & J.; Seeds: F.; Legumes: C. Note: The pecan (B) and walnut (J) are also considered to be a true nuts by some botanists.] Introduction Not all nuts fit the above definition. In fact, Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (1970) also defines a nut as a foolish, crazy or eccentric person, or one of the two testicles in a male. Many so-called botanical nuts are more appropriately termed "drupes" or "dry drupes." These "false nuts" are really the seed-bearing, hard, inner layer (endocarp) of a fruit called a drupe. In dry drupes the outer layer or husk sometimes splits open or withers. This outer husk is part of the ovary wall (pericarp), and the hard inner wall surrounding the seed represents the inner part of the pericarp. Dry drupes are technically not true nuts because in true nuts the hard outer wall constitutes the entire pericarp. The coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a classic example of a dry drupe, with a thin, green, outer layer called the exocarp, a thick, fibrous middle layer called the mesocarp, and a very hard inner layer surrounding the large seed called an endocarp. These same three layers are easily visible in fleshy drupes such as the peach (Prunus persica), plum (P. domestica), and apricot (P. armeniaca). Unshelled almonds (P. amygdalus) are seeds still contained within an endocarp layer. Almond & Peach: Rose Family (Rosaceae) The pit of a peach (Prunus persica) showing the seed that is contained inside the hard, woody endocarp layer. The endocarp is the inner layer of the fruit wall or pericarp. It is surrounded by a fleshy mesocarp and a thin outer skin or exocarp. Fruits with a distinct endocarp layer surrounding the seed are called drupes. The endocarp protects and aids in the dispersal of the vulnerable seed, especially when it is swallowed by a hungry herbivore. The fresh, greenish fruit of an almond (Prunus amygdalus) contains the familiar one-seeded endocarp (unshelled almond) that is commonly sold in supermarkets during the holiday season. Each hard-shelled endocarp contains a single seed. Other examples of drupes include date palm nuts (Phoenix dactylifera) and pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera). There is still considerable disagreement and controversy over the classification of some of these so-called nuts, particularly English walnuts (Juglans regia), black walnuts (J. nigra), and macadamia nuts (Macadamia integrifolia & M. tetraphylla). Botanists have devised all sorts of ingenious names for these "borderline nuts," such as dry drupe, drupe-like, drupaceous, drupaceous nut, and nutty drupe. Some readers may think the author of this essay has been driven to a mental condition with the same spelling as the plural of nut. Mango, Pistachio & Gum Mastic: Sumac Family (Anacardiaceae) The mango (Mangifera indica) is a drupe with an outer leathery skin (exocarp), a fleshy mesocarp and a hard, stony endocarp (pit) surrounding the large seed. Wave-worn, sun-bleached endocarps often wash ashore on tropical beaches, probably thrown overboard from ships and boats at sea. Pistachio (Pistacia vera), a dioecious tree in the sumac family (Anacardiaceae). It is native to the eastern Mediterranean region and central Asia where it has been cultivated for over 3,000 years. Like the almond, the fruit is drupaceous with a fleshy, greenish outer layer (exocarp and mesocarp) surrounding the hard, seed-bearing shell or endocarp. The seed has a papery seed coat and two greenish cotyledons. Commercial pictachio "nuts" are split, seed-bearing endocarps with the surrounding, fleshy fruit wall removed. The roasted, salted, greenish seeds are eaten raw and are the delectable ingredient in ice creams, cakes and nougat candies. Another species called Chinese pistache (P. chinensis) is commonly cultivated in southern California for its beautiful reddish autumn foliage. Unlike other species of Pistacia, the endocarps of edible pistachios (Pistacia vera), naturally split open at maturity. This is a very desirable characteristic for pistachio growers because the delicious seeds can easily be removed from the shell; however, some trees produce many endocarps that don't split. There are several hypotheses concerning "shell splitting," including harvest time, irrigation, Boron nutrition, dormant pruning, and parental genotypes. This phenomen is discussed by V.S. Polito and K. Pinney (1999): "Endocarp Dehiscence in Pitachio (Pistacia vera L.)" Int. J. Plant Sci. Vol. 160 (5): 827-835. According to Polito and Pinney, endocarp splitting also involves forces exerted by the enlargement of the kernel (seed) and apical dehiscence by cell separation. Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), a dioecious tree in the sumac family (Anacardiaceae). Native to China, Taiwan and the Philippine Islands, it is grown in southern California for its colorful compound (even pinnate) leaves during the autumn months and its bright red "berries." The red "berries" are actually small, one-seeded drupes which are not edible. A related species from the eastern Mediterranean region (P. lentiscus) is the source of "gum" mastic, an oleoresin used in perfumes, chewing gums, pharmaceuticals, dental adhesives, and in high grade varnishes for protecting pictures. Mastic is one of the oldest known high grade resins utilized by people, and it is extensively cultivated on the Greek island of Chios. Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis) photographed in November at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. This tree produces some of the most spectacular red autumn foliage of any species in southern California. In fact, the fall coloration is reminiscent of deciduous trees of the eastern United States. Gum mastic or "Chios Tears," raw resin globules from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus). Mastic is one of the oldest known high grade resins utilized by people, and it is extensively cultivated on the Greek island of Chios. Mastic resin (technically an oleoresin) is used in perfumes, chewing gums, pharmaceuticals, in high grade varnishes for protecting pictures, and in adhesives for dental caps. An ant entombed in a resin globule from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus). The insect-bearing resins of some trees become buried in the soil and gradually polymerize into amber. See Wayne's Word Article About Amber Miscellaneous Nuts In Different Plant Families The fruit of kukui nut or candlenut (Aleurites molucanna) is usually classified as a drupe or drupaceous nut, but the actual "nut" is really a woody, thick-walled seed, typically one or two inside each fruit. According to Spjut (1994), the kukui nut fruit is a "bacca" or berry-like fruit: An indehiscent simple fruit containing one or more seeds embedded in a solid, fleshy mass supported by epicarp less than 2 mm thick, the pericarp not differentiated internally by a hardened endocarp or air space. The tung oil fruit (A. fordii) appears to have a definite hard endocarp, so I am reluctant to call it a bacca. Goat nuts or jojoba are considered to be seeds within a dehiscent capsule. Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) are also seeds produced in a thick-walled capsule. The cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) is a thick-shelled, seed-bearing drupe produced at the summit of a fleshy stalk (pedicel) called a cashew apple. According to Spjut (1994), the cashew fruit is called a "glans" and is similar to an acorn: An indehiscent fruit composed of a pericarp subtended or enclosed by a fruiting cupulate (aril-like) involucre that is derived from a swelling of bracts, receptacle or perianth. Pine nuts and pignolia nuts are seeds produced in woody cones from several species of pines , including the pinyon pines (Pinus monophylla & P. edulis), and the Italian stone pine (P. pinea). The peanut (Arachis hypogea) is actually a seed with a papery seed coat, typically two seeds enclosed in a dehiscent pod called a legume. After fertilization, the flower stalk of the peanut curves downward, and the developing fruit (legume) is forced into the ground by the proliferation and elongation of cells under the ovary. The peanut pod subsequently develops underground. Ivory-nuts are seeds from the ivory-nut palm (Phytelephas aequatorialis). Ivory-nut palms have an extensive distribution along banks of tropical American rivers, from Panama and Colombia to Peru. They are most abundant in the Amazon Basin of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Female palms bear clusters of large, brown fruits, the size of grapefruits or melons. Each fruit is studded with numerous woody, pointed horns and contains four or more large seeds. The seeds are the source of vegetable ivory, a hard, natural material used as a substitute for elephant tusks. A Hawaiian kukui nut necklace, made from the polished, thick-shelled "nuts" (seeds) of the candlenut tree (Aleurites molucanna). The green fruit is cut open to show the brown, thick-walled seed. The fruit superficially resembles a green walnut; however, the walnut is technically a "pseudodrupe." According to Spjut (1994), the kukui nut fruit is a "bacca" or berry-like fruit. Several rough, woody "nuts" (seeds) are shown before polishing. The candlenut tree (Aleurites molucanna). Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale). Left: A cashew "nut" attached to its swollen stalk (pedicel). The shell of the "nut" contains the poison oak allergen urushiol, and may cause dermatitis in hypersensitive people. Right: The fleshy "apple" is the swollen stalk (pedicel) to which the one-seeded "nut" is attached. The "nut" is described as a dry drupe in most references. Some botanists prefer not to commit themselves and call the cashew fruit a drupaceous nut. According to Spjut (1994), it is an acorn-like fruit called a "glans." See Vegetable Ivory: Saving Elephants & The Rain Forest Another interesting Malaysian "nut" that is actually a seed is called "buah keluak" or "kluwak nut" (also spelled kloowak). Kluwak nuts come from the kepayang tree (Pangium edule) of Indonesia & Malaysia, a member of the flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae). The oily, hard-shelled seeds superficially resemble Brazil nuts. Meaty seeds are edible after the poisonous hydrocyanic acid is removed by soaking and boiling them in water. Fermented kluwak nuts become chocolate-brown, greasy and very slippery. Cooked seeds are used in a number of popular Malaysian and Indonesian dishes. Peeled kluwak nuts from the kepayang tree (Pangium edule). The fermented seeds become chocolate-brown, greasy and slippery. Cooked seeds are used in a number of popular Malaysian and Indonesian dishes. Oak & Chestnut: Beech Family (Fagaceae) The true nut of an acorn sits in a cup-shaped involucre composed of numerous overlapping scales. These acorns are from the cork oak (Quercus suber), the bark of which is the source of natural cork. According to Spjut (1994), the acorn fruit is called a "glans." The true nuts of the chestnut (Castanea dentata) are produced in a spiny, cup-shaped involucre. Two angular nuts of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) within a spiny-bracted involucre. The three-sided nuts resemble the miniature one-seeded fruits (achenes) of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). This resemblance led to the German name "buchweizen" (beech-wheat) which became corrupted to the present name of buckwheat. One-seeded achenes of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), an important crop plant native to central Asia. The three-sided achenes resemble miniature nuts from the beech tree (Fagus). This resemblance led to the German name "buchweizen" (beech-wheat) which became corrupted to the present name of buckwheat. The hulled achenes or groats are used in several brands of hot and cold breakfast cereals. The seeds are ground into flour which is used for pancakes, noodles and breads. In Russia, a nutritious porridge called "kasha" is made from buckwheat flour. Filbert: Birch Family (Betulaceae) The American filbert of the eastern United States (Corylus americana) produces a true nut enclosed in an involucre of leafy bracts. In the closely-related species of the Pacific northwestern United States C. cornuta, the nut is produced in an elongate, tubular involucre. According to Spjut (1994), fruits of the genus Corylus are technically called a "diclesium." The latter fruit is defined as: A simple fruit consisting of a dry or fleshy pericarpium covered in part or entirely by loose (utricular) to tightly adhering (achenelike), dry, accrescent, indehiscent, fruiting-perianth. The native filbert of the Pacific northwestern United States (Corylus cornuta) produces a true nut enclosed in an elongate, tubular involucre. In this photo the tubular involucre has been sectioned lengthwise to expose the hard-shelled nut inside. This fruit is a "diclesium" according to Spjut (1994). Walnut & Pecan: Walnut Family (Juglandaceae) Note: Many botanists say that the husk of pecans and walnuts contains tissue from the outer pericarp, and insist on referring to these dry fruits as "drupaceous nuts" rather than true nuts. According to "The Morphology of the Flowers of the Juglandaceae" by W.E. Manning (1940), American Journal of Botany 27 (10): 839-852, the fruits of Juglans and Carya are drupe-like but not a drupe or dry drupe. The fruit is sometimes called a "tryma" but can be described as a nut. Webster's Third New International Dictionary describes a tryma as a nutlike drupe (as the fruit of the walnut or hickory) in which the epicarp and mesocarp separate as a somewhat fleshy or leathery rind from the hard 2-valved endocarp. The tryma is also defined as a drupe with a dehiscent husk, which fits the genus Carya perfectly. Richard Spjut (1994) describes the fruit of a walnut (Juglans) as "pseudodrupe" and the fruit of a pecan (Carya) as a "tryma." English walnut (Juglans regia). In the textbook Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology by T.E. Weier, C.R. Stocking, M.G. Barbour and T.L. Rost (1982), the walnut is classified as a nut. According to these authors, the green husk or shuck of the walnut is composed of involucral bracts, perianth (calyx) tissue, and the outer layer of the pericarp. The hard shell surrounding the seed is the inner layer of the pericarp. In true nuts, the hard, indehiscent layer surrounding the seed is the ripened ovary wall or pericarp. In oaks and chestnuts of the beech family (Fagaceae), the nut sits in a cuplike or spiny involucre composed of involucral tissue (or fused calyx tissue) that is not part of the ovary wall (pericarp). The walnut does not exactly fit the definition of a true nut because the hard shell is from the inner pericarp and not the entire ovary wall. Unlike the closely-related pecan (Carya), the husk does not split into four sections and actually resembles the outer fleshy pericarp of a drupe. According to most botanical references, the outer green layer or husk of a walnut is part of the pericarp and the hard shell surrounding the seed is the endocarp layer as in coconuts. Therefore, walnuts and closely-related pecans probably fit the dry drupe category rather than a true nut. However, if the walnut husk contains tissue from involucral bracts, perianth (calyx), and the outer pericarp, it doesn't exactly fit the definition of a drupe. Some authors eloquently avoid this dilemma by calling these fruits drupe-like or "drupaceous nuts." Richard Spjut describes the walnut fruit as a "pseudodrupe" which in my opinion is the best name. The thin skin surrounding the kernel (seed) of walnuts and other nut meats is called the pellicle or seed coat. Black walnut (Juglans nigra), a deciduous hardwood tree native to the eastern and central United States. A. Mature dry fruit containing outer green husk. B. Hard (woody) inner layer surrounding the seed. This is what some botanists call the actual "nut." C. Sectional view showing cotyledons of inner seed and outer green husk (red arrow). A California black walnut (Juglans californica) and the unusual small-fruited walnut (J. microcarpa) native to desert streambeds and canyons of the southwestern United States. Walnuts are called nuts or dry drupes, depending on how you define the fleshy husk tissue surrounding the seed-bearing "nut." If you consider the husk to be part of the ovary wall (pericarp), then walnuts would fit the dry drupe category. Some botanists refer to walnuts as "drupaceous nuts." Richard Spjut uses the term "pseudodrupe." Pecan (Carya illinoensis): The green, fleshy outer husk or shuck splits into 4 valves, exposing a single large, one-seeded "nut" surrounded by a thick, woody pericarp. If the outer husk is composed of calyx tissue and is not part of the pericarp wall, then it fits the description of a nut; however, some botanists say that the husk contains tissue from the outer pericarp. In the walnut and butternut (Juglans), also members of the Juglandaceae, the husk does not split into sections and actually resembles the outer fleshy pericarp of a drupe. In true nuts, the hard, indehiscent layer surrounding the seed is the ripened ovary wall or pericarp and the outer husk is composed of involucral or calyx tissue that is not part of the ovary wall or pericarp. The "tryma" is a fruit type defined as drupe with a dehiscent husk, which fits the pecan perfectly. Richard Spjut also uses this term in his technical description of the pecan fruit. The "hican" is a Carya hybrid resulting from a cross between the pecan (C. illinoensis) and the shagbark hickory (C. ovata). Water Caltrop: Trapa bicornis (Trapaceae) This bizarre horny fruit has two prominent, downcurved horns and superficially resembles the head of a bull. The fruit body has a woody, sculptured surface that resembles a face. To some people, the entire structure resembles a bat. It comes from an Asian aquatic plant often called "water caltrop" (Trapa bicornis). It is sometimes called water chestnut; however, this not to be confused with the crunchy, tuberous roots of a vegetable called water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) commonly served in Chinese restaurants. Other common names for this plant include Chinese horn nut and "ling kio" or "ling chio." It belongs to the water-caltrop family (Trapaceae) and includes the single genus (Trapa) with several closely-related species. The generic name Trapa is derived from calcitrappa, Latin name of the caltrop, in reference to the peculiar, horned fruits. During medieval times, a vicious weapon called a caltrop was used in European warfare. This was an iron device with four points so designed that one was always facing upward, whichever way it landed, to impale the hooves of enemy cavalry horses. A similar device was also used in World War II to destroy truck tires on enemy supply convoys. Actually, the widespread and more commonly-known water caltrop (Trapa natans) has a four-pronged fruit that more closely resembles the caltrop. The fruits of puncture vine also resemble a caltrop, especially when they impale your bicycle tires. In fact, this ubiquitous weed belongs to another unrelated plant family called the caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae). Water caltrop plants are anchored to the bottom of lakes and ponds, and send to the surface a slender stem with a rosette of floating leaves. Like water hyacinths, the leaf stalks are inflated with air and are very buoyant. Solitary flowers are produced in the leaf axils followed by the strange horny fruits. Under the tough outer wall, the fruit contains a pulpy seed rich in starch. The fruits can be roasted or boiled like true chestnuts of the eastern United States. They are delicious sauteed with rice and vegetables. According to Joy Larkcom ("Oriental Vegetables," 1991), they contain toxins and should not be eaten raw. Seeds of some species are preserved in honey and sugar, candied, or ground into flour for making bread. In Italy Trapa natans is the main ingredient of a famous risotto (rice cooked in meat stock with shallots and butter). The unusual, bullhead pods of Trapa bicornis sometimes float down rivers and into the ocean where they occasionally drift ashore on Asian beaches. Local people make ingenious necklaces from the pods and sell them to tourists. With a backing attached to your lapel, they actually make a nice little emblem to wear on special occasions, or an attractive slide for a bolo tie. According to Richard W. Spjut ("A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types," Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden Volume 70, 1994), the fruits of Trapa are classified as pseudodrupes." They are indehiscent with a thin, evanescent, fleshy exocarp and a persistent, stony endocarp. The English walnut (Juglans regia) it also classified as a pseudodrupe (see above). Richard Spjut also cites another complicated description of the fruit: "The so-called stone of Trapa (Trapaceae) includes part of the exocarp since the sepaloid horns are also hardened (Wildenow, 1811). If the pericarp itself is differentiated into soft and hardened (stone) layers, excluding the exocarp, the fruit is then a pome." Macadamia Nut: Protea Family (Proteaceae) Macadamia nuts (Macadamia integrifolia) are dry drupes containing a very hard seed-bearing endocarp. According to most botanical references, the outer husk represents part of the ovary wall or pericarp. However, according to the The Macadamia Nut in California (1978), published by the California Macadamia Society, the fruit is a follicle consisting of a single seed (sometimes 2) in a husk which usually splits open at maturity. Technically, a follicle is composed of a single carpel that splits open along one seam. If the outer husk represents one carpel, then the macadamia nut is indeed a follicle. I have fluctuated on the classification of the macadamia fruit for years, but at this time I am leaning toward a follicle rather than a drupe. The following two images may shed some light on this contoversy. An immature macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia) released from its outer dehiscent husk (pericarp). The seed shows a distinct attachment scar (hilum) where it was joined to the placental region on the inner ovary wall (pericarp). In a mature seed, the attachment scar is covered over by the thick, woody seed coat. If the outer pericarp represents a single carpel, then this fruit is indeed a follicle rather than a drupe. A mature macadamia nut (Macadamia intregrifolia) showing the thick, woody seed coat and white seed. The white, micropyle region of the seed extends through the woody wall and is visible as a white dot on the exterior. In a true drupe, there would be no extension of the seed or micropyle through the woody endocarp wall. Two views of a mature macadamia seed (Macadamia integrifolia). The left view shows the hilum where the seed was attached to the inner ovary (pericarp) wall. The right view shows a white dot that represents the micropyle region where the pollen tube entered the ovule wall (integument layer) prior to double fertilization. A Hawaiian macadamia nut necklace made from the woody seeds of Macadamia integrifolia. Polished macadamia nuts are typically blond or light brown, compared with glossy, dark brown or black kukui nut necklaces. See More Photos of the Peanut Plant Buckeye: Horse Chestnut Family (Hippocastanaceae) Some "nuts" are actually large, hard-shelled seeds produced inside a dehiscent capsule that splits open into sections called valves or carpels. The buckeye (Aesculus) is a good example of this kind of nutlike seed. There are several species of buckeye, including the California buckeye (A. californica), Ohio buckeye (A. glabra), and the European horse chestnut (A. hippocastanum), all members of the horse chestnut family (Hippocastanaceae). Another hard-shelled seed called Texas buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa), belongs to the interesting soapberry family (Sapindaceae). The outer capsule wall of the European horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) is covered with stout spines. They are collected in autumn and the large seeds are removed from the spiny casing and allowed to dry. In England, the dried, hard-shelled seeds are used in a curious children's game called "conkers." A hole is drilled through the seed (called a conker) and a string in threaded through the hole. The game is played between two opponents, each with one conker. One player dangles their conker by the string, holding it steady, while the opponent swings their conker on its string and attempts to strike the dangling conker. Players take turns until one conker is so badly damaged that it dislodged from its string. The winner is the player with the intact conker. Serious conker players try to harden the shell (seed coat) of their conker by drying techniques and various protective finishes. In Australia, a similar game is called "bullies." One of the choice seeds used for this game comes from the fruit of the quandong tree (Eucarya acuminata), a member of the sandalwood family (Santalaceae). Like the Hawaiian sandalwood (Santalum), this tree is a root parasite on a nearby host plant. Left: California buckeye (Aesculus californica), a member of the horse chestnut family (Hippocastanaceae). Right: Texas buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa), a member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). The "nuts" of these species are actually hard-shelled seeds produced in dehiscent capsules that split open at maturity.	i don't know
What iconic Wrigley brand, launched in 1893, is considered the first product bought using a barcode scanner?	1000+ images about vintage \| Wrigley's on Pinterest \| Advertising signs, Painted walls and Fruit gums Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas vintage \| Wrigley's 40 Pins96 Followers The Wrigley's Company was founded in 1891 ✤ Created brands include Juicy Fruit • Doublemint • Big Red • P.K. ✤ Acquired brands include Lifesavers, Skittle, Starburst (formerly Opal Fruits) ✤ Mars, Inc acquired the Wrigley company in 2008; however, Wrigley still operates and produces its own brands.	Juicy Fruit
Penthesilea, Myrine and Hippolyte were queens of which legendary warrior people?	1000+ images about vintage \| Wrigley's on Pinterest \| Advertising signs, Painted walls and Fruit gums Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas vintage \| Wrigley's 40 Pins96 Followers The Wrigley's Company was founded in 1891 ✤ Created brands include Juicy Fruit • Doublemint • Big Red • P.K. ✤ Acquired brands include Lifesavers, Skittle, Starburst (formerly Opal Fruits) ✤ Mars, Inc acquired the Wrigley company in 2008; however, Wrigley still operates and produces its own brands.	i don't know
A solution of magnesium hydroxide in water is better known by what name?	Magnesium hydroxide medical facts from Drugs.com Support Group Q & A What is magnesium hydroxide? Magnesium is a naturally occurring mineral. Magnesium is important for many systems in the body especially the muscles and nerves. Magnesium hydroxide also reduces stomach acid, and increases water in the intestines which may induce defecation. Magnesium hydroxide is used as a laxative to relieve occasional constipation (irregularity) and as an antacid to relieve indigestion, sour stomach, and heartburn. Magnesium hydroxide may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. What is the most important information I should know about magnesium hydroxide? Do not use magnesium hydroxide without a doctor's advice if you have stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting. Slideshow Call your doctor at once if you have if you have a sudden change in bowel habits that persists over a period of 2 weeks. Do not use magnesium hydroxide for longer than 7 days without medical advice. What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking magnesium hydroxide? Do not use magnesium hydroxide without a doctor's advice if you have stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting. Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to take this medicine if you have other medical conditions, especially kidney disease. It is not known whether magnesium hydroxide will harm an unborn baby. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant. It is not known whether magnesium hydroxide passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are breast-feeding a baby. How should I take magnesium hydroxide? Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. The chewable tablet must be chewed before you swallow it. Measure liquid medicine with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one. You may need to shake the oral suspension before each use. Do not use magnesium hydroxide for longer than 7 days without medical advice. Call your doctor at once if you have if you have a sudden change in bowel habits that persists over a period of 2 weeks. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. What happens if I miss a dose? Since magnesium hydroxide is used when needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. If you are on a schedule, use the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up the missed dose. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may include severe diarrhea, muscle weakness, mood changes, slow or irregular heartbeats, and little or no urinating. What should I avoid while taking magnesium hydroxide? Follow your doctor's instructions about any restrictions on food, beverages, or activity. Magnesium hydroxide side effects Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using magnesium hydroxide and call your doctor at once if you have: rectal bleeding; no bowel movement after using the medicine as a laxative; severe nausea, vomiting; Usual Adult Dose for Constipation: Oral liquid: 30 to 60 mL orally once a day or in divided doses. Chewable tablet: 8 tablets orally once a day or in divided doses. Usual Adult Dose for Dyspepsia: Oral liquid: Initial dose: 5 to 15 mL orally 1 to 4 times a day as needed. Alternatively, 1 to 3 oral tablets 1 to 4 times a day as needed. Chewable tablet: 2 to 4 tablets orally every 4 hours as needed up to 4 times in a 24 hour period. Usual Pediatric Dose for Constipation: Oral liquid: 1 year or less: 0.5 mL/kg per dose. 2 to 5 years: 5 to 15 mL orally once a day or in divided doses. 6 to 12 years: 15 to 30 mL orally once a day or in divided doses. 13 to 18 years: 30 to 60 mL orally once a day or in divided doses. Chewable tablet: 3 to 5 years: 2 tablets orally once a day or in divided doses. 6 to 11 years: 4 tablets orally once a day or in divided doses. 12 to 18 years: 8 tablets orally once a day or in divided doses. Usual Pediatric Dose for Dyspepsia: Chewable tablet: 12 to 18 years: 2 to 4 tablets orally every 4 hours up to 4 times in a 24 hour period. What other drugs will affect magnesium hydroxide? Other drugs may interact with magnesium hydroxide, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell each of your health care providers about all medicines you use now and any medicine you start or stop using. Where can I get more information? Your pharmacist can provide more information about magnesium hydroxide. Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed. Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Inc. ('Multum') is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. Drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. Multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the United States and therefore Multum does not warrant that uses outside of the United States are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Multum's drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. Multum's drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and/or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. The absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. Multum does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist. Copyright 1996-2012 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 4.05. Last reviewed: December 09, 2016 Date modified: January 10, 2017 Drug Status	Magnesium hydroxide
In the Bible, which of the apostles refused to believe in the resurrection until he had seen and touched Christ?	Magnesium hydroxide: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.com Know what to ask with our GIST Doctor Discussion Guide Magnesium hydroxide Generic Name: magnesium hydroxide (mag-NEE-zee-um) Brand Name: Generic only. No brands available. Overview Support Group Q & A Magnesium hydroxide is used for: Treating acid indigestion, heartburn, sour stomach, and constipation. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor. Magnesium hydroxide is an antacid. It works by neutralizing the acid in the stomach and by stimulating the bowels to move. Do NOT use magnesium hydroxide if: you are allergic to any ingredient in magnesium hydroxide Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you. Slideshow Breastfeeding and OTC Medication: Safety Tips That You Need To Know Before using magnesium hydroxide: Some medical conditions may interact with magnesium hydroxide. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you: if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances if you have appendicitis, stomach pain, a blockage of your bowels, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney problems, rectal bleeding of unknown cause, or if you have had bowel surgery Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with magnesium hydroxide. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following: Anticoagulants (eg, warfarin) because the risk of their side effects may be increased by magnesium hydroxide Azole antifungals (eg, ketoconazole), bisphosphonates (eg, alendronate), cation exchange resins (eg, sodium polystyrene sulfonate), cephalosporins (eg, cephalexin), mycophenolate, penicillamine, quinolone antibiotics (eg, ciprofloxacin), or tetracyclines (eg, doxycycline) because their effectiveness may be decreased by magnesium hydroxide This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if magnesium hydroxide may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine. How to use magnesium hydroxide: Use magnesium hydroxide as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions. Take magnesium hydroxide by mouth with or without food. Follow with a full glass (8 oz/240 mL) of water or other liquid. If you miss a dose of magnesium hydroxide, take it as soon as you remember. Continue to take it as directed by your doctor or on the package label. Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use magnesium hydroxide. Important safety information: Magnesium hydroxide usually causes a bowel movement within 30 minutes to 6 hours of using it. If you do not have a bowel movement after using magnesium hydroxide, contact your doctor. Do NOT take more than the recommended dose or use the maximum dose for longer than 1 week without checking with your doctor. If your symptoms do not get better within 1 week or if they get worse, check with your doctor. Magnesium hydroxide should not be used in CHILDREN younger than 12 years old; safety and effectiveness in these children have not been confirmed. PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: It is not known if magnesium hydroxide can cause harm to the fetus. If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using magnesium hydroxide while you are pregnant. It is not known if this medicine is found in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use magnesium hydroxide, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby. Possible side effects of magnesium hydroxide: All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome: Diarrhea. Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur: Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); loss of appetite; muscle weakness; nausea; slow reflexes; vomiting. This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA . If OVERDOSE is suspected: Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center ( http://www.aapcc.org ), or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include diarrhea; stomach cramps. Proper storage of magnesium hydroxide: Store magnesium hydroxide at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep magnesium hydroxide out of the reach of children and away from pets. General information: If you have any questions about magnesium hydroxide, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider. Magnesium hydroxide is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people. If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor. Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take magnesium hydroxide or any other medicine. Only your health care provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for you. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about magnesium hydroxide. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to magnesium hydroxide. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You must talk with your healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using magnesium hydroxide. Review Date: January 6, 2017 Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only your health care provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for you. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this medicine. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You must talk with your healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine.	i don't know
Latrodectism is a clinical syndrome caused by the bite of which creature?	What does latrodectism mean? This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word latrodectism Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Latrodectism Latrodectism is the clinical syndrome caused by the neurotoxic venom that can be injected by the bite of any spider that is a member of the spider genus Latrodectus, in the family Theridiidae. The most well known of members in the Latrodectus genus are the black widow spider, the Australian redback spider, the brown widow, the European black widow, and the katipo spider. Numerology The numerical value of latrodectism in Chaldean Numerology is: 5 Pythagorean Numerology	Spider
Emily Watson played which famous cellist in the film 'Hilary and Jackie'?	Spider bite in southern Africa: diagnosis and management \| Muller \| Continuing Medical Education CME - 2547 Spider bite in southern Africa: diagnosis and management The diagnosis of spider bite, especially when the patient is unaware of having been bitten, can be difficult. G J Müller, BSc, MB ChB, Hons BSc (Pharm), MMed (Anaes), PhD (Tox) Dr Müller is part-time consultant in the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University. He is the founder of the Tygerberg Poison Information Centre. C A Wium, MSc Medical Sciences Ms Wium is a principal medical scientist employed as a toxicologist in the Tygerberg Poison Information Centre, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University. C J Marks, BSc Pharmacy, MSc Medical Sciences Ms Marks is the director of the Tygerberg Poison Information Centre, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University. C E du Plessis, BSc Microbiology and Genetics Ms Du Plessis is a medical technologist. She is a staff member of the Tygerberg Poison Information Centre and the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Laboratory, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University. D J H Veale, PhD Pharmacology Dr Veale is the former director of the Tygerberg Poison Information Centre and currently a consultant clinical pharmacist and lecturer in pharmacology and toxicology. Correspondence to: G Müller ([email protected]) The medically important spiders of southern Africa can be divided into neurotoxic and cytotoxic groups. The neurotoxic spiders belong to the genus Latrodectus (button or widow spiders) and the cytotoxic spiders are represented chiefly by the genera Cheiracanthium (sac spiders) and Loxosceles (violin or recluse spiders). The baboon spiders (family: Theraphosidae) and the wandering or rain spiders (genus Palystes) can inflict painful bites which may be susceptible to infection. Neurotoxic spiders and the syndrome of latrodectism The term latrodectism is used to describe the systemic symptoms and signs of envenoming in humans by the bite of the Latrodectus spider species. The diagnosis is usually clinical but may be supported by identification of the spider if available. Six species of the genus Latrodectus occur in southern Africa. They can be divided into the black widow (button) spider complex, comprising four species, namely L. indistinctus, L. renivulvatus, L. cinctus and L. karooensis; and the brown widow (button) spider complex, consisting of L. geometricus and L. rhodensiensis. The black button spiders are dark brown to pitch black, with an average body length of 8 - 15 mm. There are no ventral markings of note on the spherical abdomen. Dorsal markings vary from red to yellow orange stripes to a red spot just above the spinnerets. In older specimens the red stripes and spots may have disappeared completely. The legs are evenly black. The globular or pear-shaped egg sacs, which measure 10 - 15 mm in diameter, are white to greyish yellow with a smooth silky surface. Although L. indistinctus and other black widow spider species are occasionally found in suburban gardens and bites have occurred inside homes, they are predominantly veld species. The venom of L. indistinctus has been studied in detail. It is used in the synthesis of the local spider antivenom (SAIMR Spider Venom Antiserum SAVP). Figs 1 and 2 show the morphology of L. indistinctus. Fig. 3 shows the black widow spider with its egg sacs. Fig. 4 is a sub-adult L. indistinctus (black widow). Fig. 5 shows the geographical distribution of the Latrodectus species in southern Africa. The brown widow spiders are slightly smaller and look less robust than the black widow spiders. The colour varies from creamy yellow or grayish brown to dark brown to black. In paler specimens the dorsal surface of the abdomen displays an intricate geometrical pattern, ranging in colour from cream to brown and orange. They are further characterised by a consistent orange to red hourglass marking on the ventral surface of the abdomen. The joints of the legs are darker and impart a banded light to dark brown appearance. The egg sacs of L. geometricus can easily be distinguished from those of the black widow spiders by numerous spicule-like projections distributed over the surface. The webs of this cosmopolitan species are commonly found around homes throughout southern Africa. They have a predilection for window sills, drain pipes, garden furniture, garden sheds, post boxes, barns, stables and outdoor toilets. L. rhodensiensis cannot be distinguished macroscopically from L. geometricus; however, the egg sacs differ from those of L. geometricus in that they are about two-and-a-half times larger and have a woolly appearance, without the spicule-like projections. Figs 6 and 7 show the morphology of the brown widow spider (L. geometricus). Fig. 8 shows the egg sacs of the brown widow spider. The venom of the Latrodectus species contains a neurotoxin known as α-latrotoxin, which binds with high affinity to a specific presynaptic receptor of peripheral nerves, creating ionic pores and setting a process in motion that results in a massive release of neurotransmitters. It displays no selectivity for specific types of synapses and has no effect on non-neuronal cell types, whether excitable or not, and is devoid of any detectable enzymatic activity. The massive release of the two main peripheral neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and noradrenaline, accounts for the clinical picture of latrodectism. A bite, especially by the more venomous L. indistinctus, induces a hyperactive state, initially characterised by a generalised stimulation of the somatic and autonomic nerve endings, followed by a phase of relative paralysis due to the depletion of neurotransmitters. The central nervous system is not affected owing to the apparent inability of the toxin to cross the blood-brain barrier. See Fig. 4 in the scorpion sting article with regard to the mechanisms of action of neurotoxic venoms on the peripheral nervous system. LD50 studies have shown that L. indistinctus (black widow) venom is four times more venomous than that of L. geometricus (brown widow). This finding has also been confirmed by clinical studies. Clinical features of latrodectism Black widow spider bites usually cause burning pain at the bite site, although some victims are not aware of being bitten. The majority of bites occur on an extremity. The pain typically spreads to the inguinal or axillary lymph nodes within 5 - 15 minutes. The bite site can usually be located, but the local inflammatory reaction is mild and often unimpressive. No bite mark is detectable in 30% of cases, even in the presence of severe systemic symptoms and signs of envenomation. Within an hour the patient develops generalised muscular pain and cramps, especially in the abdomen, chest, back and thighs. The pain in the bigger muscle groups (girdle muscles) rapidly increases in severity and is sometimes described as excruciating. There is a feeling of weakness in the legs and difficulty in walking. A feeling of tightness in the chest, which is interpreted by some victims as difficulty in breathing, is often described. An erection is occasionally experienced, especially in children. The patient appears anxious and sweats profusely, and clothes and bedding are often soaked with sweat. The regional lymph nodes are tender and occasionally palpable. A board-like rigidity of the abdomen is characteristic and the general position of flexion the patient may assume is a sign of increased muscle tone. Coarse involuntary movements and brisk tendon reflexes are often observed. An interesting (although not a regular) feature is a flushed and oedematous face, especially peri-orbitally, with accompanying conjunctival injection. The blood pressure is usually markedly raised and the pulse rate is rapid, although a patient occasionally may present with marked bradycardia. A slight fever is sometimes present. Laboratory and radiographic investigation are of little value as an aid in the diagnosis. In patients not treated with antivenom the condition may become protracted, without improvement for days to a week or more. This can lead to a general state of exhaustion and dehydration. Patients particularly at risk are small children, the elderly and those with cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Although no deaths as a result of widow spider bites have been documented in recent times, accounts by various authors before the mid-1960s report a mortality rate of 1 - 6%. Fig. 9 shows a flushed and oedematous face of latrodectism. Figs 10 and 11 also show symptoms and signs of latrodectism. Fig. 12 shows the patient in Fig. 11 post-antivenom administration. Although the black widow spider is primarily a veld species, a surprisingly high number of victims are bitten in the home environment. In spite of this, no black widow spider webs have as yet been found inside or outside the house in localities usually inhabited by the brown widow. It is assumed that the spiders end up in clothing during gardening activities and carried into the house. Black widow spider bites are often associated with farming activities. However, the mechanisation of crop harvesting has led to a decrease in the risk to the farm labourer. The bite of the brown widow spider usually causes a milder form of envenomation compared with black widow spider bites and is characterised chiefly by local symptoms and signs. Most adult patients complain of a local burning sensation which often spreads to the regional lymph nodes. Paraesthesiae in the surrounding skin and stiffness of the local muscles are often described. In a small percentage of patients, abdominal and general muscular pain and weakness in the legs are experienced. On examination, the bite site can usually be identified. It often manifests as a red macular spot or centrally blanched area surrounded by a 2 - 3 cm erythematous reaction. Occasionally there is a localised increase in sweat secretion in the form of small droplets. A low-grade fever is sometimes noted. The condition is self-limiting and usually clears up within 1 - 3 days, although some patients may experience a feeling of local discomfort for an extended period. Children may present with hyperactivity or restlessness and are more inclined to develop symptoms and signs of systemic envenomation. Differential diagnosis The diagnosis of latrodectism, especially when the patient is unaware of having been bitten, or in cases where the culprit has not been identified, can be difficult. The syndrome of latrodectism is notoriously known to mimic other disease states. Suspected acute medical and surgical conditions which have led to the misdiagnosis of latrodectism include the following: Scorpionism. Although different mechanisms of action are involved, both widow spider and scorpion venom cause an increase in the release of peripheral neurotransmitters, resulting in similarities between latrodectism and scorpionism. Classic symptoms and signs of scorpionism not found in latrodectism include dysphagia, loss of the gag reflex associated with a marked increase of oral secretions, difficulty in breathing, visual disturbances and pronounced general hyperaesthesia. Scorpionism does not give rise to abdominal rigidity and increased sweating is not a prominent feature. Owing to the immediate and often excruciating pain of the sting, the scorpion is usually seen by the victim. See Table 1 in the scorpion sting article with regard to a comparison of major symptoms and signs of scorpionism, latrodectism and neurotoxic cobra bite. Cytotoxic spider bites. Bites caused by the cytotoxic spiders, for example Cheiracanthium (sac spider) and Loxosceles (violin spider) spp., should be considered. They give rise to local tissue destruction and ulcer formation. The extent of the local tissue reaction and the absence of neurotoxic symptoms and signs should assist in the differential diagnosis. Snake bite. In a substantial proportion of widow spider bites and scorpion stings, the bite site is either insignificant or cannot be located. The same problem applies to neurotoxic snake bites. However, the earliest systemic symptoms and signs of a neurotoxic snake bite are visual disturbances and ptosis, features which are not associated with widow spider bites. Also see Table 1 in the scorpion sting article.The local tissue damage and inflammatory response of cytotoxic snake bites are usually so pronounced that it does not feature in the differential diagnosis. Acute abdomen. Misdiagnosing latrodectism as an acute abdomen, for example a perforated peptic ulcer or acute appendicitis with peritonitis, has often led to unnecessary laparotomies. Other acute abdominal conditions that have been considered in latrodectism include renal colic, acute pancreatitis and a leaking abdominal aneurysm. Although the abdomen in latrodectism may be as hard as a board, there is no marked local tenderness and no rebound tenderness, and the bowel sounds are normal. Myocardial infarction. The following is a typical example: A 60-year-old man working in an onion field suddenly became ill with a feeling of anxiety, increased perspiration, with a cold, clammy skin, nausea and vomiting and a feeling of tightness of the chest. He was admitted to hospital with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Three days after admission, a diagnosis of latrodectism was considered after all the special investigations performed had been found to be negative. He responded dramatically to the administration of antivenom and recovery was uneventful. Alcohol withdrawal. The following is a typical example: A known alcoholic was admitted to a psychiatric ward with the diagnosis of delirium tremens. After complaints from friends that the history of black widow spider bite had been ignored, a diagnosis of latrodectism was considered. The patient responded dramatically within 1 hour after the administration of antivenom and recovery was uneventful. Poisoning caused by cholinesterase inhibitors. The possibility of organophosphate or carbamate poisoning is occasionally considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with suspected latrodectism. Both cholinesterase inhibitors and α-latrotoxin give rise to an increase in acetylcholine concentration in the synaptic cleft and it is not surprising, therefore, that there are similarities between the clinical profiles. Both can cause a state of anxiety and restlessness, a feeling of tightness in the chest, abdominal tightness and cramps, nausea and vomiting, increased sweating, muscle twitching, raised blood pressure and bradycardia or tachycardia. Determination of the plasma cholinesterase levels may assist in resolving the diagnosis. Other conditions which have been considered in the differential diagnosis of latrodectism include tetanus, meningitis (a stiff neck), pneumonia and poliomyelitis. Management Intravenous fluids should be administered to keep the patient well hydrated and urine flowing. Opioids and other central nervous system depressants, for example the benzodiazepines, are not only relatively ineffective but potentially dangerous because they can precipitate respiratory depression in an already compromised patient. The only effective agent (apart for the antivenom) for the relief of muscular pain and cramps is intravenous calcium gluconate 10% (10 ml over 5 - 10 minutes), but its effect lasts for only 20 - 30 minutes and there is a limit to the amount which can be given. A spider bite, like any other wound, may become infected and cases of tetanus have been reported. The administration of tetanus toxoid is therefore recommended. The use of antihistamines, for example promethazine, is not recommended except when given prophylactically to reduce the effects of a possible allergic reaction to the antivenom. The administration of specific black widow antivenom (SAIMR Spider Venom Antiserum SAVP) is the only effective treatment for severe latrodectism. The state of systemic intoxication can be drawn out for a week or even longer, causing the patient to become exhausted, dehydrated and prone to the development of complications. Therefore, it is recommended that antivenom be administered to patients presenting with systemic symptoms and signs. The spider antivenom is a refined equine anti-spider serum globulin, supplied in 5 ml ampoules. The standard dose is 5 - 10 ml intravenously for adults and children. Rarely an additional dose of 5 ml may be administered after 4 - 6 hours, should the response to the first dose be inadequate. The antivenom is very effective and the response dramatic within 30 - 60 minutes. Allergic/anaphylactoid reactions to the antivenom may develop, as is the case with all serum preparations of animal origin. The prophylactic administration of adrenaline intramuscularly to prevent serious allergic reactions is controversial because it may theoretically increase the effects of autonomic nervous system stimulation by Latrodectus venom. The victim should be kept under observation for at least 6 - 12 hours after treatment with antivenom. See general instructions in the snake bite article with regard to antivenom therapy, management of allergic reactions as well as the prophylactic use of adrenaline in the prevention of allergic reactions. Cytotoxic spiders and the syndrome of necrotic arachnidism Spiders of southern Africa suspected of causing most cases of necrotic arachnidism include the sac spiders (genus Cheiracanthium) and the violin spiders (genus Loxosceles). Although the crab spiders (genus Sicarius) are also considered cytotoxic, clinical evidence is inconclusive. The sac spiders are widely distributed in southern Africa and comprise nine species, of which C. furculatum, C. vansoni and C. africanum are more commonly found. They are small to medium (4 - 16 mm), straw coloured, sometimes with a greenish tint, with a large, shiny, black eye region and mouth parts. The sac spiders are nocturnal in habit and fast moving. They frequently invade the house and are often found in the folds of curtains, clothing and cupboards where they make sac-like retreats of thin silk in which they hide during the day. They are aggressive and will bite at the slightest provocation. Most victims are bitten while asleep. Figs 13 and 14 show the morphological characteristics of the sac spider. The violin spiders, although relatively rare, are widely distributed in southern Africa and comprise six species, namely L. bergeri, L. parrami, L. simillima, L. pilosa, L. speluncarum and L. spinulosa. They are medium to large spiders (body length 8 - 15 mm with a leg span up to 40 mm), usually brownish to tan in colour, with a characteristic dark, violin-shaped marking on the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax (larger part of the fiddle towards the front end). The abdomen is ovoid, and the legs are long and slender. Violin spiders are never web bound. They roam freely at night in search of prey. Several species are only found in caves. Only a few are found in human habitats in small areas of South Africa. They live in cracks and crevices of walls, behind picture frames and in dark corners of cupboards and drawers. Figs 15 and 16 show the morphological characteristics of the violin spider. Most of the venom components of sac and violin spiders are enzymes with cytotoxic effects. An important component includes hyaluronidase, a spreading factor that increases the size of the tissue lesion. Clinical features of necrotic arachnidism Necrotic arachnidism is the clinical syndrome caused by the bite of cytotoxic spiders. In >90% of cases, diagnosis is based solely on clinical findings. The diagnosis of necrotic arachnidism is usually presumptive and made through epidemiological information and evolution of the clinical picture, as few patients bring the spider with them for identification. The symptoms and signs of sac and violin spider bites are basically similar and the effects of the one can usually not be distinguished from the other. The bite may be painless, frequently occurring at night when the patient moves in bed, disturbing the spider. The patient is often not aware of being bitten, but fang marks and bleeding may be present. Redness or a red mark appears to be a consistent finding in most patients. Local swelling is not significant soon after the bite. Itchiness may be prominent. Within 12 - 24 hours the bite site becomes erythematous, oedematous, painful, and may develop mottled haemorrhagic areas or blisters. After a couple of days the lesion may resemble a furuncle or carbuncle. In most cases the process is self-limiting. In the minority of cases the local lesion may be complicated by an aggressive, spreading cellulitis and a subcutaneous suppuration. The patient may present with a nonspecific systemic illness such as fever and malaise 3 - 5 days after the bite. Necrosis at the bite site may take 3 - 7 days to develop, often with an overlying necrotic eschar. The necrotic tissue detaches after about 2 - 3 weeks, leaving an ulcer. The resultant ulcer is slow to heal, with cycles of partial healing followed by breakdown, sometimes extending over months. In a small percentage of patients, violin spider bites may present with severe, sometimes life-threatening systemic illness with haemolysis, coagulopathy, shock, renal failure, and multiple organ damage (loxoscelism). This relatively rare systemic complication, however, has not been described/documented in southern Africa. Figs 17 and 18 show sac spider bite and local necrotic tissue. Differential diagnosis of necrotic arachnidism Necrotic arachnidism is an over-diagnosed clinical entity and is often a convenient diagnosis for unexplained local tissue injury/dermal necrosis. Recent studies have shown that almost all cases of suspected necrotic arachnidism were caused by other disease states. It is not uncommon for patients to present to healthcare facilities with signs and symptoms that they attribute to a spider bite. In the vast majority of cases, there is no positive history of the person actually having been bitten by a spider, and if so the spider is rarely caught and identified. The violin spider is often specifically blamed in areas where such bites are epidemiologically improbable or impossible. If there is no history of an actual bite, diagnosis and investigations must focus on other important causes of dermal necrotic ulcers. These include infectious (bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites), inflammatory, vascular, and neoplastic aetiologies. The following causes of dermal necrosis should be excluded in cases of suspected cytotoxic spider bites/necrotic arachnidism: • Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes soft-tissue infection. Necrotising subcutaneous infections caused by mixtures of aerobic and anaerobic pathogens (including Bacteroides) that cause necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue, including fascia. • Sporotrichosis. This is a skin infection caused by the saprophytic mold, Sporothrix schenckii, and is known to mimic necrotic arachnidism. • Tick and other arthropod bites. • Herpes zoster.	i don't know
Conkers are the fruit of which tree?	Horse Chestnut Horse Chestnut Find information, photos & videos by location. Add your photos, text, videos, etc. to this page. Cn� Capaill Latin name: Aesculus hippocastanum There are lots of horse chestnut trees in Ireland, but they are not actually a native tree. They are native to Asia and Greece. Do you know why they are called horse chestnuts? Some people say it’s because the trees have the strength of a horse! Enlarge image The leaves of the horse chestnut look like long, green fingers that spread out from the central stem. White, pink or yellow flowers appear in May, but it’s not until the autumn that we start to see the chestnuts falling from the trees. The fruit of the horse chestnut are these shiny brown chestnuts that are commonly known as ‘conkers’. They grow inside a thick, fleshy casing that has sharp little spikes on the outside to protect it. In the autumn, lots of these chestnuts can be found scattered on the ground all around the great horse chestnut trees, and you will often see children playing the game ‘conkers’. Do you ever played this game? If you do, be careful not to hurt your knuckles! Exploring Trees in the Park A Changing Libraries Initiative - This site and all content is made available under respective copyrights. See the copyright statement for details. Supported by the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government.	Aesculus hippocastanum
What corporation (as at 2011) owns and operates the Norton internet security product range?	BBC - Northamptonshire - A Sense Of Place - Conker bonkers top ten facts View print friendly version of this page Conkers are the fruit (or seeds) of horse chestnut trees (botanic name: Aesculus). Horse chestnut trees originally came from Albania and Greece. They weren't introduced to the UK until the 1600s. Before horse chestnuts were used to play conkers, snail-shells were used. Snail shells were sometimes called 'conkers'. The first recorded game of conkers was not until 1848. A favoured way of going conkering (collecting the conkers from a tree) is throwing sticks up into the tree's branches. In 2001, Norwich City Council suggested felling seven horse chestnut trees because they feared the conkers were a danger to pedestrians, who could slip on the mulch they leave behind. In October, 2001, Eamonn Dooley, from County Kilkenny, Ireland, smashed 306 conkers in an hour. Some schools have banned children from playing conkers because they are seen as 'dangerous weapons'. In 1999, the charity ActionAid applied to patent the game of conkers. It was protesting at companies trying to take out patents on existing crops, such as basmati rice, and the patenting of life forms. The wood of the horse chestnut tree used to be used to make artificial limbs, because it was light and easy to shape.	i don't know
Beehive, Chonmage and Hoxton Fin are types of what?	Mohawk hairstyle : definition of Mohawk hairstyle and synonyms of Mohawk hairstyle (English) "Iro" redirects here. For the former U.N. specialized agency, see International Refugee Organization . A young man wearing a mohawk Cossack musician with khokhol (ukr. Oseledets ) The mohawk (referred to in British English as a mohican) is a hairstyle in which, in the most common variety, both sides of the head are shaven, leaving a strip of noticeably longer hair in the center. Though mohawk is associated mostly with punk rock subculture, today it has entered mainstream fashion. The mohawk is also sometimes referred to as an iro in reference to the Iroquois , from whom the hairstyle is derived - though historically the hair was plucked out rather than shaved. Contents 6 References The "mohawk" name While the mohawk hairstyle takes its name from the people of the Mohawk nation , an indigenous people of North America who originally inhabited the Mohawk Valley in upstate New York , [1] the association comes from Hollywood and more specifically from the popular 1939 movie, Drums Along the Mohawk starring Henry Fonda. The Mohawk and the rest of the Iroquois confederacy (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Tuscarora and Oneida) in fact wore a square of hair on the back of the crown of the head. The Mohawk did not shave their heads when creating this square of hair, but rather pulled the hair out, small tufts at a time. The following is a first-hand account of James Smith, who was captured during the French and Indian war and adopted into the Mohawk tribe: "...[A] number of Indians collected about me and one of them began to pull hair out of my head. He had some ashes on a piece of bark in which he frequently dipped his fingers in order to take a firmer hold, and so he went on as if he had been plucking a turkey, until he had all the hair clean out of my head, except a small spot about three or four inches square on my crown the remaining hair was cut and three braids formed which were decorated...". Therefore a true hairstyle of the Mohawks was one of plucked-out hair, leaving a three-inch square of hair on the back crown of the head with three short braids of hair decorated. The three braids of a True Mohawk hairstyle are represented today on traditional headdresses of the Mohawk known as a "Gustoweh". Mohawk Gustoweh's have three upright eagle feathers that represent the three braids of long ago. Example of Gustowehs . When not decorated, the very short braids were allowed to hang loose as seen in Good Peter's image in the above-linked article. Historical use The hairstyle has been in existence in many parts of the world for millennia. For instance, the Clonycavan Man , a 2000-year-old male bog body discovered near Dublin in 2003, was found to be wearing a mohawk styled with plant oil and pine resin. [2] Artwork discovered at the Pazyryk burials dating back to 600 BCE depicts Scythian warriors sporting similar mohawks. The body of a warrior occupying one of the kurgans had been scalped earlier in life and wore a hair prosthesis in the form of a mohawk. [3] Amongst the Pawnee people , who historically lived along in present-day Nebraska and in northern Kansas , a "mohawk" hair style was common. Pawnee father and son, 1912 When going to war, 16th-century Ukrainian Cossacks would shave their heads, leaving a long central strip. This haircut was known as a khokhol and was often braided or tied in a topknot . [4] During World War II , many American GIs , notably paratroopers from the 101st Airborne Division wore mohawks to intimidate their enemies. It was also occasionally worn by America troops during the Vietnam War [5] [6] . In the early 1950s some jazz musicians, and even a few teenage girls, wore them. [7] Style and maintenance English punk with spike Mohawk Depending on how it is worn, the mohawk can be a high-maintenance style. Regular, careful shaving or trimming is required to maintain a clean line between the shaven and unshaven (or short and long) portions of the hair; this can be especially complicated in bi and tri hawks. If the hair is to be worn up, brushing, backcombing , blow-drying, and twisting are required, as well as the application of sprays and in some cases other holding agents like white or clear glue , egg whites , cornstarch , or gelatin . The amount of time required for styling may increase considerably with longer hair or complicated styles such as liberty spikes (sometimes known as a libertyhawk). Some wearers enhance the look of their mohawks with hair dyes. This too can require a great deal of initial effort and maintenance, especially in styles where the color(s) form an integral part of the style. In some cases, for example, mohawk-wearers who normally wear their hair up in a fan style dye the hair in even lines or stripes of color, either horizontal or vertical. Varieties Although a mohawk is most widely defined as a narrow, central strip of upright hair running from the forehead to the nape , with the sides of the head shaven, [8] [9] the term can be applied more loosely to various similar hairstyles, many of which have informal names. Two goths with backcombed deathhawks Classic (1970s-1980s) mohawks Mohawks or mohawk-like hairstyles can be cut in patterns deviating from the simple central strip. For example, a mohawk with multiple parallel strips of hair may be called a "bi-hawk" (for two strips), a "tri-hawk" (for three strips), etc. A hairstyle resembling a sideways mohawk, such as one that runs from ear to ear or temple to temple, is called a "crosshawk". " Liberty spikes " are spikes of hair in the mohawk instead of a row. The spikes can be of a single color, or dyed various colors. Bright colors are common, but when this style is worn by members of the goth subculture , it may be dyed in darker tones. The term also applies to this style when it is worn over the entire scalp. A "deathhawk" features voluminous teased or backcombed hair, and is common to the deathrock and goth subcultures. Small sections of hair left at the side of the head, just in front of the ears are known as "Deathlocks," "bat wings" or " devilocks ", and are normally associated with the deathhawk style. The "psychobilly mohawk" or " quiff " is the most common haircut for fans of psychobilly . It is in essence a pompadour with the sides shaved, similar to the haircut British National Service recruits received during basic training in the 1950s. A similar haircut has recently become popular among indie kids who often add a side or central parting in imitation of post- World War II veterans returning to civilian life in the 1950s A "frohawk" is occasionally seen on African American punks, ravers , and old-school hip-hop fans. Some include hair twists on the side, cornrows , or just pinning up the sides. This style, originally the traditional haircut for warriors of the African Mandinka tribe, was popularized by actor Mr T . A Chelsea hawk is a mohawk with bangs, generally popular with females. Oi! skinheads , as depicted in the movies This is England and Combat Girl, keep a long fringe at the front but shave the back and sides. A longer version of the haircut dyed black is sometimes worn by emo girls. Modern (post-1990) mohawks Wattie Buchan of the UK punk band The Exploited sporting a dreadhawk Reverse mohawk A dreaded mohawk is a "dreadhawk". This is often worn by members of the crust punk , dubstep , and goth subcultures . For rivetheads , cybergoths and ravers , artificial hair falls are added, usually in bright neon colors. A "lazy hawk" is a typical Mohawk, except left unstyled, resting on the wearer's head, and can be seen in The Marvel Comics character Daken (Wolverine's son), who is shown since his birth with a mohawk (long with the sides shaven). A mohawk styled like a fan is a fanhawk. A variant of this is the "rayhawk," a short mohawk dyed bright blue; it is named due to the popularity of the style among Tampa Bay Rays players. The style has become popular among 'Rays fans. A "warhawk" is a very short mohawk (0–3 inches). Examples include videogame characters Joseph Turok and John "Soap" McTavish , fictional taxi driver Travis Bickle , mixed-martial artist Chuck Liddell , and singer Ivan Moody . A wide mohawk extending almost to the temples is referred to as a "shark fin". Shark fins are popular among the British chav and raver subcultures. The back is shaved into a V-shape and it is usually spiked and bleached blond. This is also known as a "V-cut mohawk". A similar haircut is worn by some emo and pop-punk fans. A mohawk that starts on the occiput and runs down into a rattail or mullet ponytail is a "rat-hawk". Rather than the strip of longer hair in the center of the scalp, a "reverse mohawk", also known as a "nohawk", or "hawkmo" features a shaved strip from the forehead to the nape of the neck leaving hair on either side of the line. Fauxhawk variants British punk with fauxhawk A fauxhawk or "fohawk" copies the style of a mohawk, but without shaving the sides of the head. [10] The fauxhawk is typically worn with a small but noticeable spike in the middle, though usually considerably shorter than many traditional mohawks. The style re-emerged in the early 2000s, with one of the popularly known wearers being David Beckham . The fauxhawk is known in the Hoxton and Shoreditch districts of London as the "Hoxton fin". [11] A fauxhawk where the hair down the center of the head is longer than the hair on the sides is a "euro-hawk". Sometimes the top of the hair is long enough to cover up the shorter sides when combed down. Some of the more popular sports figures and fashion models can be found wearing euro-hawks in various lengths, textures and colors. The mohawk has been a style mostly seen on punk rockers and the like, but fauxhawks and euro-hawks have transcended to all hair types. The ponyhawk or pony hawk is a type of euro-hawk created by a row of ponytails going down the middle of the head. This look was worn by contestant Sanjaya Malakar on an episode of the television series American Idol . [12] A "curly hawk" or "curl-hawk" is similar to the fauxhawk, this lesser known hawk is in traditional faux style but consists of long thin curls. Having been made famous by Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen during the early years of Full House , this is most commonly sported by infants. See also	Hairstyles
What is a plane figure with nine straight sides and nine angles?	Mohawk hairstyle : definition of Mohawk hairstyle and synonyms of Mohawk hairstyle (English) "Iro" redirects here. For the former U.N. specialized agency, see International Refugee Organization . A young man wearing a mohawk Cossack musician with khokhol (ukr. Oseledets ) The mohawk (referred to in British English as a mohican) is a hairstyle in which, in the most common variety, both sides of the head are shaven, leaving a strip of noticeably longer hair in the center. Though mohawk is associated mostly with punk rock subculture, today it has entered mainstream fashion. The mohawk is also sometimes referred to as an iro in reference to the Iroquois , from whom the hairstyle is derived - though historically the hair was plucked out rather than shaved. Contents 6 References The "mohawk" name While the mohawk hairstyle takes its name from the people of the Mohawk nation , an indigenous people of North America who originally inhabited the Mohawk Valley in upstate New York , [1] the association comes from Hollywood and more specifically from the popular 1939 movie, Drums Along the Mohawk starring Henry Fonda. The Mohawk and the rest of the Iroquois confederacy (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Tuscarora and Oneida) in fact wore a square of hair on the back of the crown of the head. The Mohawk did not shave their heads when creating this square of hair, but rather pulled the hair out, small tufts at a time. The following is a first-hand account of James Smith, who was captured during the French and Indian war and adopted into the Mohawk tribe: "...[A] number of Indians collected about me and one of them began to pull hair out of my head. He had some ashes on a piece of bark in which he frequently dipped his fingers in order to take a firmer hold, and so he went on as if he had been plucking a turkey, until he had all the hair clean out of my head, except a small spot about three or four inches square on my crown the remaining hair was cut and three braids formed which were decorated...". Therefore a true hairstyle of the Mohawks was one of plucked-out hair, leaving a three-inch square of hair on the back crown of the head with three short braids of hair decorated. The three braids of a True Mohawk hairstyle are represented today on traditional headdresses of the Mohawk known as a "Gustoweh". Mohawk Gustoweh's have three upright eagle feathers that represent the three braids of long ago. Example of Gustowehs . When not decorated, the very short braids were allowed to hang loose as seen in Good Peter's image in the above-linked article. Historical use The hairstyle has been in existence in many parts of the world for millennia. For instance, the Clonycavan Man , a 2000-year-old male bog body discovered near Dublin in 2003, was found to be wearing a mohawk styled with plant oil and pine resin. [2] Artwork discovered at the Pazyryk burials dating back to 600 BCE depicts Scythian warriors sporting similar mohawks. The body of a warrior occupying one of the kurgans had been scalped earlier in life and wore a hair prosthesis in the form of a mohawk. [3] Amongst the Pawnee people , who historically lived along in present-day Nebraska and in northern Kansas , a "mohawk" hair style was common. Pawnee father and son, 1912 When going to war, 16th-century Ukrainian Cossacks would shave their heads, leaving a long central strip. This haircut was known as a khokhol and was often braided or tied in a topknot . [4] During World War II , many American GIs , notably paratroopers from the 101st Airborne Division wore mohawks to intimidate their enemies. It was also occasionally worn by America troops during the Vietnam War [5] [6] . In the early 1950s some jazz musicians, and even a few teenage girls, wore them. [7] Style and maintenance English punk with spike Mohawk Depending on how it is worn, the mohawk can be a high-maintenance style. Regular, careful shaving or trimming is required to maintain a clean line between the shaven and unshaven (or short and long) portions of the hair; this can be especially complicated in bi and tri hawks. If the hair is to be worn up, brushing, backcombing , blow-drying, and twisting are required, as well as the application of sprays and in some cases other holding agents like white or clear glue , egg whites , cornstarch , or gelatin . The amount of time required for styling may increase considerably with longer hair or complicated styles such as liberty spikes (sometimes known as a libertyhawk). Some wearers enhance the look of their mohawks with hair dyes. This too can require a great deal of initial effort and maintenance, especially in styles where the color(s) form an integral part of the style. In some cases, for example, mohawk-wearers who normally wear their hair up in a fan style dye the hair in even lines or stripes of color, either horizontal or vertical. Varieties Although a mohawk is most widely defined as a narrow, central strip of upright hair running from the forehead to the nape , with the sides of the head shaven, [8] [9] the term can be applied more loosely to various similar hairstyles, many of which have informal names. Two goths with backcombed deathhawks Classic (1970s-1980s) mohawks Mohawks or mohawk-like hairstyles can be cut in patterns deviating from the simple central strip. For example, a mohawk with multiple parallel strips of hair may be called a "bi-hawk" (for two strips), a "tri-hawk" (for three strips), etc. A hairstyle resembling a sideways mohawk, such as one that runs from ear to ear or temple to temple, is called a "crosshawk". " Liberty spikes " are spikes of hair in the mohawk instead of a row. The spikes can be of a single color, or dyed various colors. Bright colors are common, but when this style is worn by members of the goth subculture , it may be dyed in darker tones. The term also applies to this style when it is worn over the entire scalp. A "deathhawk" features voluminous teased or backcombed hair, and is common to the deathrock and goth subcultures. Small sections of hair left at the side of the head, just in front of the ears are known as "Deathlocks," "bat wings" or " devilocks ", and are normally associated with the deathhawk style. The "psychobilly mohawk" or " quiff " is the most common haircut for fans of psychobilly . It is in essence a pompadour with the sides shaved, similar to the haircut British National Service recruits received during basic training in the 1950s. A similar haircut has recently become popular among indie kids who often add a side or central parting in imitation of post- World War II veterans returning to civilian life in the 1950s A "frohawk" is occasionally seen on African American punks, ravers , and old-school hip-hop fans. Some include hair twists on the side, cornrows , or just pinning up the sides. This style, originally the traditional haircut for warriors of the African Mandinka tribe, was popularized by actor Mr T . A Chelsea hawk is a mohawk with bangs, generally popular with females. Oi! skinheads , as depicted in the movies This is England and Combat Girl, keep a long fringe at the front but shave the back and sides. A longer version of the haircut dyed black is sometimes worn by emo girls. Modern (post-1990) mohawks Wattie Buchan of the UK punk band The Exploited sporting a dreadhawk Reverse mohawk A dreaded mohawk is a "dreadhawk". This is often worn by members of the crust punk , dubstep , and goth subcultures . For rivetheads , cybergoths and ravers , artificial hair falls are added, usually in bright neon colors. A "lazy hawk" is a typical Mohawk, except left unstyled, resting on the wearer's head, and can be seen in The Marvel Comics character Daken (Wolverine's son), who is shown since his birth with a mohawk (long with the sides shaven). A mohawk styled like a fan is a fanhawk. A variant of this is the "rayhawk," a short mohawk dyed bright blue; it is named due to the popularity of the style among Tampa Bay Rays players. The style has become popular among 'Rays fans. A "warhawk" is a very short mohawk (0–3 inches). Examples include videogame characters Joseph Turok and John "Soap" McTavish , fictional taxi driver Travis Bickle , mixed-martial artist Chuck Liddell , and singer Ivan Moody . A wide mohawk extending almost to the temples is referred to as a "shark fin". Shark fins are popular among the British chav and raver subcultures. The back is shaved into a V-shape and it is usually spiked and bleached blond. This is also known as a "V-cut mohawk". A similar haircut is worn by some emo and pop-punk fans. A mohawk that starts on the occiput and runs down into a rattail or mullet ponytail is a "rat-hawk". Rather than the strip of longer hair in the center of the scalp, a "reverse mohawk", also known as a "nohawk", or "hawkmo" features a shaved strip from the forehead to the nape of the neck leaving hair on either side of the line. Fauxhawk variants British punk with fauxhawk A fauxhawk or "fohawk" copies the style of a mohawk, but without shaving the sides of the head. [10] The fauxhawk is typically worn with a small but noticeable spike in the middle, though usually considerably shorter than many traditional mohawks. The style re-emerged in the early 2000s, with one of the popularly known wearers being David Beckham . The fauxhawk is known in the Hoxton and Shoreditch districts of London as the "Hoxton fin". [11] A fauxhawk where the hair down the center of the head is longer than the hair on the sides is a "euro-hawk". Sometimes the top of the hair is long enough to cover up the shorter sides when combed down. Some of the more popular sports figures and fashion models can be found wearing euro-hawks in various lengths, textures and colors. The mohawk has been a style mostly seen on punk rockers and the like, but fauxhawks and euro-hawks have transcended to all hair types. The ponyhawk or pony hawk is a type of euro-hawk created by a row of ponytails going down the middle of the head. This look was worn by contestant Sanjaya Malakar on an episode of the television series American Idol . [12] A "curly hawk" or "curl-hawk" is similar to the fauxhawk, this lesser known hawk is in traditional faux style but consists of long thin curls. Having been made famous by Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen during the early years of Full House , this is most commonly sported by infants. See also	i don't know
The classic 1892 comedy novel written by George and Weedon Grossmith is 'Diary of a 'what'?	George Grossmith (Author of The Diary of a Nobody) edit data George Grossmith was an English comedian, writer, composer, actor, and singer. His performing career spanned more than four decades. As a writer and composer, he created 18 comic operas, nearly 100 musical sketches, some 600 songs and piano pieces, three books and both serious and comic pieces for newspapers and magazines. Grossmith is best remembered for two aspects of his career. First, he created a series of nine memorable characters in the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan from 1877 to 1889, including Sir Joseph Porter, in H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), the Major-General in The Pirates of Penzance (1880) and Ko-Ko in The Mikado (1885–87). Second, he wrote, in collaboration with his brother Weedon, the 1892 comic novel Diary of a Nobody. Gros George Grossmith was an English comedian, writer, composer, actor, and singer. His performing career spanned more than four decades. As a writer and composer, he created 18 comic operas, nearly 100 musical sketches, some 600 songs and piano pieces, three books and both serious and comic pieces for newspapers and magazines. Grossmith is best remembered for two aspects of his career. First, he created a series of nine memorable characters in the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan from 1877 to 1889, including Sir Joseph Porter, in H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), the Major-General in The Pirates of Penzance (1880) and Ko-Ko in The Mikado (1885–87). Second, he wrote, in collaboration with his brother Weedon, the 1892 comic novel Diary of a Nobody. Grossmith was also famous in his day for performing his own comic piano sketches and songs, both before and after his Gilbert and Sullivan days, becoming the most popular British solo performer of the 1890s. Some of his comic songs endure today, including "See Me Dance the Polka". He continued to perform into the first decade of the 20th century. His son, George Grossmith, Jr., became a famous actor, playwright and producer of Edwardian musical comedies. ...more	Nobody
How many cubic inches are in a cubic foot?	The Diary of a Nobody: Amazon.it: George Grossmith, Weedon Grossmith: Libri in altre lingue 4 di 4 persone hanno trovato utile la seguente recensione 5.0 su 5 stelle Falling down funny, perfectly pitched satire 28 dicembre 2011 Di C. Ebeling - Pubblicato su Amazon.com Formato: Copertina flessibile Acquisto verificato Mr. Charles Pooter, a middle-class, middle-aged suburban Londoner in the late Victorian Era, decides to keep a diary. After all, it seems like everyone is publishing their diaries, so why shouldn't he? His only regret is that he had not begun the diary sooner. When part of the way through this hilarious story related through his daily entries it seems that someone ripped out several pages to use for fire kindling, he says to his loyal wife and impudent son that he had hoped the diary would be a fond remembrance of him after he died and possibly that having it published could bring them some remuneration. His loved ones cannot suppress their laughter. The biggest joke is that in fact, this diary of a dedicated clerk in an old-fashioned accounting firm, who has done little else in his life and is quite comfortable with the status quo, is eternally priceless on for its comedy and what it reveals about the Victorian middle-class life and preoccupations that it satirizes. If Mr. Pooter and his friends represent a culture that has grown complacent and overly interested in its own hobby horses and etiquette, his adult son Lupin is the brash younger generation that seeks entertainment and gratification without apology, shaking off musty traditions. The Grossmith brothers--George largely wrote this and Weedon illustrated it as a magazine serial--had no idea that they were creating a historical document as much as a giddy entertainment. The comedy is absolutely winning. The Grossmiths don't sell Mr. Pooter down the river entirely--they allow him competence at work, some self awareness and wounded dignity--but every diary entry usually sets up his hopes and schemes only to be reported as dashed in the next. Long before Rodney Dangerfield complained that he didn't get respect, Mr. Pooter had every right to cry that out as younger clerks, the neighbors, his son, his son's friends and the servants feel free to regularly contradict and insult him. There is plenty of physical comedy and fashion gone bad. And there is that voice of Mr. Pooter, at once plaintive, hopeful, clueless, sweet but not stupid, who always picks himself up after a fall. 5.0 su 5 stelle Undiluted Late-Victorian Brilliance 14 gennaio 2014 Di Alexander Gaya - Pubblicato su Amazon.com Formato: Copertina flessibile Acquisto verificato If you, like myself, are a neo-Victorian, you will "laugh till the bed shakes", as the hero of this 'diary' (and yes, 'hero' is the right word) himself does at his own punny jokes. Ten pages in and half as many persons have tripped over the mud scraper…an unmanageable young son with 'forward' slang…squabbles with servants, old friends and unpleasant new acquaintances…trouble at work…social embarrassments…everything a lover of Dickens could ask for and more. Even if you don't live and breathe top hats (Posh three-shilling hats, rather), you will probably get a kick or two out of this, especially if you erupt in mirthquakes whilst paging through it in a public library or at the doctor's office. The edition by Wordsworth Classics, besides being a steal at the price, is splendid in every respect. The footnotes are somewhat overattentive for me, but will serve most readers very well; it is far better to have a footnote too many than a footnote too few. The introduction by Professor Michael Irwin (University of Kent at Canterbury) is excellent (and should be read, like most introductions, after completion of the main contents). I heartily endorse the sentiments expressed on the back cover: "If you don't recognize yourself as some point in 'The Diary' you are probably less than human. If you can read it without laughing aloud you have no sense of humour." 5.0 su 5 stelle You will - eventually - like this character! 23 giugno 2012 Di John the Reader - Pubblicato su Amazon.com Formato: Copertina flessibile Acquisto verificato In my youth there was a BBC Radio program called ITMA - It's That Man Again. I kept running across a certain Charles Pooter and references to his diaries in much of my reading. Eventually I realized, from the comments that indicated sheer pleasure, that this was a book I should own and read, even if it was just fiction. I very quickly read and enjoyed this little book that I shelved it, for a later reread, and forgot to review it. Why is that important - just another reader's review after all - because people who enjoy reading, and have a sense of wit, need to know of it ... do read it! "I fail to see" said Mr. Pooter to himself one day," - because I do not happen to be a 'Somebody'-why my diary should not be interesting and published." So publish he does, or rather two brothers, George and Weedon Grossmith created and publish a series of humorous articles for the magazine Punch that were eventually published in 1892 as the book Diary of a Nobody. Mr. Pooter soon proves to us that he certainly is not a "Somebody" but the little details of his so little life are surprisingly engaging and eventually, as you close and shelve the book, you find that you can feel at least a "warm regard" for this character. Of course, few of us will be able to hold him in the highly pretentious regard he holds himself, or enjoy his "puns" and little jokes quite as much as he does! But most readers will find they have a chuckling sympathy for Mr. Pooter's struggle for a decent life. 1 di 1 persone hanno trovato utile la seguente recensione 5.0 su 5 stelle One of the great, small classics from England 3 febbraio 2014 Di bingo - Pubblicato su Amazon.com Formato: Copertina rigida Acquisto verificato In England it seems everyone born before 1950 has read or at least knows of this book. It is a gentle tale of a middle aged couple, the Pooters, with modest expectations of life, a modest way of living, clear ideas about the world as they see it. And the little tale ends happily. Yet the beginnings of a changing world are hinted at in the life of their son Lupin. One of those books so well written that it doesn't seem to be "written" at all. 1 di 1 persone hanno trovato utile la seguente recensione	i don't know
Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) affects which insect?	Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Implications for Honey Bee Health Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Implications for Honey Bee Health Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Microarray Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation USDA-ARS Bovine Functional Genomic Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation USDA-ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation USDA-ARS Biometrical Consulting Services, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People‚s Republic of China ⨯ Affiliation College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People‚s Republic of China ⨯ Affiliation Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, People‚s Republic of China ⨯ Affiliation Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, People‚s Republic of China ⨯ Affiliation Institute for Environmental Genomics (IEG), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Institute for Environmental Genomics (IEG), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Institute for Environmental Genomics (IEG), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America ⨯ Affiliation Sericulture and Apiculture Department, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA Suwon, Republic of Korea ⨯ Affiliation Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios/SAA-SP, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Brazil ⨯ Affiliation College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People‚s Republic of China ⨯ Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America ⨯ Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Implications for Honey Bee Health Yan Ping Chen, Figures Abstract Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is a widespread RNA virus of honey bees that has been linked with colony losses. Here we describe the transmission, prevalence, and genetic traits of this virus, along with host transcriptional responses to infections. Further, we present RNAi-based strategies for limiting an important mechanism used by IAPV to subvert host defenses. Our study shows that IAPV is established as a persistent infection in honey bee populations, likely enabled by both horizontal and vertical transmission pathways. The phenotypic differences in pathology among different strains of IAPV found globally may be due to high levels of standing genetic variation. Microarray profiles of host responses to IAPV infection revealed that mitochondrial function is the most significantly affected biological process, suggesting that viral infection causes significant disturbance in energy-related host processes. The expression of genes involved in immune pathways in adult bees indicates that IAPV infection triggers active immune responses. The evidence that silencing an IAPV-encoded putative suppressor of RNAi reduces IAPV replication suggests a functional assignment for a particular genomic region of IAPV and closely related viruses from the Family Dicistroviridae, and indicates a novel therapeutic strategy for limiting multiple honey bee viruses simultaneously and reducing colony losses due to viral diseases. We believe that the knowledge and insights gained from this study will provide a new platform for continuing studies of the IAPV–host interactions and have positive implications for disease management that will lead to mitigation of escalating honey bee colony losses worldwide. Author Summary The mysterious outbreak of honey bee Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in the US in 2006–2007 has attracted massive media attention and created great concerns over the effects of various risk factors on bee health. Understanding the factors that are linked to the honey bee colony declines may provide insights for managing similar incidents in the future. We conducted this study to elucidate traits of a key honey bee virus, Israeli acute paralysis virus. We then developed an innovative strategy to control virus levels. The knowledge and insights gained from this study will have positive implications for bee disease management, helping to mitigate worldwide colony losses. Citation: Chen YP, Pettis JS, Corona M, Chen WP, Li CJ, Spivak M, et al. (2014) Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Implications for Honey Bee Health. PLoS Pathog 10(7): e1004261. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261 Editor: David S. Schneider, Stanford University, United States of America Received: January 9, 2014; Accepted: June 6, 2014; Published: July 31, 2014 This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. Funding: This research was supported by the USDA-CAP grant (2009-85118-05718). WIL and GP received support from NIH award AI1057158 (Northeast Biodefense Center-Lipkin) and the Department of Defense. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Introduction Honey bees are the most economically valuable pollinators of agricultural crops worldwide. In the U.S. alone, the value of agricultural crops pollinated by bees each year is more than $17 billion dollars [1] . In 2006, an enigmatic phenomenon labeled Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) was observed in U.S. beekeeping operations. CCD is defined as an unusually sudden decrease in the numbers of worker honey bees, without expected signs of disease, starvation, or reproductive failure [2] . Such rapid declines have been observed throughout the history of beekeeping, and their causes often remain enigmatic. Since 2006, colony losses have been noted in beekeeping operations in much of the world [3] , posing a significant threat to the pollination of many agricultural crops [4] . There is no single agent yet identified that causes CCD. Instead, it appears that CCD results from a combination of factors that include pathogens/parasites, pesticides, malnutrition, environmental stress, low genetic diversity, and migratory beekeeping practices. It is also conceivable that synergistic effects of two or more insults are behind recent declines. To that end, there is some evidence that interactions between pathogens and neuro-active pesticides can synergistically affect honey bee mortality, contributing to colony depopulation [5] , [6] . An early survey [7] of healthy and CCD-affected colonies in the U.S. found a significant correlation between CCD-affected colonies and Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), an RNA virus first identified in 2004 [8] . The result drew immediately international attention to the risks of virus infection in honey bees. The role of IAPV in triggering colony declines, alone or in concert with other factors, remains a research priority. The parasitic mite Varroa destructor has long been considered the primary threat to honey bees [9] , in part because this mites serves as a vector of honey bee viruses [10] . For example, levels of Deformed wing virus (DWV), a common virus that has killed billions of honey bees across the globe, are greatly increased following Varroa transmission [11] . A recent study showed that Varroa mites can also serve as vectors of IAPV; furthermore, the mite/virus association was shown to reduce host immunity and promote elevated levels of IAPV replication [12] , providing more evidence for the damaging effects of viruses associated with Varroa mite infestations. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of pathogenesis, transmission and genetic diversity of IAPV in honey bees and evaluated the impacts of IAPV infection on colony losses. We also determined the global transcriptional profiles of honey bee responses to viral infection. Finally, we examined the inhibitory effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets putative virus-encoded proteins (VSR) on IAPV replication. The replication of single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses results in the synthesis of complementary negative-stranded RNA, thereby producing dsRNA replicative intermediates that are attractive targets for defenses based on RNA interference. To counteract host RNAi antiviral defense, viruses have evolved strategies to suppress the antiviral effects of RNAi. A recent study with Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) showed that the sequences upstream of a highly conserved sequence (DVEXNPGP) within the N-terminal region of CrPV ORF-1 encode a potent suppressor that mutes the RNAi antiviral defense in Drosophila [13] . As a result, we speculated that IAPV may possess a similar mechanism to counteract the antiviral response of hosts. We believe that knowledge gained from this study will lead to better understanding of the dynamics of virus disease pathogenesis in honey bees and help mitigate escalating colony losses worldwide. Results IAPV attacks every stage and caste of honey bees and causes systemic infection in honey bees Although the bee colonies in this study showed no clinical signs of infection, IAPV was found widely in surveyed honey bees colonies. IAPV-positive PCR signal was detected in eggs, larvae, pupae, adult workers, drones, and queens as well as V. destructor that fed on the bees ( Figure 1A ). In addition, IAPV-specific PCR signal was also detected in royal jelly, honey, pollen, queen feces and drone semen collected from IAPV positive colonies ( Figure 1B ). Strand specific RT-qPCR assays revealed that IAPV causes systemic infection in honey bees. IAPV replication was detected in hemolymph, brain, fat body, salivary gland, hypopharyngeal gland, gut, nerve, trachea, and muscle. However, the relative abundance of negative stranded RNA copies of IAPV in the different tissues varied significantly. The hemolymph (i.e., hemocytes) harbored the lowest level of IAPV among the examined tissues and therefore was chosen as the calibrator. The difference in IAPV abundance in other tissues relative to hemolymph ranged from 2.23- to 167-fold in the following order from lowest to highest concentration: muscle<fat body<brain<trachea<salivary gland<hypopharyngeal gland<nerve<gut ( Figure 2A ). In situ hybridization showed IAPV specific signals localized in egg, gut, ovaries, and spermatheca of infected queens. Download: original image Figure 1. Detection of IAPV infection in a representative honey bee colony. (A) Gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR amplification for specific detection of IAPV from samples of worker eggs, worker larvae, worker pupae, adult workers, drones, queens and parasitic mites, Varroa destructor collected from the same colony. (B) Gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR amplification for specific detection of IAPV from samples of colony foods, queen feces, and drone semen. For both A and B, a PCR band of 586 bp indicating the IAPV infection is observed in examined samples. original image Figure 2. Relative abundance of negative strand RNA of IAPV genome copies in different tissues of honey bees and in situ hybridization analysis of queen somatic and germ tissues. (A) The hemolymph harbored the minimal level of IAPV and therefore was chosen as a calibrator. The concentration of negative strand RNA of IAPV in other tissues was compared with the calibrator and expressed as n-fold change. The y-axis depicts fold change relative to the calibrator. (B) The slides were not hybridized with DIG-labeled IAPV probe (top row, negative control) and the slides were hybridized with DIG-labeled IAPV probe (bottom row). Positive signal is dark blue to purple and the negative areas are pink in color. The infected tissues of queen gut, ovary, spermatheca and queen eggs are indicated by a dark blue/purple color. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261.g002 Colony traits and IAPV infection IAPV was found to be the third most common virus infection in bee colonies after DWV and Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV). Over the 4-year study period, the infection IAPV detected in the brood was significantly higher than in adult bees (p<0.001). When we divided our experimental bee colonies into those with more than ten frames covered with adult workers and more than six frames filled with brood and food stores (‘strong’) versus those with fewer than ten frames of adult bees, less than six combs with brood and small patches of food stores (‘weak’), we found a measurable difference in IAPV infection levels. The average rate of IAPV infection per month was 49% for brood and 19.5% for adults in weak colonies and 26% for brood and 3.25% for adults in strong colonies. The overall rate of IAPV infection in weak colonies was significantly higher than in the strong colonies (p<0.01 for brood and p<0.001 for adults). While no statistically significant seasonal variation in IAPV infection was observed in the strong colonies, the infection rate of IAPV in adult bees in weak colonies increased from spring to summer and fall and peaked in winter. While strong colonies in our survey survived through the cold winter months, almost all weak colonies collapsed before February ( Figure 3 ). While strong colonies in our survey survived through the cold winter months, almost all weak colonies collapsed before February ( Figure 3 ). Download: original image Figure 3. Average prevalence of IAPV infection in a single month. (A) Strong colonies. (B) Weak colonies. For both strong and weak colonies, the prevalence of IAPV infection in the brood was significantly higher than in adult bees. While strong colonies did not exhibit significant seasonal variation in IAPV infection, the infection rate of IAPV in adult bees in weak colonies increased from Spring to Summer and Fall and peaked in the Winter. All strong colonies survived through the cold winter months while the weak colonies collapsed before February. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261.g003 High genetic diversity exists between different strains of IAPV The complete genomes of IAPV strains collected in the US states of Maryland, California, and Pennsylvania were obtained by direct sequencing of overlapping RT-PCR fragments and partial sequences from both 5′UTR and 3′UTR and deposited in GenBank with accession numbers, EU224279, EU218534, and EU224280, respectively. Comparison of US, Chinese and Australian IAPV strains with the first reported Israeli IAPV strain at the genome level showed a significant genetic divergence among different strains, providing evidence of quasi-species dynamics in IAPV populations. The polymorphisms in IAPV were found more frequently in 5′ UTR and functional protein coding regions compared to the capsid protein coding region and 3′ UTR ( Figure 4A ). Phylogenetic analysis using full-length viral genomes showed that the Australian IAPV strain constitutes the earliest lineage of the phylogenetic tree. The US strains branch to form a distinct lineage distantly related to the Israeli and Chinese strains of IAPV ( Figure 4B ). Download: original image Figure 4. Genome-wide sequence diversity and phylogenetic relationship of IAPV isolates. (A) A graphical representation of the pair-wise global alignments of the reference sequence of IAPV (NC_009025), the first complete sequence of IAPV, with other IAPV genome sequences individually. This figure is retrieved from GenBank and modified. The alignments were pre-computed using the “band” version of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm. The top histogram shows the average density of nucleotide changes (excluding gaps, insertions and undetermined nucleotides) in all additional sequences per a reference sequence segment. The length of the segment is equal to the length of the reference sequence divided by the width of its graphical representation (in pixels). The deletions, insertions and differences among the sequences are highlighted in blue, green and red-violet, respectively. If no significant alignment could be obtained for a particular sequence, no horizontal bar is shown. (B) Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of IAPV strains from different geographic locations globally. Numbers at each node represent bootstrap values as percentages of 500. Individual sequences are labeled with their GenBank accession numbers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261.g004 IAPV infection results in more significant changes in gene expression in adult bees than in brood The results of microarray analyses yielded a large group of differentially expressed genes. The principal component analysis (PCA) mapping showed that the total accumulative variance of the first three PCs was 78% for adult and 67.4% for brood, respectively, and suggested that two kinds of experimental populations (IAPV positive vs IAPV negative) were well separated for both adults and brood. The cluster analysis showed overall similar data patterns ( Figure S3A and B ), indicating that inter-individual differences had a minimum effect on gene expression data. The treatment variance (IAPV-infected versus uninfected) was significantly higher than error variance for both adult bees and brood (both p<0.01) ( Figure S3C ). This confirmed that variation among samples was largely due to IAPV and suggested the good data quality for two ANOVA data analysis in both adults and brood. The distribution of differentially expressed genes in both adults and brood are presented by volcano plots ( Figure S3D ). All microarray data were deposited in the NCBI public database with accession number GSE46278. Overall, the transcriptional response to IAPV infection was substantially different between adults and brood. There were 2,522 up-regulated and 2,093 down-regulated genes identified in IAPV-positive adults, but only 825 up-regulated and 525 down-regulated genes identified in IAPV-positive brood with a very small fraction of overlapping genes between the two groups ( Figure 5A ). Of the up-regulated and down-regulated genes, overlapping genes between adult and brood were 268 and 68, respectively. A heat map illustrates the differential expression of enriched functional genes between adults and brood ( Figure 5B ). Of the genes transcriptionally altered by IAPV infection, 2,150 genes identified in adults and 716 genes identified in brood could be assigned a putative function based on orthology to D. melanogaster genes. The GO-enriched analysis of the genes that displayed fold-changes of more than 1.5 (False Discovery Rate adjusted ρ value≤0.05) and had putative D. melanogaster orthologs by the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) revealed major functional clusters including metabolism, host cell transcription, signal transduction, cell cycle, hormone synthesis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, autophagy, and innate immune response ( Table S1 and S2 ). The majority of genes with up-regulated expression were related to the regulation of signaling transduction and immune response, while the majority of those with down-regulated expression were involved with metabolic energy generation. Of the top functional clusters, genes that were related to immune response functions were of particular interest in this study. Download: original image Figure 5. An overview of gene expression profiles in IAPV infected adults and brood. (A) Venn graph compares regulated genes between adult and brood. The intersecting circles indicate overlapping genes between adult and brood. Of 4615 genes with altered expression in IAPV-positive adult and 1350 genes with altered expression in IAPV-positive brood, the number of overlapping genes between adults and brood was 336. (B) A heat map illustrates differential expression profiles of up- and down- regulated genes for adults and brood. The number of genes with altered expression was significantly higher in IAPV infected adult than in IAPV infected brood. The relative levels of gene expression are depicted using a color scale where blue indicates the lowest and red indicates the highest level of expression. Significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms of up- and down regulated gene clusters inducted by IAPV infection (ρ≤0.05) appear on the right side of the heat map. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261.g005 We examined the integrated networks and pathways of genes that were up- and down- regulated in response to IAPV infection. The global canonical pathway analysis of 2,150 genes identified in adults using the Ingenuity Pathway Knowledge Base led to identification of five top canonical pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, TCA cycle II, protein ubiquitination pathway, eIF2 signaling and γ-glutamyl cycle, with mitochondrial dysfunction (37 molecules, ρ-value 3.93E-17) as the most significantly affected pathway. Among five significantly disturbed canonical pathways, four showed significant up-regulation and only the γ-glutamyl cycle pathway showed significant down-regulation. The analysis of 716 IAPV regulated genes in brood identified five top canonical pathways, eIF2 signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, mTOR signaling, TCA cycle II, regulation of eIF4 and P70S6K signaling, with eIF2 signaling (25 molecules, ρ-value 6.15E-16) as the most significantly affected canonical pathway. All pathways showed significant up-regulation. Among 25 networks identified, one was centered by viral infection in adults ( Figure 6 ) and contains both up- and down- regulated genes that are involved in pathways related to host defense responses such as oxidative phosphorylation, ABC transporter, endocytosis, phagocytosis, TGF-beta signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, JAK-STAT pathway, and lysosome. Download: original image Figure 6. Regulated molecules that are involved in host metabolism and immunity. The figure illustrates a network predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis that is centered by viral infection and associated with molecules involved in host energy metabolism and immunity. Solid and dashed connecting lines indicate the presence of direct and indirect interactions, respectively. Nodes indicate input of genes into the pathway analysis and the different symbols indicate gene functions (Legend in bottom left). The intensity of the node color-(red) indicates the degree of up-regulation while the intensity of the node color-(green) indicates the degree of down-regulation. The numbers shown in each node indicates the fold change in response to IAPV infection. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261.g006 IAPV infection triggers multiple immune signaling in adult bees. qRT-PCR confirmation of immune related genes showed the components of the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway including Cbl, STAT, PIAS, and Hopscotch had ≤2 fold elevated expression in response to IAPV infection. The components of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway including GβL, MO25, Dmel, and eIF4B had ≤2 fold elevated expression in response to IAPV infection. The expression of genes including Pointed, Phi, and Corkscrew that had functional association with Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) pathway was upregulated to 2.3-, 2.91- and 1.92-fold respectively, in response to IAPV infection. The expression of genes EGFR, PastI, Rabenosysn, and CG1115, involved in endocytosis was also upregulated by 2.1-, 3.18-, 1.88-, and 3.1- fold, respectively. IAPV infection also caused the down-regulation of mTOR pathway gene such as Raptor, MAPK pathway genes, TII and Ras, and endocytosis gene CG6259 ranging from −2.14 to −3.9 fold. qRT-PCR analysis of immune related genes in IAPV-infected adults showed considerable concordance with the normalized microarray data ( Figure 7 ). Download: original image Figure 7. Expression levels of immune-related transcripts in IAPV infected adults. The expression levels of genes that were assigned to JAK-STAT, mTOR, MAPK and Endocytosis pathways were measured by microarray analysis and further confirmed using TaqMan RT-qPCR. The expression results obtained from microarray and qRT-PCR analyses showed good alignment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261.g007 Identification of a putative viral interference protein The sequence motif of DIEENPGP was identified in the N-terminal region of ORF-1of IAPV and other members of the Dicistroviridae family infecting honey bees such as KBV, and ABPV, where the uppercase letters of the sequence motif indicates residues with absolute sequence conservation ( Figure 8A ). An RNAi-mediated knockdown experiment showed that silencing putative VSR in IAPV genome could effectively inhibit replication of IAPV and confer significant antiviral activity in honey bees. Quantification of the titer of negative strand RNA of IAPV showed that feeding siRNA resulted in a remarkable reduction in IAPV replication. The bees in Group I (IAPV+siRNA) had the lowest IAPV titer among four experimental groups at all time points (days 1, 3, 5 and 7) and this group was therefore chosen as a calibrator. Compared to the calibrator, Group-II (IAPV), Group III (IAPV+Varroa+siRNA), and Group IV (IAPV+Varroa) averaged 4.78±0.25, 17.5±0.56, and 451.5±2.72 (Mean±SE, N = 3) folder higher titers of negative strand RNA of IAPV, respectively. The significant reduction in virus replication observed in Groups-I and III at day 1 post treatment indicated that the impact of siRNA on the virus life cycle takes place within 24 hours. There was no significant difference in virus titer among different time points for each group (ρ<0.05, ANOVA). The highest titer of virus replication seen in Group IV challenged by V. destructor with no siRNA treatment provides additional evidence for the role of V. destructor in virus transmission and activation in honey bees ( Figure 8B ). The antiviral effects of siRNA from this study (siRNA-suppressor) were compared to those of siRNA targeting the 5′ Internal Ribosomal Entry Site (IRES) of IAPV (siRNA-5′IRES) that was shown to confer antiviral activity in bees in our previous study [14] . The virus titer in bees fed siRNA-5′IRES was 3.3±0.54, 4.5±0.33, 3.9±0.21 and 5.2±0.67 (Mean±SE, N = 3) fold higher than the group fed with siRNA-suppressor at Day 3, Day 5, and Day 7 post treatment, respectively. However, no significant difference (p valve>0.05) was observed between groups received dsiRNAs targeting different genomic regions when Varroa mites were introduced. Download: original image Figure 8. IAPV-encoded putative suppressor of RNAi. (A) Highly conserved octamer sequences identified in dicistroviruses. A putative viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR) is presumably located upstream of DvExNPGP. The cleavage site between the glycine and proline is marked by an arrow. (B) Quantitative analysis of the effects of silencing putative VSR on IAPV replication. The amount of negative stranded RNA of IAPV was measured by RT-qPCR, normalized to the corresponding β-actin in the same sample. The data shown represent the mean value for three separate experiments. Error bars represent the range of fold change. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261.g008 Discussion The association of IAPV with honey bee declines has led to an increased awareness of the risks of viral infections on bee health. In this paper, we present a long-term study of the biological and molecular features of IAPV infection in honey bees. Our results showed that IAPV is established as a persistent infection in honey bee population and infects all developmental stages and different sexes of honey bees. The tissue tropism study showed that IAPv replicates within all bee tissues but tends to concentrate in gut and nerve tissues and in the hypopharyngeal glands. The highest titer of IAPV was observed in gut tissues and, in conjunction with detection of IAPV in colony food, suggests that food serves as a vehicle for within-colony horizontal transmission. The next highest titer of IAPV replication was observed in nerve tissue and indicates tropism of IAPV to the bee nervous system, consistent with observed pathologies. Specifically, while IAPV-infected bees in our study remained asymptomatic, infected bees can exhibit shivering wings and progressive paralysis, typical symptoms of nerve-function impairment [8] . The third highest titer of IAPV was identified in hypopharyngeal glands and may explain the presence of the virus in royal jelly, a product synthesized in these glands and fed to queens and larvae. Royal jelly, along with nectars shared among adult workers, thus provide an important route for viral movement within the colony. A previous study showed that honey bees became infected with IAPV after exposure to V. destructor that carried the virus [12] , illustrating vector-mediated horizontal transmission. In addition, the detection of IAPV in the digestive tracts and feces of queen bees along with detection of the virus in colony food supplies suggest a food-borne transmission pathway, arguably driven by frequent trophallaxis (mouth-to-mouth sharing of food) between colony members. The detection of IAPV in eggs and larvae not exposed to V. destructor that serves as a vector to facilitate the horizontal transmission of the virus to their honey bee hosts, together with detection of IAPV in queen ovaries suggests a vertical transmission pathway from queens to their progeny. Further, the detection of IAPV in drone semen, and in the spermatheca used to store sperm in queens for fertilizing eggs, suggests that venereal (sexual) infection is another plausible mechanism by which this virus is transmitted. We suspect that IAPV manifests itself in a way similar to the iflavirus Deformed wing virus. Namely, when colonies are healthy, the virus persists via vertical transmission and exists in a latent state without perturbing host immunity. When honey bees live under stressful conditions such as Varroa mite infestation and overwintering stress, the virus replicates quickly and becomes more infectious, leading to the death of hosts and possible collapse of the colony. RNA viruses are characterized by their quasi-species population structure, that is, clouds of genetically related variants that collectively determine pathological characteristics of the population [15] . Genome analyses of IAPV strains shows several lineages. Previous genetic analysis of IAPV suggested the existence of at least three distinct IAPV lineages, two of them present in the US [16] . Our phylogenetic analysis confirmed this finding but showed a long period of independent evolution of IAPV strains in different collections. Genetic variation may account for the difference in virulence properties and severity of disease manifestations among IAPV strains and in fact, Cornman et al. [17] noted an especially high rate of nucleotide divergence among IAPV isolates sequenced from heavily impacted populations. Future studies using a combination of genome sequencing and single-nucleotide polymorphism analyses based on sequencing RNA pools (deMiranda et al. 2010, Cornman et al., 2013), should provide more insights into the evolutionary history, functional variation, and pathogenicity of this virus. The rate of IAPV infection in brood was higher than in adult bees for both strong and weak colonies. IAPV infection triggers a more profound alteration of gene expression in adult bees than in brood, shown by the fact that the number of genes with altered expression was four times higher in adults than in brood. The gene expression data did not provide obvious clues to the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the maintenance of the viral latency in brood. Genes involved in immune response showed no clear trend in expression in IAPV-positive brood. Genes involved in host immunity were significantly invoked in IAPV-infected adults, indicating that IAPV infection triggers active immune responses in adult bees. The transition of the virus from latency to activation of host immune response was likely triggered by exogenous stressors that affect bees at the adult stage. The evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction was the most significantly affected canonical pathway in IAPA-infected adults suggests that IAPV likely caused pathogenesis of energy-related host processes and functions, a condition that tends to worsen host nutritional status and impair host defenses mechanisms [18] . JAK-STAT was reported to be involved in the control of the viral load in DCV-infected Drosophila [19] . Components of the JAK-STAT pathway were up-regulated in response to IAPV infection. Other signaling cascades such as mTOR and MAPK pathways reported to be involved in antiviral immune responses [20] , [21] , also showed expression changes in response to the IAPV infection. However, components of the Toll and Imd signaling pathways, implicated in antiviral immunity in insects [22] , [23] were not up-regulated by IAPV infection. Toll and Imd are not always linked with antiviral immunity and, in particular, these pathways were not a factor during infection of D. melanogaster by Drosophila C virus, a relatively close relative of IAPV [19] , suggesting that different viruses trigger distinct antiviral responses. Knowing which pathways respond specifically to viral infections will enable more targeted pharmacological or genetic control strategies. Our results show that silencing a putative immune-suppressive protein encoded by IAPV led to significant reduction in IAPV replication without detrimental effect on bee hosts. This suggests that IAPV may also encode an RNAi suppressor. RNAi technology has been employed in previous work to combat virus infection in honey bees. The injection and feeding of Remebee, a dsRNA homologous to IAPV has proven effective in not only reducing the intensity of IAPV infection in honey bees [24] , but also strengthening honey bee colonies [25] . A recent study showed that the feeding of siRNA targeting an Internal Ribosomal Entry Site (IRES) of IAPV required for protein translation could confer antiviral activity in bees [14] . That feeding siRNAs targeting VSR in this study led to suppressed IAPV replication reinforces the therapeutic potential of RNAi for treatment of viral diseases in honey bees, by showing that carefully designed constructs can temper a potent counter-response to the host immune system. Further exploration of antiviral effects of putative suppressors of RNAi of other bee viruses such as KBV and ABPV, which share the same sequence motif of DIEENPGP with IAPV, is warranted. IAPV has a longstanding presence in managed honey bees [26] . While IAPV is not consistently tied to CCD, its ability to cause increased mortality in honey bees has been firmly established. Our results showed that host health status and environmental conditions indeed play a critical role in IAPV infection dynamics. While the simultaneous presence of multiple viruses in honey bees makes Koch's postulates of disease causality difficult to fulfill [27] , the presence and diversity of viruses in bee colonies has high predictive value for colony mortality [28] . The negative correlation between the level of IAPV infections and the size of host populations, in combination with other stress factors, has significant negative impact on colony survival and is likely a contributing factor to poor winter survivorship of honey bee colonies. The present study provides an improved starting point for continuing studies of the virus-host interactions and for efforts to formulate strategies to reduce colony losses due to viral diseases. Materials and Methods Bee samples A brood frame containing bee samples of various ages and food stores was removed from each of three declining colonies colony selected from each colony maintained in a northern California queen-breeding operation in Spring. Honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) of different developmental stages and sexes (eggs, larvae, pupae, workers, adult drones, and queens) and colony foods (honey, pollen, and royal jelly), as well as parasitic mites, V. destructor, were sampled for the detection of IAPV infection using RT-PCR method. Clear fecal material, 20–25 µl per queen, was collected by isolating queens individually in a 100×15 mm petri dish for approximately 30 minutes to allow them to defecate. Approximately 20–25 ul of semen was also collected from 25 drones of each colony. Tissue dissection To determine the ability of IAVP to spread and replicate within honey bee hosts, fifteen adult worker bees were collected from each of the three colonies maintained placed in two USDA Bee Research Laboratory apiaries in Beltsville, MD and identified to be IAPV positive and subjected to tissue dissection. Under a dissecting microscope, each worker was fixed on the wax top of a dissecting dish with steel insect pins and 10–15 µl of hemolymph was micropipetted from a small hole made with a sterile needle on the dorsal thorax. Following hemolymph collection, a dorsal mid-line cut was made from the tip of the abdomen to the head with scissors, and tissues including hemolymph, fat body, brain, salivary gland, hypopharyngeal gland, gut, nerve, trachea, and muscle were individually removed from each worker. The scissors and forceps were cleaned between dissections with a cotton pad soaked with 10% bleach (0.003 sodium hypochlorite) and another soaked with 70% alcohol, followed by a final rinse in sterile water. To prevent contamination with hemolymph, all tissues were rinsed once in 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and twice in nuclease-free water. The washing solution was changed after each tissue collection to prevent cross-contamination. The same tissues of different bees of the same colony were pooled together for subsequent RNA extraction. All freshly dissected tissues were immediately subjected to RNA extraction and then stored in −80°C freezer in the presence Invitrogen RNaseOUT Recombinant Ribonuclease Inhibitor until quantitative examination of the tissue tropism by strand-specific TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Additionally, twenty eggs were also collected from the colonies identified to be IAPV positive using a fine brush. The eggs were washed in 5% bleach solution for five minutes then rinsed in sterile water to eliminate surface contamination of the virus [29] . Queens from the same IAPV-positive colonies were collected and tissues of gut, ovaries and spermatheca were excised following the methods described above. Both eggs and queen tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 100 mM PBS (pH 7.0), then stored in 70% ethanol (200 Proof) at 4°C until in situ hybridization (ISH) assays for localization of the virus. Virus seasonality To determine seasonal activities and impacts of IAPV on honey bee health, samples of adult workers and brood (4th and 5th instar mature larvae, prepupae, and white-eyed pupae) of A. mellifera ligustica were collected from ten bee colonies maintained in apiaries of the USDA Beltsville Bee Research Laboratory from March 2008 to February 2012 and were subject to RT-PCR assay for presence of IAPV. The experimental colonies were divided into healthy and weak colonies based on the size of adult populations, amount of sealed brood, and presence of food stores. 20 adult workers and 20 unsealed brood were collected individually from each of five strong and five weak colonies every month and examined for the virus infection individually. For each colony, the rate of the virus infection and strength of individual colonies were recorded every month and the infection rate was calculated based on percentage of tested bees (adult or brood) that were infected (N = 20). The average infection rate each month for both strong and weak colonies was calculated by combining the date from five colonies each month and four years of the same month (N = 5×4). The infection rates of IAPV were compared for colony strength (healthy vs. weak), developmental stages (adult vs. brood) and months of the year. Because the data are binomial in nature (for each sample, the number of uninfected of 40 total), analysis was based on a generalized linear mixed model (because random effects were included), using the logit link and the R software (R Core Team 2012) with the lme4 package [30] . The combination of lowest AIC and main effects retention (i.e. preserve main effects in the model even if not significant as long as higher order terms involving these main effects were significant) was used to select a model that captured the important features of the data. Total RNA extraction Invitrogen Trizol reagent was used for isolation of total RNA from whole bees and bee tissues, as well as from colony foods, queen feces, drone semen, and Varroa mites, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. After confirmation of IAPA positive status by RT-PCR, total RNAs intended for microarray analysis were further purified with Qiagen RNeasy Microarray Tissue Mini Kit. RNA integrity was assessed with a 2100 Bioanalyzer system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA) and RNA Lab Chip. Only samples with an RNA integrity number (RIN) of 6 or more were used [31] . RT-PCR and strand specific RT-qPCR The Promega one-step access RT-PCR system (Madison, WI) was used for IAPV detection as previously described [32] . Negative and positive controls (previously identified positive sample) were included in each run of RT-PCR reaction. The specificity of the amplified products was confirmed by sequence analysis of PCR products. RNA samples extracted from different tissues of adult workers were analyzed for the abundance of negative-stranded RNA, a replicative intermediate form of positive strand RNA viruses, using strand-specific reverse transcription coupled with TaqMan quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) [33] , [34] . For each tissue sample, the first strand of cDNA was synthesized from total RNA using Superscript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) with Tag-sense primer, Tag-IAPV-F1 (5′-AGCCTGCGCACGTGG gcggagaatataaggctcag -3), where the capitalized sequences of Tag were published by Yue and Genersch [35] . The resulting synthesized cDNAs were then purified using MinElute PCR purification kit (Qiagen) followed by MinElute Reaction Clean kit (Qiagen) to remove short fragments of oligonucleotides and residue of enzymatic reagents to prevent amplification of non-strand specific products [34] . The resulting cDNA derived from negative stranded RNA was amplified using the Platinum Taq High Fidelity Polymerase (Invitrogen) in a 25-ul reaction containing 2 µl cDNA, 0.25 µM of Tag primer (3′-AGCCTGCGCACCGTGG- 5′), 0.25 µM of antisense primer, IAPV-R1 (5′-cttgcaagataagaaaggggg-3′), a 0.2 µM TaqMan probe (5′ FAM - CGCCTGCACTGTCGTCATTAGTTA - TAMRA 3′), 0.2 mM each dNTP, 1 units of DNA polymerase, 1× PCR buffer, and 2 mM MgCl2. qPCR was carried out using a cycling sequence of 95°C for 2 min followed by 35 cycles of 95°C for 30 sec, 55°C for 30 sec and 68°C for 1 min, which was then followed by a final extension of 68°C for 7 min. To normalize the qPCR result, amplification of a housekeeping gene β-actin was performed for each sample with a previously reported primer set and dual-labeled probe [32] . After confirmation of the approximately equal amplification efficiencies of the RT-qPCR assay for both IAPV and β-actin ( Figure S2 ), the concentration of IAPV in different tissues was interpreted using the comparative Ct method (ΔΔCt Method). The mean value and standard deviations of triplicate measurements of IAPV in each tissue was normalized using the Ct value corresponding to the triplicate measurements of endogenous control, β-actin following the formula: ΔCt = (Average Ct DWV)−(Average Ct β-actin). The hemolymph, with the lowest virus level of IAPV, was chosen as a calibrator. Each of the normalized target values was subtracted by the normalized value of the calibrator to yield ΔΔCt. The concentration of IAPV in each tissue was calculated using the formula 2−ΔΔCt and expressed as the fold-change. In situ hybridization Purified IAPV amplicons from primer pair IAPVF1/R1were incorporated into a pCR2.1 TA cloning vector (Invitrogen) which has a T7 site downstream of the insert and the orientation of the inserts was determined by sequence analysis. Probe complementary of genomic RNA of IAPV was generated from linearized plasmid using DIG-RNA Labeling Kit (T7) (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN). Eggs and queen tissues, including spermathecae, ovaries and gut, were subjected to dehydration by successive incubation in ethanol (70%, 95% and 100%) and xylol (2×5 min each) and then embedded in paraffin. Paraffin sections were cut ∼3–5 micron thick and mounted on poly-L-lysinated slides and stored at 4°C overnight. The sections were then rehydrated through a descending concentration of ethanol (100%, 95% and 70%), dewaxed in xylol, treated with proteinase K (10 ug/ml) for 30 minutes, and acetylated with 0.33% (v/v) acetic anhydride in 0.1 M triethanolamine-HCl (pH 8.0) for ten minutes prior to hybridization. The sections were prehybridized in prehybridization solution (50% formamide, 5× SSC, 40 ug/ml salmon sperm) at 58°C for 2 hours and incubated in hybridization buffer with Dig-labeled IAPV probe solution to a concentration of 100–200 ng/ml probe in pre-hybridization solution at 58°C overnight. Negative control reactions included regular dUTP instead of DIG-labeled viral probe. After hybridization, the sections were washed in low stringency wash solution (2× SSC, 0.1% SDS) at room temperature for 5 minutes and washed twice in high stringency wash solution (0.1× SSC, 0.1% SDS) at 52°C for 15 minutes, and finally incubated with alkaline phosphatase (AP)-labeled sheep anti-DIG antibody conjugate. The hybridization signals were detected with alkaline phosphatase (AP)-labeled sheep anti-DIG antibody conjugate (Roche Applied Science). The conjugate solution was added to the dry sections and incubated at 4°C for 2 hours in a humid chamber. Color development was performed by adding the buffer solution containing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl phosphate (BCIP) to the tissue sections and incubating for 3–6 hours at room temperature with protection from light. Dark purple to blue coloring suggested the presence of the virus where the DIG-labeled probe bound directly to the viral RNA, while pink staining was shown in negative controls where no IAPV probe was included. Whole viral genome sequencing and phylogeny To determine the levels of genetic diversity of IAPV, the complete genome sequences of IAPV strains from infected bees collected in MD, CA, and PA were determined by combining primer walking and long-range RT-PCR amplification using Invitrogen SuperScript One-Step RT-PCR System for Long Templates. The seven overlapping fragments of IAPV were amplified simultaneously. The sequences of the genome termini were determined by Invitrogen 3′ and 5′ RACE systems. The primers used to amplify overlapping long RT-PCR fragments and 3′ and 5′-RACE nested PCR were shown in Figure S1 . The information regarding sequences and genomic positions of primers used in this study is shown in Table 1 . Overlapping sequences were assembled into complete virus genomes using SeqMan (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA). Download: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261.t002 Effect of silencing putative viral suppressor of RNAi Complete predicted protein sequences of IAPV (NC_009025.1), along with other honey bee viruses, including KBV (NC_004807.1), ABPV (NC_002548.1), CrPV (NC_003924), and DCV (NC_001834) were retrieved from GenBank and scanned for the DvExNPGP sequence motif where the upstream sequences of the DvExNPGP motif was reported to encode a RNAi suppressor [13] . A DvExNPGP sequence motif was identified in IAPV and the upstream sequences of the DvExNPGP motif at the 5′ terminus of the IAPV genome was therefore assumed to be a putative IAPV-encoded suppressor ( Figure S1 ). siRNA corresponding to upstream sequences of DvExNPGP was designed using online siRNA design tool siDirect version 2.0 ( http://sidirect2.rnai.jp/ ). The sequences of the siRNAs used in this study are as follows: 5′-UACAACUUAUUCAAGAAUCCA-3′ and 5′- GAUUCUUGAAUAAGUUGUACC-3′. The chemically modified, 21-mer, double-stranded and in vivo ready siRNAs were synthesized in a 250 nmol scale by Ambion Life Technologies (CA, USA). The impact of siRNA corresponding to a putative IAPV-encoded VSR on IAPV replication was investigated by a laboratory cage study as described previously [38] . Briefly, the frames with emerging brood were removed from the colonies left untreated for V. destructor for 2–3 moths and identified with IAPV infection by RT-PCR assay, and newly emerged bees were collected the following day. Forty bees were placed in each rearing cage for the assay. A scintillation vial filled with a 1∶1 ratio sucrose-water solution was inverted over the top of the rearing cup as provision for the caged bees. The caged bees were divided into four groups: Group-I consisting of siRNA-treated IAPV-infected bees not exposed to parasitic mites V. destructor, Group-II consisting of untreated IAPV-infected bees not exposed to V. destructor, Group-III consisting of treated IAPV-infected bees challenged by V. destructor, and Group-IV consisting of untreated IAPV-infected bees challenged by V. destructor. The Varroa mites used in the study were collected from a colony that was heavily infested with mites; both honey bees and mites were shown to be infected with IAPV using RT-PCR assay. Twelve Varroa mites were introduced to each cage to create 30% Varroa mite infection. For groups receiving siRNA feeding, siRNA was mixed with sugar water in the scintillation vials, resulting in a 50 nM/ul working concentration of siRNA. Ten experimental bees along with 3 mites were collected at day 1, day 3, day 5, and day 7 post-treatment. The assay was repeated three times. The effect of silencing putative VSR on IAPV replication was analyzed by quantifying the titer of negative-stranded RNA of IAPV in bees from each group by real time RT-qPCR following the method described above. Ethics statement No specific permits were required for the described studies. Observations were made in the USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory apiaries, Beltsville, Maryland, USA; therefore, no specific permissions were required to be obtained for these locations. The apiaries are the property of the USDA-ARS and are not privately-owned or protected in any way. Studies involved the European honey bee (Apis mellifera), which is neither an endangered nor protected species. Supporting Information	Bee
Black, Green and Oolong are types of what?	Virus becomes new suspect in bee die-off - Technology & science - Science \| NBC News Virus becomes new suspect in bee die-off Genetic tests find link between colony collapse and little-known virus Below: x By Alan Boyle Science editor msnbc.com + - Scientists have found a new prime suspect in the deaths of about a quarter of America's honeybees, a mystery that could take a multibillion-dollar toll on the nation's agricultural industry. Months of genetic testing have fingered a virus that was first reported in Israel just three years ago and may have passed through Australia on its way to the United States. The correlation between Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus and the mysterious bee disease — known as Colony Collapse Disorder, or CCD — was reported Thursday on the journal Science's Web site. Although the scientists behind the research cautioned that they haven't yet cracked the case, their study provides enough curious coincidences to keep even the fictional detective (and beekeeper) Sherlock Holmes buzzing. The economic effect of the bee disappearances goes far beyond the lost honey: In fact, the bee industry's primary impact is felt through the crops that the insects pollinate — products that are valued at $14 billion to $20 billion annually. Since Colony Collapse Disorder first came to light last year, the malady has affected an estimated 23 percent of the nation’s beekeeping operations, with losses of up to 90 percent. Other countries are reporting mysterious bee losses as well. The disorder is characterized by the rapid disappearance of a colony's bees, even if there are adequate stores of food in the hive. The bees just seem to fly off into oblivion — hinting that the malady somehow affects the insects’ navigational sense or learning ability. AP For months, researchers have been struggling to figure out the causes of CCD. Some even proposed that cell-phone radiation was disrupting bee colonies. Penn State entomologist Diana Cox-Foster, the lead author of the Science report, said the cell-phone theory was on the bottom of the list of suspects. But she said it's likely that several factors are contributing to the bee disappearances — including environmental stresses, pesticides, viruses and parasitic Varroa mites, which all weaken the bees' immune systems. The latest research moves Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus to the top of the list as a "significant marker" for Colony Collapse Disorder, the researchers reported. And they said the technique they used could be applied to other disease outbreaks as well, even those that afflict humans. Advertise The genetic game’s afoot The scientific sleuths began their investigation early this year by sampling bees from four colonies that suffered a collapse, and two healthy colonies. They also took samples from apparently healthy bees imported from Australia and royal jelly from China. Royal jelly is a special food secreted by bees that is also used in cosmetics. Those samples were run through gene-sequencing machines and meticulously analyzed. The researchers subtracted out the honeybee genome itself, then identified the genetic markers of bacteria, fungi and viruses that were left over. A similar technique was recently used to identify 182 species of bacteria living on human skin. Penn State's Edward Holmes concentrated on an in-depth analysis of viruses found in the bee samples. "This is breaking new ground in trying to look at how viruses work in this class of animals," he told reporters Wednesday during a pre-publication teleconference. "We found a remarkably high viral burden in bee populations. ... We characterize in this paper seven different viruses that circulate in bee populations. Only one of them was consistently associated with CCD and royal jelly," he said. That was Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus, or IAPV — a little-known bug that sets bees' wings shivering and eventually causes paralysis. IAPV-afflicted bees are typically found dead outside their hives. IAPV was also detected in the Australian bees as well as two of the four Chinese royal jelly samples. These initial clues led the researchers to look for IAPV and other suspected pathogens in more bee samples. They checked the genetic sequences for bees collected over the past three years from 30 colonies that suffered a collapse and 21 healthy colonies. The presence of IAPV was found to be the best indicator for Colony Collapse Disorder, with a 96.1 percent correlation. Not so elementary "I hope no one goes away with the idea that we've actually solved the problem," Jeff Pettis of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service told reporters. "We still have a great deal of research to do to resolve why bees are dying in the U.S. and elsewhere." Among the questions yet to be answered: Is IAPV really a cause, or will it turn out that vulnerability to the virus is merely a consequence of the disease? How and when did IAPV get into the United States? Why did the Australian bees (and even a few American bees) seem healthy even though they were carriers of the virus? What roles are played by other bugs that were found in the bee samples, such as the Kashmir bee virus and Nosema fungi? If the cause or causes can be definitively identified, what can be done to stop the collapse? The first task ahead is to confirm the linkage with the virus and figure out the actual mechanism behind Colony Collapse Disorder. Not everyone is convinced IAPV will turn out to be the culprit. Researchers from the U.S. Army and Montana-based Bee Alert Technology have turned up IAPV and other viruses in sick and healthy bees — but have not found any pattern of correlation. "For the good of the industry, we wish they had a smoking gun and a quick answer, but we're not convinced they're there," Bee Alert's Jerry Bromenshenk told msnbc.com. He said he and his colleagues have turned up more than a dozen suspect viruses, including "a bunch we're still scratching our heads over." Scientists suspect that some sort of organism will turn out to be the leading cause of the bee collapse, whether it's IAPV, a different virus or a combination of bugs. That's because irradiating beehives appears to make them safe for recolonization, Pettis said. Advertise The Australian connection is another line of investigation: The United States allowed the import of packaged Australian bees in 2004, and reports of bee disappearances began soon afterward, Pettis noted. That may be how IAPV came into the country, though Pettis said it's also possible the virus was here before that time. Colin Henderson, one of Bromenshenk's colleagues at Bee Alert, said it was still premature to assume that the virus was passed from Australia to America. Pettis said tests of bee samples that were taken in the United States and frozen before 2004 could shed light on whether there's a connection or not. If Australian bees are carrying the virus, why aren't bee colonies collapsing Down Under? Pettis noted that the Australian bees aren't afflicted by Varroa mites, which have decimated America's wild bee population in recent years. As a result, the Australians may have weathered the stress of IAPV better than their American cousins. "That alone could account for the differences between the two countries," he said. In the weeks ahead, the researchers behind the Science study will try combining IAPV with other stress factors to see if they can experimentally create the conditions that tip a healthy bee colony into a collapse. Is there a 100 percent solution? Pettis said it's still too early to propose putting new restrictions on bee imports. "We're looking at the science behind it and what we feel needs to be done, but no decisions have been made at this time," he said. Just to be safe, beekeepers should refrain from using imported royal jelly in their hives, he said. Pettis said Colony Collapse Disorder was almost certainly the result of a "combination of things," and he didn't expect a magic antiviral bullet to appear anytime soon. "We're really right now going to have to rely on beekeepers to continue just to manage nutrition, parasitic mites, Nosema, things like that — and try to keep bees as healthy as possible," Pettis told msnbc.com. There's more hope on the horizon: Recent research in Israel indicates that some bees have become resistant to IAPV by incorporating the virus' genetic code into their own genes. Creating virus-resistant strains of bees, either through genetic modification or old-fashioned breeding, "is a very intriguing idea," Pettis said. At the same time, the strategy used to track down the genetic correlation between Colony Collapse Disorder and the suspect virus provides a "road map for rigorously and efficiently addressing outbreaks of infectious disease," said W. Ian Lipkin, a molecular biologist at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health who was the corresponding author for the Science study. "I really do think that these new technologies will revolutionize our approach to epidemiology and the characterizing of outbreaks of infectious disease," he said. If the strategy were available in 2003, public-health experts might have been able to track down the roots of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, in much less time than the months that were required back then, Lipkin said. "We would be able to get similar sorts of answers in as short as a week," he said. In addition to Cox-Foster, Lipkin, Holmes and Pettis, the researchers behind the Science study included Sean Conlan, Gustavo Palacios, Phenix-Lan Quan, Thomas Briese, Mady Hornig, Andrew Drysdale, Jeffrey Hui and Junhui Zhai of Columbia University; Jay Evans of the USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory; Nancy Moran and Vince Martinson of the University of Arizona; David Geiser, Dennis vanEngelsdorp, Abby Kalkstein and Liwang Cui of Penn State; and Stephen Hutchison, Jan Fredrik Simons and Michael Egholm of 454 Life Sciences.	i don't know
Winnie Madikizela are the first names of the ex-wife of which iconic leader?	Winnie Madikizela-Mandela \| South African History Online South African History Online Posted by Anonymous (not verified) on People category: Biographical information Synopsis: ANC Political Activist and ex-wife of Nelson Mandela, Deputy Minister of Arts and Culture, President of ANCWL, member of the NEC of the ANC First name: Location of birth: Mbongweni, Transkei, Eastern Cape, South Africa Winnie Madikizela was born in the village of Mbongweni, Bizana, in the Transkei . She was the fourth of eight children. Her father, Columbus, was minister of the Transkei Governments’ Forestry and Agriculture Department during Kaizer Matanzima's rule. Her mother, Nomathamsanqa Mzaidume (Gertrude), a domestic science teacher, died when Winnie was only eight years old. Winnie attended primary school in Bizana and matriculated at Shawbury High School, where she distinguished herself as a person with exceptional leadership qualities. In 1953, she was admitted to the Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work in Johannesburg. She completed her degree in social work in 1955, and was offered a scholarship for further study in the USA. However she turned it down and opted for a challenging position as the first qualified Black medical social worker at the Baragwanath Hospital in Johannesburg instead. She became interested in politics while working at the hospital. She was particularly influenced by the research she had carried out in Alexandra Township to establish the rate of infantile mortality, which stood at 10 deaths for every 1,000 births. In the mid-1950s, she became involved in the African National Congress (ANC). In 1957, she met Nelson Mandela . At the time he was on trial, along with 155 other people, in the now infamous Treason Trial following the civil disobedience campaigns of the early 1950s. They were married on 19 June 1958 in a Methodist service in the Transkei, after which Winnie settled in Mandela’s home in Soweto. By March 1961, the Treason Trial was over and the accused were found not guilty. By this time Winnie had given birth to 2 daughters, Zenani, born in 1959 and Zinzi, born in 1960. Between March and December of 1961, the Mandela’s enjoyed a normal family life, in the sense that they were all together. Throughout most of her married life, however, Winnie Mandela had to endure a forced separation from her husband. He was detained and imprisoned on more than one occasion and spent 18 of a total of 27 years of incarceration on Robben Island . Although Winnie had visitation rights during that period, she was unable to have physical contact with him. From 1962 Winnie was subjected to a virtually uninterrupted series of legal orders, which prevented her from living, working and socializing. She was banned under the Suppression of Communism Act for her part in the struggle and was restricted to the Orlando Township in Soweto. She started to work clandestinely for the ANC, which included participating in underground meetings and the printing and circulation of pamphlets. She decided to send her daughters to boarding school in Swaziland , in the hope that the girls could escape harassment and continue their education. In 1969, she was detained under the Terrorism Act and was placed in solitary confinement for seventeen months. In 1970, she was placed under house arrest. She repeatedly flouted this order and was charged on a number of occasions. During the 1976 youth uprisings , she established the Black Women’s Federation and the Black Parents’ Association. Both these organisations aligned themselves to the Black Consciousness Movement , an ideology that rejected all ‘White’ values and embraced a positive ‘Black’ world view. For this role Winnie was detained, in 1977, under the Internal Security Act and banished to Brandfort in the Orange Free State (now Free State ). There she helped set up a crèche and a clinic with Dr. Abu Baker Asvat . She returned to her home in 1986 and resumed her ANC activities. Although Winnie’s opposition to P.W. Botha’s regime earned her the title of “Mother of the Nation”, her conduct was not irreproachable. In a speech at Munsieville outside Johannesburg in 1986 Winnie propagated the barbaric necklace method of killing township dissidents and alleged police informers by saying: “Together hand-in-hand, with our boxes of matches and our necklaces, we shall liberate this country.” She was referring to the method of killing in which victims had a tyre placed around their necks and were doused with petrol and set on fire. Winnie's controversial Mandela United Football Club, a group of young men who acted as her bodyguards, caused some anti-Apartheid groups to distance themselves from her in 1988. Winnie stood next to her husband Nelson when he was released from prison on 11 February 1990. However, the couple separated in April 1992 and divorced in March 1996. After the divorce, Winnie established a museum at the Orlando home where she and Mandela had lived, and adopted the surname Madikizela-Mandela. From 1991 Winnie’s life was steeped in both achievement and controversy. In 1991, after the unbanning of the ANC and other political organisations, she was elected to the ANC’s National Executive Committee. In 1991 she was charged with the kidnapping and murder of 14 year old Stompie Seipei. Stompie was believed to be a police informant against the struggle. Consequently, Winnie was sentenced to six years in jail for the kidnapping. The sentence was reduced to a fine of R15 000 on appeal. Shortly after her conviction, in 1992, she resigned from all her ANC leadership positions, including her position as Member of Parliament. In 1993, however, she made a remarkable comeback when she was elected president of the ANC Women’s League , a position that she held until 2003. After the 1994 election, Winnie was appointed deputy minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology, but was dismissed in 1995 by Nelson Mandela following allegations of financial mismanagement. In 1997 Winnie was re-elected as president of the ANC Women's League. In 2001 she was charged, and in April 2003 found guilty, on 43 counts of fraud and 25 of theft. She pleaded not guilty to the charges, which related to money taken from loan applicants' accounts for a funeral fund, but from which the applicants did not benefit. Madikizela-Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison. In 2004, an appeal judge of the Pretoria Supreme Court overturned the conviction for theft, but upheld the one for fraud, handing her a three year and six months suspended sentence. After her conviction she resigned as president of the ANC Women's League (2003). She was elected to the ANC National Executive Committee at the 52nd ANC conference in Polokwane . Winnie's ex husband, Nelson Mandela died on 5 December 2013. Although he left a sizeable estate, the beneficaries including his wife Graca, children, grandchildren, staff members and various educational institutions, Winnie's name was noticably missing from his will and an attempt by Winnie to sue for Nelson Mandela's Qunu home was unsuccessful. The death of Nelson Mandela coincided with the release of the movie 'Long Walk to Freedom' in which Naomi Harris played Winnie. On 15 September 2016, in a pre-birthday celebration, Winnie celebrated her 80th birthday at the Mount Nelson Hotel. The event was attended by family, friends and a cross-mixture of politicians including Julius Malema, Cyril Ramaphosa and Patricia de Lille. References: • Campbell, C. et al. (2004)Great South Africans.Johannesburg, p.162- 3. • Ministry of Education (2004)Every Step of the Way ”“ The Journey to Freedom in South Africa. Cape Town, p.286. • Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela-Mandela [online] Available at: anc.org.za [Accessed 24 July 2009] Further Reading:	Nelson Mandela
What is the only country in the world not required to have its name on its postage stamps?	Mandela's ex-wife denies interview in UK paper - Boston.com Africa Mandela's ex-wife denies interview in UK paper FILE - In this photo taken Thursday, Feb. 11, 2010 file photo, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, left, alongside her former husband former President Nelson Mandela, centre, and his current wife Graca Machel attend the opening of Parliament in Cape Town, South Africa. Nelson Mandela's ex-wife denied Friday, March 12, 2010, that she had sharply criticized the anti-apartheid icon in a British newspaper interview, saying the comments attributed to her had been fabricated. (AP Photo/Schalk van Zuydaml, File) By Nastasya Tay Associated Press Writer / March 12, 2010 E-mail this article Add a personal message:(80 character limit) Your E-mail: \| Text size – + JOHANNESBURG—Nelson Mandela's ex-wife denied Friday that she had given an interview to a British newspaper in which she was quoted sharply criticizing the anti-apartheid icon. The London Evening Standard had quoted Winnie Madikizela-Mandela as saying that her ex-husband had "let us down" and that she could not forgive him for accepting the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 alongside white president F.W. De Klerk. Madikizela-Mandela said she did not grant an interview to the newspaper but she did not specifically deny making the remarks, which created a stir in South Africa after they were carried by local media. "I will in the coming days deal with what I see as an inexplicable attempt to undermine the unity of my family, the legacy of Nelson Mandela and the high regard with which the name Mandela is held here and across the globe," Madikizela-Mandela said in a statement distributed by the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Madikizela-Mandela had been traveling abroad at the time the article was published earlier this week. The Evening Standard said the conversation with Madikizela-Mandela was conducted with Nadira Naipaul, wife of Nobel literature laureate V.S. Naipaul. "Nadira Naipaul is a distinguished journalist who visited Winnie Mandela at home and spoke to her at length about her experiences," the newspaper said in a statement Friday. "Nadira and her husband, the writer Sir V.S. Naipaul, are photographed with Winnie Mandela and this picture was printed with the article. We cannot understand Winnie Mandela's denial of an event and conversation which clearly took place." Nadira Naipaul also stood by the piece, saying: "The conversation took place as I reported, and I accurately rendered the statements Winnie Mandela made." Madikizela-Mandela denied that she had granted an interview. Her office said Friday she was unavailable for further comment. In the piece, Madikizela-Mandela also was quoted as accusing the current leadership of Mandela's party of exploiting his image while sidelining him as a leader. And she was quoted calling Nobel Peace laureate Desmond Tutu a "cretin." The published comments raised eyebrows in South Africa, while the governing African National Congress party had said it would wait to speak to Madikizela-Mandela before commenting. Mandela, 91, is revered by blacks and whites in South Africa, but is not above criticism. The most common are complaints that he devoted too much time during his 1994-99 presidency to seeking reconciliation with whites and too little to uplifting blacks mired in poverty by apartheid. At a forum last month marking the 20th anniversary of Mandela's release from prison, Madikizela-Mandela said that Mandela was loved and recognized around the world for his fearlessness, and that he had emerged from prison still committed to revolution. In recent years, Madikizela-Mandela has often joined Mandela and his third wife, former Mozambican first lady Graca Machel, at family gatherings. Mandela accused Madikizela-Mandela, his second wife, of infidelity and the two divorced in 1996, six years after he walked free following 27 years in prison. © Copyright 2010 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.	i don't know
What is the chemical formula for laughing gas (nitrous oxide)?	General Chemistry Online: FAQ: Introduction to inorganic chemistry: What is laughing gas? Introduction to inorganic chemistry Next Question What is laughing gas? Laughing gas is nitrous oxide, N2O (more properly called dinitrogen oxide). It is a colorless gas with a sweet odor and taste. Inhalation leads to disorientation, euphoria, numbness, loss of motor coordination, dizziness, and ultimately a loss of consciousness. The gas is used as an anaesthetic, as a propellant in whipped cream cans, and as an oxidizing agent in racing cars. What is the structure of nitrous oxide? Linear structure of N2O. Click on the picture for a 3D Chime model. Formal charge considerations suggest that the most important resonance structures are A third structure involving a triple bond between the nitrogen and oxygen is unlikely because that would result in high formal charges. These resonance structures can be used to explain experimental bond lengths. The nitrogen-nitrogen bond is 1.126 Angstroms long which is slightly longer than the triple bond length in N2 (1.098 Angstroms). The nitrogen-oxygen bond is 1.186 Angstroms long. This is longer than the typical N=O bond (about 1.14 Angstroms), which agrees with the prediction of partial single-bond character for the NO bond in N2O. The molecule is not strongly polar, despite the large electronegativity difference between nitrogen and oxygen. The resonance structures again can be used to explain why: the negative formal charge is concentrated on the terminal nitrogen in the structure at left,. The oxygen bears a negative formal charge in the other structure. Each structure is polar, but the dipole moments point in opposite directions. The dipole moment is expected to be small due to cancellation of the contributions from both structures. The low polarity of the gas makes it both fat and water soluble. This allows it to travel through the bloodstream and into the fatty membranes of nerve cells where it produces its characteristic effects. Nitrous oxide's fat solubility and low toxicity make it an ideal propellant for whipped cream. It dissolves easily in cream under pressure and bubbles out of solution when the pressure is released, creating a fine creamy foam. How was nitrous oxide discovered? Joseph Priestley (the discover of oxygen, soda pop , and carbon dioxide) described the preparation of "nitrous air diminished" in his classic 1772 paper Observations on Different Kinds of Air. The gas he collected over mercury supported combustion, but did not itself burn. He described the bizarre enlarged double-cone of a candle flame in nitrous oxide with great excitement: "I have now discovered an air five or six times as good as common air... nothing I ever did has surprised me more, or is more satisfactory." But Priestley seems to have overlooked the powerful psychoactive effects of breathing nitrous oxide. Over 20 years later, Humphry Davy wrote about the intoxicating effects of nitrous oxide , comparing them to the effects of alcohol. Breathing air after inhaling high concentrations of the gas sometimes lead to hysterical laughter. It also lead to a cessation of pain and "laughing gas" became the first artifical anaesthetic. It was in common use by surgeons in the late 19th century, and is still widely used in dentistry today. Why is nitrous oxide used in rocket fuels and racing cars? Nitrous oxide supports combustion better than air does. The N2O molecule dissociates at temperatures well below what is required for combustion, delivering an atom of oxygen and freeing molecular nitrogen: N2O(g) N2(g) + O(g) The free oxygen atom quickly reacts with the fuel. A huge gain in horsepower results, since more fuel can be burned in less time. If there is a large excess of nitrous oxide in the engine, the fuel will detonate. At the extremely high temperature produced by the explosion, oxygen atoms freed by decomposing N2O will attack the engine metal, severely damaging it. How is nitrous oxide prepared? The gas is present in trace amounts in Earth's atmosphere as a result of high temperature reactions between nitrogen and oxygen. Industrially the gas is prepared by gently heating ammonium nitrate [ Archibald ]: NH4NO3(s) 2 H2O(g) + N2O(g) The preparation is dangerous because of N2O's tendency to explosively decompose into nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures. (The World Trade Center and Oklahoma City bombings involved detonation of nitrous oxide produced by rapid high temperature decomposition.) N2O manufactured this way should NOT be inhaled, because it is contaminated with NO2 (a corrosive, irritating gas that can cause permanent lung and genetic damage!) Is breathing nitrous oxide dangerous? While anaesthetists mix nitrous oxide with oxygen, recreational users sometimes do not. Breathing gas rushing from a cylinder can quickly flush all air out of the lungs and cause suffocation. Another hazard of nitrous oxide stems from the fact that it is NOT an ideal gas. N2O molecules attract each other. The attractions require energy to break, so the expansion absorbs heat and the temperature of the gas plummets. A rapid expansion of nitrous oxide can cool it enough to cause frostbite. People doing whippets have actually frozen their lips, tongues, or vocal cords- and under the anaesthetic influence of nitrous oxide, the damage is done before any pain is felt. Nitrous oxide has also been linked to birth defects, nerve damage, and permanent organ damage. References and Links A Short History of Chemistry, J. R. Partington, Dover, New York, 1989. Engravings showing the apparatus Priestley used to isolate nitrous oxide can be found in Partington's book, along with much interesting biographical information. The Preparation of Pure Inorganic Substances, E. H. Archibald, Wiley, New York, 1932. Preparation of nitrous oxide by thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate.	Nitrous oxide
In a standard deck of playing cards, which is normally the only king without a moustache?	nitrous oxide (N2O) \| chemical compound \| Britannica.com Nitrous oxide (N2O) See Article History Alternative Titles: dinitrogen monoxide, laughing gas, nitrous Nitrous oxide (N2 O ), also called dinitrogen monoxide, laughing gas, or nitrous, one of several oxides of nitrogen , a colourless gas with pleasant, sweetish odour and taste, which when inhaled produces insensibility to pain preceded by mild hysteria , sometimes laughter. (Because inhalation of small amounts provides a brief euphoric effect and nitrous oxide is not illegal to possess, the substance has been used as a recreational drug.) Nitrous oxide was discovered by the English chemist Joseph Priestley in 1772; another English chemist, Humphry Davy , later named it and showed its physiological effect. A principal use of nitrous oxide is as an anesthetic in surgical operations of short duration; prolonged inhalation causes death. The gas is also used as a propellant in food aerosols. In automobile racing , nitrous oxide is injected into an engine’s air intake; the extra oxygen allows the engine to burn more fuel per stroke. It is prepared by the action of zinc on dilute nitric acid , by the action of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH·HCl) on sodium nitrite (NaNO2), and, most commonly, by the decomposition of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Canister of nitrous oxide for use in aerating whipping cream. Turkeyphant	i don't know
Which chemical element, not found as a free element on Earth, has the atomic number 9 and the symbol F?	fluorine (F) \| chemical element \| Britannica.com chemical element Edmond Frémy Fluorine (F), most reactive chemical element and the lightest member of the halogen elements , or Group 17 (Group VIIa) of the periodic table . Its chemical activity can be attributed to its extreme ability to attract electrons (it is the most electronegative element) and to the small size of its atoms . History The fluorine-containing mineral fluorspar (or fluorite ) was described in 1529 by the German physician and mineralogist Georgius Agricola . It appears likely that crude hydrofluoric acid was first prepared by an unknown English glassworker in 1720. In 1771 the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele obtained hydrofluoric acid in an impure state by heating fluorspar with concentrated sulfuric acid in a glass retort, which was greatly corroded by the product; as a result, vessels made of metal were used in subsequent experiments with the substance. The nearly anhydrous acid was prepared in 1809, and two years later the French physicist André-Marie Ampère suggested that it was a compound of hydrogen with an unknown element, analogous to chlorine , for which he suggested the name fluorine. Fluorspar was then recognized to be calcium fluoride. The isolation of fluorine was for a long time one of the chief unsolved problems in inorganic chemistry , and it was not until 1886 that the French chemist Henri Moissan prepared the element by electrolyzing a solution of potassium hydrogen fluoride in hydrogen fluoride. He received the 1906 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for isolating fluorine. The difficulty in handling the element and its toxic properties contributed to the slow progress in fluorine chemistry. Indeed, up to the time of World War II the element appeared to be a laboratory curiosity. Then, however, the use of uranium hexafluoride in the separation of uranium isotopes , along with the development of organic fluorine compounds of industrial importance, made fluorine an industrial chemical of considerable use. Occurrence and distribution chemical symbol The fluorine-containing mineral fluorspar ( fluorite , CaF2) has been used for centuries as a flux (cleansing agent) in various metallurgical processes. The name fluorspar is derived from the Latin fluere, “to flow.” The mineral subsequently proved to be a source of the element, which was accordingly named fluorine. The colourless, transparent crystals of fluorspar exhibit a bluish tinge when illuminated , and this property is accordingly known as fluorescence. halogen element: Fluorine is found in nature only in the form of its chemical compounds , except for trace amounts of the free element in fluorspar that has been subjected to radiation from radium . Not a rare element, it makes up about 0.065 percent of Earth’s crust. The principal fluorine-containing minerals are (1) fluorspar, deposits of which occur in Illinois, Kentucky, Derbyshire, southern Germany, the south of France, and Russia and the chief source of fluorine, (2) cryolite (Na3AlF6), chiefly from Greenland, (3) fluoroapatite (Ca5[PO4]3[F,Cl]), widely distributed and containing variable amounts of fluorine and chlorine , (4) topaz (Al2SiO4[F,OH]2), the gemstone , and (5) lepidolite , a mica as well as a component of animal bones and teeth. Physical and chemical properties At room temperature fluorine is a faintly yellow gas with an irritating odour. Inhalation of the gas is dangerous. Upon cooling fluorine becomes a yellow liquid. There is only one stable isotope of the element, fluorine-19. Because fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements, atomic groupings rich in fluorine are often negatively charged. Methyl iodide (CH3I) and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) have different charge distributions as shown in the following formulas, in which the Greek symbol δ indicates a partial charge: The first ionization energy of fluorine is very high (402 kilocalories per mole ), giving a standard heat formation for the F+ cation of 420 kilocalories per mole. The small size of the fluorine atom makes it possible to pack a relatively large number of fluorine atoms or ions around a given coordination centre (central atom) where it forms many stable complexes—for example, hexafluorosilicate (SiF6)2− and hexafluoroaluminate (AlF6)3−. Fluorine is the most powerfully oxidizing element. No other substance, therefore, is able to oxidize the fluoride anion to the free element, and for this reason the element is not found in the free state in nature. For more than 150 years, all chemical methods had failed to produce the element, success having been achieved only by the use of electrolytic methods. However, in 1986 American chemist Karl O. Christe reported the first chemical preparation of fluorine, where “chemical preparation” means a method that does not use techniques such as electrolysis , photolysis , and discharge or use fluorine itself in the synthesis of any of the starting materials. He used K2MnF6 and antimony pentafluoride (SbF5), both of which can be easily prepared from HF solutions. Britannica Stories Dinosaur Eggs May Have Taken Six Months or More to Hatch The high oxidizing power of fluorine allows the element to produce the highest oxidation numbers possible in other elements, and many high oxidation state fluorides of elements are known for which there are no other corresponding halides—e.g., silver difluoride (AgF2), cobalt trifluoride (CoF3), rhenium heptafluoride (ReF7), bromine pentafluoride (BrF5), and iodine heptafluoride (IF7). Periodic Table of the Elements Fluorine (F2), composed of two fluorine atoms , combines with all other elements except helium and neon to form ionic or covalent fluorides. Some metals, such as nickel , are quickly covered by a fluoride layer, which prevents further attack of the metal by the element. Certain dry metals, such as mild steel , copper , aluminum , or Monel (a 66 percent nickel, 31.5 percent copper alloy ), are not attacked by fluorine at ordinary temperatures. For work with fluorine at temperatures up to 600 °C (1,100 °F), Monel is suitable; sintered alumina is resistant up to 700 °C (1,300 °F). When lubricants are required, fluorocarbon oils are most suitable. Fluorine reacts violently with organic matter (such as rubber, wood, and cloth), and controlled fluorination of organic compounds by the action of elemental fluorine is only possible if special precautions are taken. Production and use Fluorspar is the most important source of fluorine. In the manufacture of hydrogen fluoride (HF), powdered fluorspar is distilled with concentrated sulfuric acid in a lead or cast-iron apparatus. During the distillation calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is formed, which is insoluble in HF. The hydrogen fluoride is obtained in a fairly anhydrous state by fractional distillation in copper or steel vessels and is stored in steel cylinders. The usual impurities in commercial hydrogen fluoride are sulfurous and sulfuric acids, as well as fluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6), arising from the presence of silica in the fluorspar. Traces of moisture may be removed by electrolysis with platinum electrodes , treatment with elemental fluorine, or storage over strong Lewis acids (MF5, where M is a metal), which can form nonvolatile (H3O)+ (MF6)−, salts, as shown by the following equation: Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest H2 O + SbF5 + HF → (H3O)+ (SbF6)−. Hydrogen fluoride is employed in the preparation of numerous inorganic and organic fluorine compounds of commercial importance—for example, sodium aluminum fluoride (Na3AlF6), used as an electrolyte in the electrolytic smelting of aluminum metal . A solution of hydrogen fluoride gas in water is called hydrofluoric acid , large quantities of which are consumed in industry for cleaning metals and for polishing, frosting, and etching glass . The preparation of the free element is carried out by electrolytic procedures in the absence of water. Generally these take the form of electrolysis of a melt of potassium fluoride–hydrogen fluoride (in a ratio of 1 to 2.5–5) at temperatures between 30 and 70 °C (90 and 160 °F) or 80 and 120 °C (180 and 250 °F) or at a temperature of 250 °C (480 °F). During the process the hydrogen fluoride content of the electrolyte is decreased, and the melting point rises; it is therefore necessary to add hydrogen fluoride continuously. In the high-temperature cell the electrolyte is replaced when the melting point rises above 300 °C (570 °F). Fluorine can be safely stored under pressure in cylinders of stainless steel if the valves of the cylinders are free from traces of organic matter. The element is used for the preparation of various fluorides, such as chlorine trifluoride (ClF3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), or cobalt trifluoride (CoF3). The chlorine and cobalt compounds are important fluorinating agents for organic compounds. (With appropriate precautions, the element itself may be used for the fluorination of organic compounds.) Sulfur hexafluoride is used as a gaseous electrical insulator. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Elemental fluorine, often diluted with nitrogen , reacts with hydrocarbons to form corresponding fluorocarbons in which some or all hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine. The resulting compounds are usually characterized by great stability, chemical inertness, high electrical resistance , and other valuable physical and chemical properties. This fluorination may be accomplished also by treating organic compounds with cobalt trifluoride (CoF3) or by electrolyzing their solutions in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Useful plastics with non-sticking qualities, such as polytetrafluoroethylene [(CF2 CF 2)x]; known by the commercial name Teflon), are readily made from unsaturated fluorocarbons. Organic compounds containing chlorine, bromine , or iodine are fluorinated to produce compounds such as dichlorodifluoromethane (Cl2CF2), the coolant which had been used widely in most household refrigerators and air conditioners. Since chlorofluorocarbons , such as dichlorodifluoromethane , play an active role in the depletion of the ozone layer, their manufacture and use have been restricted, and refrigerants containing hydrofluorocarbons are now preferred. The element is also used for the preparation of uranium hexafluoride (UF6), utilized in the gaseous diffusion process of separating uranium-235 from uranium-238 for reactor fuel. Hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride (BF3) are produced commercially because they are good catalysts for the alkylation reactions used to prepare organic compounds of many kinds. Sodium fluorid e is commonly added to drinking water in order to reduce the incidence of dental caries in children. In recent years, the most important application for fluorine compounds is in the pharmaceutical and agriculture fields. Selective fluorine substitution dramatically changes the biological properties of these compounds. Analysis The accurate quantitative determination of the amount of fluorine in compounds is difficult. Free fluorine may be assayed by its oxidizing action on mercury , as shown in Hg + F2 → HgF2 and by measurement of the weight gain of the mercury and the change in the volume of the gas. The principal qualitative tests for the presence of fluoride ions are (1) liberation of hydrogen fluoride by the action of sulfuric acid , (2) formation of a precipitate of calcium fluoride upon addition of a calcium chloride solution, and (3) decolouration of a yellow solution prepared from titanium tetroxide (TiO4) and hydrogen peroxide in sulfuric acid. Quantitative methods for analyzing fluorine are (1) precipitation of calcium fluoride in the presence of sodium carbonate and treatment of the precipitate with acetic acid , (2) precipitation of lead chlorofluoride by addition of sodium chloride and lead nitrate, and (3) titration (determination of concentration of a dissolved substance) with thorium nitrate (Th[NO3]4) solution using sodium alizarin sulfonate as an indicator, according to the equation Trending Topics	Fluorine
Which motor company won the contract in May 2011 to provide the next generation of New York's yellow taxis?	halogen element \| Facts, Definition, Properties, & Uses \| Britannica.com Halogen element Alternative Titles: Group 17 element, Group VIIa element Related Topics iodine (I) Halogen element, any of the six nonmetallic elements that constitute Group 17 (Group VIIa) of the periodic table. The halogen elements are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts). They were given the name halogen, from the Greek roots hal- (“salt”) and -gen (“to produce”), because they all produce sodium salts of similar properties, of which sodium chloride—table salt , or halite —is best known. Modern version of the periodic table of the elements. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Because of their great reactivity, the free halogen elements are not found in nature. In combined form, fluorine is the most abundant of the halogens in Earth’s crust. The percentages of the halogens in the igneous rocks of Earth’s crust are 0.06 fluorine, 0.031 chlorine, 0.00016 bromine, and 0.00003 iodine. Astatine and tennessine do not occur in nature, because they consist of only short-lived radioactive isotopes . The halogen elements show great resemblances to one another in their general chemical behaviour and in the properties of their compounds with other elements. There is, however, a progressive change in properties from fluorine through chlorine, bromine, and iodine to astatine—the difference between two successive elements being most pronounced with fluorine and chlorine. Fluorine is the most reactive of the halogens and, in fact, of all elements, and it has certain other properties that set it apart from the other halogens. Chlorine is the best known of the halogen elements. The free element is widely used as a water-purification agent, and it is employed in a number of chemical processes. Sodium chloride, of course, is one of the most familiar chemical compounds. Fluorides are known chiefly for their addition to public water supplies to prevent tooth decay , but organic fluorides are also used as refrigerants and lubricants. Iodine is most familiar as an antiseptic , and bromine is used chiefly to prepare bromine compounds that are used in flame retardants and as general pesticides . In the past ethylene dibromide was extensively used as an additive in leaded gasoline . Oxidation cobalt (Co) Probably the most important generalization that can be made about the halogen elements is that they are all oxidizing agents ; i.e., they raise the oxidation state, or oxidation number , of other elements—a property that used to be equated with combination with oxygen but that is now interpreted in terms of transfer of electrons from one atom to another. In oxidizing another element, a halogen is itself reduced; i.e., the oxidation number 0 of the free element is reduced to −1. The halogens can combine with other elements to form compounds known as halides —namely, fluorides , chlorides , bromides , iodides , and astatides. Many of the halides may be considered to be salts of the respective hydrogen halides , which are colourless gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and (except for hydrogen fluoride) form strong acids in aqueous solution. Indeed, the general term salt is derived from rock salt , or table salt (sodium chloride). The tendency of the halogen elements to form saltlike (i.e., highly ionic) compounds increases in the following order: astatine < iodine < bromine < chlorine < fluorine . Fluorides are usually more stable than the corresponding chlorides, bromides, or iodides. (Often astatine is omitted from general discussions of the halogens because less is known about it than about the other elements.) Ionic bond Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The oxidizing strength of the halogens increases in the same order—i.e., from astatine to fluorine. Therefore, of the halogen elements, elemental fluorine is prepared with the greatest difficulty and iodine with the least. As a class, the halogen elements are nonmetals, but astatine shows certain properties resembling those of the metals. Electronic structure Periodic Table of the Elements The chemical behaviour of the halogen elements can be discussed most conveniently in terms of their position in the periodic table of the elements. In the periodic table the halogens make up Group 17 (according to the numbering system adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), the group immediately preceding the noble gases. The halogen atoms carry seven valence electrons in their outermost electron shell . These seven outermost electrons are in two different kinds of orbitals , designated s (with two electrons) and p (with five). Potentially, a halogen atom could hold one more electron (in a p orbital), which would give the resulting halide ion the same arrangement (configuration) as that of the noble gas next to it in the periodic table. These electron configurations are exceptionally stable. This pronounced tendency of the halogens to acquire an additional electron renders them strong oxidizers. Britannica Stories EU Considers Rules For Robots At room temperature and atmospheric pressure the halogen elements in their free states exist as diatomic molecules . In molecular fluorine (F2) the atoms are held together by a bond made from the union of a p orbital from each atom, with such a bond being classed as a sigma bond . It should be mentioned that the dissociation energy for fluorine (the energy necessary to break the F−F bond) is over 30 percent smaller than that of chlorine but is similar to that of iodine (I2). The weakness of the F−F single bond compared with chlorine can be ascribed to the small size of fluorine resulting in a decreased overlap of bonding orbitals and an increased repulsion of the nonbonding orbitals. In iodine, however, the p orbitals are more diffuse, which means the bond becomes weaker than in chlorine or bromine. Relative reactivity The great reactivity of fluorine largely stems from the relatively low dissociation energy, a standard measure for bond energies, of the F−F bond (37.7 kilocalories per mole) and its ability to form stable strong bonds with essentially all the other elements. Fluorine (F2) and chlorine (Cl2) are gases at room temperature. Bromine (Br2) is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature and is—apart from mercury —the only element that is liquid at 20 °C (68 °F) and atmospheric pressure. Iodine (I2) forms dark violet crystals under these conditions. In the solid state the halogen elements form molecular lattices, and the sublimation energies rise with increasing size of the molecules. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The energy released in the formation of an ion from a free atom and an electron (brought up from an infinite distance) is called the electron affinity . The electron affinities for the halogen atoms all are high and show only slight differences from one another. It is known, however, that the oxidizing properties (ability to take up an electron by formation of a bond with another atom) increase from astatine to fluorine. This increase can be attributed to the low dissociation energy and the high electron affinity of fluorine combined with the strength of the resulting fluorine-hetero atom bond, resulting in a large heat of reaction. While the fluoride ion exhibits no reducing properties, the iodide ion is a mild reducing agent. Within a molecule in which atoms are held together by a shared electron pair (i.e., by a covalent or nonionic bond), the tendency of an atom to attract the shared electrons may be expressed by an electronegativity value. According to American chemist Linus Pauling , “Electronegativity is the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself.” Fluorine possesses the highest electronegativity of all elements, and there is a decrease in electronegativity within the family of the halogen elements from fluorine through chlorine, bromine, and iodine to astatine. Fluorine replaces any other halide ion from its compounds, as shown in the following equations. Chlorine, however, replaces only bromide, iodide, and astatide ions, and bromine only iodide and astatide ions. Free fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are expected to replace astatide ions. The halogen elements all form compounds with hydrogen , the hydrogen halides . The energy of the hydrogen-halogen bond increases strongly from iodide to fluoride. Hydrogen fluoride in the crystalline state consists of infinite zigzag chains, as shown in the diagram, in which H represents the hydrogen atoms and (as before) F the fluorine atoms; the solid lines represent covalent bonds between the hydrogen and fluorine atoms within the molecules, and the dotted lines represent secondary bonds, called hydrogen bonds . The hydrogen bonds between hydrogen fluoride molecules are considerably weaker (7 kilocalories per mole) than those within the molecules (135 kilocalories per mole), yet they are retained to a great extent in the liquid state. Similar hydrogen bonding exists in the other hydrogen halides, but it is considerably weaker. The large difference in hydrogen bonding between hydrogen fluoride and the other hydrogen halides accounts for the relatively high melting and boiling points of hydrogen fluoride as compared with those of hydrogen chloride and the other hydrogen halides. The hydrogen-halogen bond energies also decrease considerably in going from hydrogen fluoride to hydrogen iodide. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies The ionization energies of the halogens are generally high, but they fall markedly with increasing atomic number . Fluorine is the only halogen that does not form compounds with positive oxidation states—i.e., states in which it has lost, rather than gained, electrons. This property is related to fluorine’s having the highest electronegativity of all elements; i.e., it does not give up its electrons to other elements. All halogens possess the oxidation state 0 in their diatomic forms. Fluorine exhibits the oxidation states of −1 (F− ion) and +1 (hypofluorous acid). The principal oxidation states of chlorine, bromine, and iodine are −1, +1, +3, +5, and +7. The oxyacids are compounds in which halogen atoms are joined to oxygen atoms. The oxyacids are all powerful oxidizing agents, which can be reduced to the corresponding hydrogen halides—the oxidation numbers changing from positive to −1 in the process. The oxidizing strength of the oxyanions increases with increasing oxidation number of the halogen atom. All the molecules and ions in which halogen atoms possess four valence electron pairs are tetrahedral, as, for example, in the perchlorate ion (ClO4)−. Those employing five valence electron pairs, such as chlorine trifluoride (ClF3), have structures derived from a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement of electron pairs. However, since electron lone pairs (i.e., electron pairs that do not bond atoms together) are not located by techniques that analyze structure, only the positions of the fluorine atoms (attached to bonding pairs) are seen. Thus, ClF3 has a T shape resulting from the placement of fluorine atoms at both axial and at one equatorial position of the trigonal bipyramid, with lone electron pairs in the remaining two equatorial positions. Molecules with six valence electron pairs have structures derived from octahedral geometry for the electron pairs; e.g., iodine pentafluoride (IF5) has a square pyramidal structure resulting from the bonding of fluorine atoms by five of the six octahedral electron pairs. The unique binary compound iodine heptafluoride (IF7) has a pentagonal bipyramidal arrangement of fluorine atoms. Trending Topics	i don't know
The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually in which European city?	European Union wins Nobel peace prize \| World news \| The Guardian European Union wins Nobel peace prize Nobel committee praises EU as force for peace after second world war Friday 12 October 2012 06.32 EDT First published on Friday 12 October 2012 06.32 EDT Close This article is 4 years old The 2012 Nobel peace prize has been awarded to the European Union , with the Norwegian committee ignoring the current economic crisis and instead praising the EU's decades-long historical role in promoting reconciliation and peace. Speaking in Oslo, Thorbjørn Jagland, head of the Nobel committee, shrugged off the euro's woes and said the EU had been a force for peace both after the second world war, binding Germany and France together, and following the bloody slaughter of the 1990s in the Balkans. He said: "The main message is that we need to keep in mind what we have achieved on this continent, and not let the continent go into disintegration again." The collapse of the EU could lead to a resurgence of the "extremism and nationalism" that had led to so many "awful wars", he warned bluntly. Jagland cited several key EU achievements. He said another conflict between France and Germany was "unthinkable" following 70 years as close allies. He mentioned the EU's successful expansion, with the accession of Greece, Portugal and Spain to the EU in the 1980s spreading democracy, and the admission of eastern European nations after the fall of the Berlin Wall. He also praised the EU's role in the Balkans. "Ethnically based national conflicts have been settled," he declared. Croatia will join the EU next year, Montenegro was opening up membership negotiations and Serbia has candidate status, he said. The EU had also "advanced democracy and human rights" in Turkey, he suggested, overlooking the fact that Turkey's membership application has dragged on inconclusively for decades. Jagland conceded that the 27-member bloc was not in great shape, saying: "The EU is currently undergoing grave economic difficulties and considerable social unrest." But he stressed: "The Norwegian Nobel committee wishes to focus on what it sees as the EU's most important result: the successful struggle for peace and reconciliation and for democracy and human rights. The stabilising part played by the EU has helped to transform most of Europe from a continent of war to a continent of peace." Reaction to the news was sharply divided. Within minutes of the award being announced in Oslo at 10am GMT on Friday, the president of the European commission, Jose Manuel Barroso, tweeted : "It is a great honour for the whole of the #EU, all 500 million citizens, to be awarded the 2012 #Nobel Peace prize." He later called it a "justified recognition" of a unique project that works for the benefit of its citizens and the world. But the award provoked derision from British Eurosceptics and some rightwing Tory MPs. Nigel Farage, the leader of Ukip, allegedly remarked: "This goes to show the Norwegians really do have a sense of humour." Another Ukip MEP, Marta Andreasen, said: "If this is their definition of peace then the Norwegians need a new dictionary." Taking questions from reporters, Jagland defended the committee's seemingly counterintuitive decision and spoke repeatedly of the wars in former Yugoslavia: "We have to keep in mind that not so many years ago people from this part of Europe killed each other in awful wars … We are only focusing on what we have achieved on this continent and what could happen if disintegration starts again." Jagland said the committee, made up of members from non-EU Norway , wasn't trying "to save the euro" or attempting to dig Europe out of its current hole. Asked what citizens from Greece, Spain and Ireland would make of their unanimous decision, he said a majority of citizens from these countries still supported the EU: "I think this historic empathy still remains in the heads of so many Europeans. They don't want to lose what has been achieved. Many may criticise the current policy but that is a different matter." It is not clear who will actually pick up the award, to be presented in Oslo on 10 December. Jagland said it was up to "EU institutions" to decide which individual would pick up the gold medal and give a lecture at the presentation ceremony. One obvious candidate is the former German chancellor Helmut Kohl, though he is in poor health. The chairman of the Norwegian Nobel committee announces that the EU is the winner of the 2012 peace prize for its long-term role in uniting the continent Published: 12 Oct 2012	Oslo
What city has c.520 miles of shoreline?	Nobel Peace Prize: And the winner could be .... - CNN.com 1 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The 2016 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos for his efforts to end Colombia's long-running civil war. Hide Caption 2 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The 2015 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet for its "decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in the country in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011." From left to right: the Secretary General of the Tunisian General Labour Union Houcine Abbassi, the President of the National Order of Tunisian Lawyers Fadhel Mahfoudh, the Tunisian Human Rights League Abdessatar Ben Moussa and the President of the Tunisian employers union Wided Bouchamaoui. Hide Caption 3 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The 2015 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet for its "decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in the country in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011." Members of the quartet are seen here in this 2013 photo, left to right, The President of the Tunisian employers union (UTICA), Wided Bouchamaoui, Secretary General of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) Houcine Abbassi (L) , President of the Tunisian Human Rights League (LTDH), Abdessattar ben Moussa and the president of the National Bar Association, Mohamed Fadhel Mahfoudh. Hide Caption 4 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Malala Yousafzai split the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize with India's Kailash Satyarthi for their struggles against the suppression of children and for young people's rights. Yousafzai came to global attention after she was shot in the head by the Taliban in 2012 for her efforts to promote education for girls in Pakistan. Hide Caption 5 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Ahmet Uzumcu, director-general of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , speaks after his chemical watchdog group was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013. The Hague, Netherlands-based organization received the prize for helping to eliminate the Syrian army's stockpiles of poison gas as well as for its longtime efforts to eliminate chemical weapons. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The European Union won the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize. Hide Caption 7 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Liberian peace activist Leymah Gbowee, from left, Tawakkol Karman of Yemen and Liberian President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners U.S. President Barack Obama won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Martti Ahtisaari won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008. Hide Caption 11 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former Vice President Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Muhammed Yunus and Grameen Bank won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Mohamed ElBaradei and the International Atomic Energy Agency won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. Hide Caption 14 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Wangari Muta Maathai, founder of the Green Belt Movement, Kenya, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Iranian lawyer and human rights activist Shirin Ebadi won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former President Jimmy Carter won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Hide Caption 17 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former United Nations Secretary General Koffi Annan, center, with French Forces commander Gen. Alain Pellegrini, right, review UNIFIL soldiers upon Annan's arrival to the U.N. peacekeeping base in the southern Lebanese town of Naqura, on August 29, 2006. Annan and the United Nations won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former South Korean President Kim Dae-jung won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000. Hide Caption 19 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners A flag bearing the logo of Medecins sans Frontieres (also known as Doctors Without Borders) stands in the middle of a makeshift clinic at Kenya's Dadaab refuge on October 16, 2011. Medicins sans Frontieres won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999. Hide Caption 20 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners David Trimble, left, and John Hume hold up their diplomas and medals after receiving their Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway, on December 10, 1998. Trimble and Hume won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998. Hide Caption 21 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Jody Williams sits in front of donated shoes symbolizing landmine victims during Ban Landmines Week on March 8, 2001, on Capitol Hill in Washington. Williams and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997. Hide Caption 22 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, left, and Jose Ramos-Horta shake hands at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo on December 9,1996, prior to the awarding ceremony. Belo and Ramos-Horta won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1996. Hide Caption 23 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995. Hide Caption 24 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Palestinian leader Yaser Arafat, from left, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin hold up their awards after winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994. Hide Caption 25 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners South African National Congress President Nelson Mandela, left, and South African President F.W. de Klerk shake hands in Oslo, Norway, on December 10, 1993, after being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Hide Caption 26 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Rigoberta Menchu campaigns in the Alameda neighborhood of Guatemala City, Guatemala, on November 4, 2011. Menchu won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. Hide Caption 29 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners U.N. soldiers unload their gear from a C-130 cargo plane as the U.N. observer team policing the Iran-Iraq ceasefire arrives in Baghdad. The United Nations Peacekeeping Forces won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. Hide Caption 30 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Costa Rican President-elect Oscar Arias waves to supporters after receiving the ceremonial sash at the National Stadium in San Jose on May 8, 2006. Arias won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987. Hide Caption 31 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel appears at a press conference at the United Nations on October 27, 2004 in New York. Wiesel won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. Hide Caption 32 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Members of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War clasp hands on October 11, 1985, at the group's Boston headquarters after the organization was awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. The doctors are, from left, Eric Chivian, co-founder; John Pastore, secretary; Sidney Alexander, president of the U.S. affiliate group; and James Muller, co founder. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Archbishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Former Polish President Lech Walesa won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983. Hide Caption 35 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Alva Myrdal, right, and Alfonso Garcia Robles won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982, having played a central role in the United Nations' disarmament negotiations. Hide Caption 36 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Refugees are registered in Somalia in November 1981. The Nobel Peace Prize that year was awarded to the United Nations' refugee agency, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Hide Caption 37 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Adolfo Perez Esquivel, who has devoted his life to the struggle for human rights, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1980. Hide Caption 38 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Mother Teresa, founder of the Missionaries of Charity order, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. Hide Caption 39 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners President Jimmy Carter, center, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, left, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin join hands after signing the Camp David Accords. Sadat and Begin won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Amnesty International won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977. Hide Caption 41 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan, co-founders of the Community for Peace People, share a joke while leading a peace rally of Catholic and Protestant woman in the Protestant Shankill Road, in Belfast, on August 28, 1976. Williams and Corrigan won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1976. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. Hide Caption 43 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Sato, left, and Irish official Sean MacBride shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1974. Hide Caption 44 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Hanoi's delegate Le Duc Tho cheers to the crowd while leaving the International Conference Center in Paris on January 23, 1973, after meeting with presidential adviser Henry Kissinger, center. Le Duc Tho and Kissinger won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973. Hide Caption 45 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners German Chancellor Willy Brandt poses after being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize n Oslo on December 10, 1971. Hide Caption 46 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Dr. Norman Borlaug holds up stalks of his specifically crossbred wheat, designed to be more disease-resistant. Borlaug won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Hide Caption 47 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The International Labour Organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969. David Morse was the director general of the organization from 1948-70. Hide Caption 48 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Rene Cassin, the French jurist and a deputy chairman of the NATO committee for human rights, holds up a telegram after being notified of winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968. Hide Caption 49 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Children drink milk handed out by UNICEF workers in Moundou, Chad, on October 26, 1965. UNICEF won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965. Hide Caption 50 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. displays his Nobel Peace Prize medal in December 1964 in Oslo, Norway. Then 35, King was the youngest man to have received the prize. The U.S. civil rights leader was slain in 1968. Hide Caption 51 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners A group of Red Cross rescue workers hold a capsule used to supply food and beverages to three trapped miners at an iron ore mine near Lengede, Germany, on October 28, 1963. The League of Red Cross Societies won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1963. Hide Caption 52 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners American chemist Linus Pauling won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his campaigning for a nuclear test ban treaty. Pauling also won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1954. Hide Caption 53 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Dag Hammarskjold, Swedish politician and the second U.N. secretary general, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1961. Hide Caption 54 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners King Olav V of Norway, left, shakes hands with Albert Lutuli, president-general of the African National Congress, after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960 in Oslo. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners British politician Philip Noel-Baker was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1959. Hide Caption 56 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Georges Pire, right, receives the Nobel Peace Prize in 1958 for his efforts to help European refugees leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity. Hide Caption 57 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Canadian politician Lester Bowles Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his active role in attempting to prevent war. Hide Caption 58 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners North Korean refugees cross the Naktong River in South Korea on August 6, 1950, just a short time before the beginning of the conflict between North and South Korea. The U.N. forces in Korea had set a time limit of 15 hours for crossing the river. In 1954, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the UNHCR, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Gen. George Catlett Marshall of the U.S. Army won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Dr. Albert Schweitzer -- a physician, philosopher and theologian -- won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1952. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Leon Jouhaux, a French union activist, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1951. Hide Caption 62 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Ralph Bunche won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950 for his "unremitting campaign to develop man's ability to live in peace, harmony and mutual understanding with his fellows," according to the Nobel Committee. Hide Caption 63 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Lord John Boyd Orr, a British nutritionist and health campaigner, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1949. Hide Caption 64 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners A family begins to assimilate in a new community on August 4, 1941, after being rehabilitated by the American Quakers and the Unitarian service committee, after fleeing with thousands of others from war-torn Lorraine, France, to begin a new life. The Friends Service Council (The Quakers) and the American Friends Service Committee won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1947. Hide Caption 65 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners John Raleigh Mott, left, and Emily Greene Balch won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1946. Mott won for his contributions to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries. Balch won for unrelenting efforts to fight for peace. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945. Hide Caption 67 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners American Red Cross workers check packages for troops fighting in Leyte, Philippines, on November 20,1944. The International Committee of the Red Cross won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1944. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Nansen International Office for Refugees won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938. Hide Caption 69 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Viscount Cecil of Chelwood won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1937 for promoting peace at a time of war. Hide Caption 70 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Carlos Saavedra Lamas won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1936 for his personal contribution to the cause of peace in Latin America. Hide Caption 71 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Carl Von Ossietzky, seen here in a concentration camp uniform, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1935. Hide Caption 72 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Arthur Henderson, Britain's foreign secretary, arrives at 10 Downing Street in London on August 17, 1931. Henderson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1934. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Sir Norman Angell won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1933 for promoting international peace. Hide Caption 74 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Swedish Bishop Nathan Söderblom won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1930. Söderblom was the first clergyman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Hide Caption 75 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Frank Billings Kellogg, an American diplomat, speaks after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in a ceremony at the Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway. The award commemorates his origination of the Kellogg Peace Pact, which was signed by European nations and the United States in Paris. Kellogg won the Peace Prize in 1929. Hide Caption 76 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners French educator Ferdinand Buisson was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1927 with Ludwig Quidde, right, who founded the League for Human Rights. Hide Caption 77 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners German politician and industrialist Gustav Stresemann, left, and French politician Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926. Hide Caption 78 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners British statesman and Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain, left, and American statesman and financier Charles Gates Dawes won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Norwegian Arctic explorer and statesman Fridtjof Nansen won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922. Hide Caption 80 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Christian Lous Lange, left, and Karl Hjalmar Branting won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921 for promoting global peace. Hide Caption 81 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners French socialist statesman Leon Victor Auguste Bourgeois, founder of the League of Nations, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1920. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners President Woodrow Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919. Hide Caption 83 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Belgian diplomat Henri La Fontaine, who served as president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1913. Hide Caption 84 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners American jurist and statesman Elihu Root, who served as U.S. Secretary of War from 1899-1904, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912 for his promotion of international arbitration. Hide Caption 85 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Tobias Michael Carel Asser, left, and Alfred Hermann Fried won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1911 for their efforts in promoting peace among nations. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The International Peace Bureau won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1910. Hide Caption 87 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners French diplomat Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque, left, and Belgian Prime Minister Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1909. Hide Caption 88 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Danish writer and politician Fredrik Bajer, left, and Swedish author and politician Klas Pontus Arnoldson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1908. Hide Caption 89 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Nobel Peace Prize in 1907 was awarded jointly to Italian journalist Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, left, and French industrialist Louis Renault. Hide Caption Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 was awarded to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Hide Caption 91 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Austrian author Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner became the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905. Hide Caption 92 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Members of the Red Cross Motor Corps, all wearing masks to protect against the further spread of the influenza epidemic, carry a patient on a stretcher into an ambulance in St. Louis in October 1918. The International Committee of the Red Cross won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917. Hide Caption 93 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners The Institute of International Law won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1904 for promoting peace around the world. Hide Caption 94 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners English politician, pacifist and trade unionist Sir William Randal Cremer won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903. Hide Caption 95 of 97 Photos: Nobel Peace Prize winners Swiss activist Elie Ducommun and Swiss lawyer Charles Albert Gobat won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902. 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What organization, loosely translated from Arabic to mean 'the Base' or 'maxim' or 'methodology', was founded in 1988 in Peshewar, Pakistan?	Religious Foundations of the Last Instructions of 9/11 - Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion Sociology, Anthropology, and Psychology of Religion Theology and Philosophy of Religion Religious Foundations of the Last Instructions of 9/11 Hans G. Kippenberg Global Perspectives on Religion, Islamic Studies, Religion and Politics Online Publication Date: View PDF Page of PRINTED FROM the OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIA, RELIGION (religion.oxfordre.com). (c) Oxford University Press USA, 2016. All Rights Reserved. Personal use only; commercial use is strictly prohibited. Please see applicable Privacy Policy and Legal Notice (for details see Privacy Policy ). Subscriber: University of Washington; date: 20 January 2017 Religious Foundations of the Last Instructions of 9/11 Summary and Keywords An instruction manual consisting of four sheets in Arabic was found with three of the four teams that performed the terror attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. The writing conceived of the action as a raid (ghazwa), as we know it from early Islamic history. It instructed the teams how to perform the ghazwa correctly. Purifying their intentions by recitals, rituals, and bodily cleaning, they turn their attack into an act of worship. A part called the “second stage” anticipates the issue of assuring divine protection at the airport. Finally “a third stage” urges the teams to act in the plane according the practice of the Prophet and to achieve martyrdom. To understand the manual and its framing of the violence, six dimensions will be analyzed: (1) Arguments for and against the authenticity of the document are discussed. (2) The attack happened in the wake of a declaration of war by the “World Islamic Front for the Jihad against Jews and Crusaders” in 1998, signed by Osama bin Laden and leaders of other jihadist groups. (3) The message spread across the Internet and was accepted by various groups that regarded the situation of Islam as threatened, among them a group of young Muslim men in Hamburg. A network called al-Qaeda emerged. (4) The present world is dominated by the power of ignorance and hubris (jahiliyya). The manual prescribed an attack in terms of the raids (ghazwa) of the Prophet in Medina. (5) The manual presumes a particular communal form of organizing militant Muslims. (6) It celebrated militancy of Muslims and presupposed a fighter’s ethos in the diaspora. An argument is made that the American concept of terrorism as a manifestation of evil and immorality destined to be eradicated militarily by the United States and their allies ignores the secular character of conflict and accelerates the cycle of violence. Keywords: jihad , jihadism , ghazwa , martyrdom , September 11 , suicide attacks , Osama bin Laden , terrorism , Islam , Quran , sword verse , crusade , Afghanistan The Writing and Its Authenticity On September 28, 2001, the FBI distributed four pages of an Arabic document at a press conference and also published them on its website. 1 The headline was spectacular: “Hijacking Letter Found at Three Locations.” Beneath the four pages of Arabic text, the website displayed three photos, surrounded by information about the hijackers, their flights, and the places where the documents were found. Mohamed Atta is connected with American Airlines #11 that crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 8:45 a.m.; underneath his photo appears: “Found in Atta’s suitcase.” The next photo shows Nawaf al-Hazmi; the text connects him with American Airlines #77, which crashed at 9:39 a.m. into the Pentagon, and the document is said to be “Found in Vehicle at Dulles International Airport.” Finally, a photo of the crash site of United Airlines #93 at Stony Creek Township is accompanied by the remark, “Found at Crime Scene.” Click to view larger Figure 1. The Spiritual Manual as it was published by the FBI on its website on September 28, 2001. Mohamed Atta, who navigated the first plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, originated his journey on September 11 in Portland, Maine, and changed planes in Boston. One piece of his luggage did not make it onto the plane from Logan Airport, whether by chance or not we do not know. When his suitcase was found, two documents were discovered. In a last will, written in English and laid down in 1996, Atta prescribed how his body should be handled after his death in order to prevent pollution. Much more spectacular is the handwritten Arabic text published by the FBI; English extracts were distributed during a FBI press conference on September 28. The text anticipates the stages of the attack and prescribes for each stage recitations of the Quran, prayers, and rituals. The British journal The Observer published an English translation of the four pages on September 30. 2 An improved translation was later made by Hassan Mneimneh for The New York Review of Books. 3 On September 28, The Washington Post published a leading article on the discovery, “In Hijacker’s Bags, a Call to Planning, Prayer and Death.” The article spoke about five pages instead of four, and later the same issue (p. A18) published two extracts in English: In the name of God, the most merciful, the most compassionate … In the name of God, of myself and of my family … I pray to you God to forgive me from all my sins, to allow me to glorify you in every possible way. Remember the battle of the prophet … against the infidels, as he went on building the Islamic state. Since neither extract is found in the four pages previously published, the authenticity of both is disputed. The second quotation perfectly fits the manual, since it conceives of the attacks in terms of the Prophet Muhammad’s ghazwa when the Islamic polity was established in Medina. But the first of the sentences elicited serious doubts about its authenticity. What pious Muslim would dare to say: “In the name of God, of myself and of my family”? Since the Arabic original of this text has never been published, a mistranslation cannot be ruled out. It may have its roots in “family” (usra), referring not to kinship but to a religious brotherhood, small section of the Muslim Brotherhood. The writing found in Mohamed Atta’s bag was not the only one. A second copy was found in the car used by Nawaf al-Hazmi and left at Dulles International Airport. CBS News published an English translation of it on October 1, 2001. 4 It likewise consists of four pages, and the translation accords widely with that of Mohamed Atta’s text. Yet all scans available on the Internet reproduce one original, not two. Perhaps the CBS journalist misunderstood the law enforcement agents when they distributed copies during the press conference. The remnants of a third copy have not been published. The document and all information about it derive from U.S. Secret Service sources—a fact that has given rise to speculations about a forgery. It is worthwhile to note, therefore, that independent evidence exists about the manual. This evidence derives from Yosri Fouda, reporter for Al Jazeera, who under conspiratorial circumstances met Khalid Sheikh Muhammad and Ramzi bin al-Shibh (Binalshibh) in Karachi. 5 Binal-Shibh was the intermediary between the Hamburg group and the chief of the military committee of al-Qaeda, Khalid Sheikh Muhammad. Fouda had an extensive interview with both men. He was told how the attacks were prepared. Bin al-Shibh showed him a suitcase with “souvenirs” from his stay in Hamburg, among them a booklet containing handwritten notes by Mohamed Atta in the margin. Since the handwriting differed from the document published by the FBI, bin al-Shibh explained to Fouda that “The Manual for a Raid” in Atta’s luggage had been written by Abdul Aziz al-Umari, who was highly respected in the group for his profound knowledge of Islam and his beautiful handwriting. 6 A video produced by the media outlet of al-Qaeda confirms this information. Osama bin Laden praised “Sheikh Abu al-‘Abbas, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz al-‘Umari al-Zahrani: an example for contemporary scholars and a vestige of the pious predecessors. The active scholar. He protected knowledge from the employ of the tyrants and prevented this knowledge from captivity to their salaries.” 7 Though the find was spectacular, the manual had no major impact on the examination of the events and was widely ignored. What are the reasons for that? Immediately after its release, the well-known Middle East scholar Robert Fisk drew attention to statements in the document he found suspicious in the mouth of a Muslim. “What Muslim would write: ‘The time of fun and waste is gone’?” he asked in The Independent on September 29, 2001. As additional evidence he cited the expressions “100 per cent” and “optimistic,” too modern for Arabic theological language. Fisk, who at that time had seen only the English translation, drew a cautious conclusion about a possible Christian translator: “The translation, as it stands, suggests an almost Christian view of what the hijackers might have felt.” 8 Fisk’s remark is ambiguous, since it refers to the translation. It gained additional weight in conjunction with conspiracy theories that started circulating soon after the events. Michael Barkun, who has studied the American culture of conspiracy for many years, pointed to certain American groups that did not attribute the attacks to Osama bin Laden and his organization but to the interests of the U.S. government in restricting the freedom of the citizens under the pretext of counterterrorism. 9 Other conspiracy theories originated outside the United States. Rumors swept across the Muslim world that the attacks were perpetrated by the Secret Service of Israel and that four thousand Jews who normally worked in the WTC did not show up for work on September 11 because they had been tipped off by Mossad. 10 Forgery is a common phenomenon in the history of religions. Well-known documents are ascribed to authorities who cannot have written them. Only after careful investigation and discussion can the suspicion of forgery become a plausible thesis. In the case of our document, no serious attempts have been made to prove it a forgery. It is an unfounded suggestion. Instead, despite all the doubts and uncertainties, qualified attempts have been made to take the document seriously. Hassan Mneimneh und Kanan Makiya published in January 2002, in The New York Review of Books, an examination of the “Manual for a ‘Raid,’” followed by the translation mentioned above. 11 The authors explained the contents of the document in terms of Islamic literature, theology, theology, and history. In December 2002, the Martin Marty Center of the University of Chicago, a research institution for the study of religions, started on its website a debate about the document. Bruce Lincoln, following up on Mneimneh and Makiya, attempted to specify the worldview of the perpetrators by pointing to the Egyptian intellectual Sayyid Qutb, a spokesman for the militant wing of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1960s. Sayyid Qutb denounced the westernization of Egypt’s culture and society as a new era of ignorance (jahiliyya). He called upon the faithful Muslim to do the same as the Prophet had once done: to fight to overthrow the power of paganism along with a few dedicated men. Sayyid Qutb paid for his subversive version of Islam with his life and was executed by the Egyptian government in 1966. 12 Bruce Lawrence and Mark Juergensmeyer also joined the debate on the Chicago website and by and large supported Lincoln’s approach. 13 In 2006 David Cook published an extensive investigation of the document in the light of Islamic apocalypticism and jihad and added at the end a new English translation of “The Last Night,” as he called the document. 14 We owe a comprehensive analysis of the attack to Stephen Holmes, who put together all bits and pieces of evidence relating to the perpetrators and the organization of the attack. 15 A critical edition, translation, and analysis of the Arabic text was published in 2006. 16 The more the document has been studied, the more it has turned out to be representative of a specific current in contemporary Islamic activism and the suspicion of forgery has lost credibility. The most recent and extensive critical reconstruction of 9/11 by Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan integrated the manual and its ritual instructions into the series of events preceding the attack. Yet, astonishingly, something else has become utterly incomprehensible. Seventeen days after the attacks, the FBI released four pages of Arabic script that had also been found in Atta’s bag … Neither the 9/11 Commission Report nor a Commission staff document … even mentions the find … The omission is extraordinary, unconscionable, for the telltale pages were important evidence. 17 The Commission Report reconstructs with extreme precision the chain of events preceding the attack but ignores the manual and even seems intentionally to contradict its relevance to the attacks. The manual required that during the last night, all fighters should perform rituals, recitations, and prayers. According to the Commission Report, however, Mohamed Atta and Abdul Aziz al-Umari that night pursued “ordinary activities: making ATM withdrawals, eating pizza, and shopping at a convenience store.” 18 As we will see, this depiction was due to a political decision to portray the attackers as people devoid of any religious faith. The Declaration of War by the “World Islamic Front for the Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders” in 1998 The attack on the United States and its justification were part of a chain of events that started with the inroad of the Soviet Army in Afghanistan in 1979 and the successful resistance against it in the decade that followed. The Afghan fighters were supported by Arabic mujahidin. When the Soviet Army withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, Osama bin Laden and his closest advisors and followers, numbering scarcely more than a dozen at that time, left Pakistan and moved first to Saudi Arabia, then to Sudan, and finally in 1996 to Afghanistan, where the Taliban had come to power in the same year. There he wrote a long letter to “the brothers” throughout the world, and especially to those in the Arabian Peninsula, in which he summoned all Muslims to a jihad against the Americans in Arabia and against Israel in Palestine. 19 Osama’s letter, dubbed the “Ladenese Epistle,” came as a juridical edict authorizing defensive war (jihad) against the Americans. He accused the “Judeo-Christian alliance” of being responsible for massacres in Palestine, Iraq, Lebanon, Tajikistan, Burma, and Kashmir. He claimed an alliance of aggression against the land of the two holy places, Mecca and Medina. According to bin Laden, in many countries Muslims were suffering, their blood was the cheapest anywhere in the world, but it was the absolute height of arrogance to invade the house of Islam (dar al-Islam). The two holy places of Islam were debased by the presence of crusader troops. The establishment of American military bases in Saudi Arabia during the first Gulf War (1990–1991) was sacrilege, which all Muslims were called upon to expiate. In an allusion to the early Islamic traditions about the Mahdi, bin Laden wrote that he was issuing this declaration from Khorazan, a region in the East from where early Muslims expected the Mahdi (the guided one) to come. Two years later, in 1998, a similar declaration was issued, this time by the “World Islamic Front for the Jihad against Jews and Crusaders.” 20 The summons to the jihad was signed not only by Osama bin Laden, but also by Aiman az-Zawahiri as the emir of Egyptian Jihad, Rifa’i Ahmad Taha on behalf of the Egyptian Jama‘a al-Islamiyya, 21 and a Pakistani and a Bangladeshi on behalf of their groups. This declaration, which is briefer and more concise than the text two years earlier, begins with the so-called “sword verse” (Sura 9:5): “Then, when the sacred months are drawn away, slay the idolaters wherever you find them, and take them, and confine them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush.”It adds that the Arabian Peninsula is infested with the crusaders, who are like locusts that devour its riches. The declaration mentions three circumstances as evidence of the conspiracy against Islam and of the threat facing the Muslims: • The United States has occupied the most sacred places on the Arabian Peninsula in order to steal the natural resources, to humiliate the Muslims, and to use military means to oppress the Muslim peoples. • The United States has inflicted grave damage on the Iraqi people and continues to do so by means of the embargo, although this has already cost the lives of a million people. • The United States is destroying Iraq and wants to break up all the other states in the region into defenseless mini-states in order to guarantee Israel’s superiority over the neighboring Arab states. 22 On the surface, these reasons for declaring war are social and political; they do not require a dedicated Muslim perspective to understand them. Yet the Muslim spokesmen defined the conflict in terms of religious concepts and actions. The violent and partisan interventions by the United States in the Middle East are regarded as a declaration of war against God. Hence a binding legal instruction (hukm) affirms that the highest obligation of all the believers is now to fight against the unbelievers: To kill the Americans and their allies—civilian and military—is an individual duty incumbent upon every Muslim in all countries, in order to liberate the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Holy Mosque [in Jerusalem] from their grip, so that their armies leave all the territory of Islam, defeated, broken, and unable to threaten any Muslim. 23 The scope of the declaration goes far beyond the duty of the believers to liberate Islamic territories. It proclaims that the killing of Americans and their allies, whether soldiers or civilians, is a duty. The declaration also exhorts Muslims, in view of the inevitability of war, not to be attached to their lives—are they really going to prefer life in this world to life in the world to come? At stake is not only the common good of the Islamic community but also the salvation of each individual. The emirs of the jihad groups wanted to expand the scope of war into the wider world after the liberation of Afghanistan. They saw the victory over the Soviet Union as a sign from God that it would be possible to defeat the other superpower too. However, they failed to recognize that the fighters owed their victory over the Soviet Army above all to the hundreds of Stinger anti-aircraft missiles that the United States had supplied them—and with which they had shot down 269 Soviet aircraft and helicopters. The reason for the military fight had become a matter of principle. In addition to the collective endeavor to liberate Islamic territory from infidel aggressors, there is now a religious ethic that sees the struggle as a means to attain personal salvation. This is a further development of the idea of an Islamic umma, which is linked primarily to a religious ethic and lifestyle and only secondarily to a specific territory. Al-Qaeda: Nodal Point of Worldwide Networks Shortly before the withdrawal of the Soviet forces, bin Laden and his fellows in arms compiled a database of all who had fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union, so that the volunteers who were registered could provide a base for violent Islam in the future. When shortly before the declaration of 1998 the Egyptian jihad, under the leadership of the physician Aimanaz-Zawahiri (b. 1953), amalgamated with the followers of bin Laden, and members of the Egyptian Jamā‘a al-Islāmiyya likewise joined them, bin Laden’s “basis” (English translation of “al-Qaeda”) began to take on the character of a social community. The Egyptian doctrine of the jihad, Saudi money, and the motivation of simple Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula formed a powerful brew. 24 Even after this, however, the name al-Qaeda remained more a description of function than the name of a group. 25 Bin Laden employed it only when others used it in speaking with him, and even then he employed it reluctantly. He and his followers referred to themselves instead as the “World Islamic Front for the Jihad against Jews and Crusaders.” Scholars have proposed the terms “militant Islamists with a link to Afghanistan” or “transnational militant Islamism”; some use the title “Bin Laden Brotherhood.” This variation in names is typical of the fluid borders of this social entity, a fluidity that has caused problems for the Americans who have suffered under its attacks. In 1995, a report by the U.S. State Department spoke of transnational terrorists who were much harder to track down than the members of groups known by name. President Bill Clinton called it bin Laden’s “network.” It was only after bin Laden’s declaration of war and the attacks on the embassies in Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam and on the warship USS Cole in 1998 that the secret services and politicians disregarded the nebulous identity and boundaries of the group and declared al-Qaeda to be an international organization that must be militarily destroyed, along with the rogue states that support it. Fictions have the power to create new realities, and this is what happened in this instance. Governments that had long clashed with violent Islamic opposition groups in their own countries (e.g., Russia, India, China, the Philippines, Thailand, and Israel) felt that this opportunity was too good to miss and declared their opponents to be branches of al-Qaeda in the hope that the United States would support them in their fight. In fact the organization wasn’t top down, but bottom up. Jason Burke has investigated the various kinds of membership in this network. First, in the center, are bin Laden and his closest advisers. Second, in addition to the inner circle, there is the group of those who have sworn the oath of loyalty to bin Laden as their emir. Peter L. Bergen published documents relevant to the oath; they were found in Bosnia, in a computer file called tārīkh Usāma (the history of Osama) containing letters, minutes, and other documents from the beginnings of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan in 1988. The minutes of one of the meetings at which al-Qaeda was founded contain the formula of the oath with which a member solemnly swears to obey his superiors, with God’s Word as the highest authority. 26 According to another source, after the Soviet forces had left Afghanistan and bin Laden had formed a group of his own, the members swore an oath of personal loyalty (bay‘a) to him. 27 This sworn community was not closed but open to new adherents from anywhere in the world. A study of the biographies of 172 members of al-Qaeda by Marc Sageman has shown that in many instances, the initiative to join came from various ethnic and national groups who sought contact with bin Laden via men who had previously fought in Afghanistan: The process of joining the jihad … is more of a bottom-up than a top-down activity. A lot of Muslim young men want to join the jihad but do not know how. Joining the jihad is more akin to the process of applying to a highly selective college. Many try to get in but only few succeed.… I did not detect any active top-down organizational push to increase al Qaeda’s membership. The pressure came from the bottom up. Prospective Mujahedin were eager to join the movement. 28 Bin Laden’s followers were recruited primarily from below and more rarely from above. Factors encouraging young men to join included already-existing social ties such as friendship, family, teacher–pupil relationships, or membership in a mosque. 29 In this context, Marc Sageman writes that real recruiters for al-Qaeda existed only in training camps of the Tablighi in Pakistan and nowhere else. Other accounts call this into question. For example, Roland Jacquard has collected pieces of information that point to a deliberate recruitment in North Africa and Europe by bin Laden’s closest associates. 30 There is some evidence to support the thesis of the organizational sociologist Renate Mayntz that al-Qaeda is based on a combination of traits of a hierarchical organization and vertical network structures. This hybrid form explains something that is typical of al-Qaeda, namely, that the lowest units are autonomous and at the same time subject to a central ideology. Their members are isolated from one another, but they are guided in their activities by a common core idea, and the leaders of each group are in contact with the innermost circle. 31 This confirms the rule that it is precisely the weak and informal relationships that construct especially strong and lasting networks. 32 In general, cells that act with a large measure of autonomy, supported by shared convictions and commitment, are more successful than hierarchical structures of command. Dale F. Eickelman has pointed to an important additional factor. 33 Muslims belong to different national, ethnic, political, and economic communities. Mosque communities reflect these differences. These ties are strong, but not the strongest. The most firm is the one linking the believer to God and his messenger; it precedes the other ones, but does not replace them. Due to rising levels of education, greater ease of traveling, and the increasing accessibility of new media, the dominance of the religious tie has further increased. In particular the new media are fostering this shift. This shift explains how it is that, for instance, Muslims in Germany or in Great Britain independent of any prior social link feel an obligation to assist their brothers in other places of the world wherever they suffer. The success of a violent Islam in the global network society is premised on this hierarchy of ties. The Hamburg Cell and the Preparations for 9/11 The planning of the 9/11 attacks began in 1998, when bin Laden with the other emirs declared war on the United States. He now planned raids according the early Islamic model. In his military defense of the emerging Islamic state in Medina against external enemies, the Prophet had recourse to the form of surprise attacks, or raids, practiced by the Bedouins, called ghazwa in Arabic. As early as August 7, 1998, in keeping with this pattern, the first bomb attacks were carried out against the U.S. embassies in Dar-es-Salaam and Nairobi in East Africa. From the end of 1998, Islamist students with Arab origins shared a rented apartment in Marienstrasse 54 in the Harburg district of Hamburg. They gave their little community the eloquent name dār al-ansār, “House of the Helpers”—the same name as bin Laden’s guesthouse in Peshawar. In their minds, the three men who lived there, Mohamed Atta, Ramzi bin al-Shib, and Marwan al-Shehhi, were living in the time of Medina, when the Prophet was in urgent need of helpers in order to achieve recognition and power for Islam. The jihad was at the center of their conversations, although it was as yet undecided whether this would be in Kosovo, Chechnya, Afghanistan, or Bosnia. 34 Ziad Jarreh had joined their group in 1997, but he did not himself move into the apartment with them. Other young Muslims moved in, while some moved out. In the course of two years, more than a dozen men were registered with the municipal authorities under this address, as Terry McDermott discovered in his research into the Hamburg cell. Most of them had met in the al-Quds mosque in the center of Hamburg, where young Arab Muslims prayed together, listened to sermons, and attended—or themselves gave—courses in Islam. Their principal theme was the jihad as an obligation that most Muslims neglected to shoulder. Muhammad Haydar Zammer, a veteran of the Afghan war, had preached this doctrine in the al-Quds mosque, but it is not probable that he had intentionally recruited the students on the orders of al-Qaeda. This is suggested by the 9/11 Commission Report, which calls him a possible recruiter, but the report itself indicates that his influence was apparently limited to questions of religious conviction. 35 Abu Musab, a Mauritanian whose real name was Mohamedou Ould Slahi, probably played a more important organizational role. He was an active member of al-Qaeda and lived in Duisburg; today, he is a prisoner in Guantánamo. Ramzi bin al-Shib heard of him by chance and then visited him in Duisburg together with Ziad Jarreh and Marwan al-Shehhi. Slahi told his visitors, who wanted to go to Chechnya, how difficult it was to get there directly and suggested instead that they should first train in Afghanistan before traveling further and get visas for Pakistan and then await further instructions from him. In the fall of 1999, the four men left Hamburg for Pakistan, each taking a separate route in order not to attract attention. From Quetta in Pakistan, they went to an Afghan training camp near Kandahar, where they were brought to bin Laden. At that time, bin Laden and his closest advisers were contemplating an attack with airplanes in the United States, and the technically skilled Arab students from Hamburg, who spoke English, arrived just at the right moment. It was in the interests of both sides to have them swear the oath of loyalty to bin Laden and to be informed by him about the plan. In Kandahar, the first fighters had already been chosen to carry out the plan. These included the Saudis Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi, who entered the United States by way of California in January 2000. The al-Qaeda propaganda video The Nineteen Martyrs: ‘Abd al-Aziz al-Umari showed how the fighters were preparing themselves for the operation. 36 Ahmed al-Haznawi al-Ghamidi made a farewell video, subsequently transmitted by Al Jazeera, in which he declared that he and the others wanted to die as martyrs. It claimed that the time of humiliation was past, the power of the United States was based merely on propaganda, and that, now, Americans were to be killed on their own soil. As a “living martyr,” al-Umari beseeched God to let the Islamic umma come to life again through “our” deaths. 37 The kind of organization is also demonstrated by the fact that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by nineteen perpetrators who came from different circles. Three of the four pilots (Mohamed Atta, Ziad Jarrah, and Marwan al-Shehhi) belonged to the Hamburg cell. After Ramzi bin al-Shib was refused permission to enter the United States from Yemen, he worked as a coordinator between the Hamburg group and the chief of the al-Qaeda military committee, Khalid Sheikh Muhammad, and his representative, Atef. Hani Hanjour entered the United States as the fourth pilot. Two close personal associates of bin Laden, Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi, were on board American Airlines #77, which crashed into the Pentagon. Finally, there was another group of twelve men from Saudi Arabia who were known as the “muscles,” since it was their task to restrain the crew and passengers in the hijacked planes. In addition to their civil names, all nineteen perpetrators bore an additional name, a kunya. In the traditional Islamic bestowal of names, such an additional name could be given to a person in the course of his life, for example, when he became a father (“Abu”) and thus bore the name of his son. The kunyas of the perpetrators of 9/11 are names of exemplary fighters or steadfast believers from the history of Islam. The source does not state when they adopted these names; this may have been when they obligated themselves (as documented by the video) to die as martyrs. In that case, the kunyas would have been their names as “living martyrs.” 38 Preparing for the 9/11 ghazwa: The Instructions The participants in the attacks were given the manual published by the FBI. It is clear that the author was knowledgeable in Islam but not a top Islamic scholar. This, at any rate, is indicated by his remark when he recommends the recitation of the Quran: “Know that the best way of recitation is reciting the Noble Qur’an according to a consensus of the scholars, as far as I know” (page 1/paragraph 6); similar phrases are found at 3/1 and 3/14. Only one who is not wholly certain of his own scholarship would speak in this manner. This is not uncommon, since in Islam it is often the laymen who preach; only the knowledge of the legal tradition is professionalized. All this would fit Mohamed Atta, the commander (emir) of the 9/11 attacks, were it not for information by Yasri Fouda that argues against this. Bin al-Shib told him that the manuscript that was in Atta’s possession had been composed and written out not by Atta but by Abdul Aziz al-Umari, 39 who had been greatly admired by the others because of his knowledge of Islam and his handwriting. Al-Umariwas heavily involved in the production of the video The Nineteen Martyrs: Abd al-Aziz al-Umari. His part—his farewell message explaining why he wants to die—was completed before he traveled to the United States on June 29, 2001. The 9/11 Commission Report contains information about al-Umari that accords well with Fouda’s suggestion that he was the author of the Spiritual Manual. After graduating with distinction from high school and taking his degree at the Islamic Imam Muhammad ibn Saud University, al-Umari served as prayer leader in a mosque in Saudi Arabia and studied under the radical Saudi clergyman Sulaiman al-Alwan, whose mosque in the province of Qassim was known to other clerics as the “terrorist factory.” 40 In the Spiritual Manual, the words “airport” and “airplane” are not written out but are abbreviated, doubtless for reasons of caution—lest a copy fall into the wrong hands. But the participants were not all equally informed of all the details of the plan. A remark by bin Laden himself suggests that only the four pilots and his own close associates were fully informed. 41 Nevertheless, all knew that they were setting out on a mission that—if it succeeded—would end in their certain deaths. Renewal of Intention The Spiritual Manual prescribes a prelude to the violent attack. In the night before, the “brethren” should take a “pledge of allegiance of death and of renewal of intent.” In the history of the formation of Islamic communities, bay‘a designates the solemn act with which believers are confirmed in their loyalty to a legitimate leader, their emir. Associations of men (futuwwa) had long been founded according to this principle. The Egyptian Muslim Brethren too knew this practice and were united by means of an “oath of allegiance.” But an oath of allegiance unto death, which was sworn here, is a different matter. In The Neglected Duty, Faraj took up the question whether an oath of allegiance unto death could be made to anyone other than the Prophet. He answered in the affirmative: such an oath is owed to every legitimate leader in a jihad (§§ 95–97), 42 in the present case, to bin Laden. The first task of the team is the “renewal of intention” (niyya). “Intention” is a fundamental category in Islamic law. An act of worship without niyya is invalid, just as a niyya without action. 43 Both Sayyid Qutb and his brother Mohammed (one of bin Laden’s teachers in Jidda) held the view that the identity of Muslims depends on intention, not on external actions. 44 The issue of the right intention played a major part in the discussions among Muslims about the permissibility of the suicide attacks. Muslims regarded them not as suicide that is strictly forbidden in Islam but as martyrdom operations. Since both actions are essentially identical (in that they result in willing death), only the intention of the actors makes the difference, as David Cook has shown. 45 A host of information for this reasoning includes a document called “The Islamic Ruling on the Permissibility of Martyrdom Operations,” written by an unknown Arabic Scholar in defense of a suicide attack by a female Mujahid in Chechnya in 2000. 46 According to an anonymous blog, Hawaa’ Barayev drove a car laden with explosives through the streets of Alkhan Kala and into a building that was used by the leadership of Russian Special Forces in Chechnya. Russian troops unleashed a hail of fire in an attempt to stop sister Hawaa,’ but Allah had chosen to give victory to her and to her message. She drove the car through the gates and into the center of the building. The explosives detonated ripping through the structure and causing heavy damage. After the dust settled, 27 Russian soldiers, many of them senior Special Forces officers, lay dead. The building used by the Russian Special Forces was severely damaged, and a Russian army of 270,000 Russians watched helplessly as a female warrior of Allah drove a knife through the heart of the leadership of Russia's elite forces. 47 There were Muslims who rejected the deed as forbidden suicide; the author acknowledged that it resembled suicide, but the Sharia “gives a different verdict about two actions that externally appear the same, but differ in the intentions behind them.” The author quotes a Hadith: “Verily, actions are only according to intentions.” 48 While the intention behind suicide is unbelief, the intention behind martyrdom is the dignity of the umma. An act of that kind must answer four conditions in order to qualify as martyrdom. Martyrdom operations should not be carried out unless certain conditions are met: 1. One’s intention is sincere and pure—to raise the Word of Allah. 2. One is reasonably sure that the desired effect cannot be achieved by any other means which would guarantee preservation of his life. 3. One is reasonably sure that loss will be inflicted on the enemy, or they will be frightened, or the Muslims will be emboldened. 4. One should consult with war strategy experts, and especially with the amber (sic!?) of war, for otherwise he may upset plan and alert the enemy to their presence. If the first condition is absent, the deed is worthless, but if it is satisfied while some others are lacking, then it is not the best thing, but this does not necessarily mean the Mujahid is not shaheed. 49 The same reasoning inspired the attacks of 9/11. Since the only criterion for the admission of a martyr to paradise is his intention at the moment of his death, the perpetrators of 9/11 felt no hesitation of any kind about leading an un-Islamic lifestyle before the attacks, with the conscious aim of misleading their enemies. Martyrdom wipes out all one’s earlier sins. 50 The Spiritual Manual transmits an illustration for an instance of exemplary preparation for an act of martial violence, performed by Ali, Muhammad’s nephew and son-in-law, in the Battle of the Trench (627 ce). The choice of this particular model sheds an eloquent light on the aim of the author of the manual: Do not take vengeance for yourself, but make your strike and everything else for the sake of God. Take for example Ali ibn Abi Talib. When he once fought against an unbeliever, the unbeliever spat on him. Ali then let his sword pause and did not strike him. Only afterwards, he struck him. After the battle, one of the companions asked him why he had done so, why he had not struck the unbeliever, and first left and only later struck him. Ali answered: “When he spat on me, I feared I would strike him in vengeance. Therefore I held my sword,” or how he said. When he had called the intention to mind, he turned to him and struck and killed him. All this means, that the human being should prepare his soul in a very short time, and then all he does is for the sake of God. (3/13–15) The insult to Ali demands punishment, but it is the inner preparation that determines whether this is merely a personal revenge or genuinely a military act carried out in the name of God. The Manual says nothing about the injustice that the World Islamic Front adduced in 1998 as the reason for the declaration of war on the United States, although we know that Mohamed Atta was personally indignant at this. 51 The deed must speak entirely for itself. The targets of the attacks were the arrogant seats of power of contemporary “paganism”: Wall Street’s capital, residing in the World Trade Center; the military power that dwelt in the Pentagon; and the political power of the United States, which was located in the U.S. Capitol, the goal of the fourth plane, which crashed in Pennsylvania. 52 Spiritual techniques accompanied the militant action, as we see in the subdivision of the attack into three phases, in a manner similar to the subdivision in The Neglected Duty, where the true jihad consists of three different endeavors, which are aspects of one and the same action: the jihad against one’s own soul, against Satan, and against the unbelievers and hypocrites (§§ 88–89). The tripartite division of the action in the Spiritual Manual presupposes a similar view, namely, that the jihad is an endeavor that must be directed against one’s own soul, against Satan, and against the unbelievers, if it is to be pleasing to God. The First Phase: Attaining Purity The renewal of the intention begins on the night before the attack, when the men purify their bodies and prepare themselves for the action step by step, through recitations, prayers, meditations, and ritual ablutions. The Arabic word for “recitation,” dhikr, which is used frequently in the Manual, never means only “reciting a text.” It always also means “remembering” and “representation.” The recitation brings one to participate today in the supernatural power of the Prophet. The fighters are to recite Suras 8 and 9 and to reflect on what they mean (1/3). The Prophet himself commanded that these Suras should be recited before the raid (ghazwa), with the result that they captured much booty. The choice of the Suras 8, “The Spoils,” and 9, “The Repentance,” is significant, since both come from the period when Muhammad left Mecca and founded a state in Medina, and then went to war against Mecca. Muhammad the persecuted Prophet became Muhammad the warlord and founder of a state. The principal example that provided orientation for the perpetrators’ action was the Battle of the Trench in 627 ce, which was fought against both external and internal enemies. In the years before this, Muhammad had had peaceful relations with the unbelievers in Mecca, but this changed in Medina, and the “sword verse” documents this new attitude: Then, when the sacred months are drawn away, slay the idolaters wherever you find them, and take them, and confine them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they repent, and perform the prayer, and pay the alms, then let them go their way: God is All-forgiving, All-compassionate. (Sura 9:5) The change from toleration of the unbelievers to violence against them is a central theme of Islamic theology. Some Muslim scholars hold that the “sword verse” has replaced other revelations that sound a different note. They appeal for support to Sura 2:106, which admits such a possibility: “And for whatever verse We abrogate or cast into oblivion, We bring a better or the like of it.” In The Neglected Duty (§§ 76–79), Faraj appeals to scholars in support of his affirmation that the “sword verse,” probably the last one Muhammad has received, abrogates no less than 114 other verses in 54 Suras that presuppose a peaceful coexistence with unbelievers, replacing these with the requirement: “Prescribed for you is fighting, though it be hateful to you” (Sura 2:216). Other scholars disagree with such an interpretation of Sura 2:106 and have called into question the whole principle of the abrogation (Arabic naskh) of revelations made to the Prophet. 53 In his rebuttal of The Neglected Duty, the Egyptian mufti Sheikh Jadd al-Haqq simply quoted the second part of the “sword verse” in order to dismiss the martial interpretation: “But if they repent, and perform the prayer, and pay the alms, then let them go their way: God is All-forgiving, All-compassionate.” The recitation of the martial Sura in the Spiritual Manual is followed by meditations (1/4): Reminding oneself of unconditional obedience that night, as you will encounter decisive situations that require 100 percent unconditional obedience. Pull yourself together, make yourself understand, convince yourself and incite yourself to this action. This is how the perpetrator is to overcome his natural self, which wants to go on living. He is to remain awake in the night and to pray that he may later remain “undetected” (1/5). He must then break strictly with the world: Purify your heart and cleanse it from stains and forget or ignore that thing named “World.” The time for playing is over, and the true appointment has come. How much of our lifetime here did we waste! Why don’t we use these hours profitably by offering acts pleasing to God and pious deeds? (1/7) It is vital now to liberate the intention from all those emotions that are foreign to it. In his mind, the fighter should tell himself that his wedding day (symbol for the state of spiritual fulfillment of life) 54 is approaching and that any difficulties that may occur are tests by God, designed to give him a higher rank. If God truly so desires, even a little band is capable of beating an entire army. All this, however, presupposes that the fighter recites prayers together with his brethren, without forgetting all the practical details. The morning prayer in the fellowship of the brethren (jamā‘a) at the end of the night puts the seal on their purity. The angels will pray that he be forgiven, as long as he is ritually pure (1/15). The Second Phase, in the Airport: Overcoming the Fear of the Satanic Western Civilization In the airport, which is under the rule of the pagan powers, the believing Muslim needs one thing above all else, namely, protection, and he obtains this through recitation and prayer. Wherever you go and whatever you do, always perform the prayers. God grants his pious servants protection, facilitation, success, strengthening, assistance, and everything else. (2/15) Thanks to his recitation and prayer, the angels protect the fighter, although he himself does not notice this (2/2). He has nothing to fear from the technology of the airport; one who is afraid of this is in reality a friend of Satan (2/6–7). Those who are enchanted by Western civilization are people who have drunk their love and reverence with cold water. They feared their [own] weak fragile devices. “Therefore do not fear them; but fear you Me, if you are believers” [Sura 3:175]. Fear is a great act of worship. The followers of God and the believers offer it only to the One and only God in whose hand are all things. Be sure that God will frustrate the guile of the unbelievers. (2/8) This is the only passage in the entire document that names the jihadists’ enemy by name: Western civilization in general. One cannot exclude the possibility of an allusion to Samuel Huntington’s assertion about the irreconcilable conflict between the Western and the Islamic cultures, but this theory is amplified by means of a spiritual aspect: Western civilization inspires terror in people, and only the Muslim fighter is a match for this. Others do not perceive what he is doing when he speaks the first part of the creed in the airport building: lā ilāha illā llāhu, “There is no God but God.” These words are heavier than heaven and earth together and make the fighter miraculously unassailable (2/9–11). This is why he remains unrecognized, despite the power of paganism: it is God who protects him by hiding him from his foes. The theology of the overcoming of the fear of Western superiority is connected to one specific diagnosis of the present day. In an age in which weakness has taken root in the hearts of the faithful and Islam is threatened with extinction, an avant-garde of Muslims rises up and demonstrates a superhuman fearlessness. 55 This theology of the overcoming of fear likewise finds expression in statements by bin Laden. The 1996 letter in which he issued the summons to the jihad begins with quotations from the Quran that make the fear of God the very heart of the Islamic faith. This interpretation of the situation of the fighter is accompanied by an affirmation about his identity, which remains hidden from outsiders. In the kingdom of Satan, the soldier of the Highest Power remains unrecognized. In a world of falsehood, his true identity must be concealed. But secrecy on its own does not suffice to guarantee success. Only God can make this practice successful (2/3; cf. 1/5). Behind all this lies the fundamental maxim of some sort of jihadi Islam, namely, that the external world is so thoroughly corrupted by unbelief that the only remaining dwelling place of Islam is the heart and its intention. In a world ruled by the demonic Western civilization, the true Muslims have to hide their identity; their courage gives practical proof of a superior power. The Third Phase, on Board the Plane: Reenacting the ghazwa of the Prophet There now follows the third part of the action: the attack. God’s warrior enters the plane unrecognized; here too, the first step is secret recitations and prayers. The theme of martyrdom takes center stage. Despite all his willingness to die, martyrdom is not his personal achievement: “Ask God to grant you martyrdom” (3/7). 56 When the moment of decision comes, the young Muslim springs up like a hero who does not wish to return to human life and cries: Allāhu akbar! (“God is the greatest!”), filling the hearts of the unbelievers with fear. The unknown soldier of the Highest Power discloses his true identity and does what Sura 8:12 commands: “Smite above the necks, and smite every finger of them!” He knows that Paradise and the virgins of Paradise await him. The experience of salvation is depicted in metaphors of sexual fulfillment. 57 If God grants him the favor of sacrificing someone with his knife, he is to do this for his father and his mother. Since the practice of the Prophet included plundering the enemies, this too is to be done on the plane, though it is here without any practical value, due to the imminent death of all. It is necessary in a ghazwa according to the model of the Prophet and testifies to the ritual logic of the attack. 58 But it may only be performed when it does not hamper the operation. “The benefit of the action has priority, and (in general), the (interest of the) group has to be given priority over following the custom [sunna]” (3/12). Some enemies are to be taken captive and killed. If everything goes according to plan, each one is to pat his brother from the apartment on the back (3/17), and it would be good if one could recite the following verse from the Quran: “Count not those who were slain in God’s way as dead” (Sura 3:169). A small amount of booty should be taken, even if this is only a cup or a glass of water. When the true promise and the zero hour approach, tear your suit and open your chest, welcoming death on the path of God. Always mind God, either by ending with the ritual prayer, if this is possible, starting it seconds before the target, or let your last words be: “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is his Prophet.” After that, God willing, the meeting in the highest paradise will follow through God’s mercy. (3/21–23) When he puts this framework around the violent deed, the author of the Spiritual Manual is imitating early Islamic battles, even down to actions that are out of place, such as the plundering of the foes. The success of the operation depends on the correct recitations of Suras and on the very precise enactment of the attack: it is these that guarantee the purity of the intention. This practice has a prehistory. From the early period on, war for the cause of God was a Muslim obligation. The believer had to be ready for military service when the leader ordered wars against pagans. In addition to this, however, a “stricter” religious view held that the war against the pagans was the place where faith really proved its worth. The true Muslim voluntarily gives proof of his faith in the war against the pagans. When the Prophet says that the monasticism of his community is the jihad, 59 this is not only a polemic against Christianity but also a positive link between the ascetic rejection of the world and the militant ethos. The same link is found in classical Islamic sources, as Albrecht Noth has shown. The fighter prepares himself for the war with the aid of ascetic abstinence. A Christian who was taken captive by Muslims described what he had experienced there: they were “knights-at-arms by day and monks by night.” The fighters were encouraged to speak the formulas of the praise of God, to recite from the Quran, to utter prayers, to fast, and to declare the praises of God (dhikr) before going into battle. 60 The model here was to be found in the Prophet’s raids (ghazwa) when he enforced the Islamic order of things from Medina, especially the Battle of the Trench in 627 ce, which oriented the fighters of 9/11 too. 61 These raids integrated both spiritual and military practices. Albrecht Noth’s research led him to the conclusion “that in Islam the struggle against the unbelievers was regarded and proclaimed as a possibility of ‘worship’.” 62 The Social Form of the Attacking Teams: Usar (Families) and Ashira (Clan) The attacks of September 11 were committed by groups that understood themselves as communities re-enacting the struggle for an Islamic state. Regarding this social form, a closer look at the Lebanon and the Near East in the 1980s is illuminating. The group that took responsibility for the attacks on the barracks in Beirut in October 1983 called itself Islamic Jihad (al-jihad al-islami) and was linked to the Shi‘i “Party of God,” the Hizbollah. Hizbollah was a network of ulama with their students (taliban), bonded together by divergent religious, local, and political loyalties. 63 But to describe this network as a “party” or an “organization” is certainly much too strong. Hizbollah leaders denied any direct involvement in the operations of the attackers and contended that Islamic Jihad was not the name of an organization, but a common designation for all kind of Islamic militant activities. The militant cells operated apparently independently of each other, only loosely connected by some person in the background, similar to a “brunch of grapes” 64 or a “telephone organization.” 65 The decentralized structure of Islamic groups was not without precedent, as the example of the Muslim Brothers shows. In Egypt in 1943, at a time of increasing pressure by government and police, the Muslim Brothers established a flexible and controllable form of organization, which provided the chief instrument for mobilizing and safeguarding the loyalty of its members. The “family” (usra) became the basic unit of the Brothers; it was limited to five members, with one of them as the head. Four of these “families” (usar) formed a “clan” (ashira), directed by one of the heads of the “families.” 66 This system spread to the Muslim Brothers in Jordan, Gaza, and Syria, where the number of members of a “family” might grow to ten. 67 Richard P. Mitchell and Denis Engelleder have examined the ideas and expectations related to that social form. The founder of the Muslim Brothers, Hasan al-Banna (1906–1949), expected from it a “recovery of the Islamic person.” The members would become familiar with each other and take mutual responsibility. To this end they should meet at least once a week to perform common religious duties, engage in establishing Islam in the personal sphere, have common meals, attend the Friday prayer, and contribute financially to a common till. The “family” was seen as a nucleus of Islam in a world ruled by non-Islamic values and norms. 68 This social form, highly appropriate to a religion lacking hierarchical structures, became dominant among Muslims who understood the present age in the Islamic countries as a new period of ignorance and paganism (jahiliyya). A major proponent of this diagnosis was the already-mentioned Sayyid Qutb. The process through which the jahiliyya might be driven back and an Islamic polity erected depended on the existence of small, devoted communities. The restoration of Islam required a revolution lead by a vanguard that must begin by purging its own consciousness and by sweeping away the influence of the jahiliyya on the souls. The transition would unfold in two stages. From a hidden source, a person would acquire faith in the Quran. When three faithful Muslims had been touched by the faith, they would form a society (jama‘a) of their own, separate themselves from pagan society, and become a movement (haraka) struggling against it. This Islamization from below, as Kepel has called the model, was not unique to the Muslim Brothers but was independently propagated in the Islamic World by the Society for the Propagation of Islam, jama‘at al-tabligh, founded in India 1927. In a world and age in which a new paganism (jahiliyya) ruled, the faithful could preserve their faith only by forming a community (jama‘a) with others, not individually. The social form of “families” and “clans” was an integral part of a particular scenario aiming at re-establishing Islam as a moral and legal order. 69 The Cultivation of a Fighter’s Ethos in the Diaspora The religious rejection of the world generates its own practices. The means whereby believers hope to attain “otherworldly” salvation have a psychological effect, thereby creating “inner worldly” states of affairs. This difference was the basis on which Max Weber constructed the whole of his sociology of religion: “Psychologically considered, man in quest of salvation has been primarily preoccupied by attitudes of the here and now.” 70 The world renouncer experiences his opposition to the world not as a flight from the world but as a victory over its temptations. “The ascetic who rejects the world sustains at least the negative inner relationship with it which is presupposed in the struggle against it,” Weber observes. 71 A “negative inner relationship with the world” finds an echo among Muslims today, especially in the diaspora. Where there is no societal and cultural integration into the host countries and Muslims are marginalized, the identity of the godless enemy changes: it is no longer the corrupt regime in their countries of origin but Western culture. This means that new practices arise. In Middle Eastern countries, the goal of Islamism was a re-Islamization of society and state; in the diaspora, what Olivier Roy catchily calls “neo-Islamism” developed in the form of an Islamic lifestyle. 72 An institutionalized religion turns into a personal religiosity. In this process, the imagined Islamic community (the umma) loses its geographic tie to a territory and becomes a global “faith community” based essentially on lifestyle. The assimilation of Islam to personalized types of Western religiosity does not, however, reduce the tensions with Western culture, since the geographical boundaries are replaced by mental boundaries that are defended no less rigorously. The detachment of Islam from its tie to statehood and territoriality promotes an individualization that gives birth to new forms of communality. This is why there is an intimate link between the enormous expansion of new Islamic communality and the spread of a posttraditional individualized Islam. Given this link, it is worth looking at the biographies of the perpetrators of 9/11 more closely. The significance of an individual personal motive for committing suicide is not the same as the significance his death has for others. The latter significance depends on specific transmitted patterns, but individual motives can vary greatly. Terry McDermott has begun this investigation of individual motives in the case of three perpetrators from the Hamburg cell—Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, and Ziad Jarrah—and their organizer, Ramzi bin al-Shib, and has assembled all the biographical information that he was able to find in Germany. He wanted to know who the people capable of committing such a monstrous act were, and he was deeply disturbed by what he discovered: “The men of September 11, were, regrettably, I think, fairly ordinary men.” They were young Muslims who had become believers in the diaspora—believers untroubled by even the slightest doubt about their faith. And he sees this as one cause: “It is this certainty, not the belief itself, that causes the problems.” 73 Olivier Roy envisages the same state of affairs when he speaks of a detachment of the Muslims’ identity not only from the political order, but also from culture. In his study of the Muslim diaspora in Germany, Stephen Holmes reaches a similar conclusion: despite their education, young Muslims feel alienated both from their countries of origin and from German society. As migrants who are able to live a “purer” Islam than the “hypocrites” in their lands of origin, they cultivate their rage and frustration in religious coteries. 74 They strike up their jihad songs even at weddings—as did the perpetrators of 9/11. Their song glorified the delights of dying as a martyr: 1. I wished life as a delight, as travel and struggle, 2. and I chose my path myself and moved forward fast on it, 3. and I became a fire and a light and … [?] and a perfume, 4. until I died as a martyr, welcoming the fate of death. 5. The light fills my eyes, and the paradise virgins sit in the grasp of my right hand, 6. and I sing like an angel amidst gardens and springs. 7. These gardens are my abode, and my wounds are its perfume; 8. enchantment, joy and wine: what a fine place of rest! 9. My fellows are the prophets and my brothers are the (other)martyrs, 10. and God bestows on us the shadows of a merciful love. 11. In God’s gardens I live in a thousand and one worlds, 12. and anything I desire is brought to me swiftly. 13. Don’t say about those who went away yesterday: We lost them! 14. If dwelling in the Garden of Eternity means being lost, then it is better that you should lose me. 75 The understanding of martyrdom has taken new paths in the diaspora. The Iranian Shia, Hezbollah, and Hamas have declared freely chosen death by one’s own weapon in the fight against Israel and other powers occupying Islamic territory to be an exemplary religious action. Through the al-Qaeda network, however, another type of martyr has come into existence. This type detaches the militant ethic from the situation in which the territory of the community is under threat and links it to a personal rejection of Western civilization. The suicide attack becomes a means to liberate oneself of one’s entanglements in a culture that both fascinates and repels the perpetrator. September 11, 2001, was the date on which this new category of martyrs made its first appearance in the West. 76 These martyrs in turn became objects of representation and celebration in the media. The media outlet of al-Qaeda, al-Sahab, released videos celebrating their attacks. The video The Nineteen Martyrs: Abd al-Aziz al-Umari, broadcast by Al Jazeera on September 9, 2002, was one of al-Sahab’s first martyrdom videos. 77 The 64-minute video is in Arabic, with English subtitles. Pieter Nanninga published them on a CD-ROM accompanying his thesis along with a transcript of the English texts. The video combines different kinds of audiovisual material: footage of the attacks on the Pentagon and the Twin Towers (taken from international news agencies), recitations of the Quran, and Nashids (Islamic songs or chants). Against this background Quranic Suras are recited, sermons and speeches by Osama bin Laden recorded, and Abd al-Aziz al-Umari proclaims his last will. The video starts with the recitation of Sura 9:14–15: Fight them! God will punish them by your hands, disgrace them and give you victory over them, and He will heal the breasts of a believing people and remove the anger in their hearts. And God will turn in mercy to whom He wills. God is Knowing and Wise. Afterwards Bin Laden recites a poem by Yusuf Abu Hilala, a friend of Abdullah Azzam: Clothes of darkness have enveloped us And we are bitten by the sharpest of fangs Our homes overflowed with blood And the aggressors continued their destruction The shining of swords and the sounds of hooves Have vanished from the battlefield Our cries are drowned out By the noise of string and percussion Suddenly, they rose like a storm And demolished their towers	Al-Qaeda
The flower-gardened residence Giverny, in Normandy, France, was home to what impressionist painter, noted for his garden pond scenes?	http://www.social-sciences-and-humanities.com/PDF/beyond_al_qaeda_1 by Hichem Karoui - issuu This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Project AIR FORCE View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Beyond al-Qaeda PART 1 The Global Jihadist Movement Angel Rabasa • Peter Chalk • Kim Cragin • Sara A. Daly • Heather S. Gregg Theodore W. Karasik • Kevin A. O’Brien • William Rosenau Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release, distribution unlimited The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beyond al-Qaeda. Part 1. The global jihadist movement / Angel Rabasa ... [et al.]. p. cm. “MG-429.” Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8330-3930-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Qaida (Organization) 2. Terrorists. 3. Terrorism—Government policy—United States. 4. Terrorism—United States—Prevention. 5. War on Terrorism, 2001– I. Rabasa, Angel. HV6431.B493 2006 363.325'12—dc22 2006025205 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. R AND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2006 RAND Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2006 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface Five years after September 11, 2001, the terrorist attacks and the U.S. response—now called the global war on terrorism—have changed the world, and the terrorist enterprise that we know as al-Qaeda has changed with it. The current status of al-Qaeda’s network remains unclear, but it is certain that it and other terrorist groups continue to threaten the lives and well-being of Americans, at home and abroad, and the security of our friends and allies. This continuing danger leads to ongoing U.S. and international eﬀorts to monitor, disrupt, and dismantle terrorist groups before they can cause large-scale destruction to our people or our interests. The objective of this RAND Corporation study, undertaken as part of a project entitled “Beyond al-Qaeda: Countering Future Terrorist and Other Nontraditional Threats to U.S. Security,” is to understand the shape of future threats to the United States and U.S. security interests from terrorist and other extremist organizations. We do this through analyses that draw together the various threat strands that are informing current U.S. thinking in the war on terror. The study looks speciﬁcally at four sources of threats: 1. Al-Qaeda. We examine how al-Qaeda has changed since September 11, the loss of its operating base in Afghanistan, and the death or capture of key operatives; and we assess what forms the al-Qaeda threat to the United States and U.S. interests takes now and might take in the future. iii iv Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement 2. Terrorist groups that may not be formally part of al-Qaeda but that have assimilated al-Qaeda’s worldview and concept of masscasualty terrorist attacks. This, we believe, is where the center of gravity of the current global terrorist threat lies. 3. Violent Islamist and non-Islamist terrorist and insurgent groups and other nontraditional threats with no known links to alQaeda. These groups threaten U.S. regional interests, friends, and allies. 4. The nexus between terrorism and organized crime. In each case, we examine how the presence of these threats aﬀects U.S. security interests, and we identify distinct strategies that the United States and the U.S. Air Force may take to neutralize or mitigate each of these threats. The results of the study are reported in two volumes. This book is the ﬁrst of the two; the second, by Angel Rabasa, Peter Chalk, Kim Cragin, Sara A. Daly, Heather S. Gregg, Theodore W. Karasik, Kevin A. O’Brien, and William Rosenau, is entitled Beyond al-Qaeda: Part 2, The Outer Rings of the Terrorist Universe. This research builds on previous RAND Project AIR FORCE work on counterterrorism, notably the following: • Angel Rabasa, Cheryl Benard, Peter Chalk, Christine Fair, Theodore Karasik, Rollie Lal, Ian Lesser, and David Thaler, The Muslim World After 9/11, MG-246-AF, 2004 • Nora Bensahel, The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Europe, NATO, and the European Union, MR-1746-AF, 2003 • Kim Cragin and Sara Daly, The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World, MR-1782-AF, 2004 • Lynn Davis, Steven Hosmer, Sara Daly, and Karl Mueller, The U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy: A Planning Framework to Facilitate Timely Policy Adjustments, DB-426-AF, 2004 • David Ochmanek, Military Operations Against Terrorist Groups Abroad: Implications for the United States Air Force, MR-1738-AF, 2003. Preface v This research was sponsored by the Deputy Chief of Staﬀ for Air and Space Operations, U.S. Air Force (A3/5), and conducted in the Strategy and Doctrine Program of RAND Project AIR FORCE. Research for this project was completed in September 2004. This book should be of value to the national security community and to interested members of the general public, especially those with an interest in combating the blight of international terrorism. RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Project AIR FORCE, a division of the RAND Corporation, is the U.S. Air Force’s federally funded research and development center for studies and analyses. PAF provides the Air Force with independent analyses of policy alternatives aﬀecting the development, employment, combat readiness, and support of current and future aerospace forces. Research is conducted in four programs: Aerospace Force Development; Manpower, Personnel, and Training; Resource Management; and Strategy and Doctrine. Additional information about PAF is available on our Web site at http://www.rand.org/paf. Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii CHAPTER ONE Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Roadmap to the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CHAPTER TWO Al-Qaeda’s Ideology and Propaganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Propaganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CHAPTER THREE Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Al-Qaeda’s Structure Before September 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Al-Qaeda’s Structure After September 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Operational Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Hard Versus Soft Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 vii viii Beyond Al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Mass-Casualty Versus Smaller, More Frequent Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Focus on Economic Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Eﬃcient Use of Loose Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 New Sanctuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Unconventional Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 MANPADS Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Recruitment of Western Converts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 CHAPTER FOUR Al-Qaeda’s Finances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Resource Structures and Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Future Financial Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 CHAPTER FIVE Al-Qaeda’s Operational Planning Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Post-9/11 Planning Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Iraq in al-Qaeda’s Strategic Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 CHAPTER SIX The al-Qaeda Nebula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 CHAPTER SEVEN South Asian Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Kashmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Laskar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Muhammad, and Harakat-ul-Mujahideen . . . . . . 81 Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan and Laskar-e-Jhangvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Harakat-ul-Jihad-Islami Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Contents ix CHAPTER EIGHT The Caucasus and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chechnya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chechen Jihadists (Basayev Faction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 105 105 111 112 112 116 CHAPTER NINE The North and East African Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Morocco: The Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group and Salaﬁya Jihadia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 GICM and SJ: Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Algeria: The Salaﬁst Group for Preaching and Combat and the Dhamat Houmet Daawa Salaﬁa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 DHDS: Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Libya: Libyan Islamic Fighting Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 LIFG: Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Tunisia: Tunisian Combatant Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 TCG: Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 East Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Somalia: Al-Itihaad al-Islami (AIAI) and the “New” Somali Jihadi Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 The Somali Jihadist Network: Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . 133 CHAPTER TEN The Al-Zarqawi Network: Jordanian and Iraqi Jihadis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jordanian Network: Assessment and Future Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ansar al-Islam, al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad–Tanzim Qai’dat al-Jihad ﬁ Bilad al-Raﬁdayn, and the Mujahideen Shura Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jihadist Groups in Iraq: Assessment and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 135 137 138 138 143 x Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement CHAPTER ELEVEN The Southeast Asian Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jemaah Islamiyah and Its OďŹ€shoots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JI and Local Islamist Groups in Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JI: Assessment and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 147 154 156 CHAPTER TWELVE Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Approaches to Combating the Global Jihadist Movement . . . . . . . . . . Countering al-Qaeda Through Political Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attack the Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Break the Links Between the Global and Local Jihads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deny Sanctuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strengthen the Capabilities of Frontline States to Confront Local Jihadist Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Implications for the U.S. Air Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 159 159 160 161 163 164 166 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Figures 6.1. 7.1. 9.1. 11.1. The Terrorist Nebula and Regional Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 South and Central Asian Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 North and East African Clusters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Southeast Asian Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 xi Tables S.1. 5.1. 6.1. 8.1. 11.1. Associations Between Major Jihadist Clusters Worldwide and al-Qaeda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii Jihadists Killed in Iraq, October 2004â€“March 2005 . . . . . . . . . . 71 Associations Between Major Jihadist Clusters and al-Qaeda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Major Suicide Attacks Carried Out by Chechen Militants, 2000â€“2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Terrorist Events in Indonesia Since Bali I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 xiii Summary Al-Qaeda Defeating the global jihadist movement—which we deﬁne as al-Qaeda and the universe of jihadist groups that are associated with or inspired by al-Qaeda—is the most pressing security challenge facing the United States today. The global jihadist movement can be distinguished from traditional or local jihads, which are armed campaigns conducted by Islamist groups against local adversaries with usually limited aims as well as geographic scope, in that it targets the United States and its allies across the globe and pursues broad geopolitical aims. Although the U.S.-led global war on terrorism has had some notable successes—such as the destruction of al-Qaeda’s sanctuary in Afghanistan, the elimination of many of the group’s leaders, and the growing resolve of many countries to take action against al-Qaeda and its associates—no informed observers believe that al-Qaeda will be eliminated anytime soon. Indeed, in some respects al-Qaeda has metastasized into an even more formidable adversary, dispersed across the world, largely self-sustaining, and constantly adopting new and innovative terrorism tactics. Despite intense government countermeasures, it seems able to mount devastating operations from the air, land, and sea, such as the USS Cole operation in October 2000, the attacks of September 11, 2001, the Madrid railway bombing in March 2004, the Sinai resort bombings of October 2004, and the London bombings of July 2005. The United States itself continues to be threatened xv xvi Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement by large-scale attacks. Countering al-Qaeda is thus likely to preoccupy U.S. national security institutions for at least the remainder of the decade, and probably longer. Although al-Qaeda clearly still exists, as we have seen with the recent discovery of detailed surveillance reports of a multitude of targets in the United States, the group has been substantially transformed. Since September 11, al-Qaeda has gone through several phases: from a well-structured terrorist organization with headquarters in Afghanistan, to the hunted remnants of bin Laden’s inner circle during and after Operation Enduring Freedom, to a disaggregated and atomized enterprise with reduced command and control but a continued capability to operate. Moreover, al-Qaeda still serves as the source of motivation and inspiration for regional terrorist groups that are not formally aﬃliated with it but that share its ideology of global jihad and its concept of operations. Strategy Al-Qaeda’s strategy ﬂows logically from its ideology. To outsiders, those within the network may appear irrational—motivated by insane hatreds, grossly unrealistic in their goals, and willing to kill innocent men, women, and children to achieve their ends. In reality, al-Qaeda, like other terrorist groups, acts in a largely rational manner in the sense that it weighs ends and means, considers alternative approaches, and calculates costs and beneﬁts. Although the movement may emphasize ﬂawed precepts, it makes logical assumptions on the basis of these precepts.1 Among the central strategic priorities of al-Qaeda, mobilizing Muslims for a global jihad against the West and toppling “apostate” regimes, particularly Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Pakistan, remain paramount objectives. Other objectives include creating an Islamic government according to its own ultra-orthodox interpretation of Hanbali Sunni Islam and isolating the majority of Sunni Muslims who follow other schools of Islam, not to mention the Shi’ites. For al-Qaeda and the groups that share its ideology, governments in the Middle East primarily exist 1 For more on al-Qaeda as a rational actor, see Doran (2002). Summary xvii because of U.S. support; their destruction thus is contingent on removing that support. Al-Qaeda has sought to achieve this objective by pressuring the United States to withdraw from the Middle East through the perpetration of increasingly costly acts of terror. Al-Qaeda anticipated U.S. retaliation and hoped that this retaliation could be presented in the Muslim world as a war against Islam that would advance its propaganda and recruitment eﬀorts. (See pp. 23–33.) Ideology Ideology is central to understanding and prevailing over al-Qaeda and the phenomenon of global jihad. On a purely material level, terrorist organizations are almost always outmatched by the government forces that they oppose. If a terrorist group is to survive, it must at the very least have the ability to replace fallen converts with fresh recruits. To a certain extent, the execution of successful operations helps to serve this purpose, both by building morale within the group and by demonstrating to potential converts that the organization is operationally dynamic.2 But terrorist attacks, while necessary, are not suﬃcient to sustain a movement operating against a determined adversary. Militant extremists also require the revolutionary “software” that helps convince militants—whose underground “lifestyle” characteristically tends to be marked by physical danger, isolation from loved ones, and psychological stress—that their mission is worth the sacriﬁces. At its core, al-Qaeda’s ideology is profoundly internationalist, attempting to contextualize local conﬂicts as part of a broader global struggle against “apostasy” and “the inﬁdel.” In essence, al-Qaeda’s ideology is a version of the ideology that a previous RAND study has described as “neo-fundamentalism” or “radical fundamentalism,” i.e., an extremist Islamic fundamentalist set of beliefs that borrows many of the characteristics of European fascism and Marxism-Leninism,3 or 2 See Rabasa et al. (2004). xviii Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement “jihadist-salaﬁsm,” described by Gilles Kepel as “respect for the sacred texts in their most literal form [combined with] an absolute commitment to jihad.”4 Although neither Osama bin Laden nor any other members of his inner circle have articulated a comprehensive vision of the future, bin Laden’s pronouncements emphasize certain themes and a selective interpretation of Islamic law, history, and precedent: There is a war of civilizations in which “Jews and Crusaders” are seeking to destroy Islam; armed jihad is the individual obligation of every Muslim; terrorism and other asymmetric strategies are appropriate for defeating even the strongest powers; Islam is under siege by Christians, Jews, secularists, and globalization; and the economy of the United States is its vulnerable “center of gravity.” These themes are circulated widely via the Internet; in books, cassette tapes, and pamphlets; and, most notoriously, through videotapes in which bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri (sometimes described as bin Laden’s deputy) expound on various subjects. What makes al-Qaeda’s propaganda distinctive is the relentlessly global nature of its dissemination and the quality of its production. As a result of this media strategy, al-Qaeda’s messages have penetrated deeply into Muslim communities around the world, preying on those Muslims who have a sense of helplessness both in the Arab world and in the Western Muslim diaspora. Al Qaeda appears to have had an impact by oﬀering a sense of empowerment to those uninitiated in Islamic texts and history. (See pp. 7–22.) Operational and Tactical Evolution Ever since the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa, alQaeda has continuously altered and expanded its target set, making organizational modiﬁcations that have resulted in signiﬁcant changes in the way it conducts operations. Although the network has opted to stick closely to what has worked in the past, such as multiple suicide bombings, the manner and means for carrying out those strikes have evolved. The use of planes as suicide bombs in the September 11 attacks and the small boat packed with explosives that devastated the USS Cole 4 Kepel (2002), p. 220. Summary xix are two of the best examples of al-Qaeda innovation. However, there have been many other instances of operational shift. These include switching from hard to soft targets and from mass casualties to smaller, more frequent attacks; increased focus on economic targets; greater eﬃciency in the utilization of loose networks and increased recruitment of U.S. and European nationals to evade detection; and moves to create new types of safe haven to maintain critical skills, such as conducting terrorist training in private homes. Each of these modiﬁcations, and the circumstances surrounding them, is discussed in more detail in this book. (See pp. 34–55, 63–70.) Al-Qaeda’s eﬀorts to acquire unconventional weapons—chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons—present incalculable dangers to the United States and other potential targets. Bin Laden’s eﬀort to acquire CBRN weapons began while he was living in Sudan in 1991–1996 and continued after he relocated to Afghanistan in 1996. Bin Laden reportedly received advice from Pakistani nuclear scientists.5 However, there is no evidence that he succeeded in fabricating a biological or chemical weapon, let alone a nuclear or radiological weapon, despite operating under near-ideal conditions under Taliban protection in Afghanistan. Again, this is not to say that bin Laden or the broader jihadist movement do not remain committed to acquiring CBRN devices. Al-Qaeda’s continued interest in CBRN was conﬁrmed in January 2003 in London, when police discovered precursor agents for producing ricin, a highly toxic poison, during the arrest of North African terrorists associated with al-Qaeda. (See pp. 44–47.) Al-Qaeda’s Finances Al-Qaeda has also modiﬁed the way it moves funds around the globe. Before September 11, many ﬁnancial institutions were believed to have helped transfer millions of dollars of al-Qaeda’s money, wittingly or otherwise. However, given greater scrutiny over any such transactions now and other policies designed to prevent legal transmission of terror5 Anonymous (pseudonym of former CIA analyst Michael Scheuer) (2002), p. 188; Peter Baker, “Pakistani Scientist Who Met Bin Laden Failed Polygraphs, Renewing Suspicions,” The Washington Post, March 3, 2002. xx Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement ist funds, terrorists are increasingly using the informal hawala transaction system6 and “mules”—couriers who physically carry large quantities of cash, gemstones, or other valuables to various parts of the globe. There is also evidence that al-Qaeda can and may be willing to expand even further into the criminal world to raise money. These ﬁnancial dynamics are beginning to shape terrorist activity. Given the weakening of al-Qaeda command and control, local al-Qaeda jihadist groups may now ﬁnd themselves both compelled to raise funds locally and possibly encouraged to make operational decisions on their own. (See pp. 57–62.) The “al-Qaeda Nebula” Al-Qaeda’s evolution from a structured terrorist organization into an ideology-based movement presents a complex counterterrorism challenge. The U.S. success in eliminating a substantial part of the pre9/11 al-Qaeda leadership has greatly reduced the functional ability of al-Qaeda’s leadership core, but it clearly has not brought about the end of the al-Qaeda phenomenon. It created a more disaggregated entity that is more diﬃcult to predict and preempt. The emergence of numerous like-minded local organizations that strike at soft targets with deadly force—what this study calls the “al-Qaeda nebula”—presents a substantial new set of challenges for counterterrorism planners and requires a major departure from the strategy that has been pursued against al-Qaeda. (See pp. 73–78.) Jihadist groups in this category exhibit a dual nature: They are preoccupied with both local and regional jihads. They thus have a threat potential that goes beyond their immediate tactical environment. The hybrid ideological and operational nature of these organizations stems 6 Hawala means “transfer” or “trust.” It refers to an ancient system of money transfer that existed in South Asia before the advent of Western banking. Customers entrust money to hawala bankers or operators (hawaladars), who facilitate money movement worldwide through personal connections, sometimes using legitimate bank accounts but leaving a minimal paper trail. Summary xxi from their interaction with the international jihadist movement as currently constituted under the existing umbrella of al-Qaeda’s global network. The scope and dimensions of the al-Qaeda nebula are both broad and complex. Ties among these groups run the gamut from logistical and ﬁnancial support to combined operations and joint strategy meetings. Frequently, these relationships are the product of contacts that were established in the crucible of the anti-Soviet war in Afghanistan and later consolidated in training camps set up in territories under the control of the Taliban. Some of these organizations have been fully integrated into alQaeda (for example, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, or EIJ) or appear to be moving in that direction (for example, the Algerian Salaﬁst Group for Preaching and Combat or GSPC). A few organizations have clearly fallen into the category of “active and willing supporters,” ready to act at al-Qaeda’s behest when asked to do so. This has been particularly evident in North Africa, in the Laskar-e-Taiba (LeT) in Pakistan, in al-Itihaad in the Horn of Africa, and arguably in the al-Zarqawi network in Iraq. Most groups, however, seem to give precedence to local agendas. In these instances, decisions to work with outside jihadists are largely pragmatic in nature and undertaken in the expectation that foreign cooperation will be instrumental in furthering the “struggle at home.” Indeed, when the expected (local) utility of the outside relationship begins to dissipate, some groups appear to question the wisdom of maintaining the al-Qaeda link. This is true even of networks that are thought to share an intimate organizational relationship with al-Qaeda such as a faction within Southeast Asia’s Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). The major groups in this “al-Qaeda nebula” and their degree of association with al-Qaeda, based on twelve key criteria, are shown in Table S.1. The values are as follows: (0) not established; (1) possible; (2) probable; (3) conﬁrmed; and (4) conﬁrmed and continuing. These values are based on the analysts’ evaluation of the groups. xxii Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Pl ed ge d al Jo fa int legi m le a ily ad nce e t Co ies rsh to b ip AQ ord /le in L a ad op ina er den t e Re r e sh ce ativ d o i p, iv es r jo m Re ed in ar AQ to ce ria ive p ge fu er Re d ,o at AQ ndin ce io r n ive g f s u f w Pr d o ith ov tra ndin r o id p in AQ g fo era Sh ed t ing or tio r ar ra ns ed in in A logi in sti Q Pr c g c c ov om a ba to A amp l su id to pp Q s He ed in sa or rt ld n t ra lo ct jo c i ni ua in Im ng al ca ry ita t st m e fo ra t ps r w xpe t In ed AQ egy rie te an rn m n t co ce ed al e e nc ize w tin m e i ili d ta th A AQ pt o gs nt Q fo w s pe or ld r vie atio n w of s gl ob al jih ad Table S.1 Associations Between Major Jihadist Clusters Worldwide and al-Qaeda Al-Zarqawi Network NOTE: AQ = al-Qaeda. RAND MG429-T-S.1 Summary xxiii Conclusions and Recommendations No one tool is likely to be decisive against al-Qaeda. An eﬀective strategy for countering and defeating the global jihadist movement will necessarily employ a complex mixture of military, intelligence, ﬁnancial, political, legal (including the enactment of appropriate legislation), and even social instruments. This strategy should also include the use of techniques of political warfare that the United States and its allies successfully applied to wage a largely successful campaign against Marxism-Leninism—like al-Qaeda, a global revolutionary creed that served as an intellectual, political, and emotional foundation of a worldwide revolutionary movement.7 (See pp. 159–171.) Western policymakers might usefully draw on this now-forgotten corpus of Cold War knowledge and experience to develop a strategic informational warfare campaign against al-Qaeda. As a ﬁrst step, policymakers should consider ways of attacking al-Qaeda’s ideology. From the analysis in this book, it is clear that ideology is the center of gravity of the global jihadist phenomenon. Therefore, it is important to watch the rate of dissemination or retreat of the global jihadist ideology. If the ideology continues to spread and gain greater acceptance in the Muslim world, it will produce more terrorists to replenish the ranks of al-Qaeda and related groups. If the ideology is countered and discredited, al-Qaeda and its universe will wither and die. It is important for Muslim allies to highlight that the Islamic state envisioned by alQaeda would exclude the diverse streams of Islam. In the world of bin Laden and al-Zawahiri, there is no room for Shi’ites, and within Sunni Islam there is no place for mainstream interpretations of the religion. A related factor is the extent and strength of the links between the global and local jihads. The clusters within the “al-Qaeda nebula” show the spread of the jihadist mindset throughout the Muslim world. The global jihadist movement gains strength to the extent that it can co-opt local struggles. If it cannot, the global movement loses coherence and focus. 7 For more on the strategic communications campaign of the Cold War era, see Lord (2004), pp. 220–221; Hixon (1997); Lucas (1999). xxiv Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement It follows that a comprehensive U.S. strategy needs to move beyond the boundaries of conventional counterterrorism theory and practice and address these ideological and political factors. Broadly, the strategy has four prongs: First, attack the ideological underpinnings of global jihadism. Second, seek to sever the links—ideological and otherwise—between the groups in the clusters of the terrorist nebula and the global jihad. Third, deny sanctuaries. Fourth, strengthen the capabilities of frontline states and moderate civil society groups to counter local jihadist threats in order to deny alQaeda alternative sanctuaries and over time reduce the “clusters” that compose the global jihadist movement. (See pp. 160–161.) Attack the Ideology The war on terror at its most fundamental level goes to the war of ideas. The goal here is to delegitimize jihadist ideology and the use of terrorism and to deny extremists the high ground of Islamic politicoreligious discourse, which has been adroitly exploited by al-Qaeda to further the appeal of its own radical and absolutist rhetoric. As we have outlined in another RAND study, prevailing in the war of ideas requires empowering moderate Muslims to counter the inﬂuence of the radicals.8 Although ideology is inherently diﬃcult to attack by outsiders, the ideological approach has weaknesses that are susceptible to exploitation. Some analysts note that the jihadist movement is sensitive to religious ideology to the point of vulnerability. Combatants are replaceable, but theologically trained sheikhs are not. The death or recantation of several Saudi sheikhs who had provided religious justiﬁcation for jihadist attacks may have weakened the movement ideologically.9 However, the al-Qaeda ideology has always had a pronounced Egyptian bent, so the inﬂuence of Saudi sheikhs might not have been central to al-Qaeda’s ideological struggle. In any event, if this assessment of the centrality 8 That document, Rabasa et al. (2004), describes a strategy to empower Muslim moderates. 9 Stephen Ulph, presentation at Jamestown Foundation panel discussion, “The Iraqi Insurgency and al-Qaeda,” Washington, D.C., October 7, 2004; and Ulph (2004b). Summary xxv of ideology is correct, then decapitation strategies should be expanded from operational leaders to ideologues. Not infrequently, these ideologues are asked to provide sanction for terrorist operations and are therefore a key part of the terrorist decisionmaking process. Preventing al-Qaeda’s ideological mentors from continuing to provide theological justiﬁcation for terrorism could expedite the movement’s ideological deterioration. Prosecution of “spiritual leaders” such as Abu Hamza al-Masri in the United Kingdom and Abu Bakar Ba’asyir in Indonesia and the deportation proceedings in the United Kingdom against the Jordanian-Palestinian cleric Abu Qatada, regarded as al-Qaeda’s spiritual leader in Europe, are cases in point.10 Break the Links Between the Global and Local Jihads The second prong of the strategy is to break the links between the global and local jihadist groups. The international nature of al-Qaeda is both a source of strength and a potential weakness. Al-Qaeda’s ability to persuade local groups to link their struggles with a broader, pan-Islamist campaign is arguably the organization’s signal achievement. Thus, unlike the terrorist groups of the 1970s, al-Qaeda has not been hindered by geographical constraints that limit the scope of its operations. However, internationalization brings costs as well as beneﬁts. As demonstrated by the evolution of the international communist movement during the previous century, contradictions inevitably arise between the global vision promulgated by a movement’s theoreticians and the national agendas that many local cadres naturally pursue.11 Exploiting this friction could be part of an eﬀective Western counterstrategy. For example, overt and covert information operations in Southeast Asia, South Asia, North Africa, and other areas of major terrorist activity might highlight the inapplicability of al-Qaeda’s vision to 10 According to the 2001 Spanish indictment of the Madrid al-Qaeda cell, Abu Qatada was appointed as the spiritual leader of al-Qaeda, the Armed Islamic Group (GIA), the Salaﬁst Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), and the Tunisian Combatant Group. See Juzgado Central de Instrucción No. 005, Madrid, Sumario (Proc. Ordinario) 0000035/2001E. 11 xxvi Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement regional and local conditions. In non-Arab Muslim countries such as Pakistan, the Arab nature of al-Qaeda’s hard core could be stressed, as could al-Qaeda’s preoccupation with “apostate” regimes in the Middle East. Such an approach could complement parallel political warfare themes that highlight the materialist, neo-fascist, and the upper- and middle-class character of al-Qaeda’s hard core—in other words, the fundamentally “alien” nature of men like bin Laden and al-Zawahiri. Achieving this goal hinges on decreasing the utility of the relationship with al-Qaeda for the local groups. A number of local Muslim rebel movements that had maintained some relationship with al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates before September 11—for instance, the Philippines’ Moro Islamic Liberation Front—have distanced themselves from bin Laden to avoid being drawn into the wrong side of the war on terrorism. To accelerate this trend, the United States will need to tailor the speciﬁc components of its counterterrorism policy to ensure that they are relevant to extant and emerging patterns of local and regional terrorism. This requires tracking closely the ideological and operational trajectory of the groups that constitute the “al-Qaeda nebula” in order to target weaknesses in their current conﬁguration. For instance, in the wake of the arrest of key operatives over the past two years, Southeast Asia’s Jemaah Islamiyah has become factionalized along an international/Indonesian divide: One leadership faction remains committed to the al-Qaeda vision of global jihad; another faction seems to be more focused on a local Indonesian agenda, including political activity through its Indonesian front organization, the Majlis Mujahideen Indonesia (MMI). Therefore, a U.S. and allied strategy to counter JI must target the group’s political and terrorist dimensions. Similarly, addressing group ties that are predicated on logistical support (as they are in Kashmir) will require a policy mix that is somewhat diﬀerent from those involving joint planning sessions and coordinated attacks (as in the case of the North African groups). Mapping and gauging the organizational parameters of terrorist connections will be equally important in prioritizing threats to U.S. interests. Finally, the United States will need to be more proactive in its thinking and accept the idea that the problem of countering terrorism Summary xxvii is akin to what Bruce Hoﬀman has referred to as a time series of photographs: “. . . the image captured on ﬁlm today is not the same as yesterday nor will it be the same tomorrow.”12 A myriad of factors brought on by future world events could conceivably have a direct, or indirect but yet signiﬁcant, impact on al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates—neither of which are likely to be consigned to the annals of history anytime soon. Accordingly, policies will need to be constantly assessed, reassessed, and modiﬁed to take account of potential surprises that could emerge over the near to medium term. (See pp. 161–163.) Deny Sanctuaries As discussed in greater detail elsewhere in this book, al-Qaeda’s sanctuary in Afghanistan allowed the group’s leaders to concentrate all their eﬀorts on growing their organization and planning their operations. Securing that safe haven substantially increased al-Qaeda’s ﬁnancial requirements but lowered its overall need for covertness, eased command and control, enabled extensive training and planning, and generally allowed it to operate at a far lower marginal cost per attack. The loss of its sanctuary has reduced the eﬃciency of the organization, made training of cadres more diﬃcult and laborious, and raised the marginal costs of operations. Sanctuaries are areas and physical facilities where terrorists can conduct training, network and plan operations, but they can also be deﬁned in other ways—as ﬁnancial, cyber, and propaganda nodes, for instance. Al-Qaeda has perfected the use of information technology (IT), particularly the Internet, as a terrorist tool, and has made use of the mass media to spread its propaganda. Part of what makes al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates such a diﬃcult challenge is that they are able to “hide in plain view.” Jihadist groups in Western Europe are embedded in the broader Muslim communities and have used the services and infrastructure available on the continent for propaganda, indoctrination, recruitment, and operations on the scale of the March 2004 Madrid terrorist attack. Preventing the reconstitution of a sanctuary anywhere in the Muslim world is therefore a critical requirement of U.S. coun12 Hoﬀman (2003a), p. 16. xxviii Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement terterrorist strategy. This requires proactive security cooperation with and support of countries under assault by al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates. (See pp. 163–164.) Strengthen the Capabilities of Frontline States to Confront Local Jihadist Threats Aside from the campaign against al-Qaeda, the global war on terror can be viewed as the sum of many wars on terror fought in local and regional theaters across the world. These local wars have to be fought and won by the local governments and security forces with the United States in a supporting role. Those governments have the most at stake, as well as the local knowledge, access to the population and, hopefully, political legitimacy, to carry these conﬂicts to a successful conclusion. The United States could help friendly countries achieve their counterterrorism objectives by training and equipping local counterterrorist police and military units and intelligence services. As a general principle, counterterrorism operations are most eﬀective when carried out by indigenous forces, with U.S. forces remaining in the background and providing support as necessary. Although the types of assistance provided would depend on the speciﬁc circumstances of individual countries, military assistance should focus on providing small-unit training and mobility while intelligence assistance could focus on data collection and analytical capabilities. Encouraging cooperative regional arrangements can reduce the U.S. footprint in counterterrorism eﬀorts. For instance, in the context of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), regional countries have agreed to establish a regionwide intelligence network, taken steps to block terrorist funds and tighten border controls, and established a regional counterterrorism center in Kuala Lumpur. Similar cooperative arrangements should be encouraged in other parts of the world. Since many terrorist groups operate in ungoverned areas, the capabilities of governments with imperfect control over their territories should be strengthened to enable them to assert authority over areas that are currently outside government control. Terrorists also take Summary xxix advantage of porous and poorly monitored borders to move personnel, equipment, and funds, so governments’ ability to monitor and control their borders should be strengthened. For the U.S. military, the main implication of the above is that increasingly, U.S. military forces may have to interact with respective police, intelligence, and security services, as well as military forces, creating potentially a new set of requirements in political-military relationship and interoperability issues. For the U.S. Air Force, new types of missions may require fusion not only with Army components, but also with the security forces of the cooperating country. (See pp. 164–165.) Implications for the U.S. Air Force Air and space power have important roles to play in countering alQaeda and the jihadist groups that form its nebula. Most of these missions are familiar, but the relative mix required for eﬀective prosecution of a campaign against terrorists is quite diﬀerent from what the Air Force is used to providing in more conventional military operations. In Afghanistan, air and space power, combined with Special Operations Forces (SOF), was the key to joint and coalition military operations. Future battleﬁelds most likely will be discontinuous, with shadowy hostile forces organized in small, unlinked groups. Eliminating these forces will require integration of air and ground forces on a scale greater than today.13 (See pp. 166–171.) SOF, especially Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC), once considered peripheral to the U.S. Air Force’s (USAF’s) main mission, are now central to antiterrorism missions, which often require “quiet operations” with a relatively low proﬁle. These are particularly important in countries where overt U.S. military operations against terrorist groups might be politically diﬃcult for cooperating governments.14 On the operational side, Air Force Special Operations Forces have the capability to pinpoint and track small groups and individuals, capture them, and search for critical intelligence. These capa13 “Air and Space Power” (2004), p. 95. 14 Tirpak and Grier (2004), pp. 70, 75. xxx Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement bilities are of paramount importance in a murky war against small, elusive groups of enemies who move back and forth over borders.15 But just as important is their training functions. Air Force Special Operations Forces teach critical skills in night ﬂying, air evacuation, and air assault to air forces of cooperating countries. However, there is only a single squadron, 6 SOS at Hurlburt Field, Florida, to carry out this crucial training function. Not only is this squadron too small to meet the requirements of the global war on terrorism, but throughout its existence it has had diﬃculties obtaining even the air-frames necessary to perform its mission.16 Air-delivered ﬁrepower has been used successfully in counterterrorist operations in a variety of contexts. The continued evolution of precision munitions has enabled air power to be used to target speciﬁc individuals and small groups—by Israel in the West Bank and Gaza (see Part 2) and by the U.S. against targets associated with the al-Zarqawi network in Fallujah, Iraq, in Yemen, and elsewhere. USAF and U.S. Navy (USN) jets provided the bulk of U.S. combat power in the war in Afghanistan and proved instrumental in bringing down the Taliban regime and eliminating al-Qaeda’s largest and most important sanctuary. It is likely that air power will continue to be called upon to provide lethal punch to U.S. and allied eﬀorts to root out and destroy terrorists and their supporting infrastructure. Modern air forces have the advantage of being able to reach terrorist and insurgent targets in inhospitable or inaccessible terrain while simultaneously being relatively invulnerable to the kinds of defenses that are likely to be found in jihadist arsenals. An important combat role for U.S. air forces is to work closely with non-U.S. ground forces in locating and striking terrorist targets. As was the case in Afghanistan, this could mean developing an “on the ﬂy” partnership with troops of a very diﬀerent level of sophistication. In some cases, these ground units may be leavened with U.S. Special Forces or advisors, but it should be anticipated that, from time to time, 15 Hebert (2005), p. 32. This point was made by one of the reviewers of this report, Dr. Thomas Marks. Summary xxxi USAF and USN pilots will ﬁnd themselves supporting soldiers who have little or no U.S. training and scant knowledge of how to eﬀectively employ air power. In such cases, the USAF will need to have available air-to-ground control elements that can be rapidly integrated into friendly ground force formations. In addition to their training in managing air support, these airmen will also beneﬁt from having appropriate language skills and some cultural knowledge. Air transport can be the key to counterterrorist or counterinsurgency operations in countries with widely dispersed populations and poor land transportation infrastructure—conditions that deﬁne almost all areas where terrorists and insurgents operate. Only by being able to bring forces rapidly to the scene can governments neutralize the terrorists’ operational and tactical advantages and quell religious and ethnic clashes before they ﬂare into full-scale communal conﬂict. Yet, many of the countries confronting terrorist and insurgent movements—Indonesia and Colombia come to mind—have woefully inadequate air transport capabilities. Rebuilding the air transport capabilities of countries at risk should be a priority in U.S. counterterrorism policy and security assistance programs. In addition, the U.S. Air Force—the world’s premier practitioner of air mobility—will probably ﬁnd itself called upon to directly provide transportation under some circumstances. Providing training to the armed forces of friendly countries threatened by jihadist terror groups or insurgents will be another important job for the U.S. military, including the Air Force. It seems likely that these training missions could be numerous and potentially prolonged. Further, given that they will often be conducted in locations where the threat to U.S. personnel is quite high, they will impose force protection burdens. Finally, the fundamentally political nature of the battle against jihadist groups means that in some cases the training objectives will revolve at least as much around inculcating appropriate norms of behavior, such as respect for human rights and civilian lives and property, as transmitting expertise in operational and tactical skills. xxxii Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement None of these activities would appear to call for major changes in USAF force structure or posture.17 The same may not be true of the ﬁnal task that we want to emphasize: providing timely, accurate, and actionable information to commanders and operators at all levels. Air and space platforms have shown themselves to be vital components of the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) architecture for the war on terrorism. Cross-border operations between neighbors will be crucial in the decades to come. However, it is equally true that the campaign against al-Qaeda and other jihadist terrorists and insurgents has been hindered by shortcomings in existing systems, organizations, and processes. Improvement is needed, and the USAF will likely be called upon to make important contributions. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as very useful tools for surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting, and, at times, striking terrorist targets. As al-Qaeda and other jihadist groups continue to decentralize and disperse, the demand for the kinds of capabilities oﬀered by platforms such as the USAF’s Predator and Global Hawk UAVs seems almost certain to multiply. If, in the future, the United States may wish to maintain sustained 24-hour multiple-source surveillance over multiple—and widely separated—swaths of inhospitable terrain, it is not clear that the Air Force plans to make suﬃcient investment in UAVs. Certainly, space-based systems and manned aircraft will play important roles, but UAVs oﬀer both greater eﬀectiveness over satellites and less risk than manned platforms, making them highly appealing to future commanders. The USAF should assess the likely demand for UAVs and size its future force accordingly. The intelligence demands of countering jihadist terrorism will also be a human capital issue, not just for the USAF but for every agency, civilian and military, on the front line of that battle. All of the strategies laid out here for checkmating terrorist groups—waging political warfare, attacking radical Islamist ideology, breaking the 17 The one exception might be the proposed procurement of some number of a tactical transport aircraft better suited than the existing ﬂeet for operations in and out of smaller, less-developed airstrips. As this is written, there is some controversy surrounding how many aircraft to buy, if any, and whether the Army or Air Force should operate them. Summary xxxiii linkages between local and global groups, and so on—depend vitally on U.S. and allied decisionmakers having an accurate image of how these organizations are structured and staﬀed and how they relate to each other. Further, since terrorist and insurgent groups are dynamic entities and the relationships among individuals and organizations are ﬂuid, this picture will need to be continuously reassessed and updated. Properly trained personnel will be critical to success. Analysts will need a deep understanding of the region they are observing—its language, geography, history, and culture—to be able to interpret rapidly and accurately what they are seeing and hearing. They will also need to be tightly networked with one another, and perhaps with their counterparts in other countries as well, so that important information about new or evolving relationships in the threat space do not disappear in the gaps between institutional stovepipes. Developing and sustaining an adequate number and variety of these specialized intelligence professionals, as well as creating the technical and bureaucratic infrastructures to support them, will be a challenge not just for the Air Force but throughout the entire counterterrorism community. Acknowledgments The authors of this book wish to thank all those who made the study possible. First of all, we thank our sponsors in the U.S. Air Force and particularly Lt Col John Jerakis, our point of contact in Oﬃce of Regional Plans and Issues (USAF HQ A5XX); Terrence M. Doyle, Oﬃce of Plans and Policies (USAF HQ A5XS); and the staﬀ of the U.S. embassies and defense attaché oﬃces that facilitated our work overseas. In this regard, we thank Col James Tietjen, former U.S. Air Attaché in Singapore; Lt Col Benjamin Coﬀey, U.S. Assistant Air Attaché in London; and Maj Guermantes Lailari, U.S. Assistant Air Attaché in Tel Aviv and an astute analyst of Islamic extremist movements. We owe a great debt to the reviewers of this manuscript, Brian M. Jenkins, Rohan Gunaratna, and Thomas A. Marks, and to Lieutenant Commander Youssef Aboul-Enein of the Oﬃce of the Secretary of Defense, whose comments greatly improved this manuscript. Any shortcomings are entirely the responsibility of the authors. We also express the appreciation for the collaboration that we received in our work on this study from the State Intelligence Agency of Indonesia (BIN), the National Intelligence Agency of Thailand, the Security and Intelligence Division of the Ministry of Defence of Singapore, the Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Joint Terrorism Analysis Center of the United Kingdom, and other agencies. We are also indebted for invaluable insights into terrorist networks to Zachary Abuza, Martin Kramer, Elie Karmon of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT), Herzeliya, Israel; the staﬀ of the International Center for Political Violence and Terrorism xxxv xxxvi Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Studies of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies of Singapore; Carolina Hernandez and the Institute for Strategic and Development Studies of the Philippines; and Thailand analysts Paul Quaglia of PSA Asia and Anthony Davis. Within RAND we cannot fail to acknowledge the important contributions to our understanding of al-Qaeda ﬁnances made by the RAND Air Force Fellow, Lt Col Steve Kiser, and the work on the charts illustrating the links between terrorism and crime by the RAND Navy Fellow LCDR Mark Edwards. We also thank Andrew Hoehn and Alan Vick, the Director and former Acting Director of the RAND Project AIR FORCE Strategy and Doctrine Program, under whose auspices this research was conducted; David Shlapak; and many other colleagues such as John Parachini, Brian Jackson, and John Baker, who—although not part of this project—contributed to the cross-fertilization of ideas. We thank our assistants Colleen O’Connor and Natalie Ziegler, and Ursula Davies and Thomas Young, RAND Cambridge summer interns, for their assistance with mapping jihadist networks in Europe and Africa, and Douglas Farah and Alexandra Zavis for work on jihadist activities in West, Central, and Southern Africa. Finally, we acknowledge the invaluable contributions of our editor, Miriam Polon; our production editor, Todd Duft; Project AIR FORCE editor Phyllis Gilmore, for her help with the summary; and our marketing director, John Warren. Abbreviations CHAPTER ONE Introduction Defeating the global jihadist movement—which we deﬁne as al-Qaeda and the universe of jihadist groups that are associated with or inspired by al-Qaeda—is the most pressing security challenge facing the United States today. The global jihadist movement can be distinguished from traditional or local jihads, which are armed campaigns conducted by Islamist groups against local adversaries with usually limited aims and geographic scope, in that it targets the United States and its allies across the globe and pursues broad geopolitical aims. Although the U.S. campaign against al-Qaeda and the global jihadist movement campaign has had some notable successes, such as the destruction of al-Qaeda’s sanctuary in Afghanistan, the elimination of many of the group’s leaders, and the growing resolve of many countries to take action against al-Qaeda and its associates, no informed observers believe that al-Qaeda will be eliminated anytime soon. Indeed, in some respects al-Qaeda has metastasized into an even more formidable adversary—dispersed across the global South, Western Europe, and North America, largely self-sustaining, and despite intense government countermeasures, able to mount devastating operations, such as the railway bombing that killed nearly 200 people in Madrid on March 11, 2004, and the London bombings of July 7, 2005. The United States itself continues to be threatened by large-scale attacks, as suggested by heightened security alerts and reports of plans to attack ﬁnancial 1 2 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement targets in New York and Washington.1 Countering al-Qaeda is thus likely to preoccupy U.S. national security institutions for at least the remainder of the decade, and perhaps longer. To help planners anticipate the movement’s evolution, anticipate future methods of terrorist operation, and develop an eﬀective counterstrategy, this study explores some of the most salient aspects associated with terrorist phenomena across the world and their implications for the security of the United States and its friends and allies. The global terrorist threat represented by al-Qaeda and its associated groups is the subject of this volume. It should be noted, however, that this study is not intended to be comprehensive. Journalists, analysts, politicians, and scholars have written or uttered literally millions of words on international terrorism, particularly since the attacks of September 11, 2001, and it is impossible for a single monograph to capture the entire essence of these assessments, much less deﬁnitively map the full complexity of an entity that has developed over a 20-year period into the world’s ﬁrst truly global terrorist movement. Roadmap to the Book The results of the study are reported in two volumes: The subject of the ﬁrst is al-Qaeda and what we refer to as the “al-Qaeda nebula,” an ecosystem of terrorist groups around the world that have internalized the alQaeda worldview and its methodology of mass-casualty terrorist attacks. The second volume (Beyond al-Qaeda: Part 2, The Outer Rings of the Terrorist Universe)2 deals with terrorist phenomena outside the al-Qaeda ideological orbit: Islamic and non-Islamic terrorist and insurgent groups with local agendas and the more diﬀuse threat posed by violent antiglobalization movements. We include them in this study because 1 In August 2004, antiterror raids in Pakistan yielded computer disks and other information sources suggesting that terrorists linked to al-Qaeda had carried out extensive surveillance of the World Bank headquarters in Washington, the New York Stock Exchange, and the Citigroup Center in New York. Dan Eggen and John Mintz, “Alerts Issued for District, N.Y.,” The Washington Post, August 2, 2004. 2 Introduction 3 although most of these groups do not threaten the United States directly, they threaten U.S. interests and the stability of friends and allies. Indeed, some of these groups—such as Lebanese Hezbollah— could under certain conditions evolve into global threats. In our analysis of these groups, therefore, we look for indicators of their future evolution. In the second volume, we also analyze the nexus between terrorism, insurgency, and crime. This is a critical aspect of the whole problem of international terrorism because in many cases terrorist groups cannot sustain themselves and survive without the income and resources that they derive from criminal activity. Although terrorism and organized crime are diﬀerent phenomena, the important fact is that terrorist and criminal networks overlap and cooperate in some enterprises. The phenomenon of the synergy of terrorism and organized crime is growing because similar conditions give rise to both and because terrorists and organized criminals use similar approaches to promote their operations. This volume traces the evolution of al-Qaeda and maps out the contours of the terrorist nebula. Chapters One through Five consider ﬁve broad themes: • • • • • al-Qaeda’s ideology al-Qaeda’s strategy, structure, and evolving operational dynamic al-Qaeda’s ﬁnances al-Qaeda’s planning cycle al-Qaeda’s relationship with groups within its ideological orbit, and the threat posed by these latter entities. Violence is al-Qaeda’s raison d’être. Unlike Hezbollah or Hamas, which have a territorial focus, a mass base, and a political platform, and which cultivate support through the provision of social services, alQaeda is a purely ideological and terrorist group that attracts adherents by means of its violent anti-Western agenda and its elite status at the apex of the global jihadist movement. Al-Qaeda’s ideology is what binds together the group’s increasingly atomized network. In this part of the study we discuss the implications of this development for understanding the evolving phenom- 4 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement enon of global terrorism. We also consider the interrelated issues of al-Qaeda’s strategy, structure, and operational evolution—before and after September 11—and how they have shaped the network’s overall attack proﬁle and operational tempo. These topics include alQaeda’s use of new sanctuaries and the emerging role of urban training grounds; the group’s interest in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons, and man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS); the use of converts; the changes in al-Qaeda’s ﬁnances to more covert ways of raising and transferring funds and to an increased reliance on criminal activity; and its role in the ongoing insurgency in Iraq. The section concludes with an examination of those entities that have been fully co-opted into the inner circle of Osama bin Laden’s group and that are generally considered to be an integral component of his broader jihadist movement. Chapters Six through Eleven examine the contours of the alQaeda nebula, the far larger category of terrorist systems that, while not institutionally part of al-Qaeda, have already established contacts with bin Laden’s network or have assimilated its ideology and methodology. Like the astronomical phenomenon, this nebula is a cloud-like mass that upon examination reveals itself to be made up of many distinct components. These groups will be subdivided into regional clusters and discussed in terms of (1) their historical links to al-Qaeda; (2) the extent to which their relationship with al-Qaeda has aﬀected their overall operational agendas and attack tempos; and (3) how those groups are likely to evolve over the short to medium term. Finally, some words about terminology are in order. What is known as al-Qaeda (typically translated from Arabic as “the base”) has in fact always assumed a variety of diﬀerent forms. In this book, al-Qaeda will be used to describe three distinct facets of a single phenomenon. First, in its pre–September 11 form, al-Qaeda refers to the terrorist entity that coalesced around Osama bin Laden in Sudan and Afghanistan in the mid to late 1990s. Second, in the post–September 11 environment, al-Qaeda is the label applied to the remnants of bin Laden’s inner circle, which at the time of this writing (August 2004) is reportedly in hiding in the remote Pakistani tribal areas along the Introduction 5 Afghan border. Finally, al-Qaeda is used to refer to the broader, globally dispersed terrorist “nebula” that continues to receive ideological inspiration from bin Laden and his inner circle. Although we will continue to use the al-Qaeda label in the context of this broader movement, a term that we believe more accurately describes the Islamic extremist threat facing the United States today is the global jihadist movement, as deﬁned above. Although al-Qaeda in its post-9/11 incarnation clearly still exists, as we have seen with the discovery of detailed surveillance reports of a multitude of targets in the United States, the threat has extended beyond this smaller, albeit highly lethal group. To put the matter succinctly, “[e]ver since its fame began to spread through the embittered Muslim world, al-Qaeda has been at once an organisation of Islamic extremists and an ideology of Islamic extremism.”3 Despite the evolution of this broader movement, the United States and other countries engaged in the war on terrorism have continued to refer to the perpetrators carrying out terrorist attacks against their interests as “al-Qaeda,” when in fact it is unclear to what degree al-Qaeda (deﬁned in this context as the remnants of bin Laden’s inner circle) has had command and control over terrorist operations since September 11. More likely, as we have seen with the attacks in Bali in October 2002, in Morocco in May 2003, and in Spain in March 2004, these operations are actually conducted by a combination of local jihadists who received al-Qaeda training and may retain some ties to al-Qaeda leadership, and other jihadists who have no organizational ties to alQaeda at all, but share its apocalyptic vision. 3 “Plots, Alarms and Arrests,” The Economist, August 14, 2004. CHAPTER TWO Al-Qaeda’s Ideology and Propaganda Ideology Although it is a shopworn phrase, “know your enemy” remains the cornerstone of any sound security policy. Ideology is central to this understanding and is, thus, an essential component of any strategy designed to counter al-Qaeda, the West’s principal terrorist threat. To most Americans and other Westerners, explaining terrorist motivation in terms of ideological and other nonmaterial inﬂuences seems perplexing, for as Carnes Lord has observed, “[We] tend to assume that concrete interests such as economic well-being, personal freedom, and security of life and limb are the critical determinants of political behavior everywhere.”1 For their part, journalists have tended to personalize this movement by emphasizing the central role of its nominal leader, Osama bin Laden. However, as the Saudi renegade himself concluded after his escape from Tora Bora in Afghanistan at the end of 2001, God willing, the end of America is imminent. Its end is not dependent on the survival of this slave to God. Regardless if Usama is killed or survives, the awakening has started.2 To be sure, bin Laden’s iconic status among radical Islamists as a U.S. nemesis, as well as his leadership of the global jihad against 1 Lord (1989), p. 22. 2 “‘Full Text’ of Usama Bin Ladin Recorded Statement Aired by Al-Jazirah TV, 27 Dec[ember],” Foreign Broadcast Information Service [FBIS], December 27, 2001. 7 8 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement the United States, has had a powerful mobilizing eﬀect among certain Islamic sectors. That said, the ideas articulated by bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri and echoed across the extremist fringes of the Muslim world have arguably played the greater role in sustaining the international jihadist campaign, not least by helping to transform a terrorist nucleus into a far broader, indeed global, insurgency.3 The fact that ideology is so central to al-Qaeda should not be surprising. On a purely material level, terrorist organizations are almost always outmatched by the government forces that they oppose. Relative to the former, the incumbent typically possesses overwhelming ﬁrepower, superior human and technical resources, and far greater ﬁnancial reserves. Faced with such crushing odds, particularly at the beginning of an armed struggle when groups tend to be at their weakest, terrorists must continuously strive to bolster themselves and the motivation of their members. Indeed if a movement is to survive, it must at the very least have the ability to replace fallen converts with fresh recruits. To a certain extent, the execution of successful operations helps serve this purpose, both by building morale within the group and by demonstrating to potential converts that the organization is operationally dynamic.4 But terrorist attacks, while necessary, are not suﬃcient to sustain a movement operating against a determined adversary. Militant extremists also require what J. Bowyer Bell has termed “the dream.”5 The term refers to the revolutionary “software” that helps convince militants—whose underground “lifestyle” characteristically tends to be marked by physical danger, isolation from loved ones, and psychological stress—that they are uniquely righteous, that their mission is just, and that they are at history’s vanguard. A simple faith in the cause is enough to sustain some terrorists. Others, however, require a more formal articulation of beliefs and objectives that have the power to explain the past, rationalize the present, and elucidate the future; in short, they need an ideology. For violent 3 Rich (2003), p. 46. Al-Qaeda’s Ideology and Propaganda 9 underground organizations, ideology can serve other purposes as well. Writing about left-wing terrorism in Italy, but in a manner equally relevant to a discussion of al-Qaeda, Donatella della Porta has observed that ideology “oﬀered ways of reducing the psychological cost of participation in terrorist organizations” by dehumanizing political adversaries, who were portrayed as “pigs” and “tools of the capitalist system,” and thus worthy of the severest, most violent sanctions.6 This worldview, della Porta observes, was “founded on an absolute opposition ‘friend-enemy.’ The victims were therefore considered not as human beings made of ﬂesh and blood, but as symbols.”7 These features are readily apparent in the al-Qaeda worldview. At its core, al-Qaeda’s ideology is profoundly internationalist, attempting to contextualize local conﬂicts as part of a broader global struggle against apostasy (as deﬁned by bin Laden and his circle). This worldview has been variously described as “ultra-conservative” and “millenarian,”8 “Wahhabi,”9 “pan-Islamic” and “apocalyptic,”10 “conspiratorial,”11 “neofundamentalist,”12 “counter-hegemonic,”13 and as “profoundly hostile” to the West.”14 However, in its essence, al-Qaeda’s ideology is a version of “jihadist-salaﬁsm,” an extremist Islamic paradigm described by Gilles Kepel as “respect for the sacred texts in their most literal form [combined with] an absolute commitment to jihad.”15 6 Della Porta (2001), p. 149. 7 Della Porta (2001), p. 149. For a discussion of the role of ideology in insurgent movements, see Scott (1979), pp. 97–134. 8 Jason Burke, “9/11 Two Years On,” Observer (London), September 7, 2003, p. 21. 9 U.S. Institute of Peace (2003), p. 3. 15 10 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement While inherently radical and Islamic in its orientation, much of al-Qaeda’s doctrine is a syncretic creation that embraces and integrates elements drawn from Western revolutionary socialism and European nihilist antecedents.16 The notion that “the world can be transformed by terror is not a peculiarly Islamic aberration,” as John Gray has observed: From the Jacobins through . . . the Baader-Meinhof gang, the modern West has spawned ideologies and movements that sanction the use of terror to make a better world. Even the Nazis . . . believed that they were creating a new and superior type of human being. However horrible their utopian vision, all these movements believed they could create a future better than anything that had existed in the past by the systematic use of violence. Al-Qa’ida has more in common with these modern Western experiments in terror than it does with anything in Islamic traditions.17 In particular, this jihadist framework shares many of the features of Marxism-Leninism, which is somewhat ironic given the hatred bin Laden and his ideologists profess for communism. The similarity between the two outlooks is apparent in a number of respects, including the emphasis on universalistic claims; the focus on an internationalism; a conspiratorial habit of mind; the desire for a radically new political, social, and economic order; and, most fundamentally, the belief that the world is sharply divided into two opposing camps. These parallels stem, in large part, from the educational background of many of al-Qaeda’s most violent extremists who, far from being the products of religious institutions, actually originated from secular educational institutions. Coming into contact with MarxistsLeninists, they took the revolutionary notions of those scholars as the basis of their ideological doctrine, which—while explicitly Manichean in interpretation and conception—is deﬁned according to speciﬁc 16 Gray (2003), p. 79; and Matthew Price, “Re-Clash of Civilizations,” Boston Globe, February 15, 2004, p. D4. 17 John Gray, “Living with Bin Laden,” The Independent (London), May 18, 2003, p. 25. Al-Qaeda’s Ideology and Propaganda 11 Quranic principles.18 In this manner, al-Qaeda depicts the world in terms of a stark and ultimately irreconcilable dichotomy—not between communism and capitalism but between the forces of Islamist belief and non-belief, with bin Laden himself taking on the functional Leninist role as the leader of the international (jihadist) revolutionary vanguard. This notion has clear origins in the writings of Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966), whose doctrines have exerted a major inﬂuence on alQaeda’s Egyptian hard core. Qutb, a key intellectual ﬁgure in the Muslim Brotherhood who was hanged by Egyptian dictator Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1966, provided the theoretical underpinnings for “violent Muslim resistance to regimes that claim to be Muslim, but whose implementation of Islamic precepts is judged to be imperfect.”19 During the 1960s, Qutb postulated that the world was engulfed in jahiliyya, that is, the state of sin, ignorance, and moral darkness that had characterized society before the arrival of the Prophet. Echoing Lenin, Qutb called for the creation of a violent revolutionary vanguard to wage jihad and bring about Islam’s restoration.20 In Qutb’s utopian vision—to be brought into being through the crucible of revolutionary violence—egoism, exploitation of man by man, petty class hierarchies, and other supposed ills of liberal democracy would be eliminated.21 “This was Leninism in Islamist dress,” as Ladan Boroumand and Roya Boroumand correctly concluded.22 18 Roy (1994), p. 3. 19 Robert Irwin, “Is This the Man Who Inspired Bin Laden?” The Guardian (London), November 1, 2001, p. 8. 20 Qutb (n.d.), p. 62. Boroumand and Boroumand (2002), p. 8. 12 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Themes Neither bin Laden nor any other members of his inner hard core have articulated a comprehensive vision of the future.23 In this, al-Qaeda is not alone among terrorist and insurgent groups. During the 1970s and 1980s, leaders of the Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) spoke frequently of their program for fostering a “world proletarian revolution” but said little about what they would do once they seized power. Such “unprogrammatic simplicity”24 can be useful for any extremist political movement because a vague vision of the future is likely to attract a broader audience, alienate fewer potential recruits, and mitigate the possibility of being proven wrong. That said, a number of prominent themes have emerged in the pronouncements by bin Laden and his circle, and these have remained largely consistent over time. Although bin Laden, al-Zawahiri (his reputed second in command), and others alternate the content of their messages from time to time—for example, emphasizing the Palestinian cause, or the U.S. occupation of Iraq—the central, underlying themes have remained constant and are likely to continue to form an integral part of al-Qaeda’s ideological repertoire in the future. Al-Qaeda’s themes resonate with millions of people across the Muslim world who are seeking coherent, uniﬁed explanations for the suﬀering of their coreligionists in areas of conﬂict around the world as well as a strategy for personal and political transformation. Prominent themes include the following: • The oppressive regimes that persecute Muslims, such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, are in league with the United States. 23 Al-Qaeda’s Ideology and Propaganda 13 • Since the abolition of the caliphate in 1924, the “Crusaders” have worked to prevent true believers from establishing an Islamic state.25 • More broadly, Christendom, together with world Jewry, is seeking to destroy Islam;26 indeed, a Manichean “clash of civilizations” is under way.27 • The United States has created “an ocean of oppression, injustice, slaughter and plunder” (in bin Laden’s words) and has thus merited responses such as the 9/11 attacks.28 • America’s allies will pay a heavy price in blood and treasure for their role in their attacks on the Muslim nation. As al-Qaeda warned after the October 2002 bombing of a French oil tanker over the coast of Yemen, Washington’s partners “will not remain forever safe from Allah’s hand of revenge.”29 • Guerrilla warfare and other “asymmetric” strategies are powerful tools for defeating even the largest and most sophisticated armed forces, as demonstrated in Afghanistan against the Soviet army and in Vietnam against the U.S. military.30 • The economy is the U.S. center of gravity and is acutely vulnerable. “The New York and Washington attacks [on 9/11], con- 25 See, for example, “A New Bin Laden Speech,” MEMRI, Special Dispatch Series No. 539, July 18, 2003, http://www.memri.org/bin/opener.cgi?Page=archives&ID=SP53903 (as of February 16, 2006). 26 See, for example, Salah Najm, “Usamah Bin-Ladin, the Destruction of the Base,” alJazirah, June 10, 1999, FBIS. 27 “Full Text of Interview Held with al-Qa’ida Leader Usama Bin Ladin on 21 Oct 2001,” Jihad Online News Network, January 21, 2003, FBIS. 28 “Azzam Exclusive: Letter from Usamah Bin Muhammad Bin Ladin to the American People,” Waaqiah (Internet), October 26, 2002, FBIS. 29 “Al-Qa’ida’s Statement Congratulates Yemenis on the Bombing of the French Tanker Oﬀ Yemen’s Coast,” Al-Quds al Arabi (London), October 16, 2002, FBIS. 30 “Bin Laden’s Sermon for the Feast of the Sacriﬁce,” Middle East Media Research Institute [MEMRI], Special Dispatch Series No. 476, March 5, 2003, http://www.memri.org/bin/ articles.cgi?Area=jihad&ID=SP47603 (as of August 30, 2004). 14 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement trary to all theoretical predictions, showed the extent of the fragility of the American economy,” concludes one pro–al-Qaeda commentator.31 • Contributing in some way to violent, defensive jihad is the solemn obligation of every Muslim.32 These themes are circulated widely via the Internet, in books and pamphlets, and most notoriously, through videotapes in which bin Laden and al-Zawahiri expound on various ideological, political, and topical subjects. Some analysts have charged that the message propagated by bin Laden and other extremists is a political nullity that oﬀers no real solutions to the urgent problems of the Muslim masses, such as poor housing, unemployment, and the lack of educational opportunities.33 This is true insofar as it goes—as mentioned above, the al-Qaeda ideology is unprogrammatic in nature—but it misses a larger point. Like other millenarian programs, the network’s doctrinal agenda focuses not on the present, the here and now, but on the future. To be sure, that vision is somewhat hazy and ill deﬁned, but it oﬀers a promise and an escape from the petty concerns of everyday struggles, no matter how pressing life’s ordinary problems might ﬁrst appear. Propaganda As suggested in the preceding section, the worldview articulated by bin Laden and his circle, for all its archaic trappings, is in reality a curiously modern formation that has borrowed heavily from twentieth-century Western traditions, including both fascism and communism.34 Writing about the European adherents of this ideology, Oliver 31 Abu-’Ubayd al-Qurashi, “A Lesson of War,” Al-Ansar (Internet), December 19, 2002, FBIS. 32 See, for example, Doran (2002). 34 This point is made in Berman (2003). Al-Qaeda’s Ideology and Propaganda 15 Roy concludes correctly that “[h]owever ‘old time’ their theology may sound to Westerners, and whatever they may think of themselves, radical Euro-Islamists are clearly more a post-modern phenomenon than a pre-modern one.”35 Nowhere is al-Qaeda’s postmodern character more apparent than in its use of propaganda. Propaganda has of course been a feature of most if not all modern terrorist and insurgent campaigns, which have included the use of posters, books and pamphlets, radio, and more recently, television. Militants have also sought to arouse the consciousness of the masses by carrying out “propaganda by the deed,” that is, violent acts that in their brutality or audaciousness are intended to demonstrate the movement’s intensity and might.36 Al-Qaeda employs all of these techniques. But al-Qaeda’s propaganda is particularly distinctive in the relentlessly global nature of its dissemination, which has been made possible by the canny use of electronic media, most notably the Internet. As a result of this media strategy, al-Qaeda’s messages have penetrated deeply into Muslim communities around the world. Indeed, only the most advanced of modern states equal al-Qaeda’s capability to spread sophisticated propaganda quickly and globally. Bin Laden’s ﬁrst communiqué was an open letter in 1995 to the king of Saudi Arabia, followed by a declaration of war against the United States. These provocative statements were reinforced by a series of high-proﬁle interviews with Western and Arab journalists from 1997 to 2001, in which bin Laden explained his call to war and praised terrorist operations in Saudi Arabia, Kenya, and Tanzania. After the September 11 attacks, al-Qaeda made use of video- and audiotaped messages to praise various terrorist attacks and warn of greater violence to come. Finally, al-Qaeda issued training materials, such as the Encyclopedia of the Afghan Jihad, the 2001 training video, and morerecent manuscripts, such as In the Shadow of the Lance, which serve the dual purpose of instructing terrorists and spreading al-Qaeda’s worldview and justiﬁcation for violence. Therefore, al-Qaeda has not relied 35 Roy (2003), p. 71. Laqueur (1987), pp. 48–49. 16 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement on just one form of propaganda, such as interviews or written statements. These various forms have most likely allowed al-Qaeda to reach more people. This is particularly true given the mixture of written and audiovisual messages, which has allowed al-Qaeda’s propaganda to transcend both technology and literacy barriers. Al-Qaeda has also used rhetoric as a means of communicating its propaganda to various audiences. Bin Laden’s earliest propaganda came in the form of proclamations written in formal, scholarly prose. This is particularly true of his 1995 “Open Letter” to King Fahd, his Declaration of War, and his 1998 fatwa.37 In these statements, the language is similar to that of historic letters and proclamations issued at critical junctures in Islam’s history. In fact, bin Laden makes use of these historic statements, drawing on avatars of radical Islam, such as Ibn Taymiyya and Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab, to reinforce his argument.38 Later statements, particularly following September 11, have become less formal in language and more contemporary, citing recent attacks and their successes as grounds for continuing the international jihad. This further suggests that bin Laden’s initial proclamations were unique in form, message, and rhetoric, signaling his belief in their importance as historical statements in Islam’s history. Bin Laden’s careful use of language helps ensure that his messages resonate among Arabic-speaking audiences. It reinforces the image he seeks to portray as a defender of Islamic interests, a pious man untainted by the spiritual bankruptcy that plagues the Muslim world.39 Commenting on a November 2002 communiqué from bin Laden, a sympathetic Islamic “expert” interviewed in al-Jazeera described the communication as a wise, calm, and rational message, in which he explains his grievances. He explains them to the whole world with extreme fairness to the eﬀect that he is not a man of aggression, but through his 37 A fatwa is a pronouncement or opinion on a question of Islamic law by a qualiﬁed religious scholar. 38 See, for example, bin Laden’s “Open Letter to King Fahd,” 1995. These conclusions are drawn from English translation of Arabic texts, not from the original texts themselves. 39 Al-Qaeda’s Ideology and Propaganda 17 approach, he is defending this nation. . . . [H]e is telling the entire nation: Since the United States has thus far failed to arrest or kill me . . . then the nation . . . can resist this US arrogance.40 Al-Qaeda has made excellent use of various methods of spreading its propaganda, again not relying on just one medium to circulate its message. First and foremost, al-Qaeda has been heralded as the terrorist group that revolutionized its operations by successfully utilizing information technologies (IT), particularly the Internet. As noted by the SITE Institute, which tracks jihadist forums, members of jihadist forums inform one another of the latest technological trends and means for exchanging information. A posting in one of these forums in March 2006 described a free and clandestine means of sending text messages using a cellular phone. Short Message Service (SMS) was used to organize ﬂash mobs to protest the caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad.41 Another forum produced a guide for Internet safety and anonymity. The guide advised on ways to circumvent procedures used by governments to identify users.42 The high level of sophistication achieved by cyberjihadists is illustrated by the manual issued by an al-Qaeda mouthpiece, the Global Islamic Media Front, which provided a highly technical and detailed guide for creating Internet proxies. The eleven-page guide uses a combination of images and analogies to instruct the users in utilizing proxy servers and even creating their own private proxies to ensure anonymity. The guide describes a variety of Internet protocols, web applications, and language scripts as steps to 40 “Al-Jazirah Interviews Islamic ‘Expert’ Al-Siba’i on Bin Ladin’s Recent Message,” alJazirah, November 12, 2002, FBIS. 41 SITE Institute, “Jihadist Forum Messages Concerning Another Medium for Information Exchange,” http://www.siteinstitute.com (as of March 23, 2006). 42 SITE Institute, “A Guide for Internet Safety and Anonymity Posted to Jihadist Forums,” http://www.siteinstitute.com (as of March 24, 2006). 18 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement creating a private proxy.43 The jihadist Internet even has job advertisements. A Global Islamic Media Front posting in October 2005 advertised open positions for “electronic mujahideen.”44 Al-Qaeda is certainly not unique in using the Internet. Today, virtually every major terrorist or insurgent group maintains a sophisticated Web site. However, al-Qaeda is unique in two respects. First, there is the sheer size of its Internet presence. Cyberspace, according to one account, is now home to some 4,000 Web sites that serve as virtual environments for waging jihad.45 Second, al-Qaeda is remarkable in the scope of activities it conducts in this medium. One study describes al-Qaeda’s use of this medium as “cyberplanning,” the combination of mobilization, communication, fundraising, and planning attacks through the Internet.46 Gabriel Weimann argues that al-Qaeda’s particular strength is in its ability to use IT as a means of attacking its enemies: “Al Qaeda combines multimedia propaganda and advanced communications technologies to create a very sophisticated form of psychological warfare.”47 Weimann further notes that al-Qaeda uses the Internet not only to spread its messages but also as a source through which sympathizers “can access pre-recorded videotapes and audiotapes, CD-ROMs, DVDs, photographs and announcements.”48 Stephen Schwartz argues that al-Qaeda has made exceptional use of the Internet as a recruitment tool.49 These diﬀerent analyses reveal that al-Qaeda is unique not merely in its use of the Internet but, rather, in 43 SITE Institute, “A Highly Technical and Detailed Guide for Creating Internet Proxies by the Global Islamic Media Front,” http://www.siteinstitute.com (as of March 31, 2006). 44 SITE Institute, “The Global Islamic Media Front Advertises Open Positions for Electronic Mujahideen,” http://www.siteinstitute.com (as of October 7, 2005). 45 SITE Institute, “Radical Islamists Use Internet to Spread Jihad,” http://www.siteinstitute.org (as of June 2, 2005). 46 Thomas (2003), pp. 112–123. 47 Stephen Schwartz, “The Islamic Terrorism Club,” The Weekly Standard, November 10, 2003. Al-Qaeda’s Ideology and Propaganda 19 the multiplicity of ways in which it works through this medium to strengthen its organization by making its ideology, strategy, and tactics more widely available to potential recruits. Al-Qaeda has also spread its propaganda through the production of videos. The Global Islamic Media Front stated in an Internet posting, “because destroying a Crusader’s vehicle without publishing a tape of the operation gives the enemy the chance to deny it . . . the enemy cares less if one of its vehicles has exploded . . . but worries about the information and the psychological eﬀect of the operation and this is what happened.”50 In October 2003, a series of videotapes were released that contained testimonies of the suicide bombers in the May 2003 Riyadh terrorist attacks.51 The videos bear the insignia of Sabah Productions (Cloud Productions); they include multiple cameras and show signs of considerable editing, suggesting signiﬁcant production capabilities.52 Al-Qaeda has also used more traditional means, such as the creation of manifestos, tracts, and other written materials. The group also published a training manual that oﬀers tips on deception and various terrorist tactics. Both the training manual and the Encyclopedia of the Afghan Jihad have turned up in numerous places around the globe, including the United Kingdom and the Philippines.53 These written forms of propaganda have not only spread al-Qaeda’s worldview but have also oﬀered practical advice on engaging the enemy in battle. Finally, al-Qaeda has made excellent use of the media to spread its propaganda. Al-Qaeda has its own media sources including Nida’ul Islam (“The Call of Islam”), a magazine published in Australia, which has printed many of bin Laden’s statements throughout the past decade.54 Al-Qaeda operatives have more recently launched the biweekly Voice of 50 SITE Institute, “The Role of Jihadist Forums in Support of the People on the Battleﬁeld— Part Two,” http://www.siteinstitute.com (as of March 10, 2006). 51 Jason Burke, “Bin Laden Urges Terror Blitz,” The Observer, October 19, 2003. 52 U.S. Department of Justice (2004). 54 20 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Jihad magazine that deals particularly with the justiﬁcation for waging war in the Arab peninsula, and Al-Battar Training Camp, a magazine that focuses speciﬁcally on tactics.55 In addition to its own media sources, al-Qaeda has made use of the international media to spread its propaganda. This includes Arab media such as the satellite stations al-Jazeera and al-Arabiya. But it also includes Western media sources, particularly CNN, the BBC, ABC news, MSNBC, and other major news networks that have broadcast al-Qaeda’s audio and videotapes—particularly those claiming to be of bin Laden—along with other materials such as its training videos. It is perhaps no accident, therefore, that when CNN reporter Peter Arnett asked bin Laden in his 1997 interview what his future plans were, bin Laden answered: “You’ll see them and hear about them in the media, God willing.”56 Although diﬃcult to measure, the persistence of al-Qaeda’s propaganda over the past nine years suggests that it is aﬀecting its various audiences in a way that its leadership sees as useful. First, bin Laden himself has praised the eﬀects of his own statements on encouraging Muslim supporters to rise up and join in the global jihad. For example, in a January 1999 interview, ﬁve months after the August 1998 U.S. embassy attacks in Africa, bin Laden did not take credit for organizing the attacks but, rather, claimed that they were instigated by his 1998 fatwa, in which he called on Muslims to attack Americans wherever they could.57 Al-Qaeda’s propaganda, coupled with its actions, also appears to have shaped international public opinion. The most obvious example of this is the eﬀect of the March 2004 bombings in Madrid. The Spanish government was one of the staunchest supporters of the U.S. decision 55 “Al-Qa’ida’s ‘Voice of Jihad’ Magazine: Issue No. 9,” MEMRI, Special Dispatch Series No. 650, January 27, 2004, http://www.memri.org (as of May 28, 2004); “The Al-Battar Training Camp: The First Issue of Al-Qa’ida’s Online Military Magazine,” MEMRI, Special Dispatch Series No. 637, January 6, 2004, http://www.memri.org (as of May 28, 2004). 56 57 “Al-Qa’ida’s ‘Voice of Jihad’ Magazine”; “The Al-Battar Training Camp.” “Exclusive Interview: Conversation with Terror,” Time, January 11, 1999, http://www. time.com/time/asia/news/interview/0,9754,174550,00.html (as of April 3, 2006). Al-Qaeda’s Ideology and Propaganda 21 to go to war against Saddam Hussein, despite the fact that the Spanish population did not generally support military action in Iraq.58 The parliamentary election, held just a few days after the Madrid bombings, ushered in a Socialist government that withdrew Spain from the U.S.led Iraq coalition.59 Although al-Qaeda did not directly inﬂuence the outcome of the election—voters turned out the Popular Party government in large part because of the widespread belief that the government had deceived the public about who was responsible for the attack—the bombings nevertheless redounded to al-Qaeda’s advantage. For much of the international public not attuned to the complexities of Spanish politics, al-Qaeda seemed to have demonstrated the ability to remove major European political leaders from power.60 Al-Qaeda propaganda also appears to have successfully inﬂuenced journalists. As previously mentioned, Weimann notes that al-Qaeda’s Web sites have become a consistent source of information for foreign journalists. This suggests that journalists take these sites and their information seriously—including explanations for current strikes and claims of future attacks—as sources for their reports. Thus al-Qaeda’s propaganda has inﬂuenced media perceptions on its intentions, capabilities, and future trajectories. Al-Qaeda’s propaganda also appears to have had an eﬀect as psychological warfare against its enemies, particularly the United States. Al-Qaeda threats released since September 11, made mainly through alJazeera, have received immediate attention in the international media. These statements—together with other factors—have helped inﬂuence decisions to raise the terror alert, on occasion, and have continually sent ripples of fear throughout the U.S. population. Weimann notes that these statements have succeeded in creating what he calls “an impressive scare campaign.”61 Thus, al-Qaeda’s propaganda appears to have 58 John Vinocur, “Some in Europe See Spain’s Turnabout as Al Qaeda Victory,” International Herald Tribune, March 17, 2004. 59 Vinocur, “Some in Europe . . .”; Erin Ailworth, “Former Leader Visits L.A.,” Los Angeles Times, May 15, 2004. 60 Nesser (2004), pp. 71–75. 61 22 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement had the intended eďŹ€ects on its various audiences: It has inspired supporters, changed public opinion, inďŹ‚uenced the international media, and instilled fear in its enemies. CHAPTER THREE Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution Strategy Al-Qaeda’s strategy ﬂows logically from its ideology. To outsiders, those within the network may appear irrational—motivated by insane hatreds, grossly unrealistic in their goals, and willing to kill innocent men, women, and children to achieve their ends. In reality, al-Qaeda, like other terrorist groups, acts in a rational manner in the sense that it weighs ends and means, considers alternative approaches, and calculates costs and beneﬁts.1 Its leaders may miscalculate from time to time, but this is a characteristic that it shares with even the wisest political ﬁgures. Consider for example the attacks of September 11, 2001. On one level, the attacks were a mistake, since they led directly to Operation Enduring Freedom, the elimination of al-Qaeda’s Afghan redoubt, and the destruction of the group’s network of training camps. Yet the leadership appears to have anticipated the American response and calculated that any expected losses were outweighed by the beneﬁts. Prominent among these were the damages the relatively low-cost attacks caused to the U.S. economy. In a videotape aired in November 2004, bin Laden concluded that the 9/11 strikes, estimated to cost $500,000, resulted 1 For more on al-Qaeda as a rational actor, see Doran (2002). 23 24 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement in more than $500 billion in damages to the American economy, “[m]eaning that every dollar of al-Qaida defeated a million dollars by the permission of Allah, besides the loss of a huge number of jobs.”2 With this decisionmaking context in mind and taking into account its broad ideological tenets, what are al-Qaeda’s central strategic priorities? Toppling the “apostate” regimes of the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Pakistan, remains a paramount objective.3 For al-Qaeda, these governments primarily exist because of U.S. underpinning; their destruction thus is contingent on destroying this support. In the fashion of many earlier terrorist organizations, such as the National Liberation Front (FLN), whose anti-colonial campaign succeeded in driving the French from Algeria, al-Qaeda has sought to achieve this objective by pressuring the United States to withdraw from the Middle East through the perpetration of increasingly costly (to the United States) acts of violence. High-proﬁle attacks in Kenya and Tanzania (1998), the Gulf of Aden (2000), and New York (2001) have all been integral to this endeavor.4 As bin Laden explains: “Our method thus far in this battle has been to continue to pile up more American corpses onto their unjust government until we break the arrogance of the United States, crush its pride, and trample its dignity in the mud of defeat.”5 Somewhat ironically given its purportedly transcendental and spiritual purpose, al-Qaeda’s analysis of its anti-U.S. pressure campaign has also included a strongly materialist cast. Bin Laden and the other members of the group’s hard core have long stressed America’s supposed economic vulnerabilities. For example, in October 2003, bin 2 “Al-Jazirah Site Posts ‘Full Transcript’ of Bin Ladin’s Message,” November 1, 2004, FBIS. 3 Azzam (2003), p. 3. 4 The perpetrators of the car bombing of the U.S.-Saudi National Guard training oﬃce in November 1995 admitted having derived inspiration from bin Laden, although bin Laden’s role in the attack remains unclear. See National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004), p. 60. 5 Muhammad Salah, “‘World Islamic Front’ Threatens New Operations Against Americans,” Al-Hayah (London), August 19, 1998, FBIS. Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 25 Laden announced with obvious relish that the attacks on the World Trade Center had cost the American economy more than a trillion dollars, and went on to thank God for the size of the U.S. budget deﬁcit, which had topped $450 billion.6 Prudence dictates that U.S. national security planners assume alQaeda will continue its attempts to deliver a devastating attack (or attacks) against American assets—both at home and abroad and possibly with chemical, biological, radiological, or (more improbably) nuclear devices. Nothing suggests that the hard core has changed its views since December 2003, when bin Laden vowed to continue to pursue Americans “in their own backyard.”7 Indeed, as then Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet told Congress in February 2004, [al-Qa’ida] detainees consistently talk about the importance the group still attaches to striking the main enemy: The United States. Across the operational spectrum—air, maritime, special weapons—we have time and again uncovered plots that are chilling.8 More broadly and in line with the general aim of punishing and destroying “nonbelievers,” al-Qaeda and associated groups are likely to mount smaller-scale attacks against soft targets. The network may, in fact, be forced to give precedence to this strategic tenet (as opposed to high-impact Western targets) given the operational constraints of the post–September 11 environment.9 Intelligence services, police, the armed forces, political leaders, and even ordinary citizens throughout the West have all, arguably, become far more vigilant, which has exacerbated the challenges associated with terrorist recruitment, ﬁnancing, 6 See “Al-Jazirah Carries Bin Ladin’s Audio Messages to Iraqis, Americans,” October 18, 2003, FBIS. 7 “Al-Jazirah Airs al-Zawahiri Recording on 2nd Anniversary of ‘Tora Bora Battle,’” AlJazirah Satellite Channel Television, December 19, 2003, FBIS. 8 George C. Tenet, “The Worldwide Threat 2004: Challenges in a Changing Global Context,” February 24, 2004, http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_aﬀairs/speeches/2004/dci_ speech_02142004.html (as of February 16, 2006). 9 26 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement communication, surveillance, and counterintelligence. In short, while hitting prestigious targets will remain the “ideal,” operational considerations could well dictate a switch to more modest and easier attacks. Either way, al-Qaeda will continue to act, to maintain organizational cohesion as well as to sustain and expand the movement. “To act is their sole necessity,” notes one French observer.10 For al-Qaeda, terrorism is purposeful, instrumental, and intended to serve a variety of political, ideological, and organizational objectives. Violent actions keep the network and its doctrinal program in the news, help to build morale among cadres, and through the propaganda of the deed demonstrate that the group is functionally active and formidable. All of these facets contribute to bin Laden’s long-term objective of mobilizing Muslims for the promised global jihad against the West.11 Hence, although clearly weakened by the U.S.-led global campaign against terrorism, al-Qaeda has nonetheless devoted resources to maintaining a visible operational tempo, attacking targets ranging from tourist resorts (Indonesia, Kenya) to residential compounds (Saudi Arabia) to relatively undefended foreign consulates, places of worship, and banks (Turkey). Structure Like the term “terrorism” itself, “al-Qaeda” is a contested concept. For some analysts, the group is more a worldview or ideology than an organization.12 To the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), for instance, al Qaeda is a terrorist organization with a clear-cut struc- 10 Didier Francois, “On al-Qa’ida’s Trail,” Liberation (Paris), September 9, 2003, pp. ii–xi. 11 Hoﬀman (2003b), p. 437; Jason Burke, “9/11 Two Years On,” Observer (London), September 7, 2003, p. 21. 12 See, for example, Raufer (2003), pp. 391–398; and “Symposium: Diagnosing Al Qaeda,” Front Page Magazine, August 18, 2003, http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle. asp?ID=9416 (as of February 16, 2006). Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 27 ture, hierarchy, and command-and-control mechanisms.13 By contrast, other observers highlight the organization’s transformation over time, stressing how it morphed from a centralized entity in Afghanistan in the 1990s to a scattered global network in the aftermath of Operation Enduring Freedom.14 Al-Qaeda’s Structure Before September 11 Al-Qaeda was founded in the late 1980s, although the exact year is debated.15 Jason Burke notes that the word “al-Qaeda” has several meanings: It can be translated as “the base” or “the foundation” (the common understanding of the word), but it also can mean a “precept, rule, principle, maxim, formula, model or pattern.” Burke argues that the latter deﬁnition better ﬁts the origins of what we now call al-Qaeda, particularly as it was employed during the 1980s, when the term was used to describe a mode of jihadist action against occupying Soviet forces in Afghanistan. Burke further notes that bin Laden had formed a small group of jihadists that had pledged their loyalty to him in the 1980s, but that there is disagreement over whether this group called itself al-Qaeda or not.16 It was from this small group around bin Laden that al-Qaeda evolved into the loosely knit structure that reached its zenith prior to September 11. Several scholars argue that al-Qaeda truly began to take shape while bin Laden was in Sudan during the early and mid-1990s, where he was strongly inﬂuenced by the country’s nominal leader, Hassan 13 “Congressional Statement of J. T. Caruso, Acting Assisting Director, Counter Terrorism Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation, on Al-Qaeda International,” December 18, 2001, http://www.fbi.gov/congress (as of July 11, 2002). Jason Burke sees this characterization as a product of the FBI’s organizational culture, which he argues has traditionally focused on pursuing well-deﬁned criminal entities with known members who can be prosecuted in a court of law. See Burke (2003), p. 11. 14 See, for example, Gunaratna (2002a), pp. 72–73; Benjamin and Simon (2002), p. 167. 15 Gunaratna (2002a), p. 75, cites a 1989 meeting in Khost as the birth of the al-Qaeda we now know. However, in a recent communication, Gunaratna reveals that al-Qaeda was cofounded by Dr. Abdullah Azzam and Osama bin Laden in September 1988 (Gunaratna review, July 2005). 16 Burke (2003), pp. 7–9. 28 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement al-Turabi. A radical Islamist whose followers seized control of Sudan in a coup d’état in 1989, al-Turabi had as one of his major goals the creation of worldwide Islamic movements. To this end, he established several organizations, including the Islamist International and the Popular [Islamist] International in 1991—which aimed to unify Sunni Islam and various jihadist movements around the globe—and the Armed Islamic Movement/International Legion of Islam, which is the militant arm of these organizations.17 In 1994, bin Laden and al-Turabi cofounded the Advice and Reform Committee, headquartered in London, with the speciﬁc purpose of criticizing the Saudi royal family for allowing U.S. troops to be based on Saudi soil.18 However, in the view of most analysts, al-Qaeda’s structure only cohered after bin Laden’s return to Afghanistan in 1996, following his deportation from Sudan. Under the rule of the Taliban, this desolate country oﬀered the ﬁrst real opportunity to build a solid terrorist enterprise with a strong degree of organizational coherence. In Afghanistan, bin Laden found the right combination of anarchy, instability, and antipathy toward the West and its values to construct a network that, according to Gunaratna, comprised a core base or bases in Afghanistan, satellite terrorist cells worldwide, a conglomerate of Islamist political parties, and other largely independent terrorist groups that it draws on for oﬀensive actions and other responsibilities.19 Central to al-Qaeda’s pre-9/11 structure was the so-called hard core—a dozen or so inner members surrounded by an outer circle of roughly 100 highly motivated loyalists drawn from around the Muslim 17 Bodansky (2001), pp. 32–35. 18 Anonymous (2002), p. 145; Burke (2003), pp. 157–158, calls it “The Advice and Reformation Committee” and claims that its primary purpose was to improve the image of bin Laden and al-Turabi and counter Saudi propaganda in the worldwide Muslim community. 19 Gunaratna (2002a), p. 73, cites an al-Qaeda training manual as his source of information. For more on the organizational structure of al-Qaeda, see Indictment of United States of America v. Zacarias Moussaoui, December 2001, http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/moussaouiindictment.htm (as of December 12, 2003). Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 29 world and committed to the jihadist agenda.20 Directing this hard core was a complex leadership structure comprising four layers. At the top was bin Laden, who appointed an “immediate deputy” or “emir,” Abu Ayoub al-Iraqi.21 Below this was the shura majlis, or consultative committee, made up of veterans from the Soviet-Afghan war who had sworn a pledge of allegiance, or bayat, to bin Laden in 1989. These loyalists included al-Zawahiri and the operations specialist Mohammed Atef.22 Below the shura majlis were four operational committees, according to Gunaratna: “military, ﬁnance and business, fatwas and Islamic study, and media and publicity.”23 Al-Qaeda’s Structure After September 11 The global war on terrorism began with a military operation against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan that aimed to destroy its authority and the sanctuary it had provided to al-Qaeda. Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) achieved both these objectives, toppling the Taliban in a matter of weeks and scattering the core of bin Laden’s group, particularly following the 18-day battle for Tora Bora. Terrorism analysts are in general agreement that OEF was instrumental in severely weakening al-Qaeda’s command and control structure.24 Some observers, however, go further, arguing the campaign actually destroyed the organization’s structural coherence. According to Burke, “the nearest thing to al-Qaeda, as popularly understood, existed for a short period, between 1996 and 2001. Its base had been Afghanistan and what I had seen in Tora Bora were the ﬁnal scenes of its destruction.”25 20 Burke (2003), p. 13. 21 Abu Ayoub is now identiﬁed as Mamdouth Salim, alias Abu Hajir al Iraqi, arrested in Germany and incarcerated in the United States (Gunaratna review, July 2005). 22 Gunaratna (2002a,) pp. 75–76. 23 Gunaratna (2002a), pp. 77–78. In addition to this leadership structure, al-Qaeda retained a separate guerrilla force—the 055 Brigade—which during the group’s tenure in Afghanistan was primarily used to assist the Taliban in its struggle against the Northern Alliance. 24 See, for example, Gunaratna (2002a), p. 73. 25 30 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement A central tenet of the global campaign against terrorism has been to disrupt al-Qaeda’s operational tempo and coherence by destroying its core leadership.26 To a substantial extent, this campaign has succeeded in killing or capturing many of the group’s most senior leaders: • Mohammed Atef, al-Qaeda’s operations chief, who was killed in a November 2002 U.S. air raid in Kabul27 • Ramzi bin al-Shib, the reputed recruiter and ﬁnancier of the September 11 attacks (and alleged “20th hijacker”), who was captured in Pakistan on September 11, 200228 • Abu Zubaydah, who is believed to have replaced Atef in the network and who was caught in Pakistan in March 200229 • Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, al-Qaeda’s alleged point man on the Arabian Peninsula and main planner for maritime attacks (including the 2000 strike on the USS Cole), who was detained in the United Arab Emirates in November 200230 • Khaled Sheikh Mohammad, who was arrested in Pakistan in March 200331 • Riduan Isamuddin (also known as “Hambali”), bin Laden’s main point of contact in Southeast Asia (and the accused mastermind 26 For a complete list of the FBI’s most wanted, see http://www.fbi.gov/mostwant/ terrorists/fugitives.htm (as of February 2, 2004). 27 See http://www.fbi.gov/mostwant/terrorists/fugitives.htm. Atef is cited as the most senior al-Qaeda operative to have so far been taken out of commission. 28 “News Conference Regarding Zacarias Moussaoui,” Department of Justice Conference Center, December 11, 2001. 29 Don Van Natta, Jr., “Al Qaeda Hobbled by Latest Arrest, US Says,” The New York Times, March 3, 2003. 30 Philip Shenon, “US Says Capture of Al Qaeda Leader May Provide Clues to Thwarting Terror Attacks,” The New York Times, November 23, 2002. 31 Peter Finn, “Al Qaeda Deputies Harbored by Iran,” The Washington Post, August 28, 2002; “Al Qaeda Hobbled . . . . ” Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 31 of the Bali 2002 bombings), who was seized by Thai security forces just outside Bangkok in August 2003.32 How have these arrests aﬀected al-Qaeda? Most scholars agree that the elimination of some of the network’s key ﬁgures has been important in reducing the organization’s overall operational capabilities. However, several commentators point out that a number of prominent leaders remain at large—including, most obviously, bin Laden and al-Zawahiri; Saif al-Adil, the Egyptian reputed as the head of alQaeda’s security committee; Saad bin Laden, one of Osama’s sons; and Mahfouz Ould Walid (also known as Abu Hafs the Mauritanian), a reputed operations planner.33 They also point out that many of the Egyptians brought into al-Qaeda by al-Zawahiri—who in many ways constitute the logistical backbone of the network—have yet to be detained.34 The signiﬁcance of bin Laden’s and al-Zawahari’s continued presence in al-Qaeda has been an issue of debate. Several scholars have emphatically noted that, while these two individuals were important leaders in the creation of the network, the centrality of their operational leadership post–September 11 has become increasingly questionable.35 For these commentators, the primary role of bin Laden and al-Zawahiri after the onset of the global war on terrorism has been that of a source of inspiration through their statements to the press and via their propagandizing on the Internet. As Burke notes, while they have 32 Maria Ressa, Atika Shubert, Amy Chew, “Asia’s Most Wanted in U.S. Hands,” CNN. com, August 15, 2003, http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/08/15/ hambali.capture/ (as of February 15, 2006). 33 Saif, Saad bin Laden, and Walid are all alleged to be in Iran. See “Al Qaeda Deputies Harbored by Iran,” The Washington Post, August 28, 2002; and “US Says Iran Harbors al Qaeda ‘Associate,’” The Washington Times, June 10, 2003. 34 Hoﬀman (2003a), p. 8; “Al-Qaeda: Organization or Ideology?” On Point, November 25, 2003, http://www.wbur.org (as of December 13, 2003). 35 For example, in a Front Page Magazine interview, ﬁve RAND researchers—Bruce Hoﬀman, Brian Jenkins, John Parachini, William Rosenau, and Gregory Treverton—all agreed that al-Qaeda would survive the loss of bin Laden. See Jamie Glazov, “Symposium: Diagnosing Al Qaeda,” Front Page Magazine, August 18, 2003, http://www.frontpagemag. com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9416 (as of February 15, 2006). 32 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement served as the ideology and motivation for jihadist terrorism, they have exerted only marginal direct inﬂuence in the actual mechanics of subsequent attacks.36 Other commentators take a somewhat less sanguine view, noting that bin Laden and al-Zawahiri have released scores of statements since September 11 calling for Muslims around the world to rise up and attack Americans, British, and other Europeans whenever possible and to challenge their own corrupt and impious governments. According to these analysts, the mere fact that such exhortations to violence continue to be made—and, more seriously, continue to be acted upon— must of necessity be a major cause for concern.37 On a broader level, targeting the leadership may have had perverse consequences. Michael Kenney, drawing on the example of Colombian drug cartels, cautions that the strategy of taking out the known top layer of an organization can have the unintended consequence of transforming the enterprise into an entity with no central leadership but the continued capacity to operate. Stated diﬀerently, destroying the leadership may not necessarily kill an organization and could, in fact, create a new, disaggregated one that is more diﬃcult to predict and preempt.38 Since 9/11, al-Qaeda’s inner circle appears to have been playing a steadily diminishing role in planning, ﬁnancing, and supporting terrorist strikes. Burke’s analysis is worth quoting at length: The ﬁrst major attack after the 2001 war came in October 2002 in Bali where more than 200 people died in a suicide attack on a nightclub. Investigations showed this strike was the work of 36 “Al-Qaeda: Organization or Ideology?” interviews with Steven Simon, Jason Burke, and Josh Meyer, On Point, November 25, 2003, http://www.wbur.org (as of December 13, 2003). 37 For example, bin Laden’s November 12, 2002, statement proclaims: “Why did your governments ally themselves with America to attack us in Afghanistan, and I cite in particular Great Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Germany and Australia?” Center for Studies on New Religions, http://www.cesnur.org/2002/laden_nov.htm (as of February 2, 2004). 38 Kenney (2003), pp. 187–206. Kenney notes that the U.S. war on drugs succeeded in taking out the top leadership of the Colombian drug cartel but that inﬂows of cocaine remained unchanged. Gunaratna believes that the Istanbul bombings were the work of alQaeda and not of an associated group (Gunaratna, review, July 2005). Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 33 a group tangentially connected to bin Laden but acting semiindependently. Some of the funding and strategic direction for the bombing may have come from the central core but little else. The next major attacks—at Casablanca, Riyadh, Mombassa and Istanbul—revealed steadily diminishing amounts of central direction. Finally, in Madrid . . . this process reached its logical conclusion. The attack, the most murderous so far, was the work of local militants who had been inﬂuenced by ideas of the global strand of Islamist militancy but had no contact with men like bin Laden at all.39 The July 2005 attacks in London would appear to fall within this pattern. Although the suicide bombers may have received, or attempted to receive, training from al-Qaeda-aﬃliated groups in Pakistan, these individuals had no apparent connections with al-Qaeda’s inner circle, ﬁnancial or otherwise. Thus, while it appears that the decapitation strategy has succeeded in greatly reducing the functional ability of al-Qaeda’s leadership core, it clearly has not brought about the end of the al-Qaeda phenomenon. Rather, dozens of like-minded local organizations have come to the fore, hitting more-vulnerable targets with deadly force. Discerning the capabilities and modus operandi of these smaller, less known groups will present a substantial new set of challenges for counterterrorism planners. Indeed, if Burke is correct in suggesting that new groups are emerging—aﬃliates that have had no training or ﬁnancing from the pre–September 11 al-Qaeda—then ﬁghting this threat will require a major departure from the decapitation strategy. More important will be a sustained and aggressive campaign of counterpropaganda aimed at discrediting the jihadist call and, thereby, dissuading local groups from taking up arms and attacking foreign and domestic targets. 39 Jason Burke, “The New Matrix of Terror,” India Today, July 25, 2005, LexisNexis, August 31, 2005. 34 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Operational Evolution Because the United States can often force a change in al-Qaeda’s tactics as a result of the success of its counterterrorist operations against the network, it is critical that policymakers identify in advance how their actions may aﬀect the movement’s overall operational dynamic and tempo. For example, to have ongoing success against a particular terrorist cell, it is crucial to understand the impact of this loss on the overall group or on its operational planning cycle if the cell is dismantled, and to anticipate how the network may recover. It is important to keep in mind that the outcome may be unexpected or may result in a changed modality more destructive to U.S. interests, something Washington obviously wants to avoid. To accurately evaluate how al-Qaeda’s tactics and targets have changed over time, it is ﬁrst important to distinguish al-Qaeda and groups that have an organizational aﬃliation with it from those that are only loosely connected to the network or simply share its worldview (those entities will be discussed in more detail in Chapters Six through Eleven of this volume). Terrorist groups such as Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) and the Salaﬁst Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), which have an integral and recognized link to al-Qaeda, are more likely to exhibit a common set of targets and tactics, whereas groups that have a less concrete relationship tend to incorporate methods and techniques that al-Qaeda does not commonly use. The working hypothesis of the present study is that the latter alliances both strengthen and weaken the network. Although informal ties with other terrorist groups provide al-Qaeda with operational and tactical ﬂexibility, the inner core of the movement tends to have less control over how these operations are conducted. For example, al-Qaeda’s frequent use of sophisticated suicide attacks largely reﬂects the inﬂuence of the EIJ, a fully co-opted group whose own use of martyrdom was developed and reﬁned in Egypt during the 1990s. Undoubtedly, it was the EIJ’s operational experience that allowed al-Qaeda to emerge on the stage of world politics so successfully in 1998 with the simultaneous attacks on the U.S. embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. By contrast, the Abu Sayyaf Group Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 35 (ASG) in the Philippines, a group established with bin Laden’s support, has specialized in the use of kidnapping, extortion, assassination, and small-scale urban bombings—which, although justiﬁed in the name of the international jihadist movement,40 essentially reﬂect the group’s own operational capabilities and choices. This style of terrorism has tended to be amateurish in execution (with the arguable exception of the string of foreign abductions that took place in 2000), and it is debatable what real value these activities have had for al-Qaeda’s overall functional, organizational, and ideological priorities.41 With these distinctions in mind, it is therefore useful to take a close look at how al-Qaeda has altered its operational strategy since the 1998 East Africa bombings—bin Laden’s ﬁrst large-scale attack against the United States—to better project how assault methods may be shifted over time. After the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, the United States and its allies dismantled at least ﬁve al-Qaeda cells around the world, a signiﬁcant setback for the organization. Although bin Laden likely anticipated counterterrorist actions in the wake of these attacks, he apparently did not readily appreciate how quickly Washington, in conjunction with other international intelligence services, would be able to unravel the plot, understand who was behind it, and shut down the networks associated with its planning and execution.42 The al-Qaeda networks involved in planning the East Africa attacks were uncovered more quickly than the terrorists anticipated, for several reasons. First, documents were found in possession of the EIJ operatives involved in planning the thwarted attack against U.S. interests in Albania that revealed their contacts with other members of their network in the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Azerbaijan. Second, al-Qaeda did not anticipate that the Albania attack would be thwarted, 40 See, for instance, “Abu Sayyaf Group,” U.S. Department of State (2002b), http://www. state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/html/ (as of February 16, 2006); “Abu Sayyaf and Its Links to Bin Laden,” CNN.com, September 2001; and Hookaway (2004). 41 Abu Sayyaf Group; “Abu Sayyaf and Its Links to Bin Laden.” 42 36 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement and the EIJ operatives had not been careful to hide operational and contact information. EIJ operatives in each location were found with numbers and names of other operatives in their personal possession, leading intelligence and police oﬃcials to uncover and arrest their colleagues. Finally, oﬃcials gained information from EIJ militants through interrogation.43 Since that time, al-Qaeda has altered and expanded its target set, making organizational modiﬁcations that have resulted in signiﬁcant changes to the way it conducts operations. Al-Qaeda has opted to stick closely to what has worked in the past, such as multiple suicide bombings, but the manner and means for carrying out these strikes have deﬁnitely changed. The use of planes as suicide bombs in the September 11 attacks and the small boat packed with explosives that devastated the USS Cole are two of the best examples of al-Qaeda innovation in this direction. However, there have been a number of other instances of operational shift: a switch from hard to soft targets and from mass casualty to smaller, but more frequent attacks; an increased focus on the economic impact of the attacks; greater eﬃciency in the utilization of loose networks and recruitment of U.S. and European nationals to evade detection; and moves to create new types of safe haven to maintain critical skills, such as conducting terrorist training in private homes. Each of these modiﬁcations, and the circumstances surrounding them, will be discussed in more detail below. Hard Versus Soft Targets In 1996 when bin Laden ﬁrst announced his fatwa against the United States, al-Qaeda focused most of its energy on attacking hard targets, such as embassies and military installations. These facilities are not only the most diﬃcult to penetrate but also represented the focal point of U.S. power and inﬂuence abroad. Al-Qaeda hoped that if its operatives could successfully hit and destroy such venues, it would force the United States out of the various countries it was “occupying” and 43 Muhammad Salah, “A Record of Jihad Years from ‘Ayn Shams to Tirana. Oﬃcial in Charge of Jihad’s Station in Albania: I Traded in Yemen and Learned Forgery in Sudan,” AlWasat, FBIS FTS19990303001107, March 1, 1999. Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 37 compel it to curtail its support for “apostate” regimes. In so doing, alQaeda would necessarily transmit a message of power that could be used to build morale and attract new recruits. Following the 1998 East Africa embassy bombings, al-Qaeda moved to incorporate attacks against soft targets on a more concerted basis, both to produce a higher civilian body count and to provide greater operational latitude for carrying out more frequent attacks. While assaults were still mounted against hard strategic targets, such as the suicide bombing of the USS Cole in 2000, a broader portfolio of strike options was becoming evident. This was ﬁrst seen in the thwarted plot to attack the U.S. embassy in Albania; documents subsequently recovered by security forces showed that al-Qaeda had singled out several other vulnerable targets in the event that the primary mission should prove too diﬃcult, including mounting an assault against an American housing complex in Tirana.44 This change in tactics was further highlighted in the planned millennium bombings of American and Israeli tourist venues in Jordan in December 2000.45 September 11 involved attacks on both soft and hard targets, and it represents the most sophisticated and deadly attack conducted by any terrorist organization to date. Al-Qaeda began planning at least two years in advance of the strikes, reﬂecting a time frame similar to that which characterized the East African operation. Suicide terrorism was, again, the preferred weapon; however, the delivery mechanism changed dramatically from the traditional explosive-packed car/truck to the use of hijacked commercial jet airliners. The soft and hard targets al-Qaeda chose for the attacks—the World Trade Center (WTC) and the Pentagon—represented the pinnacles of U.S. economic and military power. Moreover, the numbers of people killed in these assaults well exceeded al-Qaeda’s expectations (especially in the case of the WTC), more than fulﬁlling its desired goal of inﬂicting mass 44 “Jordan Indicts Members of Terrorist Cell,” International Policy Institute for Counterterrorism, March 29, 2000, http://www.ict.org.il/ (as of February 21, 2006). 45 38 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement casualties (which, as noted above, could be interpreted as a miscalculation given the robust nature of the Bush administration’s subsequent response). Since September 11, al-Qaeda and entities aﬃliated in some way with the network have focused primarily on attacking soft targets. Both 2002 and 2003 saw a rise in such attacks, with assaults ranging from nightclubs in Indonesia to a synagogue in Tunisia. In choosing such a course of action, al-Qaeda appears to be hoping that it can project an image of omnipresence. However, it could also reﬂect a growing weakness in the network, which—suﬀering from a concerted counterterrorism onslaught by the United States and its allies—no longer has the means or capabilities to conduct more sophisticated, strategic assaults on hard targets. Mass-Casualty Versus Smaller, More Frequent Attacks Although inﬂicting mass casualties remains a primary goal of al-Qaeda, the group has had to alter its operational strategy since September 11 to focus on conducting smaller, more frequent attacks. There are two main reasons for this change. First, the loss of a secure base in Afghanistan and the subsequent arrest of both senior and mid-level commanders have denuded the group of the necessary logistical and functional assets needed to plan an operation on the scale of 9/11. Second, because it can no longer exhibit clear command and control over its attack—again, a consequence of the aforementioned loss of haven and leadership—al-Qaeda has been forced to increasingly rely on other terrorist groups who are in some way connected to the network to conduct its attacks. Although the parameters of those aﬃliate strikes have not approached those of the high-proﬁle assaults seen in Washington and New York, they have acted as a de facto force multiplier in the sense that they have been regularly perpetrated on a truly global scale. During 2003, for instance, al-Qaeda was “credited” with a plethora of suicide attacks in various parts of the world, including Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 39 Morocco, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Turkey.46 Not only did these acts of terrorism ensure that the group continued to be viewed as both vibrant and relevant, they also helped to underscore an image of the network as being able to strike at will around the globe. Focus on Economic Impact Al-Qaeda has additionally incorporated attacks against U.S. installations or infrastructure that are likely to have some kind of economic eﬀect on its overall target set. The group ﬁrst realized the potential of this form of terrorism in the wake of September 11. Although the WTC and Pentagon were primarily chosen for their symbolic status as the seat of American commercial and military power, the ﬁnancial damage wrought by the two strikes was enormous (especially in the former case), aﬀecting New York businesses, the airline industry, tourism, and indirectly contributing to a national—and, arguably, global—recession.47 Al-Qaeda’s continued plans to use jets as ﬂying bombs further underscores the movement to maximize the economic consequences of an attack. Although the choice of this particular modus operandi undoubtedly reﬂects its past use as a successful form of massdestruction terrorism, there is good reason to believe that it also reﬂects the perception that such operations will result in further setbacks to commercial aviation and tourism. Indeed, in December 46 Chris Plante, “US Suspects al-Qa’ida in Morocco Bombings,” CNN.com, May 18, 2003, http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/05/17/al.qaeda.morocco/ (as of February 16, 2006); “Saudi Bombing Deaths Rise,” BBC News, May 13, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/ hi/world/middle_east/3022473.stm (as of February 16, 2006); Maria Ressa, “Fears of New Suicide Terrorism Squad,” CNN.com, http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/08/11/alqaeda.blast/ (as of February 16, 2006); “Warning of More Attacks in Turkey,” CNN.com, November 20, 2003, http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/11/20/ turkey.blast/ (as of February 16, 2006). 47 Gilmore Commission (2002), pp. 9–10. 40 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement 2003, a number of ﬂights from Europe to the United States were canceled precisely because of reported attempts by al-Qaeda to hijack the planes during the traditionally busy holiday season.48 Efﬁcient Use of Loose Networks As previously noted, counterterrorist actions by the United States and its allies are responsible, at least in part, for al-Qaeda’s increased reliance on loose networks of operatives to conduct operations. Arrests of senior leaders and the loss of its Afghan haven have forced the group not only to turn to other established terrorist aﬃliates to conduct attacks but also to operate in a more decentralized, cellular fashion.49 After the East Africa attacks, al-Qaeda ﬁrst began to shift its focus toward using clandestine networks, largely for pragmatic and operational reasons. However, the group still maintained relative command and control over its operations, tending to rely on jihadists brought into al-Qaeda as sworn members rather than contracting with particular individuals for speciﬁc attacks. Cadres were required to prove their depth of knowledge of the Koran and their commitment to Islam and al-Qaeda’s ideology. Each also took an oath of loyalty to bin Laden and went through a sustained program of terrorist training. Without the infrastructure in place to recruit dedicated members and because it is no longer in the group’s best interest to have an easily identiﬁable core of operatives, al-Qaeda has necessarily had to alter its strategy. Accordingly, the preferred approach today is to have cells composed of newly recruited operatives who come together for a speciﬁc operation and then disperse after it is over. Operating in this manner, al-Qaeda has sought to compensate for the loss of its bases in Afghanistan (which availed more direct, long-term, face-to-face con- 48 “Flights Canceled over Terrorist Fears,” The Seattle Times, December 25, 2003, http:// seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001823220_planes25.html (as of February 16, 2006); “Flights Canceled Amid New Worries About al-Qaeda,” USAToday.com, January 30, 2004, http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-01-30-terror-threats-airlines_ x.htm (as of February 16, 2006). 49 Gilmore Commission (2002), pp. 12–13. Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 41 tact between members), while at the same time increasing the diﬃculty of quickly identifying individuals involved in particular attacks and anticipating their role in the overall planning process. New Sanctuaries With the loss of its leadership and training infrastructure in Afghanistan, al-Qaeda has had to ﬁnd alternative safe havens to continue to plan operations and train new recruits. In the post-9/11 era, the group is unlikely to ﬁnd another environment as conducive to its needs as the one it enjoyed under the Taliban. Indeed, an important objective of the United States and its allies was to discourage other potential state sponsors from oﬀering territorial sanctuary to terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda, a policy that has already prompted some former renegade states—notably Libya and Sudan—to distance themselves from terrorist groups. Since the loss of its extensive training complex in Afghanistan, al-Qaeda and its oﬀspring have had to invent new ways of teaching their operational tradecraft to the next generation of jihadists. In Afghanistan, al-Qaeda—under the patronage of the Taliban—was able to train thousands of new recruits from a variety of backgrounds in both guerilla warfare and terrorist tactics ranging from small arms training to counterinterrogation techniques with relative impunity. The creation of the 11-volume Encyclopedia of the Afghan Jihad, acquired by U.S. intelligence in 1999, was designed to serve as a step-by-step doit-yourself guide for the up-and-coming terrorist to augment what he learned in the Afghan training camps, and to educate those who could not make it to the camps. This publication has served as the primary text for training new recruits in an era when training camps are harder to set up. It includes sections on how to blow up a plane and threaten with a knife and has been widely circulated on the Internet. Also on the Internet are online courses oﬀered by Islamist Web sites on how to build explosive devices.50 These texts and other “virtual” ways of learning about how to wage jihad are crucial for supporting the growing number of urban training 50 Stern (2003). 42 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement grounds that have emerged since the loss of Afghanistan. Urban training grounds are deﬁned as operational spaces in urban areas, such as private homes or warehouses, where new recruits can engage in the full spectrum of terrorist training, ranging from ideological indoctrination to target selection and how to conduct surveillance. As discussed in the section on al-Qaeda propaganda, a new Internet magazine called Al-Battar Training Camp purports to help prospective terrorists get up to speed quickly in the comfort and anonymity of their own homes.51 The brainchild of the former al-Qaeda leader in Saudi Arabia, Yusuf alAyiri (former bodyguard of bin Laden who was killed by Saudi forces in 2003), Al-Battar appears to be published bimonthly. In the magazine’s ﬁrst issue, the author says, Because many of Islam’s young people do not yet know how to bear arms . . . and because the agents of the Cross are hobbling the Muslims and preventing them from planning [jihad] . . . your brothers the Mujahideen in the Arabian peninsula have decided to publish this booklet to serve the Mujahid brother in his place of isolation, and he will do the exercises and act according to the military knowledge included within it. The magazine contains articles on such topics as how to properly operate a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) and how to orchestrate a kidnapping.52 In addition to starting this magazine intended to reach thousands of new recruits via the Internet and give them a way to train in the post–September 11 era, al-Ayiri also began establishing a network of covert training camps at farms and in private homes around 51 “Al-Qaeda Oﬀers Do-It-Yourself Terror Training,” WorldNetDaily, January 5, 2004, http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=36459 (as of February 16, 2006). 52 “Al Battar Magazine Issue No. 10,” SITE Institute, May 24, 2004; “Al Battar Magazine Issue No. 13,” SITE Institute, July 23, 2004, http://www.siteinstitute.org/terroristpublications.html (as of February 16, 2006). Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 43 Saudi Arabia.53 A group called “Al-Qaeda’s Military Committee in Saudi Arabia” released a communiqué in December 2003 announcing the existence of these camps by saying, “One of [Yusuf al-Ayiri’s] last blessed deeds was to establish several training camps in [Saudi Arabia] which several of the hero mujahadeen have come from.”54 Besides the network in Saudi Arabia, other training “camps” have been established in urban areas in France and the United Kingdom (UK). A number of North African extremists aﬃliated with al-Qaeda were arrested in France and the UK since 9/11 and were suspected of manufacturing chemicals for use in future terrorist attacks. In January 2003, British authorities arrested six men suspected of producing ricin, a highly toxic substance, in their north London apartment. In the apartment the authorities found ricin precursor agents and processing equipment. According to British forensic analysts, the material present in the apartment tested positive for ricin.55 One French-born al-Qaeda terrorist of Algerian descent, Menad Benchellali, was arrested in December 2002 for manufacturing ricin in his apartment in Lyon. Police found a laboratory equipped to produce biological and chemical agents in a bedroom that doubled as a sewing room by day. According to French police reports, Benchellali, known in al-Qaeda circles as “the chemist,” would lock himself in the room and work through the night to experiment with new biological and chemical recipes. Based on leads developed in the Benchellali case, British authorities raided the apartments of a number of Algerian terrorists in 2003 and also found ingredients for manufacturing ricin.56 The wave of terrorism in Morocco, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and elsewhere shows that al-Qaeda’s “second generation” is still 53 Evan Kohlmann, “A Saudi Home: Al Qaeda in the Kingdom,” National Review Online, February 9, 2004, http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kohlmann200402090859.asp (as of February 16, 2006). 54 Kohlmann, “A Saudi Home . . . .” 55 Jeﬀrey M. Bale, Anjali Bhattacharjee, Eric Croddy, and Richard Pilch, “Ricin Found in London: An al-Qa`ida Connection?” Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), January 23, 2003, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/ricin.htm (as of February 16, 2006). 56 Joby Warrick, “Al Qaeda: Death in a Jar,” Hamilton Spectator, May 8, 2004, p. F08. 44 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement able to conduct eﬀective attacks despite the loss of training bases in Afghanistan. These attacks may not be as spectacular as those executed on September 11, but they are more frequent and give the impression that al-Qaeda can strike anywhere at any time. Training is vital to maintaining the quality of al-Qaeda’s terrorist attacks—which in turn is essential to maintaining the credibility of the global jihadist movement and attracting new recruits—and thus far, al-Qaeda has shown an ability to sustain the integrity of that training through the proliferation of virtual jihad and the diﬀusion of urban training centers. Unconventional Weapons Bin Laden has made no secret of his interest in acquiring CBRN weapons, but he does not seem to have been successful in translating intent into execution. Of course, the level of diﬃculty in acquiring unconventional weapons of diﬀerent kinds is not the same, with the development of a nuclear weapon at the most diﬃcult end of the spectrum and probably beyond al-Qaeda’s current capabilities. The technology for the development of a nuclear device is available in the open literature, but a terrorist group seeking to develop such a device would face formidable logistical and technical challenges—including obtaining at least 50 kilograms of enriched uranium and developing a usable device without tests that could be detected.57 Given the diﬃculties in developing a nuclear device, the most likely course would be to attempt to build a radiological weapon, possibly using materials diverted from stockpiles in the former Soviet Union, or to purchase a ready-made weapon. Following Pakistan’s detonation of a nuclear device in 1998, bin Laden declared that other Muslim nations “should not be lax in possessing nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.”58 Bin Laden has used two arguments to justify the possession and use of these unconventional devices. First, bin Laden is a believer in their deterrent value. 57 “Nuclear Capabilities May Elude Terrorists, Experts Say,” The Washington Post, December 29, 2004. 58 “Bin-Laden Congratulates Pakistan on Its Possession of Nuclear Weapons,” Al-Quds al’Arabi (London), June 1, 1998, FBIS. Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 45 As he told an interviewer in 1999, “It would be a sin for Muslims not to try and possess the weapons that would prevent the inﬁdels from inﬂicting harm on Muslims.”59 Second, since bin Laden claims that “the United States is the biggest mischief maker, terrorist, and rogue in the world . . . and it is the duty of every Muslim to struggle for its annihilation,”60 CBRN weapons, with their potential to cause mass casualties, serve as ideal instruments. Theological justiﬁcation was provided by a Saudi cleric named Nasir bin Hamid al-Fahd. According to Anonymous (the pseudonym of Michael Scheuer, former head of the CIA’s bin Laden unit), in May 2003 al-Fahd issued a fatwa entitled “A Treatise on the Legal Status of Using Weapons of Mass Destruction Against Inﬁdels” that addressed theological problems raised by the use of CBRN weapons. Al-Fahd argued that weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) have no special standing as proscribed weapons under Islamic laws. Moreover, Muslims may retaliate proportionately for attacks on them. Since, according to al-Fahd, “some brothers have totaled the number of Muslims killed directly or indirectly by [American] weapons and come up with a ﬁgure of nearly 10 million,” it was permissible for Muslims to inﬂict an equivalent number of casualties in an attack on Americans.61 Bin Laden’s CBRN acquisition eﬀort began while he was living in Sudan during 1991–1996. His intimate relationship with the Nationalist Islamic Front (NIF), Sudan’s ruling clique, gained him entrée to the NIF’s Military Industrial Corporation, a potential source of CBRN expertise, equipment, and materials.62 During this period, bin Laden also began a protracted and apparently fruitless campaign 59 Rahimulla Yusufzai, “Conversation with Terror,” Time (Canada), January 11, 1999, p. 14. 60 “Interview with Osama Bin Laden Reported,” Al-Akhbar (Islamabad), March 31, 1998, FBIS. 61 Anonymous (2004), pp. 155–156. Al-Fahd further justiﬁed large-scale civilian casualties if they were the result of an attack meant to defeat the enemy and not aimed at killing civilians. He also deemed the killing of Muslims in such attacks permissible, if there was no alternative. 62 46 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement to acquire material for building a nuclear device.63 After his relocation to Afghanistan in 1996, bin Laden received advice from Pakistani nuclear scientists, most notably Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, a 38-year veteran of Pakistan’s civil nuclear program.64 At a laboratory in Darunta, bin Laden’s followers developed a crude form of cyanide gas, which they tested on a dog in December 1999, recording the event on videotape. After the fall of the Taliban regime in late 2001, technical manuals found in Khost, Kabul, and other areas conﬁrmed al-Qaeda’s deep interest in CBRN weapons.65 Press accounts also indicate that during this period bin Laden attempted to purchase nuclear weapons from sources within the former Soviet Union. These reports allege that bin Laden’s agents sought atomic demolition munitions (so-called “suitcase nukes”) and, more fancifully, that with the help of organized crime ﬁgures in Russia and Chechnya, obtained nuclear warheads from Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Russia.66 Although some analysts conclude that some of these claims have the “ring of plausibility,”67 there is no publicly available evidence to conﬁrm that al-Qaeda or any other terrorist entity has fabricated, purchased, or stolen a nuclear device. Indeed, no U.S. or allied government oﬃcial has ever stated publicly that terrorists have succeeded in acquiring a nuclear device or other sophisticated weapon. Although some analysts, journalists, and public oﬃcials claim fancifully that some of these weapons can be “built in a basement,” the evidence suggests that creating devices capable of causing mass casualties requires substantial expertise, time, and money.68 Aum Shinrikyo, 63 See, for example, United States of America v. Usama Bin Laden et al., particularly pp. 357–366. 64 Anonymous (2002), p. 188; Baker, “Pakistani Scientist . . . ,” p. A01. 65 Burke (2003), p. 187; Mike Boettcher and Ingrid Arnesen, “Al Qaeda Documents Outline Serious Weapon Program,” January 25, 2002, CNN.com, http://www.cnn.com/2002/ US/01/24/inv.al.qaeda.documents (as of February 27, 2006). 66 “Al Qaeda Network May Have Transported Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons to the United States,” The Frontier Post (Peshawar), November 20, 2001, FBIS. 67 Parachini (2003), pp. 37–48. Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 47 the religious cult responsible for the sarin nerve agent attack on the Tokyo subway in March 1995, was able to fashion a crude chemical weapon, but failed to fabricate a biological device, despite substantial amounts of money, a pool of scientiﬁc and engineering talent, and a secure operating environment free from government surveillance.69 AlQaeda seems to have encountered similar challenges even in near-ideal conditions under the Taliban in Afghanistan. Although bin Laden enjoyed complete security, ﬁnancial resources, and access to expertise, there is no evidence that he succeeded in fabricating a biological or chemical weapon, let alone a nuclear device.70 Again, this is not to say that bin Laden or the broader jihadist movement he spearheaded does not remain committed to acquiring CBRN devices, despite the hurdles involved. Terrorists, according to the State Department’s coordinator for counterterrorism, are “doing everything they can” to obtain materials to build CBRN.71 In congressional testimony in February 2004, George C. Tenet, then director of central intelligence, announced an “increase in the threat of more sophisticated CBRN” and highlighted al-Qaeda’s continued quest for chemical weapons, anthrax, and nuclear devices.72 Al-Qaeda’s continued interest in CBRN was conﬁrmed by the January 2003 ricin ﬁnds in London.73 69 Rosenau (2001). 70 For more on al-Qaeda’s eﬀorts to acquire a nuclear device, see Daly, Parachini, and Rosenau (2005). 71 Quoted in Steven Gutkin, “U.S. Terror Expert Warns of Dirty Bomb,” Associated Press, February 8, 2004. 72 George C. Tenet, “The Worldwide Threat: Testimony of Director of Central Intelligence George C. Tenet Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,” February 24, 2004, http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_aﬀairs/speeches/2004/dci_speech_02142004. html (as of April 3, 2006). 73 John Steele and Philip Johnson, “Ricin Terror Flat Was Rented for Asylum Seekers,” Daily Telegraph (London), January 9, 2003, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml? xml=%2Fnews%2F2003%2F01%2F09%2Fnrici09.xml (as of February 16, 2006). 48 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement MANPADS Acquisition Al-Qaeda remains resolute in its desire to continue to attack American commercial aircraft both inside the United States and abroad. The use of commercial airliners in the September 11 attacks underscored for al-Qaeda that American airliners are vulnerable both to a hostile takeover and to ﬁnancial ruin in the wake of a terrorist attack, although increased security measures have made it increasingly diﬃcult for terrorists to bring weaponry on board and to gain access to the cockpit. In short, September 11 taught al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates that attacking U.S. airliners directly or using them in a terrorist operation is an eﬀective way of killing many of Americans and inﬂicting signiﬁcant economic damage on the United States. MANPADS remain an attractive tool for al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates to use in their operations. In fact, al-Qaeda has used MANPADS twice since 9/11, but both attempts to hit the intended target failed. In May 2002, al-Qaeda operatives tried to shoot down a U.S. military aircraft in Saudi Arabia using a shoulder-ﬁred missile, but it either did not ﬁre or misﬁred.74 In November 2002, al-Qaeda terrorists launched two shoulder-ﬁred SA-7 Strela-2Ms at an Israeli charter aircraft in Mombasa, Kenya, missing the target probably because the plane was already out of range for the missiles to lock onto the airplane’s engines.75 In February 2003, British military forces surrounded Heathrow Airport for three days over concerns that jihadist militants were going to shoot down an aircraft there using MANPADS.76 According to British counterterrorist authorities,77 initial reports appeared to indicate that the jihadists had succeeded in importing via Dover or another port on the English Channel as many as nine SA-7 Strela surface-to-air 74 “FBI Warns Portable Missiles a Threat,” CNN.com, May 31, 2002, http://www.cnn. com/2002/US/05/31/terror.threat/ (as of February 16, 2006). 75 Kuhn (2003). 76 An extensive discussion of this threat can be found at “SAMs—The Unresolved Air Security Threat,” http://www.thetravelinsider.info/2002/1206.htm (as of February 16, 2006). 77 O’Brien’s interviews with senior UK counterterrorist oﬃcials, London, May 2004 and September 2005. Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 49 missile (SAM) launchers, but subsequent investigations and interviews determined that this information was false, although there had been suﬃcient intelligence-led concerns surrounding such a plot to merit the strong reaction at Heathrow. Six men were arrested at the time as a precautionary measure but were subsequently released without charge. It remains unclear whether this possible attack was the one Khaled Sheikh Mohammad reported that bin Laden had ordered against Heathrow soon after 9/11 to “punish Tony Blair . . . his principal enemy.” Khaled Sheikh Mohammad reportedly told his interrogators that he gave an al-Qaeda team money to undertake surveillance of Heathrow, “assessing its weak points and ﬁnding locations from which planes might be shot down.” The actual Heathrow operation would have taken place more than a year after this directive was allegedly issued by bin Laden. Khaled Sheikh Mohammad claimed that the operation he knew of “never advanced beyond surveillance” and blamed communications interruptions following the U.S.-led Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and the overthrow of the Taliban.78 The proliferation of MANPADS throughout the world—there are reportedly 150,000 in circulation—makes it more likely that an increasing number of terrorist groups and individuals will take possession of these weapons and incorporate them into their attack planning.79 Some estimates indicate that at least 100 Stinger missiles are still circulating in Afghanistan and thousands are missing in Iraq that terrorists could obtain and smuggle out of the country for use in a planned attack.80 For the terrorists, the only drawback to the use of these weapons—as demonstrated by the examples above—is that the older models are not always reliable. In fact, recent estimates show that 78 Christina Lamb, “Al-Qaeda Leader Says: Heathrow Our Target,” Sunday Times (London) March 28, 2004. 79 As of August 2003, 27 terrorist groups reportedly possessed MANPADS. Fred Bayles, “Threat Is ‘No Longer Theoretical,’” USA Today, August 13, 2003. 80 “JTIC Exclusive: Proliferation of MANPADS and the Threat to Civil Aviation,” Jane’s Terrorism and Insurgency Center, August 13, 2003, http://www.janes.com/security international_security/news/jtic/jtic030813_1_n.shtml (as of April 3, 2006). 50 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement the Strela-2 in particular has a low probability of kill.81 Al-Qaeda is an organization that places a high value on carrying out successful operations. Failed attacks only undercut its mission and can even result in declining recruitment and a perception that it is a weakened and ineffective organization. The good news is that until now an assumption can be made that al-Qaeda possesses only older MANPADS, since the group surely would have used a more eﬀective missile in its operations if it had one in order to ensure its success. As a result, al-Qaeda may shy away from using older models such as the SA-7 and the Stinger missile in the future. These earlier failures could also have been as a result of human error, but MANPADS in general are relatively easy to use and many terrorists trained in Afghanistan or who have fought in insurgent conﬂicts are well-trained in their use.82 In fact, al-Qaeda has reportedly been training its members in the use of MANPADS for the last three years. An al-Qaeda video was recovered in 2001 that detailed how to assemble and use a Strela-2 system.83 However, al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates are more likely to seek out newer, more reliable MANPADS that have a higher success rate, such as the SA-18. These weapons are more expensive than their earlier counterparts and can cost up to $100,000 each on the open market for the most advanced systems.84 Although there are fewer of these weapons on the black market, simply because they have not been around as long as their earlier counterparts, they are in circulation and have been used by terrorist groups that have an ongoing relationship with al-Qaeda. Moreover, some reports indicate the U.S. military has observed more sophisticated MANPADS than the SA-7 and Strela-2 in circulation 81 Robert Wall, “Hardening Resolve,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, August 23–30, 2004. 82 The CIA had diﬃculty teaching some of the illiterate Afghan mujahideen how to operate a Stinger missile during the Afghan-Soviet war; “JTIC Exclusive: Proliferation of MANPADS and the Threat to Civil Aviation.” 83 84 “JTIC Exclusive.” The SA-7 can cost as little as $5,000, according to Jane’s Terrorism and Insurgency Center, 2003. Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 51 in Iraq.85 In August 2003, FBI agents arrested a British arms dealer who—after praising bin Laden—tried to sell al-Qaeda an SA-18 and implied that it could be used against a commercial airliner.86 Chechen extremists have used the SA-18s to shoot down Russian helicopters and could theoretically sell one to al-Qaeda for the right price.87 While terrorists will continue to seek out these types of weapons to use against U.S. and other Western airliners, researchers in the United States and other countries are looking for ways to harden the defenses of commercial airliners against the MANPADS threat—by ﬁrst examining the vulnerabilities of these aircraft, focusing in on the eﬀects a MANPAD hit would have on engine operation and safety of ﬂight, and then applying a series of countermeasures.88 Recruitment of Western Converts Recent converts to Islam are an increasingly attractive subset of potential recruits for al-Qaeda, particularly in Europe and the United States. Although the majority of Muslim converts reject the extremist worldview, a small but growing number have been involved in terrorist attacks against the West. According to one source, out of 212 individuals who have been implicated in terrorist attacks since 1993, 18 (8.5 percent) were converts to Islam.89 Although U.S. converts to Islam arrested for their involvement with al-Qaeda, such as Jose Padilla and Adam Yahiya Gadahn, have received a signiﬁcant amount of press and sparked a broader discussion about the nature of al-Qaeda recruitment in the United States, some scholars argue that European converts to Islam warrant more concern.90 Islam is Europe’s fastest growing religion and many experts note an increase in the number of converts after 9/11, although there 85 Wall, “Hardening Resolve.” 52 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement are no reliable statistics to provide solid evidence of this trend.91 The increasing concern over the susceptibility of Europe’s converts to jihadist recruitment is in part a rise in the number of “protest converts,” or angry, disaﬀected, rebellious youth searching for an outlet or cause. Members of this small group of converts are the most likely to ﬁnd their way into a terrorist organization like al-Qaeda that oﬀers adventure, danger, and a way to prove their commitment to the cause.92 A senior French security oﬃcial said recently that converts were his organization’s “most critical work now.”93 For example, brothers David and Jerome Courtailler both converted to Islam to escape a troubled childhood and drug addiction in the French countryside. Both came to Islam after befriending radical Muslims who had terrorist connections. Shortly after David’s conversion in 1996, recruiters in his prayer group told him they were sending him to Afghanistan to “study the Quran” and gave him money, a contact number, and a plane ticket to Pakistan. After he arrived in Pakistan, David was quickly taken by car to al-Qaeda’s Khaldan training camp in Khost, Afghanistan, where he trained in bomb making. Jerome converted to Islam under the inﬂuence of al-Qaeda member Djamel Beghal, who was heading a terrorist cell planning an attack against the U.S. embassy in Paris. David returned to England in 2000 and was believed to be helping a terrorist cell to plan a large-scale bombing. He was arrested after 9/11 with a large cache of explosives. Jerome was also arrested shortly after 9/11 in connection with the terrorist plot against the embassy in Paris. He is believed to have been the source of the fake Belgian passports used by the suicide bombers who killed Northern Alliance commander Ahmad Shah Massoud on September 10, 2001.94 91 Craig G. Smith, “Europe Fears Converts May Aid Extremism,” The New York Times, July 19, 2004. 92 Chuck Colson, “Al Qaeda and Converts to Islam,” Townhall.com, April 28, 2004, http:// www.townhall.com/opinion/columns/chuckcolson/2004/04/28/11522.html (as of February 17, 2006). 93 Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 53 The example of the Courtailler brothers illustrates that the path from conversion to terrorism, especially for those considered “protest converts,” can be exceedingly short. One of the key reasons is that many converts—particularly those from Europe and the United States—know little about Islam when they are ﬁrst introduced to the religion and therefore are more likely to accept the perspective and interpretation they are taught.95 Unlike Muslim converts in South Asia or the Middle East, they lack the cultural context to be able to ﬁlter out extremist rhetoric. In addition, many converts become educated about Islam not only through the the individuals they meet but by surﬁng the Internet. The proliferation of Islamic extremist Web sites designed to attract new recruits—particularly protest converts like Adam Yahiya Gadahn—helps guide these individuals into accepting and taking on the extremist worldview.96 It is important to note, however, that although there are many ways for new converts to become exposed to radical Islam—for example, through the Internet or through personal relationships with individual Muslims who subscribe to the jihadist worldview—many converts are self-selected for radical groups like al-Qaeda rather than being directly enlisted into these groups by a so-called al-Qaeda recruiter. According to Marc Sageman, The process of joining the jihad . . . is more of a bottom-up than a top-down activity. . . . Joining the jihad is more akin to the process of applying to a highly selective college. Many try to get in but only a few succeed, and the college’s role is evaluation rather than marketing.97 Al-Qaeda ﬁnds converts particularly attractive because they can travel more easily and operate undetected by local security services, particularly in their countries of origin. In the past, al-Qaeda used 95 Smith, “Europe Fears . . . . ” 96 Robert Spencer, “The New Face of Al-Qaeda,” FrontPageMagazine.com, June 1, 2004, http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=13591 (as of February 17, 2006). 97 Sageman (2004), p. 122. 54 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement converts more for logistical support, but as the United States and its allies in the war on terror began to identify and arrest Arab and South Asia members of al-Qaeda, the group began using Caucasian-looking Europeans and, in some cases, Americans to actually execute operational plans because they were more likely to be unknown to police and intelligence services.98 Moreover, Europeans can travel to the United States without having to obtain visas.99 Former al-Qaeda operations chief, Khaled Sheikh Mohammad, now in a U.S. secure facility, has admitted to employing both European and American converts and using them not only in operations but as intermediaries to protect his identity.100 Al-Qaeda is ﬁnding these ready-to-use converts in European and, to a somewhat lesser extent, American prisons. The Islamic population in Europe’s prisons is growing; France’s prison population, for example, is more than 50 percent Muslim.101 Shoe bomber Richard Reid converted to Islam in prison and was put in contact with radical Muslims once he was released. The Islamic missionary organization Tablighi Jama’at also serves as a pathway to jihad by sending converts to study in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, where they often make contact with militants. Al-Qaeda also uses recruiters to spot converts in likeminded militant organizations and radical mosques in Europe.102 The Muslim Council of Britain, in an attempt to counteract this trend, issued a warning to 1,000 mosques to be on the lookout for individuals who seek to inﬁltrate mosques and turn young men into fanatics.103 Evidence that al-Qaeda is continuing to put converts in positions of increasing importance is illustrated by the arrest in Britain in August 2004 of Muslim convert Esa al-Hindi (an ethnic Indian, his real name 98 Sageman (2004), p. 122. Colson, “Al Qaeda and Converts . . . .” 100 Leiken (2004); Daniel Klaidman, Mark Hosenball, Michael Isikoﬀ, and Evan Thomas, “Al Qaeda in America: The Enemy Within,” Newsweek, June 17, 2003. 101 Smith, Strategy, Structure, and Operational Evolution 55 is Dhiren Barot). Intelligence oﬃcials identiﬁed al-Hindi as a major al-Qaeda player who transferred operational information between Britain, Pakistan, and the United States. Al-Hindi was believed to have conducted detailed surveillance of high-value economic targets inside the United States in anticipation of a spectacular terrorist attack prior to the U.S. presidential elections in November 2004.104 Other converts arrested for terrorist activities include French citizen Pierre Robert, the mastermind of the May 2003 bombings in Casablanca, and Christian Ganczarski, a German involved in the 2002 attack at the Djerba synagogue in Tunis.105 104 “Pakistan Intelligence May Be Driving Arrests,” CNN.com, August 6, 2004, http:// www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/08/05/terror.wrap/ (as of February 17, 2006). 105 Josh Lefkowitz and Lorenzo Vidino, “Joining Al Qaeda,” The Wall Street Journal, August 29, 2003. CHAPTER FOUR Al-Qaeda’s Finances Resource Structures and Networks Given the ﬁnancial war on terrorism conducted by the United States and the international community, al-Qaeda’s resource structures and networks have changed. Al-Qaeda has hardened still existing sources of funds, developed new sources of ﬁnancing, further diversiﬁed its resource base, moved an even larger amount of transactions through the informal hawala system, and increased its dependence on nonmonetary barter transactions. For example, it now goes through a much more sophisticated process when soliciting funds via the Internet. Rather than just publishing Web sites that openly solicit money and resources, al-Qaeda inﬁltrates legitimate charitable organizations and asks for money through the Web; engages in online fraud, identity theft, and other Internet crimes; and then uses those proceeds to fund their activities. In its fundraising, al-Qaeda uses various security measures, such as “anonymisers” that replace the IP address assigned by an Internet service provider with an “anonymiser” address that cannot be tracked.1 Additionally, illegitimate organizations posing as charities and nongovernmental organizations are reopening oﬃces—virtual or real— after having been targeted and shut down by the United States and its allies.2 Simply opening an oﬃce in Pakistan, where the government 1 Josh Lefkowitz and Lorenzo Vidino, “Joining Al Qaeda,” The Wall Street Journal, August 29, 2003, p. 61. 2 Roth, Greenburg, and Wille (2004), pp. 119–120. 57 58 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement is reluctant to crack down further on Islamic radicalism, still allows these “charities” to operate and provide some funds to terrorist organizations. Indeed, extremist leader Maulana Fazlur Rehman Khalil, accused by the United States of having substantial ties to al-Qaeda, operates his anti-U.S. group openly in Peshawar. The back cover of the December 2003 magazine his organization publishes sports a full-page advertisement admonishing Muslims who cannot, for whatever reason, participate in the jihad in Iraq to give money to send to individuals who are ﬁghting there.3 In addition to hardening still-existing sources of income and further diversifying terrorists’ ﬁnancial base, an additional trend in terrorist fundraising is emerging—money is being raised increasingly at the grassroots level of support, rather than largely from wealthy donors and/or organizations.4 While wealthy Gulf State organizations and individuals still provide a substantial amount of al-Qaeda’s funding, this ﬁnancial support is being supplemented by larger numbers of small donations throughout the Muslim world. This trend parallels a longerterm trend in terrorist ﬁnancing.5 Al-Qaeda has also modiﬁed the way it transmits funds around the globe. Before September 11, many ﬁnancial institutions were believed to have transferred millions of dollars of al-Qaeda’s money, wittingly or otherwise. The Bank Secrecy Act requires U.S. ﬁnancial institutions to ﬁle Currency Transaction Reports (CTRs) on transactions above $10,000; however, with literally millions of such transactions occurring every year, the act did little to deter the terrorists from using such methods. Often the transfers were made to students (as many of the 9/11 hijackers were), which would be expected—students must pay for tuition and living expenses, etc. Disguising the transfers thus essentially 3 Paul Watson and Mubashir Zaidi, “Militant Flourishes in Plain Sight,” The Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2004, p. A.1. Of note, Khalil was reportedly arrested sometime during summer 2004 after being linked to additional assassination attempts against Prime Minister Musharaf. 4 Interview with Dan Benjamin, terrorism analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington, D.C., February 5, 2004. 5 Al-Qaeda’s Finances 59 invalidated the value of the CTRs. However, now that such transactions involve greater scrutiny and other policies are in place to prevent legal transmission of terrorist funds, terrorists are increasingly using the informal hawala transaction system. Additionally, they are increasingly using “mules”—couriers who physically carry large quantities of cash, gemstones, or other valuables to various parts of the globe. Future Financial Prospects Evidence suggests that al-Qaeda still can and may be willing to expand even further into the criminal world to raise money. The UN estimated the value of the global illicit drug market for 2003 at $13 billion at the production level, $94 billion at the wholesale level, and $322 billion at the retail level.6 A comparison with even the most generous estimates of al-Qaeda’s ﬁnancing—approximately $1 billion per year—suggests that terrorist ﬁnancing is simply dwarfed by drug money. While some evidence exists that points to al-Qaeda involvement in the poppy and opium trade in Afghanistan, there is no information suggesting it is involved in any other lucrative drug markets, such as the cocaine markets in South America or the drug markets in the Golden Triangle. Whether or not al-Qaeda would be able to enter these markets is a separate discussion, but it illustrates the idea that there are areas to which al-Qaeda could turn to supplement its income. Furthermore, al-Qaeda could simply adopt some of the creative money-raising schemes used by other Islamic terrorist groups, such as Hamas and Hezbollah (see Chapter Seven of the companion volume on the links between terrorist groups and transnational criminal networks). Clearly, there is no shortage of alternatives available to al-Qaeda. The organization is constrained largely by the limits of its own imagination. Many fundraising criminal activities exist to which al-Qaeda could turn if it wants. Moving its ﬁnance-generating activities away 6 United Nations, Oﬃce on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2005, Chapter 2, “Estimating the Value of Illicit Drug Markets,” http://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2005/ volume_1_ex_summary.pdf (as of April 3, 2006). Note that the retail value of drugs intercepted at the U.S. border ranged between $1 billion and $2 billion annually in the 1990s. 60 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement from a reliance on donations to criminal activity will have some consequences on the group, although it is diﬃcult to forecast exactly what those consequences would be. Additionally, transferring wealth to various parts of the world may prove to be a greater challenge, but coming up with suitable alternatives is by no means impossible. These changes in both raising and moving funds create interesting ﬁnancial dynamics. Large sums of money are more visible in both collection and transmission, and therefore more vulnerable. Al-Qaeda has responded by diﬀusing both activities—raising larger numbers of small donations from an increasing number of sources, while simultaneously moving money around in a greater variety of ways. Another interesting dynamic is that U.S. expertise in targeting ﬁnancial transfers lies more with transfers between political borders than it does within them.7 In other words, the risks to terrorists when collecting and transferring money within a country are substantially less than when moving money outside a country. These dynamics are beginning to shape terrorist activity. Although there are few signs of a reduction in terrorist activity and operations overall (indeed, after September 11 the pace of al-Qaeda attacks has accelerated), the attacks are certainly diﬀerent. Rather than large, spectacular, internationally orchestrated attacks, the attacks (with the exception of the Bali and Madrid bombings) have been smaller and local, and they appear to have greater autonomy from al-Qaeda’s center. This could be explained by the ﬁnancial dynamics described above. With more local fundraising eﬀorts and greater restraints on international money transfers, a “ceiling” may have been established under which terrorist funds may begin to pool. Local al-Qaeda aﬃliates may now ﬁnd themselves both ﬁnancially enabled and possibly encouraged to make operational decisions on their own. Collecting their own money but unable to forward it to the larger organization, coupled with receiving no money and little guidance from above, creates a situation in which local commanders will be increasingly likely to act on their own. At the same time, large, September 11–like attacks are less likely. 7 Interview with Chris Verbeek, Federal Bureau of Investigation, February 11, 2004. Al-Qaeda’s Finances 61 Empirical evidence provides some support for this idea. Attacks in Morocco, Kenya, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Saudi Arabia appear to be the work of local radicals.8 They reﬂect less of the planning acumen, strategic vision, or sophistication than that characterized by the attacks against the U.S. embassies in Africa, the attack on the USS Cole, or the coordinated attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Further, evidence suggests that many of these attacks were funded locally as well—suggesting that al-Qaeda’s center and periphery are not transmitting money in either direction.9 Another way in which ﬁnancial dynamics shape terrorist activities is best explained through a comparison of ﬁxed and marginal costs. When al-Qaeda’s leaders were welcome guests in other countries (the Sudan and then Afghanistan) they had easy sanctuary—but it came at a cost. The 9/11 Commission suggests that al-Qaeda was paying the Taliban approximately $20 million a year; as previously mentioned, bin Laden himself stated he lost nearly $150 million in the Sudan. In exchange for these large ﬁxed costs, al-Qaeda had sanctuary and could aﬀord to operate openly. In Afghanistan, terrorist training camps operated at a near hectic pace, churning out as many as 70,000 graduates in the space of ﬁve years. From this sanctuary, al-Qaeda’s senior leadership could concentrate all its eﬀorts on growing the organization and planning operations. Without this sanctuary, the majority of terrorist attacks conducted by al-Qaeda would at least have been more diﬃcult, if not prohibitively so. After paying these ﬁxed costs, al-Qaeda could then plan and conduct spectacular terrorist attacks, like the ones in Africa, Yemen, and 8 Susan Schmidt and Douglas Farrah, “Al Qaeda’s New Leaders: Six Militants from Ranks to Fill Void,” The Washington Post, October 29, 2002, http://meadev.nic.in/ind-ter/for-med/ AlQaedaNewLeaders.htm (as of June 16, 2004). See also Jack Kelly, “Al Qaeda Smaller, Fragmented, but Still Deadly,” USA Today, September 9, 2002, http://www.usatoday.com/ news/world/2002-09-09-1acover_x.htm (as of 27 June 2004). 9 Schmidt and Farrah, “Al Qaeda’s New Leaders . . . .” For example, the March 11, 2004, train bombings in Madrid were apparently completely locally funded, largely through the rather autonomous cell’s sale of narcotics. See Al Goodman, “Spain: Terror Cell ‘Neutralized,’” CNN.com, March 14, 2004, http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/04/14/spain. terror/index.html (as of June 29, 2004). 62 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement the United States. The ﬁgures often quoted for these attacks—$50,000 to bomb the USS Cole, $500,000 for the September 11 attacks— represent marginal costs. Without the sanctuary in Afghanistan, the marginal cost of the September 11 attacks would have been far greater than the half million dollars so claimed, if the attack had been possible at all. The point of this discussion is that there is a synergy between sanctuary and ﬁnances. Sanctuary substantially increased al-Qaeda’s ﬁnancial requirements, but that safe haven lowered overall needs of covertness, eased command and control, enabled extensive training and planning, and generally allowed terrorist groups to operate at a far lower marginal cost per attack. When a terrorist organization must be covert, its eﬃciency decreases substantially, training cadres becomes more laborious, and the marginal costs of achieving the same level of operational capability are much higher. On the other hand, even though terrorist organizations may maintain marginal costs of training and operations, without sanctuary they will get a much lowerquality cadre. To illustrate, the video released by al-Qaeda on February 4, 2004, shows current recruits ﬁring AK-47s in someone’s backyard in Saudi Arabia10 —far cheaper than sending someone through a threemonth training camp in Afghanistan, but also a much less eﬀective training regimen that is not likely to produce operators nearly as skilled as those trained in Afghanistan. In sum, al-Qaeda’s ﬁnancial infrastructure has proven quite resilient. There is scant evidence to suggest that al-Qaeda’s ﬁnance committee is still directing the collection and dissemination of funds. However, recruiting, training, and operations continue. The trade-oﬀ is fairly clear: The new localized nature of ﬁnancing is enough to support operations, but it is clearly not as eﬃcient as the earlier “business model.” While authorities have eﬀectively targeted large donors and obvious transmission mechanisms, successfully targeting a grassroots ﬁnancing system will prove more challenging. 10 Al Qaeda’s Sahab Institute for Media Production released a video entitled “Badr alRiyadh: The Assault on the Crusader al-Muhaya Settlement and Discovering Important Details,” analyzed and translated by Intel Center, Alexandria, Virginia, February 2004. CHAPTER FIVE Al-Qaeda’s Operational Planning Cycle Al-Qaeda’s operational planning cycle, deﬁned as the steps involved in planning and executing a terrorist attack, is constantly evolving— much like the organization itself. As al-Qaeda morphs and changes organizationally to adjust to arrests and disruption of planned attacks, so does its operational style. Before the 9/11 attacks, when al-Qaeda was composed largely of a small hard core of senior and mid-level leaders in Afghanistan responsible for overseeing most of the group’s terrorist plans, al-Qaeda favored “spectacular” attacks against primarily U.S. “hard” targets, such as diplomatic and military facilities abroad. These operations—which include the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania and the 2000 USS Cole attack—took years to plan and involved selecting the right recruits to execute the attack and ensuring that they were properly trained, indoctrinated, and sworn and trusted members of al-Qaeda. The cell leader responsible for the attack would then help the recruits to establish themselves in the community where the attack was to take place, making sure that they had regular jobs, that they “blended in,” and that their daily routine was nothing out of the ordinary so that they would not raise suspicion. Recruits would even marry local women and live “regular” lives free from terrorist activity—sometimes for up to two years—to solidify their place in the community and avoid detection by police and intelligence oﬃcials. Once operational planning began, the recruits would conduct meticulous casing and surveillance of the target set, in some cases build the bomb to be used in the operation, travel as necessary to obtain other materials for the attack and to meet with others involved in the planning, arrange such logistical details as obtaining the attack vehicle, 63 64 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement and do a trial run of the operation if necessary. According to the oﬃcial investigation into the dual bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, al-Qaeda took ﬁve years from conception to execution to complete the attacks in August 1998. Bin Laden sent his trusted aide, Wadi al-Hage, to Kenya in 1993 to conduct initial surveillance on the U.S. embassy and other Western targets. Moreover, the East Africa investigation also revealed that the creation of surveillance reports was often the ﬁrst step in al-Qaeda’s operational planning cycle. Months and years would pass before the attack would be carried out.1 Similarly, the USS Cole plot took four years to complete. This “spectacular attack” diﬀered from the 1998 East Africa operation in that the plan was conceived in 1996 by an al-Qaeda member visiting Yemen, rather than by bin Laden and his senior leaders in Afghanistan. This al-Qaeda member noticed that American warships came in and out of Yemeni waters. But operational planning in this case did not begin until 1998, when scouts were dispatched to ﬁnd suitable warships to target. In January 2000, al-Qaeda attempted an attack against the USS The Sullivans using a small craft similar to the one later used in the Cole operation. However, the boat sank before it reached its target and the operation went unnoticed. In October 2000, al-Qaeda attacked the Cole using the same methods.2 The September 11 attacks took only two years to plan once the attack was conceived but was based on an earlier plot. That operation failed after only a few short months but involved the same meticulous planning.3 The September 11 plot originated in 1999 with senior al-Qaeda operative Khaled Sheikh Mohammad, who discussed the concept with bin Laden and his operational chief Mohammed Atef. Bin Laden and Atef revised the plan to include hitting targets such as the U.S. Capitol, the Pentagon, the White House, and the World 1 “Badr al-Riyadh: The Assault on the Crusader al-Muhaya Settlement and Discovering Important Details,” analyzed and translated by Intel Center, Alexandria, Virginia, February 2004 (Video). 2 Al-Qaeda’s Operational Planning Cycle 65 Trade Center.4 The hijackers were selected and sent for training in Afghanistan later that year, and two of the lead operatives arrived in the United States in 2000 and engaged in ﬂight training and other attack preparations. However, during the hijackers’ time in the United States, their actions did not raise the suspicion of the authorities. They blended into the American cultural landscape by dressing in Western attire, frequenting bars, and generally keeping to themselves.5 Although the United States was unable to prevent these particular attacks from occurring, it did thwart others based on lessons learned about al-Qaeda’s operational patterns following each attack through observation, intelligence gathered from arrested operatives, and documents recovered by local authorities. Several notable hallmarks of an al-Qaeda attack emerged in the period leading up to September 11. The ﬁrst was that al-Qaeda prefers to kill large numbers of Americans or Westerners by executing a “spectacular” attack. Because success is a must, detailed planning must take place. One operative arrested in Pakistan said that when conducting surveillance of a particular room, he was trained to note every detail in that room: the color of the walls, the dimensions, the doors, windows, etc. A second lesson was that alQaeda exhibited great patience in its operational planning. Al-Qaeda operatives could take years to plan an attack because it was important to make sure every detail was in place. A third lesson was that because attack plans took years to unfold, al-Qaeda would proceed with multiple operations at the same time, also ensuring that, if one plot was disrupted by authorities, the group could simply select another target without compromising the work it had done or could execute another plan already in place. 4 5 National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004), p. 155. Mitch Lipka, “Multiple Identities of Hijack Suspects Confound FBI,” South Florida SunSentinel, September 28, 2001. 66 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Post-9/11 Planning Trends The U.S.-led global war on terrorism has forced changes in the way al-Qaeda operates, primarily because the majority of those conducting terrorist attacks since September 11 are not sworn al-Qaeda members but rather are aﬃliated with al-Qaeda to varying degrees or simply share al-Qaeda’s world view and have tried to emulate its operational style. As a result, the trademark simultaneous vehicle bomb explosions against multiple U.S. or Western targets that have come to be associated with al-Qaeda are being repeated in these operations, even though they are not all planned by al-Qaeda’s hard core. In some cases, such as the May 2003 attacks against soft targets in Morocco, terrorist leaders with al-Qaeda connections who trained in Afghanistan were the organizers. One major change in these “franchised” terrorist attacks is that the planning cycle appears to have shortened. For example, the October 2002 attacks in Bali, Indonesia, that killed over 200 in two simultaneous nightclub bombings were perpetrated by al-Qaeda aﬃliate Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). The time frame from conception of these plans to execution was only eight months. Senior JI operative Hambali, a close associate of bin Laden, came up with the idea for the Bali operation in February 2002; and between April and October the operatives responsible for carrying out the attacks implemented the plans.6 One of the reasons for the shortened attack time frame is that after 9/11 it has become more diﬃcult for al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates to attack hardened targets due to the increase in security. Therefore, the group is turning to softer targets that are easier to hit because they are plentiful and security is often not a signiﬁcant concern. Islamic extremists who support al-Qaeda’s worldview are also under increased scrutiny from police and intelligence services worldwide and, as a result, may have shortened their planning cycle to avoid detection and disruption of their operational plans. 6 “Bali Chronology, Cause and Eﬀect: Terrorism in the Asia Paciﬁc Region,” Australia Broadcasting Corporation Asia Paciﬁc, http://abcasiapaciﬁc.com/cause/network/bali_ chronology.htm (as of February 17, 2006). Al-Qaeda’s Operational Planning Cycle 67 Al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates also appear in some cases to time their operational plans to have a speciﬁc political impact. The Madrid train bombings in March 2004 appear to have been designed to disrupt the impending Spanish elections and force Spain to withdraw its troops from Iraq, according to a document retrieved from a jihadist Web site on the day of the attacks by the Norwegian defense think tank Forsvarets Forskningstitutt.7 Although al-Qaeda’s actions alone did not determine the outcome of the election in Spain, both the emotion surrounding how the incumbent Spanish government handled the investigation into the attack and the unpopularity of the war in Iraq in Spain did inﬂuence Spanish voters. The Spanish people chose a Socialist government that pledged to pull all Spanish troops out of Iraq. Al-Qaeda believed that its tactic to inﬂuence the outcome of the elections was successful. Despite these notable changes and the overarching challenge of identifying the operational planning cycles of a wide range of terrorist aﬃliates with varying degrees of training and connections to al-Qaeda, information developed from the August 2004 arrests in Pakistan has revealed that some segments of al-Qaeda are still operating the oldfashioned way, using long-range, detailed planning that can take years to execute. U.S. and Pakistani intelligence acquired a number of computer disks from one of the senior al-Qaeda operatives that included dozens of detailed surveillance reports of multiple, economic targets in the United States, such as the World Bank and the New York Stock Exchange.8 This new intelligence provided an unprecedented look into how al-Qaeda operates, how detailed and speciﬁc its plans are, and how far in advance the group prepares. The surveillance reports were 7 This document was prepared by the Media Committee for Victory of the Iraqi People and was entitled “Jihadi Iraq: Hopes and Dangers.” The document was analyzed by Haizam Amirah Fernández of the Real Instituto Elcano of Madrid, “¿Tiene Al Qaeda una strategia global?” April 20, 2004, http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/materiales.asp (as of February 17, 2006). Spanish analysts generally accept the view that the Madrid bombings had a strategic purpose that was successfully accomplished (Rabasa discussions with Spanish security analysts, Madrid, September 2005). 8 Salman Massood and David Rohde, “Pakistan Arrests Suspects in Bombings of U.S. Embassies,” The New York Times, July 29, 2004. 68 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement reportedly prepared in 2000 and 2001, but if they are indeed tied to recent al-Qaeda planning in the United States, the attacks will have been conceived three to four years in advance, a time frame consistent with al-Qaeda’s operational planning cycle.9 Iraq in al-Qaeda’s Strategic Agenda How does the insurgency in Iraq ﬁt into al-Qaeda’s strategic agenda? Bin Laden clearly sees the country as an important arena for confrontation between Islam and its supposed enemy, the United States and its allies. According to one pro–al-Qaeda publication, the besieged state is a “front that we want to utilize for ﬁghting the Americans, like the other fronts [of jihad].”10 With the Taliban regime removed from power, Iraq is viewed as a potential new Afghanistan, a rallying point for Islamic militants from the Middle East, North Africa, Western Europe, and other regions. The ongoing Iraqi insurgency serves al-Qaeda’s interests in four complementary ways. First, as a rallying point it functions as an instrument for remobilizing dormant jihadists and for recruiting new militants to the cause.11 Second, U.S. and coalition forces that might otherwise be engaged in counterterrorism operations against al-Qaeda are committed to dampening the Iraqi insurgency (although it may have the same eﬀect on jihadists—drawing them into Iraq when they could have been employed to attack U.S. and Western targets elsewhere). Third, attacks on occupying forces, whether tactically successful or not, can be used in propaganda to convey the familiar trope that the United States and its allies are vulnerable and, more impor9 Dan Eggan and John Lancaster, “Al Qaeda Showing New Life,” The Washington Post, August 14, 2004. 10 “New Al-Qa’ida Online Magazine Features Interview with a ‘Most-Wanted’ Saudi Islamist, Calls for Killing of Americans and Non-Muslims,” MEMRI, Special Dispatch Series No. 591, 17 October 2003, http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=subjects&Area= jihad&ID=SP59103 (as of February 23, 2006) (bracketed material in original). 11 “French Judge: Iraq Conﬂict Helping al-Qa’ida Recruitment,” Agence France-Presse (North American Service), September 9, 2003, FBIS. Al-Qaeda’s Operational Planning Cycle 69 tant, that insurgents have the means and motivation to confront and possibly defeat the world’s mightiest powers.12 Finally, the pattern of insurgent attacks suggests a mindset that is very much compatible with one of the currents that has contributed to al-Qaeda’s approach to the world. Speciﬁcally, what President Bush describes as a terrorist strategy designed “to tear Iraq apart with ethnic violence, to undermine Iraqi security forces, to demoralize our coalition and to prevent the rise of a sovereign, democratic government” hints at a mentality that is very much congruent with bin Laden’s own normative conception of the “purposeful” use of militant aggression.13 Beginning in the summer of 2003, Saudi names began appearing among those of “martyrs” killed in Iraq. In November 2003, the Saudi opposition Web site arabianews.org, which had chronicled the deaths of various Saudi jihad ﬁghters in Iraq, reported the death of Adel alNaser from Riyadh in Bagobah, a city near Baghdad. The Web site observed that the number of Saudis ﬁghting in Iraq had been rising and that these ﬁghters were still heading to Iraq, with little scrutiny by Saudi authorities. American government sources have estimated that as many as 2,000 foreign militants may have entered the country.14 These jihadis come primarily from Saudi Arabia, other Arab countries in Iraq’s vicinity, North Africa, and Europe. Some appear to be well trained. Others are simply young men who left their lives in their respective countries and who have sought to wage a holy war against 12 This potentially contributes to al-Qaeda’s fundraising, recruitment eﬀorts, and internal morale-building by suggesting that armed resistance to a force as strong as America’s is not an exercise in futility and that victory is possible. 13 White House, transcript of presidential radio address, February 21, 2004, http://www. whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/02/print/20040221.html (as of February 17, 2006). For more on the nihilism undergirding al-Qaeda and other contemporary terrorist movements, see “Bin Laden, Dostoevsky and the Reality Principle: An Interview with André Glucksmann,” March 31, 2003, http://www.opendemocracy.net/debates/article-2-95-1111.jsp# (as of February 17, 2006). 14 Richard C. Paddock, Alissa J. Rubin, and Greg Miller, “Iraq Seen as Al Qaeda’s Top Battleﬁeld,” The Los Angeles Times, November 9, 2003. 70 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement the U.S., coalition, and Iraqi government forces.15 A March 2005 study by Reuven Paz looks at 154 jihadists—primarily members of the alZarqawi group—killed in Iraq in the previous six months. Table 5.1 shows the breakdown, sorted by country of origin. Of the 154 jihadists killed, 33 carried out suicide bombings. Twenty-three of the suicide bombers (70 percent) were Saudis.16 Recruitment networks in Europe have been routing aspiring jihadis to Iraq. Milan and Florence, Italy, are two of the European nodes forrecruitment of these ﬁghters. In late 2003, German police acting on an Italian warrant arrested Abderrazak Mahdjoub, an Algerian known as “the Sheikh,” whom Italian prosecutors charged with running a clandestine network that provided money and false papers to recruits from Europe who wanted to go to Iraq to ﬁght. Italian police simultaneously arrested two men in Milan who they said belonged to the same ring.17 15 These individuals came in through a number of routes—Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan via Baluchistan and the Iranian cities of Zabol and Zahedan; Damascus is a hub for ﬁghters coming from Eurasia. Hamas and its oﬀshoot, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), provided shelter, food, and training. From Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Saudi Sunni tribes on the SyrianIraqi border assisted the movement of ﬁghters. See Steven Stalinsky, “Arab and Muslim Jihad Fighters in Iraq,” MEMRI Special Report No. 19, July 27, 2003, www.memri.org/bin/ articles.cgi?Area=sr&ID=SR1903 (as of April 3, 2006). 16 17 Paz (2005a). See Carlotta De Ciutiis, “There Are Two Al-Qa’ida Cells in Florence,” Il Giornale (Milan, Tuscany supplement) January 20, 2004. Signiﬁcantly, the city is also home to part of al-Qaeda’s European network. See Sisty and Beelman (2001); Reeve (1999), p. 209; Tom Hundley, “Mosque Denies Link as Terror Incubator,” Chicago Tribune, Internet Edition, October 25, 2001. Al-Qaedaâ€™s Operational Planning Cycle Table 5.1 Jihadists Killed in Iraq, October 2004â€“March 2005 Country Number (one was living in Spain) (living in Saudi Arabia) CHAPTER SIX The al-Qaeda Nebula Since September 11, al-Qaeda is no longer the same organization it once was—a tight-knit band of extremists who had sworn bayat (allegiance) to bin Laden and who were operating at the behest of a small hard-core group of lieutenants directing attacks from the remote foothills of Afghanistan. Islamic terrorism is no longer dominated by discrete groups but now operates on a much more cellular level, with many attacks planned by terrorist operatives who have either a very loose connection to al-Qaeda leaders or none at all. As a result, few groups can be deﬁned as “lying at the center of al-Qaeda’s universe.” Moreover, it is no longer exactly apparent how much beneﬁt is derived from making that connection, particularly since we do not have an accurate idea of how much command and control bin Laden possesses or how many resources he actually controls. What is clear, however, is that the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the Algerian Salaﬁst Group for Preaching and Combat, and Saudi Islamic extremists have clearly and openly allied themselves with a worldview that the United States is seeking to discredit; they are committed to conducting violent attacks against U.S. citizens and institutions under the auspices of that ideology. These groups are distinct from other al-Qaeda aﬃliates in that they have publicly sworn allegiance to bin Laden and profess to be taking orders directly from al-Qaeda leaders. Extremists currently operating against U.S. and Western targets in Saudi Arabia also have clearcut ties to al-Qaeda but do not appear to be operating as an organized group at this point. Thus, they have stopped short of openly declaring their collective loyalty to the organization. However, individual Saudi extremists may have sworn bayat to bin Laden and are operating at 73 74 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement al-Qaeda’s behest. All these al-Qaeda aﬃliates are also waging local jihads to establish Islamic governments in their respective countries, although the EIJ has not been as active in this regard in recent years. The EIJ’s relationship with al-Qaeda perhaps paved the way for how other terrorist groups sought to coalesce with bin Laden’s organization. The group’s leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri, has been characterized by some analysts as a strategic thinker who forged a friendship with bin Laden while they were both in Sudan in the mid-1990s. Some have even said that Zawahiri radicalized bin Laden and that, in Sudan and later in Afghanistan, the two collaborated on a common vision of pursuing global jihad against “the Jews and Crusaders.”1 Al-Zawahiri ﬁrst announced that his group had tied its fortunes to al-Qaeda when bin Laden released his Khost fatwa against the United States in 1998. Al-Zawahiri and a handful of other Islamic terrorist groups signed the fatwa conﬁrming their participation in the “World Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders.”2 Al-Zawahiri continued to deepen his relationship with al-Qaeda over the next several years, oﬀering operatives to bin Laden not only for use in terrorist attacks, but also to train other jihadists in al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan. The EIJ was involved in the 1998 bombings in East Africa and was responsible for planning a thwarted attack against the U.S. embassy in Albania that same year. Although the EIJ’s operational networks were signiﬁcantly damaged by arrests following the 1998 bombings, al-Zawahiri continued to push for a closer relationship with al-Qaeda. This internationalist emphasis generated considerable opposition within the EIJ, resulting in al-Zawahiri’s subsequent ouster as the group’s chief in 2000.3 AlZawahiri went on to become al-Qaeda’s second-in-command, although after a year he was once again asked to assume the helm of the EIJ. He 1 Wright (2002). Wright (2002). 3 Prominent elements within EIJ believed that formalizing links with al-Qaeda would result in heightened international pressure on the group, as well as dilute the overarching aim of overthrowing the Egyptian government and replacing it with an Islamist theocratic order. The al-Qaeda Nebula 75 accepted the invitation and, as a condition of his return, subsumed the EIJ into al-Qaeda’s ranks—resulting in a merger of the two groups and a new name: al-Qaedat al-Jihad.4 Al-Zawahiri went on to play a key role in the planning of the September 11 attacks and in many ways took up the mantle as inspirational leader of al-Qaeda. Although U.S. counterterrorist operations in Afghanistan have restricted his movements, he still routinely issues statements to mobilize both existing jihadists and potential recruits and serves in the vanguard for al-Qaeda against the United States and its allies.5 The Salaﬁst Group for Preaching and Combat is the only other organized terrorist group to date that has announced a formal relationship with al-Qaeda. Perhaps modeling itself after the EIJ, the GSPC— which has only been in existence since 1996—pledged its support for al-Qaeda in an oﬃcial statement issued by the group’s then leader Nabil Sahraoui in October 2003. The communiqué asserted that the GSPC was operating at the behest of and in full accordance with bin Laden and Taliban leader Mullah Omar.6 The GSPC maintains a signiﬁcant network of Islamic extremists in Europe, Africa, and Canada, which al-Qaeda has tapped into for logistical support. A case in point was the group’s involvement in a plot that Italian police thwarted in February 2002 to conduct a chemical attack against the U.S. embassy in Rome.7 Although al-Qaeda has clearly beneﬁted from its links to the Algerian Islamist network, it is unclear to what extent the GSPC has beneﬁted thus far from al-Qaeda, at least on a material level. Like many other Islamic terrorists, GSPC 4 See Blanche (2001). 5 “Al Qaeda Claims Responsibility for September 11,” CNN.com, April 15, 2002, http:// www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/04/15/alzawahiri.transcript/ (as of February 16, 2006). 6 Sahraoui was killed by Algerian forces in June 2004. He was replaced by Abou Musab Abdelouadoud (real name, Abdelmalek Droukdel), the group’s explosives chief. See “Algerian Group Backs Al Qaeda” (2003). 7 Mark Phillips, “Italy: Cops Thwart Terror Attack,” CBS News, February 20, 2002, http:// www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/02/20/attack/main329974.shtml (as of April 3, 2006). 76 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement members trained in al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan. However, the group has been largely ﬁnancially self-suﬃcient, deriving most of its funds from criminal activities such as credit card and passport fraud.8 Saudis have played a prominent place in al-Qaeda, second only to the Egyptians.9 Evidence uncovered in the investigation of terrorist activities in the Saudi kingdom, for instance, provides strong support for the claim that ideological and operational relationships between terrorists operating there and al-Qaeda are both close and continuing. Many of the extremists responsible for the wave of attacks in Saudi Arabia trained with al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and returned to their country disillusioned with their government and increasingly committed to waging jihad against the Saudi regime and U.S. and other Western powers that, in their view, were “occupying” their holy land.10 Many of the jihadist leaders in Saudi Arabia, such as Saleh al-Ouﬁ, Abdel Aziz al-Muqrin, Yusuf al-Ayiri, and Khalid Haj (all of whom were killed in ﬁreﬁghts with Saudi forces) trained in al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan.11 Saudi jihadists are known to have maintained a working relationship with al-Qaeda in terms of both strategic and tactical direction and logistical support. The types of attacks that terrorists conduct in Saudi Arabia, such as the coordinated suicide car bomb attacks that took place in April and May 2004—a hallmark al-Qaeda tactic—further conﬁrm this relationship. Extremists who claim responsibility for these attacks often refer to al-Qaeda or bin Laden in their public statements. The terrorists who killed an American hostage in June 2004, for instance, justiﬁed the murder on the grounds that their demand that all al-Qaeda pris- 8 Courtney C. Walsh, “Italian Police Explore Al Qaeda Links in Cyanide Plot,” The Christian Science Monitor, March 7, 2002. 9 The Saudi connection to al-Qaeda only became apparent quite recently. It thus came as a shock to many U.S. commentators and analysts that 15 of the 19 September 11 hijackers hailed from the Kingdom. 10 Faiza Saleh Ambah, “In Saudi Arabia, Fresh Recruits for Al Qaeda,” The Christian Science Monitor, April 16, 2004. 11 Dan Murphy, “All-Out War Between Al Qaeda and House of Saud Under Way,” The Christian Science Monitor, June 3, 2004. The al-Qaeda Nebula 77 oners held in the kingdom’s prisons be released had not been met. A group that called itself the “al-Qaeda Organization in the Arabian Peninsula” beheaded another American hostage, Paul Johnson, later that same month.12 Another group calling itself the “al-Haramain Brigades” claimed credit for a massive car bombing in the kingdom in April 2004 and praised “imam Sheikh bin Laden” as the inspiration for the attack.13 Al-Qaeda spokesmen have also announced that as part of their “grand strategy” they plan to “exterminate” all non-Muslims in the Arabian Peninsula.14 Beyond this core, the terrorist entity that we currently label alQaeda has metastasized into a network of like-minded Islamic radicals who are committed to using mass violence to defeat their adversaries. This conﬁguration of terrorists can be more accurately described as a global jihadist “nebula,” which, though held together by bonds of varying degrees of intensity, collectively seeks to harm the United States, the West, and “apostate” governments in the Muslim world. Despite the ambiguity and opaque nature of this movement, it is important to understand the relationships that exist among the various cells and groups that the movement encompasses and to grasp the mechanisms by which new recruits join. This is necessary if we are to continue to preempt terrorist attacks; arrest emerging leaders; and develop a more comprehensive picture of the ideological, organizational, and operational elements that drive and sustain the contemporary global jihadist movement. Instituting separate but interrelated programs both to understand and then to “unpack” each of these three components will be key to our success in making eﬀective inroads against the movement. The following chapters discuss the speciﬁc terrorist groups that are feeding ﬁghters into the global jihadist movement. Since al-Qaeda lost its sanctuary in Afghanistan, new groups have been formed and new alliances have been made. We will outline in more detail what 12 “Proﬁle: Abd al-Aziz al-Muqrin,” BBC News, June 19, 2004. 13 “A Blow for the Forces of Evil,” The Economist, April 22, 2004. 14 Jeﬀerson Morley, “Is Al Qaeda Winning in Saudi Arabia?” The Washington Post, June 18, 2004. 78 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement these groups are, the nature of their links to what is left of the al-Qaeda leadership, and how their relationship might alter or change in the near future. The major groups in this “al-Qaeda nebula” and their degree of association with al-Qaeda, based on twelve key criteria, are shown in Table 6.1. The values are as follows: (0) not established; (1) possible; (2) probable; (3) conﬁrmed; and (4) conﬁrmed and continuing. These values are based on the analysts’ evaluation of the groups, based on the criteria in the table. These jihadist groups exhibit a duality. Their preoccupation with both local and regional jihads gives them a threat potential that goes beyond their immediate tactical environment. The hybrid ideological and operational nature of these organizations stems from their interaction with the international jihadist movement as currently constituted under the existing umbrella of al-Qaeda’s global network. This study considers only organized or semistructured Islamic entities, concentrating its analysis on the following ﬁve regions: 1. South Asia, with the focus on groups in Kashmir, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (Chapter Seven) 2. the Caucasus and Central Asia, with the focus on groups in Chechnya and Uzbekistan (Chapter Eight) 3. North and East Africa, with the focus on groups in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, and Somalia (Chapter Nine) 4. the Middle East, with the focus on groups and networks in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq (Chapter Ten) 5. Southeast Asia, with the focus on the trans-regional Jemaah Islamiyah network (Chapter Eleven). In each chapter, the analysis considers the extent to which contacts between local groups and al-Qaeda have deﬁned ideological agendas and operational tempos and examines future threat trajectories over the short to medium term. This terrorist nebula and its regional clusters are represented graphically in Figure 6.1. The al-Qaeda Nebula Pl ed ge d al Jo fa int legi m le a ily ad nce e t Co ies rsh to b ip AQ ord /le in L a ad op ina er den t e e Re r sh ce ativ d o i p, r iv es jo m Re ed in ar AQ to ce ria ive pe ge fu ra Re d ,o n tio AQ din ce r n ive g fu sw f Pr d o ith ov tra ndin r o id p in AQ g fo era Sh ed t ing or tio rl ar ra i o n ns ed in g A i in sti Q Pr co g ca c ov m ba to A amp l su id to pp Q s He ed i s or r n an ld tra t lo ct jo c i n ua al in Im i n t ca g ita str ry f m ex t or at ps pe In ed w AQ egy rie te an rn m n t c ce ed al ize onc eeti w m n e i ili d ta th A AQ pt o gs nt Q fo w s pe or ld r vie atio n w of s gl ob al jih ad Table 6.1 Associations Between Major Jihadist Clusters and al-Qaeda Al-Zarqawi Network NOTE: AQ = al-Qaeda. RAND MG429-T-6.1 79 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Figure 6.1 The Terrorist Nebula and Regional Clusters CHAPTER SEVEN South Asian Clusters Kashmir Laskar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Muhammad, and Harakat-ul-Mujahideen Dozens of jihadist groups have been identiﬁed in Kashmir,1 many of which have a signiﬁcant nonindigenous component.2 The bulk of these external ﬁghters are organized under the auspices of seven main groups: al-Badr, Laskar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM), Harakatul-Mujahideen (HuM), Harakat-ul-Jihad-Islami (HuJI), Jamaat-ulMujahideen (JuM), and the Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front (JKIF) (see Figure 7.1). Of these seven, three—LeT, JeM, and HuM—have been directly linked to bin Laden’s transnational terror network.3 Laskar-e-Taiba (literally “Army of the Pure”) dates back to 1993 when it was established as the military wing of the Markaz-ad-Da’awa- 1 For a breakdown of the groups that have been identiﬁed in Kashmir by various sources see Marks (2005). 2 The one exception is Hizbul Mujahideen (HM), which is composed mostly of indigenous Kashmiris. Chalk interviews, Indian intelligence, Delhi, February 2001 and September 2002. 3 LeT, JeM, and HuM were banned by the Pakistani government in January 2002, ostensibly due to a combination of pressure and economic incentives from the United States. Since then the three groups have operated under various front names, including Tehrik-ul-Furqan (JeM), Pasban-e-Ahle Hadith, Al Mansooren (JeM), Khuddam-ul-Islam (JeM), Jamatud Dawah (LeT), and Harakat-ul-Mujahideen al-Aalami (HuM). For the purposes of clarity, however, the original designations for each of the organizations will be used throughout this chapter. 81 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Figure 7.1 South and Central Asian Clusters Russia Laos Thailand NOTE: See the Abbreviations for full names of groups. RAND MG429-7.1 Wal-Irshad (MDI) madrassa (although it did not rise to prominence in terms of militant activity until 1997). The group, which is led by Haﬁz Sayeed,4 has an estimated 1,500 cadres on the ground in Kashmir and operates primarily in the Srinigar Valley from bases in Gujranwala in Pakistani Punjab. 5 LeT deﬁnes its objectives in both local and regional terms, pursuing a twofold ideological and operational agenda that is both pan-Islamic and state-centric. Speciﬁcally, the organization seeks 4 Sayeed was placed under house arrest in 2002 as part of a general crackdown on Islamic militants in Pakistan. He was released in January 2003, however, on the orders of the Lahore High Court. “The Other Armies,” The Economist, January 18, 2003. 5 LeT sources claim to have at least 6,000 cadres deployed in Jammu and Kashmir, from an overall trained mujahideen base of 10,000. Mohammad Amir Rana, “Jihad-e-Kashmir and Afghanistan,” December 2003, p. 252. See http://www.hvk.org/articles/0403/32.htm (as of April 3, 2006). South Asian Clusters 83 to institute a fundamentalist theocratic order in Pakistan while exploiting ethno-religious tension in Kashmir to trigger a wider religious revolution across the Indian state.6 Harakat-ul-Mujahideen (literally the “Movement of Holy Warriors”) was originally formed in 1985 to participate in the antiSoviet Afghan campaign. The group is currently under the charge of Farooq Kashmiri, who took over the mantle from long-time leader Maulana Fazlur Rehman Khalil in February 2000. It retains signiﬁcant strongholds in India’s southern Kashmir region, although it has lost large numbers of its armed members in defections to the JeM since 2000. HuM is closely associated with the radical Deobandi teachings of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, advocating a strong pan-Islamic ideology that deﬁnes the violent secession of Jammu and Kashmir as the ﬁrst step in a wider religious war against India.7 The group has also been linked to wider transnational imperatives and was allegedly represented at the signing of bin Laden’s 1998 Khost fatwa in the person of Khalil.8 Jaish-e-Muhammad (literally “Soldiers of Muhammad”) is a relatively recent group that was launched in February 2000 by former members of HuM. The group is led by Maulana Masood Azhar9 and is currently estimated to have at least 600 dedicated cadres in Jammu and Kashmir; since 2003, the bulk of these militants have been split into two main factional fronts: Khuddam ul-Islam and Jamaat ul-Furqan.10 Like its predecessor HuM, JeM is driven by a strong pan-Islamic inter6 Yoginder Sikaand, “Islamist Militancy in Kashmir: The Case of Lashkar-I-Tayyeba,” paper supplied to author, Asia Paciﬁc Center for Security Studies, Honolulu, August 2002, p. 2; “Backgrounder on Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT),” Institute for Conﬂict Management, http:// www/Seagreen\maind\Web\India\J&K\Terrorist_Outﬁts.htm (as of September 2005). 7 “Backgrounder: Harakat-ul-Mujahideen,” Institute for Conﬂict Management, http:// www/Seagreen\maind\Web\India\J&K\TerroristOutﬁts.htm (as of September 2005); U.S. Department of State (2002b), pp. 93–94. 8 Watson and Zaidi, “Militant Flourishes.” 9 Azhar, like Sayeed, was placed under house arrest in 2002 but released a year later. “The Other Armies,” The Economist, January 18, 2003; Watson and Zaidi, “Militant Flourishes . . .” (2004). 10 U.S. Department of State (2004), p. 123. 84 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement nationalism that appears to go well beyond the “liberation” of Jammu and Kashmir. The organization carries pictures of burning American eﬃgies on its calendars and posters, and Azhar himself has repeatedly aﬃrmed that no Muslim should rest in peace until the United States and Israel are annihilated.11 Although these groups remain organizationally distinct and exhibit subtle ideological and theological diﬀerences,12 they are characterized by an overlapping membership that variously reﬂects personal ties, a common anti-Indian agenda, and shared experiences in overseas militant training camps.13 The three groups are also thought to have established links with Islamist radicals based in Bangladesh as well as Sunni sectarian extremists in Pakistan. According to Indian government and intelligence sources, the historical basis of al-Qaeda’s links to LeT, HuM, and JeM stem from deliberate operational decisions taken within Pakistan’s Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) agency. The long-term aim of the Pakistani state in the view of these oﬃcials is to gradually step up the tempo of the conﬂict in Kashmir, both to create a strategic bulwark along Pakistan’s vulnerable northeastern ﬂank and to oﬀset existing power symmetries with India through a prolonged “war of a thousand cuts.”14 While these 11 Masood Azhar, quoted in “Militant Freed in Hijacking Vows to Destroy U.S., India,” The Seattle Times, January 5, 2000. See also “Backgrounder: Jaish-e-Muhammad.” 12 The LeT, for instance, is aﬃliated to the Ahl-e-Hadith sect of Wahhabism (which emphasizes statements attributed to the Prophet Mohammad); JeM and HuM follow the fundamentalist Deobandi school of Islam. Laskar also advocates a stronger and wider justiﬁcation for jihad than Jaish, legitimating holy war against all nonbelievers (whereas JeM limits the focus of its violence to oppressors of Islam). Chalk interview, Washington, D.C., December 2003. See also Howard (2000), pp. 36–39. 13 14 Chalk interviews, Indian intelligence, Delhi and Srinigar, September 2002. Chalk interviews, Indian intelligence and police, Delhi and Srinigar, September 2002. It is acknowledged that Indian claims pertaining to the existence of links between Kashmiri groups and al-Qaeda need to be carefully weighed in light of Delhi’s historically tumultuous relationship with Pakistan. That said, both the Research and Analysis Wing (Delhi’s external intelligence wing) and the Intelligence Bureau (responsible for domestic security) have a substantial presence in Kashmir and each works in conjunction with the Jammu and Kashmir police, who are recognized as having a comprehensive picture of the militant situation in the region. South Asian Clusters 85 assertions almost certainly reﬂect an opportunistic attempt to mobilize international opinion in favor of Delhi’s position on Kashmir, several indicators do exist that the three groups have established some sort of tactical relationship with bin Laden’s global terror network. The ﬁrst real sign of those ties emerged in August 1998 following the U.S. cruise missile strikes in Afghanistan that were launched in retaliation for the attacks against Washington’s embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Twenty-one militants who were killed in two al-Qaeda camps—Khalid bin Waleed and Muwavia—were subsequently identiﬁed as aﬃliates of HuM and LeT.15 The existence of these activists has been generally recognized as evidence of at least wider ideological and, possibly, tactical solidarity between the two groups and bin Laden—a sense of Islamist fraternity that appears to have been carried over to JeM. Indeed, Masood Azhar is known to have written an 802-page manual, The Virtues of the Jihad, in which he explicitly praises the alQaeda founder as jihad ki shole ko dobara jilanewala (“the great reigniter of the sprit of the jihad”) and the inspiration for helping to wrest Islam from the grip of a morally corrupt secular culture.16 A sizable proportion of the LeT militants killed or captured have similarly been linked to radicals who received training in former Afghan militant centers run by either al-Qaeda or the Taliban, including camps Tayyaba and Aqsa.17 According to Indian sources, captured militants describe largely similar experiences at these facilities, providing a degree of authentication to depictions of courses that are typically claimed to run for three weeks and that cover basic weapons-handling of everything from anti-aircraft missiles and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) to AK-47 riﬂes and pistols. A number of detained militants have also made common reference to so-called al-Qaeda “graduate 15 Bergen (2001), p. 8; Rana (unpublished), p. 172; “Over a Dozen Harakat Members Missing Since US Attacks,” The News (Pakistan), August 26, 1998; “Pakistani Intelligence Had Ties to Al Qaeda, US Oﬃcials Say,” The New York Times, October 29, 2001; “Pak Cries Foul Over US Revenge Attacks,” The Indian Express, August 22, 1998. 16 Chalk interview with Pakistani expert, United States Institute for Peace (USIP), Washington, D.C., December 2003. See also Haqqani (2002), pp. 72–74. 17 86 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement programs” that were allegedly run in cooperation with the ISI and that focused on developing skills in such areas as escape and evasion, ambush preparation, long-range reconnaissance, the construction and placement of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), intelligence/counterintelligence, ﬁeld communications, and suicide tactics.18 Apart from training, Indian sources have consistently claimed that al-Qaeda has supplied LeT, HuM, and JeM with money—both directly and through intermediaries in Pakistan—to purchase arms, ammunition, and other battle-related materiel.19 Although the veracity of these charges must be taken in the politically interested context in which they are made, arms seizures registered by the security forces do show the three groups have enjoyed access to a wide-ranging and extensive assortment of sophisticated weaponry.20 The extent to which these munitions have emanated from the ISI and the Pakistani military, as opposed to outside jihadist sources, is impossible to tell. That said, one cannot fully discount Delhi’s claim that at least some JeM, HuM, and LeT weaponry may have been acquired with al-Qaeda’s support. It is also worth bearing in mind that certain Pakistani commentators allude to the existence of ﬁnancial ﬂows between al-Qaeda and Kashmiri groups. One source alleges that bin Laden personally interceded to prevent the emergence of JeM from triggering an interfactional war with HuM and provided qisi (blood money) to ensure that the two groups would not work at cross-purposes.21 Finally, the March 2002 arrest of Abu Zubaydah, along with several other suspected jihadists from Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Syria in the Punjabi town of Faisalabad, attests to the possible availability of 18 Chalk interviews, Indian military and intelligence oﬃcials, Srinigar and Delhi, September 2002. 19 Chalk interview, Pakistan expert, USIP, Washington, D.C., October 2003. 20 Chalk brieﬁng, Army 15 Corps Headquarters, Srinigar, September 2002. In the Kashmir Valley region alone, 16,047 assault riﬂes, 738 RPGs, 223 sniper riﬂes, 57 mortars, 4,813 pistols, and 839 general purpose machine guns were recovered between 1990 and 2002, in addition to numerous quantities of night vision devices, advanced radio sets (complete with solar charges), and ﬁeld binoculars. 21 Chalk interview, Pakistan expert, USIP, Washington, D.C., December 2003. South Asian Clusters 87 safe havens well inside Pakistan’s borders. The fact that Zubaydah was captured in a house reputedly belonging to LeT has been interpreted by several commentators in the West as strongly suggestive that members of the group have actively cooperated with al-Qaeda and possibly assisted with the movement of cadres throughout Pakistan.22 Although there is as yet no conclusive evidence to verify the existence of concerted Kashmiri–al-Qaeda ties, there are several reasons to suggest that links may be pertinent today. Ideologically, the radical internationalism and anti-Westernism of LeT, HuM, and JeM has grown markedly over the past year. Several of the LeT’s current writings stress the idea of a trans-regional jihad stretching from Afghanistan to India, a concept that was strongly supported by Abdullah Azam—an ideological source for al-Qaeda.23 Equally as indicative is the group’s annual three-day ijtimah (convention), which over the past three years (from 2002) has been noteworthy for the virulently anti-Western tone that has formed the basis of many of the speakers’ proclamations, including speciﬁc exhortations of holy war against the United States.24 Similarly, JeM and HuM diatribes are increasingly focused on issues that have little, if anything, to do with the struggle in Kashmir. The former group’s main media mouthpiece, Dharbi-i-Mumin (literally, “Blow of the Believer”), frequently carries stories that denounce Zionism or America and other alleged oppressors of Muslims—including the Pakistani government on account of its support for the Bush administration’s global war on terrorism. Moreover, Masood Azhar’s 22 See U.S. Department of State (2003); Kronsdat and Vaughn (2004), p. 5; Raman (2002); “The Terrorists Next Door; al Qaeda Suspects Posed as Traders Before Capture in Pakistan,” The Washington Post, April 4, 2002. 23 These writings include “Hum Jihad kyon kar rahen hain” (“Why Are We Waging Jihad?”); “Yeh zagiri kaun torega” (“Who Will Break This Chain?”); “Ryaz ul mujahidebb” (“Training for Mujahideen”); “Difai-e-jihad” (“Defense of Jihad”); “Sadai-e-jihad” (“Voice of Jihad”); and “Chalo jihad ko chalen” (“Go and Wage Jihad”). Chalk interview, USIP, Washington, D.C., December 2003. 24 Arif Jamal, News on Sunday, November 10, 2002; Chalk and Fair (2002). 88 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement preaching now gives greater emphasis to the general problems of the Muslim world and the related need to restore eﬀective Muslim military power everywhere from the southern Philippines to Chechnya.25 These changes in ideological tenor are important in the sense that they appear to reﬂect a perceptible change in the strategic agenda of Kashmiri groups—or elements therein. Speciﬁcally, these organizations now routinely profess concerns and aspirations that, at least rhetorically, accord closely with the open-ended aims of the broader alQaeda network. As such, they may be indicative of a growing sense of Islamist solidarity that now sees its primary mission in terms of propagating global, as opposed to local (or even regional) holy war. On a tactical level, LeT, JeM, and HuM operational activities have additionally taken on a wider slant that, in many ways, seems to be predicated on explicit opposition to the United States and governments that support the global war on terrorism—that is, the same mix of enemies repeatedly denigrated by bin Laden. LeT is alleged to have been instrumental in recruiting jihadists to ﬁght coalition forces in Iraq (something that even the ISI does not fully discount),26 as well as executing terrorist strikes in Europe. Indeed, according to British intelligence, several of those responsible for the July 2005 bombings in London or in some way tied to the incidents may have sought militant training in the group’s camps in Pakistan.27 Organizationally, there are also signs of greater coordination and cooperation between JeM, HuM, and LeT to facilitate attacks against Western targets and perceived American collaborators in Pakistan.28 Although the three groups have long been characterized by overlapping 25 Chalk interview, USIP, Washington, D.C., December 2003. See also Haqqani (2002), pp. 72–74. 26 Chalk interview, ISI, Rawalpindi, January 2005. It should be noted, however, that Pakistani intelligence tends to take the view that LeT recruitment for the war in Iraq is more the result of ad hoc actions by individual members of the group than a sanctioned directive from Lashkar’s central leadership. 27 See, for instance, Elaine Sciolino and Don Van Natta, “2004 British Raid Sounded Alert on Pakistani Militants,” The New York Times, July 14, 2005; and Elaine Sciolino and Don Van Natta, “Searching for Footprints,” The New York Times, July 25, 2005. 28 RAND interview with Pakistani journalist, Islamabad, January 2003. South Asian Clusters 89 membership, they have traditionally tended to act as distinct entities, only occasionally coming together for combined, large-scale missions such as the strikes on the Srinigar state legislature in October 2001 and the Indian national parliament three months later.29 This trait has reportedly changed in the sense that logistical and operational ties are now being institutionalized on a semiformal basis through the creation of umbrella organizations that incorporate members of all three Kashmiri groups in addition to Sunni sectarian militants associated with Laskar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ, see below). One such group, known as Brigade 313, has been tied to several incidents since mid-2002, including assassination attempts against President Musharraf, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, and the Karachi Corps Commander General Ahsan Saleem Hyat; the murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl; the mailing of parcel bombs to detectives working in the police antiterrorist branch; and two prominent attacks on the U.S. consulate and the Sheraton hotel in Karachi during 2002.30 Indian and Pakistani commentators allege al-Qaeda and renegade elements within the security forces, disillusioned with the proWestern leanings of the current Islamabad government, have fostered these ties with the former, further asserting that many of the joint 29 Chalk interview, Indian intelligence, Delhi, September 2002. See also “New Delhi Lays Blame,” The Washington Post, December 29, 2001; “Kashmir Suicide Bombing Group Linked to Osama Bin Laden: India,” Agence France-Presse, October 2, 2001; and “Delhi Tracks Al Qaida, Jaish Links,” Gulf News, October 11, 2001. The attack on the Indian parliament represents the most audacious attack carried out to date by Kashmiri militants. Involving a joint LeT-JeM squad, the strike demonstrated careful planning, surveillance, and execution and brought Delhi and Islamabad to the brink of war. 30 See Amir Mir, “Target Musharraf,” The Herald Magazine (Pakistan), January 2004, pp. 38–42; “Friends Turned to Foes,” The Herald Magazine (Pakistan), January 2004, pp. 40–41; “Terror’s Allies,” The Herald Magazine (Pakistan), August 2004, pp. 58–61. 90 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement operations were developed in conformity with the designs of senior alQaeda planner Khaled Sheikh Mohammad before the latter’s arrest in March 2003.31 With Pakistan coming under increased pressure to curtail all overt physical support for militant extremism on its soil, it is conceivable that LeT, HuM, and JeM could move to consolidate links with outside jihadists, including those associated with al-Qaeda. Certainly this would be of concern to the United States, not least given the numbers of foreign jihadists who are known to have ﬂed to Pakistan’s remote northern border regions following the collapse of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.32 Assessment and Future Outlook For the most part, LeT, JeM, and HuM have conﬁned their terrorist activities to Jammu and Kashmir. However, all three groups have exhibited a disposition to act outside this theater. As noted above, the three groups have reportedly collaborated in striking targets located in Pakistan under semiformalized umbrella groups. Intelligence oﬃcials in India’s Research and Analysis Wing insist that this growing reach is 31 Brieﬁng given to Chalk by India’s National Security Advisory Council, Delhi, September 2002. See also Rohan Gunaratna, “Al Qaeda Origins, Threat and its Likely Future,” presentation at Workshop on Emerging Terrorist Threats in Africa and Southeast Asia, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., August 19, 2005; “Investigation of Attacks on Musharraf Points to Pakistani Group,” The Washington Post, January 13, 2004; Juliette Terzieﬀ, “Assassination Tries Linked to al Qaeda,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 16, 2004; “After Pakistan Raid, 3 Mysterious Suicides,” The New York Times, August 7, 2002; “Two Years Later: The Islamic Ally,” The New York Times, September 9, 2003. It should be noted that LeT’s involvement in Laskar-e-Omar is not universally acknowledged in Pakistan and that the umbrella group itself is not necessarily seen to be the main perpetrator behind the Karachi attacks. 32 Chalk interview, U.S. Department of State, November 2004. Pakistani military incursions into South Waziristan during 2004—which represented the ﬁrst time that Islamabad had directly intervened in the semiautonomous tribal areas—provided an indication of the extent of outside Islamist penetration along the country’s northern border areas over the last three years. During the sweeps, 302 militants were killed and 656 arrested. Some 80 percent of these ﬁghters were foreign, mostly comprising Afghan Arabs, Uzbeks, and Chechens, as well as a smaller number of Uighurs from China. Chalk interview, ISI, Rawalpindi, January 2005. Similar ﬁgures were cited during a conference on “The Tribal Areas of Pakistan: A Haven for Terrorists?” Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), London, January 19, 2005. South Asian Clusters 91 a direct result of external assistance and coordination provided by alQaeda (and hard-line, extremist members of the Pakistani military and intelligence apparatus).33 That said, there is as yet little direct evidence that Kashmiri jihadists have been decisively integrated into the wider al-Qaeda nebula and are now carrying out strikes at the sole behest of outside militants. In this sense, it would be incorrect to evaluate contacts between al-Qaeda and LeT, JeM, and HuM (to the extent that they have occurred) in the same manner as those that have emerged with largely or fully co-opted networks such as those in Egypt, Algeria, and Saudi Arabia. In sum, JeM, HuM, and LeT connections to al-Qaeda would seem to be indicative of a mutuality of interest that is more a reﬂection of growing Islamist solidarity than an attempt to establish a true operational partnership that is not connected to the Kashmiri struggle (which would threaten the very basis of the groups’ mandates). As one Pakistani commentator put it, Kashmiri militants and al-Qaeda are like two ﬁghters in the same trench: engaged on diﬀerent missions but increasingly aware of a common enemy.34 Pakistan Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) and Laskar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ) In Pakistan, the main domestic militant threat emanates from rival Shi’a and Sunni groups that have been engaged in a long-standing and bloody sectarian conﬂict since the mid-1980s.35 The principal protagonists involved in this internal religious struggle are the SSP and its 33 Chalk interview, Indian intelligence, Delhi, September 2002. See also “New Delhi Lays Blame,” The Washington Post, December 29, 2001; “Kashmir Suicide Bombing Group Linked to Osama Bin Laden: India,” Agence France-Presse, October 2, 2001; and “Delhi Tracks Al Qaida, Jaish Links,” Gulf News, October 11, 2001. 34 35 Chalk interview with Pakistan expert, USIP, Washington, D.C., December 2003. Sectarianism in the Pakistani context refers essentially to organized and militant religious activism, the speciﬁc aim of which is to safeguard the interests of particular Sunni and Shi’a communities (Nasr, 2000), pp. 171–172. For more on the general mobilization of ethnic and sectarian identity, see Horowitz (1985). 92 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement terrorist oﬀshoot LeJ on the Sunni side; and the Tahrik-i-Jafaria Pakistan (TJP) and its militant wing Sipah-i-Muhammad (SM) on the Shi’a side.36 In terms of aﬃnity with al-Qaeda and threat contingencies to U.S. and Western interests, the ﬁrst two entities have engendered most concern. Maulana Haq Nawaz Jhangvi established the SSP in 1984 in reaction to the growing assertiveness of Pakistan’s Shi’ite minority following the 1979 Iranian revolution.37 The group, which was led by Azam Tariq until his assassination in October 2003, espouses a threetrack agenda: (1) to combat the Shi’ites at all levels; (2) to strive to have this community declared a non-Muslim minority in Pakistan; and (3) to institute Sunni Islam as the oﬃcial religion of the state. For the SSP, the ideal polity is one that emulates the “rightly guided” caliphs of early Islam; it is this model that the group’s founding father, Nawa Jhangvi, sought to emulate in modern-day Pakistan.38 LeJ was founded in 1996 by a breakaway group of radical Sunni extremists reputed to feel that the SSP was deviating from the original principles of Nawaz Jhangvi (from whom the group derives its name).39 Muhammad Ajmal (also known as Akram Lahori) reportedly acts as the group’s current leader (although he has been in police custody since 2002). He believes that the only way to eﬀectively transform Pakistan into a Sunni state is through violent means. LeJ has an estimated mili36 All of these organizations have been proscribed in Pakistan—the LeJ and SM in August 2001 and the SSP and TJP in January 2002. 37 The scale of sectarian extremism in Pakistan escalated markedly following the Iranian revolution and the establishment of the TJP. Dedicated to the explicit promotion of Shi’ite interests, the TJP soon came to be viewed as a direct challenge to Pakistan’s dominant Sunni establishment as well as a potential Iranian proxy. The SSP was established in 1984 with the backing of the Zia ul-Haq regime to contain and ultimately eliminate this perceived threat. For further details see Nasr (2000); Zaman (1998), p. 704; Waslekar et al. (2002), pp. 59– 63; and “Pakistan’s Growing Crisis: In the Shadow of Afghanistan” (1998), pp. 1–2. 38 Zaman (1998), pp. 701–702; Rana (unpublished), pp. 112–122; “Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan,” South Asia Terrorism Portal, http://www.satp.org/ satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutﬁts/ssp.htm (as of February 21, 2006). 39 Several other militant Sunni SSP oﬀshoots exist, including the Jhangvi Tigers, al-Haq Tigers, al-Farooq, the al-Badr Foundation, Allahu Akbar, and Tanzeemul Haq. Of these, the Jhangvi Tigers, al-Haq Tigers, and Allahu Akbar are known to have merged with LeJ. South Asian Clusters 93 tant base of 300 cadres organized into semiautonomous cells of ﬁve to eight members and retains most of its hard-core strength in the Punjab.40 Both the SSP and LeJ maintain they are in no way organizationally linked. Few analysts in India and Pakistan believe this to be the case, however. The two groups’ cadres come from the same Deobandi madrassas and share the same sectarian belief system, worldview, and charter of demands. In addition, the SSP leadership has never criticized the terrorist actions of LeJ, and it is suspected that the latter merely acts as a deniable conduit through which the former can direct attacks against Shi’ites.41 Although the SSP and LeJ are primarily focused on the sectarian conﬂict in Pakistan, each is widely suspected of having established links with al-Qaeda. Both groups sent recruits to train at terrorist camps in Afghanistan, many of whom subsequently participated in attacks against the Northern Alliance as well as massacres of Afghan Shi’ites that were carried out in such areas as Bamiyan and Mazar-e-Sharif. On returning home, these cadres further militarized already extreme Sunni ideological stances, supplementing established anti-Shi’a agendas with a more Talibanized slant.42 Other than training, the SSP is thought to have beneﬁted from ﬁnancing distributed by wealthy Gulf patrons with known sympathies for bin Laden. The desert town of Rahimayar Khan in southern Punjab appears to have played a prominent role in facilitating the transfer of monies from the Middle East to the Sipah leadership. Each year, thousands of Arabs come to the region, spending a month and several 40 Rana (unpublished), pp. 123–124; “Lashkar-e-Jhangvi,” South Asia Terrorism Portal, http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutﬁts/lej.htm, (as of February 21, 2006). 41 Chalk interview with Pakistani expert, USIP, Washington, D.C, December 2003. See also “Lashkar-e-Jhangvi” and Howard (2000), p. 38. 42 Chalk’s e-mail correspondence with Pakistani commentator, December 3, 2003, and interview with Pakistani-based journalist, Islamabad, January 2005. See also “Lashkar-eJhangvi”; Mir, “Terror’s Allies” (2004), pp. 58–59; Azizullah Khan, interview with Jam Mohammad Yousuf, Chief Minister of Baluchistan, reproduced in “Clueless in Quetta,” The Herald Magazine (Pakistan), April 2004, p. 32. 94 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement million dollars hunting local wildlife. Western commentators believe that over the years a signiﬁcant proportion of these “tourist dollars” were transferred to the SSP (as well as other local Islamist protégés) to sustain anti-Shi’a activities in Pakistan.43 Assertions have also been made that contacts with al-Qaeda emerged in the context of LeJ links with Kashmiri extremists. As noted above, the group’s membership overlaps with that of JeM, LeT, and HuM, which several commentators believe is indicative of an outside hand. Moreover, Indian sources have claimed that front-ranking LeJ terrorists consistently beneﬁted from access to HuM’s Khalid bin Waleed camp in Afghanistan, securing training from al-Qaeda instructors in everything from small arms handling to the preparation of IEDs and hit-and-run tactics.44 Finally there are strong indications that ties to al-Qaeda have developed through the conduit of transnational criminal networks. Throughout the 1990s, Pakistan was engulfed by a range of illicit enterprises that proliferated after the collapse of the formal state structures in Afghanistan resulted in increased heroin production throughout the so-called Golden Crescent45 and the emergence of a thriving, unregulated light arms industry in the remote North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan regions. Narcotics smuggling developed as a particularly serious problem with dealers and subcontractors in Karachi and Quetta playing a key role in the movement of Afghan opiates through Central Asia to markets in Russia and Europe.46 Many of these narcotic syndicates operated out of the port city of Karachi, 43 See, for instance, Howard (2000), p. 37. 44 “Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.” 45 By 1996, the Golden Crescent, which connects Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, had supplanted Southeast Asia’s infamous Golden Triangle as the world’s main source of reﬁned opiates. The vast majority of these drugs is produced in and traﬃcked from Afghanistan. By the end of 2002, the country’s overall opium yield was in the range of 3,656 metric tons, which equates to an approximate heroin output of 365 metric tons (Chalk, 2000, pp. 38–39). 46 By the end of 2001, Pakistan had an estimated drug-using population of four million— including 1.5 million heroin addicts—who were helping to fuel an underground economy that some analysts believe was worth as much as US $1.4 billion. See Blood (2002) and U.S. Department of State (2002a), p. VII-24. South Asian Clusters 95 which bin Laden was keen to establish as a regional center to support his own transnational terrorist agenda.47 As both Indian and Pakistani sources point out, it is certainly conceivable that al-Qaeda exploited the growing interaction between drug traﬃcking and sectarian groups in this part of the country to recruit hard-line and increasingly criminalized SSP-LeJ elements for both attack and logistical purposes.48 Although both the SSP and LeJ are believed to have developed links with al-Qaeda, LeJ has allegedly established the closest contacts. The SSP has been more circumspect in order to protect its members from government arrest and surveillance.49 Maulana Tariq, for instance, is on record as aﬃrming that he considers it a sin to utter “even a single word against peace and tranquility in Pakistan” and that he would strive to ensure members of his organization “observe the best norms, speak [and act] with responsibility,” and refrain from any acts of violence in the country.50 Obviously, any outward association with bin Laden or his aﬃliates would run counter to a pragmatic stance of this sort. LeJ, on the other hand, remains committed to violence and has become increasingly anti-Western, targeting its aggression as much toward the present Pakistani government for its collusion with the U.S.-led war on terror as against the country’s Shi’ite minority. At the time of this writing, three major assassination attempts had been made on the life of President Musharraf, all of which have been variously 47 Karachi’s attractiveness as an al-Qaeda logistical center is due to a number of factors, including the city’s endemic lawlessness, its well-established Arab population, and the existence of trade, cultural, and ﬁnancial ties with important Islamic hubs in the Middle East and the Horn of Africa. 48 Chalk interview with Pakistan expert, USIP, Washington, D.C., December 2003, and Indian intelligence, Delhi, September 2002. 49 In what was hailed as a landmark address to the nation on January 12, 2002, President Musharraf announced a policy of zero tolerance for Islamic extremism, specifying that sectarian militants (including those connected to the SSP) would be the target of especially close government scrutiny and countermeasures. For excerpts of his speech, see “Musharraf ’s New Pakistan. What the People Think,” The Herald, February 2002, pp. 44b–45b. 50 Rana (unpublished), pp. 130–131. It should be noted that several Pakistani commentators believe the SSP continues to actively endorse and engage in violence and now merely acts through the conduit of LeJ in order to pursue its militant agenda. 96 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement connected to LeJ—either directly or through Kashmiri front organizations.51 Indian, Western, and Pakistani intelligence oﬃcials assert that these and other acts of violence, including the murder of Daniel Pearl and the 2002 bombings in Karachi, underscore the continuing salience of LeJ–al-Qaeda ties, reﬂecting a commonality of purpose that is both ideological and operational in character.52 According to one highranking oﬃcial in Islamabad, LeJ is now acting as an ostensible alQaeda strike force that is being used to eliminate high-ranking members of the country’s national leadership.53 Further (albeit nondeﬁnitive) evidence of an al-Qaeda–LeJ link has emerged in testimony from Akram Lahori. By his own admission, the incarcerated LeJ leader has conﬁrmed that members of his own group, together with other organizations such as HuM, have sworn an oath on the Quran to physically eliminate Pervez Musharraf at any cost. The basis for this commitment is apparently a conviction that the Pakistani president has both damaged and betrayed the true cause of jihad and is now working to further the U.S. agenda in Pakistan and throughout South Asia.54 Assessment and Future Outlook As noted above, while LeJ’s existence stems from the history of violent sectarianism that has plagued Pakistan for most of the past three decades, the group has deﬁnitely begun to recalibrate its agenda with a 51 See, for instance, Raman (2003); Salman Masoud, “Musaharraf Vows Renewed Crackdown,” The National Post (Canada), December 26, 2003; John Lancaster and Karman Khan, “Investigation of Attacks on Musharraf Points to Pakistani Group,” The Washington Post, January 14, 2004; Terzieﬀ, “Assassination Tries Linked to Al Qaeda”; and Salman Masood, “Link to Qaeda Cited in Eﬀort to Assassinate Pakistan Chief,” The New York Times, March 16, 2004. 52 Chalk interviews: Indian intelligence, Delhi, September 2002 and Washington, D.C., December 2003; Pakistan’s ISI Directorate, Rawalpindi, January 2005; and Pakistan Ministry of the Interior, Islamabad, January 2005. See also “Investigation of Attacks on Musharraf Points to Pakistani Group,” The Washington Post, January 13, 2004; and “Assassination Tries Linked to al-Qaeda,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 16, 2004. 53 Mir, “Terror’s Allies,” p. 58. 54 Mir, “Friends Turned Foes,” pp. 40–41. South Asian Clusters 97 more deliberate anti-Western and anti-Musharraf focus. More signiﬁcantly, the LeJ leadership has been prepared to act on and operationalize this extended ideological mission by carrying out attacks that have been eﬀectively devoid of any anti-Shi’a overtones. It is reasonable to assume that at least some of this reorientation is owing to an external al-Qaeda inﬂuence, which is arguably stronger than that currently exerted on Kashmiri militants (whose main preoccupation remains with Kashmir). The importance of common stomping grounds in Karachi should not be underestimated in this regard, particularly in terms of connecting outside and local Islamist interests through the common medium of organized crime.55 It would be wrong, however, to suggest that LeJ’s ideological and operational agenda is being driven solely by externally deﬁned imperatives. Not only has the group been abandoned by the same institutional system that during the 1980s and 1990s was clearly prepared to promote Sunni extremism as part of an active Shi’a containment policy, it has also been subjected to an increasingly draconian crackdown by the authorities since 2001. There is little question that these developments have inﬂuenced LeJ perceptions of the “enemy,” and it is reasonable to assume that they have played an important role in turning the group against the current regime in Islamabad. Although al-Qaeda may well have attempted to exploit LeJ’s growing anti-Musharraf focus for its own purposes, there is little evidence that it has been instrumental in transforming LeJ’s operational and ideological character. As the International Crisis Group (ICG) concludes: The objectives and goals of Pakistani sectarian terrorists in the post–11 September world might be closer to those of transnational jihadis but the internal enemy still takes priority over the enemy without. “It is a two-track jihad,” says a [former] member of a banned [sectarian] group. “The external enemy is known, his 55 See, for instance, Waslekar et al. (2002), pp. 51–63. 98 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement intentions against Islam and Muslims are no secret. But the internal enemy posing as Muslim . . . is more dangerous. Stopping internal enemies is our priority.56 Bangladesh Harakat-ul-Jihad-Islami Bangladesh In Bangladesh, the principal group that has been linked to al-Qaeda is Harakat-ul-Jihad-Islami Bangladesh (HuJI B), which aims to establish a system of Islamic hukumat (rule) across the country. The organization’s roots date back to 1992, although it has emerged as a prominent militant entity only since 2000. Shauqat Osman (also known as Maulana or Sheikh Farid) leads the group, overseeing an operational cadre that is believed to number 15,000, of whom 2,000 are described as hardcore. Most of these militants are based in cells scattered along a stretch of coastline that runs from the port city of Chittagong, south through Cox’s Bazar to the Burmese border.57 Indian intelligence sources allege that HuJI B’s long-term goal speciﬁcally calls for an Islamic revolution in India’s northeast and that, with the help of the ISI and Bangladesh’s Directorate General of Field Intelligence (DGFI), the group has actively sought to cultivate links with radicals in Kashmir and Assam— 56 57 ICG (2005b), p. 5. U.S. Department of State (2003), pp. 133–134; Lintner (2002); Lintner (2003), p. 3; “Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI),” Terrorist Outﬁts, Bangladesh, South Asia Terrorism Portal, http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/terroristoutﬁts/Huj.htm (as of February 21, 2006). South Asian Clusters 99 including HuM, JeM, the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB).58 HuJI B’s links to al-Qaeda allegedly go back to the group’s inception in 1992, when bin Laden instructed Bangladeshi mujahideen returning from Afghanistan to take up arms against the government in Dhaka and to replace it with a fundamentalist order committed to the creation of a nation of “true believers.”59 Although it is diﬃcult to establish the veracity of this claim, al-Qaeda is known to have disseminated at least some funds to the country throughout the 1990s, much of which appears to have been channeled through the Saudi-based alHaramain Foundation60 and the “Servants of Suﬀering and Humanity International” charity in Dhaka.61 Together with donations from Pakistan, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, and Oman, these ﬁnancial contributions were used to underwrite a proliferating web of radical unlicensed madrassas (known as Dars-e-Nizami) throughout Bangladesh that have been linked to some of the country’s most fundamentalist religious entities and parties, including the Muslim League, the Tablighi Jama’at, the Jammat-e-Tulba, the Jamaat-ul-Muderessin, Islamic Oikya, and Jamaat-e-Islami. Indian and U.S. sources both maintain that the 58 Jaideep Saikia, “Triangle of New Concern: North East India,” unclassiﬁed brieﬁng, RAND, Alexandria, Virginia, n.d. ULFA was established in 1979 and seeks the creation of an independent Assam state in India’s northeast; the group has an estimated strength of 2,000 cadres. The NDFB emerged in 1988 (then under the name of the Bodo Security Force/BSF) and is committed to carving out a separate “Bodoland” north of the Brahmaputra River for the region’s mostly Christian tribal groups who number around 13 percent of Assam’s total population; it is reportedly able to ﬁeld some 1,500 ﬁghters. For an interesting account of these groups and their links with militants in Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Burma, see Davis and Bedi (2004). 59 “Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI),” Terrorist Outﬁts, Bangladesh, South Asia Terrorism Portal, http://wwwsatp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/terroristoutﬁts/Huj.htm (as of February 21, 2006); Alex Perry, “Deadly Cargo,” Time Asia, October 21, 2002. 60 The al-Haramain Foundation is widely believed to be one of the principal ﬁnancial conduits for the dissemination of funds from the Middle East to terrorist groups. 61 Ajai Sahni, “Al Qaeda’s Strategic Reach in South Asia,” paper presented before “The Transnational Violence and Seams of Lawlessness in the Asia-Paciﬁc: Linkages to Global Terrorism” Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, February 19–21, 2002, p. 7. 100 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement madrassas—which number between 15,000 and 20,000, of which at least 40 are known to be run by Afghan war veterans—have constituted an important source of recruits for extremists.62 HuJI B is also thought to have established contacts with al-Qaeda through the Taliban. Between 1996 and 2001, several hundred Harakat activists received training in al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan.63 The precise number of recruits who were sent to these camps is unknown; however, given that several facilities were reserved only for Bengali speakers, it would appear that the overall Bangladeshi component was quite substantial. A more concrete tie to al-Qaeda has been identiﬁed in the person of Sheikh Abdur Rahman, the leader of the “Jihad Movement in Bangladesh”—to which HuJI B belongs—and one of the original signatories of the 1998 Khost “Declaration of Jihad against Jews and Crusaders.” Apart from bin Laden and Rahman, other parties to the joint statement included Ayman al-Zawahiri, Rifa’i Ahmad Taha (also known as Abu Yasir) of the EIJ, and Sheikh Mir Hamzah, secretary of the Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan.64 In June 2001, a 25-member joint alQaeda–Taliban team was reportedly dispatched from Afghanistan to train HuJI B cadres in Bangladesh.65 It appears that this initial foray into Bangladeshi territory provided the impetus for a further expansion of logistical and operational ties between al-Qaeda and the HuJI B throughout 2002. It is known, for instance, that al-Zawahiri was in Dhaka during the ﬁrst part of the year, using his time in the Bangladeshi capital to explore the feasibil62 Saikia, “Triangle of New Concern”; Datta (2003), p. 8; Perry, “Deadly Cargo.” Overall, it is estimated that the total number of madrassas in Bangladesh is in the vicinity of 64,000. 63 Recruits were taken mainly via Nepal to Pakistan before making the ﬁnal trip to Afghanistan. On arrival, they were reportedly paid 30,000 Bangladeshi taka (approximately US $525) and then oﬀered an additional “stipend” of 10,000 taka (approximately US $175) to ﬁght alongside Taliban and al-Qaeda forces against the Northern Alliance. Lintner (2002). 64 Saikia, “Triangle of New Concern”; Datta (2003), p. 8; Lintner (2002); Abuza (2005a), p. 53. For the complete text of the Khost fatwa see Alexander and Swetnam (2001), Appendix 1B, pp. 1–3. 65 Sahni, “Al Qaeda’s Strategic Reach in South Asia,” p. 7. South Asian Clusters 101 ity of establishing a new beachhead for regional Islamic extremism in areas around the Chittagong Hill Tracts. In July that same year, Indian intelligence sources veriﬁed that a ﬁshing vessel—later identiﬁed as the MV Mecca—had been covertly ferrying al-Qaeda operatives and weapons into Bangladesh for several months and that unlicensed madrassas funded by al-Haramain were providing training and arms to Arab and North African militants from Yemen, Algeria, Libya, and Sudan. This was followed three months later by the arrest of Fazle Karim (also known as Abu Fuzi), a known Harakat activist and reported veteran of bin Laden’s camps in eastern Afghanistan, who admitted he was part of an al-Qaeda–Taliban team that had been secretly established in Bangladesh.66 Commenting on these developments, one Western diplomat in Dhaka remarked that by the year’s end Bangladesh had emerged as a viable haven for foreign jihadists: “If . . . militants want to come in here and buy themselves new passports and new identities, stock up on any weapons they might want and maybe do a little refresher training before heading oﬀ again, there’s nothing to stop them.”67 As in the case of the extremist groups in Kashmir, the HuJI B’s rhetoric has become steadily anti-Western in the wake of the global war on terrorism, gravitating toward an ideological agenda that now, arguably, gives precedence to internationalist over local objectives. Many of the fundamentalist religious institutions to which HuJI B has been linked are open about their support of al-Qaeda’s war against the West. Indeed, Mullah Obaidul Haque, head of the national mosque in Dhaka and a known sympathizer of Harakat, is on record for pledging that “America and Bush must be destroyed,” while HuJI B, itself, now explicitly exhorts the dual refrain of Ambra Sobai Hobo Taliban, Bangla Hobe Afghanistan: “We will all be Taliban and Bangladesh will be Afghanistan.”68 66 Datta (2003), p. 9; Perry, “Deadly Cargo”; Lintner (2002); Lintner (2003), pp. 19–21; Abuza (2005a), pp. 53–54. 67 68 Cited in Perry, “Deadly Cargo.” Perry, “Deadly Cargo”; Sahni, “Al Qaeda’s Strategic ” (2002), p. 7; Datta (2003), p. 8; Abuza (2005a), p. 53. 102 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Regional commentators believe that the increasingly pan-Islamic orientation of HuJI B is being fostered by al-Qaeda ideological “perches” that have been set up in Bangladesh over the last three years. At least six dedicated transnational training camps are thought to operate in Bangladesh. These camps were reportedly set up with the direct backing of renegade elements in the ISI and DGFI to oﬀset the terrorists’ reduced operational and political space in Pakistan after September 11.69 According to one former Burmese guerrilla, three facilities located just outside the town of Cox’s Bazar have a combined capacity of at least 2,500 cadres, with the largest comprising a complex of 26 interconnected bunkers built under a three-meter-high false forest ﬂoor. The camps are allegedly complete with kitchens, lecture halls, telephones, and televisions, and all have access to a wide range of weapons, including AK-47s, heavy machine guns, pistols, RPGs, mortars, mantraps, and mines.70 A further possible indication of links between al-Qaeda and Harakat militants is manifest in the so-called Islamic Manch (IM, literally Islamic Association), which was formed in mid-2002 at Ukhia, near Cox’s Bazar. Coming under the leadership of HuJI B and representing nine other radical Islamic interests in Bangladesh, this umbrella group advocates an extremist jihadist rhetoric that closely resonates with bin Laden’s line. The movement seeks the creation of a transnational caliphate that will eventually take in all of Bangladesh, Assam, north Bengal, and Burma’s Arakan province, and has been identiﬁed as a key propaganda and logistical conduit for al-Qaeda in South Asia. Indian and Western intelligence sources fear that many of the al-Qaeda and Taliban members who entered the country between 2001 and 2002 are now training the IM and may be seeking to establish the group as 69 An internal HuJI B document lists no less than 19 training camps across Bangladesh, but it is uncertain how many of these actually oﬀered dedicated militant instruction. Indian intelligence sources believe that, overall, the country hosts a total of 194 militant camps for various insurgent movements opposed to the Delhi government. 70 Saikia, “Triangle of New Concern”; Perry, “Deadly Cargo.” South Asian Clusters 103 a concerted operational wing for cross-regional attacks in South Asia (in essence, a version of the Jemaah Islamiyah network in Southeast Asia).71 Assessment and Future Outlook HuJI B actions have been directed against Bangladesh’s Hindu minority as well as the country’s moderate Muslims. For the most part these attacks have been small-scale and opportunistic, which would seem to suggest that al-Qaeda has not had a signiﬁcant bearing on the group’s operational agenda. That said, HuJI B cadres have exhibited at least a rhetorical willingness to act beyond the Bangladesh theater; in this context, connections to bin Laden and his global terror network begin to take on greater relevance. Indian intelligence sources have long insisted that the HuJI B has made logistical and operational arrangements with groups in Jammu and Kashmir—claims that are now being further supplemented by the assertions of independent regional observers who believe similar ties may have been instituted with militants based in Assam and Burma.72 Although there is no conclusive, publicly available evidence to verify these allegations or back the associated claim that outside contacts have been made at the behest of external extremist forces, the presence of a Harakat leader at the signing of the 1998 Khost fatwa, the group’s reported hosting of an al-Qaeda–Taliban training team, and its central role in the (explicitly transnational) IM do seem to reﬂect a broad jihadist outlook. According to one commentator, members of the Rohingya Solidarity Organization and the Muslim Liberation Tigers 71 Perry, “Deadly Cargo”; Saikia, “Triangle of New Concern”; Datta (2003), p. 9; Lintner (2002). 72 See, for instance, Perry “Deadly Cargo”; Lintner (2002); Lintner (2003), pp. 19–21; Abuza (2005a), pp. 53–54; “Dhaka Police Look for Al-Qaeda Link,” Far Eastern Economic Review, October 10, 2002. The International Crisis Group (ICG) reported several border incidents during 2004 that Indian sources claimed were connected to Bangladeshi ties with northeastern separatists (ICG, 2004, p. 5). 104 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement of Assam have been training in HuJI B camps since at least June 2002, while Harakat activists have traveled to Kashmir and even Chechnya to join forces with Islamist militants ﬁghting there.73 More recently, a 2003 report by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) expressed speciﬁc concern over the growing extremist activism exhibited by HuJI B, hinting that this was being fostered by al-Qaeda as part of a wider policy to drive Western aid agencies out of Bangladesh.74 In February 2005, suspected Islamist extremists ﬁrebombed several such organizations, which could represent the ﬁrst stages of a heightened, externally directed operational agenda of this sort.75 If Harakat militants are, in fact, moving in this direction and beginning to hire themselves out as “subcontractors” for al-Qaeda, it would represent a fundamentally new development in HuJI B targeting and mission objectives that must be factored into assessments of the organization’s future threat potential. 73 Jim Bronskill, “CSIS Wary of Bangladesh,” CNEWS, December 12, 2003; Raman (2004); Hussain (2004). 75 ICG (2005a), p. 5; “WB Concerned Over Attacks on NGOs,” The Daily Star, February 18, 2005. CHAPTER EIGHT The Caucasus and Central Asia Al-Qaeda has channeled its activities in the Caucasus and Central Asia through two groups: the Basayev faction of Chechen jihadists ﬁghting against the Russian Federation and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU). Chechnya Chechen Jihadists (Basayev Faction) The jihadist struggle in Chechnya has its roots in the history of the Chechen resistance to the Russian conquest of the Caucasus, dating back to the nineteenth century. In 1944, Stalin deported almost the entire Chechen population—roughly 400,000 people—to Central Asia, where many subsequently perished. This legacy of repression helps to explain the basis of contemporary Chechen nationalism, which has tended to be more radical and anti-Russian than that of other Muslim communities within the Russian Federation. When the USSR collapsed in 1991, Chechens led by former Soviet General Dzhokhar Dudayev deposed the old Soviet leadership of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic. However, these rebels were unable to consolidate any real degree of authority, leaving criminal groups (the so-called Chechen Maﬁa) and armed radicals to dominate. The resulting anarchy, combined with a Russian fear of territorial fragmentation, resulted in Russia’s refusing to recognize Chechnya as a separate republic. In 1994, then President Boris Yeltsin moved to bring the area back under Moscow’s control, launching a full-scale 105 106 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement military intervention that triggered a bloody two-year civil war.1 Despite an agreement in 1996 that gave Chechnya semiautonomous status, a renewed wave of violence broke out in 1998, the main impetus for which came from Islamists committed to driving Russia from Chechnya and neighboring Dagestan through the force of arms. Numbering approximately 2,000 ﬁghters, this semistructured network of jihadists, led by Shamil Basayev, forms the crux of the present terrorist-insurgency in this part of the Caucasus.2 The aim of these radicals is to destroy what they regard as a Russian colonial empire and to create a single Muslim state on the territory of Chechnya, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, and Tatarstan based on Wahhabist ideological precepts. Chechen jihadists have engaged in a plethora of violent and illicit activity, ranging from organized crime and kidnapping to guerrilla warfare and, increasingly, terrorist strikes perpetrated in the heart of the Russian Federation. These include • a series of four apartment building bombings during September 1999, which collectively killed 293 and injured 370 • the seizure of the Dubrovka Theater in Moscow in October 2002, which ultimately led to the deaths of 129 hostages following a raid by Russian special forces • plots to assassinate President Putin in 2001 and 2002 • a 2002 hijacking of a Russian airliner in Saudi Arabia • the Kaspiik bombing during a parade held on Great Patriotic Day, which killed dozens and injured hundreds of others 1 2 Dudayev was killed in a rocket attack that zeroed in on his satellite phone signal. For more background on the Chechnya conﬂict, see De Waal and Carlotta (1998); Lieven (1998); Nivat (2001); and Seely (2001). The Caucasus and Central Asia 107 • a string of suicide attacks throughout 2000–2004 that, combined, took the lives of over 200 people (see Table 8.1)3 • the downing of two civilian aircraft by female suicide bombers and the horriﬁc massacre of schoolchildren and teachers at Beslan in September 2004.4 A little-known terrorist group calling itself the Islambuli Brigades (named after the Egyptian soldier who assassinated Egyptian president Anwar Sadat) has claimed responsibility for several terrorist attacks in August 2004: the simultaneous downing of two passenger jets on August 24 that killed 89 people, and an August 31 attack by female suicide bombers outside a Moscow metro station that killed nine and injured scores. The group reportedly posted a statement on the Internet saying the attacks were carried out “in support of the Muslims of Chechnya.” It turns out that the Islambuli Brigades is a subsidiary of the Basayev faction. Although it does not enjoy the prominence of the Palestinian issue, the Chechen cause does have a high proﬁle in the Islamic world. This recognition has been apparent both in the widespread coverage that the Qatar-based al-Jazeera television network has given to such events as the 2002 Moscow theater hostage seizure and in the ties that Chechens have established with al-Qaeda. These contacts go back to the early 1990s when the former autonomous republic ﬁrst began its struggle to 3 See, for example, U.S. Department of State (2003), pp. 31–32; “Fourth Blast in Russia Kills 17,” The Washington Post, September 17, 1999; “History of Hijackings in Chechen Conﬂict,” BBC News, July 31, 2001; Adnan Malik, “Chechens Hijack Plane to Saudi Arabia,” Portsmouth Herald, March 16, 2001; “Russia Conﬁrms West’s Suspicions About Deadly Gas,” The Washington Post, October 31, 2002; “A Cult of Reluctant Killers,” The Los Angeles Times, February 4, 2004; and “Russia Says Subway Blast a Suicide Bomber,” Associated Press, February 17, 2004. 4 David Holley, “2 Russian Airliners Crash Nearly at the Same Time,” The Los Angeles Times, August 25, 2004; Kim Murphy, “A Violent Reminder That a War Lives,” The Los Angeles Times, August 27, 2004; Stefan Wagstyl and Tom Warner, “Rebels Grind Away Putin’s Popularity,” The Financial Times, September 2, 2004; “Russian Seige Ends in Bloodshed,” The Straits Times (Singapore), September 4, 2004; “Al Qaeda Connection to Beslan Attack,” The Straits Times, September 7, 2004. 108 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement secede from the Russian Federation. Mullah Omar’s Taliban was one of the ﬁrst to endorse the legitimacy of Chechen independence and to oﬀer training and haven to Islamic ﬁghters committed to this end.5 Table 8.1 Major Suicide Attacks Carried Out by Chechen Militants, 2000–2004 Date Event Suicide truck bombing at the government administration and security complex in Znamenskoye 59 Suicide bomb attack during a religious festival in the town of Ilaskhan-Yurt (east of Grozny) 16 Suicide bombing of bus carrying Russian air force pilots 16 Two suicide bombers blow themselves up at an open-air rock concert at a Moscow airﬁeld 14 July 10, 2003 A female suicide bomber is arrested before she can blow herself up in central Moscow; a Russian security ofﬁcer is killed while examining her explosive device July 27, 2003 A female suicide bomber blows herself up after being stopped from entering a security base southeast of Grozny December 5, 2003 Suicide bombing of a commuter train in the southern region of Stavropol 44 SOURCE: “A Cult of Reluctant Killers,” The Los Angeles Times, February 4, 2004. 5 “Bin Laden’s Man in Chechnya,” The Sunday Herald (Edinburgh, UK), October 26, 2002. The Caucasus and Central Asia 109 This initial recognition laid the groundwork for the development of subsequent ties between Chechen mujahideen and the international jihadist movement based in Afghanistan. According to Russian sources, Ibn-ul-Khattab (real name, Samir Saleh Abdullah al-Suwailem), the Saudi leader of the Arab ﬁghters in Chechnya, struck up a personal relationship with bin Laden during his time in Afghanistan.6 Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden’s second-in-command, is alleged to have made a exploratory trip to the Caucasus. Although the trip failed (al-Zawahiri was detained by Russian police before reaching his intended destination), it did set into motion a number of events that built further ties between Chechen jihadists and al-Qaeda through the International Islamic Front for Jihad on the Jews and Crusaders. Al-Zawahiri later told his lieutenants that Chechnya oﬀered an ideal logistical base for al-Qaeda in Central Asia—Muslim, chaotic, and then eﬀectively independent.7 The most concerted Chechen–al-Qaeda link appears to have been established in Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge, which until 2003 was a lawless haven for drug traﬃckers, crime syndicates, and kidnappers. (In 2003, the Georgian government instituted a major crackdown against criminal elements based in the Pankisi Gorge, which has been relatively successful in establishing a semblance of normalcy throughout the region.) One of bin Laden’s main lieutenants in this region was a Jordanian known as Abu Atiyya. In addition to overseeing the deployment of recruited cadres to militant camps, he is thought to have played a key role in reassigning trained personnel to operational terror networks and cells in such places as Azerbaijan, Turkey, and (according to Western sources) Europe.8 More serious are Georgian claims that the Pankisi area was used as a specialized zone for the training of Chechens in the use of chemical weapons. According to local intelligence sources, al-Qaeda 6 The Russians assassinated Khattab with a poisoned letter in 2002. 7 For further details see “Saga of Dr. Zawahiri Sheds Light on the Roots of al-Qai’da Terror,” The Wall Street Journal, July 2, 2002. 8 See, for instance, “Al-Qai’da Terror Plot Foiled, Say French Police,” The Guardian (UK), January 12, 2004. 110 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement operatives in the region included Middle Eastern chemists skilled in the manufacture of poisons who had been deployed to the Pankisi Gorge to help with preparations for unconventional attacks against American citizens and installations in Chechnya as well as other parts of the Caucasus and Central Asia.9 Links to bin Laden’s global network have also been apparent in terms of training and ﬁnancial and ideological support. The internationalization of the Chechen terrorist network is illustrated by the presence of Chechen training camps in Georgia and the Pakistani tribal area of Waziristan.10 Considerable money has been transferred to Chechnya from the Gulf states (the bulk of these money transfers was allegedly coordinated by an Islamic spiritual leader known as Abu Omar Sief).11 Saudi missionaries are known to have been active in promoting Wahhabist and Salaﬁst tendencies throughout the region.12 Al-Qaeda’s inﬂuence on the Chechen jihadists can be detected in the recent surge of suicide attacks, which prior to the late 1990s were essentially absent from the Chechen struggle. Women known as “Black Widows,” so named because many have suﬀered the loss of husbands at the hands of Russian security forces, have conducted the bulk of these attacks. Intelligence sources in Moscow assert that the international jihadist movement coordinates training and indoctrination for 9 “Al-Qai’da Terror Plot Foiled.” 10 See discussion of the South Asian parameters of the Chechen conﬂict in Peters, Dickens, Eaton, et al. (2005). 11 12 “A Cult of Reluctant Killers.” It is important to note that while religion has been a signiﬁcant motivating factor for most outsiders to become involved in the Chechen conﬂict, ethnic and national considerations have been more important for the Diaspora Chechen community. The Caucasus and Central Asia 111 these female suicide bombers (acting through a local recruiter known as “Black Fatima”) and that a dedicated wing of 50 bombers has been assembled to carry out suicide attacks.13 Exactly why the Chechens seem to have embraced al-Qaeda is an open question. On the one hand, Islam is not as deeply rooted in Chechnya as in other regions of the former Soviet Union, such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and the target is not so much the West at large as Russia. That said, informed commentators assert that Chechen jihadists do interpret any attack on Muslims anywhere as an assault on the Muslim world and are therefore predisposed to the global vision of bin Laden. Reﬂecting this, Chechens have been active in jihads not only in Chechnya, but also in Afghanistan, Kosovo, and Uzbekistan.14 Assessment and Future Outlook In many ways, al-Qaeda sees the conﬂict in Chechnya as a laboratory for terrorist and guerrilla warfare against a conventional military power. Training and logistical support provided to Basayev’s forces have been tailored to develop operational and organizational lessons that can be applied to Islamists ﬁghting across the general Central Asian region. Al-Qaeda’s calculation appears to be that this type of operation will destabilize a broad swath of enemy states across the Caucasus and Central Asia—from Azerbaijan to Uzbekistan, Pakistan, and India. In 2002 a cell that the French have called the “Chechen network”—although the members were actually North Africans, most of them relatives of Menad Benchellali, the son of a radical imam in the Lyon suburb of Venisseux—was found to be developing chemical and 13 “A Cult of Reluctant Killers.” Abu Wahid, a Saudi national who is believed to be the commander of the Chechen rebels’ eastern front explained the ideological rationale of the Black Widows during a 2004 interview with Al-Jazeera: “These women, particularly the wives of the moujahideen who are martyred, are being threatened in their homes. Their honor and everything are being threatened. They do not accept being humiliated and living under occupation. They say they want to serve the cause of almighty God and avenge the deaths of their husbands and persecuted [Muslim] peoples.” 14 During the 1999 ﬁghting in Kosovo many mercenaries with the Kosovar Liberation Front (KLF) were Chechens funded and trained by al-Qaeda. See “FSB: Chechen Rebels Hiding in Kosovo,” St. Petersburg Times (Russia), February 25, 2000. 112 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement biological weapons. Members of this cell had trained with Chechens in the Pankisi Gorge camps. This incident underscored the potential of Basayev’s movement as an operational conduit for attacks against Western targets outside Chechnya.15 More worrying, the attempted development of unconventional weapons might suggest an intention to use Chechen militants to carry out a future al-Qaeda “spectacular.” From Moscow’s perspective, there is no doubt that the Chechen movement is now working in full conjunction with al-Qaeda. According to the Russian Interior Ministry’s Directorate for Combating Organized Crime (GUBOP), terrorist attacks in Russia rose by a full 38 percent between 2002 and 2003, from 407 to 561. The overwhelming majority of these attacks was carried out in the Southern Federal District, which covers the wider North Caucasus region.16 This rise in tempo has been attributed directly to growing linkages between Chechen rebels and the international jihadist movement. Commenting on this development, Yuri Demidov, head of GUBOP’s Counterterrorism Section (sometimes referred to as T Center), observed that “[Chechen groups have] given up the struggle for an independent [state] and are now just carrying out the plans of international terrorists.”17 Uzbekistan The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) represents a coalition of Islamic militants drawn mainly from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan who are opposed to the authoritarian secular regime of Uzbek president 15 Benchellali, a chemist who had been trained in poison-making skills in Afghanistan, was actively attempting to produce a botulism toxin as well as ricin. He had tested his chemicals on animals and was believed to have been planning suicide bomb attacks on prominent targets in Paris, including the Russian embassy. “Benchellali and His Close Relatives Before the Antiterrorist Judges,” Le Figaro, January 13, 2004. See also Vidino (2005). 16 Yuri Demidov, cited in Galeotti (2004). The Caucasus and Central Asia 113 Islam Karimov.18 Although the immediate focus of the IMU has been on Uzbekistan, its long-term aim is the establishment of a transnational caliphate that would embrace, at a minimum, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, extending eventually to the outer perimeters of Central Asia’s Muslim regions.19 According to U.S. government estimates, the IMU’s current strength amounts to no more than 700 militants,20 the main concentrations of whom are located in the Ferghana Valley and the Surkhandarya and Kashkadarya regions of Uzbekistan. Although the movement as a whole comes under the combined leadership of Tahir Yuldashev and Juma Khodjiev (otherwise known as Juma Namangani), who are the original founders,21 it tends to operate as a loosely structured collection of semiautonomous groups, each of which answers to individual, regionally based hujras (command councils). Although the aims of these subcommands are deﬁned in terms of a wider Islamist agenda, most are also characterized by speciﬁc local designs that reﬂect the interests of their respective constituencies.22 Most IMU links to al-Qaeda date back to 1996, when bin Laden relocated to Afghanistan and set up a secure base of operations in areas under the control of the Taliban. In common with groups from other regions of the Muslim world, Uzbek militants were exposed to al-Qaeda’s doctrine of global jihad and were able to gain access to cru- 18 In addition to the IMU, governments in both Uzbekistan and the Kyrgyz Republic have claimed that another Islamist group, the Hizb ut-Tahrir (HuT), has links to outside Islamic extremists and that its organizational structure provides a channel for recruitment of terrorists. 19 U.S. Department of State (2003); Rotar (2003). 20 U.S. Department of State (2004), p. 122. Determining an accurate ﬁgure for IMU membership is diﬃcult (some estimates run as high as 15,000–20,000) as the movement operates on the basis of an extremely secretive cellular structure. Some cells may number no more than four to ﬁve people. 21 In November 2001, anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan alleged that Namangani had been killed in a U.S. air strike while commanding al-Qaeda forces around Mazar-e-Sharif. However, reports that have since circulated suggest that the Uzbek leader may not, in fact, have been killed. 22 “Renewed Concerns That Terrorists Are Regrouping,” RFE/RL Central Asia Report, July 25, 2002. 114 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement cial operational and logistical support—including weapons, training, leadership planning, and ﬁnances.23 Informed commentators argue that, of all the militant organizations present in Afghanistan prior to 2001, IMU received by far the most generous support, allowing the group to eﬀectively increase the tempo, range, scope, and sophistication of its attacks both in Uzbekistan and more generally throughout Central Asia.24 Indicative of this potential were a number of signiﬁcant IMU strikes between 1998 and 2001, including ﬁve simultaneous car bombings in Tashkent on February 16, 1999 (one of which almost killed President Karimov), a full-scale assault on several villages located along the Tajik border in early August 2000,25 and subsequent high-proﬁle kidnappings of German, Japanese, American, Russian, and Ukrainian nationals in Kyrgyzstan that same month.26 The audacity of these attacks is noteworthy, not least because of the restricted operational space available to the IMU as a result of the increasingly draconian internal security measures being adopted by the Central Asian republics at that time. The IMU has also been connected to al-Qaeda through groups in bin Laden’s wider terror network. The movement has long been accused of working in collaboration with Chechen rebels in Russia and Dagestan as well as with Uighur separatists in China’s Xinjiang province.27 According to Uzbek oﬃcials, the primary purpose of these 23 “Renewed Concerns That Terrorists Are Regrouping.” 24 In an interview with the Kyrgyz newspaper Slovo Kyrgyzstana, an Afghan ﬁeld commander revealed that Yuldashev had jointly worked on his plan for establishing a Ferghana emirate with Mullah Omar and that of all the parties in Afghanistan, only the IMU directly beneﬁted from Taliban assistance. See Rotar (2003). 25 As a direct result of this latter operation, Tashkent instituted the Southern Group of Forces, comprising some 6,000 troops from various branches of the military, to defend against renewed IMU oﬀensives. Informed commentators believe the size of the detachment bears witness to the perceived threat the group is seen to pose to Uzbek frontier regions. 26 Katzman (2002), pp. 19–20; “Renewed Concerns That Terrorists Are Regrouping”; “Islamic Militants with Japanese Hostages Hold Kyrgyz at Bay,” The New York Times, October 18, 1999. 27 The Caucasus and Central Asia 115 ties has been to facilitate the export of Islamic radicalism to the outer fringes of Central Asia as well as to establish networks that have played an indispensable role in the traﬃcking of Afghan heroin.28 U.S. authorities now believe that the income derived from these drug running operations was essential to the development and expansion of terrorist infrastructure that bin Laden set up in northern Afghanistan during the latter half of the 1990s.29 IMU ties with al-Qaeda do not appear to have atrophied in the wake of Operation Enduring Freedom and may in fact have been strengthened. Following the bombing campaign in October 2001, the IMU suspended much of its Uzbek-focused activity, committing itself largely to the war against the U.S.-led coalition. Although many of the group’s members were killed or captured, Western observers believe that the experience helped to solidify what were already strong personal and group ties between al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and the IMU and to strengthen a sense of shared, internationally oriented Islamic identity. U.S. oﬃcials believe that the IMU leadership is now working to rebuild the organization and widening its target base to include all those perceived as opposed to its vision of Islam.30 They also point to signs of increased activity following a long period of dormancy: bombings in Bishkent and Osh between December 2002 and May 2003;31 the discovery of a plot to attack an American airbase close to the Kyrgyz capital in November 2003; a series of bloody assaults in 28 Chalk interviews, Washington, D.C., and New Delhi, February 2001. See also Rashid (2002), ch. 6. 29 See, for instance, “Osama bin Laden a ‘Narco-Terrorist,’” The Washington Times, January 22, 2004; and “The Iceberg Beneath the Charity,” The Economist, March 15, 2003. 30 31 Katzman (2002), pp. 19–20; “Renewed Concerns That Terrorists Are Regrouping.” One of those arrested in the bombings was Azizbek Karimov, a former chief of the IMU’s “security service” who testiﬁed that he had been directly ordered to plant the bombs by the group’s central leadership in consultation with al-Qaeda. See Rotar (2003) and “Renewed Concerns That Terrorists Are Regrouping.” 116 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement the Uzbek capital between March 28 and April 1, 2004; 32 and suicide strikes against the U.S. and Israeli embassies in Tashkent on July 30, 2004.33 The United States believes these developments are indicative of a regrouping of the IMU in Central Asia that is being deliberately fostered by al-Qaeda.34 Assessment and Future Outlook U.S. oﬃcials and analysts believe that there is an active working relationship between the IMU and the al-Qaeda network and that this is directly fueling the overall threat potential of the group in Central Asia. The suicide bombings in Uzbekistan came after violence that left at least 47 dead, mostly alleged militants, who Uzbek authorities claim traveled from southern Kazakhstan through Azerbaijan and Iran to terror camps in Pakistan’s lawless tribal areas in Waziristan, where they were trained by Arab al-Qaeda instructors. Although these attacks were not carried out by the IMU per se, the IMU may, in fact, have morphed into a broader, regional violent Islamic group capable of launching attacks against governments, police, and foreigners. Other regional commentators remain somewhat less convinced, however. The head of the International Crisis Group’s eﬀort in Central Asia, David Lewis, asserts that while some regrouping of the IMU in Uzbekistan 32 A group calling itself the Jihad Islamic Group claimed responsibility for the attacks. The strikes included a suicide bombing on a police station, the ﬁrst ever to be carried out in Uzbekistan, which outside commentators believe is a further indication that the IMU’s revival is possibly being fomented by outside inﬂuences. For further details see McConnell (2004), pp. 14–17; “Islamic Group Takes Credit for Uzbek Clashes,” The Los Angeles Times, April 12, 2004; and David Holley, “Islam’s Distant Battle,” The Los Angeles Times, April 17, 2004. 33 “Blast Hits U.S., Israeli Embassies in Uzbekistan,” MSNBC News Services, July 30, 2004; “Uzbek President Points to Islamic Extremists in Attacks,” The Los Angeles Times, August 1, 2004. 34 According to the U.S. Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan, there has been a noticeable spike in threats to Western interests across Central Asia over the past two years, the main trigger for which appears to be an al-Qaeda–sustained IMU “which despite being dealt a heavy blow in Afghanistan in the fall of 2001, has reemerged as an active organization in Central Asia.” Cited in “Central Asia: Focus on Security Threat from Radical Islamic Groups,” IRINnews.org, January 14, 2004, http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=38916&SelectRegion= Central_Asia (as of February 27, 2006). The Caucasus and Central Asia 117 and Kyrgyzstan may have taken place, the movement at most poses only a residual threat to regional security, and its operational eﬀectiveness is almost certainly not as high as some other analysts suggest.35 This assessment is shared by a number of Central Asian observers, who maintain that there is little ongoing support for the IMU from alQaeda or the Taliban and that the movement has been eﬀectively vanquished as a viable insurgency.36 Thus, the future threat trajectory of the IMU remains uncertain. If, in fact, the group is being sustained as a component of the international jihadist front, one can expect to see attacks against Western and allied interests in Central Asia, some of which may be coordinated with other regional entities. If, on the other hand, the IMU is now devoid of outside assistance, its operational focus will probably amount to no more than small-scale localized attacks, with the group shifting its activities to political agitation through its existing network of underground supporters.37 35 “Central Asia: Focus on Security Threat.” 36 “Central Asia: Focus on Security Threat.” 37 “Renewed Concerns That Terrorists Are Regrouping.” CHAPTER NINE The North and East African Clusters North Africa North African terrorism is shadowy and diﬃcult to deﬁne. Groups operating in this region frequently share membership, pursue similar goals, and often participate in the same attacks. That being said, it is possible to delineate certain organizations that are generally acknowledged to have established some sort of ideological, logistical, or operational relationship with al-Qaeda. This section analyzes these organizations, focusing its attention on entities existing in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. A map showing the countries where the main North African groups operate is shown in Figure 9.1. Morocco: The Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group and Salaﬁya Jihadia Two groups that can be considered part of the international jihadist movement operate in Morocco: the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (Groupe Islamique Combattant Marocain [GICM]) and Salaﬁya Jihadia (SJ)—which might be no more than a label for a constellation 119 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Figure 9.1 North and East African Clusters Bulgaria Italy Spain Mozambique NOTE: See the Abbreviations for full names of groups. RAND MG429-9.1 of diﬀerent groups.1 Although there may be no correlation, the emergence of the GICM and SJ coincided with the rise of al-Qaeda and the international jihadist movement in the late 1990s. The exact details of the emergence of GICM and SJ are unclear. Certain commentators believe the former group was established outside Morocco in London around 1999 or 2000, where its members reportedly operated in the same circles as London-based al-Qaeda ideologue Abu Qatada. Others, 1 Pargeter (2005). The GICM has been proscribed as a foreign terrorist organization (FTO) by the United States government and is currently subject to a range of ﬁnancial and political sanctions pursuant to Executive Order 13224; the group has also been penalized by the United Nations Sanctions Committee under Security Council Resolution 1267. SJ has yet to be designated an FTO, possibly because U.S. authorities have only become aware of it relatively recently. The North and East African Clusters 121 however, contend that the GICM manifesto was written as early as 1998 and that the group had already established European bases, which were used for gunrunning and document forgery purposes. With regard to SJ, the United States only became aware of the group’s existence following the Casablanca bombings in May 2003. Moroccan authorities, however, claim that the group was formed in the 1990s and had become particularly infamous for conducting brutal attacks against women and other “inﬁdel” targets well before the attacks of 2003. Both organizations advocate a hard-line Wahhabist ideology and seek to replace the current secular Rabat regime with a theocracy that adheres to shari’a law in all aspects of life. According to the U.S. State Department, both the GICM and SJ identify with the broader aim of reestablishing a transnational caliphate across the Maghreb and are part of a wider network of North African extremists who are prepared to work with the international jihadist movement.2 Ties between the GICM and SJ and al-Qaeda, as in the case of many other North African terrorist groups, appear to have originated primarily through personal contacts that senior group leaders established during the anti-Soviet Afghan jihad in the 1980s. It is unclear, however, whether the more senior operatives were directly integrated into the al-Qaeda network or were merely exposed to and inﬂuenced by the movement’s transnational jihadist ideas as a result of their common experience as Afghan “alumni.”3 Both the GICM and SJ have been connected to attacks and plots in Morocco, but their connections to al-Qaeda remain ambiguous. Further investigation has revealed that although links exist between the leader of the Casablanca operation, Pierre Robert, and al-Qaeda, the group that conducted the attacks appears to have functioned more as a “franchise” of al-Qaeda, than as a group operationally linked to alQaeda.4 The near-simultaneous attacks in Riyadh four days before the Casablanca attacks, bearing similar hallmarks, lend further credence 2 U.S. Department of State (2003), p. 140; Ulph (2004a). 3 Moncef Sellimi, “Report Cites Moroccan Security Sources on New Arrests Among Salaﬁ Jihdist Group,” Al-Sharq al-Aswat, FBIS GMP20030531000120, May 31, 2003. 4 122 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement to this possibility. In May 2003, both the SJ and GICM conducted a series of multiple car bombings that struck several foreign interests in Casablanca—including a Spanish social club, a Jewish community center, and a hotel and restaurant frequented by Israeli tourists. The attacks left over 40 persons dead and 65 injured.5 According to one source, the attacks were legitimized by a fatwa from Taliban leader Mullah Omar, ﬁnanced by bin Laden, and executed with the assistance of “professional” externally based specialists, although this claim cannot be veriﬁed.6 Soon after the attacks, a prominent GICM leader, Abdelaziz Benyaich, was arrested in Spain as one of the ringleaders behind the bombings. He was subsequently connected to an additional al-Qaeda plot against U.S. naval vessels in the Strait of Gibraltar, which was allegedly to have taken place in coordination with strikes on tourist buses en route from Rabat to Casablanca and on a café in Marrakech popular with foreign nationals. Moroccan authorities believe that Benyaich was acting under the orders of a senior Yemeni al-Qaeda commander, Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri.7 More recently, Moroccan extremists8 were tied to the March 11, 2004, simultaneous bombings of commuter trains in Madrid, which left 191 people dead. That attack remains one of the most destructive acts of terrorism ever carried out in Europe. The arrest of a key conspirator, Amer Azizi, a Moroccan tied to the GICM, has lent further credence to the charge that Moroccan extremists are now playing a key role in the strategic operations of the international Islamist movement 5 “Bomb Carnage Shocks Morocco,” BBC News, May 17, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/africa/3037157.stm (as of February 27, 2006). 6 Francois Soudan, “Paris Magazine Reports on Terrorist Networks Responsible for 16 May Attacks,” Paris Jeune Afrique-L’Intelligent, FBIS GMP20030712000005, July 6, 2003. 7 Nashiri was believed to be al-Qaeda’s operations chief in the Persian Gulf and the mastermind behind the suicide bombing of the USS Cole in 2000. He was captured in October 2002. 8 We use the term “Moroccan extremists” in this context to refer to known members of the SJ or GICM or extremists of Moroccan descent known to local law enforcement or intelligence services. The North and East African Clusters 123 and that some of the most destructive operations alleged to have been carried out in the name of the organization are intimately tied to the North African networks.9 Certainly the Rabat government has long claimed that links have been established among GICM, SJ, and al-Qaeda. Moroccan authorities assert that all three groups have been working together since at least early 2003 and that each has agreed to fully coordinate their respective ideological and operational agendas for the purposes of launching concerted attacks against Western and allied interests in the Maghreb and Europe.10 However, there is still no evidence that SJ and GICM took orders from bin Laden or other senior al-Qaeda leaders to conduct the May 2003 attacks. GICM and SJ: Assessment and Future Outlook While the GICM and SJ remain primarily focused on fomenting an Islamist revolution in Morocco, both groups clearly fall into the category of “willing supporter” of al-Qaeda—prepared to act on behalf of or otherwise support al-Qaeda when called to do so. Both organizations have undoubtedly viewed such tactical cooperation as helpful to their own objectives, not least because it appears to have enabled them to secure ﬁnancial and logistical support. Acting in this manner, the GICM and SJ have been able to progressively extend the range and scope of their activities in Morocco. This, in turn, has allowed the two groups to attract new recruits and suicide cadres in Morocco and, just as importantly, to focus worldwide attention on their cause. The actual extent to which the GICM and SJ rely on al-Qaeda backing is somewhat more diﬃcult to discern. While both organizations have deﬁnitely beneﬁted from the provision of outside assistance, several commentators believe the two groups are able to draw on 9 See “Madrid Suspect Charged in 9/11,” The Los Angeles Times, April 29, 2004; Tracy Wilkinson, “Train Bombings Kill Nearly 200 in Spain,” The Los Angeles Times, March 12, 2004; Sebastian Rotella and Tracy Wilkinson, “Al Qaeda Now Focus of Spain’s Bombing Probe,” The Los Angeles Times, March 14, 2004; Elaine Sciolino and Emma Daly, “Blast Suspects in Madrid Had New Plot, Oﬃcials Say,” The New York Times, April 9, 2004. 10 Djamel Boukrine, “Al Qa’ida Related Organization Seen Helping Moroccan Islamists,” Le Mat, FBIS GMP20020812000004, August 12, 2002. 124 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement additional sources of logistical and ﬁnancial support from organized crime. Indeed, the investigation into the Casablanca bombings revealed that the attacks were carried out with SJ’s own resources and that the group had already planned and carried out a series of robberies and attacks against private citizens and property in Morocco to raise money for this and future operations.11 It is also worth bearing in mind that working with al-Qaeda may very well have medium- to long-term eﬀects that outweigh any shortterm gains that the GICM and SJ have so far achieved. The Casablanca bombings, for instance, triggered a major government crackdown against entities identifying with radical ideologies that has since resulted in widespread arrests and detentions throughout the country. While these actions do appear to have energized increased Islamist fervor and support for the GICM-SJ cause, they have also depleted the two groups of experienced and trained operatives, creating a critical “middle-management” personnel void that could prove diﬃcult to ﬁll.12 More to the point, the Rabat government is now fully aware of the potential threat of militant extremism in its own backyard, and while it has been a strong partner in the U.S.-led war on terrorism, it now appears to more fully appreciate the need for concerted (rather than ad hoc) domestic security responses and initiatives.13 If followed through in a consistent and thorough manner, these measures are likely to severely restrict the operational space available to GICM and SJ militants, possibly permanently depriving them of the disinterested or passive internal environment that had facilitated their activities prior to May 2002. 11 Muhammed Wamusa, “Arab Magazine Views Growing Power of Moroccan Islamist Groups,” Al Watan al-Arabi, FBIS GMP20020822000073, August 23, 2002. 12 13 Ulph (2004a). See, for instance, “Le Monde Cites Moroccan Expert on Reasons for Terrorist Attacks,” Le Monde, FBIS EUP20030520000072, May 20, 2003. The North and East African Clusters 125 Algeria: The Salaﬁst Group for Preaching and Combat and the Dhamat Houmet Daawa Salaﬁa Most of the existing terrorist groups that hail from Algeria are splinters of the Armed Islamic Group (GIA), which declined largely as a result of popular alienation from its campaign of brutal massacres of civilians during the mid-1990s. Two prominent terrorist groups have since emerged, both of which have been identiﬁed as having links with alQaeda: the GSPC (discussed in Chapter Six) and the Dhamat Houmet Daawa Salaﬁa (DHDS).14 The DHDS, or Protectors of the Salaﬁst Call, also known as the Group of Supporters of the Salaﬁst Trend, led by Mohammad Benslim, split from the GIA in 2001 (before which it was known as Katibat elAhoual, literally the “Horror Squadron”). Like the GSPC, the group is opposed to the secular orientation of the current Algiers regime and seeks to institute a fundamentalist Islamic order in its place. The group is well organized, has acquired a relatively advanced military arsenal, concentrates the bulk of its attacks in Algeria against government and security personnel, and has allegedly participated in the planning of terrorist operations abroad.15 Like the GSPC, the DHDS traces its ties to al-Qaeda through the group’s common ancestry in the GIA and the extensive role that Algerians in general played in the anti-Soviet Afghan jihad during the 1980s.16 Bin Laden had always taken a special interest in the Islamist struggle in this part of North Africa and, following the outbreak of the Islamist insurgency in 1992, quickly moved to establish ties with the Algerian jihadists. However, the GIA’s role in the massacres of 14 For more information on the GSPC’s relationship with al-Qaeda, see “Algerian Group Backs Al Qaeda” (2003). 15 “Designation of Dhamat Houmet Daawa Salaﬁya Under Executive Order 13224,” Federal Register, Vol. 68, No. 202, October 20, 2003, http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/ 2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/03-26524.htm (as of April 3, 2006). 16 According to one source, Algerians made up one-third of all combatants during the antiSoviet Afghan jihad and were among the ﬁrst recruits to train in bin Laden’s camps in the Sudan during the early 1990s. See Fanney (2003). 126 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement civilians, which were creating great consternation in the Muslim world, caused al-Qaeda to gradually distance itself from the GIA by the late 1990s. The emergence of splinter factions in the form of the DHDS and GSPC provided an ideal opportunity for bin Laden to reestablish operational and logistical ties in Algeria, which was not only the theater of an ongoing armed Islamist struggle, but was well placed to facilitate the planning and execution of attacks in the Mediterranean as well as across Europe.17 For example, one Algerian member of DHDS, Mohammad Meguerba, revealed to his Algerian interrogators that bin Laden tasked him just before 9/11 to carry out attacks in Europe.18 In contrast to the GSPC, there is little speciﬁc information concerning the nature and scope of the partnership between the DHDS and al-Qaeda.19 While there are reports that logistical, intelligence, and ﬁnancial ties between the two groups have been instituted to facilitate international attacks,20 most accounts concur that the bulk of DHDS activity, at least at this stage, centers on civilian and military targets in western Algeria.21 DHDS: Assessment and Future Outlook As suggested above, the extent of DHDS links to al-Qaeda remains uncertain, and it is therefore diﬃcult to ascertain what eﬀect reputed outside connections might have had on the group. However, should more explicit ties emerge in the future, it is reasonable to assume that the DHDS will be able to avail itself of added ﬁnancial and logisti17 See, for instance, Knights (2003); Fanney (2003); Schanzer (2002). 18 Jenny Booth and Sean O’Neill, “The Missing Witness Who Revealed the Ricin Plot,” Times Online, April 13, 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1568044,00.html (as of April 3, 2006). 19 “Designation of Dhamat Houmet Daawa Salaﬁya Under Executive Order 13224.” 20 See, for instance, “Islamist Suspects Arrested in Spain Named,” MADRID EFE, FBIS EUP20030124000473, January 24, 2003. According to this report, DHDS operatives were providing al-Qaeda operatives in Spain with both “intelligence and infrastructure.” 21 “Algiers Daily Security Analyst Views Terrorism Picture in Western Part of Country,” Algiers Le Mat, FBIS GMP2002060000010, June 9, 2002. The North and East African Clusters 127 cal resources. This support will necessarily be contingent on how far the DHDS is prepared to go in terms of facilitating al-Qaeda’s operational agenda, particularly its willingness to provide frontline cadres for attacks on U.S. and Western targets. Libya: Libyan Islamic Fighting Group The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) emerged in 1995 with the dual intent of overthrowing the regime of Muammar al-Qadhaﬁ and establishing an Islamic state through armed struggle. From the outset, the group was composed mostly of Libyans who had fought and trained in Afghanistan during the anti-Soviet war in the 1980s. Little is known about the organization’s structure other than that it appears to operate under a joint command.22 The group has a base of several hundred ﬁghters and has moved to set up an overseas logistical infrastructure to compensate for losses suﬀered in Libya over the last several years.23 The LIFG has claimed responsibility for two failed assassination attempts against Qadhaﬁ (1996 and 1998)24 and has threatened to conduct suicide attacks against Libyan interests abroad. To date, however, the group has not carried out any attacks outside Libya (although it has participated in the planning of al-Qaeda operations). The bulk of its activity is directed against local security forces in and around Benghazi.25 The LIFG is thought to have enjoyed links with the al-Qaeda network since 1995. In the group’s deﬁning manifesto issued that year, LIFG leaders speciﬁcally asserted that one of their objectives was 22 One of the group’s leaders was alleged to be Abu Anas al-Libi. Some sources report that Abu Anas was killed in Afghanistan prior to September 11; others maintain he is in the custody of a foreign security service. 23 U.S. Department of State (2003), p. 138. 24 Press reports maintain that LIFG’s assassination attempt against Qadhaﬁ in 1996 was carried out by a Libyan oppositionist living in the United Kingdom, although this cannot be conﬁrmed. 25 U.S. Department of State (2003), p. 138; Kamil al-Tawil, “Second Libyan Group Claims al-Qadhaﬁ Bid,” Al-Hayah, London, FBIS FTS19980619000684, June 19, 1998. 128 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement “standing in support and allegiance of all other Jihad group[s] in any spot of the world.”26 Three years later this rhetorical pledge was translated into action. According to British security sources, members of the LIFG played a role in the planning of the bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, operating through the conduit of Abu Anas, who was reputedly recruited by bin Laden speciﬁcally for this purpose.27 Further indication of links between Libyan extremists and alQaeda emerged in the wake of the subsequent U.S. retaliatory missile strikes in Afghanistan and Sudan. Denouncing these actions as illegitimate and unjustiﬁed, the LIFG issued a vehemently anti-U.S. communiqué that called for the “uniﬁcation of stances vis-à-vis the ferocious oﬀensive now that the American Administration has chosen the road of hostility to the Islamic nation.”28 LIFG: Assessment and Future Outlook LIFG cadres currently appear to be ideologically split over whether to maintain ties to al-Qaeda. Although the group still appears to be organizationally intact, there are signs that a divide may be emerging between those who want to keep the movement focused on achieving local goals (overthrowing Qadhaﬁ) and those that are actively seeking to align the LIFG with the international jihadist movement. The true nature and extent of this organizational ﬁssure are unknown, however, and the balance of opinion in the central leadership remains unclear. That said, it seems likely that even if the LIFG moves decisively to distance itself from al-Qaeda, residual links with bin Laden’s movement will persist through personal ties and contacts. Moreover, Tripoli’s increasingly close relationship with the United States, particularly in 26 “New Group Urges Jihad Against al-Qadhaﬁ,” soc.culture.Algeria newsgroup, FBIS FTS19951022000038, October 22, 1995. 27 “‘Abu Anas al-Libi’ Killed in Afghanistan Before 11 September,” London al-Hayah, FBIS GMP200203222000078, March 22, 2002. 28 “UK-Based Islamists Deny Bin Laden Link,” London al-Sharq al-Aswat, FBIS FTS19980827000837, August 26, 1998. The North and East African Clusters 129 matters pertaining to counterterrorism,29 could well cause those who wish to maintain a discrete local focus to at least acquiesce in strikes against a more broadly deﬁned set of Western targets. In other words, there will be a continuing danger of Libyan extremists helping plan (if not carry out) attacks against American and allied interests across the Maghreb and, leveraging the LIFG’s existing overseas network, even farther aﬁeld in East Africa and southern Europe.30 Tunisia: Tunisian Combatant Group Islamist extremists have lacked the political space to develop a signiﬁcant following in Tunisia, where manifestations of political Islam are tightly monitored by the state. As a result, Tunisia has not confronted the type of civil unrest and insurgency found in other Maghreb polities. That said, Tunisian extremists are known to operate as an organized entity, the Jama’a Combattante Tunisienne or Tunisian Combatant Group (TCG). This group has not only worked in conjunction with the wider North African jihadist network but is independently active in European locations such as the United Kingdom and Italy. The TCG emerged sometime in early 2000 and, in common with many other Muslim extremists in North Africa, seeks to establish a fundamentalist Islamic state in Tunisia. While primarily advocating local goals, the organization also expresses an ideological aﬃnity with the wider jihadist movement. Little is known about the structure of the TCG. However, as noted above, the group is not believed to enjoy an overt popular following in Tunisia and it reportedly suﬀers from a lack of weapons, ﬁnances, and resources.31 29 At the time of writing, Qadhaﬁ had agreed to pay compensation to the victims of the 1988 Pan Am bombing and for the downing of an Air France jet over Niger the following year. The Libyan leader had also given his full commitment to cracking down on Islamic extremists in North Africa and to working with the international community in allowing unhindered access to verify the credentials of the country’s supposed nuclear facilities. 30 While neither British nor U.S. intelligence sources report any concrete evidence of a LIFG operational presence in East Africa at present, both remain cognizant of such a potential threat in the future. Chalk interviews, U.S. Embassy and British High Commission, Nairobi, February 2004. 31 U.S. Department of State (2003), p. 144. 130 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement According to the U.S. State Department, the TCG established ties with al-Qaeda and the broader North African jihadist movement immediately after its founding in 2000. As was the case with groups in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, and Egypt, these links developed through personal relationships forged in the crucible of the anti-Soviet Afghan campaign during the 1980s. Between 2000 and 2003, the TCG was connected to al-Qaeda both ideologically and operationally. British and U.S. intelligence sources believe the group acted as a local recruiter for bin Laden, coordinating its endeavors with other regional Islamists such as the GSPC. Tunisian extremists are thought to have played a role in facilitating the movement of al-Qaeda operatives and material across Europe, providing false documents, ﬁnances, intelligence and other logistical support.32 The TCG has also been connected to several high-proﬁle attacks and plots attributed to international extremist elements. These include the April 2002 suicide truck bombing of a synagogue in Djerba that killed 22 people33 as well as a 2001 plan to target the U.S., Algerian, and Tunisian embassies in Rome.34 TCG: Assessment and Future Outlook As with many other North African Islamists, the TCG has a predominantly domestic agenda but is ready and willing to carry out attacks against U.S. and Western interests. The group’s small domestic constituency creates an incentive to cooperate with the global jihadist network to secure outside support for its activities. This disposition to act on behalf of the international jihadist cause, or at least in conjunction with it, could potentially make the organization as threatening as other, stronger “willing supporters” of al-Qaeda, such as the SJ and GICM. 32 By Tunisian extremists we mean known members of the TCG or individuals of Tunisian descent known to be involved in, or suspected of involvement in, terrorist activity. 33 The 2002 attack, which employed liqueﬁed petroleum gas, was claimed by al-Qaeda, which acknowledged that the operation was carried out by a Tunisian martyr who left a prerecorded videotape stating his willingness to die for the wider jihadist cause. See “Al-QaedaLinked Group Claims Tunisia Blast,” International Policy Institute for Counter Terrorism, April 17, 2002, http://www.ict.org.il/spotlight/det.cfm?id=768 (as of February 27, 2006). 34 U.S. Department of State (2003), p. 144. The North and East African Clusters 131 East Africa Somalia: Al-Itihaad al-Islami (AIAI) and the “New” Somali Jihadi Network Initially, jihadism in Somalia was synonymous with al-Itihaad al-Islami (AIAI, commonly shortened to al-Itihaad), a Wahhabist organization dedicated to the creation of a fundamentalist Islamic state in Somalia. According to local sources, veterans of the Afghan war founded the group during the 1980s. Al-Itihaad gained strength after the collapse of the Said Barre regime in the early 1990s (predominantly by oﬀering employment and social services in a country bereft of any real government) and is alleged to have played some role in the “Black Hawk Down” incident in Mogadishu.35 AIAI managed to further strengthen its position by establishing links with successful Somali businesses and creating its own enterprises in the areas of banking, telecommunications, export-import, and religious instruction.36 By the middle of the decade, the group was thought to have built up a militia of at least 1,000 ﬁghters, the funding for which was primarily channeled through Islamist charities based in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states.37 Following a series of high-proﬁle attacks in Ethiopia between 1995 and 1996,38 AIAI was subjected to a sustained military onslaught at the hands of the Addis Ababa government. This withering oﬀensive precipitated the gradual dismantling of al-Itihaad’s political and 35 Shinn (2002); U.S. Department of State (2003), p. 127. It should be noted that informed commentators have cast doubt on these claims, not least because they were made a full three years after Somali warlord Mohammed Farid Aideed clashed with U.S. forces (although this does not, in itself, discount the possibility that Al-Itihaad members could be implicated in attacks on U.S. forces). 36 Shinn (2002); Kansteiner (2002); Dagne (2002). AIAI was placed on the United States’ Terrorism Exclusion List (TEL) in December 2001. 37 38 ICG (2005c), p. 1. These included the assassination of General Hayelom Araya, head of operations in Ethiopia’s Ministry of Defense, and the attempted assassination of Transport Minister Abdul-Mejid Hussein (now Ambassador to the United Nations) during 1995; the bombing of the Ethiopian government-owned Ghion Hotel in Addis Ababa in January 1996; and the bombing of the Ras Hotel in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia’s second largest city, a month later. 132 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement operational architecture, which had largely collapsed by 1998.39 However, various members of the group remained active and are since thought to have ﬁltered into a more, nebulous jihadist movement that does not appear to have a clear (or at least announced) political agenda and that seems inclined to conduct urban insurgency and terrorism. According to Western intelligence services, militants associated with the network were involved in the 1998 bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania as well as the November 2002 suicide strike against the Paradise Hotel in Mombassa and the attempted downing of an Israeli charter jet en-route to Tel Aviv, both in November 2002.40 Since about 2002, one particularly violent faction has emerged in Mogadishu. Led by Aden Hashi ‘Ayro, this group has been implicated in the killings of foreign aid workers as well as the assassinations of former police and military personnel in the Barre government.41 Western sources also allege that the cell has helped al-Qaeda operatives based in Somalia with logistics, jobs, identities, and the protection of training sites in the Lower Shabelle and Banaadir regions and is possibly cooperating to consolidate an extended jihadist beachhead stretching from Somalia to Tanzania.42 It should be noted that informed local commentators have taken a somewhat more skeptical view of the alleged link between Somali jihadists and al-Qaeda, noting both the lack of detailed information about supposed militant camps and the generally opaque nature of 39 It should be noted that the United States government continued to view the AIAI as the main Islamist protagonist in Somalia well beyond 1998, formally placing the group on Washington’s Terrorism Exclusion List (TEL) in December 2001. See U.S. Department of State (2002c). 40 Chalk interview, Control Risks Group (CRG), London, February 2004. See also “Intelligence Sources Believe Al-Qaeda, Somali-Based Group May Be Behind Mombassa Attacks; Islamist Group Planning Attacks Against US Interests, Beach Resorts May CIA Report Warned,” Newsweek, December 1, 2002; “Usama’s Allies,” Africa Conﬁdential, Vol. 42, No. 24 (November 9, 2001), http://www.africa-conﬁdential.com/country.asp?ID=44 (as of April 3, 2006); and ICG (2005c), pp. 8–9. 41 42 ICG (2005c), p. 4. Chalk interviews, Western oﬃcials, Nairobi, February 2004. See also ICG (2005c), p. 4; and Gunaratna (2004), pp. 21–22. The North and East African Clusters 133 external Islamist penetration into East Africa.43 According to journalists in Nairobi, there is no deﬁnitive evidence to suggest that Somali jihadists have had a decisive inﬂuence on radical Islamist activity in Kenya44 or Tanzania. These journalists believe that the main external presence in this part of the country stems from the Persian Gulf states, although there is extremist activity in the coastal region around Mombassa.45 The Somali Jihadist Network: Assessment and Future Outlook It remains unclear to what extent the Somali jihadists have played a role in facilitating al-Qaeda operations and planning. On the one hand, the country’s very chaos, dysfunctionality, and anarchy would seem to preclude any group from being able to oﬀer external militants a reliable conduit through which to develop a viable logistical presence. In addition, Somali Muslim tendencies—while strong and anti-Western in focus—are heavily driven along ethnic and tribal lines and traditionally have not provided a ﬁrm ideological framework for the fostering of a concerted transnational militant jihadist identity.46 That said, Somalia constitutes an extremely active and dangerous transshipment point for drugs, guns, and people that has been studiously exploited by internal extremists (as well as other armed groups). It is certainly conceivable that at least some of these criminal links may 43 Comments made during the United States Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research Workshop on “Emerging Terrorist Threats in Africa and Southeast Asia,” Washington, D.C., August 19, 2005. See also Dagne (2002). 44 It should be noted that local journalists do acknowledge a heavy Somali inﬂuence among Kenyan Muslims in the northeast of the country, but they do not consider this area a main theater for radical Islamic activity, largely because it is too poor for most people to care about anything more than getting by on a day-to-day basis. 45 Chalk interview, Associated Press, Nairobi, February 2004. Indeed, local journalists assert that the Somali Islamic community is deeply divided between those in the northeast of the country and those on the coast, with the latter tending to view the Somali-inﬂuenced Muslims as backward and unprogressive. 46 Chalk interviews, CRG, London, February 2004, and Associated Press representatives, Nairobi, February 2004. Notably, there is no tradition of martyrdom in Somalia, nor has the country’s Islamist community been instrumental in sending ﬁghters to participate in overseas jihadist struggles such as those that have occurred in Afghanistan and Bosnia. 134 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement have been made available to outside radicals, including elements associated with the global jihadist movement. More seriously, the ‘Ayro faction that has emerged in Mogadishu is known to have established ties with business circles in Dubai that have historically acted as a ﬁnancial and communications conduit for bin Laden’s ﬁnancial interests. Western oﬃcials fear that al-Qaeda has already moved to exploit these ties in order to extend its own penetration into Mogadishu. If Somalia attains some semblance of stability in the future, the main concern is that Arab jihadists will seek to extend their operational presence across East Africa from these “urban perches.”47 47 Chalk interview, British and U.S. security oﬃcials, London and Washington, D.C., January and August 2005. CHAPTER TEN The al-Zarqawi Network: Jordanian and Iraqi Jihadis Jordan Jordan does not appear to have any organized terrorist groups operating on its soil. Rather, it has a network of loosely aﬃliated extremists who work in small units and who share the common objective of attacking U.S., Western, and in some cases Jordanian targets. Members of this cell-based movement are mostly thought to have fought in the anti-Soviet campaign in Afghanistan, where they established personal relationships and forged a common commitment to carry out the Islamic revolution in their homelands through violent means.1 The leading member of the ad hoc movement was the notorious terrorist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (real name Ahmed Fadhil Nazzar Khalailah), a Jordanian who directed the jihadist terrorist campaign in Iraq and who had pledged allegiance to bin Laden. (As this report was going to print, word was received that al-Zarqawi and several of his associates had been killed in a U.S. Air strike on their hideout on June 7, 2006.) Al-Zarqawi took his nom de guerre from his birthplace, the town of Zarqa, northeast of Amman. As a young man, he entered a life of crime and was jailed for drug possession and sexual assault. At some point in his criminal career, al-Zarqawi came under the inﬂuence of radical Salaﬁst preachers, gave up drugs and alcohol, and married one 1 Gambill (2004). Nicolas Pelham, “Jordan Foils Al-Qaeda Plot to Attack US,” The Christian Science Monitor, July 1, 2002, http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0701/p01s03wome.htm (as of February 27, 2006). 135 136 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement of his cousins. In 1989, he left his family to ﬁght in Afghanistan. After participating in the Afghan war, al-Zarqawi returned to Jordan, where he ran afoul of the authorities. In 1994, he was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor on charges of membership in an illegal organization and weapons possession. In prison, al-Zarqawi established a following among the prisoners, on whom he enforced strict dress and behavior rules. Upon his release from prison as part of an amnesty following the accession of King Abdullah II, al-Zarqawi resumed his terrorist activities. When his involvement in the so-called “millennium” plot to bomb tourist sites in Jordan during the 2000 millennium celebrations was discovered, al-Zarqawi ﬂed to Pakistan.2 The Jordanian jihadist network has been tied to several attacks and plots in that country. In October 2002, a militant acting under the direct orders of al-Zarqawi assassinated U.S. diplomat Lawrence Foley.3 Three months earlier, authorities in Amman thwarted a plan to bomb the American and Israeli embassies as well as leisure centers used by Western military personnel based in Jordan—attacks that, again, were alleged to have been coordinated by al-Zarqawi.4 The links between the Jordanian jihadist network and al-Qaeda have yet to be fully understood. As noted above, members of the move2 Gambill (2004); Levitt (2003a); “Fugitive Cast in Role of Super-Villain,” The Los Angeles Times, March 7, 2004; “Terrorists Grabbed in Border Raids,” The Australian, February 26, 2004; “Ansar al-Islam Eyed in Iraq Bombings,” NBC News, March 2, 2004, http:// www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4428430/ (as of February 27, 2006); “Proﬁle: Abu Musab alZarqawi,” BBC News, February 12, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/ middle_east/3483089.stm (as of February 27, 2006). There are some discrepancies in the accounts of al-Zarqawi’s early life and of his activities after his release from prison in Jordan in 1999. Gambill says that he is not of Palestinian descent, as alleged by some Western media reports, but a member of a branch of the Bani Hassan, a large Bedouin tribe loyal to the Hashemites. 3 Levitt (2003b); “Fugitive Cast in Role as Super-Villain,” The Los Angeles Times, March 7, 2004; BBC News, “Proﬁle: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.” Bin Sewid, who was captured by Jordanian authorities soon after the assassination, has confessed that al-Zarqawi provided funding and weapons for the murder. 4 Levitt (2004), p. 27; Burgess (2002). The Jordanian prime minister, Abu Ragheb Ali, has asserted that al-Zarqawi was dispatched to the country to select eleven recruits to carry out these attacks, all of whom were provided with weapons (including machine guns, silencers, and tear gas) and US $60,000. The al-Zarqawi Network: Jordanian and Iraqi Jihadis 137 ment have been willing to undertake action against U.S. and Western targets in Jordan. Although this does not provide deﬁnitive evidence of a link to al-Qaeda, the choice of targets appears to have been inﬂuenced by bin Laden’s ideological outlook. Indeed, a videotape reportedly aired by bin Laden in November 2002 made speciﬁc reference both to the planned attacks against the American and Israeli embassies and to Foley’s assassination. Al-Zarqawi himself was not formally part of the al-Qaeda network until his organization swore allegiance to bin Laden in October 2004. Nevertheless, even before the organization pledged allegiance, he was believed to be actively cooperating with al-Qaeda in fomenting a transnational jihadist front in Iraq (see the section below on Iraq). The United States believes that al-Zarqawi was not only training members of Ansar al-Islam in the use of chemical weapons but was also the likely mastermind behind a series of anti-Shi’a sectarian attacks and suicide bombings in Iraq that killed well over 500 people (mostly Iraqis) in 2003 and 2004. A reward of $10 million was oﬀered for information leading to the terrorist’s capture, underscoring Washington’s concern over the inﬂuence that he was seen to wield among wider Islamic militant elements in the Middle East and Europe.5 Jordanian Network: Assessment and Future Outlook There has been a dramatic rise in anti-American sentiment in Jordan since the onset of the global war on terrorism and the war in Iraq, particularly within the Arab-Afghan expatriate community that was forced to return to the country after Operation Enduring Freedom in October 2001. Western authorities remain actively concerned that this internal environment is fostering al-Qaeda loyalties and operational linkages, which could transform what is presently a loosely based network to a more structured movement complete with its own com5 Levitt (2003a); Levitt (2004), pp. 7–28; “Terrorist Grabbed in Border Raids,” The Australian, February 26, 2004; “Fugitive Cast in Role as Super-Villain,” The Los Angeles Times, March 7, 2004; BBC News, “Proﬁle: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.” At the time of writing, in the summer of 2004, 116 terrorists linked to the Jordanian militant had been arrested in Europe and the Middle East, with arrests having taken place in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Turkey, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. 138 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement mand and control system. The prospect of higher intensity and more sophisticated attacks could be expected to increase under prevailing conditions in the Middle East. Iraq Ansar al-Islam, al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad–Tanzim Qai’dat al-Jihad ﬁ Bilad al-Raﬁdayn, and the Mujahideen Shura Council Al-Qaeda’s links to Islamist militants in Iraq are becoming clearer. An undetermined number of individual jihadists, whether freelance or pledging allegiance to bin Laden, have entered the country and have teamed up with Sunni insurgents of varying stripes to perpetrate attacks against U.S., coalition, and Iraqi government forces, and international and Iraqi civilian targets. Indeed, some of the most horriﬁc bombings that have taken place in the country since Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) have a deﬁnite al-Qaeda signature. These include the suicide bombings of the Jordanian embassy on August 7, 2003, the UN headquarters in Baghdad on August 29, 2003, and the simultaneous bombing of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan headquarters in Irbil on February 1, 2004. In all of these cases, the terrorists appear to have worked through an Iraqi organization, Ansar al-Islam (AaI), sometimes known as Ansar al-Sabah.6 6 See, for example, “Al-Qaeda’s Advice for Mujahideen in Iraq: Lessons Learned from Afghanistan,” v1.0, IntelCenter, April 14, 2003, http://www.intelcenter.com/QaedaGuerrilla-Iraq-v1-0.pdf (as of April 3, 2006); Abu-al-Aziz al-Muqrin, “Guerrilla Warfare,” Al-Battar Camp, January 3, 2004; “Death Toll Climbs in Irbil Attacks,” The Los Angeles Times, February 3, 2004. The al-Zarqawi Network: Jordanian and Iraqi Jihadis 139 AaI was founded in September 2001 by Mullah Krekar (who is presently based in Norway),7 with the goal of transforming Iraqi Kurdistan into an Islamic state. The group has between 500 and 700 cadres at its disposal, most of whom are based in Iraq’s mountainous northern regions along the border with Iran. Despite suﬀering the loss of an estimated 200 members during allied bombing raids in March 2003, Ansar retains a high operational potential in Iraq due to an intensive (and largely successful) recruitment drive that has embraced a broad cross-section of sympathetic foreign jihadists from North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. In 2003, AaI was organized into two ﬁghting units, Jund al-Allah (“Soldiers of Allah”) and al-Usad (“The Lions”). AaI militants have been connected to several high-proﬁle bombings in Iraq. In addition to the bombings of the Jordanian embassy, the UN headquarters, and the Kurdish party headquarters, mentioned above, the group is also believed responsible for the bombing of the coalition headquarters in Baghdad on January 18, 2004; the car bombing in Najaf on August 29, 2003, that killed 82 people (including the principal target, Ayatollah Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim) and wounded hundreds; the bombing of the International Committee of the Red Cross headquarters in Baghdad on October 9, 2003, and the Italian paramilitary police command and control post in the southern city of 7 Krekar, born Najm al-Din Faraj Ahmad, was initially arrested at Schiphol airport in Amsterdam on September 12, 2002, after being denied entry to Iran. He was subsequently deported to Norway where he has held refugee status for more than a decade. Although the Ansar leader was brieﬂy detained for three months on terrorism-related charges, these were dropped in April following a court decision that there were insuﬃcient grounds to hold him in prison. Since then, Krekar has lived freely in Norway, where he has repeatedly refuted any connection to bin Laden or terrorist attacks in Iraq. For further details see “Ansar al-Islam Leader Arrested in Norway,” Associated Press, January 2, 2004; “Italian Public Prosecutors Interrogate Krekar,” La Repubblica, December 19, 2003, FBIS EUP2003122000181; and “Mullah Krekar Charged with Assisting Suicide Attack,” Verdens Gang, January 2, 2004, FBIS EUP20040102000169. 140 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Nasiriyah on November 12, 2003; and the simultaneous bombings of Shi’ite shrines in Baghdad and Karbala on March 3, 2004, the day of the Shi’ite holy day of Ashura, that killed at least 143 worshippers.8 Arab diplomatic sources claim that al-Qaeda started sending top operatives to Iraq as early as October 2002. Many of these jihadists were immediately put in touch with AaI because of the latter’s stance against Kurdish parties aligned with the United States, its links with echelons of the Baghdad government, and the fact that many Ansar ﬁghters had already trained in Afghan camps under the direct control of al-Qaeda.9 After Saddam fell, Ansar al-Islam began to mutate and fragment into diﬀerent groups whose composition became less Kurdish and more Arab, including Sunni ﬁghters and former regime supporters. A cluster of these Sunni Arab groups, led by al-Zarqawi, has been referred to as al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad (Monotheism and Jihad), the Iraqi version of the regional extremist group of the same name. Al-Tawhid is a Palestinian Sunni movement with its roots in Jordan, where it is waging a campaign against the Jordanian monarchy, which it rejects as “un-Islamic.” The al-Tawhid movement promotes and supports the jihad of all believers worldwide; in particular, the struggle against “Jews and Crusaders” led by al-Qaeda. It is important to point out that in Iraq, al-Tawhid as an organization only appeared after the May 2004 beheading of Nicholas Berg.10 After al-Zarqawi’s group pledged allegiance to bin Laden, al-Zarqawi renamed al-Tawhid as Tanzim Qai’dat al-Jihad ﬁ Bilad al-Raﬁdayn (Al-Qaeda in the Land of the Two Rivers). More 8 See BBC News, “Proﬁle: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi”; “US Defends Security Setup in Iraq,” The Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2004; “Death Toll in Twin Strikes on Iraqi Shiites Rises to 143,” The Los Angeles Times, March 3, 2004. 9 Mullah Krekar has speciﬁcally acknowledged that he met bin Laden in the late 1980s and that many members of his group continue to have close links and sympathies with al-Qaeda. 10 “Jamaat al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad / Unity and Jihad Group,” http://www.globalsecurity.org/ military/world/para/zarqawi.htm (as of February 23, 2006). The al-Zarqawi Network: Jordanian and Iraqi Jihadis 141 recently, in 2006, al-Zarqawi and his organization lowered their public proﬁle in favor of an Iraqi-led umbrella organization of jihadist groups, the Mujahideen Shura Council.11 Despite the absence of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi from a leadership position within the Mujahideen Shura Council, he remained a central ﬁgure in the jihadist enterprise in Iraq. He appeared to function as a coordinator between several Islamist networks and, according to a February 2004 Time report, had been given responsibility for rotating al-Qaeda militants between South and Central Asia and northern Iraq.12 According to U.S. and European intelligence sources, alZarqawi trained members of his group in the use of unconventional weapons, including nine cadres implicated in a ricin terrorist plot in the United Kingdom, France, and Italy in early January 2003.13 Al-Zarqawi’s prominent role in the Islamist terror campaign in Iraq was displayed in a letter he allegedly wrote to the al-Qaeda leadership claiming responsibility for 25 “martyrdom” operations (which would account for almost all such attacks from the fall of Saddam until early 2004) and laying out a blueprint for triggering sectarian conﬂict between Sunnis and Shi’ites. Divided into several sections, the document makes speciﬁc reference to the “two honorable brothers”(believed to be a reference to bin Laden and al-Zawahiri) and describes Operation Iraqi Freedom as a contractual agreement reached between Israel and the United States as part of a wider Zionist ploy to carve out a greater 11 The Mujahideen Shura Council was established in January 2006 to unify the jihadist groups in Iraq and presumably to give the jihadist movement an Iraqi face. It is composed of al-Zarqawi’s group, al-Qaeda in the Land of the Two Rivers; the Victorious Army Group; the Army of al-Sunnah wal-Jama’a; Jama’a al-Murabiteen; Ansar al-Tawhid Brigades; the Strangers Brigade; and the Horrors Brigade. SITE Institute, “Chatter Concerning the Establishment of the Mujahideen Shura Council in Iraq, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, and Uniﬁcation with Other Insurgency Groups,” http://www.siteinstitute.org (as of March 27, 2006). 12 13 Levitt (2004), p. 27. For further details on the alleged plots, see “Bioterror Plot,” ABC Interactive News, January 9, 2003; “French Tip Led Police to Poison Gang,” The Australian, January 10, 2003; “FBI Issues Bulletin About Deadly Ricin Poison,” Reuters, January 10, 2003; and “British Oﬃcer Slain, 4 Hurt as Terror Suspects Are Seized,” The New York Times, January 14, 2003. 142 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Jewish state stretching from the Nile to the Euphrates. Although the letter is unsigned, American, British, and Iraqi oﬃcials say there is no doubt that al-Zarqawi wrote it. Despite al-Zarqawi’s reputed hostility to Shi’ites, U.S. authorities believe he had been coordinating operations in Iraq from unidentiﬁed parts of Iran or Syria. Even before September 11, Iran played an important role in al-Zarqawi’s movements and operations. Under the Taliban, al-Zarqawi established himself in Herat, in western Afghanistan, and ferried operatives between Afghanistan and Europe through the Iranian city of Mashhad. Upon the onset of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, al-Zarqawi moved to Iran, where the deputy leader of his al-Tawhid organization, known as Abu Harun, had already relocated. According to published reports, in March 2002 al-Zarqawi was escorted to the Iraqi border and expelled into the area controlled by Ansar alIslam in Iraqi Kurdistan. When the U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq, al-Zarqawi moved back to Iran. There he met with al-Qaeda’s security chief, Muhammad Ibrahim Makawi, who asked him to coordinate the movement of al-Qaeda militants into Iraq.14 The ability to use Iran, and later Syria, as a strategic launch pad and rest area would add a further layer of complexity to the nature of al-Qaeda links in Iraq, perhaps vindicating the view that Sunni and Shi’ite extremists are capable of bridging the sectarian divide when their geopolitical interests dictate. It also illustrates the historical and perennial nature of transborder linkages, trade among tribes, and smuggling that allows groups like Ansar and al-Zarqawi’s group to move with impunity across international borders. Deﬁnitive evidence of al-Qaeda–Ansar links in Iraq emerged with several arrests of leading militants during 2004. Among those captured were Husam al-Yemeni and Hasan Ghul, both known alQaeda operatives suspected of having worked with Ansar in terrorist recruitment. Western sources regard the capture of these two individu14 Gambill (2004); Mark Hosenball, “Terrorism: Following Zarqawi’s Footsteps in Iran,” Newsweek, October 25, 2004; Barsky (2004). According to another version provided by a U.S. counterterrorism expert, al Qaeda ﬁrst tried to set up its own operation in Iraq but failed. Al-Zarqawi became the banner carrier of the jihadists there. Al-Zarqawi turned to al Qaeda for support much later when he was under severe pressure from the coalition forces. The al-Zarqawi Network: Jordanian and Iraqi Jihadis 143 als as particularly important given their operational role in Iraq: alYemeni was widely believed to be al-Zarqawi’s right-hand man; Ghul (who is known as the “Gatekeeper” in terrorist circles) is thought to be a principal conduit through which al-Qaeda moves money and people around the Middle East, East Africa, and possibly beyond.15 Other prominent al-Qaeda members who are alleged to be working in conjunction with Ansar16 include Othman Suleiman Daoud, an Afghan national believed to be based in the Sunni triangle north of Baghdad—the focus of much of the present insurgency against the U.S. military—and Faraj Shaabi, a Libyan who allegedly spent most of the 1990s in Sudan before he was ordered to Iraq by bin Laden in 2003. Overall estimates of foreign jihadists in Iraq vary, ranging from fewer than 1,00017 to around 3,000, according to informed diplomatic sources. Most are volunteers from Egypt, Algeria, Jordan, Sudan, Yemen, Libya, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia.18 Many of the suicide bombers deployed in Iraq are foreign nationals lured by the cause of jihad against U.S. and pro-U.S. forces and representatives. Jihadist Groups in Iraq: Assessment and Outlook Al-Qaeda’s inﬂuence over Ansar is manifested in the nature of the latter’s operational proﬁle, which has increasingly come to focus on well-timed, planned, and precision attacks designed to kill indiscriminately with maximum exposure. High-proﬁle suicide car and truck 15 Coalition Joint Task Force 7 Brieﬁng, January 29, 2004, http://www.defenselink.mil/ transcripts/2004/tr20040129-0381.html (as of February 27, 2006); “Suspected al-Qaeda Operative Nabbed in Iraq,” Associated Press, January 23, 2004. Ghul is alleged to have played some role in the 1998 bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, although oﬃcials stress that these reputed links are still being probed. 16 Al-Qaeda is also thought to have worked with operatives from other organizations in Iraq, including, notably, its co-opted satellite GSPC. At least two senior commanders from the group are currently believed to be in the country, helping to recruit and train suicide bombers. They are Amin Hadad (also known as Baba Al Nada) and Mohammed Talahi (also known as Zakariya). See “Iraq Has Been Al-Qaida’s Top Priority Since October 2002,” http:// www.geostrategy-direct.com/geostrategy-direct/secure/2004/2_10/1.asp (as of October 2004). 17 See, for instance, the ﬁgures in Hoﬀman (2004), p. 13. 18 “Iraq Has Been Al-Qaeda’s Top Priority Since October 2002.” 144 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement bombings against international and Iraqi targets have become common.19 Variants on the traditional suicide car bombing also seem to be emerging: attacks using disguises similar to those employed by Palestinian terror groups, and the development of sophisticated ambush bombings with improvised explosive devices, which originated among the Kurdish Islamic rebels in Iraq’s north.20 Ansar militants have increasingly resorted to the use of female suicide bombers; in February 2004, the group successfully adopted the tactic for the attack on the Kurdish party headquarters in Irbil. Attacks by al-Zarqawi’s group also focus on Shi’a festivals and ceremonies in the hope of fomenting civil war between Shi’a and Sunni sects. It can be expected that al-Zarqawi’s group, other groups in the Mujahideen Shura Council, and Ansar adherents will continue to work together and provide each other with funds, logistical support, and expertise to wage a consistent, if not concerted, campaign against coalition and Iraqi government forces. The strategic plan by these groups is to isolate U.S. forces in Iraq by targeting Arab translators and policemen, abducting and assassinating Arab and foreign diplomats, and attacking Shi’ite groups.21 At the same time, the lowering of al-Zarqawi’s proﬁle prior to his death reﬂected an awareness that this strategy is not likely to succeed without putting an Iraqi face on their movement. The SITE Institute’s director, Rita Katz, postulates that 19 “US General Says al-Qaeda Iraq Links Growing,” Reuters, January 25, 2004. 20 See, for example, Major Eric O. Estep, “Enemy Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTP) and Recommendations,” Support Operations Plans 3rd COSCOM, LSA Anaconda, Iraq, undated; Karasik interviews of senior analysts, Oﬃce of the Secretary of Defense, February 2005. 21 A series of messages posted to jihadist forums at the beginning of 2006 detail alleged Shi’ite conspiracies against the Sunni. A statement issued by Ansar al-Sunnah on February 28, 2006, concerning the “late happenings” in Iraq over the bombing of the Shi’ite mosque in Samarra and the tide of events that ensued, alleges that the Shi’ite government is responsible so that it may “create a state of chaos” and coerce the Americans into granting it the sole power in the newly formed Iraqi government. SITE Institute, “A Series of Messages on Jihadist Forums Concerning Alleged Shi’ite Conspiracies Against the Sunni Muslims in Iraq,” March 6, 2006; and “A Statement from Ansar al-Sunnah Army Headquarters Concerning the Latest Happenings in Iraq and Alleged Shi’ite Duplicity in the Mosque Bombing,” http://www.siteinstitute.org (as of February 28, 2006). The al-Zarqawi Network: Jordanian and Iraqi Jihadis 145 al-Zarqawi’s withdrawal from a leadership position in the jihadist component of the Iraqi insurgency was spurred by al-Zawahiri’s letter to al-Zarqawi of July 2005, which advises that “it does not appear that the mujahideen, much less Al Qaeda in the Land of the Two Rivers, will lay claim to governance without the Iraqi people. Not to mention that that would be in contravention of the Shura methodology. . . .”22 The immediate goal, as the al-Zawahiri letter suggests, continues to be the establishment of an Islamic emirate in Iraq as a stepping stone toward the establishment of the global caliphate. In addition, Ansar’s international network may well be used as an additional “medium” through which to conduct al-Qaeda attacks wider aﬁeld—a threat that remains particularly pertinent in Europe, the Middle East (the failed “chemical” attack in Amman, Jordan, in April 2004), as well as in East Africa. The August 2005 attacks in Aqaba and Eilat demonstrated that al-Zarqawi’s group can reach outside of Iraq to attack both American and Israeli targets. Beyond Iraq, the militants may head for other vast ungoverned areas of East Africa to plot further attacks as well as open or reinforce fronts across the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa.23 22 23 Rita Katz, “The Coming Wave of Jihad,” The Boston Globe, March 13, 2006. Richard Norton-Taylor, “Al-Qaeda Will Retreat to Africa,” The Guardian, August 25, 2005. The author was quoting CENTCOM’s J5 chief, Major General Douglas Lute. See also Paz (2005b). CHAPTER ELEVEN The Southeast Asian Cluster Jemaah Islamiyah and Its Offshoots Long before the appearance of the global jihadist movement, the activities of a variety of internal ethno-nationalist and religious militant groups posed one of the most signiﬁcant threats to the polities of the Southeast Asia region. During the 1990s, the residual threat posed by substate extremism had risen—both in reaction to the modernization pursued vigorously by many Southeast Asian states and as a result of radical inﬂuences from the Middle East and South Asia. Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), a network that connects militants in Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand, today poses the main regional terrorist threat in Southeast Asia. JI is considered part of al-Qaeda’s international terrorist network, but it is in fact a distinct organization with its own objectives and localized goals. The group, which operates solely within Southeast Asia, seeks to establish a pan-Islamic state in that region comprising Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Muslim areas of the Philippines and Southern Thailand.1 After the arrest of militants following the Bali I, Jakarta Marriott Hotel, Australian Embassy, and Bali II bombings in Indonesia, there appears to be increased dissension within JI, and related terrorist oﬀshoots have newly surfaced. According to documents seized by the Indonesian authorities, one of the key JI operatives still at large, the Malaysian Noordin M. Top, is named as the leader of a group named 1 “Asia’s Own Osama,” Time, April 1, 2002; and Wain (2001). 147 148 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Tanzim Qai’dat al-Jihad, or Organization on the Base of Jihad.2 These oﬀshoots are probably not new organizations but merely regroupings of militants around diﬀerent nuclei within JI. JI’s ideological roots date back to the Darul Islam rebellion in Indonesia. Lasting from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, the rebellion informed the thinking of radical Indonesian Muslims. The cofounders of the organization were two Indonesian clerics, Abdullah Sungkar and Abu Bakar Ba’asyir. In the early 1970s, the two established an Islamic boarding school (pesantren) in Ngruki, Central Java, that became one of the fountainheads of Islamic radicalism in Indonesia—the so-called Ngruki network. From 1978 to 1982 the two were imprisoned by the Suharto government. After their release, they moved to Malaysia, where they came in contact with an Indonesian al-Qaeda operative and veteran of the Afghan war, Riduan Isamuddin, alias Hambali. Hambali (captured in Thailand in August 2003), the only Southeast Asian member of the shura or central council of al-Qaeda, provided the link between the indigenous Indonesian radicals and al-Qaeda. He was also the chief conduit for funds from al-Qaeda to JI.3 Another key ﬁgure was Mohammed Iqbal Abdur Rahman (alias Abu Jibril), an Indonesian national who, before his arrest in Malaysia in 2002, is alleged to have been head of training for al-Qaeda in Southeast Asia.4 A map of the region is shown in Figure 11.1. 2 “Update 1—Indonesia Looks for New Group’s Links to al Qaeda,” Reuters News, January 31, 2006; “Oﬀshoot of JI Terror Group Emerges,” AAP Bulletins, February 1, 2006. According to former JI leaders, there is widespread unhappiness within the group over the bombing campaign by the terrorist faction led by Noordin M. Top. “Jakarta to Recruit Disgruntled JI Leaders,” The Straits Times (Singapore), December 9, 2005. 3 See, generally, ICG (2002). This analysis is one of the more detailed and in-depth pieces of research that has been done on the historical evolution of JI. 4 ICG (2002), pp. 1–2; Zachary Abuza, “Tentacles of Terror: Al Qaeda’s Southeast Asian Network,” paper presented before the “Transnational Violence and Seams of Lawlessness in the Asia-Paciﬁc: Linkages to Global Terrorism” conference, Hawaii, February 19–21, 2002, pp. 23–24. The Southeast Asian Cluster Figure 11.1 Southeast Asian Cluster India JI NOTE: See the Abbreviations for full names of groups. RAND MG429-11.1 Following the collapse of Suharto’s government in 1998, Sungkar and Ba’asyir returned to Indonesia. In 1999, Sungkar died and Ba’asyir became the emir or spiritual leader of the organization. Ba’asyir established the Majlis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI) in Yogyakarta, a religious organization that analysts within and outside Indonesia believe serves as a political cover for JI’s political activities.5 After the Bali bombing of October 12, 2002 (see below), Ba’asyir was charged and convicted of immigration law violations. He was subsequently released 5 Abuza, “Tentacles of Terror,” p. 20. Indonesian intelligence claims there is no deﬁnitive evidence to link the MMI either to JI or to acts of terrorism. The group, itself, continues to insist that it acts as part of “legitimate” civil society, ostensibly committed to the peaceful implementation of shari’a law across the archipelago. 150 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement by a judge, but was immediately rearrested on terrorism charges and, at the time of writing, remains in police custody. Ba’asyir denies any association with JI or its terrorist agenda.6 It is believed that JI began establishing cells across Southeast Asia in collaboration with al-Qaeda as early as 1993. Regional intelligence sources have identiﬁed two ﬁgures as central to the group’s early recruitment and placement eﬀorts: Hambali, a veteran of the anti-Soviet campaign in Afghanistan who before his capture was thought to have acted as bin Laden’s main point of contact in the region; and Abu Jibril who, as noted above, is alleged to have been “head of training” for al-Qaeda in Southeast Asia.7 Hambali was captured in August 2003 in Ayutthaya, Thailand, and is believed to be in U.S. custody. Abu Jibril was arrested in Malaysia in June 2001, where he remained in prison until he was deported to Indonesia in May 2004. Indonesian prosecutors initially accused him of involvement in several bombings in Indonesia but later dropped the charges because of lack of evidence. He is currently active in the MMI.8 Two key JI operatives responsible for the Bali I bombing, Imam Samudra and Mukhlas (alias Ali Gufron), Hambali’s replacement as operational chief, were captured, tried, and sentenced to death. Another high-proﬁle terrorist, JI’s top bomb-maker, the Malaysian Dr. Azahari Husin, and two subordinates were killed in a police raid on their hideout near the East Javan town of Malang in November 2005. Still at large are Noordin M. Top; Zulkarnaean, reported to be the current JI operational chief; Dulmatin, an electronics specialist known for his bomb-making expertise; and Umar Patek, a recruitment and training expert. (The last two are believed to be hiding out in Mindanao.)9 6 See ICG (2003), p. 37; “Indonesian Cleric Convicted,” The Los Angeles Times, September 3, 2003; and Devi Asmarani, “Bashir Fails in Lawsuit for Prison Release,” The Straits Times, September 7, 2004. 7 ICG (2002), pp. 1–2; Abuza, “Tentacles of Terror,” p. 20. 8 In January 2003, the U.S. Treasury Department blocked Jibril’s assets and accused him of being the “primary recruiter and second in command” of Jemaah Islamiyah. 9 According to a December 2005 report in the Philippine press, Dulmatin and Umar Patek were on the run with members of the Abu Sayyaf Group. They ﬂed separately from Indonesia to the southern Philippines with the goal of establishing a base of operations there. Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 2, 2005. The Southeast Asian Cluster 151 JI is believed to operate in much the same networked manner as al-Qaeda. The organization’s structure comprises the following: (1) a central command (qiyadah maraziyah), which is part of a wider governing council (majlis qiyadah); (2) a hard core of dedicated jihadists (numbers vary greatly by source); and (3) a wider associate base that is drawn from both established insurgent militant organizations and loosely connected radicals scattered across the region.10 According to a 2003 Singapore Government White Paper, these cadres are organized into speciﬁc territorial cells, known as mantiqis,11 that cover the following areas: • • • • M1: Singapore, Malaysia (except Sabah) and southern Thailand M2: Indonesia (except Sulawesi and Kalimantan) M3: Sabah, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and the southern Philippines M4: Australia and the Indonesian province of Papua (Irian Jaya).12 JI came to the world’s attention in December 2001, when a major international terrorist plot was uncovered in Singapore that was to have involved the bombings of U.S. Navy vessels docked at the Changi Naval Base, the Ministry of Defense, a shuttle bus serving the Sembawang Wharves and Yishun subway, the British and Australian High Commissions, the U.S. and Israeli embassies, and commercial complexes housing American ﬁrms. The plan came to light when the Singaporean intelligence service, which had been monitoring the JI cell, arrested the members to disrupt the attacks. Subsequently, a videotape 10 ICG (2003), p. 11. 11 Each mantiqi, in turn, is thought to be made up of sub-branches, or wakalah, which are organized into functional groups that cover responsibilities for fundraising, religious work, security, and operations. See Singapore Ministry of Home Aﬀairs (2003), p. 10; and Lesley Lopez, “Portrait of a Radical Network in Asia,” The Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2002. 12 Singapore Ministry of Home Aﬀairs (2003), p. 10. See also Evans (2003) and “Singapore Oﬀers Grim View of Future Terror,” Sydney Morning Herald, January 11–12, 2003. 152 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement and notes detailing reconnaissance of potential targets in Singapore were found in the house of al-Qaeda military leader Mohammed Atef in Kabul (Atef was killed in a U.S. air strike).13 The actual mechanics of the Singapore operation, which intelligence authorities estimate took two years of planning, fell to the late Fathur Rohman al-Ghozi (a senior JI bomb maker closely tied to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) who was killed by Filipino forces in 2003 after his escape from a Manila prison) and Mohammed Jabara. Working under the respective aliases of “Mike” and “Sammy,” the two JI members coordinated a local preestablished cell of militants, helping to select appropriate targets and ﬁne-tune the logistics for the planned bombings.14 Although the Singapore plot was thwarted, several other terrorist attacks have been directly linked to JI since 2000. These include a series of near-simultaneous bombings that killed 22 people in the Philippine capital in December 2000; 38 church explosions in Indonesia the same month; a further string of attacks in Manila in 2002; the October 12, 2002, Bali bombing—rivaled only by the Madrid train bombing of March 11, 2004, as the worst act of international terrorism since the September 11 attacks; a suicide attack on the U.S.-owned Marriott Hotel in Jakarta on August 5, 2003, that killed 13 people and left dozens injured; a car bombing outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta on September 9, 2004, that killed 9 people; and the bombings of three establishments in Bali on October 1, 2005, that killed 23 people, including the three perpetrators. JI terrorist attacks in Indonesia since the ﬁrst Bali bombings are shown in Table 11.1. 13 Gunaratna (2002a), p. 188; “Singapore Announces Arrest of 21 Militants,” The Washington Post, September 17, 2002; “Singapore Terror Group Had Plan to Bomb US Warships,” The South China Morning Post, January 12, 2002; “A Tale with Many Beginnings,” The Straits Times (Singapore), January 11, 2002. 14 Chalk interview, Singapore intelligence, Singapore, March 2004. See also Gunaratna (2002b), p. 11; and “US Holding Canadian in Embassy Bomb Plot,” The Washington Post, August 2, 2002. The Southeast Asian Cluster Table 11.1 Terrorist Events in Indonesia Since Bali I Number of Deaths Type of Explosives Three bombings (Paddy’s Café, Sari Club, U.S. honorary consul’s ofﬁce), Bali, October 12, 2002 202 Highpowered explosives, with TNT as explosive or booster Car bomb (Sari Club); in vest by suicide bomber (Paddy’s Café); bomb in plastic food container (U.S. honorary consulate) Azahari and Dulmatin J.W. Marriott Hotel, Jakarta, August 5, 2003 13 TNT, sulfur, aluminum powder, and gasoline Car bomb Australian Embassy, Jakarta, September 9, 2004 9 TNT, potassium chlorate, sulfur, and aluminum powder Car bomb Three bombings (Raja’s Café, Menega’s Café, Nyoman’s Café), Bali, October 1, 2005 23 Suspected to be triacetone triperoxide (TATP) Plastic food containers carried in backpacks by suicide bombers Azahari Bomb Maker SOURCE: Tempo (Indonesia), October 11–17, 2005. The sequence of the attacks suggests a one-year cycle for execution, although the planning might have gone on for a longer period. The methods of the ﬁrst three attacks involved car bombs. However, the lack of success of the J.W. Marriott and Australian embassy attacks, where all the casualties except for one were Indonesians, might explain the abandonment of cars as the method of delivery for the explosives in favor of bombs carried in backpacks by suicide bombers. This method allows the terrorists to target their attacks more precisely on establishments frequented by foreigners and those catering to them. 154 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement JI and Local Islamist Groups in Southeast Asia An intricate pattern of personal ties has developed among Islamic extremists in Southeast Asia. Many of these relationships were ﬁrst forged in the crucible of the anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan and have since been bolstered by marriages and social networks that frequently cut across speciﬁc group aﬃliations.15 On an ideological level, common interpretations of jihad and a common international outlook have also been manifest, most of which appear to have been fostered by a small circle of pondoks or pesantren—Muslim boarding schools in Indonesia and Malaysia. According to Southeast Asia terrorism expert Zachary Abuza, the Indonesian security services believe that there are 60–100 pesantren that are centers of JI recruitment. In this category of terrorist incubators are Pondok al-Mukmin in Ngruki, Sukohardjo in Solo (Surakarta), Mutaqin in Jabarah, Dar us-Syahadah in Boyolali, all in Central Java; al-Islam in Lamongan, East Java; and the Hidayatullah network in East Kalimantan and Sulawesi. Jaafar Umar Thalib, the leader of the now disbanded Laskar Jihad, administers another pesantren, Ihya asSunnah in Yogyakarta.16 The most notorious of these institutions are Pondok Ngruki, founded by Ba’asyir and the late Abdullah Sungkar, the emirs or spiritual leaders of JI, and Pesantren al-Islam, the institution associated with the family of Amrozi, one of the plotters of the 2002 Bali bombings.17 Although these radical pesantren are relatively small in number (there are thousands of schools overall), they have had a disproportionate inﬂuence in shaping and propagating radical Islam in Southeast Asia. There is evidence that training facilities in Mindanao have been used for instructing Indonesian militants, several of whom have been 15 See, for instance, ICG (2003), pp. 2–7, 26–29; and Abuza (2003a), pp. 136–137. 16 Abuza (2004), p. 31; Shuha (2005). 17 See ICG (2003), pp. 26–27; and generally ICG (2002). The Southeast Asian Cluster 155 identiﬁed as prominent JI commanders.18 According to the International Crisis Group, several hundred Indonesians passed through Hudaibiyah, a small base situated in a remote corner of the sprawling Abu Bakar complex that, prior to being overrun by the Philippine military in 2000, served as the headquarters of the MILF. The camp provided an intensive six-month course that included instruction in weapons handling, demolition and bomb making, map reading, guerilla tactics, ﬁeld engineering, leadership, and self-defense.19 It also appears that at least some organizational coordination has taken place for JI operations in Southeast Asia. A key ﬁgure in helping to ﬁne-tune the mechanics for the planned 2001 attacks in Singapore, for instance, was the late Fathur Rohman al-Ghozi,20 a close associate of Hambali and former senior explosives expert in the MILF.21 Laskar Jundullah, a violent Islamist militia active in Sulawesi, has been linked to JI through its leader Agus Dwikarna, who was also an oﬃcial in Ba’asyir’s MMI. Dwikarna was arrested in the Philippines in 2002 for illegally possessing explosives and remains a chief suspect in the series of bomb attacks that rocked Manila and Jakarta during December 2000.22 The above links notwithstanding, the extent of JI’s ties with local Southeast Asian groups remains diﬃcult to ascertain. The broad nature of Islamic radicalism in Southeast Asia is diﬀerent from the extremist Wahhabist inﬂuences found in the Middle East, tending in most cases to be driven by uniquely deﬁned historical ethno-national grievances.23 Moreover, the dispersed nature of groups such as the MILF and ASG 18 Zachary Abuza, “The Moro Islamic Liberation Front at 20: State of the Revolution,” paper given before the Workshop on Muslim Issues, George Washington Club, Washington, D.C., July 9, 2004, p. 14. 19 ICG (2003), p. 17. 20 Philippine security forces shot al-Ghozi in October 2003 after he apparently walked out of a maximum-security prison in Manila. 21 Gunaratna, “The Singapore Connection,” p. 11. 22 ICG (2002), p. 3. 23 Comments made during the Workshop on the New Dimensions of Terrorism, Singapore, May 2002. See also Tan (2003b) and Wain (2001). 156 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement makes it diﬃcult to gauge whether relationships are the product of ad hoc initiatives stemming from local commanders or whether they reﬂect directives emanating from central group leaderships. Equally problematic is the question of the permanence of any links that have been established and the extent to which these continue to factor into overall ideological and operational agendas. Indeed, the MILF leadership, which is currently engaged in peace talks with the Philippine government, is sensitive to the issue of linkages with outside extremists. In 2003, the MILF’s long-time leader Salamat Hashim renounced terrorism as part of the resumption of a peace process. This policy was reafﬁrmed by Salamat’s successor, Murad Ebrahim. Since then, according to Philippine military sources, the MILF has refrained from the use of terror tactics and has cooperated with the Philippine armed forces against Abu Sayyaf elements operating in Mindanao.24 JI: Assessment and Future Outlook From its inception, Jemaah Islamiyah developed intimate ties with al-Qaeda. Their cadres trained together in Afghanistan. They share a common worldview, a preference for mass-casualty attacks on Western targets, and—in the person of Hambali—a leadership link. Nevertheless, as noted earlier, JI has its own agenda, distinct from that of al-Qaeda. The nature of the current ties, in light of the evolution of both organizations since September 11 and the onset of the war on terror, is an open question. Whether JI acts in full solidarity with alQaeda or continues to operate according to its own agenda is unclear. Just as problematic is the nature of JI’s relationship with local violent Islamist groups, such as the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), Muslim Thai separatists, and Indonesian extremists. 24 Rabasa discussions with Armed Forces of the Philippines oﬃcials, Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City, August 2005. Zachary Abuza believes that there is evidence of continued cooperation between the MILF and the Abu Sayyaf Group, for pragmatic and ideological reasons. See Abuza (2005b). The Southeast Asian Cluster 157 The ASG was the earliest Southeast Asian jihadist organization established with bin Laden’s support.25 However, after the death of the group’s founder and leader, Abdurajak Janjalani, in a clash with police in December 1998, the group lost much of its ideological impetus and degenerated into a criminal enterprise disguised in Islamist ideology. The ASG’s links to al-Qaeda were attenuated when bin Laden’s brotherin-law and agent in Southeast Asia, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, left the Philippines in 1994. Nevertheless, the ASG’s kidnapping and beheading of American citizens and its earlier association with al-Qaeda made it the principal target of the U.S.-led war on terrorism in Southeast Asia after September 11. The campaign against the ASG seriously degraded the group’s capabilities. There are indications, however, that the Abu Sayyaf leader, Abdurajak’s brother Khaddafy Janjalani, has been seeking to reconstitute the group and return it to its original Islamist agenda. Several aspects of the security environment in Southeast Asia make the region inherently vulnerable to the type of extremist network embodied in JI and to attempts to use it as a springboard for local and wider international terrorist attacks. Not only is the region characterized by highly porous land and sea borders well suited to the smuggling of arms and personnel, but political and socioeconomic factors—the Asian economic crisis of 1997–1998; the fall of the Suharto regime in Indonesia; the subsequent breakdown of order in large parts of Indonesia; and persistent armed separatist movements in the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia—produced the conditions that facilitated the growth of extremist organizations. Finally, Southeast Asia’s status as a global commercial and tourist hub has provided a highly developed transport and ﬁnance infrastructure that can be used as eﬀectively for illicit as for licit purposes, as years of drug smuggling and money laundering have amply shown.26 25 The ASG was founded by a Moro veteran of the war in Afghanistan, Abdurajak Janjalani. Abdurajak had developed strong links to radical groups in Afghanistan, including Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden’s brother-in-law and his representative in the Philippines, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, helped to fund it in its early years (Abuza, 2005b, pp. 1–7). 26 See, for instance, “Thai Expert Warns of Terrorists Spreading in Southeast Asia,” Xinhua General News Service, December 26, 2001. CHAPTER TWELVE Conclusions and Recommendations New Approaches to Combating the Global Jihadist Movement Countering al-Qaeda Through Political Warfare The preceding discussion has obvious implications for devising an eﬀective strategy to counter al-Qaeda. Such a strategy will necessarily employ a complex mixture of military, intelligence, ﬁnancial, and political instruments. This strategy should also include the use of techniques described variously as “public diplomacy,” “information operations,” and “psychological operations.” No one term is completely satisfactory. However, George Kennan arrived at a useful blanket concept in 1947, when he called on U.S. oﬃcials to develop a robust “political warfare” capability against the Soviet Union.1 The United States and its allies waged a largely successful campaign against MarxismLeninism—like al-Qaeda, a global revolutionary creed that served as an intellectual, political, and emotional foundation of a worldwide revolutionary movement.2 Western policymakers might usefully draw on this nowforgotten corpus of Cold War knowledge and experience to develop a strategic political warfare campaign against al-Qaeda. As a ﬁrst step, policymakers should consider ways of attacking al-Qaeda’s ideology. From the analysis in this report, it is clear that ideology is the center of gravity of the global jihadist phenomenon. Therefore, it is important to 1 Kennan and Harlow (1991), pp. 302–309. 2 For more on this point, see Lord (2004), pp. 220–221. 159 160 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement watch the rate of dissemination or retreat of the global jihadist ideology.3 If the ideology continues to spread and gain greater acceptance in the Muslim world, it will produce more terrorists to replenish the ranks of al-Qaeda and related groups. If the ideology is countered and discredited, al-Qaeda and its universe will wither and die. A related factor is the extent and strength of the links between the global and local jihads. The clusters within the “al-Qaeda nebula” show the spread of the jihadist mindset throughout the Muslim world. The global jihadist movement gains strength to the extent that it can co-opt local struggles. If it cannot, the global movement loses coherence and focus. It follows that a comprehensive U.S. strategy needs to move beyond the boundaries of conventional counterterrorism theory and practice and address these ideological and political factors. The strategy, in broad brush, has four prongs: First, attack the ideological underpinnings of global jihadism. Second, seek to sever the links— ideological and otherwise—between the groups in the clusters of the terrorist nebula and the global jihad. Third, deny sanctuaries to terrorists. Fourth, strengthen the capabilities of frontline states to counter local jihadist threats. Attack the Ideology The war on terror at its most fundamental level goes to the war of ideas. The goal is to deny extremists the high ground of Islamic politicoreligious discourse, which has been adroitly exploited by al-Qaeda to further the appeal of its own radical and absolutist rhetoric. As we have discussed in another RAND study,4 prevailing in the war of ideas requires empowering moderate Muslims to counter the inﬂuence of the radicals. The question has been raised whether al-Qaeda and its associates have lost critical ground with Muslim public opinion by their attacks 3 This is diﬃcult, but not impossible to measure. For instance, measures could include changes in the number and propinquity of jihadist Web sites, and the frequency of extremist propaganda found in mosques. See, for example, Freedom House (2005). 4 Conclusions and Recommendations 161 on Muslims and decapitations—a major determinant on the part of moderate Muslims in passing critical and negative judgment on jihadist actions and goals. After the bombing of the Grand Hyatt, Radisson SAS, and Days Inn hotels in Amman, Jordan, in November 2005, a poll in the Jordanian newspaper al-Ghad reported that 86 percent of the respondents condemned al-Qaeda.5 Although it is inherently diﬃcult for outsiders to attack an ideology, the ideological approach has weaknesses that are susceptible to exploitation. A jihadist mindset places the onus of success on the individual; to maintain the motivation of its members, a group needs to maintain its tempo of operations, so any interruption to the planning cycle weakens the group. Some analysts also note that the jihadist movement is sensitive to religious ideology to the point of vulnerability. Combatants are replaceable, but theologically trained sheikhs are not. Decapitation strategies should be expanded from operational leaders to ideologues. These ideologues are often asked to provide sanction for terrorist operations and are therefore a key part of terrorists’ decisionmaking process. Preventing al-Qaeda’s ideological mentors from continuing to provide theological justiﬁcation for terrorism could expedite the movement’s ideological deterioration. Prosecution of “spiritual leaders” such as Abu Hamza al-Masri in the United Kingdom and Abu Bakar Ba’asyir in Indonesia and the deportation proceedings in the United Kingdom against the Jordanian-Palestinian cleric Abu Qatada, regarded as alQaeda’s spiritual leader in Europe, are cases in point.6 Break the Links Between the Global and Local Jihads The second prong of the strategy is to break the links between the global and local jihadist groups. The international nature of al-Qaeda 5 “Amman Bomb Churned Local Emotions,” The New York Times, November 17, 2005. The negative reaction to the bombing may have been a factor behind al-Zarqawi’s lowered proﬁle in recent months (see Chapter Ten, “The al-Zarqawi Network”). 6 According to the 2001 Spanish indictment of the Madrid al-Qaeda cell, Abu Qatada was appointed as the spiritual leader of al-Qaeda, GIA, GSPC, and the Tunisian Combatant Group. Juzgado Central de Instruccion No. 005, Madrid, Sumario (Proc. Ordinario) 0000035/2001E. 162 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement is both a source of strength and a potential weakness. Al-Qaeda’s ability to link local groups with a broader, pan-Islamist campaign is arguably the organization’s signal achievement. Unlike terrorist groups of the 1970s, al-Qaeda is not hindered by the geographical constraints that limited the scope of terrorist operations. Al-Qaeda, which employs a “toolkit” composed of the violent tactics and techniques of traditional terrorism, mass-casualty attacks, and propaganda and is able to operate on multiple fronts in several regions of the world, is the world’s ﬁrst truly global terrorist enterprise.7 Indeed, the term “terrorist” is inadequate to describe al-Qaeda, which some analysts have more correctly characterized as a “global insurgency” that has successfully challenged the world’s most powerful nations.8 But internationalization brings costs as well as beneﬁts. As demonstrated by the evolution of the international communist movement during the previous century, contradictions inevitably arise between the global vision promulgated by a movement’s theoreticians and the national agendas that many local cadres naturally pursue.9 Exploiting this friction could be part of an eﬀective Western counterstrategy. For example, overt and covert information operations in Southeast Asia, South Asia, North Africa, and other areas of major terrorist activity might highlight the inapplicability of al-Qaeda’s vision to regional and local conditions. In non-Arab Muslim countries such as Pakistan, the Arab nature of al-Qaeda’s hard core could be stressed, as could alQaeda’s preoccupation with “apostate” regimes in the Middle East. Such an approach could complement parallel political warfare themes that highlight the materialist, neo-fascist, and upper- and middle-class character of al-Qaeda’s hard core—in other words, the fundamentally “alien” nature of men like bin Laden and al-Zawahiri. Achieving this goal hinges on decreasing the utility of local groups’ relationship with al-Qaeda. A number of local Muslim rebel movements that had maintained some relationship with al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates before September 11—for instance, the Philippines’ Moro 7 Gunaratna (2002a), p. 11. See, for example, Mackinlay (2002), p. 79. 9 Conclusions and Recommendations 163 Islamic Liberation Front—have distanced themselves from bin Laden to avoid being drawn into the wrong side of the war on terrorism. To accelerate this trend, the United States will need to tailor the speciﬁc components of its counterterrorism policy to ensure that they are relevant to extant and emerging patterns of local and regional terrorism. Addressing group ties that are predicated on logistical support will require a policy mix that is somewhat diﬀerent from those involving joint planning sessions and coordinated attacks. Mapping and gauging the organizational parameters of terrorist connections will be equally important in prioritizing threats to U.S. interests. Finally, the United States must be more proactive in its thinking and must accept that the problem of countering terrorism is akin to what Bruce Hoﬀman has referred to as a time series of photographs: “. . . the image captured on ﬁlm today is not the same as yesterday nor will it be the same tomorrow.”10 Neither al-Qaeda nor its aﬃliates are likely to be consigned to the annals of history anytime soon. But a myriad of factors brought on by future world events could conceivably have a direct, or indirect yet signiﬁcant, impact on both of them. Accordingly, policies will need to be constantly assessed, reassessed, and modiﬁed to take account of potential surprises that could emerge over the near to medium term. Deny Sanctuaries As discussed in greater detail elsewhere in this volume, al-Qaeda’s sanctuary in Afghanistan allowed the group’s leaders to concentrate all their eﬀorts at growing their organization and planning operations. Securing that safe haven substantially increased al-Qaeda’s ﬁnancial requirements but lowered overall needs of covertness, eased command and control, enabled extensive training and planning, and generally allowed it to operate at a far lower marginal cost per attack. The loss of its sanctuary has reduced the eﬃciency of the organization, made training of cadres more diﬃcult and laborious, and raised the marginal costs of operations. 10 164 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Sanctuaries are areas and physical facilities where terrorists can conduct training, network, and plan operations, but they can also be deﬁned in other ways—for example, as ﬁnancial, cyber, and propaganda nodes. Al-Qaeda has perfected the use of information technologies, particularly the Internet, as a terrorist tool, and has made use of the mass media to spread its propaganda. Part of what makes alQaeda and its aﬃliates such a diﬃcult challenge is that they are able to “hide in plain view.” Jihadist groups in Western Europe are embedded in the broader Muslim communities and have used the services and infrastructure available on the continent for propaganda, indoctrination, recruitment, and operations on the scale of the March 2004 Madrid terrorist attack.11 Preventing the reconstitution of a sanctuary anywhere in the Muslim world and dismantling those that exist are therefore critical requirements of U.S. counterterrorist strategy. This requires proactive security cooperation with and support of countries under assault by al-Qaeda and its aﬃliates. Strengthen the Capabilities of Frontline States to Confront Local Jihadist Threats Aside from the campaign against al-Qaeda, the global war on terror can be viewed as the sum of many wars on terror fought in local and regional theaters across the world. “Homegrown” groups are providing a progressively greater amount of terrorist manpower and other resources. The resources for such operations are typically derived locally (and increasingly from criminal activity) rather than being funded by al-Qaeda itself. Further, the weapons are cruder, although still eﬀective. The operation plans are not as elegant or reﬂect tradecraft as well as fully trained al-Qaeda attacks. In other words, al-Qaeda has sub- 11 A case in point is Redouan al-Issar, a Syrian who is inﬂuential in The Hague group, a jihadist group that was believed to be planning bombing attacks in the Netherlands and that had made contact with like-minded groups in Spain, Morocco, Italy, and Belgium. According to published reports, al-Issar arrived in Germany in 1995 seeking political asylum. His request was denied, but he spent several years appealing the decision, collecting welfare in Germany, and traveling to the Netherlands, where he introduced members of The Hague group to extremist teachings. See David Crawford and Keith Johnson, “New Terror Threat in EU: Extremists with Passports,” The Wall Street Journal, December 27, 2004. Conclusions and Recommendations 165 stituted operatives who are less than fully trained, use less-eﬀective weapons, attack in less-spectacular (and arguably less-strategic) ways, and pay higher costs in terms of the number of arrests in the postattack sweeps by the relevant governments. These local wars have to be fought and won by the local governments and security forces with the United States in a supporting role. Those governments have the most at stake—as well as the local knowledge, access to the population, and, hopefully, the political legitimacy to carry these conﬂicts to a successful conclusion. The United States could help friendly countries achieve their counterterrorism objectives by providing assistance to improve the technical capabilities of counterterrorism police and military units and intelligence services. Although the types of assistance provided would depend on the speciﬁc circumstances of individual countries, as a general principle this assistance should focus on data collection and analytical capabilities. Since the terrorists justify their operations by branding the governments under attack as “apostate” governments aligned with the United States, the United States has a political need to reduce its footprint in counterterrorism as much as possible. This can be done by encouraging cooperative regional arrangements. For instance, in the context of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), regional countries have agreed to establish a regionwide intelligence network, have taken steps to block terrorist funds and tighten border controls, and have established a regional counterterrorism center in Kuala Lumpur. Similar cooperative arrangements should be encouraged in other parts of the world. Because many terrorist groups operate in ungoverned areas, the capabilities of governments with imperfect control over their territories should be strengthened to enable them to assert authority over those areas. Terrorists also take advantage of porous and poorly monitored borders to move personnel, equipment, and funds, so governments’ ability to monitor and control their borders should be strengthened. Therefore, U.S. military forces will increasingly have to interact with the police, intelligence, and security services of other governments, 166 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement as well as with their military forces, creating potentially a new set of requirements in political-military relationship and interoperability issues. Implications for the U.S. Air Force Air and space power have important roles to play in countering alQaeda and the jihadist groups that form its nebula. Most of these missions are familiar, but the relative mix required for eﬀective prosecution of a campaign against terrorists is quite diﬀerent from what the Air Force is used to providing in more conventional military operations. In Afghanistan, air and space power, combined with Special Operations Forces (SOF), was the key to joint and coalition military operations. In Afghanistan, the Air Force took the lead in further advancing an American way of air warfare through eﬀects-based operations (EBO).12 The hallmark of EBO is combining modern Air Force capabilities—information superiority, mobility, and precision strike— with complementary capabilities from the other military services and government agencies. Future battleﬁelds most likely will be discontinuous, with shadowy hostile forces organized in small, unlinked groups. Eliminating these forces will require integration of air and ground forces on a scale even greater than today’s.13 SOF, especially Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC), once considered peripheral to the Air Force’s main mission, are now central to antiterrorism missions, which often require “quiet operations” with a relatively low proﬁle. These are particularly important in countries where overt U.S. military operations against terrorist groups might be politically diﬃcult for cooperating governments.14 On the operational side, Air Force SOF have the capability to pinpoint and track small groups and individuals, capture them, and search for 12 See Davis (2001). 13 “Air and Space Power and the Nation at War,” Air Force Magazine, November 2004, p. 95. 14 Tirpak and Grier (2004), pp. 70, 75. Conclusions and Recommendations 167 critical intelligence. These capabilities are of paramount importance in a murky war against small, elusive groups of enemies who move back and forth over borders.15 But training functions are just as important. Air Force SOF teach critical skills in night ﬂying, air evacuation, and air assault to air forces of cooperating countries. However, there is only a single squadron, 6 Special Operations Squadron (SOS) at Hurlburt Field, Florida, to carry out this crucial training function. Not only is this squadron too small to meet the requirements of the global war on terrorism, but throughout its existence it has had diﬃculties obtaining even the airframes necessary to perform its mission.16 Air-delivered ﬁrepower has been used successfully in counterterrorist operations in a variety of contexts. The continued evolution of precision munitions has enabled air power to be used to target speciﬁc individuals and small groups—by Israel in the West Bank and Gaza (see Part 2, The Outer Rings of the Terrorist Universe) and by the United States against targets associated with the al-Zarqawi network in Fallujah, Yemen, and elsewhere. Air Force and Navy jets provided the bulk of U.S. combat power in the war in Afghanistan and proved instrumental in bringing down the Taliban regime and eliminating alQaeda’s largest and most important sanctuary. It is likely that air power will continue to be called upon to provide lethal punch to U.S. and allied eﬀorts to root out and destroy terrorists and their supporting infrastructure. Modern air forces have the advantage of being able to reach terrorist and insurgent targets in inhospitable or inaccessible terrain while simultaneously being relatively invulnerable to the kinds of defenses that are likely to be found in jihadist arsenals.17 An important combat role for U.S. air forces is to work closely with non-U.S. ground forces in locating and striking terrorist targets. As was the case in Afghanistan, this could mean developing an “on the ﬂy” partnership with troops of a very diﬀerent level of sophistica15 Hebert (2005), p. 32. This point was made by one of the reviewers of this report, Dr. Thomas Marks. 17 This applies mainly to ﬁxed-wing aircraft; man-portable air defense missiles and light anti-aircraft artillery have proven to be dangerous to helicopters. 168 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement tion from those of the United States or its traditional allies. In some cases, these ground units may be leavened with U.S. Special Forces or advisors, but it should be anticipated that, from time to time, U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots would ﬁnd themselves supporting soldiers with no or little U.S. training and scant knowledge of how to eﬀectively employ air power. In such cases, the USAF will need to have available air-ground control elements that can be rapidly incorporated into friendly ground force formations. In addition to their training in managing air support, these airmen will also beneﬁt from having appropriate language skills and some cultural knowledge. Although it is obviously impractical to teach the hundreds of languages found around the world, the importance of the struggle against jihadist terrorism does suggest that the USAF should consider developing cadres of air-ground liaisons competent in a handful of key languages, such as Arabic. Airlift can be the key to counterterrorist or counterinsurgency operations in countries with widely dispersed populations and poor land transportation infrastructure—conditions that deﬁne almost all areas where terrorists and insurgents operate. Only by being able to bring forces rapidly to the scene can governments neutralize the terrorists’ operational and tactical advantages and quell religious and ethnic clashes before they ﬂare into full-scale communal conﬂict. Yet, many of the countries confronting terrorist and insurgent movements— Indonesia and Colombia come to mind—have woefully inadequate air transport capabilities. Building the air transport capabilities of countries at risk should be a priority in U.S. counterterrorism policy and security assistance programs. In addition, the U.S. Air Force—the world’s premier practitioner of air mobility—will probably ﬁnd itself called upon to directly provide transportation under some circumstances.18 18 Previous RAND research has found that battleﬁeld aeromedical evacuation capabilities have important psychological eﬀects on the performance of non-U.S. soldiers, who are more inclined to risk injury when they feel conﬁdent that they will be promptly treated and taken to safety if they are wounded. Since few countries currently ﬁeld these capabilities, the U.S. military, including the Air Force, may be called upon to provide them when cooperating with a host country in counterterror or counterinsurgency operations. This also represents one area where helping friendly countries develop non-combat capabilities could have substantial payoﬀs in dealing with subnational violence. See Ochmanek (2003). Conclusions and Recommendations 169 As noted above, local governments and militaries will ultimately be called upon to do most of the heavy lifting in bringing down terrorist and insurgent groups operating in and from their territories. Consequently, providing training to the armed forces of friendly countries threatened by jihadist terror groups or insurgents will be another important job for the U.S. military, including the Air Force. It seems likely that these training missions could be numerous and potentially prolonged. Further, given that they will often be conducted in locations where the threat to U.S. personnel is quite high, they will impose force protection burdens. Finally, the fundamentally political nature of the battle against jihadist groups means that in some cases the training objectives will revolve as much around inculcating appropriate norms of behavior, such as respect for human rights and civilian lives and property, as around transmitting expertise in operational and tactical skills. The U.S. military has what might charitably be called a mixed record of success in providing such “socialization” training; future failures—or events that the capable propaganda machines of jihadist groups could present to the Muslim world as failures—could be very costly defeats in “political war.” None of these activities would appear to call for major changes in USAF force structure or posture.19 The same may not be true of the ﬁnal task that we want to emphasize, which is that of providing timely, accurate, and actionable information to commanders and operators at all levels. Air and space platforms have shown themselves to be vital components of the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) architecture for the war on terrorism. However, it is equally true that the campaign against al-Qaeda and other jihadist terrorists and insurgents has been hindered by shortcomings in existing systems, organizations, and processes. Improvement is needed, and the USAF will likely be called upon to make important contributions. 19 The one exception might be the proposed procurement of tactical transport aircraft better suited than the existing ﬂeet to operate in and out of smaller, less-developed airstrips. As this is written, there is some controversy surrounding how many aircraft to buy, if any, and whether the Army or Air Force should operate them. 170 Beyond al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as very useful tools for surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting, and, at times, striking terrorist targets. As al-Qaeda and other jihadist groups continue to geographically decentralize and disperse, the demand for the kinds of capabilities oﬀered by platforms such as the USAF’s Predator and Global Hawk UAVs seems almost certain to multiply. If we envision a future in which the United States may wish to maintain sustained 24hour multiple-source surveillance over multiple and widely separated swaths of inhospitable terrain, it is not clear that the USAF plans to make suﬃcient investment in UAVs. Certainly, space-based systems and manned aircraft will play important roles, but UAVs oﬀer both greater eﬀectiveness than satellites and less risk than manned platforms, making them highly appealing to future commanders.20 The USAF should assess the likely demand for UAVs and size its future force accordingly. The intelligence demands of countering jihadist terrorism will also be a human capital issue, not just for the USAF but for every agency— civilian and military—engaged on the front line of that battle. All of the strategies laid out here for checkmating terrorist groups—waging political warfare, attacking radical Islamist ideology, breaking the linkages between local and global groups, and so on—depend vitally on having an accurate image of how these organizations are structured, who is involved with them, and how both individuals and groups relate to one another. Further, since terrorist and insurgent groups are dynamic entities and the relationships among individuals and organizations are ﬂuid, this picture will need to be continuously reassessed and updated. Although sensors can collect terabytes of data and advanced processing techniques can help bring some order to those data, properly trained personnel will be critical to success. These analysts will need a deep 20 UAVs oﬀer a ﬂexibility that satellites, governed by orbital mechanics and often controlled at the national level, do not. No satellite, for example, could follow a suspected terrorist’s auto down the road, collecting the information needed to positively identify the occupants and, perhaps, even deliver the weapon that neutralizes them. Also, the UAV’s relative proximity to its targets—thousands of feet rather than hundreds of miles—gives it the edge over space systems in employing many diﬀerent kinds of sensors. Conclusions and Recommendations 171 understanding of the region they are observing—its language, geography, history, and culture—to be able to interpret rapidly and accurately what they are seeing and hearing. Developing this pool of expertise represents a major challenge. The Air Force alone does not have the capacity to support the large number of analysts that would be required. Neither do the armed forces collectively. We may have to develop ways of rapidly mobilizing the nation’s expertise on any speciﬁc area. These analysts will also need to be tightly networked with one another, and perhaps with their counterparts in other countries as well, so that important information about new or evolving relationships in the threat space do not disappear in the gaps between institutional stovepipes. Developing and sustaining an adequate number and variety of these specialized intelligence professionals, as well as creating the technical and bureaucratic infrastructures to support them, will be a challenge not just for the Air Force but throughout the entire counterterrorism community. Bibliography Aboul-Enein, Youssef, Ayman Al-Zawahiri: The Ideologue of Modern Islamic Militancy, Future Warfare Series No. 21, Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air University, March 2004. Aboul-Enein, Youssef, and Sherifa D. Zuhur, Islamic Rulings on Warfare, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, November 2004. Abuza, Zachary, “Al Qaeda in Southeast Asia: Exploring the Linkages,” in Ramakrishna and Tan, 2003a. ———, “Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah,” Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Asian Research, Vol. 14, No. 5, December 2003b. ———, Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of Terror, Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003c. ———, “Muslims, Politics and Violence in Indonesia: An Emerging Jihadist-Islamist Nexus?” National Bureau of Asian Research, Vol. 15, No. 3, September 2004. ———, “Al Qaeda Comes to Southeast Asia,” in Paul Smith, ed., Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2005a. ———, Balik-Terrorism: The Return of the Abu Sayyaf, Carlisle, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), U.S. Army War College, September 2005b, http:// www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi (as of April 3, 2006). Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction [Gilmore Commission], Fourth Annual Report to the President and the Congress, II, Reassessing the Threat, Washington, D.C.: RAND Corporation, December 15, 2002. 173	i don't know
"Heinz Baked Beans are branded with the ironically misleading byline of ""(how many) Varieties""?"	Business Franchise AUS & NZ Nov/Dec 2010 by CGB Publishing The biggest Publisher of Franchise Publications. - issuu issuu $7.95 AUD (INC. GST) VOL 05 ISSUE 01 november / december 2010 AUS TR ALIA retail issue how to get bank $ ChoOsE the right franchise 4U LATEST NEWS FINANCIAL ADVICE FROM THE BANKS TOP LAWYERS’ ADVICE involved in some funny business. Singles or couples. Please contact , for a discrete meeting with view to l a long and fulfilling relationship as ~ Nando's franchisee. ... Call 03-9385 0777 or click on nandos .com.au/franchising ...... .""'t""" Anthony Hamod e Year l Franchisee of th Fastway Regiona g Wollongon Anthony Hamod - Kerry Noyes & Steve FCA Franchising Aw Curtis ards 2010 Runner Up FCA (QLD/N T) Franchisee of the Yea r - Gold Coast n Teddy Fento ar ee of the Ye rier Franchis Fastway Cou st oa - Gold C Teddy Fenton At Fastway Couriers we believe the ultimate ‘pat on the back’ is being recognised by our customers and the sector that we’re so proud to belong to - Franchising. We’re therefore delighted to congratulate our most recent entrants to our impressive role of over 40 franchising and industry award winners. • To make a splash with our award awor • winning franchise team  1300 FASTWAY y• www.fastway.com.au , ..." . astway.com.au Australian Coutiers Pty Ltd, ABN 38 057 389 769, T/A Fastway Couriers (Australia). This business is independently owned. • 63 On the Cover 11 Theobroma Chocolate Lounges â€“ The sweet alternative 14 Tips to secure bank finance for a retail franchise Anthony Windress, CBA 20 Choosing the right retail franchise for you Phil Blain, Business Development Company 63 Retail feature: Setting up shop Franchises in Focus 60 Fastway Couriers 11 58 Contents november / december 2010 In every Issue 06 Franchise News Announcements from the industry 34 Franchisee in Action Rent The Roo 38 Janine’s Tips: The pros and cons of running a franchise business Janine Allis, Boost Juice 108 Franchisor Profile Mobile HoseFixers 115 Professional Services Listings 116 Franchise Listings 118 A-Z Directory Expert Advice 26 The future of franchising Steve Wright, Franchise Council of Australia 28 Getting the most out of yourself and your franchise George Yammouni, Chairman, FCA 40 Get by with a little help from your friends Darryn McAuliffe, NAB 44 The power of public relations Andrew Kelly, Franchise Careers 50 Top five legal FAQs – What to ask your lawyer? John Sier, Mason Sier Turnbull 54 Selecting the right retail franchise Kevin Bugeja, Franchise Selection 56 FCA National Conference Award Winners 72 Applying the KISS principle to site selection Peter Buckingham, Spectrum Analysis 76 Preparing your team for the ‘grand final’ of retail Brian Walker, The Retail Doctor Group 84 Get more out of your business and get more out of life! Tania Allen, Vision Alliance 94 Franchising – is it for you? Julia Camm, Corven 108 Avoiding disputes down the track – what prospective franchisees need to know now 102 Breaking news! The new phenomenon of how to have a successful business has just been discovered ACCC Choosing the brand that you will ‘live’ is your first step to success Rod Nuttall, Best Practice Franchising Book review: The scent of a dollar by Mark Sheehan Profiled Franchises 12 16 18 22 24 30 32 42 46 48 58 68 70 74 80 82 86 88 90 92 96 112 Lenards TRIOS Wraps Anytime Fitness B&S Sharpening AllSafe Energy Efficient Products Nanotek Crackmasters United Petroleum Schnitz Jani-King Carmen Steffens Franchise Selection GroutPro Commercial Food Machinery Pack & Send RP Vending Shingle Inn Snap-on Tools in.cube8r KoalaKrane Real Estate Investar Diversified Exhibitions 3 Franchise BUSINESS AUSTRALIA BUSINESS FRANCHISE VOLUME 5 ISSUE 1 november / december 2010 CGB Publishing Pty Ltd TEL: (03) 9787 8077 FAX: (03) 9787 8499 publisher: Colin Bradbury [email protected] EDITOR: Louise Mitchell [email protected] SALES DIRECTOR Vikki Bradbury [email protected] SENIOR SALES EXECUTIVE: Jodie Hanrahan [email protected] SALES EXECUTIVE: Kym Colliver [email protected] PRODUCTION: [email protected] ACCOUNTS: Joanne Tuffy [email protected] DESIGN: Jejak Graphics (03) 8790 8775 From the Editor S pring has certainly sprung, summer is in the air, and as many businesses are heading towards the ‘wind down’ period of the year – there is one sector that is preparing itself for its busiest time – and that is the retail sector. For many retail businesses, particularly non-food retailers, the pre-Christmas period can make them or break them, and for those who do well, the spoils of the festive season can help carry them throughout the rest of the year. In this issue we have a five page feature on retail franchises as well as a raft of articles from industry experts including Brian Walker, The Retail Doctor, whose article on page 78 titled ‘Preparing your team for the ‘Grand Final’ of retail’, is particularly pertinent and describes how to get the most out of the pre-Christmas rush. This time of year is also the season for awards and conference, and as you will see from our news items on the following pages, many of Australia’s major franchise systems have announced their top performers for the year at various national conferences and events. The recognition provided by these rewards is vitally important to hard-working franchisees and the conferences are a fantastic way for franchisees and franchisors to get together for business and pleasure at the end of a busy financial year. Also included is a round-up on pages 56-57 of the award winners announced at the FCA’s National Conference on the Gold Coast. Throughout the magazine, our stable of contributors, including lawyers, bankers, the ACCC, consultants, coaches and franchisors provide a substantial amount of professional and personal advice about the pleasures and pitfalls of franchising in general, and as usual, we profile dozens of franchise systems that are currently seeking new franchisees to join their ranks whilst in our A-Z directory and listings sections there are details of around a hundred systems looking to expand. So if you’re in the market for a franchise businesses, you’ve picked up the right magazine. COVER IMAGE: Theobroma Chocolate Lounge TO SUBSCRIBE: PLEASE CONTACT CGB PUBLISHING PO BOX 968 MT ELIZA, VICTORIA 3930 TEL: (03) 9787 8077 FAX: (03) 9787 8499 Email: [email protected] www.businessfranchiseaustralia.com.au or www.isubscribe.com.au Louise Mitchell Editor “Good customer service should be part of any successful business policies and procedures. The responsibility of good customer service lies with the entire business from the most senior managers through to every staff member.” Julie Vella, Director, Success Train. The information and contents in this publication are believed by the publisher to be true, correct and accurate but no independent investigation has been undertaken. Accordingly the publisher does not represent or warrant that the information and contents are true, correct or accurate and recommends that each reader seek appropriate professional advice, guidance and direction before acting or relying on all information contained herein. Opinions expressed in the articles contained in this publication are not necessarily those of the publisher. The publication is sold subject to the terms and conditions that it shall not be copied in whole or part, resold, hired out, without the express permission of the publisher. 4 RapId - ProMab/e - Growth Franchise / Property and Operations Specialists The Business Development Company team members have been successful in operating their own businesses and have held senior management positions with a number of leading management, property and franchise groups. Collectively they have operated, managed or opened over 5,000 retail operations. Industry Thought Leaders: Phil Blain leads the Franchise Development Team. Phil has over 20 years expertise in franchise strategy and leadership. Phil has been a franchisee and franchisor and has advised CSR, Quest, 7ESFARMERS #LARK2UBBER $ULUX &ERNWOODANDMANY others. Phil has advised over 100 franchise systems both within Australia and internationally in the last 5 years. Jon Sully leads the Operations and Development Team. Jon has over 20 years experience in retail, franchising and property. -OSTRECENTLYHEWASCO owner of one of Australia’s largest and most successful food chains, which they grew from 12 to over 360 stores before selling it to a publicly listed company. John Downes leads the Advisory and Strategy Team. John has 25 years experience as a lead consulting partner at Deloitte Private where he ADVISEDMIDDLEMARKETAND multinational organisations on the strategy, operations, and technology to support THEIRRAPIDANDPROlTABLE growth. Vaughn McGuinness leads the Property Team. 6AUGHNHASOVERYEARS experience in property strategy and delivery. He was the General -ANAGEROF,EASINGWHILE WORKINGWITH3TOCKLAND and has also held senior POSITIONSWITH7ESTlELD ANDONES,ANG7OOTTON Extensive Range of Services: s Site selection and lease negotiation s &RANCHISESYSTEMDEVELOPMENT s "USINESSADVISORYANDSTRATEGY development s /PERATIONSANDCOMPANYSTORE management s &ACILITIESMANAGEMENT s &RANCHISERECRUITMENTAND business sales s 6ISUALDESIGNSANDSHOPlTOUT s -ARKETINGANDMEDIA s #ORPORATERELOCATIONS ‘Stop drawing on just your experience ...use ours as well’ ph: 1300 534 470 www.bdcaus.com BDC OFFICES: s Victoria s New South Wales s Queensland s New Zealand s Shen Zhen NE WS Franchise NEWS Poolwerx franchisees recognised Sorrento business owners Ian and Irene Hughes have been recognised as PoolWerx National ‘Franchisee of the Year’ as well as taking home the ‘Western Australia Franchisee of the Year’, ‘Perth North Franchisee of the Year’ and ‘Business-to-Business (B2B) Excellence’ awards. The couple, who have been operating the business since 2003, rose above 116 PoolWerx franchisees across Australia to take home the national title at the company’s national awards last week. Ian Hughes said they were overwhelmed by the win. “Winning the overall ‘Franchisee of the Year’ on its own is such an honour not to mention the other awards,” he said. “We are ecstatic to have been recognised throughout Australia and New Zealand with this win and we’re very grateful to our hard working team and loyal clients because without them we wouldn’t be where we are now.” PoolWerx CEO John O’Brien said Ian and Irene were worthy recipients of the awards and ought to be proud of their efforts. CHOOKS winners clucking with delight At the recently held CHOOKS fresh & tasty national conference the Single Site Franchise of the Year title went to CHOOKS Mirrabooka franchisees Udin and Rosana Aminudin who established the first CHOOKS Halal store in Western Australia. The Multi-Site Franchisee of the Year title went to Shane and Lynn Crookes (South West Foods) for their outlets in Mandurah, Pinjarra, Silver Sands and Halls Head. The CHOOKS annual awards recognise and reward franchisees who show outstanding success in areas of their business. CHOOKS chief chook Steve Hanson said to be recognised as a Franchisee of the Year was a great honour. “The Single-Site and the Multi-Site of the Year awards are sought after titles – only outlets who have shown exceptional results in sales and growth over the past year are considered. Additionally, the franchisees must have a high level of compliance in the system with fantastic service to their customers. To beat all of the other franchisees in this area is quite an achievement,” he said. Jani-King manager goes back to the future The Australasian franchisor of the world’s largest commercial cleaning franchise, JaniKing, has appointed Steve Phillips to the position of regional manager for Brisbane and Darwin. Steve will be a familiar face to long-serving Jani-King team members and franchisees as he first joined the company in 1997 as the operations manager in Perth. He remained in that role until 2000 before relocating to New Zealand where he spent seven years as 6 the general manager of Jani-King’s Auckland office. He re-joins Jani-King following the role of regional manager with an Australasian pool service franchise group. Jani-King Australasia general manager Mark Gosling said it was great to have a familiar face back managing the regional offices in Brisbane and Darwin and looked forward to Steve quickly renewing his presence within the franchise. He will be based at the company’s Milton, Brisbane, office. Ferguson Plarre celebrate Skills for Growth The Victorian Government recently celebrated the 15,000th placement into the Skills For Growth Workforce Development program at Ferguson Plarre Bakehouse in Keilor Park. The Minister for Small Business, Joe Helper attended the celebration at the factory/bakery where Ferguson Plarre employees, who have taken part in the program, demonstrated their new found skills. Ferguson Plarre is a long standing member of the Melbourne baking scene and for many years have run a successful franchise operation. The Skills for Growth program provides low-cost and accessible training to small and medium sized businesses who tend to have small to non-existent training budgets. Ferguson Plarre found that attracting staff with the required skill set for their business, as with many small to medium sized businesses, was extremely challenging. By working with one of the Skills for Growth training providers, Ferguson Plarre has been able to train its existing workforce to become competent across many areas of the business rather than just in one area. Stufflers is a ‘beariffic’ opportunity Stufflers is a two-day-a-week franchise attracting lots of attention from stay-athome mums. Stufflers is a new and exciting kids’ party activity that has recently been launched by John Newton, founder of the world’s first and most successful jumping castle franchise, Jumping J-Jays. “I am really excited to launch this new concept in Australia” says John. “I’m looking for mums that would like to build this business with me.” With two franchises already under their belt on the Gold Coast and in Sydney, Stufflers represents a new opportunity for growth. The concept is very similar to Build-a-Bear which is a retail store concept in the USA with a few outlets in Australia. Bear stuffing is a $600 million dollar industry in the USA. The company has already orchestrated amazing success with their opening marketing activities and have sold out of 10,000 bears in eight weeks. 7 NE WS Franchise NEWS Mrs Fields opens new store with New Zealand Natural Mrs. Fields Australia is pleased to announce their latest store opening at The Glen Shopping Centre in Mt Waverly. Providing the perfect excuse to escape and indulge in a treat on the run, the brand new cookie store will incorporate a New Zealand Natural Ice Cream parlour. Ice cream and cookies is a natural combination and the two companies have had a long association including many stores located side by side, however this will be the first store where they are fully incorporated. The combination of these well-established franchises has provided owner Victor Ho with the ideal business venture to launch himself into a new career. Victor has been working as a bank teller for the past five years and was on the search for a project to provide him with career drive and a chance to offer great customer service. “I’ve been thinking of getting into business for myself but lack the experience and know-how. Mrs. Fields was a great opportunity for me because it’s a well-established franchise with great product, and when they offered to add the New Zealand Natural Ice Cream offer it was an easy decision. The training program and the support network Mrs. Fields offers is sensational, making it easy for me to learn and work in comfort knowing any help I need is only a phone call away,” says Victor. Price Attack winners announced in Fiji At the 2010 Price Attack annual conference held recently in Fiji, multi-unit franchisees Simon and Leanne Finlay drew emotion out of the strongest of hearts as they took out the prestigious Franchisee of the Year award. The Finlay husband and wife team have three stores in total; two South Australian stores located in Tea Tree Plaza and Ingle Farm and the Northern Territory store of Casuarina Square. Tears welled in Simon’s eyes as he bowed his head to receive Price Attack’s top award in front of the traditional Fijian warriors and peers who were strewn out under a beautiful chandelier-lit marquee. Managing director Barry Jarred said: “Simon and Leanne Finlay consistently strive for the highest standards and achieve excellence in all areas of the business. “Getting one business system right is a challenge and here we have a family that is operating three stores in a hard retail environment and it’s simply outstanding.” Barry said: “Conference is the main event in the year that provides Price Attack associates with the opportunity to network with our peers on a national basis, exchange ideas, and enable us to deliver vital information to assist in the growth of the business.” QLD franchising winners announced It was a night to remember for Queensland’s small business heroes, as they celebrated a bumper year at the QLD Excellence in Franchising Awards gala dinner at the Novotel Brisbane. The Excellence in Franchising Awards celebrates – both regionally and nationally – the success of hard working Australian small business people in the franchise sector. Bruce Campbell, franchisee with Action Coach took out the QLD Franchisee of the Year – Less than 2 Staff Award. Ranked as 8 the #1 business coach among 1200 Action Coaches globally, it’s probably no surprise that Bruce has succeeded at these awards. Bruce’s franchise has doubled its sales in only two years – jumping from $514,000 in 2008 to over $1 million in 2010. Carolyn McManus, franchisee with The Coffee Club, was announced as the QLD Multi-Unit Franchisee of the Year. This award represents back-toback wins for Carolyn, who operates four Coffee Club franchises, employing 57 staff. Achieving strong growth for all her stores over the last three years. Other winners included: Jo and Maurie Patterson, Bakers Delight Caneland/Mackay (QLD Franchisee Community Service Award); Elton and Cindy Berrange, Grill’d Chermside (QLD Franchisee of the Year - 2 or more Staff); Louise Broekman, HR Coach (QLD Franchise Woman of the Year). GJ Gardner Homes celebrates 1st place in HIA Awards For the 14th year running, GJ Gardner Homes have recently been named as the ‘Number One Franchise Builder in Australia’ by The Housing Industry Association. This award recognises that GJ Gardner Homes have built more new homes (over 1300) than any other franchise company. Darren Wallis, CEO, was thrilled with the announcement. “Our franchise systems are extremely well thought-out and our plans are architecturally designed and have proven to be ideal for our client’s aspirations. We also have a five star performance guarantee that covers the whole building experience from slab down to lock-up – we believe this is what sets us apart from other franchise builders,” he said. GJ Gardner Homes also received an award for being the 9th Largest New Housing Construction Company in Australia. The award sees builders from right across the board compete. Last year GJ Gardner achieved 12th place. “This is a great achievement – it indicates we’re moving forward with momentum,” Darren said. GJ Gardner Homes was established in 1993 by Greg Gardner on the Sunshine Coast. The Company quickly grew to eight offices across South East Queensland. In 1996 the decision was made to franchise the business and the building company now has over 100 offices in America, Australia and New Zealand. Free membership at Contours Contours will celebrate its 5th birthday during November with free membership for the rest of 2010. Contours have also announced a bold new national expansion drive to coincide with its 5th birthday. Having established 160 franchised studios in its first five years, the fitness group has announced its next five year plan with a 50 per cent network growth target incorporating immediate plans to expand into new regions as well as a 100 per cent growth in memberships and turnover by 2015. Globally, Contours has 750 studios across 30 countries. Australia is home to approximately 25 per cent of this global market, including the top three Contours studios (most successful and near impossible to beat!). Australia has 200 Contours territories with 160 of these currently operating as franchises. Currently over 60,000 Australian women are active members in the Contours network. Visit www.contours.net.au for more information. 9 • I This is a fantastic opportunity to own your own Franchising Consultancy Franchise. Work from Horne or Office with minimal investment. part time or full time with huge Return On Investment and Low Capital Entry • • • • • Earning Potential $100,OOO+PA Full Training Provided No Experience Necessary No Advertising Levy or Royalties Price $30,000 +GST COVER S TORY Theobroma Chocolate Lounges: the sweet ALTERNATIVE T George, an architect and designer by trade, and Theo Racovalis, a chocolatier, as an alternative for an Australian market they judged to be ‘coffee’d out’. Theobroma currently has 20 stores, nine in Melbourne, one in Sydney, five in Malaysia and five in New Zealand. “The lack of quality chocolate product available was one of the main things that compelled us to open Theobroma Chocolate Lounge,” George said. heobroma Chocolate Lounge, an Australian franchise chain launched in December 2006, is keen to expand throughout Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and other regions within Asia Pacific. George Roiniotis, one of the founders of the chain, has also opened a kiosk, under a different brand, in Perth as a test ahead of the opening of other stores. George said that he is “keen to expand the chain in all states and is currently negotiating over opportunities in Sydney to add to the Theobroma Chocolate Lounge opened in Rouse Hill.” The company opened new stores in Knox City and Frankston recently and will add another outlet in Perth in the coming weeks with a further inner city location which is currently at advanced stage of negotiations. Theobroma is also keen to expand in South East Asia, with a focus in Malaysia and Singapore, but with plans for other markets including China in the longer term. “With Theo’s experience in chocolate making, we decided to fill the void with a high quality Australian alternative.” “We studied the chocolate market in Europe as part of the planning for their concept and had visited chocolatiers from Belgium to assist the team with the latest techniques in chocolate making,” said George. Theobroma Chocolate Lounge now offers more than 100 different types of handmade boutique chocolates, including a unique range of coloured chocolate, which is produced locally. The outlets offer customers chocolate desserts, chocolate drizzled waffles, hot and cold beverages as well as a savoury menu and beverages with the chocolate drinks as the mainstay. It also offers gourmet coffee and premium teas. Theobroma Chocolate Lounge is proud to be associated with the recent success of the winning Coffee Roaster and Blender Award and the Chocolate Rush People’s Choice Award. Menus are constantly updated for the seasons and to introduce new chocolate varieties, while the Malaysian store menus were adapted to suite the warmer climate. “The chain is developing local area marketing programs to build brand awareness but is also developing much of its customer-base from referrals and shoppers discovering the chain’s outlets and adding it to the regular shopping and entertainment experience,” said George. v For information in becoming a Theobroma Chocolate Lounge franchisee, please register your interest at www.ChocolateLounge.com.au or contact Andrew on 03 9890 2737 or 0413 307 769. “The overseas markets would be developed under master franchise agreements with the initial foray into Malaysia having demonstrated the chocolate lounge concept would work internationally,” said George. In Australia, Theobroma Chocolate Lounge is located in major shopping centres with 200 tenants and major anchors. “Theobroma is keen to open in locations, where it has indoor and outdoor exposure and an optimum size for tenancies of around 120sqm in addition to 40sqm of out of store licensed seating, “Ideal locations are at main entrances, upmarket fashion malls, near department store entrances or at the edge of food courts but not actually in the courts themselves,” said George. The concept was initially developed by 11 COMING OF AGE The evolution of the Lenard’s brand. 2 010 has proven to be a milestone year for nationally-recognised and loved chicken retailer Lenard’s, celebrating 200 stores in September. Since opening its first store in Queensland in 1987, Lenard’s has served more than 200 million customers to become Australia’s largest specialty chicken retailer, selling over 13 million chickens each year. Lenard’s has carved out its own market providing fresh, convenient, quality meal solutions every day. With a range of approximately 150 fresh and value added chicken products available, franchise owners select the products they sell based on their individual market and customer demand. Lenard’s remains a privately owned company with 200 franchised stores, employing more than 2,000 staff and achieving an annual turnover of $147.8m in the 2009/10 financial year. The campaign provides an easy answer to the perennial question asked by every Australian family – “What’s for dinner?” Len Poulter founded the Lenard’s concept after observing a gap in the market. In his butcher shop in the mid 1980s, he noted that at the time, 46 per cent of his sales were for value-added and chicken products. There was nothing like it on the Queensland retailing landscape. The uniqueness of the concept, underpinned by an obvious passion for freshness, quality, innovation and service, generated overwhelming customer support. On the back of this successful formula, the brand quickly grew throughout Australia. “Our mission was to dissect and evaluate our brand to ensure we are clearly projecting what Lenard’s stands for internally and externally and the ‘What’s for Dinner’ concept was really resonating with shoppers,” Len explained. In 2001, Lenard’s launched a new chapter in its history with the opening of the first Lenard’s store-in-store concept in Australia, at Ritchies IGA Dromana. Lenard’s also recently formalised an alliance with grocery and liquor wholesaler Metcash Limited to expand this concept through the Supa IGA network. After 23 years of business growth and development, Lenard’s celebrated the opening of store number 200 in Darwin in September 2010. “The 200 store target is one that we have been looking forward to for a while now. And we are so pleased for Lenard’s Hibiscus in Darwin to draw the lucky number. The franchise owners, Fernando and Melissa Lay, are experienced and fantastic business operators,” said Len Poulter, founder and director. Lenard’s Hibiscus is the second Lenard’s store for Fernando and Melissa Lay, who have also operated the Lenard’s store in Nightcliff since 2006. Lenard’s Hibiscus represented a significant milestone for the national franchise and is a tribute to the success of Lenard’s in the highly competitive fresh food market, satisfying the needs of today’s time-conscious consumer. To capitalise on Lenard’s niche, the franchise business recently launched a multi-channel, quirky marketing campaign including a series of national television commercials as part of a brand ‘revolution’ to reflect the changing retail and customer landscape post the GFC. 12 “The retail landscape has changed and customers have changed as a result of social, economic and technology factors and we decided this would be the perfect time to give the Lenard’s brand a health check to ensure we are meeting the needs of our customers and remain competitive in the new landscape.” So, where to from here? Today, Lenard’s is considered to be one of Australia’s leading fresh food retailers and a pioneer in the kitchen-ready market. The next major challenge is to continue to develop nationally and to expand the franchise into lucrative overseas markets. Lenard’s will look at avenues that may better distribute the Lenard’s product and brand to a wider audience of consumers. “As far as the US, UK, Asia and Europe, there is a gap in the market for our type of offering and we are very interested on developing ourselves in some of these overseas markets,” Len said. Lenard’s is currently investigating entry into the overseas markets of Singapore and the United States of America. There are plans to expand into the retail markets of both countries with Singapore being the primary focus at this time. The franchise business is currently in discussions with retail contacts in Singapore with a view to having an agreement in place inside this calendar year. v To find out more about franchising opportunities with Lenard’s, contact Chris Booth on 0434 600 470 or at info@lenards. com.au. What’s so unique about a Lenard’s franchise opportunity? Our spectacular range of products sets us apart. Over 23 years we have proven that our offer can’t be matched... and Australia loves us for it. Comprehensive and innovative training Serving a growing staple market A proven system for over 23 years We’re one of a kind Visit us at: www.lenards.com.au Sites now available Australia wide To ﬁnd out more contact Chris Booth on 0434 600 470 or at [email protected] IT'S WHAT'S FOR DINNER FINANCIAL ADVICE Anthony Windress, Executive Manager Key Accounts, The Commonwealth Bank SECURE BANK FINANCE FOR A RETAIL FRANCHISE I f you’re a first time franchisee and you’re looking for finance to acquire a retail franchise, the key message is do your homework to show the bank you understand the business, be upfront about your own financial position and make sure you have a really solid business plan to show your bank. When it comes to initially securing finance for a retail franchise, there are two approaches you can take. First, you can talk to the franchisor about which banks have accredited the franchise. This is important because if a bank has accredited a franchise it means it understands how the franchise operates, key revenue drivers and the cost base of the business. Although banks will lend against franchises that are not accredited, they need to do a lot more work to understand how the business operates in order to feel comfortable lending money against it. The franchisor will have a list of banks that have accredited the franchise and it’s an idea to ask the franchisor for the list so you can see which banks are already comfortable with the franchise structure. 14 Once you have a shortlist of banks that have accredited the franchise it’s an idea to identify people within the bank that have experience dealing with the franchise system of which you want to become part. At the Commonwealth Bank, we have a unique system where specialists look after a network of businesses that belong to the same franchise. This allows our bankers to develop an intimate understanding of these businesses, which is very useful for potential franchisees looking to obtain funding to acquire a retail franchise. Some other banks appoint staff to look after franchises on a geographic basis, so one person might look after a dozen or more different franchise systems in the same area, which makes it tough to develop specialist knowledge of individual franchise systems. Once you have identified the right banker for your business you will need to do extensive due diligence on the franchise you wish to acquire so you can demonstrate to the bank that you understand the business and its potential. On a personal level, the bank will want to know about your background, previous experience running businesses, especially prior experience in retail, future goals for the business and the business’s current financial position. It’s all about creating the foundations for a positive, long-term relationship with the bank, ensuring the bank understands who you are and that you also understand the bank’s expectations. Most importantly, the bank will want to see a well-articulated, thorough business plan that shows the bank that considerable time and forethought has gone into making the decision to become part of the franchise system. With retail franchises, the business plan should include: • a full description of the business to be acquired, including what the business does, how it will be operated and how it will be staffed • full financial information, ideally going back two years (if the business has been in existence that long) “Ultimately, it’s about giving the bank as much information as you can about your own financial position, your history in business, as well as the history of the business you are purchasing.” • how the new operator intends to increase including mortgages and personal loans and credit card debts. • a full marketing plan for the business • initiatives to make the business more Ideally, the potential acquirer will be able to demonstrate a good track record of savings and a history of being able to repay loans, for example copies of loan statements. This is because if the bank can see the potential acquirer has a good history of being able to repay personal loans, it will give the bank confidence they will be able to repay business loans. sales and revenue efficient and increase margins • local demographics, including competitor businesses in the area, the number of people that live in the area, average income levels and likely foot traffic • any immediate capital expenditure required post-purchase This last point is especially important; there’s no point underfunding the business by not being upfront about how much money will be required once the business changes hands. Often, the business will need immediate expenditure on plant and equipment, for example if the front counter needs updating or if a new coffee machine is required. It’s a mistake not to account for these expenses in the initial loan application. There’s no set format when it comes to putting together your business plan. The idea is to make it as comprehensive as possible to demonstrate to the bank that you have thought through the business, its potential and its risks. Aside from the business plan, potential acquirers of retail franchises will need to give the bank a complete statement of their personal financial position. This statement should include a full list of the potential acquirer’s assets, including residential and investment properties, other investments such as shares and assets including cars. You will also need to be upfront about liabilities Your banker will also want to see full financial information for the business to be acquired, as well as commentary around the figures to show the bank the acquirer understands the numbers. The bank will want to know whether current business performance can be mirrored or maintained, whether there is the potential to improve sales and profitability and the actions that will need to be taken to achieve this. With retail businesses, it’s crucial to be able to demonstrate an understanding of where the business fits in the local commercial ecosystem. Many retail franchises are located in major shopping centres and the bank will want to get an understanding of other similar businesses located in the centre, as well as whether a large grocery business is a draw-card for the centre. This information should be included in the business plan and communicated to the bank, as well as information about lease terms. Contact the centre management for information about foot traffic and other businesses located in the centre. applying for finance. The idea is to make the bank as comfortable as possible about your ability to pay back the loan. By being open about your full financial position you may end up paying a lower interest rate than had you not declared your full financial position. You also might shorten the amount of time it takes to have the loan approved. Ultimately, it’s about giving the bank as much information as you can about your own financial position, your history in business, as well as the history of the business you are purchasing. If you take the take time to collect and prepare all the information the bank will want to see about you and your new business you will put yourself in an advantageous position to secure the funding you need for your business to be a great success. v For more information about how the Commonwealth Bank can assist you to secure funding to become part of a retail franchise email Anthony Windress at [email protected] or call him on 0468 987 790. Important information: As this advice has been prepared without considering your objectives, financial situation or needs, you should before acting on this advice, consider its appropriateness to your circumstances. Applications for finance are subject to the Bank’s normal credit approval. Full terms and conditions will be included in the finance offer. Bank fees and charges are payable. Commonwealth Bank of Australia ABN 48 123 123 124. It’s also important to try to avoid the common mistakes new franchise owners make when 15 .JGet a taste of life! WE THINK IT’S TIME. VISIT BETHEBOSS.NET.AU PROFILE: Anytime Fitness Anytime Fitness the world’s fastest growing fitness club franchise Want to run your own business with low staffing levels, awesome cash flow and the freedom to enjoy a great lifestyle? A nytime Fitness, a 24-hour fitness club franchise, is looking for entrepreneurs across Australia to own their own gyms. Anytime Fitness was introduced in Australia in 2008 by brother and sister team Justin McDonell and Jacinta McDonell Jiminez who have quickly grown their national franchise to an annual turnover exceeding $3.3 million in 2009/10. With 50 clubs currently opened and 150 territories sold in Australia, Justin and Jacinta have plans to open another 350 Anytime Fitness clubs in Australia and New Zealand within the next five years. “We have been able so far to attract qualified franchisees with our low-cost business model which requires minimum staffing,” said Justin. “We provide our franchisees with a lot of support and give them the tools and the guidance they need every step of the way, from finding ideal locations to equipping and marketing their clubs.” In addition to regular training and support, Anytime Fitness holds a two-day franchisee conference every year which provides tips and information on a range of topics including advertising, marketing and public relations, how to retain and reward members and obtain member referrals, updates from Anytime Fitness worldwide and much more. “The advantage of owning a franchise is that we help set up how the club looks and works, but each franchisee can put in their own personal touch. Plus, being in the health and fitness industry, our franchisees really like the opportunity to make a significant difference in people’s lives.” What franchisees have to say Husband and wife team Mike and Gabby Lewis opened their first club in Mandurah (WA) in June 2009 when looking for a life changing experience. 18 “Anytime Fitness has a great business model with low staff required, awesome cash flow and it provides the freedom to enjoy a great lifestyle,” Mike said. “We ensure that our staff are well trained so that we are not always tied to the business. This gives us the freedom to open additional clubs and enjoy the things we most love like travelling. “We also love the fact that through the club, we can help people achieve their goals and change their lives,” he added. The Anytime Fitness franchise model Anytime Fitness franchisees have access to an internationally proven business model with strong branding, backed up by a local team of experienced and passionate entrepreneurs. Being in the health and well-being industry, the Anytime Fitness franchise model was built around the concept of freedom. Anytime Fitness franchisees can run multiple clubs remotely and require low labour, providing them with more free time and a balanced lifestyle. The modern security system in place also allows clubs to run smoothly and worryfree even during non-staffed hours. In addition, Anytime Fitness’ monthly franchise fees are low and fixed. This allows franchisees to benefit from their own business’ growth. Anytime Fitness was founded in the USA in 2002 as an alternative to larger and more expensive health clubs. It has grown to become the fastest growing fitness club franchise in America and currently has more than 1,300 worldwide. v For more information about Anytime Fitness franchising, visit www.anytimefitness.com.au or call 1300 766 202. Work , P1af more.. Anytime! Discover the freedom of Anytime Fitness Franchises are now available across Australia and New Zealand, but HURRY they are going fast. Call us on 02 9415 5300 www.anytimefitness.com.au E XPERT ADVICE THE RIGHT RETAIL FRANCHISE for you S o you have selected retail franchising as appealing to you – what now? How on earth do you select the right franchise for you? And that is the first problem, it needs to be right for you. Just because you have a friend who has done well with a Clark Rubber store or a work colleague who now runs a coffee van that seems to be doing well; it doesn’t mean these businesses will suit you. As a consultant I am continually asked what I believe to be the best franchise and that is a completely unanswerable question for this very reason. Only you can make this decision for yourself. So step one is to focus on something you like doing. Nothing could be worse than not looking forward to getting out of bed each morning because you have to work at something you hate. So it’s not all about the money. You need to find something that satisfies you emotionally, something that you feel comfortable with, a brand you will be proud to tell your friends you are associated with. Step two is to examine the lifestyle ramifications. You need to understand that your whole family will be impacted by this decision as most retail business involves long and often unsociable hours. If you are a party animal then working Friday nights may be abhorrent to you. You need to understand, if there is a preparation period prior to opening or a scrub down time after closing because this can add to hours considerably. A good example of this is Lenards. I have great respect for their modus operandi with potential franchisees who very early in the process are taken behind the magnificently presented counters full of mouth watering products to the back room where raw chook, boning and a degree of blood is a fact of life. If their enquirer cannot handle this part of the business the applicants are quickly weeded out. above the records provided. Most franchisors depend on accurate reporting and royalty payments as their income depends upon it and frown very severely on any transgressors. But vendor franchisees occasionally fall into this poor behaviour which in reality reduces the value of their business as they cannot prove their gross sales. Your best option is to totally ignore any claims regarding additional cash income. Once you have got passed all that then there are basically three categories for you to consider: Food retailing, non-food retailing and mobile retailing. Each has their benefits and drawbacks. A franchise that encourages and assists the setting of both store and personal targets is usually a franchise that knows where they are going and how to get there. Much of this will depend upon exactly what staff the business has to support you at retail level. A major part of the measuring stick to establish the value for the royalties you pay is to value the support provided by these people. So ask the franchisor the questions about who will call on you, how often, what they will assist you with and, equally important, exactly what they do not expect to do for you. There is considerable benefit in seeing more than one person provided by the franchisor. Major systems may send out the usual business development manager who generally focuses on operational matters but it’s also of great value to see the merchandising expert, the accountant, the training manager and many others. Premises based franchises frequently lay down strict opening hours whereas mobile businesses are less onerous. Rental costs expressed as a percentage of gross sales for the fixed location franchises should be known by the franchisor and a certain percentage maybe set as a maximum, e.g. no more than 15 per cent of turnover. Keeping rental costs under control is critical. The other major cost component for most retailers is that of staff. If you cannot manage a roster where you may have up to 20 or more casual staff, who will largely be made up of teenagers who will let you down at the drop of a hat when they get a better offer; then don’t take on such a business. This stressful situation drives many retailers to distraction. Is the business you are examining full of blue sky? Will consumers still want this product offering far into the foreseeable future? It mustn’t be a fad. Be prepared to get your hands dirty. Most retail business have some unglamorous aspects and you will quickly earn the respect of your staff if you are prepared to clean the soft serve machine or muck out the dog pens! Always be prepared to do what you ask them to do. Don’t just think what you see as a shopper is the nice comfortable business you will run. In the case of a franchise resale, be very wary of any claims regarding cash over and 20 Phil Blain, Principal, Franchising, Business Development Company When you are comparing one franchise opportunity against another please do not compare the percentages of royalties you will pay to them. Just because a system has a four per cent management service fee that does not mean they are better value than one that charges six per cent. Understand clearly what it is you are going to get for your payments. Product supply is another important issue for you to check. Do you have to buy all products through the franchisor? What happens if they cannot supply? Are there alternatives? A shop with no stock quickly goes broke. Obviously the tenancy is a vital part of a fixed location franchise. How long is your lease for? Does it coincide with the Franchise agreement? What happens if one lasts longer than the other? Who holds the head lease, you or the franchisor? If the franchise is a resale will you be granted a whole new term or are you just buying the term that is left on the Franchise Agreement? If it is the latter you may not have sufficient time to get a decent return upon your investment. Does the landlord require a refit of the premises and if so, you must get advice from the franchisor as to their opinion of likely costs? Retail fit outs are generally seen to be astronomically expensive to the uninitiated. It is possible to build a three bedroom home in Australia cheaper than to fit out a store in most shopping centres so your business plan must account for the possibility of these high costs. Similarly, is there any likelihood that the landlord or franchisor will want you to relocate during the franchise term? This too can prove to be a very costly exercise which can more than take the cream from the top of the business if you do not allow for it. On a personal level, please do not go into retail if you do not have a warm and engaging personality. The public will quickly work out if you are ‘putting it on’. Consumers generally buy only from people they like, so you need to be pleasant and you need to be able to sell. If you do not have these qualities you will need to employ people who do, which may also add to your running costs. The general public are rude, demanding and obnoxious – or that is how it will seem to you as a retailer. Sadly we tend to remember the one ratbag we served during the day and not the 99 nice people. If you can remember this perspective, retail can be a very happy and rewarding environment. Do you like and trust the franchisor when you meet them? First impressions are usually correct so ask yourself the question, “Am I prepared to work with these people for the next ten years or more?” If the answer is no then you had better keep looking. Lastly, please buy a franchise with your head and not your heart. The numbers must stack up for you so you can improve your life – or why would you do it? So your professional advisers are key to you making a good choice, NEVER enter a franchise without the advice of a sector specialist accountant and solicitor. The Franchise Council of Australia, the ACCC and various state small business government bodies are great sources of information. Use them all to help you make the right choice for you and enjoy your resulting franchise journey. v Phil Blain has been a franchisee, franchisor and a highly respected franchise consultant for the past two decades. He now heads up the National Franchise Division of Business Development Company. Phil can be contacted direct on 0419 044862. Australia’s favourite place for tiles and bathroomware has franchise opportunities available now! For more information visit www.tile.com.au/franchise BMD BAD1325B 21 PROFILE: B& S MOBILE SHARPENING Sharp business opportunity B&S Mobile Sharpening offers flexibility, variety and an outstanding return on investment. A s franchisors, B&S Mobile Sharpening are proud of the achievements of all of their franchisees over the past year. Both Bill & Sue, and the national team of franchisees, and not to forget their hard working franchise agents, work off each other, sharing ideas and more importantly, helping each other and the franchise achieve the growth needed to put B&S Mobile Sharpening, where it belongs - at the top in the sharpening business. B&S Franchisee of the Year, Wayne Leske, and Runner-up Julian Pfitzner, are the perfect example of what can be achieved through hard work, and working as an active team player in a thriving franchise. All you need is the enthusiasm and be willing to get out there, talk to people, and build your own individual business to the maximum. A distinctive mobile business, B&S Mobile Sharpening supports both suburban households and a vast range of commercial businesses that require a sharpening service for knives, scissors, garden equipment, and trade tools – in fact, anything that requires a razor sharp edge. There are unlimited opportunities to expand this business. All homes, and most businesses and trades have items that need constant regular sharpening. Any commercial business, whether it is in a shopping centre, or a factory with a canteen, or even a school, requires this service on a regular basis. There are many types of businesses where B&S franchisees are taught to obtain work. franchisees, but have also enabled the parent company to grow. We can all learn. If we are prepared to listen,” he added. Bill and Sue say the earning potential for franchisees is almost unlimited, providing they are committed to working a five day week, follow the company system, not be afraid to ‘cold call’, and be actively involved with the other franchisees in the growth of ideas within the company. New franchisees are expected to attain an income of $70,000 plus, within the first year, and achieve a steady increase from then on. Regular meetings with the franchise group, together with on-going training will help franchisees reach their goals. B&S have also introduced, for the first time, a scheme where an existing franchisee is involved in the training of a new franchisee, and acts as a ‘buddy’ in the initial stages of operation. This is proving to be a learning opportunity for both parties. Many franchisees have built their areas from a ‘nil’ base to over 300 regular customers in less than twelve-months. This is great motivation for an even bigger growth down the track. The majority of new franchisees have had no accounting or business experience. B&S are there to assist them in advising the best system that will suit their operation. As with any franchise it is prudent to have adequate funds on hand to tide them over during the ‘ramp up’ stage of their new business. Each B&S franchisee is unique. They all come from different backgrounds, with different ways of operating. “Our latest franchisee Peter MacNoe is based in the inner suburbs of Melbourne and has hit the ground running with twenty restaurants on his first day,” said Bill. “We listen to the ideas of our franchisees, and have instigated many changes in the short time of franchising. These ideas have not only assisted in obtaining more business for our Economic conditions play little if no influence on the business. When things get tough, most people will maintain equipment, rather than replace it. Equipment goes blunt regardless. There are no ‘royalty’ fees. The up front low purchase fee covers just about everything, car signage, equipment, uniform, stationery, dedicated area and web-site, and of course all the training and support needed to make your new business a success. There is, of course, a renewal fee payable at the end of your four-year term, when you hopefully renew your franchise. Where else can you start a new business with this minimum amount of outlay and maximum amount of support? We are looking for applicants who possess the following; • self-motivation • great communication skills • desire to succeed • ability to work with like-minded franchise team and share ideas • ability to ‘cold call’ • adequate funds • and the most important thing, a sense of humour. For more information or to join our growing team, contact B&S Mobile Sharpening, visit www.bssharp.com.au or contact i-Franchise-You on 03 9703 1135. 22 Be part of the fastest growing industry on the planet A bright idea has sparked an unmatched franchise system that provides energy efﬁcient solutions for the 21st century. ALLSAFE director Mark Hawley says AllSafe is unique in that people refer it as a ‘one stop energy efﬁciency shop’. “When we get asked who our competitors are, we often ﬁnd it difﬁcult to answer,” Mark says. With nine franchises currently operating, AllSafe is on target to expand its network to 52 franchises across Australia and New Zealand. Head ofﬁce based training is provided by the AllSafe Team and specialised product training is provided by their supportive manufacturers. A turnkey operation with AllSafe begins with the franchise fee of $95,000 +gst, plus an estimated setup cost of $100,000 +gst which includes leased vehicle, stock, IT system, signage, uniforms, stationery and training. Mark says AllSafe offers individuals the opportunity to own their own business in an exciting new market. “Making homes and workplaces more energy efﬁcient is the future and when you have a growing business which has a great product mix of National Branded products, it is reassuring to have the support of these suppliers behind you”, says Mark. Allsafe Energy Efﬁcient Products offers consumers a complete sales, advice and installation service on a wide range of energy efﬁciency products and is recognized as one of the leading and fastest growing energy efﬁcient products’ provider in Australia “The AllSafe concept has been well received by the building sector and homeowners who are constantly telling us that it’s about time someone came up with this idea”, says Mark. All franchisees also gain accreditation as HIA Greensmart advisors and ABSA (Australian Building Sustainability Assessor) that allows them to assess thermal performance and energy star ratings of homes, factories and ofﬁces. For further information about AllSafe Energy Efﬁcient Products franchises contact David Jordan on 07 3855 8733, or visit www.all-safe.com.au and click the Franchise link. More than just another franchise 7 businesses for the price of one • SOLAR POWER • SOLAR HOT WATER • INSULATION • SKYLIGHTS • VENTILATION • ENERGY EFFICIENT CONSULTANTS Solar Power Energy Management This means MORE opportunities for you to increase your proﬁts! Allsafe’s product partners include: BE PART OF THE FASTEST GROWING INDUSTRY ON THE PLANET If you have drive, enthusiasm and commitment and are interested in energy efﬁciency, this could be the business of your dreams. .-...- As an Allsafe franchisee you will have access to a leading product range that appeals to energy conscious buyers, both builder and homeowner. Our full range of Solar power systems, solar and gas hot water systems, water and energy saving devices, insulation, skylight and ventilation systems is unique. As the cost of energy rises and the growing demand for Energy Efﬁcient products spirals you will be at the forefront and will become the local ‘one stop’ Energy Efﬁcient shop in your area as part of an ever increasing network of stores across Australia. __ - 'JAIISats· Energy EftIcJent Products ~.,."- <"' M_ ._. '_"J CONTAC NOW TO T US LE MORE A ARN BO THIS UN UT I OPPOR QUE TUNITY ! For further information about AllSafe Energy Efﬁcient Products franchises contact David Jordan on 0428 ALLSAFE (0428 255 723) or 07 3855 8733 or visit www.all-safe.com.au and click the Franchise link. FRANCHISE COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA Steve Wright, Executive Director, FCA of franchising A s we approach the end of the year, what does the crystal ball tell us about what lies ahead in 2011? Will it be a good time to be buying into a new business? My short answer is “in franchising, yes.” But to answer the question more fully we have to look backwards as well as forwards and also look at the broader economy. At the end of 2008, the world was gripped by the fear of the global financial crisis. Doom-sayers were everywhere. It was going to be worse than the Great Depression of the 1930s, when unemployment soared and people queued in the streets to be given bread to survive. In the historical home of the franchising sector, the US, the franchising sector was gearing itself for tough times. The American franchising community predicted a 10 to15 per cent contraction of the sector nationwide (and if truth be known, probably feared worse). Thankfully, it didn’t turn out that way. 26 While the US and other northern economies suffered, there was no cataclysm. The US franchising sector actually grew by 1.5 per cent in 2009 – not a big number, but positive growth – a good result when the rest of the country was in recession. In Australia, we fared better than any other western economy. People were not queuing for bread, they were queuing for gourmet pizza from Crust and for backyard lifestyle products from Clark Rubber. Clark Rubber had its best year ever in 2009/10. PoolWerx had double digit growth in system turnover as people looked to spend more time in their backyards. Crust, Dominos and Eagle Boys all had substantial network growth in 2009 and 2010. As did Grill’d, Sumo Salad and 7- Eleven. And, significantly, they are continuing on that path. All are currently recording turnover growth and undergoing network expansion and expect to continue to do so in 2011. 7-Eleven grew its Australian retail footprint past the 400 mark in 2010. Such is the strength of its balance sheet that it was able to sign a deal mid-year to buy out the entire national network of Mobil service stations. By the end of next year, when the acquisition is complete and the Mobil stations have been converted, 7-Eleven will have a network of over 650 stores. For many, the crystal ball does not appear in the least foggy! For the 2009 FCA Franchisees of the Year Mark Maumill and Jason Love, 2009 and 2010 have been years of great achievement and great optimism for further success. Mark and Jason are multi-unit franchisees who have taken their endeavours within the Banjo’s (bakery café) system from Tasmania onto the mainland. They have expanded into Victoria and Queensland with Banjo’s, and are now looking into an entirely different venture in South Australia, in association with the Mr Rental franchise brand. Mr Rental is another system which has undergone significant growth in 2009/10, extending its retail network by 10 stores from DD franchise ad 230x55 v2 2009 60 to 70 in the last financial year and planning to grow to 100 stores within the next two years. And what is the common thread among these stories? Yes, the GFC has had an impact. It has driven people to think more carefully as consumers, as investors and as business owners. It has caused some hurt (and no sector has been immune), but it has not mortally wounded us. Because the Australian economy has stood up well, those who have been on their game have been able to grab opportunity in the uncertain times. Many simply decided it was all too much. In the first half of 2009 almost 1000 small businesses ceased trading each month (according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics). In the wake of the GFC, we are all behaving differently. As consumers, we are spending more carefully and less extravagantly. We are looking for value. As investors, we are more conservative and less speculative and again, looking for sustainable value. As new business owners, we are looking for the opportunities that capitalise on this philosophy. Which is why franchising appeals as a business model. Franchising businesses are generally aimed at the consumer value proposition, whether in service or retail sectors. They are more likely to be at the ‘good value treat’ end of the spectrum than the high price, high discretion end. And they have the brand reliability and trust factor working in their favour as well. In franchising we had a trimming of the sails. Growth in system numbers has dropped back. This is a good thing for the sector – not reverse gear, but a rationalisation. As a consumer, I know the product or service on offer, I know how to find it and I am confident it is going to be delivered professionally and consistently, whether it be a house from Hotondo Homes, a muffler from Midas, a tyre from Bob Jane or a treatment from Brazilian Beauty. When the FCA’s biennial ‘Franchising Australia’ survey is published next month, I expect it will show this rationalisation in growth of overall system numbers. And after I have done my business with these brands, I will kick back with a Coffee Club cappuccino and congratulate myself on another well made decision. However, I expect it also to show good growth in the established systems. It’s all about the value and reliability. That’s the lesson from the GFC. A sign of the times and a good pointer to 2011 and 2012. And it’s the ongoing success formula for franchising 2011 and beyond. v For those carrying on, that dramatic drop-out rate has meant significant opportunity. 10/9/09 Build your own cleaning business without doing the cleaning The cleaning industry is booming, this is your chance to cash in without lifting a duster! Get your free copy of The Cleaning Business Guide today Call on getting the most out of yourself and your franchise George Yammouni, Chairman, FCA T he aim of the Franchise Council of Australia is to make sure the people working in the franchise sector are getting the most out of themselves and their franchise, and that the environment in which they operate is conducive to ‘good business’. An informed and educated franchisee, working in a franchise with robust systems and support – and all within a regulatory environment that encourages growth – is a natural recipe for success! It is with this in mind that the FCA provides a range of services and resources for franchisees – from pre-purchase, through business development and into maturity. FCA Franchisee pre-education seminars The FCA holds seminars throughout Australia for people who are thinking of buying a franchise. These events provide guests with the opportunity to speak with a franchisor, franchisee, the ACCC and State Government representatives – all within in a non-sales environment. These events have proven to be of great value to people before they make that final decision. 28 Diploma of Franchising & FCA Franchise Academy Once you have purchased your franchise and are working in the sector, the FCA has a fantastic learning opportunity available for you to boost your skills and performance. The Diploma of Franchising is a face-to-face course with courses covering a range of vital business skills – both franchise specific and general business. Managing relationships, ensuring a safe workplace and quality customer service are just some of the areas covered in the Diploma. As well, you will learn about franchise systems and how they operate, from a franchisor perspective – offering you a valuable insight into your sector. The Diploma is one part of the FCA Franchise Academy, which is a platform for franchise education offering a range of seminars and qualifications delivered by experts in the franchise advisory community. portal. This website is an acknowledgement that franchisees are busy business operators who rarely have time to attend training and skills development workshops during office hours. In time, the website will offer – business development articles, seminars on ways to improve business performance and advice on legal and financial issues that affect franchisees. More importantly, it will bring together franchisees from different systems, all over Australia, to interact online, and support each other in their growth. Visit www.franchise.org.au to read more about the services the FCA can provide to you. v Franchisee Portal As part of its commitment to ongoing development in all aspects of the franchise community, the FCA has launched a new franchisee skills development and knowledge George Yammouni is Chairman of the Franchise Council of Australia and CEO & Founder of the Bathroom Werx Group. www.bathroomwerx.com. I. â€¢ â€¢â€¢â€¢ â€¢â€¢â€¢â€¢â€¢â€¢ â€¢â€¢â€¢â€¢â€¢â€¢â€¢ - sherpC GROUP YOUR GUIDE TO FRANCHISING AND LICENSING We know you are highly qualified and passionate when it comes to knowing about your business. We are the most qualified and passionate team when it comes to being the experts in helping you expand your business. Itâ€™s a little known fact that franchising is an effective and efficient way of growing your business and a strategy that is embraced worldwide. thinking 'F'word Have you reached the point in your business where youâ€™d like to see more wealth and brand expansion nationally and internationally? If your answer is yes and if you are looking for: t t t t "OPQQPSUVOJUZUPBDIJFWFHSFBUFSXFBMUIBOETVDDFTT "TUSPOHNPEFMGPSOBUJPOBMBOEJOUFSOBUJPOBMHSPXUI "OJOOPWBUJWFTUSBUFHZUPJNQMFNFOUZPVSQSPWFOCVTJOFTTNPEFMTBOETZTUFNT "CVTJOFTTNPEFMXIFSFZPVNBJOUBJODPOUSPMVTJOHTJNQMJÃ¶FECVTJOFTTTZTUFNTBOEQSPDFTTFT 5IFO4IFSQB(SPVQDBOIFMQZPV8JUI4IFSQB(SPVQBUZPVSTJEF XFXJMMXPSLXJUIZPVBOEBTTJTUZPVUP BDIJFWFSFNBSLBCMFSFTVMUTXJUIJOBMMZPVSCVTJOFTTGBDFUT$IJFG4IFSQB 7JDLJ1SPVU IBTFYQFSJFODF GSBODIJTJOHJOPWFSDPVOUSJFTBOEIBTCFFOJOWPMWFEJOGSBODIJTJOHGPSZFBSTBUB'SBODIJTPS 'SBODIJTFF and Consultant level. Unsure about which growth strategy is right for you? Donâ€™t be afraid to ask, call us today to find out more information: (02) 9267 6277 .FOUJPOUIJTBEWFSUJTFNFOUBOEZPVXJMMSFDFJWFBEJTDPVOUPOBOZPG4IFSQB (SPVQhTQSPEVDUTBOETFSWJDFT7BMJEVOUJM%FDFNCFS$POEJUJPOT"QQMZ www.sherpagroup.com.au Sydney Suite 906 / 185 Elizabeth Street 4ZEOFZ/48 1IPOF Vicki Prout, Chief Sherpa: [email protected] 4:%/&:o"%&-"%&o1&35)o"6$,-"/% PROFILE: Nanotek Nanotek ecowash’s platform for the future S ince establishing in Sydney in 2004, ecowash mobile has won just about every award there is to win in franchising and has grown from a two car operation to having operations in 15 countries around the world. But not content with this impressive record, the ecowash mobile team has set its sights even higher with the introduction of it’s hitech new brand ‘Nanotek’ in Australia, further international expansion and the contract for Qantas Valet Australia-wide. “It has been a fantastic six years, but our best is still yet to come. Since launching as ecowash mobile we have learnt so much about the market and really refined our service and our franchise support system – now we’re going mass market with Nanotek” said ecowash mobile CEO, Jim Cornish. The launch of ecowash mobile’s new brand, ‘Nanotek’, focuses on the technology behind the service and allows for easier consumer education and understanding of the advanced nano-technology that ecowash mobile franchisees employ. “It really is a paradigm shift going from traditional water washing to liquid polymer nano-technology which is waterless, but the results speak for themselves – this is the way of the future,” said franchisee development manager, Adam Stone. “From a franchisee perspective you can literally wash a car anywhere which really opens up unlimited possibilities in terms of business development.” It certainly appears that the big players are listening! ecowash mobile now holds the national contract for providing car cleaning services for Qantas Valet and handles product launches for Australia’s major car manufacturers including looking after the requirements of Ford, Holden, Hyundai and Suzuki at this year’s Sydney International Motorshow. Nanotek’s communication platform is heavily IT based with a futuristic new website as the centre piece. “We have really gone all out with the website,” said ecowash mobile IT Manager, Elia Napiza “not just with the look and navigation, but with the way we have linked it through all our social media – our YouTube channel, Flickr Gallery, Facebook page, and Twitter – they all talk to each other creating one integrated global communication platform from which we can develop a solid audience network and generate strong word of mouth. We even help our franchisees set up their own Facebook page for their business! It is a big focus for us.” Already with a strong presence in both Europe and the Middle East, ecowash mobile is now targeting key developing markets for the introduction of the service – starting with Russia and South Korea. “Russia is a huge market for us, it took a long time to identify the right partner and get through all the red tape but we aim to launch in Moscow and St Petersburg before the end of the year,” Jim said. And if one new country isn’t enough, ecowash mobile is also scheduled to start operations in South Korea in November! “South Korea is our first major entry into the Asian market and will serve as a launch pad for further expansion in the region,” said Jim. One of the newest franchisees under the Nanotek banner is Ian Franke based in Camden, NSW. As a former police officer Ian was attracted by the combination of lifestyle and business potential that the Nanotek business model offers. “I’m my own boss but I have a extensive support system behind me. I can choose my own hours and work my business around my family, I’ve been flat out since hitting the road and already have staff and plans for putting additional mobile units on the road,” said Ian. v Exclusive Nanotek territories are now available - for more information visit Nanotek.co or call 1800 Nanotek (626 683). 30 DRIVE YOUR OWN DESTINY Freedom Lifestyle your future… here now! Imagine having your own mobile business and working from home - being able to clean a car anywhere and oīer your clients the highest quality service at their home or even where they work. This is the business opportunity that Nanotek oīers – your own business with unlimited potenƟal. Introducing Nanotek by ecowash mobile – a unique mobile car cleaning service based on exclusive liquid polymer nanotechnology. Australian born 6 years ago, ecowash mobile is a mulƟ-award winning internaƟonal operaƟon and the global leader in mobile car cleaning & protecƟon. Exclusive Nanotek is the future of car cleaning, oīering franchisees a unique business model, exclusive products, solid systems and global experience. • • • • • your own exclusive territory full training and ongoing support a complete turn-key business an exclusive product range the credibility of a global brand nanotek.co or call 1800 NANOTEK (1800 626 683) For more informaƟon visit territories 2009 BRW Frast Franchises – ranked #3 \| 2008 FCA Franchise Export of the Year \| 2008 NRA Best Services Retailer NT0004 Franchise Fullpage ad.indd 1 CPROM NT0004 profile: Crack ma s t ers Give this one a C ‘crack!’ rackmasters was born through the need for quality, effective, easily applied and reliable pavement maintenance. The directors of Crackmasters brothers Jason, Michael and Matthew Cobb have life-long experience in the asphalt and road building industry with a combined total of nearly 65 years. The Crackmasters system offers crack sealing and repairs to asphalt and concrete surfaces as well as colour non-slip resurfacing to asphalt, concrete and timber surfaces. Colour sports-court resurfacing in team colours is also a new and innovative product that is sure to create an interest from netball, tennis and sports clubs. Asphalt and concrete are the most common of hard surfaces throughout the world today and these surfaces will require maintenance in order to preserve the condition and keep them safe and free from cracks and potholes. Crackmasters Geelong has been operating for the past 18 months and has created a large customer base including, government departments, schools, hospitals, sports clubs and many commercial and domestic clients. Crackmasters have been involved in many large projects including construction of car parks and driveways by using sub-contractors from start to finish. Crackmasters were heavily involved in the recent UCI World Championship Road Cycling event in Geelong. The services provided by Crackmasters throughout the event included: new permanent asphalt constructions; temporary asphalting; pothole repairs; on-call repairs; and, maintenance of the race circuit though the roads and streets of Geelong. The Crackmasters’ branded products have created a totally new way of pavement maintenance which will grow to become the 32 benchmark for quality and service. Currently there is one solo Geelong based franchise with the anticipation to expand into the franchising world. The ideal Crackmasters franchisee must: • be willing to commit to the Crackmasters brand and share the same goal as the others in the Crackmasters franchise network which is to continue to grow, represent and support the brand • be passionate and motivated to achieve the Crackmasters team’s goals • possess the skills and ability to operate a business efficiently and effectively • be willing to go the extra mile to grow their own business using the proven systems developed by the Crackmasters team. Offering complete start-up packages with full support and training provided from start to finish, the Crackmasters cover all bases with product and application training as well as a full management system. With every-day support, franchisees will never feel left in the dark. Crackmasters is both a home and mobile based unit. The mobility and nature of the franchise allows franchisees to interact with clients on a daily basis and build their networks through personal client contact. As well as providing the flexibility of creating hours to suit your lifestyle. The Crackmasters franchise can also be a low staff venture with the franchisee having the option of being a sole operator or employing staff. This incredible niche franchise and its services are only limited by imagination. With asphalt and concrete being the most common of hard surfaces throughout the world, the Crackmasters franchise has the ability to do any job, anywhere. v If you are interested in further information or becoming a franchisee visit www. crackmasters.com.au, call (03) 5222 8227 or contact Vicki Prout at Sherpa Group on 02 9267 6277. MastersÂ inÂ pavementÂ maintenance SealÂ yourÂ financialÂ success CRACKMASTERSÂ areÂ leadingÂ theÂ wayÂ inÂ pavementÂ maintenance. BecomingÂ aÂ CRACKMASTERSÂ franchiseeÂ willÂ provideÂ youÂ withÂ multipleÂ opportunitiesÂ including: Â‹ Â‹ Â‹ Â Â‹ Â‹ Â Â Â‹ Â‹ Â‹ 6\[KVVYZ3PMLZ[`SL >VYR3PMLIHSHUJLMSL_PISLOV\YZ 4VIPSL!THZZP]LJVTTLYJPHSHWWLHS[V[OL governmentÂ industry -PUHUJPHSS`ZPTWSL^P[OZ[YVUNJHZOMSV^ VZ[LMMLJ[P]L[LJOUPX\LZHUKZPTWSL technologiesÂ providingÂ aÂ hugeÂ competitiveÂ Â edge :[YVUNZ\WWVY[LMMLJ[P]LL_[LUKLK [YHPUPUN(WYVI``V\YZPKLMVYMPYZ[ML^ ^LLRZH[[OLV\[ZL[ )\PSKPUN`V\YV^UI\ZPULZZLX\P[` L_NZ[LU[Y`PUJS\KLZL]LY`[OPUN V[OLY[OHU`V\Y\Z\HSS`SLHZLK]HU TheÂ bestÂ part:Â ground-floorÂ andÂ innovativeÂ VWWVY[\UP[`/\NLTHYRL[WV[LU[PHS^P[O commercialÂ accountsÂ alreadyÂ inÂ place. CONTACTÂ JasonÂ Cobb (WWHYLSSVZL )YLHR^H[LY=PJ[VYPH 7OVUL -H_ 4VI ^^^JYHJRTHZ[LYZJVTH\ QHZVU'JYHJRTHZ[LYZJVTH\ ..... franchisee in action: Ren t t he Roo Bob and Julie Sager have achieved a record amount of business in their first year of trade This phenomenal success is in spite of the fact that Bob runs the Townsville franchise from his home in Cairns driving four hours each way or flying to and from his customer base each week. B ob first bought his Rent the Roo franchise in July 2009. He saw the flexible and convenient franchise as one that would suit his relaxed Northern Queensland life style. “Rent the Roo was a good business model; it had a great amount of transparency and flexibility over its competitors. It has allowed me to live a flexible lifestyle and work when it suits me,” says Bob “Running the Townsville franchise from my home Cairns is even a breeze with the 34 support systems put into place by Rent the Roo. Sure the travel might be long, but it’s really all in a day’s work. “You are really set up with pretty much everything from suppliers and distributors. Rent the Roo makes it easy!” Bob’s background in finance and small business hasn’t hindered his success either. “Working in banking for 25 years really helped me when looking to purchase a franchise. It’s a big investment and not something you take lightly. “Rent the Roo had a solid financial background and was very open when discussing it. There was no smoke and mirrors; it is really just an honest and supportive franchise with nothing to hide,” said Bob. Having previously owned a series of small businesses including managing a newsagency for four years Bob decided that owning a franchise was naturally the next step in his business venture. “Owning small businesses really prepared me for the franchise world. However, the beauty of the Rent the Roo franchise system is that you’re not in it alone the way you would be when owning a small independent business. “I’ve never been one to not interact with those that I’m working with, whether it be clients, customers or colleagues. Some of my best experiences have been from owning businesses and really getting amongst it. Working with people and customers is one of the highlights of the job,” said Bob. The training provided by Rent the Roo has been a definite keynote with Bob. “It has been 100 per cent support all the way from the start with one week’s training in a well-established Rent the Roo franchise in Sydney followed by two weeks training in Townsville. After the initial training we have also received regular field visits by the Rent the Roo team as well as further up to date training when needed. There is always access to information via the company intranet system, email as required and excellent over the phone support.” “Even in remote locations such as Cairns and Townsville I know I can always rely on Rent the Roo if I have a problem of any kind or simply need advice,” says Bob. Since starting with Rent the Roo, Bob and his wife Julie have seen a significant change in the balance between their work and family lives. “Working from home we pretty much make our own hours. We’re not a nine to five business so we can be flexible around our family and our commitments. There is no late nights or overtime, once the job’s done it’s done, your pretty much guaranteed to never be late for dinner. “Spending a lot more time with the grandkids has been a great benefit of the franchise. We are able to pick them up from school, spend afternoons with them doing activities and spend time with them when we would otherwise be working,” says Bob. About being a Rent The Roo franchisee Rent The Roo franchisees get to enjoy ‘the sweet taste of success’ while running their appliance and furniture rental business from the comfort of their own home. Here is the Rent the Roo formula for success that has been proven since 1976 HIGH CASH FLOW+ LOW OVERHEADS + LIFESTYLE = SUCCESS High Cashflow High Cash flow is achieved because people are willing to pay for great service. Maintaining the highest levels of customer service begins with providing all brand-new products of the customers’ own particular choice. Rent The Roo franchisees have unlimited access to every brand and type of furniture and appliances. These are sourced directly from retail and wholesale suppliers with national discounting in place. Other rental business models warehouse a limited range of stock and continue to re-rent the same items to other customers over and over again. Using this system the stock is not the only thing that depreciates! Customer satisfaction is ultimately compromised. Low overheads Rent-a-Roo Give-a-wayTM. Rent The Roo have developed a unique program where the goods are leased over 1–3 year term and then given away at the completion of the agreement. This gives added value to the customer with a sense of ownership that has effectively decreased the average default rate to below five per cent for the group. Roo Rewards is a customer loyalty program that redefines the ‘WOW FACTOR” and has produced ‘a re- sale to existing customer average of over 80 per cent’ with some franchisees achieving as high as 95 per cent. Rent The Roo has proven the saying ‘it is more blessed to give…’ This means that as the business grows, direct advertising and other costs continue to decrease. 35 franchisee in action: Ren t t he Roo No direct employment required. One or two people can operate the business successfully without all the hassles of direct employment. When the business does grow large enough, the master franchise has access to Rent The Roo’s unique Sub franchisee system. The master franchisee runs the administration and provides the capital for the stock purchases while the sub franchisee is responsible for customer service and maintains their own vehicle. our business has become. We love how much our customers appreciate the service we provide and the proof is in the fact that they just keep coming back again and again!” - Rick and Anne Saxon, master franchisees, South West Slopes, NSW. The franchise system. Rent The Roo has developed a unique investment system called: Success PASSIVE FRANCHISE TM. This has been done to reduce the capital requirements on the master franchisee. Since 2003, Rent The Roo have developed over 20 passive franchisees. These people simply provide additional finance to the master franchisee in order to grow the business. The initial investment is only $20,000 and can be increased on a monthly basis. Returns are paid monthly over a period of two years or re-invested. Rent The Roo guarantees a fixed return rate of 15 per cent per annum for two years on each investment with no fees! “We have been operating our home-based Rent The Roo franchise for two years and still cannot believe how simple and productive MASTER FRANCHISEE: Rent The Roo has developed over 30 master franchisee home-based offices Australia-wide. Further Lifestyle Home-based: The biggest problem with most successful businesses is the cost to lifestyle. Long hours and high stress environments often pay a high price. By moving the traditional rental business that requires a shop front and warehousing into the home, Rent The Roo has created an excellent business that can be run five days a week with plenty of time to enjoy yourself and your family. 36 development here and overseas is planned for 2010. With an enormous income from recurring revenue, each master franchise can potentially earn over $1,000,000 per annum within three years. The minimum capital requirement is from only $150,000. SUB FRANCHISE: This newly developed customer service Rent The Roo sub franchise comes with a guaranteed income of $1,250 per week for up to 12 months. The sub franchisee is responsible for customer service in the field without having to worry about the office administration that is run by the Master Franchisee. The sub franchise offer is an affordable $65,000.00 plus GST and vehicle. v For more information on Rent The Roo franchises please contact Phil Hague on (02) 6227 1277; email: renttheroo@ bigpond.com.au or visit www.renttheroo. com.au and request the comprehensive sales brochure. To find out more about this fantastic Franchise Opportunity contact us at Email: [email protected] Phone: (03) 9703 1135 Janine’s T ips THE PROS AND CONS OF RUNNING A FRANCHISE BUSINESS Janine Allis, Director/Founder Boost Juice T here are both positives and negatives in running your own business and franchising will add more items to both columns. It is important when making any important decision that you consider the positives and negatives of that decision. There will be a long list on both, but often you have to trust your gut instinct and take a risk to make a real difference in your life. My comments below are based on good reputable franchise models that have been in business franchising for over five years. Always be careful when going into a franchise that the franchise is established and reputable. Below are some pros and cons that I would consider when going into a franchise: PROS: Increase your chance of success It is a recorded fact that there is a higher success rate for people in a franchise business than those who start their own. The main reason for this is that there is strength in numbers, so you have better buying power, more marketing dollars and an already proven business model to get you started. Systems It costs a fortune to get systems in place in your own business. The systems are designed to assist not only the running of the business, but also to increase profitability. It takes years to establish good systems in a business, with years of trial and error to get them right. So you are minimizing your chance of mistakes by going into a franchise, because the franchisor already has made them. However, systems are only as good as the person that uses them. Brand It takes millions of dollars and many years 38 to develop a brand and a brand sells the product. Going into a franchise means that you are licensing the brand from the franchisor, so you do not have to spend the millions of dollars and many years to develop the brand. This is probably the top reason to go into a franchise. Networking Often when you are in business it can be lonely and you do not know where to turn for solutions to problems that you encounter. When you are with a franchise you have a pool of people to tap into to support your business, whether it is the franchisor or a fellow franchisee that has been in the system longer and has gone through the challenges that you may be facing. This network is very powerful and a massive positive to going into a franchise. However, remember that the reverse is also true; in all networks there are people who are negative for many reasons. My advice is to avoid these people in the franchise network like the plague, as they are not only a negative influence, but it is also the best way to make your business fail, as negativity and the ‘poor me’ syndrome is the quickest way to lose your business. CONS: Must follow a system For some people, having a system to follow means that they feel stifled in their creative vision for their own business. Even though there is traditionally some flexibility in most franchise systems to have some creativity, there is an approval process that you need to go through and some people struggle with this. If you are one of these people, a franchise may not be the right solution for you, or you may need to re-consider how you think of your business. Royalties With franchises there is a franchise fee and royalties that need to be paid on a regular basis. With your own business there are no royalties, however, if it is a good system, then the royalties paid should be made up in buying power and the strength of a network. Reporting When you sign a franchise agreement, you need to make sure you follow it and that means you must submit reports on time and ensure you are complying with the franchise system. This, however, will make you a better business person and you should be doing your financials and reporting on a monthly basis, so it can also be considered a pro, as it helps keep your business in check. Systems By entering a franchise system, you must follow the programs that are put in place, whether this is marketing, visual merchandise, new products, EVEN IF YOU DO NOT AGREE. If you are going into business for the first time, I think a franchise is a safer option, but you need to first look at yourself in the mirror to check if you feel you can follow the systems and ensure that you fully understand what being a franchisee means. v Janine Allis, Founder – Boost Juice Bars. Janine Allis opened the first Boost Juice Bar in Adelaide in 2000. Boost is in more countries than any other juice bar in the world. Janine’s company; Boost Investment Group, also runs the exciting new concept Salsa’s Fresh Mex Grill, which they are now franchising. Details: www.boostjuice.com.au or www.salsas.com.au. DFXWDERYHWKHUHVW -RLQRQHRIWKH PRVWUHVSHFWHG QDPHVLQIUDQFKLVLQJ Å¥ ([FLWLQJ G\QDPLFLQGXVWU\ Å¥ \HDUVRIVXFFHVVIXO RSHUDWLRQ Å¥ 2YHUVWRUHV1DWLRQDOO\ Å¥ UHDWOLIHVW\OH Å¥ )OH[LEOHZRUNLQJKRXUV Å¥ UHDWHDUQLQJVSRWHQWLDO Å¥ )XOOVXSSRUWDQGRQJRLQJ WUDLQLQJ 2SSRUWXQLWLHVLQ 9,&16:4/' 6$ 7$6 &RQWDFW%DUU\RQ IUDQFKLVLQJ#SULFHDWWDFNFRPDXRU YLVLWZZZSULFHDWWDFNFRPDX ),1$/,67 )&$ )UDQFKLVRU RIWKH<HDU :,11(5 )&$16: :RPHQLQ )UDQFKLVLQJ '& 6WUDWHJ\ /HDGLQJ )UDQFKLVRU GET BY WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM YOUR FRIENDS Darryn McAuliffe, National Manager, NAB Franchise Banking Good advice from good people is one of the most important ingredients for business success, all business owners need to surround themselves with people whose primary business is their business. N ow, more than ever, having the ‘right’ professionals, such as lawyers, accountants and bankers, in place is essential. These relationships are generally longer-term, so it is important you find the ‘best fit’ for your business. form of online business networks, chambers of commerce, business advisory councils and franchise and industry groups. The broader your network, the more likely you are to be connected to someone who can help your business Business owners should not be afraid to ask for what they want from their service providers from the outset. There are plenty of professional services firms out there that want your business. Think about what you value in your business relationships and look around until you find the right match. Talk to them about your business, where you want to take it, and what the economic environment means for you. Have you considered a mentor? When new customers come in to a NAB business banking centre, our business bankers take the time to really get to know their business. This time should be given by all your support services, to give you the chance to get to know who you are entrusting your business to. Also, now more than ever, is a good time to be talking to your team of experts about your business, where you want to take it and what the economic environment means for you. Building a strong support network is essential for all franchisees, with advisors and business professionals now more accessible to the business community than ever before – in the 40 Whether you are established or just starting out, you should also consider seeking advice from an outside business mentor. This might be someone with a strong knowledge of starting up small businesses or experience in your industry. There are a variety of advisory services, programs and networks offered by government and community organisations and franchise systems that are free or of minimal cost. Your support network should not only be there in times when business is strong, but more importantly, be there to help you through the tough periods. This could also extend to your business finding itself without sufficient funds over a period of time. Cash flow is probably the single biggest challenge for small businesses. Ensuring that funds coming in are sufficient to provide for those going out can be easier said than done. The ability to trade profitably on an ongoing basis and generate long term value is impossible without an effectively managed cash flow. Speak to your accountant or business banker about options that can help you manage your cash flow. Even talk about managing peaks and troughs in your business with your mentor – chances are they have been though the same thing themselves. Having robust outside business support will motivate you to perform, keep momentum and make sure you do not get so caught-up with internal issues within your business that you lose grip on the bigger picture. Use your networks For franchisees, it’s vital they tap into local networks to take advantage of businessbuilding opportunities and capitalise on the natural synergies that exist between businesses. Simple tips like taking your business cards everywhere, speaking to new people and making the most out of every networking situation will get you on your way to building mutually beneficial business connections. “In the past, many businesses have been helped by their local bank manager for these connections and it’s no different today. If you want to start networking and don’t know where to start, ask your business banker. NAB prides itself on providing business customers with networking opportunities, such as seminars which enable business owners to “Your support network should not only be there in times when business is strong, but more importantly, be there to help you through the tough periods.” get connected and share knowledge and strategies to overcome business hurdles. These are particularly valuable in this current economic climate. Organisations that contribute to their local communities through sponsorships, monetary donations and in-kind support, also have the opportunity to feel good about themselves and promote themselves as active members of their local communities. Stay close to your customers Staying close to customers is a good practice at any time. It becomes increasingly important when conditions tighten. Improving customer relationships can create opportunities for new and repeat business – especially from your most loyal customers. There is a reason why someone chooses to buy from you and not a competitor. Knowing your customer, and the reason they purchase from you, allows you to plan for the future. It helps you project future earnings and plan for what your business will need, to not only survive, but prosper - regardless of the economic environment. It’s our experience, that businesses that continually focus on understanding why their customers choose them, don’t generally get caught out when those consumer needs change. Networking tips • Ask your best and most loyal clients for referrals. It’s these people who most recognise the value in your product or service and will be most willing to refer new business to you. • Don’t underestimate the power of referrals. Take the time to identify who your key advocates are and why they are advocates. You should be asking these customers for referrals and potentially emulating what you do for them to build satisfaction and more advocates. • Read trade and industry journals, speak to industry bodies and take advantage of any resources available to you • Milk your own cows first! NAB research demonstrates that 45 per cent of Australian businesses receive the majority of their sales from local customers and identified ways franchises can cushion themselves from the effect of the current economic environment. The results highlight the need for franchise owners to leverage their local communities and encourage ‘shopping locally’. When looking to buy an existing business, a good customer base is an important criteria and strong community support forms part of that. The effect of spending locally also has a ripple effect. If a drop in the water represented a single purchase, then the ripples would reflect how the benefits would flow through to the surrounding businesses. This is something local communities can positively influence and can feel good about. In addition to the local community support, businesses also rely on the support of fellow businesses to navigate through these challenging economic times. Our research shows that 41 per cent of Australian businesses consider the success of their business to be dependent on the success of their neighbouring businesses. Interestingly, those businesses which relied on their local community for continuity weren’t making the most out of the potential connections that are right on their doorstep. Only 16 per cent of Australian businesses were members of a local business network. Of these network members, 64 per cent reported the ability to build greater business connections as a benefit of networking. Also, 51 per cent saw the ability to seek new opportunities to grow their business as a key benefit. So in summary, remember the importance of using your networks to benefit your business and community. v Darryn McAuliffe is National Manager, NAB Franchise Banking. He is responsible for the NAB’s team of accredited franchise bankers and for the ongoing accreditation of franchise systems across Australia, managing key relationships. NAB Franchise Specialist Bankers understand franchising and can offer you a flexible and competitive finance solution to help your business prosper. You can contact Darryn at [email protected]. Important note NAB has not taken into account your objectives, financial situation or needs and recommends that you consider whether any advice in this article is appropriate for your circumstances. 41 PROFILE: unit ed pe troleum A franchise on the move… E stablished in 1993, United Petroleum, a proudly Australian-owned company, has become one of the largest independent fuel companies in Australia with over 240 convenience retail sites operating across every state. In 2007, once firmly cemented and recognised within the petrol and convenience sector, United Petroleum turned its attentions towards becoming a leading franchisor. Along with this decision also came an increased focus on the United retail store offering, investing in retail innovations and site upgrades to further support this new direction. A key initiative has been the development of our Café Up program – a more premium foodservice offering that helps to maximise overall store performance, appearance and profit. Now, in 2010, the interest in United Petroleum franchises has gathered pace, and sites are converting all around Australia. Franchisees with United enjoy the freedom of running their own business with the guidance and support of an established and successful retail model. United continues to invest in its brand and systems in order to gain a competitive edge in the marketplace and ensure greater success for its franchisees. A turn-key business solution As a franchisee with United, you will enjoy involvement and support in the following: • fuel retailing • consumer goods retailing • innovative promotional concepts designed to attract the attention of customers outside a fuel-only offer • merchandising • franchise management • repairs and maintenance • accounting and legal • training • audit and compliance. Training and field support We want our franchisees to hit the ground running as well-trained, competent operators who can start to build their business from day one. 42 Up to nine modules of training is completed over a two to three week period (depending on previous experience). Training is a combination of the following: • off-site - classroom style at our training facility at Point Cook, Vic, • on-site - at site being franchised (or similar) and, • on-line for a certified food handling course. On-going support and training is also provided. Our financial partnership Our franchise agreements are one of the longest terms available in the sector and last for 15 years (5 x 5 x 5). Successful franchisees can buy multiple sites, because we’re keen to build long term relationships with our best people. Franchisees pay a franchise fee and goodwill for existing sites and buy their initial stock, but there are no costs for fuel, equipment or shop fit-out. A cent per litre commission is paid on the volume of petrol franchisees sell. So while petrol discounting can drive more customers to your service station, you have absolute certainty about the income from every litre you sell. Franchisees pay a royalty on the shop turnover, which is set at a fixed percentage. This means that as you grow the business, you grow your income and goodwill. This royalty payment includes your rent, continued access to process improvements and any national marketing initiatives and pricing. Yes, I want to be part of United’s success If you’re inspired by United Petroleum’s achievements and possess the following skills and attributes: • ambition to become the owner-operator of their own franchise • good staff development/leadership skills • sound management/administrative skills • the commitment to learn and follow our proven retail and management systems • a strong belief in superior customer service • a desire to play an active role in their local community • the enthusiasm and energy to work hard …then we would love to hear from you! v Please complete a Profile Application form found under the franchise section of our website www.unitedpetroleum. com.au or contact us on franchiseinfo@ unitedpetroleum.com.au If you would like to know more about becoming a franchisee with United, please contact our Franchise Coordinator, Joanne Stewart on (03) 9413 1680 during business hours. United is proudly a member of the Franchise Council of Australia. The future of fuel in Australia CONVENIENCE RETAIL AND PETROL FRANCHISES NOW FRANCHISING Innovative, rapidly growing and in just 18 years United has established hundreds of sites around Australia. United continues to grow, opening new sites every year. Fast track your future with this exciting package which offers: • A turnkey retail solution • Australia’s premium service station sites • Ongoing product innovations • Environmentally friendly petroleum products • A 15 year tenure • Merchandising & promotional support • A strong, experienced team for retail support and guidance An Australian success story now destined to become a successful Convenience Retailer Vendor Finance Available* For more information contact Joanne Stewart on (03) 9413 1680 or download an Application Form under the Franchising section of our website at www.unitedpetroleum.com.au Finance available on Goodwill amount only and is subject to applicant approval e xpert advice Andrew Kelly, FC Group, Public Relations of Public Relations E very day, hundreds of so-called experts are quoted in the newspapers, on the radio, on websites and on our television screens at no charge, yet advertising in these same media costs thousands of dollars. We never seem to question the budget line for advertising expenses, yet we often balk at adding a line for public relations services in our overall marketing plans and budgets. No matter what your business, you’re selling an image of yourself, your products and your services. Public relations play a major role in managing that image. Free publicity leads to more sales, brand awareness, strategic alliances, and so on. Making headlines is the greatest and fastest way to make people want to do business with you. Like the rest of your marketing plan, launching a public relations campaign will require planning. If a strategic plan and approach is put into place, then the outcome will almost always be positive. What is public relations? “Doin’ good things and tellin’ people about it.” This is probably the most adequate description of public relations, although there are many more formal definitions. A public relations opportunity is any avenue that provides an organisation/business with the opportunity to raise their visibility in the marketplace. The spin-off of greater visibility can have an impact in many areas of the business such as: • brand recognition • brand loyalty • increased sales • network growth; and 44 • individual recognition. There are two kinds of public relations opportunities. 1. The public relations campaign you plan for over time. 2. The public relations opportunity that presents itself that demands immediate action to achieve the best outcome. During 15 years of managing internal and external communications for franchise businesses and working in public relations consultancies, there have been many opportunities that have ‘presented themselves’ that have needed instant capitalisation, while many others have been planned over many months to achieve the best outcome. It was up against quality opposition, including Gloria Jeans, 7-Eleven, Quest Apartments, Subway and Cartridge World. During its presentation to the awards committee, brand mascot, ‘Clarkee’, was utilised to stimulate association, commitment and emotion to the brand. Each member was left with a ‘Clarkee’ plush. At the FCA awards on the Gold Coast in October, 2006, Clark Rubber was announced Franchisor of the Year. The public relations plan was immediately in action. Objective - brand recognition in state and national media - morale boost for franchisees - profile building for managing director One scenario doesn’t necessary work better than the other. The important and consistent message is that planning is put in place and that you maximise that opportunity. - ongoing story opportunities I have been a part of two significant opportunities that have resulted in outstanding brand recognition for the client. Target Audience The first one was carefully planned and strategised over a three month period. The second was an opportunity that presented itself and required immediate action to gain maximum benefit. Following are the PR opportunities and the outcomes. Case Study One – Planned public relations opportunity Clark Rubber – Franchisor of the Year, 2006 Clark Rubber had been notified that it was a finalist in the 2006 FCA Franchise of the Year Award. - business and network development – growth of brand. - primary – media nationally - secondary – Australian consumers. Research - develop a public relations plan - develop supporting material – media releases, media alerts, photographs, interview opportunities - build data-base of target media - liaise with entire media data base prior to event – time to contact, email or fax, etc. Strategy - release information the night of the awards via fax & e-mail - take ownership of the event by releasing - prepare individual media releases targeting each of the publications public relations accounts at the time and as the account manager, a once in a lifetime opportunity was presented. - focus on Australian-owned ‘iconic’ brand Objective - release media release to national publications – BRW, Financial Review, The Australian - capitalise on the Herald Sun article and create a publicity stunt within 24 hours to ensure it remained relevant - release media release to state publications – Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, West Australian, Adelaide Advertiser, The Mercury etc. - create a photo/news camera opportunity by sending a pallet of Heinz Baked Beans to India information before any other organisation - release media release template to each of the Clark Rubber stores to push-out locally - release media notification to all radio stations and television stations nationally - release media release to industry publications - generate media exposure for Heinz Baked Beans - generate media exposure for Heinz - increase sales of Heinz branded products - achieve local, state, national and international exposure for the brand. Target Audience - follow-up all media personally the following morning - primary – media nationally and internationally – press, radio, television - begin to solicit interviews and features – brand building and generating profile for managing director - secondary – consumers nationally and internationally. - offer managing director as ‘speaking option’ at events, luncheons, round tables, seminars - re-write network development pack for potential franchisees, based on the successes - solicit TV interviews nationally. Result Research - liaise with Heinz marketing director to ensure stunt was achievable - liaise with Heinz Baked Beans brand manager - liaise with Heinz nutritionals to obtain Baked Beans ‘facts & figures’ - $1.8M in public relations in 18 months - liaise with Heinz distribution manager to prepare shipment - helped to grow franchisee numbers from 74 to 86 stores from Sept 2006 – Dec 2008. - liaise with Australian Cricket Board to obtain Indian hotel details and notify of activity Case Study Two – Unplanned public relations opportunity - build data-base of target media nationally. Focus on Victoria media (primary) Shane Warne ‘Heinz’ Baked Beans public relations stunt. - appoint and brief 2 x Heinz spokespersons for media conference/interviews Background - prepare pallet for maximum photo/footage opportunity Arguably Australia’s best ever cricketer, Shane Warne, was at the peak of his powers in the late 1990s. He had travelled to India for a three-match Test series against the home nation in 1998. Travelling with the Australian team was Herald Sun reporter, Robert Craddock, who, in the team hotel, overheard Warne telling teammates that he was struggling with the Indian food and needed some ‘good ol’ fashioned Aussie tucker’. Craddock reported the following day in the Herald Sun that Warne was struggling with his diet, which could affect his performance in India. The public relations company I represented at the time was managing the Heinz brands - encourage ongoing advertising strategies as a result of the publicity stunt - notify Media Monitors of ‘enormous’ potential (to monitor media around the world). Strategy - prepare media release and Heinz Baked Beans ‘Fact Sheet’ - release media notification the following night for a press conference the following morning - re-send media notification to national media on the morning of the press conference - release media kit to newsrooms nationally on the morning of the press conference - follow-up all Melbourne media, including radio stations. Arrange interview times for radio - prepare a Heinz ‘goodies pack’ to all who attended press conference - release media kit to AAP for national and international release - manage media conference. Result - in excess of $4M in public relations in seven days internationally, including a full color back page photograph and caption of Shane Warne bowling a can of Heinz Baked Beans in the Herald Sun on the morning of the press conference - Warne being signed as a spokesperson for an opposition brand just months after the public relations stunt - ongoing public relations for the brand (ie: Victorian Premier John Brumby mentioning Heinz Baked Beans in an article in March, 2010, utilising Warne to build relationships with Indian community). Whilst the time it took to prepare the public relations strategy was significantly different in each of the case studies, core public relations principals of setting objectives, planning and budgeting, implementation and evaluation, were carried out to ensure maximum exposure. Choosing the right public relations representative for your business is not always easy. Like any business partner or even an employee, you need to do your research. There is a common belief that your public relations representative should have experience in your industry. I don’t necessarily agree. If there is a newsworthy story to tell, regardless of the product, service or brand, a good public relations practitioner will be able to produce a public relations plan and deliver the outcomes of that plan. v Andrew Kelly is the FC Group General Manager, PR Services. Andrew provides fully-integrated PR Services, such as communications strategy, media strategy, media relations, media coaching and training, corporate & executive profiling, professional writing, event management, sponsorship leverage, issues management and conference management. A member of the Public Relations Institute of Australia (PRIA), Andrew has more than 15 years experience in franchise public relations and corporate communications. 45 Is your boss giving you the SCHNITZ? Schnitz - pan-cooked schnitzels is a new fast casual restaurant franchise that is set to take Australia by storm. With four stores and more on the way, Schnitz is now expanding its franchise and is looking for franchisees that are addicted to schnitzels. S chnitz is a fast casual food franchise unlike any other. It is the first pancooked schnitzel franchise in Australia and therefore holds a lucrative niche position in the retail food marketplace. Schnitz combines great tasting schnitzels (chicken, beef, pork, fish and vegetarian) with healthy fillings served in a range of Turkish Rollz, Tortilla Wrapz and Gourmet Breads. They also serve a range of healthy Gourmet Saladz, Schnack items and their award-winning crunchy Chipz (whose secret seasoning took three months to perfect). The idea for Schnitz was originally conceived by Roman Dyduk, a veteran Melbourne restaurateur with over 37 years experience in building, owning and operating successful restaurants and cafés. The concept was created due to the overwhelming praise and compliments Roman and his younger son Tom had received for their pan-cooked schnitzels. This demand inspired Roman to create Schnitz, opening the first store at 338 Queen St, Melbourne in 2007. In 2009, Roman enlisted the services of his eldest son Andrew - who had been running a successful web marketing and business systems consultancy company called Kinetic Digital Group for over 10 years - to set up a franchise and start marketing the business to prospective franchisees. After spending months refining, documenting and implementing all the operating procedures, IT infrastructure, POS systems, training manuals, marketing materials and legal documents, Andrew and his team finally incorporated Schnitz Franchising in July 2009. Now, with a fourth store opened at 672 Glenferrie Road, Hawthorn, Schnitz is looking to expand its franchise network throughout Melbourne and across the eastern seaboard. They’re looking for positive and energetic franchisees that have excellent customer service, leadership and communication skills to join the group. “We’re looking for people that love schnitzels and are willing to invest their time and energy into building a successful business together with our guidance,” says Andrew Dyduk, director and franchise manager. The franchise has four store models that will suit various franchisees and investors including: 1. CBD Sandwich Bar & Café – five days per week 2. High-Traffic Street Restaurant – seven days per week 3. Shopping Centre Food Court – seven days per week 4. European Beer Hall/Garden – seven days per week “Our store models give franchisees a lot more flexibility when it comes to choosing the type and size of business that is right for them,” says Andrew. Tom Dyduk, Roman Dyduk & Andrew Dyduk “We also have equipment and fit-out financing options available to make it easier for franchisees to invest in our unique business opportunity.” As an Australian, family-owned franchise, the 46 Dyduk family bring a unique set of values to the operations of the franchise. “We’re not your typical franchise corporation,” notes Andrew, “as a family that has been involved in food since 1974 we know what factors contribute to a successful business and our strong family values are carried through in all aspects of our operations. Our focus is on making sure our franchisee’s businesses are profitable, which is why we only charge seven per cent for our royalty and marketing levy instead of the 10 to 12 per cent most other food franchisors charge.” Schnitz offers its franchisees full training and support including: • use of all the equipment and Point of Sale (POS) terminals • food preparation and presentation • inventory management and stock control • food hygiene and safety • labour management • local store marketing; and • business strategy planning and goal setting. “We provide six weeks of in-store training and provide ongoing support to our franchisees including business management and local area marketing support,” says Dyduk. When asked why Schnitz is so popular with the customers, Dyduk says that “customers love the products because they taste great and are prepared fresh daily using market fresh produce from quality Australian suppliers. Everybody loves schnitzels and quite simply, our food is addictive!” he adds. Sounds like a recipe for success. v For more information about owning your own Schnitz franchise, visit www.schnitz. com.au, email [email protected]. au or call Andrew Dyduk on 0410 649 808. Want to own your own Schnitz store? Weâ€™re recruiting hard-working, passionate and driven people with a fun, positive attitude towards business and a willingness to learn. If you have excellent customer service, leadership and communication skills then contact us to find out more about this unique, profitable retail food opportunity. Investment with great ROI Total Investment: $250k - $400k (finance available) Low Ongoing Fees: 5% Royalty + 2% Marketing Levy Store turn-over: $700k - $1m+ pa Limited Offer Sign up before 31/12/2010 and receive $25,000 of advertising to promote your store and ensure itâ€™s a huge success! to learn more or apply Call Andrew on 0410 649 808 or email: [email protected] Jani-King’s support systems have kept franchisees cleaning up over the years E very franchisor, it seems, likes to talk about the maturity of their franchise system, regardless of whether they can prove anything substantial beyond first opening the doors to franchisees. However, any fruitful offering is definitely more flavourful when franchisors can roll-out those who have become successful from their investment in the franchise and have made a solid living and future for either themselves or their families over the years. Jani-King Australasia is one of Australia’s most mature franchises that can ‘walk the talk’ and, at 15 years strong in 2010, is celebrating the milestone by recognising those franchisees who have been cleaning up since day one. From Perth to Adelaide and north to Brisbane several Jani-King franchisees are celebrating their 15th year with ‘the world’s number one cleaning franchise’, while others are nudging closer every year. Jani-King Australasia has over 40 franchisees that have been with the franchise over 10 years, with many who have 48 watched their business prosper and grow, like their families. One of those is Jani-King franchisee Francis Francois who became involved with Jani-King in 1995. He started off running the franchise for his parents, Louis and Marie, for three years before buying it from them in 1998. Since that time Francis, whose Jani-King franchise is based in the North Brisbane region, has become one of the standout performers within Jani-King and is a prime example of the enduring longevity franchisees can expect when they follow the system. “Jani-King provided me with a launching pad to a great career path,” he said. “While it’s been 15 years since I joined the franchise, it doesn’t seem that long. However, when I look at the kids and where they are now, it’s quite an achievement.” Jani-King Australasia Managing Director, Mr Ben Stoltz, said having successful, mature franchisees in the system like Francis was a precious commodity. “It proves that our system works and it’s delightful to see so many Jani-King franchisees being with us for over 10 years and doing so well,” he said. Presently, we have over 1,300 Jani-King franchisees across Australia and New Zealand and we wish them all the same success and length of years Francis and others have found with their franchises. “The growth and maturity of any franchise systems relies on the team you have in place from the head office to the administration team, regional managers, operations managers, telemarketers, and ultimately the franchisees themselves who make it happen. We have been more fortunate than most in that regard and we’re thankful for it every day. It’s definitely what’s kept us wearing the title ‘King of Clean’ over the years!” v To learn more about owning your own business with Jani-King visit www.janiking.com.au. 2 1 r e Ov n o s r a ye 1998 2010 The Francois family pictured left to right Rebecca 21 Francis Francois Jessica 23 Anne Francois and Phillip 16 g l l n i o t r s t and going s Francis Francois decided the time was right for him to control his own The Jani-King Australasia family of franchisees enjoys a level of career destiny and secure his familyâ€™s future over 12 years ago. And assistance right from the beginning thatâ€™s unprecedented in franchised that decision, made in 1998, was to join â€œThe Worldâ€™s #1 Commercial commercial cleaning. Just ask Francis. More than 12 years on, and still Cleaning Franchiseâ€? â€“ Jani-King Commercial Cleaning. going strong! Since then, Francis has watched his Jani-King Franchise, and his family, grow and prosper to become a business leader in the local community. Jani-Kingâ€™s unwavering support of its franchisees, like Francis and 1,300 others, is the reason that Jani-King is â€œThe King of Cleanâ€? when it comes to cleaning up with one of the worldâ€™s best franchise opportunities. www.janiking.com.au top five Legal FAQs - What to ask your lawyer? John Sier, Principal Mason Sier Turnbull Y ou have just been given a franchise agreement and disclosure document and the franchisor says you have 14 days to execute the franchise agreement and that you should get legal advice. But why do you need legal advice? The franchisor has already said they will not change the franchise agreement. How can a lawyer help you? A lawyer who is experienced in franchising can help in a number of ways. By asking your lawyer some specific questions, you can ensure that you obtain targeted advice that will assist you as you negotiate each step towards becoming the owner of a franchised business. 1. What documents should reviewed by your lawyer? Franchisors are bound by the Franchising Code of Conduct (the Code) which requires them to provide a disclosure document. The disclosure document is an important source of information in relation to many aspects of a franchise system and a franchise agreement is the document that binds the parties. Not every document you have received from the franchisor needs to be reviewed by your lawyer. As a minimum, the franchise agreement and disclosure document must both be reviewed. Where relevant, you should also seek advice in relation to the sale of business agreement, the lease and the licence agreement. 50 2. What are the most onerous things to look out for within a franchise agreement? which may contain different terms (including different financial terms) from the original franchise agreement that you signed. Payments under the franchise agreement, operating costs and unforeseen capital expenditure It is important to assess whether the term and further term of the franchise agreement match the term under the lease and licence agreement. If the terms do not match, you need to ensure that you will not have continuing obligations under the lease and licence agreement after the franchise agreement has expired and vice versa. Typically, fees are specified in a schedule at end of a franchise agreement. However, sometimes some fees are located inconspicuously within the terms of the franchise agreement. Some franchise agreements provide that certain fees may be changed at the franchisor’s discretion. Franchisors are required to disclose unforeseen capital expenditure that a franchisee may incur. By reviewing a disclosure document and a franchise agreement, a franchising lawyer will be able to highlight the possible areas that capital expenditure could be incurred, enabling you prepare for such expenditure, should the need arise. Term and Renewal You will only be granted the franchise for the term of the franchise agreement. After the term, there might be an option to renew the franchise agreement for a further term, subject to you complying with numerous pre-conditions. The pre-conditions for renewal may include payment of a renewal fee, refurbishment of premises and entering into the ‘then current’ franchise agreement Territory Some franchise agreements are limited to a particular site. Many grant a territory. A territory may be exclusive or non-exclusive. In certain circumstances, exclusive territories can become non-exclusive. This is not uncommon, but can be onerous, particularly if the ‘circumstances’ are largely within the control of the franchisor. For example, where the territory can become non-exclusive for a failure to meet minimum performance criteria where that minimum performance criteria is determined by the franchisor. Minimum performance criteria Minimum performance criteria can be a useful tool for a franchisor to maintain high standards of the franchise system. However, if they are not reliably achievable or if they can be changed by the franchisor without consultation with the franchisee, they can be onerous. The consequences of failure to â€œBy asking your lawyer some specific questions, you can ensure that you obtain targeted advice that will assist you as you negotiate each step towards becoming the owner of a franchised business.â€? meet minimum performance criteria can also be serious. Consequences typically include requirements to attend further training, after which, if further minimum performance criteria are not met, the franchisor may have a right to appoint other franchisees to the territory, to force the franchisee to sell the business or to terminate the franchise agreement. Assignment or sale of business The franchise agreement will set out certain conditions that you and a prospective purchaser must satisfy before the franchisor will consent to the sale. Usually the franchisor requires refurbishment of a premises and payment of a transfer fee. Such requirements can involve substantial cost and must be taken into account when you agree to a sale price. Termination It is imperative that you understand the grounds upon which a franchise agreement can be terminated by a franchisor. Franchise agreements always specify grounds upon which the franchisor can terminate a franchise agreement, but very few franchise agreements provide the franchisee with rights to terminate. This means that if the franchisee wished to end the franchise agreement before the end of the term, the only way out of the franchise agreement is to sell the business or to obtain the agreement of the franchisor. Not only is the franchisor not obliged to consent to allow a franchisee to terminate a franchise agreement, the franchisor may be entitled to claim damages from you for the profit it would have otherwise made, such as via royalties, until the end of the term, or at least until they can find a replacement franchisee. its presence in your local area or your State, or where there is another franchise system competing for franchisees, you have a better than usual chance of the franchisor agreeing to the request for amendments. Restraints 4. What if the franchisor becomes insolvent? Most franchise agreements provide for a period after the end of the franchise agreement during which the franchisee is restrained from being in any way involved in a competing business within a specified area from the territory and/or premises. You should seek advice as to whether such restraints are likely to be enforceable so that you can be clear about your obligations at the end of your franchise agreement. Most franchise agreements do not mention the rights of the franchisee if the franchisor became insolvent. In such circumstances, you could lose your investment, be evicted from the premises, be restrained under the franchise agreement from competing with the franchisor (albeit in liquidation), have no rights to continue to use the franchisorâ€™s intellectual property and have no franchised business to sell. 3. Should I ask for amendments to the franchise agreement? Particularly given the instability of recent economic times, it is important to request a clause stating that if the franchisor becomes insolvent, the franchisee has the option to immediately terminate the franchise agreement, that restraints be waived, including in relation to confidential information and that the franchisor cooperate in having the lease assigned to you. That way you could continue to trade from the premises (provided this was agreed with the landlord), continue to use the client lists and other confidential information. It is true that franchisors are typically unwilling to amend their franchise agreements, especially well established franchise systems. While a good lawyer will advise you in relation to numerous points of concern, an experienced franchising lawyer will also be able to highlight the most important items that should be amended and will limit such advice to clauses that are contrary to the Code, clauses that are both extremely onerous and unusual within the industry and clauses that have relevance for your particular circumstances. In certain circumstances, such as where the franchise system is relatively new or where the franchisor is keen to establish or develop 5. How can I protect myself and my family if things do not turn out as planned? Where the prospective franchisee is a company, the directors will be required to give personal guarantees. To give a personal 51 LEGAL ADVICE guarantee means that you personally guarantee to comply with the obligations of the franchisee, and potentially place all of your assets at risk. Advice in relation to asset protection and corporate structuring is critical. This should be done in conjunction with your accountant who will provide advice on corporate structuring from a tax effectiveness point of view. This article does not constitute legal advice and you must obtain your own legal advice relevant to your own circumstances. However, one common strategy which works for many â€˜mum and dadâ€™ type enterprises is where one partner owns and operates the business and the other owns the assets. By ensuring that the partner who owns the assets does not enter into personal guarantees and cannot be required to enter into a personal guarantee, the assets are much better protected than if both partners were required to give personal guarantees. Purchasing a franchised business is a big investment which should only be made after careful consideration of all of the available information. The job of a franchising lawyer is to guide you through the relevant documents. An experienced franchising lawyer will answer your questions but may also highlight other questions for you to raise with the franchisor or other franchisees. What you do with that information (or ask your lawyer to do for you) is your choice. And by the way, if a franchisor says you must execute the franchise agreement within 14 days, refer them back to the Code which provides that a franchisee must not enter into a franchise agreement for at least 14 days after they received the Code, the disclosure document and the franchise agreement in the form it is to be executed. So my advice? Take your time, seek the advice of experienced franchising professionals, including lawyers and accountants, talk with other franchisees and with the franchisor, and make your decision based upon all of the information available to you. v John Sier, Principal Mason Sier Turnbull Lawyers 315 Ferntree Gully Road Mount Waverley VIC 3149 www.mst.com.au. 52 Kevin Bugeja, Managing Director, Franchise Selection THE RIGHT RETAIL FRANCHISE O nce you have decided that buying a franchise is the way to go, the next step is choosing what kind of franchise you should invest your money in. There are thousands of franchise opportunities to choose from. Therefore you can easily select the franchise to suit your own taste. Retail franchises hold a considerable position in the franchise industry. It is a wide category where many of the industries fall under it. By starting a retail franchise you can have a business of your own. There are lots of choices available. Wander around any major regional shopping centre, suburban shopping complex or even down a local shopping strip and you’re guaranteed to come across a retail franchise business. Like its counterpart ‘service franchising’, retail franchising offers its own set of pros and cons. There are advantages and disadvantages that make it unique. In the right circumstances, retail franchising can make a very good career choice and provide a healthy income for many people. But you’ll want to do your 54 homework and make careful considerations. First, take a look at the crowded playing field with a diverse range of retail franchises on offer. In Australia prospective franchisees have plenty of choice when shopping around to find the right retail business. Like most other business sectors, retailing is very much driven by consumer demand and the state of the economy and so franchisees have to be prepared for downturns in the market. Location is also crucial as it is imperative that customers can easily access the business. The wrong location can be disastrous. While the retail sector is very tough and competitive, it is also one of the strongest. Retail franchises account for 35 per cent of the 1200 franchise systems operating in Australia and continue to be the fastest growing sector in franchising. Some benefits of a retail business franchise can include an established supply chain, economies of scale and national advertising campaigns. For franchisees looking to enter the retail sector for the first time, a non-background in retailing is not a barrier as many franchisors provide extensive training and knowledge about their market sector. It can be very rewarding but potential franchisees must do their research in selecting the right retail franchise that most suits them. For many potential franchisees, a retail franchise offers the security of a tried and tested business system, a recognised brand, established marketing tools, and ongoing support and advice. Pros and Cons of retail franchising If retail franchising sounds attractive to you, begin by taking a personal inventory. Examine your skills, interests, and financial situation. Do you like to engage with people (both customers and employees) regularly? Are you averse to retail hours (night and weekends)? Be honest with yourself. Also, do you have access to the significant amount of capital that may be required to get started? Can you afford to take on this kind of debt and risk financially and emotionally? These are all important questions you’ll want to consider. If retail franchising still looks good to you, then proceed to examine and define the brands and concepts that you could see yourself being a part of. “Retail franchises account for 35 per cent of the 1200 franchise systems operating in Australia and continue to be the fastest growing sector in franchising.” Keys to success If you are going to choose a retail franchise concept, one of the keys to a successful retail operation is, as they say in the real estate industry, location, location, location. A retail franchise is driven by solid, consistent traffic. Look for locations or territories near you that could support a retail franchise. You’ll want some competition, but not too much. take stock of your skills and interests. What is it that appeals to you about owning a retail franchise? Are you willing and able to work long hours, including evenings, weekends and holidays? Understanding your financial situation may save you time and money by narrowing your options to what you can afford. 2. Research opportunities. One of the biggest differences between a service franchise and a retail franchise is the employee factor. You’re going to need them lots of them - in a retail franchise. This means you’ll need to hire, train, retain, and yes, fire employees. HR is a big part of operating a retail franchise concept - and becomes even more so if you expand to operate multiple locations. Finding and keeping quality employees can be a challenge, but when you do find them, they can make your operation really shine. Once you have narrowed the choices down to a few that match your skills set, interests and budget, it is time to dig deeper. You will need to do due diligence and review the franchisor’s disclosure document, franchise agreement and financial statements and interview existing and former franchisees to find out whether or not they are satisfied with their earnings and the franchisor’s performance and ability to fulfill their obligations. Of course, retail locations require building, remodelling, maintenance, and updating from time to time. There are also permits, insurance, and all kinds of regulations to stay on top of. You may have heard about a great retail concept and want to open a store in your community. However, does your area suit your target customer and demographic. If there is little or no demand for your product in a market, the odds for success are slim to none. But if you like to manage actively, work with a variety of people, and can delegate responsibilities, then retail franchising may be perfect for you. And, when you build a great location with high traffic and satisfied customers, you’ve built a successful business. Statistically, buying a franchise is the safest way to own a business, but only if you choose the right one. The following key steps will help you choose the best franchise and prepare you for retail business ownership. 1. Evaluate your skills, interests, and financial situation. Before you buy a retail franchise you should 3. Research your market. 4. Select prime location. The specific location within your target area also is critical. If you are situated in an infrequently traveled area nowhere near complimentary businesses or at the back of a shopping strip, you limit your earning potential. While it seems logical that shopping strips are great places to attract customers, not all retail stores work in a strip setting and may work better in a shopping centre. 5. Secure financing and choose a franchise. Once you have made your decision, you will probably need financing. There are numerous options, including conventional bank loans, bank accredited loans and home equity loans. 6. Attend training/hire staff. In order to run the business you will need a training and an operations manual. Your franchisor should provide some form of training. Depending on your franchise concept, it is likely you will need to hire some staff. Before your business opens you will want to advertise and promote the opening of your business. Once you have decided exactly what franchise fits you best, your job has just begun. You will need to meet with the franchisor, ask lots of questions and do your homework. Do not let anyone rush you or pressure you. Always remember: you are in the driver’s seat and can walk away at any time. Get it wrong and you may be risking hundreds of thousands of dollars that takes you years to recover from, so slow your decision down until you have explored all the pros and cons and are totally comfortable that the business suits you. And if you are looking for the perfect business with no risk, stop looking it doesn’t exist! v Kevin Bugeja, Managing Director Franchise Selection Level 5, 530 Collins Street, Melbourne, Vic 3000 PH: 1300 FRANCHISE (372 624) Mobile: 0412 511 630 Email: [email protected] Web: www.franchiseselection.com.au. 55 FC A AWARDS 2010 SIMPLY THE BEST! The FCA promised that the 2010 National Franchise Convention held recently at the Surfers Paradise Mariott Resort & Spa, would be the ‘best ever’ and they weren’t wrong. Over 450 of Australian franchising’s ‘best and brightest’ were in attendance at the gala awards dinner where the following franchisors, franchisees and suppliers were named the ‘best of the best’. 1 3 4 Other award winners: Excellence in Marketing Award – Gloria Jean’s Coffees Field Manager of the Year – Alan Fardon, RAMS Franchisee Community Service Award – Greg Campbell, Mortgage Choice Unley 56 5 1. Established Franchisor of the Year – Mr Rental Taking out the Merit Award in this category last year, it is a sign of the tremendous growth of the Mr Rental system in the last 12 months that has raised their stocks to take out the “big one” at this year’s Awards. Merit: Snap-on Tools 2. Emerging Franchisor of the Year - Grill’d Grill’d founder Simon Crowe is a very passionate and articulate individual who lives and breathes the Grill’d culture and ethos – passion, ownership, leadership and trust. Merit: Crust Gourmet Pizza Bars 6 3. Franchisor Social Responsibility Award – Zambrero Zambrero Fresh Mex Grill is a young and socially responsible company that has grown 500 per cent in the last 14 months. Zambrero has started a foundation which has built 15 IT centres around the world and in the next year will feed almost a million children in developing communities through their ‘emagine’ foundation. Merit – Gutter-Vac 4. Multi-Unit Franchisee of the Year – Tony Zoobi, Franchisee, Hairhouse Warehouse Tony demonstrates an excellence in business management that is unsurpassed. His focus on implementing effective management structures and identifying and developing people to take over many of the owners’ responsibilities is the key to successful multi-unit franchising. 5. Franchisee of the Year (2 or more Staff) – Michael Caddy, Mr Rental 7 9 It is Michael’s commitment to smart business strategy and community engagement that sees him take out the Franchisee Award this year. Michael’s store has seen significant growth over the last 12 months and his emphasis on local area marketing – contributing over $28K of his earnings in the last financial year alone - has seen his store continue the success it achieved in 2009 taking out the WA Franchisee of the Year Award. 6. Franchisee of the Year (less than 2 staff) – Bruce Campbell, ActionCOACH Bruce is a consummate professional whose motto is “the more I learn the more I earn”! Ranked as the #1 Business coach among 1200 Action Coaches globally, Bruce’s franchise has doubled its sales in only two years – jumping from $514K in 2008 to over $1million in 2010. 7. International Franchising Award – Boost Juice Bars 8 With a mission statement ‘to become one of the world’s most famous and loved brands’, Boost Juice Bars has shown a dedication to international expansion extending their brand into over 16 countries including Malaysia, South Africa, Thailand and the UK. 8. Franchise Executive of the Year – Ray Bryant, CEO, Looksmart Alterations 10 Since taking the helm at Look Smart Alterations in 2006 as the company’s CEO, Ray Bryant has grown the business from 36 stores to 94 stores, tripled turnover and has taken the business’ reach to an international level. 9. Supplier of the Year - Donaldson Walsh Lawyers With a focus on customer outcomes and advancing the interests of franchising in Australia, Donaldson Walsh Lawyers is a genuine champion for the franchise sector – with over 40 per cent of DWL staff servicing franchise clients. 10. Contribution to Franchising Award – Lorelle Frazer, Griffith University Asia-Pacific Centre Through significant contributions to the education of the Australian franchise community, Lorelle Frazer has shown herself to be a leader in the field of franchise education. 11. Franchise Woman of the Year – Sara Pantaleo, CEO, La Porchetta 11 Sara is the CEO of La Porchetta restaurants – the largest Australianowned franchised restaurant group in the Asia Pacific region with over 80 businesses in the group. 57 PROFILE: carmen steffens Go Brazilian with Carmen Steffens An outstanding and exclusive fashion franchise opportunity is now available in Australia S tylish and unique, Carmen Steffens is the ultimate brand for the discerning dresser. With an unrelenting commitment to craftsmanship and artistry, Carmen Steffens has attracted a keen international following, with the brand becoming the leather accessories label of choice for the fashion conscious, as well as celebrities the world over. Recently appearing as the official footwear partner to Australian designer Alex Perry in the 2010 Rosemount Sydney Fashion Festival; this coveted partnership has shone the spotlight on the exclusivity and increased the demand for luxurious Carmen Steffens products. The Brazilian designer footwear, handbag and fashion accessory label launches a unique, made to order collection every season, so their products are always sophisticated, exclusive and in hot demand. Since its opening in 1993, Carmen Steffens has become one of the fastest growing global fashion brands. International demand for this unique Brazilian label has led to the expansion of 180 stores world wide, with the fashion-savvy from around the globe hooked on the sexy Brazilian Carmen Steffens style. Carmen Steffens footwear, handbags and accessories are all handcrafted in Brazil using genuine leather, but the main point of difference is that all their products are 100 per cent company made, from the leather processing stage, to the designers, to the manufacturing and finishing stage, at company owned factories and workplaces in Brazil. This means high-end, exclusive, quality designs using the very best materials and workmanship are able to be retailed for a reasonable price. Australian representative for Carmen Steffens, Fernando de Geus, says that once you wear quality Brazilian shoes it is hard to go back to anything else. “When it comes to importing and selling anything textile/footwear related, Australia tends to source direct from Asia, which at times can lack the quality the consumer seeks. “Carmen Steffens is able to bring a product that is produced in Brazil, of an exceptional benchmark yet is surprisingly affordable to the consumer. There is also exclusivity about the brand as its products are made to order, once something is sold out, it will not be reproduced. “People come into my shop all the time and say “they’re the most beautiful shoes I’ve ever seen.” Then once they have tried them on they can feel the fantastic quality of our shoes, and it is very hard for them to go back to cheap, mass-produced products. We have about 35 per cent repeat customers because of this.” Fernando believes that potential Carmen Steffens franchisees need to be not only fashion conscious but should also be entrepreneurial and have a real desire to own their own high-end business. “We are looking for people who are driven individuals who want their own business, are interested in fashion, want to be part of an exclusive large scale international company, who understands and seeks high quality yet affordable product for their customers, and is secure that the company will provide 100 per cent support to their franchise.” Full support is provided to the Carmen Steffens’ franchisees. “The company supplies furniture and fit outs, images for marketing, Australian focused PR campaigns, international conventions in Brazil, staff training, franchisee consultant in store every six months, VM instructions and guides - all info needed to run the business,” says Fernando. v For further information about owning a Carmen Steffens franchise in Australia contact Fernando de Geus on 0411 720 253 or email [email protected]. Media With a strong celebrity fo the US, Carmen Steffens and handbags have appe variety of top-rating Am shows including Desperat Housewives and American Carmen Steffens has a ke celebrity following with Carey’s love of the brand she has signed on to crea line for Carmen Steffens. H Carmen Steffens is also her new music video O with Mariah having do another pair of Carmen crystal stilettos. Fernando opened the brand’s first Australian store in Cottesloe WA three years ago. There is also currently one other Australian retail store in Canberra, so amazing opportunities are still Media Kit available in the fashion centres of Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. 58 Carm Carmen Steffens )UDQFKLVLQJ &DUPHQ6WHIIHQVDUHODXQFKLQJWKHLUFRPSDQ\DVRQHRIWKH ZRUOGÂ¶VIDVWHVWDQGPRVWVXFFHVVIXOOHDWKHUJRRGVEXVLQHVVHV ZRUOGZLGHZLWKRYHUVWRUHVLQFRXQWULHV :LWKVWRUHVRSHQLQJVRRQLQ3DULV0DUVHLOOH&DUPHQ6WHIIHQV DUHH[SDQGLQJIURPWKHLUKLJKO\SRSXODUVWRUHVLQ6mR3DXOR5LR GH-DQLHUR%XHQRV$LUHVDQG/RV$QJHOHV )RUPDQ\\HDUV&DUPHQ6WHIIHQVKDVKDQGFUDIWHGKLJKIDVKLRQ PDGHWRRUGHUVKRHVKDQGEDJVDQGDFFHVVRULHVIRUPHQDQG ZRPHQZKRORYHWRH[HUWVW\OHFODVVDQGEULOOLDQFHIRUIDVKLRQ 7KHLUOX[XULRXVSURGXFWVDUHPDQXIDFWXUHGLQVPDOOTXDQWLWLHV LQKRXVHZLWKLQ%UD]LOWRGHOLYHUDOHYHORIH[FOXVLYLW\OLNHQR RWKHUVKRHFRPSDQ\ %HFRPHDIDVKLRQFRQQHVLHXUDQGSDUWLFLSDWHZLWKRQHRI IDVWHVWJURZLQJIUDQFKLVHV\VWHPV&DUPHQ6WHIIHQV /RFDWLRQVLQ$XVWUDOLD 3HUWKDQG&DQEHUUD 2SHQLQJVRRQLQ0HOERXUQHDQG%ULVEDQH &RQWDFWV 3HUWK&RWWHVORH&HQWUDO6KRSSLQJ&HQWUH6KRS% 6WLUOLQJ+LJKZD\3HSSHUPLQWURYH3HUWK:$ Mob: 08 92845560 /RVDQJHOHV/DNHYLHZ&DQ\RQ5RDG :HVWODNH9LOODJH&$ 0RE /LVERD6KRSSLQJ5LR6XO0RE &DUPHQ6WHIIHQV+HDGTXDUWHUV $Y$OEHUWR3XOLFDQR'LVWULWR,QGXVWULDO &HS )UDQFD636mR3DXOR%UD]LO 0RE 2SHQLQJLQ3DULVLQ6HSWHPEHU $XVWUDOLDQ2IÂ¾FH Mob: 0411 720 253 / Work: (08) 9284 5560 / Fax: (08) 9284 6822 IUDQFKLVH#FDUPHQVWHIIHQVQHWDXZZZFDUPHQVWHIIHQVFRP Carmen Steffens 3.indd 1 FOCUS: Fastway Couriers Fastway’s Fastest T he red carpet was rolled out this August as Fastway Couriers’ Annual Excellence Awards Event took place at Mantra on Salt Resort in the NSW coastal town of Kingscliff. Fastway’s annual night of nights recognises the exceptional work of the group’s 700-plus strong network of franchisees throughout Australia. Amongst a host of awards honouring Fastway’s best; the evening’s most highly anticipated accolades - the coveted titles of Courier Franchisee of the Year and Regional Franchisee of the Year - were taken out by the Gold Coast’s Teddy Fenton and Wollongong’s Anthony Hamod respectively. Both ecstatic gentlemen were presented their awards by Richard Thame, CEO of Fastway Australia. “Our Excellence Awards are a fantastic occasion where we take important time out to celebrate the exceptional efforts of our exceptional people,” says Richard. 60 Teddy and Anthony now join a select group of franchisees to be presented with the award, which, based on overall business excellence, customer service, brand advocacy and contribution to the community recognises only the elite of Fastway’s franchisees around the world. Courier Franchisee of the Year Gold Coast resident and Fastway Courier Franchisee, Teddy Fenton, has been named Australia’s Best Courier in the hotly contested Fastway Annual Excellence Awards. Taking out the accolade from a field of over 650 fellow Courier Franchisees across the country, Teddy, the owner and operator of both the Runaway Bay and Paradise Point Fastway territories is simply delighted; “I’m absolutely wrapped at getting this award. Since commencing with Fastway in 2007 I’ve stuck to my goal of delivering great service and I think my customers really appreciate it when I go the extra mile for them.” Having experienced an incredible 40 per cent growth across his business over the last 12 months, Teddy attributes his success to a passion for people and the support of his franchisor at Fastway. “Our service is simple – we pick up and deliver parcels. Where I can really add value is by providing my customers with a down-to-earth, personalised approach.” Upon presenting the accolade, CEO of Fastway Couriers Australia, Richard Thame, said “This is a very special award. At Fastway we are only as good as the quality of our Courier Franchisees. Teddy’s commitment to his local customers and community is exemplary, his business knowledge outstanding and as a Courier Franchisee, he is second to none. We’re all very proud of his achievements and congratulate him on taking out this well deserved award.” Regional Franchisee of the Year Local Wollongong resident, Anthony Hamod, and his team at Fastway Couriers Wollongong have been named Fastway Australia’s 2010 “Our Excellence Awards are a fantastic occasion where we take important time out to celebrate the exceptional efforts of our exceptional people.” Regional Franchise of the Year. Taking out the highly coveted award from a field of 25 contenders, the locally owned and operated Unanderra based team, were both humbled and excited to receive their organisation’s top accolade. “To be the number one Fastway Regional Franchise in Australia is quite a feat and we are extremely proud,” said Anthony. Accepting the award, Anthony cited his team’s outstanding commitment to excellence as the reason for the win. “This award would not have been possible without the people in my business. Great results are not achieved alone, but by a team of great people.” Larger than life, Anthony and wife Andrea first acquired the Fastway Wollongong Franchise in 2004. Since then, it’s been their hands-on, inclusive approach that has seen their team go from strength to strength. “They are great leaders,” said team member and General Manager, Phil Dempsey. “Their positivity and desire to deliver the best outcome for our customers is what inspires us all to keep on achieving.” About Fastway With a low mark-up and high turnover business model, it’s clear to see that the longevity of the Fastway system indicates that Fastway franchisees have the opportunity to develop highly sustainable and profitable businesses. Since 1983, Fastway has repeatedly been recognised for its excellence in the franchising arena; it is the proud recipient of over 40 prestigious awards to date, including Franchise of the Year, four times in Australia and New Zealand. Despite challenging economic times, the Fastway group has continued to achieve positive sales growth results, most recently recording an annual group turnover of $458 million and the franchising arm of Fastway Couriers has experienced an even stronger upward shift since the financial crisis. Franchise Opportunities Fastway currently has over 650 Courier Franchise territories in operation across 25 key locations around Australia. For those who are seeking a better lifestyle, control over their income or a more rewarding career, a Fastway Courier Franchise could be the answer they’ve been searching for. Fastway’s award-winning courier franchisees enjoy low start-up costs, a guaranteed income package, no weekend work and unparalleled business support. v So, if you’re ready for a positive change, contact your local Fastway Regional Franchisee today on 1300 FASTWAY for further information about limited opportunities available in your region. Some conditions apply. 61 ISE H C N A R F Y T U A E B .1 HAIR & O N ’S IA L A R T Y S L U A L A N JOIN O I T A N S E I T I GREAT OPPORTUN YOUR FUTURE? UNCERTAIN ABOUT T OF THIS YOU COULD BE PAR h a vision, a passion was founded in 1992 wit Hairhouse Warehouse e, a background in premium salon services for professional hair car g of retail. The Hairhouse Warehouse din in marketing, and a solid understan by expert teams trained success is underpinned 125 stores across Australia and growing. . training and operations , Kylie Britton ut our franchisees. ouf - Managing Director we are passionate abo support e From left: Joseph Lattner, Tony Lattouf - Managing Director. ous reh Wa Win r At Hairhouse Our Yea . the ple of n peo ir Salo sses and the care about their busine r business and take control of your w you team will help you gro uty. financial destiny. nd in hair care and bea ia’s fastest growing bra tral Aus is e ous reh Wa • Hairhouse r – but your staff will! tanning and nails. a qualiﬁed hairdresse salon, waxing, piercing, • You don’t need to be s including retail, hair am stre e enu rev le ltip size of your store. ﬁt from mu ts such as location and • You will maximise pro ending on variable cos dep 00 0,0 $50 000,0 ween $40 • Initial investment bet nce required. erie exp g ssin • No hairdre 177 OR S PHONE: 0407 533 EASE CONTACT JAME AU PL ES IRI QU EN ISE M. OUSE.CO FOR FRANCH @HAIRHOUSEWAREH EMAIL: FRANCHISING EVE US, HERE’S DON’T JUST BELIOP LE SAY: PE R WHAT OTHE 2009 BRW test Growing Franchises Listed in Australia’s Fas AWARD ISEE OF THE YEAR 2008 FCA FRANCH bi Zoo NSW/ACT Winner Tony 2007 BRW test Growing Franchises Listed in Australia’s Fas SINESS AWARDS BU N LIA 2007 AUSTRA Excellence Category) ting rke (Ma National Winner TERHOUSECOOPERS – 2007 FCA PRICEWA tem of the Year Award Sys ise nch Fra Emerging t) alis Fin al tion (Na WeVIC Winner TERHOUSECOOPERS 2007 FCA PRICEWA rd – National Finalist (Retail Category) Awa r Yea the of isor Franch TERHOUSECOOPERS 2007 FCA PRICEWA r Award – National Nominee Yea Media Campaign of the 2006 2006 BRW test Growing Franchises Listed in Australia’s Fas RS PE OO TERHOUSEC 2005 FCA PRICEWA rd – National Winner Emad Nayef Awa Franchisee of the Year 2005 BRW test Growing Franchises Listed in Australia’s Fas 2004 BRW test Growing Franchises Listed in Australia’s Fas REHOUSE.COM.AU WWW.HAIRHOUSEWA ARE YOU LOOKING FOR SOMETHING A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT? Exclusive franchise opportunities are available across Australia and New Zealand. This is the perfect business, well that’s what we think and you probably will too after hearing the ﬁner details of running a records management facility. If you’re interested in a business that will still keep growing regardless of the economic climate, then you’ll want to take a closer look at the unique opportunity that’s just become available at Document Management Solutions. For further information please contact Richard Harris on 0418 769939 or email [email protected] www.documentsolutions.com.au Feature ST O R Y Retail feature TUR SETTING UP SHOP The retail industry is a massive, all-pervading machine that is an integral part of our everyday lives. From the corner shop and the bakers for your daily milk and bread, to the supermarket for your weekly groceries, to department stores for clothes and gift shopping – counter culture is alive and well. R etail franchises cover a huge range of products from the rapidly multiplying food and café sector - which is beating all trends in terms of economic growth, to fashion, to house and garden needs, to pets, automotive, books, gifts, hair and beauty, the list goes on. You will find retail franchises in suburban strips, in shopping malls and centres, and on high-exposure highway sites, ranging in size from tiny kiosks to massive warehouses. Retail is detail – that’s how the saying goes. But what does it really mean? If you are interested in owning and operating one of Australia’s hundreds of retail franchises then you need to know all the details. From site selection, to bank finance, to shop fitting, product display, customer profiling, brand development, loyalty programs, stock control and point of sale options – there is a huge amount of detail to consider when ‘setting up shop’. In this Retail edition of Business Franchise Australia, some of the country’s top retail franchising experts, including Phil Blain of Business Development Company, Janine Allis of Boost Juice, Brian Walker of The Retail Doctor and Anthony Windress of the Commonwealth Bank, offer their insights and provide sound advice to would-be investors on all the different aspects of running a successful retail franchise business. 64 Most experts agree you have to ‘love what you do’ – so pick a product you love, do your research, find out what franchises are available in that sector, and you’ll be on your way to owning your dream businesses. The following is a list of some of the retail franchise systems currently seeking the perfect franchisee to help sell their product to the Australian consumer. AllSafe Energy Efficient Products While most businesses have contracted during the GFC, AllSafe Energy Efficient Products, an Australian retail ‘green business’, has managed to thrive. Partly due to the release of innovative ‘world first’ products such as its solar and wind calculator as an iPhone ‘App’ and also its expansion into the USA with the first of its 280 - 310 stores set to open early next year. The company is on-track to opening their 11th store on Australia’s east coast in the space of 18 months, with plans for 52 franchisees in Australia, providing up to 936 green jobs for the Australian economy. bb’s café bb’s cafe franchise offers a unique blend of quality, experience, stature and flexibility. They provide fresh, fabulous and tasty gourmet breads, wraps and light meals, complimented by cakes, slices and an extensive range of hot and cold beverages, plus their signature range of muffins and scones. Each bb’s cafe outlet is designed with an ambience, style and menu offerings targeted at a cross section of consumers with the objective of creating a ‘welcoming oasis’ for customers. All bb’s cafe franchisees attend a comprehensive training program at their dedicated National Training Academy on Queensland’s Gold Coast before they enter their store. Ongoing support continues thereafter. Bakers Delight An Australian owned company, over the past 30 years Bakers Delight has grown to over 700 bakeries across three countries, employing more than 15,000 people and serving two million customers each week. Bakers Delight is Australia’s most successful bakery franchise. Boasting a franchise success rate of over 90 per cent and decades of experience, Bakers Delight enjoys steady growth and is expecting to reach a global turnover of approximately $600M 10/11. Bakers Delight is committed to its founding mission: Real Bread, Real People, Real Delight! Beaumont Tiles Beaumont Tiles offers a fantastic opportunity for potential franchisees looking to enter into the building and home fashion industry. The Beaumont system is set up for franchisees to either manage a store, hands on, or run it at arm’s length as a valuable investment. With 50 per cent of all Beaumont Tiles outlets nationwide owned through franchisees and the other half run as corporate stores, the system is set up to benefit all. Both S Fo th Sp w w sh Sp hi di Si St fa br un ex w th B C fo in st de fo ALo company owned and franchised stores share the same systems, product, price structure, infrastructure and marketing; every store is a profit centre and all are integral to the success of the group. Beaumont Tiles is a family owned and run business. As a franchisee, you will share in the success and growth of a business that is best described as ‘Australia’s favourite place for tiles and bathroom-ware.’ Big Dads Pies Big Dads Pies are a specialty pie retailer whose focus is on product, retail and operational excellence. The pie selection in store is complemented by a range of sausage rolls, pastries, plus a selection of cakes and slices. The beauty of the Big Dad’s Pies system lies in the consistency of quality product and the ease of operation at store level. Their pies are delivered either fresh or frozen (depending upon location) into the store. All training is provided and the ease of operation means that no bakery experience or bakers are needed. braaap braaap manufactures, imports and retails mini motocross bikes and a range of street wear. Brad Smith, the driving force behind the brand and retail concept founded the business in 2004 when he was just 17. Initially, the business operated out of Brad’s garage but quickly outgrew that space. Since 2004, braaap has established four retail stores and is now turning its attention to establishing more than 50 stores nationally, and then internationally, through a franchise model with the help of DC Strategy. Brumby’s Bakeries Brumby’s Bakery is a specialty bread provider whose focus is on product, retail and operational excellence. Brumby’s have developed comprehensive business tools, systems and manuals to guide you in every aspect of running your business. All bread products are baked fresh everyday on site using the traditional scratch baking method. The Brumby’s range includes breads, rolls, pies, savouries, twists and sweet pastries. No previous baking experience is required with new franchisees completing 12 weeks baking training and four weeks retail training in their home state. This is followed by constant coaching and mentoring by a field based Business Development Manager. Carmen Steffens Since its opening in 1993, Carmen Steffens has become one of the fastest growing global fashion brands. International demand for this unique Brazilian label has led to the expansion of 180 stores world-wide, with the fashion-savvy from around the globe hooked on the sexy Brazilian Carmen Steffens style. For Carmen Steffens’ franchisees, the company supplies furniture and fit outs, images for marketing, Australian focused PR campaigns, international conventions in Brazil, staff training and everything needed to run a successful, high-end retail fashion business. Crust Gourmet Pizza Crust Gourmet Pizza Bars launched in 2001 with a single store in Annandale, Sydney and by providing a consistently healthier, higher quality pizza, delivered on time, every time, Crust has risen to become a leader in takeaway pizza with over 63 stores across Australia and Singapore. Crust is committed to offering a healthier choice, in 2008 became the first Australian takeaway pizza business to earn the Heart Foundation Tick of approval on its Healthier Choice range. In 2010 Crust placed 14th in BRW’s Fast Franchise listing based on revenue growth and won the Australian Business Awards award for Retail Excellence. Donut King service. Dymocks now has over 90 stores in Australia, New Zealand & Hong Kong. Their expansion has been through carefully managed growth strategies such as fit-out components, colour-corrected lighting, fast telephone ordering and computerised enquiry systems. Dymock’s franchise owners are able to infuse their business with their personal, entrepreneurial touch – yet enjoy the advantages, experience, backing and assistance of a large business operator. Owning your own Dymocks bookstore is both challenging and rewarding. If you have a love for books and reading as well as some relevant retail know-how then a Dymocks bookstore franchise has many benefits. Be your own boss and create a lucrative business backed by proven systems and support. earthborn When you want to set your home apart by adding those all-important little touches you visit your nearest earthborn store. earthborn specialises in beautiful and unique homewares and gifts at affordable prices. earthborn customers appreciate the variety of products and affordable price points, so they come back time after time. Currently earthborn are expanding and developing their brand to create exciting retail franchise opportunities. Howards Storage World As a treat the world over, donuts appeal to everyone, and their simple style and easy acceptability make them the cornerstone of the Donut King System. Donut King offers a range of donut products along with signature cold drinks, espresso coffee and ice creams as well as a tasty range of hot dogs. As a business package, Donut King is the ‘King’ of opportunity providing all support systems, marketing and operations manuals and training (no experience necessary!) along with ongoing field advice and coaching to assist franchisees. All Donut King franchisees attend a comprehensive training program on Queensland’s Gold Coast. Howards Storage World is firmly cementing its place as a leader in the homes/lifestyle market with the introduction of a number of new initiatives for customers and its stores, including the launch a new national rewards program called Inspirations which will offer a range of attractive new benefits for customers. The Howards Inspirations rewards program will offer easy in-store enrolment with customers receiving their membership card straight away after providing basic details. Howards Inspirations benefits include a $10 voucher for every $200 spent, free attendance to Howards Storage World workshops and invitations to VIP shopping events. Dymocks in.cube8r Since 1879, Dymocks has pioneered bookselling in Australia. Dymocks began franchising over 30 years ago and have built up a recognised market-leading reputation for quality, value, professionalism and customer in.cube8r galleries in Melbourne, Brisbane, and soon to open in Sydney, offer craft market goods at craft market prices – but in high-end retail locations. The successful business is now franchising and is seeking creative souls who 65 want to nurture and grow their own business, whilst at the same time, support home-grown artists and craftspeople by providing a space for them to display their wares, out of the weather, and without travel time and expense, high market fees and early morning starts. Las Olas Las Olas Fresh Mex grill is Australia’s number one Californian-style Mexican take away franchise. It combines traditional Mexican flavour with the distinctive Californian flair. Las Olas' food is fresh, healthy, flavoursome and made to order. When it comes to Mexican food, Las Olas has it going on. They understand what Californian-style Mexican food is because the creator of the recipes grew up in California. Michael Baker lived in California most of his life and recognised the need for this style of food on a surfing trip to Australia. He opened the first Las Olas store in the small town of Torquay, Victoria, in 2001. Now with business partner Achalen Holmes, Las Olas is rapidly expanding across Australia. Lenards Since opening its first store in Queensland in 1987, Lenard’s has served more than 200 million customers to become Australia’s largest specialty chicken retailer, selling over 13 million chickens each year. With a range of approximately 150 fresh and value added chicken products available, franchise owners select the products they sell based on their individual market and customer demand. Lenard’s remains a privately owned company with 200 franchised stores, employing more than 2,000 staff and achieving an annual turnover of $147.8m in the 2009/10 financial year. Lollypotz The Lollypotz concept started as part of another award winning business and then it got a life of its own. The idea was simply too good to be the junior partner. Lollypotz are chocolate bouquets which replace flowers. Lollypotz is owned and managed by Louise Curtis. Louise was the recent Australian Capital Territory Winner of the 2008 Telstra Business Women's Awards in both the Yellow™ Business Owner and Nokia Business Innovation. Michel’s Patisserie Michel’s Patisserie specialises in the sale of 66 specialty cakes, pastries, treats , savouries and award winning coffee - indeed Michel’s Patisserie espresso was voted the best tasting coffee in Australia in July 2010. The franchise system was founded with a simple intention; a central bakery bakes the product and distributes to the retail outlets, which in turn displays the product and sells to the customer. Michel’s product range boasts over 200 delicious small and large cakes, flans, pastries, pies and quiche with the added value of hot and cold beverages. (In a coffee chain - judged by the Leading Australian Consumer Advocacy Magazine.) MIDAS Australia A MIDAS franchise is built to succeed with a complete store fit-out, including systems and support provided, all you have to do is unlock the door. $2.5 million is spent annually on marketing and advertising with a new brand campaign just launched. Other MIDAS benefits include: greater buying power from suppliers with the savings passed on to you; access to an integrated point of sale computer system; and the national franchise one-on-one support network. Midas believe in complete transparency and honesty so you’ll always know where you stand. Pack & Send Pack & Send International is an Australian owned and operated company offering a unique one-stop packing and freighting service, specialising in transporting fragile, large, awkward and valuable goods for businesses and individuals. With a ‘no limits’ service philosophy, Pack & Send operates an international network with 110 locations in Australia, seven in New Zealand and four in the UK. Pack & Send is a business success story, generating revenues exceeding $30m and annual growth rates in excess of 10 per cent. The company services householders, eBay buyers and sellers, tourists, small to medium businesses and major blue-chip organisations. Pet Goods Direct Superstore The business of pets is BIG business. The Pet industry is one of the fastest growing industries in Australia, and continues to prosper even through these tough economic times. Pet Goods Direct Superstore currently has over 20 stores nationwide offering over 700²m of everything Aussie pets could ever need. Call today and ask about their comprehensive training program, national marketing support, business support, huge buying power and lifestyle benefits. If you love pets and have a desire to succeed then you are an ideal candidate to become a Pet Goods Direct Superstore franchisee Pets Paradise Pets Paradise is this country’s largest chain of retail pet stores and has been uniting Aussie families with their pets for over 30 years. Australians love their pets and have one of the highest per capita pet ownership in the world, with more than 80 per cent of homes having at least one pet. More than $4 billion is spent on pet care per year, and this figure continues to grow. With over 70 stores located throughout major shopping centres you can choose to franchise an existing store or work with the team to launch a brand new location. Enjoy the benefits of a comprehensive training program, national marketing support, business support, huge buying power and a positive team of retail professionals at your service. Planet Chocolate Planet Chocolate was created out of the biggest driving force in business, passion, by two brothers, Greg and Darren Factor. They saw a gap in the market for dessert retail outlets. The brothers opened their first store in September 2005 at Southland Shopping Centre, Melbourne. A second store at Highpoint Shopping Centre in Melbourne’s West followed. In 2009, Planet Chocolate enlisted the help of DC Strategy to develop a franchise system and significantly grow their network. Now with five stores in Victoria, Planet Chocolate is focused on expanding further to 30 stores nationally. Price Attack Price Attack is launching its exclusive, new hair care range ‘Salon Confidential’ this November. The range of 12 products including shampoos and conditioners, sprays, protein products and treatments, is set to be a huge hit offering professional hair care at supermarket prices. Who wouldn’t want better quality for less? Mums are bound to love these products as she can buy them for the whole family (not just herself!). Price Attack aims to give people all over Australia better hair care which means better looking hair. Regal Mattress Outlets Innovation and value lead the way at Regal Mattress Outlets which continues to offer its customers added value with the introduction of Australia’s only lifetime spring guarantee. The spring, a continuous wire system, is exclusive to Regal and means that customers can experience the quality and benefits of buying mattresses from an innovative Australian company without having to pay high prices. Franchisees benefit by having a product that no other retailer can offer and feedback has been extremely positive. Backed up with extensive training, a Regal franchisee can offer value based sleep solutions for every customer, making the Regal proposition particularly attractive. Schnitz Schnitz is a fast casual food franchise unlike any other. It is the first pan-cooked schnitzel franchise in Australia (and probably the world!), offering a delicious range of madeto-order schnitzels served in warm Turkish Rollz, soft Tortilla Wrapz and various Schnitz Meal Packz and Schnack Packz. If you’ve seen Schnitz in operation you’ll know that what Schnitz has to offer is a very unique business that is suited to various locations including strip shops, food courts and even fully licensed restaurants serving European beers. All menu items are made using only the finest ingredients from quality Australian suppliers. Food is prepared daily, using market fresh produce that meets the expectations of even the fussiest customers. Snowgum Snowgum Travel & Adventurewear offers retail franchises in the exciting travel and adventure category and is the only franchisor in this segment actively franchising. The product range is diverse – outdoor and travel clothing, functional footwear, luggage, travel products and outdoor. Customers are primarily midhigh income, family oriented travel or outdoor enthusiasts. Store locations are in both high street shopping strips and premium shopping malls with 30 stores across Australia and New Zealand. Snowgum offers franchisees a rare franchising opportunity to trade in apparel, footwear and luggage, with the support of an experienced franchisor (first franchise opened in 1992). Snowgum offers a total support package including IT system, inventory management, merchandising, marketing and staffing. Theobroma Theobroma Chocolate Lounge currently has 20 stores - nine in Melbourne, one in Sydney, five in Malaysia and five in New Zealand. Theobroma is also keen to expand in South East Asia, with a focus in Malaysia and Singapore, but with plans for other markets including China in the longer term. Theobroma now offers more than 100 different types of handmade boutique chocolates, including a unique range of coloured chocolate, which is produced locally. The outlets offer customers chocolate desserts, chocolate drizzled waffles, hot and cold beverages as well as a savoury menu and beverages with the chocolate drinks as the mainstay. It also offers gourmet coffee and premium teas. Trios Trios has positioned itself as the ‘people’s brand’. Extensive customer research has shown that Trios’ customers are looking for fast, casual dining, catering for the after 5pm market and providing value-packed meals that are full of flavour. Trios provides franchisees with a strong brand name, international growth, a unique ‘eating out of home’ consumer offering and strong operational support. We’re young, we’re stylish and we’re serious about great tastes that make you feel good. United Petroleum United Petroleum has become one of the largest independent fuel companies in Australia with over 240 convenience retail sites operating across every state. In 2007, once firmly cemented and recognised within the petrol and convenience sector, United Petroleum turned its attentions towards becoming a leading franchisor. Along with this decision also came an increased focus on the United retail store offering, investing in retail innovations and site upgrades to further support this new direction. A key initiative has been the development of our Café Up program – a more premium foodservice offering that helps to maximise overall store performance, appearance and profit. Villa & Hut How’ya Bean Brews Success at Villa & Hut. There is coffee, there is really good coffee and then there is coffee excellence - something that our barista team at Villa & Hut strive to achieve with every cup that is put in front of you. Coffee isn't just a fuel, it's our passion. We love serving excellent coffee - love it! Our exclusive How'ya Bean blend is 5 star rated, endorsed as an ethical and sustainable bean and certified Fair Trade. Wild With over $32 million in annual turnover Wild is Australia’s largest and fastest growing card and gift group. Proven systems and our Franchisee First ethos means they offer the BEST opportunity to participate in this high margin industry. Wild Cards & Gifts utilises an evolving and highly customisable product mix to ensure relevance for every marketplace. Combined with leading advertising and promotional campaigns Wild ensure their franchisees are best placed to succeed in their business. Wray Organic Deborah Wray and Gary Davis decided to open an organic grocery store for a number of reasons. Firstly, they noticed that so many of the organic or ‘health food’ shops they visited stocked their shelves full of vitamin pills and supplements and not much else. Secondly, they were frustrated with the poor quality organic fruit and vegetable that was available and literally dying on the shelf. Thirdly, they were appalled at how expensive organic produce was. Fourthly, they knew people wanted to buy at their convenience rather than load up with a weekly shop at a market where you need to get up at some ‘ungodly hour’ in order to not miss out! And lastly, they wanted to create a one stop organic store where you could do your whole shop under one roof. Deborah and Gary are committed to offering the best possible price for their organic produce. They want this extraordinarily clean and nutritious food to be available every day and at an affordable price for everyone. v 67 Capital required $200K Number of outlets - 6+ Opportunities available - nationally Capital required - $100K Number of outlets - 40+ Opportunities exist - nationally Capital required $250 - 350K Number of outlets - 50+ Opportunities available - nationally Capital required $400-600K Number of outlets - 80+ Opportunities available - National/NZ Capital Required $300 - 400K Number of outlets - 21+ Opportunities available - nationally Capital required $450 - 650K Number of outlets - 230+ Opportunities available - nationally Capital required $350 - 500K Number of outlets - 23+ Opportunities available - nationally Capital required $600K-$1m Number of outlets - 19 Opportunities available - nationally Capital required $350 - 400K Number of outlets - 35+ Opportunities available - nationally Capital required $175-195K+ Number of outlets - 8 Opportunities available - nationally Capital required $220 - 250K Number of outlets - 200+ Opportunities available - nationally Capital required $250 - 320K Number of outlets - 80+ Opportunities available - national & international Capital required $295 - 310K Number of outlets - 37+ Opportunities available - SA & VIC Capital Required $350 - 450K Number of outlets - 2 Opportunities - nationally Capital required $250 - $350K For New concept stores! Number of outlets - 11 + 8 Internationally Opportunities available - Australia Wide CONNECTING PEOPLE TO OPPORTUNITIES WWW.FRANCHISESELECTION.COM.AU CHOOSE FROM AUSTRALIAS BEST SELECTION PHONE 1300 FRANCHISE (1300 372 624) profile: Grout Pro Step Up to a GroutPro Master Franchise Already a New Zealand success story and now GroutPro is coming to Australia. G routPro is New Zealand’s largest and most successful tile and grout restoration franchise and is looking for four forward-thinking business-minded individuals to take up the challenge of becoming state-wide master franchisees. Tiles and grout are everywhere. Over the last few years tile has become the surface of choice in new homes for bathrooms, kitchen surfaces, floors etc. Without proper protection and sealing at the outset, and proper continual maintenance, grout becomes dirty, bacteria laden and will eventually turn black and look terrible. I am sure you have seen great looking tiles only to be spoilt by dirty stained grout. Look around and you’ll see it every day, and no matter how hard people scrub or buy ‘wonder’ chemicals to try and clean the grout, because of its porosity and make up, it will never come clean. This, coupled with older style homes with tiles, is a huge and virtually untapped market for tile and grout restoration throughout Australia. This is where GroutPro steps in, they specialise in the after market care of tiles and grout to homeowners and businesses. Offering a range of professional services from stain protection of new tile and grout installations to their flagship grout ‘colourseal’ application, which rejuvenates and re-colours old grout saving customers time and money without having to re-tile. Specialist franchisees use GroutPro’s own branded range of professional quality products including cleaners, sealers, tile anti-slip treatments, shower glass restoration and sealer coatings. These services ensure GroutPro’s position as the market leaders within the industry. GroutPro recently exhibited at the Melbourne Franchchise & Business Opportunity Expo to launch the brand and were blown away with the response to the Australian opportunity. GroutPro founders Rob Howard and Joe 70 Hesmondhalgh are now looking for just four people to partner with to duplicate the New Zealand success story. “A state master franchise is a fantastic opportunity for someone who is in the franchise industry or who has business experience and is looking for the next big challenge,” says Joe. “It is a management and leadership role with responsibilities including recruiting franchisees, mentoring and assisting with training and coaching so they can be successful business people within their exclusive territories using GroutPros’ fantastic systems,” he said. Rob and Joe’s goal is to ensure each master franchise reaches their full potential by recruiting at least 50 new territory franchisees per master territory within a two year period. This will provide an excellent initial return on investment from franchise sales and secure long term passive income from multiple income streams including high percentage recurring revenue and product sales. Expected first year profits exceed $300,000 per master franchise territory. If you have franchising business experience, either as a franchisee or franchiosr this could be the ideal platform to step up another level of business and reap the rewards. The areas available are NSW/ACT, VIC/TAS, QLD/NT and WA/SA. Investment level is from $195,000 $375,000 depending on territory. GroutPro are also interested to hear from anyone who would like to explore the opportunity of becoming an individual territory franchise owner. At just $25,000 + professional fees, the GroutPro individual franchise has a very affordable entry price that includes everything that you need to get started including a week long training course, exclusive territory, full tool package and starting stock, ongoing service and business support and more. v Opportunities exist nationwide for new franchisees – visit www.groutpro.com.au for further information and to download your franchisee information pack. Master Franchises Just 4 Available Nationwide! GroutPro is coming to Australia.... New Zealand’s largest and most successful tile and grout restoration franchise is looking for just 4 Master Franchisees for the entire country. Tile and grout restoration is perhaps the fastest growing sector of the home improvement market today and GroutPro are at the forefront of that growth.... Come along for the ride! • Proven & Hugely Successful Business Model • Multiple Income Streams • Exclusive Range of GroutPro Branded Products • • • • Estimated First Year Profits of $350,000 + per Master Franchise Fantastic High Percentage Recurring Revenue ONLY 4 available, QLD/NT, VIC,TAS, NSW/ACT, SA/WA Prices from $195,000 - $375,000 So if you are highly motivated with exceptional communication and organisational skills, are willing to learn, work hard and be rewarded well for your efforts you may be the ideal candidate for a GroutPro Master Franchise. NEW to Australia “I've currently got quotes out that total over $20k, got two more back today, one at $989 and one at $2900. I would never have dreamt of making that kind of money in a week. Joining Groutpro is by far the best decision I ever made...!” Colin Sanders, GroutPro Specialist “I had high expectations and I was very impressed by the sales and marketing sessions and amazed at how easy the practical side was made. I love the products, the research and development that has gone into it however the marketing sets this up to be a GREAT business – I loved the knowledge shared” Nigel Read, GroutPro Specialist “It’s fantastic to be part of what I see as being a great product and brand name, and being involved in a successful product creating our own successful businesses” Seton Wotherspoon, GroutPro Specialist Find out more at www.groutpro.com.au Individual Franchises ONLY $25,000 (+ professional fees) Includes all Training, Equipment, Tools & Products. Lia Barnes @ The Franchise Shop National 1300 139 557 [email protected] e xpert advice applying the kiss principle to site selection I For those of you uninformed about the K.I.S.S principle, it stands for Keep It Simple – Stupid! logo, colour scheme etc on the building, he inevitably nodded his head up and down and said it would look good. My view is that this is basically giving approval for the franchisee to use their system at this location. I would anticipate a judge would view this as, the CEO of a large company (with good resources and systems), giving his approval that the site should be a good site for the franchise system. In site selection, I have seen check charts formed with 20 plus points marked, often given equal weighting from major points like pedestrian traffic, to minor points like ‘is there an awning over the doorway?’ So whilst it is the franchisee’s final decision to proceed, a franchisor needs to be aware that they have serious responsibilities, both legal and moral, to do their best to ensure the site will be a success. In franchising, site selection is a function often jointly performed by the franchisor (normally in the form of the network development manager or a similar title), and the potential franchisee. The level of involvement of each can vary, with the franchisor basically giving approval for a site, and the franchisee putting in their hard earned money (and borrowings) in the form of signing a lease, paying for the fit out and generally funding their new business opportunity. What should you, as a franchisee, be looking at, and what is reasonable for a franchisor to do behind the scenes to ensure the best chance of your success? n many areas of business and life, I often have found the K.I.S.S principle to be a good starting point and often a good endpoint in making a decision. In site selection, the K.I.S.S. principle can also apply as many of the same factors and drivers come up each time you look at a new site. Following in America’s footsteps, a franchisor cannot do an ‘ostrich’ (head in the sand), and say they had no involvement in the site selection decision. If a franchisor is allowing their brand, product and systems to be utilised in a location, they are giving their agreement that the site is suitable for their business system. One client of ours (a CEO) said to me that he has little or no say in whether a franchisee takes on a new store or not, and basically denied giving approval on behalf of his company. When interrogated (by myself), he basically agreed that he did physically visit most sites with the potential franchisee, and when asked how good it would look with his 72 Franchisee’s due diligence Most franchisees have little experience in site selection, and it is an inexact science that we practice. The site will define what your anticipated sales will be, and then you will probably do a simple forecast profit and loss. The simplest profit and loss in my view has six lines: Sales (the hardest thing to predict) $ Revenue Less Cost of Goods Sold (normally a per cent of sales) Less Rent (known when you commit to the site) Peter Buckingham, Managing Director, Spectrum Analysis controllable, or a per cent of the Sales. Impulse versus Destination Think of whether your business is a high volume, ‘impulse’ type of business. An example would be a convenience store, milk bar or take away coffee location. The highest impulse ‘businesses’ I know would be a busker or a beggar – little set up cost and extremely mobile. On the other hand a ‘destination’ business is one where you think or plan a great deal before visiting. Buying a new car, going to a restaurant for your anniversary dinner or playing at your favorite golf course are all high destination businesses. The highest I ever can think of is visiting the Tax Office. Think of where your business lies along a scale from high impulse to high destination. A higher impulse business will need more passing traffic and pay more rent, where higher destination businesses will be far less visible, and pay less rent. It is extremely important to match your business to where it would lie on this line. If you try and run a bulky goods store in a high impulse area, the rent will kill you. If you try and run a coffee shop or a convenience store in a high destination, back of centre area, you will die of loneliness! Shopping centre characteristics These are measured in terms of GLAR – Gross Leasable Area Retail and MAT – Moving Annual Turnover. Shopping centres are scaled as follows: Less Labour (somewhat controllable cost) Super Regional 85,000 sq m + Less all other costs (phone, electricity, etc) Major Regional Sub Regional 10,000 – 30,000 sq m The sales are definitely the greatest point of variance, most of the other costs being fairly Neighbourhood < 10,000 sq m Big shopping centres attract higher rents, and this is because they attract more people and normally average higher sales. It is no coincidence that most large retailers have their highest performing stores in centre’s like Chadstone, Bondi Junction and Castle Hill! Once you have decided on the centre you are going into, consider the following questions (to yourself) as to the precincts or areas within the centre. higher rental) areas, you can decide where you want to be. If you are an impulse business, then you will be going for the busiest locations. If you are a destination business, then you can probably pay less rent, and take a less prominent site. Think in terms of: • neighbours and proximity to supermarkets, Summary Site selection is one of the most important areas of a successful retail business. • visibility from the road (cars), and for 2. Most centers have the busiest pedestrian section (near the main doors and near the supermarkets), down to the quiet end (near the $2 shops, and the Rug Bazaar). Cheap rents may look attractive; however they normally are that way as centre management knows that is the areas of least traffic. Multi-level shopping center’s (such as Miranda) have different levels of customers as you move upward. In Asia, where I have visited multi-level electrical shopping centre’s, you range from stores like Toshiba and Panasonic on the ground (or main) floor, thru to a second hand computer repair shop on the 8th floor. Funny when you walk up there, you are on your own! • size of shop and width for window space. • visibility – can people see you as they approach – preferably from both directions • width of store and window space • access – not coming off a side passageway • is there a void stopping pedestrian traffic walking to you? • parking and access to the car parks • ant trails and pedestrian traffic past the store Free standing stores I believe the issues that make you commit to making a purchase are: • location • facilities • operation • brand. From a site selection issue, location and facilities are the two things that come into play before you commit to a site. Operations are the ‘soft’ things that come into play the instant you open the site, and brand is something that is built up by years and years of advertising. Location is when you think of five vacant blocks of land and think which one is most suitable to you. From a big picture view, you can look at the demographics of the area, to see if the people living around the site are your type of potential customers. Once convinced on the above, the location issues I look at are: • corner store or mid-block. • traffic – how many vehicles drive past each Strip shopping centres • visibility – will passing cars see my signs and Like shopping malls, strips vary in size from very powerful, like Camberwell or Chapel St, South Yarra, in Melbourne, down to small strips of dubious composition. The best measure we see for a strip as to its attractiveness is the number of supermarkets (preferably both Coles and Woolworths) and then chemists, newsagents, cafes and bread shops. Shopping centre’s have ‘ant trails’ and this is where you feel the main pedestrian traffic walks. This could be from the main car park, to the main supermarket, or maybe there is a pedestrian crossing that funnels the people together to cross the road. Once you are comfortable with defining the busiest or most attractive (and probably If you are building a greenfield site, then the demographics of the area may affect your design so as you can maximise the attractiveness to the potential customers. versus one street back, or on a side street 1. Are we in the right precinct – shopping centres have precincts like clothing and fashion, food court, fresh food and the general areas? Think in terms of what other businesses compliment you, and are their customers similar to yours? Once you have decided on the precinct, you are now down to the selection of actual sites. Think in terms of: In the oil industry, we could then decide whether we would have a convenience store, carwash, fast food outlets or workshops, all seen as facility issues. day? building in time to decide to stop? • access – can cars drive in once they have decided to stop? • parking – is there off site parking available to support my onsite parking? • mid-block or corner block – does it assist or harm visibility and access? • slope of land – hopefully we are not down in a hole? • gradient of road – don’t be on a steep down hill run – risky to pull in. Facilities are then what you place on the site. If it is already built, such as a bulky goods centre, then you probably have little say as the land and building are a complete package. Your franchisor should have a process to assist them in approving a site. It is unusual that they will share their sales forecasts with you for legal reasons, which is normal in franchising. If they cannot explain to you what they look for, and demonstrate they do have a process they follow, you should start to lose confidence in their professionalism. Ask them if they have a process and a model they use internally to approve a site for a franchise? It is no good you going broke, to then find out the franchisor used a guesswork approach to site selection. As a potential franchisee, you need to do your own due diligence before investing your money, and think in terms of how suitable your location will be to what you wish to sell. Look for similar types of sites in the network, and ask those franchisees how they are going? If opening a kiosk in a major regional shopping centre – find out (hopefully from the franchisor) who are the franchisees also with kiosk stores in other major regional shopping centre’s – and ask them how they are going! The best way forward is to learn off other sites in the network as far as what is working, and what doesn’t work in terms of the drivers of the business. Select well grasshopper! v In conjunction with Franchise Advisory Centre, Peter Buckingham runs a full day workshop on Franchise Site Selection and Territory Planning, endorsed by the FCA, and will be a workshop leader in the new FCA Diploma of Franchising. Peter Buckingham is the Managing Director of Spectrum Analysis Australia Pty Ltd, a Melbourne based mapping, demographic and statistical consultancy. Peter is a Fellow of the FCA and Certified Management Consultant. Spectrum specializes in assisting clients with decisions relating to store location and territory planning, using various scientific and statistical techniques. To contact Peter email [email protected] or call on (03) 98826488. 73 Catering to franchisees and franchisors in the hospitality industry Commercial Food Machinery (CFM) was established in Clayton, Victoria in 1994, and is Australia’s leading supplier of commercial catering equipment to the hospitality industry. C FM is a one-stop-shop that supplies a vast array of products including cooking equipment, refrigeration, stainless steel, cutlery, crockery and table top accessories. CFM prides itself on supplying the world’s leading brands and also offers tailored, custom-made solutions. Their huge two level showroom offers a wide selection for restaurants, food chains and cafes. Products are also available to view and order through their website. Many business elements have combined to ensure CFM’s success in the industry, which is backed up by the fact that in excess of 80 per cent of their work is generated by ‘repeat’ or ‘referred’ business from their satisfied customer base. CFM ensure their customers receive unsurpassed pre and after sales service. They pride themselves on the fact that they not only distribute quality catering equipment, but also manufacture and import. In the years that have passed, they have developed a clear understanding of their customers’ needs and apply their extensive product knowledge to the efficient design of cooking, preparation, and front display areas. CFM supply catering equipment to many multi-store companies as well as some major franchise groups. Some of their relationships/partnerships go as far back as 12 years ago. CFM are solution driven and are extremely involved in the development of their clients’ products and services. Finding the correct machine for the job and using a ‘Keep It Simply Simple’ approach to the solutions has greatly benefited the development of their clients and their growth. CFM believes the principles of franchise operations are quite effective. One of the reasons for being a part of a franchise group, amongst many others, is to be provided with a sequence of systems and methods that are both simple and efficient to run the business. CFM are very mindful of this and work very closely with their clients to achieve their goals. The success of their clients is CFM’s success. CFM can offer a complete turnkey operation to the franchisees and the franchisor. They have very experienced project managers capable of handling all aspects of the work required to set up and start a new franchise operation. They have assisted in all areas of their customers’ needs: from research and development, to selecting the correct equipment, to the complete design of ‘master floor layouts’ for efficient operation. v For further information please contact Commercial Food Machinery on (03) 9543 1611 or visit www.cfmvic.com.au or email [email protected] CFM In-house demo kitchen MY K Cooking Equipment Bakery Equipment Refrigeration Stainless Steel Cutlery Crockery Easy Finance Options Tailored Custom Made Solutions Exhaust & Ventilation Design & Construct Projects Table Top Accessories Your Success Is Our Business 1418a Centre Rd Clayton VIC 3168 Fax: 03 9543 1682 Preparing Your Team for the ‘Grand Final’ of Retail Brian Walker, Managing Director, The Retail Doctor Group The Christmas season is creeping up on us yet again and the time for preparation is knocking. While it may be too early to start hanging the stockings and dressing the tree, why not encourage customers to think about early Christmas shopping and inspiring them to put your store on their shopping list. Coaching will be essential as we prepare our teams for the final quarter of the year so let’s look at some strategies to motivate our team to a culture of winning in ‘the grand final of retail’. Managing Santa’s little helpers Have you ever asked an owner or manager of just about any business the following question? “What is one of the biggest challenges to manage in your business?” Our experience is that the majority will answer “the people.” Why can we humans be so challenging and how do we get our team to step out of mediocrity and go that extra mile? Often delivering this extra mile can be the difference between an average result and a great result. The majority of employees are keen to do well and contribute as best as they can to the business so how can we ensure that they are given the best opportunity to succeed? and what you are aiming for is one of life’s most important motivations. This is exactly the same for the team you have in place to deliver the organisation’s goals. Performance will increase dramatically if your people are performing the requested tasks and understanding what the potential outcome will be. As part of our ‘Fit for Business Diagnostic’, The Retail Doctor Group looks closely at the strategic goal of the organisation and what is in place to achieve this goal. Quite often one of the gaps we will quickly identify is the lack of alignment between the CEO/MD’s strategic intent and the understanding of the team, of this strategy, at the coal face. If those who are in place to deliver the goal do not know what the goal is, how can we expect them to deliver? It is imperative that the strategic goal and direction is communicated on a regular basis with key performance indicators aligning to the operational activity with the strategy. It is also good practice when communicating a new initiative to correlate its contribution to the strategic goals, keeping the meaning clear and consistent at all times. Accountability Meaning Just as important as understanding what the key goals are is each team member’s understanding of the specific part they play. For example your organisation’s goal might be to be ‘the national leader’. How does this relate to the front line staff? Knowing why you are doing something What is their part in reaching this goal? If the Here are three key areas to consider when looking at getting the most out of your team. 76 goal is not broken down to relate specifically to an individual, they will not relate to the goal and therefore will not be inspired to achieve it. Communicating exactly how each of the team can contribute and the expectations around their contribution significantly increases their chance and therefore the organisation’s chance of succeeding. When undertaking your planning sessions, include time to consider where the accountability will lie with any specific goal, how this accountability will be communicated, what tools you will provide the team with to set them up for success and how you will monitor and report performance. Consequence Now that you have clearly set the goals (meaning) and every team member in the business understands the role they play (accountability) you must also ensure that you have a performance management structure in place to celebrate success and manage poor performance (consequence). One of the biggest mistakes leaders make is to not include within their performance management structures the consequences for poor performance. If you have employed someone to perform a specific job, and given that all the training and support is in place and you find that the job is not performed to expectation, there must be a response to this or the behaviour will continue. “Why can we humans be so challenging and how do we get our team to step out of mediocrity and go that extra mile?” One of the most de-motivating things to happen in a team is for one member not to be accountable, holding back the organisation’s performance and have no one addressing the poor performance. This just tells the team that there is no need to be accountable because there will be no consequence and therefore the goals cannot be that important after all. Our ‘effective people’ framework addresses these aspects of human performance outlining and implementing clear people performance frameworks and systems. Did you know that up to 40 per cent of employees’ activity is not aligned with client strategy (Harvard Business Review) and that our studies are revealing a similar percentage of activity within a retail network that are ‘non-customer’ facing. Those are tasks that face the ‘back door’. In summary, it is really important to put in place a clear performance management framework which: 1. Provides a clear understanding of what the organisation is looking to achieve and by when. If this is provided to every team member there can be no misunderstanding as to where the organisations’ priorities lie and it is a great tool for the team to refer back to and leaders to lead with. 2. Specifically outlining the role that each team member plays in the achievement of these goals. Clearly outlining the specific areas of accountability ensures all business activity is covered and each player can focus on being brilliant at their specific tasks. knowledge and sales skills. Reinforce the daily target. 3. How this performance will be measured also needs to be specified, ensuring all parties can track performance accurately against the goal and there can be no misconception around expected outcomes. 6. Do the early morning shop opening tasks and visual merchandising the night before. 4. The rewards for achieving these goals and consequence of not. We are usually good at providing incentives for achievement of goals and need to be equally as good at outlining consequence of non achievement. Given that most retailers will achieve the majority of their annual profit over the next few months, what structure do you have in place to maximise your staffing investment? 10 tips to win the ‘Grand Final of Retailing’ 1. Have your ‘A’ team on show. Key staff should be rostered on for high traffic trading times of the week. 2. Reduce the non essential non sales tasks. Maximise every available minute of sales and service time. 7. Have a daily sales target and individual sales targets and keep the team on track to making these targets. 8. Make the shopping experience enjoyable for your customers by creating theatre in the store through interactive displays, activities for the kids, music and product demonstrations. 9. Invest in new Christmas decorations: Not the same ones you wheeled out last year and the year before and make a night of dressing up the store with your team. 10. Have fun! Buying gifts should not be a chore so make this festive time of year enjoyable for your customers! They’ll love you for it and want to keep coming back well into the New Year! v Happy Fit Retailing, 3. Keep lifting the bar. Measure and reinforce the KPIs. The Retail Doctor 4. Reward your staff for high achievement with prizes for sales, average sale, items per sale and conversion rates. For more information about The Retail Doctor visit: www.retaildoctor.com.au, email [email protected] or phone us on 02 9460 2882. 5. Daily start up meetings: Have each team member demonstrate their product 77 THE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LAUNCHES ‘BDC OPERATIONS’ The Business Development Company is excited to announce a new service to their company. BDC Operations Jack Sakalis will head up the new BDC Operations arm and comes to BDC with over 27 years of retail experience. Jack has owned and operated family businesses for many years and has held senior positions with Coles Myer, Baskin Robbins, Wendy’s and Cookie Man, with roles including franchisee, area developer, regional manager and general manager. The BDC brand vision is to create ‘Rapid Profitable Growth’ for clients and that is exactly what Jack and his operations team deliver. Jack believes that putting a sound operations strategy in place is important for any business and can be a very rewarding experience for all parties. “We believe operations play a critical role in the day to day running of a business. This is the start of an exciting journey for BDC Operations and we are looking forward to working with many of our existing and new clients,” Jack said. “Working through the BDC strategy systems, the operations team will focus on margin and sales growth with our clients, developing strategies covering everything from customer 78 service and brand development through to lease and franchise agreement systems and facilities maintenance. Zealand to offer all these services for existing and emerging business chains under one roof,” Jack said. “We will build customer service programs that are tailored to your business needs. Along with operations and profitability improvement, BDC also offer a range of services to drive the profitability of their clients including; business strategy and consultancy; franchise systems development; lease negotiation and portfolio management; franchisee recruitment and business sales. To support this they offer a number of online services to improve the effectiveness of the operations through policies and procedures, property lease management, property maintenance and business sales systems. “Our team will work with you day to day as the program is designed to maximise your sales, ultimately creating a culture where non dollar questions are eliminated and the focus is on the customer experience. “The days of hello and goodbye are just becoming more and more robotic. Replacing non dollar questions with questions that give the consumer the opportunity to spend is the key to moving forward,” Jack said. The Business Development Company was established to provide the full range of skills from ‘one company’ to strategically develop their client’s business from concept to completion in ‘one solution’. “Our consulting and operations capabilities enable us to assist clients with everything from the implementation of growth strategies right down to fitting out new business facilities, training the new owners and helping those business owners sell their businesses to crystallise their capital gains. BDC is the only business in Australia and New Like Jack, all the BDC team members have held senior management positions across a number of leading consulting, property and franchising groups within their respective careers. Collectively our key personnel have a combined experience bank of over 250 years. v BDC welcome you to contact Jack Sakalis on 03 9564 3444 or 0404 725 543. Jack would be more than happy to visit you personally or we invite you to visit our offices at the fashion capital of Australia – Chadstone Shopping Centre – Level 2 in the Borders Tower. AUSTRALIAâ€™S 1ST MENâ€™S SALON & SPA is now franchising the â€œFUSS WAYâ€? TERRITORIES AVAILABLE Melbourne 16 locations Brisbane 6 Locations Sydney 11 Locations Perth 3 CBD Adelaide 2 CBD Tasmania 1 CBD SO WHAT IS THE â€œFUSS WAYâ€?? t%":4"8&&, t4JNQMJTUJDCBDLPGmDF104NBOBHFNFOUTZTUFN t5SBJOJOHNBOVBMTUIBUNBLFTFOTF t6QNBSLFUXPSLFOWJSPONFOU t"1-"$&0'#64/&445)"5)"4i808w'"$503 t'SBODIJTFTZTUFNUIBUDSFBUFTCVTJOFTT t-PDBMBSFBNBSLFUJOHQMBOUIBUCVJMETUIFCVTJOFTT t"'3"/$)4&46110355&". â€œTHAT REALLY GIVE A FUSSâ€? tOWPMWFNFOUJONBKPSFWFOUT THIS NEWLY DEVELOPED FRANCHISING OPPORTUNITY IS SEEKING INTEREST NOW! For all Media/Advertising/Franchise enquiries please contact Kate Allen, Franchise Manager â€œMan, What a Fussâ€? 17 McKillop Street Melbourne 3000, p: 07 5520 4166 m: 0417 007 560 e: [email protected] Three streams of income make PoolWerx the Franchise of choice Australiaâ€™s pool and spa owners are spending more on their pools than ever before as families holiday in their own back-yards. Pools and spas are alive and canâ€™t be ignored; they need to be constantly maintained. With more than 300 mobile vans, 65 retail stores and three streams of income - home pool servicing, retail sales and commercial pool management PoolWerx is looking for astute business people to capitalise on more than 100 vacant territories across Australia. This makes PoolWerx the franchise network with proven growth, no matter what the economic climate. Irene & Ian Hughes basis_POL:NSO1505 For a confidential discussion about your future with PoolWerx, or for a free information pack, call 1800 245 447, visit www.poolwerx.com or email [email protected] profile: pack & send FINDING WHAT YOU LOVE AND WORKING AT IT! It’s not always easy to find a path to success, but once you’re on it, things just seem to get better and better... W hilst working for a franchise recruitment company on the PACK & SEND account, Shane Cole’s job was trying to find the right people to join the freight and logistics company. After a few years, Shane gave up sharing the benefits of a PACK & SEND franchise with others and decided to buy one for himself. Beginning his PACK & SEND franchise with his wife, Sally, in 2004, the couple took their new business from strength to strength and, within five years, was selected from the PACK & SEND network as PACK & SEND’s Australian Franchisee of the Year for 2009. “I fell in love with the company,” Shane said. “They’re a genuine bunch of people.” Along with winning the PACK & SEND 2009 Franchisee of the Year award, memorable highlights for the Coles over the years include the close work they’ve done with other PACK & SEND franchisees as well as many of the staff in head office. But most of all, says Shane, is his number one delight in learning that he and Sally can work together! “It’s always nice to get a pat on the back for putting in an effort,” said Shane “Sally and I have skills in particular areas which complement each other. We’ve learned many things and others have been reinforced during our time with PACK & SEND. The major point is meeting customer expectations,” he said. “We’ve also learned to use the strength of the group in all areas; there are many franchisees with a wide range of experience not only in the practicalities of packing, but marketing and running the business in general.” Shane says he particularly enjoys the challenge of working through the process of packing those more complicated jobs. Sally and Shane Cole – PACK & SEND Franchisee of the Year 2009 80 The first that came to Shane’s mind was a large stuffed peacock with its beautiful tail feathers spread out in full display needing to go to country NSW. With urgency not being one of the factors, Shane said he lost count of the times he walked past the bird, pondering the best way to pack it. Eventually the stuffed bird found itself secured to a base, bubble wrapped and surrounded by flo-pack, sitting in a custom-made box measuring around two metres long, one and a half metres high and 40cm wide. The second job’s complexity was altogether different, seeing Shane examine options with his client on how to best pack and send over half a million dollars in parts to Geneva for the biggest scientific experiment in the world: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC is the world’s largest energy particle accelerator designed to address the most fundamental questions of physics. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres in circumference as much as 175 metres beneath the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland. “It’s great how exposure through the business broadens your interests,” said Shane, who has been following the Hadron Collider’s progress ever since. Ironically, Shane says, winning the award has made them re-focus on the business and the way they operate. As a result, the Coles continued their path of success, by being recognised as the best in Victorian franchising in 2010 at the Franchise Council of Australia’s Victorian Regional Awards – crowned the VIC/TAS Franchisee of the Year. And the excitement continues to grow Shane and Sally now go through to the big one - the Excellence in Franchising National Awards being held in Surfers Paradise QLD late in 2010 – in the running for the National Franchisee of the Year! v For more information contact PACK & SEND on (02) 9822 5622 or visit www.packsend.com.au. Great businesses are built on solid foundations. At PACK & SEND, we've laid a solid foundation for a very bright future! Our unique retail stores provide convenient packaging and freight forwarding services - underpinned by a business system that has been carefully developed since 1993. And with the growth of online exchanges such as eBay, the demand for our services is unprecedented. As a PACK & SEND franchisee you can be assured of a rock solid foundation of knowledge and resources - giving you access to all the essential elements to build your business in a high growth market. Join a business recognised by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the Franchise Council of Australia as one of Australia's most successful business systems. For more intonnation, contact the Franchise Selection Team on (02) 9822 5622. Australia. New Zealand路 United Kingdom profile: rP vending That Sweet Road to Success Getting into the multimillion dollar vending industry. R P Vending is Australia’s largest and longest established vending machine supplier and manufacturer. RP Vending invented compact vending in Australia by introducing the first compact snack and drink vending machine more than a decade ago. RP’s complete range of machines are at the cutting edge of technology. All machines are designed for individual needs and they offer a unique solution for customers, making them great machines for corporate locations. Machines specifically designed with fresh food in mind are available through RP. These state of the art machines have internal rotating drums and sliding service doors, thus allowing a more delicate menu to be served. Temperature control safety functions and stainless steel interiors ensure all food safe requirements are met. Fresh food offered by RP Vending’s operators include a wide range of products including wraps, gourmet sandwiches, salads, fruit salads, ready meals, pies and pasties produced with the vending machine operation in mind. Franchising with RP Vending is a full circle experience with business packages offered to ensure your vending success. Locations in high influx areas are sourced for franchisees, and after the initial training, it’s just a matter of set up and go. The initial and on-going training provided by RP Vending ensures that you know how to stock and maintain your machine and ensure that it is functioning at its optimum. Purchasing with RP Vending has a wide range of benefits with its buyers group purchasing, full insurance cover, full support 24 hours seven days a week and no ongoing fees. An RP Vending system means being you own boss, working your own hours and allowing yourself to be flexible around your life. Often a once a week visit is all that’s needed to check on and re-stock your machines. What’s left is time that is able to be spent on yourself and your family. An RP Vending Machine is often a great way to get some extra income on top of your regular day-to-day job. RP’s fresh food machines can be found in staff canteens around the country and include establishments such as The Hilton, The Westin, The Sofitel, Four Points by Sheraton, Sheraton on the Park, Meyers, ANZ, Ikea and Armaguard, to name a few. The RPM6-Combo is the latest machine to be launched by RP Vending. This machine is changing the way consumers feel about automated retailing. The RPM6Combo provides confidence, and creates convenience with excellent merchandising presentation, greater product selections and better reliability. This machine really is the choice of the vending professional. RP will also get you set-up with their long established wholesale partners, including Smiths, Cadburys, Schweppes, Coke, Nestle etc, ensuring that you buy your stock for the lowest possible price. RP operators love the freedom that they have with this business. They no longer have to work the typical 9-5 day or have a boss to report back to. They work when they want allowing them to spend more time doing the things they love. The RP team’s dedication to their operators is unmatched and we know that a business development system from RP Vending can be just the right business for you. v For more information visit www.rpvending.com.au 82 HOW SWEET IT IS! Over 1200 independent business owners know just how sweet it is to be part of Australia’s greatest vending success story! • Be your own boss and control your future • Boost your income in a safe and simple excellent cashflow business • Over 40,000 machines nationally and the largest network of business locations for your ongoing support • Over 2,000,000 people per day have access and enjoy convenience from an RP Vending machine • Start your own vending business from as little as $9,000 • What other business requires only 10-12 hours per month work? Consistently gives 30 to 70% returns and is nationally advertised for FREE • With over a decade of remarkable success we can get you started in quite literally Australia’s greatest business - RP Vending 1800 066 112 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND WIDE www.rpvending.com.au OUT OF YOUR BUSINESS AND GET MORE Tania Allen Vision Alliance OUT OF LIFE! Get the Passion & Get Going H ow much do like what you do right now to make money? Do you wake up at three in the morning, and can’t sleep because you are just so eager and excited to get going on your work? Such people are happy people, and very often they get either rich, famous, or both. If you don’t have this kind of passion for what you do, you’re wasting your time and your life. Even if your job pays well, hating that job is like living a kind of ‘half-life’. You suffer through the work week and live for the weekends. I urge you to quit the job you have right now, or sell your business if you hate it, and find something you can be passionate about. If you are just not in a position to move on from the business you are in then I urge you to find the passion within what you are currently doing. Re-ignite it. They say if you do what you love, the money will follow. Even if you don’t really hate your job or your business, but don’t particularly care for it either, I still say you’re wasting your time. You’re merely ‘running out the clock’ on your life as you wait for retirement. It is said that an artist never retires. Why should they when they love what they do? Their work is their play. But it shouldn’t be true of only artists. The world of business can provide all the fun, creative stimulation and joy an artist gets from his or her work. 84 All this leads up to an important business concept I’m going to tell you about right now. It’s this: You must be aggressive and proactive, rather than passive and reactive, in order to create higher levels of success. A passive business owner may have a steady supply of customers who support the business, but that business never really takes off to achieve spectacular sales and profits. A reactive business owner only makes a change when something negative happens. They react and sometimes not to their best advantage. If things are going along fine, they’ll just continue to go through the motions. A proactive business owner never settles for ‘good enough.’ Even if business is brisk, the proactive entrepreneur takes aggressive action to make things even better. For example, a proactive business person makes a single successful sale to a customer, he won’t rest until he does everything he can to make second, third, fourth, and maybe even more sales. That means he or she has to take action. They’ve got to develop new products for those new sales. They’ve got to reach out to the customer with direct mail, a phone call, or key advertisements. They’ve got to come up with a ‘can’t refuse offer’ for those additional sales. They’ve got to test the market to find out where more business can be squeezed out. I have mentioned this before and it’s worth mentioning again. There are two types of business people I have found over the years of consulting and coaching. Those who are interested and those who are really committed to their success. Those who are interested will do what is convenient to them and they wonder why they don’t seem to progress as fast as others do. Those who are committed do whatever it takes to realise their dreams and goals and more. Time to Take Action Why not get out your customer list right now? Select the names of 20 of your best customers. Instead of just waiting for them to come in again—get proactive and go after them. Give them a call to thank them for their business, and then tell them about the new product or service you know will make their lives better. Or send them a postcard with a hot offer. Send them a sales letter or send a live person out to visit them. Whatever you do, don’t lay back and be passive. Sure they might come in again and buy from you, at some time on some day, whenever! When you take a proactive stance, you can’t stand waiting! You go out and get them! I promise you this ‘20 Customer’ exercise will open your eyes. You’ll be amazed at how many extra sales you get, sales you might not have had without taking aggressive action. The only fuel for a proactive, aggressive business stance is passion, a love for what you “The world of business can provide all the fun, creative stimulation and joy an artist gets from his or her work.” do. If you hate your job or the business you are in, you may get aggressive and proactive for a while, but you’ll quickly burn out and go back to ‘dull normal’ mode. So do whatever it takes to shake up your life and get passionate about what you need to do to make money. When you do, you’ll make money, and better yet, you’ll have fun while you’re doing it! Whatever You Do, Stop Wasting Time Why do you think banks traditionally placed clocks outside their buildings? Because they know that time is money. In fact, it’s with banks that this whole idea of calculating interest rates, based on time, got started. If you have a loan, it’s that inevitable, unstoppable ticking of the clock which is determining how much money you owe in interest payments. If you really want to look into this more deeply, read up on the history of capitalism and banking. You’ll be amazed. Our entire monetary system rests upon a modern concept of time, which was given to us by astronomers, such as Copernicus, Galileo and Newton. Indeed, it is Sir Isaac Newton’s ‘clockwork universe’ that has shaped our modern conception that time is money, perhaps more than anything else. Ever wonder why we say: “How do you plan to spend your time?” It’s because time and money are intimately tied to each other. Okay, had enough of the history lesson? Want me to get to the point? The point is that the statement that time is money is far more than a cliché. It’s a basic reality because of the fundamental way we do things. And I can’t make this statement strongly enough: NOTHING IS MORE VALUABLE THAN YOUR TIME! At the start of each new day, you are issued a fresh 24 hours, that’s 1400 minutes and 86,400 seconds. If you think of each of those hours minutes and seconds as having a monetary value, and they do, every one you waste is money lost forever. You must start paying attention to your time each day, and how you spend it. How much actual time do you commit to making money with your business? You don’t know if you don’t pay attention. If you start keeping a daily log of how much time you actually spend on money making activities, you may be in for a surprise. What about all that time spent chatting around the water cooler or the coffee machine? It can be nice, but it earns you nothing. Do you waste time with people? Most do. If you decide to spend 15 minutes shooting the breeze about the World Cup, even if it’s with a client, that time is lost money. And we all know people that are what I call ‘dumpers.’ These are people who call you up or visit personally and steal 20 or 30 minutes just telling you about their problems. It’s great for them because they feel better after unloading on you, at the expense of your precious time. But you get nothing, except for the reputation of being a ‘good listener.’ There’s nothing especially wrong with that, but when it’s time to conduct business, then you should be doing business. I suggest that no less than 85 per cent of your day be focused on making money, and making things happen for your business. The biggest reasons people waste time is because: A. They have not internalised and do not remain conscious of the fact that time is money. B. They simply aren’t paying attention to where they spend their time Time to Take Action Play a mental game with yourself, starting at minute one of your next day. Every 15 minutes or so, stop and ask yourself: “Is what I am doing right now moving me forward toward my earning goals?” Do it every 15 minutes. Set an alarm clock if you have to. A wrist watch with a timer on it that beeps is great for this or even your blackberry. The idea is to shake up your conscious and unconscious mind. Wake yourself up as to how you’re spending your time! Put yourself on notice: “I will stop wasting time!” or “I always maximise my time!” The thing about wasting time is that it’s insidious. It creeps up on us while we’re not paying attention. Before we know it, days, weeks and months are lost in nonproductive activity. You can really get on top of this by keeping a time log for a week or so and recording every activity you do in your business and the amount of time it takes. You will be amazed about how much time you really do spend on non-productive tasks. Once you get aware of this, once you awaken to the idea that every moment counts you’ll stop wasting time, and you’ll start getting things done twice as fast, three times as fast, or even faster. When that happens, I promise you that you’ll notice a magical effect. You’ll start getting a lot more done and again, this will seem magical you’ll start making a lot more money and start enjoying a lot more time freedom! Managing your time during work actually frees up more time to spend with family, loved ones and your favourite non-work activities. So stop wasting time. Ultimately, you’ve only been allotted a certain amount of time on this planet, so why waste it? v This article was brought to you by Tania Allen. Tania is the author of Franchise Profits and is the founder of Vision Alliance, a business growth and franchise consulting firm providing holistic solutions to both franchisees and franchisors. With more than 20 years’ experience Tania and her team are passionate about helping you maximise your potential in business and in life. Feel free to contact Tania on 1300 76 49 20 or [email protected]. 85 expansion on the horizon After nearly 75 years of fine tuning its renowned brand Queensland’s most iconic café chain, Shingle Inn, has announced it’s ready to take the exciting boutique café brand interstate. H aving successfully franchised eight stores in south-east Queensland in the past 12 months, the chain will grow to 14 cafes prior to Christmas and is well poised for interstate expansion, having already attracted serious interest from business and consumers. Shingle Inn Garden City franchisee Claire Lunney reports increasing numbers of customers are purchasing Shingle Inn’s delicious Patty Cakes to impress interstate friends before flying south. Claire says she especially noticed the increase following Shingle Inn’s recent release of special dozen and half dozen Patty Cake gift boxes. “I’ve had a run of customers over the past weeks saying they’re on the way to the airport and thought a gift box of Shingle Inn’s iconic Patty Cakes would be perfect to take onboard.” “Since our Patty Cakes are baked fresh daily and delivered directly to the store from our bakery, there isn’t a fresher product they could choose to impress their friends with,” says Claire. The humble Patty Cake is Shingle Inn’s most popular product with the company selling in excess of 12 million of the delicious cakes since first opening in 1936. As well as being renowned for the iconic Patty Cake, Shingle Inn offers a mouth-watering selection of innovative cakes, delicious coffee and decadent sweet treats, as well as an extensive freshly prepared lunch menu. Shingle Inn Director Andrew Bellchambers says that Shingle Inn’s business culture is heavily focused around family values and a strong commitment to the brand, having been founded as a family-owned business and owned by the Bellchambers for 35 years. “This environment of support, honesty and encouragement is the lifeblood of the brand and is what attracts many of our potential franchisees, and indeed, this is one of our points of difference,” says Mr Bellchambers. 86 main reasons for joining Shingle Inn. “I wanted the independence of owning my own business and Shingle Inn exemplified what I was looking for,” says Claire. “I could particularly relate to the strong family culture and genuinely believe in the superior quality of the products we’re selling.” Claire’s love of the family-focussed business ensures that husband Glen, who’s retained his regular job, and children Kyle, 21, a university student and 15-year-old Ashleigh are regular faces behind the counter. New franchisees are trained in all Shingle Inn’s systems and procedures during the comprehensive six week pre-opening training program. The initial weeks consist of meeting key personnel and undertaking an overview of all national office functions. This training also includes planning opening marketing promotions with the help of Shingle Inn’s experienced marketing team, as well as undertaking customer service and sales training. “Equally, the franchisee selection process seeks to attract franchisees that share these values and are passionate about contributing to the success of, not only their individual business, but also the brand itself.” New franchisees then undertake a minimum of three weeks’ training in-store. In this environment they gain valuable experience with respect to the hands-on operation of a Shingle Inn Café. In-store training provides new franchisees with a comprehensive insight into all facets of the business, including but not limited to, product knowledge, customer service, store presentation and systems and training. v According to franchisee Claire, who previously worked for Oldmac Toyota for 16 years, the family culture was one of the For more information visit www.shingleinn.com or call Patrick Mulcahy on 0431 649 450. Don.t miss this opportunity to own a truly unique cafe, selling innovative products, in a supportive environment. FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE Now Find out more information today at www.shingleinn.com contact: Patrick ph: 0431 649 450 e: [email protected] PROUD MEMBER OF Finance available to approved applicants dcstrategy PROFILE: SNAP- ON TOOL S WORLD CLASS FRANCHISEE SUPPORT TEAM As the world’s largest independent tool manufacturer, Snap-on Tools understands the importance of a superior support centre for its franchisees. S nap-on products are highly regarded and well sought after by professional tool users around the world. Franchisees visit customers on a weekly basis, direct to their places of work. Their wellequipped mobile vans deliver a complete retail-shopping experience to repairers of cars, trucks, motorcycles, boats, light aircraft, and earth moving equipment – anyone who has the need for the finest quality tools. Established in the US in 1920 and operating in Australia for 20 years, Snap-on Tools is one of the longest running franchise systems. Franchisees are not charged royalty fees because the benefit to the franchisor is in the selling of its manufactured products. In Australia, there are currently 157 franchisees and around 94 staff that support them. This ratio may appear lavish but it encompasses the operation of the warehouse facility, distribution capabilities, customer service, the business management of every franchise, and field support. that we make sure we give franchisees the right level of training and support. We are very hands-on.” For starters, Snap-on offers an immense range. “We’ve got around 19,000 products in our product line”, says Steve. “It’s not a matter of learning one thing and then getting on with it. We need to give franchisees a lot of training and support on the entire product line because nobody can be an expert on absolutely everything.” Steve continues, “Our franchisees have a monthly meeting with our support team to discuss current products we’re selling, what specials we’re offering and how to go about selling those particular items.” There are 17 field support managers that physically ride with each franchisee on their van every 6-8 weeks. These managers provide practical support with any aspect of the franchisee’s business. Comprehensive communication is everything, especially since the support team covers both Australia and New Zealand. Snap-on franchisees are extremely busy and most of their time is allocated to travelling and visiting their customers. If they don’t actually need or want to speak to support staff, there is 24-hour access to all information via their trucks. Each Snap-on mobile unit has a computer with mobile internet and support facilities that give them online product and service updates all the time. Steve Jones, National Sales Manager, talks about Snap-on support: “Our franchise is actually about selling the tools that we manufacture. As a result, it’s really important However, the customer service team is available all day, every day, to personally answer franchisee queries. “Our franchisees are typically running 10 hour days at least”, 88 explains Steve. “As a result, they don’t have to go and find something if they’d rather not. We find that our phone customer support service is actually well utilised by them.” And the Franchisee Co-ordinator Team helps with daily and weekly business management activities, including franchisee invoicing, bill payments and costs. Each week the team runs a set of accounts for each franchisee, which covers all their financial activities. Steve says this high level of support is a necessity. “The majority of the people that come into our business are first-time business people; they just don’t have the business skills that they need at the time they start.” And not all franchisees have previously worked in automotive or trade industries. However, they all possess a level of mechanical aptitude, says Steve. “They’re tinkerers - they have an interest in automotive and they like making things in their sheds. That’s what tinkerers do – they love their tools. They’re the sort of people that naturally gravitate to our business.” Steve recaps, “We’re in a franchise where we manufacture the product, which we sell through our franchisees. It’s in our best interests to make sure that the franchisee is 100% supported.” v For further information visit www.snaponfranchise.com.au So, what does smRf.VltW tinvestor think of us? 2009 Best Value Franchise in Australia 2008 #1 Franchise in our category 2006 1 of Top 7 Franchise Systems profile: IN.CUBE8R NURTURE YOUR ARTISTIC SIDE WITH in.cube8r Handcrafted goods are big business in Australia. You only need to see the crowds who flock to weekend art and craft markets to realise there is a huge demand for unique and individual pieces, at reasonable prices, that are rarely available in high-end street shops. T hat is until in.cube8r came on the scene. With galleries in Melbourne, Brisbane, and soon to open in Sydney, in.cube8r are able to offer craft market goods at craft market prices – but in high-end locations. all over Australia and New Zealand saying, ‘We need an in.cube8r in Perth, Sydney, Auckland, etc’, franchising seemed the perfect option. The successful business is now franchising and is seeking creative souls who want to nurture and grow their own business, whilst at the same time, support home-grown artists and craftspeople by providing a space for them to display their wares, out of the weather, and without travel time and expense, high market fees and early morning starts. “There is nothing else like it available, it fills a massive niche market and is highly viable. in.cube8r is a gallery retail space where artists lease spaces to display their work to the public without paying any commission on their sales, and the sale price is of their choosing.” in.cube8r is the brainchild of founder Isy Galey, an accomplished glass artist, who is achieving complementary business success with Australia’s first in.cube8r gallery in Melbourne’s Fitzroy, where artists and craftspeople lease ‘space’ to display their creative wares for sale. “In a time of mass off-shore production, we are seeing a swing back to the handmade, made with love, and, locally made craft is the ‘new black’! in.cube8r offers artists a six to seven day per week high exposure platform in a retail environment where all items are handled, insured and looked after for them for as little as $20 per week. “Where else does an artist get this opportunity? At a market, which involves getting up at five am? Standing in rain/ hail/shine for six hours for up to $250 with sometimes little to no result?” asks Isy. In.cube8r gallery was launched in Melbourne three years ago, and as the gallery grew and prospered, Isy refined her business model, including the development of purpose-built business software to suit the uniqueness of the business. With all systems in place, Isy realised that franchising would be the next logical step for her business’s expansion. “I was getting so many emails and calls from 90 Isy explains the in.cube8r franchise model is so exciting because it is unique. With one franchise outlet already up and operating in Brisbane’s Fortitude Valley, Isy and her team are now looking for the ‘right’ people to represent in.cube8r. “Anyone with good organisational skills and an appreciation for the arts can have their own in.cube8r,” Isy said. “We are currently looking to have one or two franchisees in every state. We have the franchise package down to such a fine art, it’s as easy as plug-in-and-go with purpose built software which the artists can log into.” Brisbane franchisee, Vicki Sinclair, says she researched many other franchise systems, but after discovering in.cube8r, she knew she had found the one for her. “I couldn’t imagine buying any other business, as it wouldn’t be serving what I believe to be my life’s purpose. I wanted to find a way to spend my days doing something that I love. I’m artistic myself and the ethical model behind the in.cube8r concept supports my own personal ethic and practice. “By franchising I am able to access years of experience in the business model that Isy has tried and tested, and then utilise that experience to make sure that my gallery is successful from the very first day. In essence I am buying mistakes already made and resolved. “I have access to the in.cube8r data base, all their research and support network. When Isy started she flew solo. I fly tandem,” Vicki said. in.cube8r offers franchisees: • low set-up/establishing costs (starting @ $100K) • proven successful business model • easy accounts/stock control operation with ‘plug in & go’ purpose-built software system • full training and support (initial and ongoing) • supporting Australian artists/craftspeople • member of FCA Isy says in.cube8r has become a sought after destination for both artists and customers. “Artists love the concept because they get to choose where their items are displayed (from 24/7 window visibility to a basic $20 cube) and they also get to display everything themselves in their own 40x40cm glass cubicle, or wall space, clothes rack or 2D board exactly the way they want it to look.” Isy explained that customers also love the concept because they know that what they buy is unique and Australian (or New Zealand) made and because no commissions are taken by the gallery, they know that 100 per cent of what they buy gets paid back to the creator. v For further information visit incube8r.com.au. 321 Smith Street Fitzroy 3065, Melbourne or 1/253 Wickham St, Fortitude Valley, 4006 Brisbane. If you think you may know someone who would be perfect for one of our franchises, please share this article. We are looking for people with a good business mind, great at organising and an appreciation of all things handmade. PROFILE: koal ak r ane DO YOU WANT A FRANCHISE THAT’S FUN, FLEXIBLE AND FINANCIALLY REWARDING? I magine a business that combines the fun and excitement of a proven interactive amusement game with the appeal of major Australian sports brands such as NRL, AFL, Super 14, and ANZ Champs. Imagine a business that takes a few hours a week to run and can easily fit in with your existing job or lifestyle. Imagine no more! Koalakrane is a new and exciting franchise opportunity in Australia – a business in which people from all walks of life can get involved in the lucrative coin operation industry without any prior experience. New franchisees walk into a business where Koalakrane machines will be set up on locations earning good money. These businesses can be taverns, RSLs, bowling clubs, supermarkets, take away shops, video stores and much more. Your role is to check on the machines at least once per week, clean them, cash them out, stock them up and run a general test on the machines to make sure all is working well. You’ll also need to occasionally find new locations and you’ll probably want to continue to grow the business with more machines. We can also help you with this. Koalakrane has already forged preferential and exclusive working relationships with major sporting bodies in Australia for the use of their brands in machines. Koalakrane has designed and developed a fantastic new sports crane to stock these products, with appealing graphics that complement the establishments we operate in. We all know 92 how sports crazy we Aussies are, and the machines are located primarily in the places where sports’ fans frequent. Koalakrane has its roots in New Zealand where over 50 franchisees and 700 machines in the hugely successful Kiwikrane system have been operating for over 10 years. Annette Hardie of Rotorua in NZ says “I have been a franchisee for nine years now. I just wish it had been 18 years! It’s the best business I could be in. The franchisor has been with me every step of the way. Where else can you make money while you enjoy a cup of coffee? I love what I am doing. I started part time with one area and ten machines – I now run it full time and have three areas and fifty-five machines”. Koalakrane is relatively new in Australia, starting here in June 2009, with six franchisees already operating and three more coming on board in the next few months. Savvy investors realise that joining a young franchise now represents an excellent opportunity to get in early and secure territory before they get snapped up. Who is the ideal Koalakrane franchisee? We don’t have a particular type. Our franchisees are men and women, young and old, couples or single, technical or not so technical - the only requirement we have is a positive attitude and someone who takes responsibility for their own success in life. Franchisees can walk in and immediately take over this successful business concept that we’ve fine tuned over the last ten years. Full training is given in the space of a few days on how to look after and locate machines. We have support offices and warehouses in Melbourne, Perth, and Auckland and master franchisees look after you at a personal level. A huge range of prizes for machines is always available through our website for immediate ordering and dispatch. One of our first franchisees in Australia, Kerry Towns of Gunnedah/Tamworth NSW writes: “I was looking for part time work - something I could do at my leisure that would allow me to be more flexible with my hours. I became a Koalakrane franchisee in September 2009. The guys who set up the franchise for me (Rick and Shane) were absolutely wonderful. They found sites for the machines and set them up. They are only a phone call away if I have any problems. Their motto is so true; you are in business for yourself but not by yourself. I wouldn’t hesitate in recommending a Koalakrane franchise to anyone. The hours are flexible and the promotions are only limited by your imagination. It certainly beats sitting behind a desk all day.” v So what are you waiting for? If you’d like to know more about this fantastic business opportunity call Rick for a chat on 0427 888 635 or visit www.mynewfunbiz.com www.koalakrane.com.au or www.kiwikrane.co.nz. Il OUR FRANCHISEES =:JI R~timm~SeE+S ~HE CLAWING SE4\WjINrri ARE IN CASH s~sm IN .: How would you like a business where you can work your own part time hours, and keep earning money while you’re fishing, shopping or even sleeping? How would you like to a business where you spend one or two days visiting friendly people and giving them money? Koalakrane is a business system in which full training is given, and help and support is always just a phone call away. You’ll be joining a company with over 10 years experience with over 40 existing successful franchisees. Koalakrane has the exclusive and preferential support of major Australasian brands such as AFL, NRL, Super Rugby, Hyundai A League, ANZ Champs and NBL. You’ll be the only franchisee in your territory, so talk to us now about whether your local area is still available, and find out more detailed information. Rick Garrity 0427 888 635 www.mynewfunbiz.com TM e xpert advice FRANCHISING... IS IT FOR YOU? It’s all about you! Is franchising for you? What do you know about franchising that has got you all fired up and interested in changing your world? Why do you want to be a franchisee? Why did you buy this magazine? What do you want? What are you willing to compromise on and commit to? Are you willing to learn new skills, new ways of managing and operating businesses? Are you willing to work with rules? What are your goals, your dreams? You. That’s the key word here. This article aims to respectfully challenge the lure, glitter and gold that franchising may be having on you. I will share with you the difference between and importance of preentry education and due diligence and what it takes to be a great franchisee citizen. But don’t take my word for it ... I’ve been up to my ears in franchisees at the moment and lovin’ it! I’ve just spent the last 12-months facilitating the ‘franchisee bootcamp’ at Franchise Expos around the country and the High Performing Franchisee panels as part of the Franchise Relationships Institute’s Field Manager Summit. Throughout this article, the opinions of current franchisees that have participated in these panels will be included. And they don’t sugar coat their responses either! So, with the help of my franchisee friends, we are going to ‘go there’ on a few prickly issues that might make you feel uncomfortable, annoyed and confused. And that’s ok. We do this with respect, for our wish is that all prospective franchisees make the right decision, an informed and responsible choice, for themselves. If you are still reading at this point, then perhaps franchising is for you. Onwards then, fearless reader! It’s a learning process Determining if you want to be a franchisee is a learning process. You are learning from 94 Julia Camm, Corven scratch what franchising is, how it works, the legal and regulatory aspects of franchising, expectations, rights and responsibilities and the rules about managing and operating a business. You are also learning about the massive variety of franchise systems on offer and the differences between business models. You are also learning about what a good franchise looks like and what it takes to be a successful franchisee. You are also learning a lot about yourself too. r What are your top ten current skills? r Have you asked your family this: ‘what This learning process comprises of two phases. Pre-entry education is the first phase and it is wholly driven by you in your own time. During this phase you are learning about the concept, rights and responsibilities of franchising, conducting research on the type of franchise systems of interest to you. Glenn McMahon, franchisee of Amazing Clean Curtains and Blinds, adds to this list with “get on the internet and look to see what’s happening overseas. What is unique about the franchise system globally? Will customers still buy your products and services in 5, 10 or 15 years time?” r Finish this sentence: The top five You will also need to look to yourself and make a tough self-assessment on your motivation and current capabilities. Glenn believes that your greatest asset “isn’t your house or capital, it’s you, your ability and willingness to work hard and to give it a go.” During this phase, you also have the option to attend workshops and participate in education programs targeted towards prospective franchisees. Brutal fact number one: everything that you learn is reflected in the choice and decisions you make. The more you learn, the better the decision and the greater the chance for success. Our Pre-Entry Education Checklist r In 25-words or less, what are your motivations and goals for being a franchisee? information do you need to support my decision to consider being a franchisee?’ r Can you clearly define what the concept of franchising is? r Finish this sentence: The purpose of the Franchising Code of Conduct is ... benefits of a Franchise Agreement are ... r Can you explain what your rights and responsibilities will be as a franchisee? r Can you explain what a franchisor’s rights and responsibilities are? r In your opinion, what factors make a great franchise system? r Have you visited the Franchise Council of Australia’s website? <www.franchise. org.au> r Have you visited the franchise section of the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission’s website? <www.accc.gov.au> r Can you produce evidence that you have completed Griffith University’s Pre-Entry Franchise Education program? <www.franchise.edu.au> r Can you produce evidence that you completed the Franchise Council of Australia’s franchisee information session? <www.franchise.org.au> The other phase is due diligence. In our world, this means completing more research, investigation, consideration and analysis into a specific franchise business that results in highly informed decision making. Due diligence ramps up when you have commenced discussions and interviews with franchise systems that you are interested in. Speaking with past and current franchisees provides an excellent source of information in regards to their experience with the franchise. Glenn reminds us that “20 per cent of franchisees in any system are high performers, 60 per cent are doing ok and 20 per cent simply hate it and are quickly going out the back door. This bottom 20 per cent will always be the bottom 20 per cent in any franchise or business.” You will also meet with lawyers, banks, accountants and will speak about franchising from a legal, financial and accounting perspective. During the due diligence phase, if you ever find yourself thinking that the franchise agreement, rules, standards and procedures are restrictive and ‘one-way’, then it is possible that you haven’t learnt enough about the purpose and benefits of the legal and regulatory requirements of franchising. Here’s Boost Juice Bar’s franchisee Marc Benson’s perspective: “Honestly, I don’t have a problem with being involved in a franchise system and I don’t find it restraining. I have been involved in franchise systems for 18 plus years, and I have learnt that if you abide by the system, the agreement, and the policies, the effect on your business will be positive. However, if you wish to do the opposite, you will find that you are too busy worrying about covering your tracks than concentrating on the business of making money.” Brutal fact number two: highly informed decisions are the result of doing both preentry education and due diligence research and learning. Repeat our mantra: The more I learn, the better the decision and the greater chance I have for success. Our Due Diligence Checklist r Have you completed our recommended pre-entry education tasks? r Have you sought professional advice from an experienced franchise lawyer, accountant and banking specialist? r If you haven’t sought advice from experienced franchise professionals, why? r Have you interviewed at least 30 current and past franchisees? r What are the rules, standards and procedures of the franchise system? r Have you seen a copy of the operations manual and training guides? r What tools, training and talent does the franchise system provide? r How is non-compliance managed in the franchise system? r Have you spent time on-site with a current franchisee in their business? r Have you asked your family this question: ‘what information do you need to support my decision to be a franchisee?’ r What is your profit plan? Do you have easy access to finance and capital? r Have you written a responsible and reliable business plan, including an identification of risks and contingencies, opportunities for growth and expansion and ultimately, exit? position to make a better decision about which franchise is for you. Brutal fact number three: being a good franchisee citizen is about choice. Good Franchise Citizenship Test! r Are you a fan of following rules and doing the right thing every day? r Are you willing to regularly attend franchise events with the aim to listen and learn, connect and contribute? Being a good franchisee citizen, is it still for you? r Are you willing to work with your ‘Franchising, is it for you?’ is also about what you are willing to do. We’ve been banging on about the idea of good franchise citizenship for a few years now and here is how it works for you as a budding franchisee. r Do you actively seek other people’s Franchise citizens are members of a community (the franchise system) and they have the right to participate in the franchise system; expect that certain behaviours will be upheld; are accountable to doing the right thing, and have the right to profit and share in the spoils and rewards. Franchisees are citizens of the franchise system they have chosen to join. Franchisee citizens have rights, giving freedom to act in certain ways and access to tools, training and talent to make their business a success. Franchise citizens also have responsibilities, where they are obligated to obey rules, regulations and the law and balancing the interests of the franchise with their own. The Franchising Code of Conduct, Franchise Agreement, operations manual and training guides are all starting points of rational and orderly franchise systems. Rules tell us there is a system, how it works and what is expected of us. Yet sometimes, franchisees choose not to do the right thing and follow the system. Franchisees Katherine and Brad Underhill of Matchbox find this frustrating. Katherine explains that “usually franchisees that do their own thing will not benefit too much from their actions. It is the franchisor’s responsibility to keep all franchisees on track.” Multi-award winning Harvey World Travel franchisee, Barry Huxley thinks that franchisees that don’t do the right thing “need to be taken to task, as they can end up damaging the company and other franchisees. The most successful franchise systems are the ones that are uniform in every way and protect and promote the system. I have a simple view on this matter, comply or leave.” So, when you learn more about the rules, rights and responsibilities that different franchise systems have, you are in a stronger franchisor to identify priorities to action? opinions? r Do you find it easy to ask for help? r Do you know how your franchise system’s standards and procedures create profit? r How will you motivate and involve your team in creating goals for the day? r What evidence do you have that show you regularly monitor legal and regulatory compliance? r What is the appropriate way to share your thoughts and ideas constructively with other franchisees, your franchisor and advisors? We leave you with this ... if you are excited by and believe in the goals, culture and practices of a particular franchise, it’s natural to want to join it and be part of it. Franchisors and franchisees all have goals which are built upon and in many ways reliant on the roaring success of the entire franchise system. When everyone is focused on doing the right thing and working hard everyone can benefit from group achievement. But... have you completed the pre-entry education and due diligence checklists? If so, then franchising may well be for you. v About the author: Julia Camm is founder and lead consulting academic of Corven, with just over 15 years simultaneous full time consulting and higher education focus on workplace learning in franchising. In 2006, Julia was appointed by the FCA to establish the Women in Franchising Network. She is currently undertaking doctoral studies on workplace learning in franchising. About Corven: We specialise in storytelling research about workplace learning and then help organisations implement insight into action. Our research informs, our advice influences and our participation at learning events ignites action www.corven.com.au. 95 PROFILE: RE AL ES TAT E INVES TAR the S real deal earching for real estate can be time consuming, expensive and frustrating. Considering that real estate is arguably the largest industry in the world, it is surprising how ‘manual’ and cumbersome it still actually is to transact a property purchase or sale. The team at Real Estate Investar (REI) thought it was about time someone did something about it and took this challenge up four years ago when they developed some of the most amazing online technology tools in the world for buyers and sellers of real estate. REI is an online destination for property investors which provides sophisticated search and valuation tools to increase a buyer or sellers ability to gather information on prospective purchases or sales. This includes searching, analysing, managing rental portfolio performance and valuing properties online in ways never seen before. REI’s members get access to a suite of tools that no matter where in the property cycle you are, or where the market is at, it will still ensure you are optimising the transaction. This technology franchise offers a ‘business to business’ role where you as franchisee represent REI to the business world that are called ‘affiliates’ (re-sellers) of the suite of digital tools. Currently expanding at an exponential rate, REI has hundreds of affiliates promoting these tools across Australia from accountants, mortgage brokers, financial planners and property managers to name a few. These professional affiliates are brought on and managed by franchisees with REI taking care of the back-end technology. With over 28 franchisees joining the ranks just this year and a growing list of affiliates and customers alike, REI still has over 12,000 target businesses that they need more franchisees to service. On top of this they are continually bringing on more unique products that existing affiliates are embracing, as the customer demand for market information is so high. The uptake (30% - 40%) for Real Estate Investar tools by the consumer when they first see them is much greater than industry standards. Company director, Campbell Venning, puts this down to the uniqueness of the products. “REI members get online access to a suite of tools that make property buying faster, more accurate and cheaper. ‘Investar Search’ is a revolutionary tool that, in seconds, will 96 intelligently search every property listing in New Zealand and Australia using Google type technology to do so. No more sorting through six or seven fields of data, it’s as simple as typing in a few words to describe your dream home or investment. “REI’s tools will find matching properties for sale in seconds and then allow you to do more due diligence than most buyers would ever dream of with 30 additional sources of data about every property and the suburb it’s in for every listing in Australia. “This franchised ‘business in a box’ is one of the most innovative opportunities on the market today,” promises Campbell. “For an entry price as low as $25,000 (vendor finance from $25,000 deposit), franchisees can achieve potential income of $130,000 - $250,000 per annum – in fact, our first franchisee is already earning an annual equivalent of over $300,000 after just 13 months of full time operation. “You can operate from home with just a computer and high speed internet access – no expensive office space or staff are needed. You can even run your REI franchise part-time or in conjunction with an existing business if you wish.” How does it work for franchisees? Franchisees receive full training before starting and developing their own REI business including the creation of an online presence with no territorial restrictions, together with a number of online and physical resources to make this business fully leveraged. REI will give you more business leads than you can manage when you begin as well as your own personal network of industry suited contacts who can promote the products to their customers. about property, he could see the value of the REI services, but what about the franchise itself? “I had my accountant and lawyer check out the fine print and sought counsel from a number of respected friends and acquaintances. This all resulted in a general ‘tick’ and, combined with the relatively modest capital outlay, the tick turned into a green light. I can honestly say that being on the ground floor of something that has the ability to grow very large has been incredibly exciting.” Shane is now so busy with the business since joining six months ago, that he is now in the enviable position of needing to hire someone to help him service the demand. REI is now looking for additional franchisees to complement the existing team from all over Australia. “Bearing in mind that your business isn’t limited by where you live,” Campbell points out, “if you want to create an exciting company and have an ability and passion for sales, we want to hear from you – today!” v If you would like more information about this unique and highly profitable business opportunity, email Campbell directly at [email protected] or go to www.realestateinvestar.com.au/ to watch the video today. “Whether you have contacts or not isn’t part of your success as we make sure you will have open doors from day one. What is important is you, being able to take these unique tools to industry related businesses and let the story and the tools sell themselves. You will have the opportunity to create significant wealth for yourself and others with some affiliates now earning over $20,000 per month less than a year after signing up,” Campbell says. For Shane Thompson of Sydney, the stars aligned one day in 2009 when he learned about REI as a customer. Already passionate an A “High Tech” Franchise that is Revolutionising Real Estate Investment Proven Return On Investment P Earn up to $250,000 in one year Real Estate Investar has created an amazing suite of innovative and unique online tools that simplify property investment for home buyers and investors. Who does this franchise suit? If you’re a business development manager, B2B sales professional or just have an interest in property investment, this is a great opportunity for you to join a revolutionary, new, high tech franchise that has ‘blue sky’ income potential from a minimum outlay of $25,000. How is this business “revolutionary”? You’ll use a laptop, the internet and our sophisticated online business systems to create a business of product resellers (affiliates) and clients all over the country. What’s more, you can run this business day to day from any computer, anywhere in the world. We give you control! You’ll get to operate your sales business how you want to; part time or full time, (or add it to your existing business) it is up to you. We give you unlimited training, support and marketing resources and then get out of your way. You don’t have to be a tech expert; all you need to have is a passion for sales, building great relationships and/or an interest in the property market and be willing to promote these remarkable new tools to industry affiliates and property investors. The online home for property investors To receive your Franchise Information Pack go to www.realestateinvestar.com.au/franchise and find out how our first franchised sales partner is on track to earn $300,000 in his first year. 97 accc Avoiding Disputes Down the Track – What prospective franchisees need to know now Dr. Michael Schaper, Deputy Chairman of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Gut feeling is not enough Buying a franchise can offer first-time entrepreneurs a host of advantages, including the opportunity to tap into an established business model, start-up training and ongoing operational support. However, a recent survey by Griffith University has identified the dangerous road taken by many prospective franchisees when making their crucial decision to buy into a franchise. The survey concluded that many prospective franchisees do not conduct sufficient due diligence about buying a franchise. In fact, 49 per cent of the franchisees surveyed relied heavily on their ‘gut feeling’ when deciding to enter franchising. It should be no surprise then that the ACCC receives many complaints from franchisees who failed to do their homework as prospective franchisees. Prevention is better than cure, so doing your homework is important. There are some things new or prospective franchisees need to know to reduce the risk of disputes with their franchisor down the track. The first is to educate yourself before getting into franchising. The second is to understand the nature of disputes that can arise. The third is to know your rights and the processes for dispute resolution. Have realistic expectations: preentry franchise education One of the best ways to avoid conflict and disputes down the road is to know exactly what is involved before committing. By understanding more about buying a franchise business, including what to look for when assessing a franchise opportunity, you can develop more realistic expectations and reduce your risk of unpleasant surprises after you buy. 98 The free online ‘Buying a Franchise’ education program administered by Griffith University and sponsored by the ACCC is one of the best things you can do before getting into franchising. New franchisees will also find the course highly relevant, helping to improve your understanding of franchising and helping to set realistic expectations early in your franchise term. Griffith University’s research into franchising conflicts suggests that one of the main causes of conflict is the gap between franchisees’ expectations and their experience in actually running a franchise. The online course attempts to close this gap by educating prospective franchisees about what they need to know now – before they buy a franchise and proceed with unrealistic expectations. The course comprises the following units: • Overview of franchising This covers the advantages and disadvantages of franchising, the purpose of the Franchising Code of Conduct and the role of the ACCC and other regulatory bodies in franchising. • Understanding franchise disclosure, agreements and finance This includes disclosure requirements under the Code, the consequences of breaching a franchise agreement, and franchising royalties • Franchisee support, site selection and marketing funds This unit covers exclusive and nonexclusive territories and negotiating a property lease • Franchise operations, relationships and dispute resolution This includes discussion of intellectual property, types and causes of franchise conflict and the role of mediation in resolving disputes • Questions to ask franchisors, existing franchisees and ex-franchisees, additional due diligence and business skills This unit covers franchisee due diligence and methods of assessing a franchise. For more information about the free program or to sign up, visit: http://www. franchise.edu.au/pre-entry-franchiseeducation. What disputes can arise down the track? Every year the ACCC receives a large number of complaints from franchisees relating to disputes with their franchisors. The three most common causes of conflict, and what you can do to prevent them, are: 1. Contractual disputes with the franchisor The essence of every franchise relationship is the franchise agreement, yet it is a frequent source of conflict between parties. The risk of future disputes relating to the franchise agreement can be substantially minimised by reading your contract carefully and asking about anything you don’t understand – before you sign. Obtaining advice from a lawyer and accountant with experience in franchising matters is also important in order to avoid misunderstandings down the track. Consider all professional advice carefully before you make a decision to sign on the dotted line. 2. Misleading or deceptive conduct by the franchisor Many of the complaints the ACCC receives relate to franchisees who say that the franchisor promised them certain things before they signed their agreement, which were not delivered. In order to avoid these disputes down the track, ask your potential franchisor to confirm all of their verbal representations in writing. It is also a good idea to keep a record of any other relevant written representations such as those contained in advertisements, pamphlets and web pages. By contacting existing and past franchisees you can find out whether the franchisor has engaged in such conduct in the past. The franchisor must provide you with a list detailing the current franchisees, and some of those that have left the system, in the disclosure document. By asking as many of these current and former franchisees about their experiences with the franchisor as possible, you can better gauge the risk of such behaviour being directed at you if you were to become a franchisee. 3. Unconscionable conduct by the franchisor Dispute resolution in franchising Franchisees sometimes also complain of ‘unconscionable conduct’ by their franchisor. Unconscionable conduct has a particular legal meaning but it essentially involves ‘being taken advantage of in a way that offends the conscience’. Whether unconscionable conduct has occurred will depend on all the circumstances, and your lawyer is best placed to advise you on whether you are likely to have been treated unconscionably. Not all business relationships are always smooth sailing, and some conflict might be inevitable. However, the nature and seriousness of the dispute can depend a lot on the degree and manner in which you investigate a franchise opportunity from the outset. By ensuring that you are fully informed and advised before signing up, there is a much greater chance that you can avoid some disputes altogether or at least lessen their severity. If you do find yourself in conflict with your franchisor, it is important to remember that there is a dispute resolution procedure under the Franchising Code of Conduct. The procedure involves mediation if the dispute cannot be resolved informally. Mediation involves both parties sitting down to resolve a dispute with the assistance of a mediator. The Office of the Franchising Mediation Adviser (OFMA) (www.franchisingmediationadviser. com.au) can assist by appointing mediators to assist you to resolve your problems without going to court. Helpfully, this process is covered in more detail in Griffith University’s online course. v Further information The ACCC has a number of useful publications for prospective and existing franchisees. A good place to start is the DVD—Your Essential Guide to the Franchising Code of Conduct—and the Franchisee Manual. Both are available online at www.accc.gov.au/franchising or by calling the ACCC small business helpline on 1300 302 021. crepe + coffee catering We have franchise opportunities available now! at home and elsewhere everyone loves crepes and you’ll love this business because it ticks all the boxes For more details – concerning Australia and New Zealand For more information visit www.tile.com.au/franchise BMD BAD1325A call 1300 CREPES (1300 273 737) or visit www.crepeaffair.com.au CREPE1004_AD_90x135mmv2.indd 1 1Year of T H E Z I N E M A G A F O R That’s right! S H I S E E F R A N C One year (6 issues) of Business Franchise Australia for only $39.95 AUD or $52.95 NZD. A U ST R A LI L INC. GST VO $7.95 AUD AUSTR ALIA Packed with information relating to many different areas of the franchising industry, Business Franchise Australia is a valuable and informative source of guidance. A $52.95 NZD BANK $ IGHT R E H T E S O O CH FRANCHISE 4U EW S LATE ST N O M TH E AD VI CE FR FI N AN CI AL INC. GST RS TO P LAW YE ’ AD VI CE SUBSCRIBE Send me 6 issues (1 year) of Business Franchise Australia for only $39.95 AUD for delivery within Australia or $52.95 NZD for delivery within New Zealand. CUT HERE (sorry, we do not accept Diners Club) Payment enclosed (cheque only) Name:__________________________________________________________________________________ Address:________________________________________________________________________________ City:____________________________________________________________________________________ State:________________________________________ Postal Code:_______________________________ Phone Number:___________________________________________________________________________ Email:___________________________________________________________________________________ Credit Card No._____________________________ Card Type ________________ Exp. Date____________ Mail to: CGB Publishing Pty Ltd PO Box 968 Mt Eliza Victoria 3930 Email: [email protected] 100 Do you want a business that enhances your lifestyle? %. '7 . ; 3 e,rW" U S2 a Welcome to Bartercard - The Global Leader What sets a Bartercard Franchise apart? • A 5 day working week with 24 hr/day. 7 day/week income • A white collar environment where your customers are business owners • The choice of a brand new territory or an established client base • Extensive upfront and ongoing training for all facets of your Franchise • Regular National and Local marketing. sponsorship and branding activities at no additional cost • A Franchise with over l8 years success in franchiSing in Australia Our Franchise profile is simple ./ A desired sales focus to build and grow your Franchise territory ./ An interest in assisting business to achieve their potential ./ The ability to manage. lead and inspire a team What does Bartercard offer its members? • Bartercard is a B2B Trade Exchange offering our members the opportunity to increase business profits through attracting new customers and offsetting cash expenses • As a business tool. members have access to our Online Directory. eMARKETplace and Auction site, Local face to face contacts and regular networkinglbusiness events and free promotional opportunities to access the membership of over 20.000 businesses • A Bartercard Trade Dollar is recognised as equal to $1 AUD for all taxation purposes e xpert advice Julie Vella Director, Success Train The new phenomenon of how to have a successful business has just been discovered C ustomer service incorporating suggestive selling is the newest tool to enable businesses to succeed. It is being considered by varied industries that are engaging in activities to maintain their current customers and attract new ones. But is it really new? McDonald’s have used this concept for years and made billions of dollars from a very simple phrase: “Would you like fries with that?” Buying a business has many elements to consider and customer service is just one of these elements. The many daunting tasks involved with being in a small business take priority over your time and include: • attracting, recruiting and retaining staff • managing and training staff • ordering stock and managing leakage • ensure all staff comply to the business standards • and let’s not forget the BAS. Retail is no longer a one off transaction; repeat purchases are the catalyst to survive. The process of attracting and retaining customers is much easier than most small retail businesses make it. Benefits of good customer service Good customer service should be part of any successful business’ policies and procedures. 102 The responsibility of good customer service lies with the entire business from the most senior managers through to every staff member. Good customer service results in: • increased transaction size • increased gross profit • enticing loyal consumers to frequent the store more often • increased repeat visits • improvement in store traffic flow. Customer service and suggestive selling have been utilised by successful businesses for many years. The common element of each of these concepts is that they create loyalty and a long term commitment from customers. Consider: What makes you make a decision to return to a business a second time? Customer service is behaviour and includes treating the customer with respect, attention to detail and a willingness to please. Having a good product will bring the customer to the business, but good customer service will make them come back, and tell others of their experience. Efforts to encourage existing customers to purchase more or to drive traffic into the store can be wasted if the face to face contact or customer service levels are poor. Many new and existing customers can be lost through poor personal contact and you may never know of this dissatisfaction. Impact of first impressions on good customer service The first impression is critical to a customer feeling they want to return to your store. An impression can be made before the staff member has even spoken. A positive first impression can be created by: • staff being well groomed • uniforms being kept clean • smile and tone of voice • posture, upright and ready to serve • positive attitude • being attentive, but not rushing the customer • making the customer feel you are there to serve them, rather than you are trying to make a sale. Consider: Can you determine if someone is interested in talking to you by the way they stand, or their facial expressions? Your customers can judge you and your staff the same way. Hunched over the counter not moving when customers come to the counter, could display you are not interested in them and don’t want their business. Your attitude and passion will be evident when you are serving customers. Be mindful of attitude and how you affect others and the impact on the transaction. “McDonald’s have used this concept for years and made billions of dollars from a very simple phrase: “Would you like fries with that?” Customer-centred versus self-centred • if known, acknowledge by name. Increasing profit today! “You don’t see things from my point of view”, or “put yourself in my shoes for a minute and see how it feels.” If you have ever been on the receiving end of one of these phrases, it may have been as a result of being self-centred. By acknowledging the customer, they will realise they have been seen and it will confirm for them the wait is worth it for the good customer service. Being aware, reading articles and researching customer service are all ways to improve your awareness of this critical element of a successful business. Making it happen is the next step. The ability to put yourself in someone else’s shoes and to be customer centred is a skill that will place you in a much better position than your competitors. Being customer centred is very effective in displaying that the staff member is thinking of the customer rather than themself. Situations that result in considering yourself may include: • own targets or goals you are aiming to achieve • past experience with a customer • biases toward a type of customer i.e. age or gender. Put yourself in your customer’s shoes for one minute. Would they say the staff are customer centred or self-centred? How is your customer acknowledged? How do your staff presently acknowledge the customers when they walk into the store? Do the staff make eye contact and greet a customer to show they are available to provide them with service if it’s required? Are the staff ready to drop what they are doing to acknowledge a customer? Consider: How many times have you been a customer and made to wait while the attendant restocks shelves or continues cleaning or having a conversation with a colleague. None of these activities are more important than acknowledging the customer. Acknowledging a customer waiting to be served could be either verbal or non-verbal and may include: • a smile or a nod • ‘I’ll be with you in a minute’ The power of suggestive selling Suggestive selling is just that, suggesting a product, making your customers aware of your offers. Tempt your customers with suggestions of how to make their shopping experience more enjoyable and allow them to make up their mind to purchase the offer. What you can do if you are considering buying a business or are an existing franchisee is: • revisit the customer service element of your franchisee’s manual as soon as possible post the induction training Suggestive selling needs to make the customer’s shopping experience pleasant. When making a suggestion, limit it to one as if more than one is made, the customer may feel making a sale is the only thing important to the staff member. This is uncomfortable for both the customer and the staff member. • assess what levels of customer service your Asking the customer ‘have you seen our great new special today?’ with a positive attitude will display you are enthusiastic about making the customer’s experience the best it can be. • develop a customer service model of Inform all customers about the offer of the month. Don’t make assumptions or presume a customer would not be interested in your offer. By letting each of your customers know about this month’s offer may not entice them to purchase this time, but will entice them to revisit at a later date to take up the offer. Customers like to be treated as individuals. • include regular customer training sessions Consider: The last time you visited a travel agent, a hairdresser, a shoe shop or an electronic store, did they make any suggestions? Good luck and happy customer serving. v Customers buy many items on impulse, and suggestive selling brings the customer’s attention to an offer. The biggest obstacle to suggestive selling is the staff failing to ask. It may be a lack of confidence or fear of rejection that the staff doesn’t practice suggestive selling with every transaction. Regular training and a clear focus on what the suggestion of that period is, will assist in eradicating these obstacles. business currently has, and then consider what your ideal level is, and work toward closing that gap • ensure all staff members including managers, casual and permanents, offer or suggest at every transaction excellence you want your staff to adhere to. Place this at every point of purchase so that the staff member is reminded of the model. into your team meetings. A round table discussion of ‘what good customer service should look like in our business,’ is a great way of engaging the staff and empowering them to take ownership of the process or model. Julie Vella is the Director and Principal Consultant of Success Train, specialising in sales training behaviour skills utilised to retain and attract customers and increase transaction size. The Success Train methodology is to train the store managers and franchisees to grow their own business. Julie has 30 years of sales experience, 20 of those years in the FMCG industry. Julie can be contacted at: [email protected] for further information please visit the Success Train website www.successtrain.com.au 103 choosing the brand that you will ‘live’ is your first step to success Rod Nuttall, Managing Director, Best Practice Franchising I am a former career banker with in excess of a decade’s experience in the franchising sector. Now before you stop reading immediately, I can guarantee I have not written this article solely about sustainable cash flows or financial analysis. Even though I have analysed more cash flows than the average person can poke a stick at, I maintain that comprehension of the financial aspects of your business needs your deepest attention. l feel there is an initial aspect which dictates enormously on any financial aspects, and that is choosing the brand you will ‘live’. You are already interested in acquiring a franchise because by now you know that franchising is well regarded by many business experts and scholars as being suitable for many people wanting to operate their own business including those with ‘limited experience’. The franchise sector authorities can produce the statistics on how this ‘limited experience’ risk is mitigated heavily by buying a franchise business due to a range of aspects unique to the sector such as; proven operating models, proven customer acceptance of the concept, training provided, group buying/advertising power and many other aspects such as internal franchise advisory councils etc. After working within the sector and viewing in excess of 100 franchise systems and in excess of 1000 franchisees, many at very close quarters, over many years I for one agree, to a point. What will dictate your success? Consider for a moment that unless you 104 are buying the first franchise of a group or one soon after that the brand will be able to produce sufficient evidence that their concept works in a variety of locations over, in some cases, many years and multiple business cycles. Hence, from a broad perspective, let’s argue that if the concept is proven then the variables for your success are essentially limited to either the specific site/ territory of your business, or you. Whilst it needs to be acknowledged that the wrong site can potentially be catastrophic for all, I can advise that I have viewed far fewer failures based solely on site selection than the franchisees’ lack of desire or lust for the brand. Furthermore, if we are honest, it needs to be stated that franchising itself is not a guarantee for success. So the brand selection you make, with all of its trimmings and trappings, suddenly takes on monumental significance because you are about to be contracted to that brand. The sector has its share of horror stories, some real and some more folklore than fact, but one thing is almost certain: anyone seeking solely a sea change, working less hours or just creating the worklife balance utopia - will be disappointed, especially in the early stages of establishing the business. The wording or concept of ‘best practice’ in any business sector is not new. In franchising I consider ‘best practice’ as the franchisor and the franchisee working together to create win-win outcomes. Win-win outcomes are the most likely method for both parties to maximise their own outcomes. From a franchisor perspective this includes having suitable systems for continual tracking of product performance and testing, support and guidance for the franchisee’s bottom line performance as well as providing mechanisms for open customer and franchisee feedback. The franchisee’s side of this involves them having a commitment and passion to ‘live’ the brand. In my many years as a specialist franchise banker I have witnessed both the success and failure of franchisees from various brands and often I found the ingredient that secured either outcome had little to do with the franchise system itself because, as above, we have established that most brands will be able to point to their success in a variety of locations with a variety of franchisees. The failures have been the result of a variety of factors but in every case the franchisee has either lost, or never had, the lust to ‘live’ the brand. What is this ‘live’ the brand? In summary to ‘live’ the brand means you eat, sleep and breathe the brand, its product offering and culture. In fact after a while you start to look a bit like the brand’s logo because outside of family it’s now your biggest love and interest. Whilst you will have your good and bad days you have performed such depth in your research and planning that you know that you made this investment decision fully informed and you are determined to understand the key performance indicators as well as learn from any mistakes you or other franchisees make, and use them to strengthen your business. “In fact after a while you start to look a bit like the brand’s logo because outside of family it’s now your biggest love and interest.” You conduct yourself as the brand’s local community representative, and you are fully engaged in operational brilliance and whilst always seeking smarter ways to operate you don’t take shortcuts. In addition you always support group matters such as creating quality win-win outcomes from the Franchise Advisory Council forums and seek to maintain the glass is half-full approach by being part of the solution and never part of the problem. The preceding two paragraphs are full of fluff and motherhood statements, much of which have little substance at this point. I concede. But a motivated franchisee and successful franchisee in any brand is everything that I have outlined above. Now that we have identified what this ‘live’ the brand is let’s consider how to create it. How can I know I can ‘live’ the brand? The basics to this is as simple as, like any investment, understanding that once you have handed over your hard earned savings that it is not the appropriate time to be questioning whether you’ve made the right investment or not. Hence the key is courting all the details of the brand before buying and comparing it to other brands so you know what you are investing in, warts and all. To understand whether you will ‘live’ the brand, create a serious list of questions and ask them of at least three other systems to compare how your preferred system rates against others. It could be an interesting and compelling decision-making tool. Some questions may include: What are the actual operational matters you have to perform? It is easy to fall for the dreamy thoughts of owning your business but are you really committed to those operational matters? How much time will you need to allocate to those? Be realistic, if once you have investigated a brand and you feel you have a better way of doing it, don’t buy into that brand because that is not living the brand. What integration and capabilities does the system’s POS have? How does the franchisor monitor, measure and respond to franchisee satisfaction levels? They will all talk up a storm but what actual mechanics do they have? Is there a structured method for any of this? That is, how are all the facts and performance measures of your business formatted so you can detect early warning signs of performance trends without you having to dissect all the data yourself over many hours per week? When was the last brand re-imaging? In addition what benchmarks and comparative studies does the brand have so you know exactly how you are performing to peers? If you don’t have state of the art POS then the life will soon be removed from your ‘live’ of the brand. These are just a few pointers. There is never too much research or planning that you can do because you never want to say “I wish I knew that before I agreed to buy”. How is the marketing fund spent? How are the decisions of how to spend it made? And by whom? Contrary to misguided views, a low marketing levy is generally to the franchisee’s detriment because this may mean that your brand may not be able to match competitors’ resources. Competition will exist, but why give them any advantage? What are the brand’s values, ethos & culture? What is the communication strategy within the brand? Does this represent your values and ethos? For example, not only is the franchise a good fit for you but are you a good fit for it? How does the franchisor perform this and what are measures for franchisee forums and advisory councils? What does a sample of franchisees, randomly selected by you, think of these aspects? For example, if you have a passion for junior sports, providing apprenticeships or creating opportunities for the homeless or the unwell, what opportunities do you have to combine this passion with your business? find out exactly what they do; how often they will formally meet with you, and how many sites do they manage? Ask, what the written process is for supporting you if your performance is not at its optimum? If the process isn’t written into their manuals, can you really rely on it when needed? What is the franchise support team’s role? Every system will have area support, however Why was it done and when is the next likely re-imaging expected? This is money you will need to cater for, hence understanding how that will result in your bottom line is a fair consideration. Get a broad range of information from the franchisor but also seek the same from franchisees within the system and talk to independent specialists on your specific opportunity as opposed to asking ‘what do you think of this brand?’ because as much as success or failure in a different location is a great guide, it isn’t your business. In summary a wise person once said “it’s amazing how I like the things I’m good at and I’m good at the things I like.” One key success ingredient for your franchise purchase is whether you ‘live’ the brand and the only way to do that is to know exactly what you are agreeing to buy reducing any ‘wish I knew that before I bought’ thoughts. v Rod Nuttall is the Managing Director of Best Practice Franchising. Email: r.nuttall@bestpracticefranchising. com.au, phone: 0409 879 788 or visit www.bestpracticefranchising.com.au. 105 BOOKREVIEW scent dollar the of a by Mark Sheehan Published by New Holland Publishers (Australia) 2010 ISBN: 9781921024344 RRP$24.95 (AUS) Mark Sheehan, entrepreneur and author of over 200 travel guides, has turned his hand to writing about business and finance with this real life ‘rags to riches’ story. Mark reveals the secrets to how he amassed wealth in every industry he has tried his hand at – retail, travel, legal, marketing, even the rag trade, with practical advice that anyone can use, regardless of their current financial or living situation. “My grandfather said I could smell a dollar from as far away as three New York City blocks. I dance happily to the sound of a ringing cash register. Even if the tune changes frequently – I love the dancing! I have been engaged in the art of making money for over 50 years,” Mark says. At the age of nine, Mark’s entrepreneur father gave him a pair of handcrafted sterling cufflinks with the letters: YCDBSOYA. It meant ‘You Can’t Do Better Sitting On Your Ass!’ Six months later his father dropped dead at the age of 42, leaving Mark and his family without a dollar. They had lived on millionaire’s row – with an airplane, an 80-foot, two-masted schooner, two matching Cadillacs and other significant trappings of wealth. But there was no life insurance, and no cash. The only way they could survive was to turn their ideas into income. And that’s exactly what Mark and his 106 ‘sibling partners’ did. Through his early experience, Mark Sheehan grew up to be an entrepreneur, marketing guru, innovator, business catalyst, motivator and start up expert. The book includes tactile tips and detailed case studies of real life revelations that have led Mark to the real money from the rag trade, the retail market, marketing for legal and professional businesses, the travel industry and beyond. Mark Sheehan is living proof that you can make anything possible: if you’ve got the gusto and grit enough to grab for it. If you want to change your life, attract success and make money, invest in this book – it’s an essential addition to the arsenal of anyone in business, whether they are starting up, looking towards expansion or looking forward to future diversification. Available in New Zealand through www.newholland.com.au and Amazon (www.amazon.com) INTRODUCING a LIVE franchise Food & Beverage Point of Sale solution that works with you, not against you. Drdermli> "'" F/Llirlfl I" PDS OrderMate is a proven Hospitality Business Software, Hardware and Services solution provider. We are committed to providing you with: • Greater Control and Security • Increased Productivity & Efﬁciency • Reduced Costs • Powerful LIVE Reporting & Alerts • True 24/7 Support • Australia wide coverage • Australian Designed & Built • Tailored and Customised Software & Hardware • Links with Accounting Packages, SMS, Twitter, Facebook and other Marketing Tools Call us on 1300 667 067 or visit our website at www.OrderMate.com.au CN pa utz R Contact our National Sales Manager - Colin Crawford. Klemm. Bu.lnn. Brokers Phone: 0425 838 800 FRANCHISOR PROFILE – MOBILE HOSE FIXERS MOBILE HOSEFIXERS – a trusted brand keeping Australian industry on the move M obile HoseFixers is a 24/7 emergency hydraulic hose repair and maintenance organisation which currently operates across Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria and is looking to expand across the whole of Australia. by Tim Sandilands who soon asked his brother Allan to join the business because he had more work than he could handle. In response to customer requests the business expanded into Sydney and then Melbourne,” explains Don Shaw Sales Director. The company has more than 15 years’ experience in the delivery of efficient, effective and expert hydraulic hose fixing and providing customers with a swift, effective, guaranteed repair and maintenance solution. “The franchise currently has 26 Mobile HoseFixers operating out of 10 Service Centres. In the last 12 months new Service Centres have been established in Adelaide, Dandenong (Victoria) and in Central Queensland,” he said. “Mobile HoseFixers started in 1992 and franchised in 1996. The business was started 108 Mobile HoseFixers are currently looking for motivated, ‘hands-on’ people to help drive the company forward by owning their own Mobile HoseFixers franchise. “The people we are looking for are those who are hands-on, no longer want to ‘work for the man’, aren’t afraid to get dirty and can interact with people in a friendly way. They will be motivated to succeed, are prepared to develop the business with the system and are looking to develop a business that can provide a comfortable lifestyle.” Don said the Mobile HoseFixers work from home from ‘the best equipped mobile workshops in the business’. “This is a mobile opportunity. Mobile HoseFixers do draw their stock, gain support and generally operate from a Service Centre, however each HoseFixer is encouraged to work within a set time from their home. Because we are a service based industry we try to maintain a minimum wait time from receipt of call to actually being on the job.” “Our HoseFixers operate from vehicles which are generally financed through a chattel mortgage or lease. This finance usually includes the set up cost for the vehicle as well. We are happy to discuss how each prospect can gain access to finance but cannot guarantee that it will be given.” Don says there is an ever-present and growing need for Mobile HoseFixers in all types of industries. “Hydraulics are everywhere! Just about every vehicle contains hydraulics to some degree. Our market segmentation is very diverse. We have done work in commercial laundries, kitchen, dentists, McDonalds Restaurants, theme parks, marine, mining, earthmoving, demolition, landscaping as well as general industry. So much of industry and life in general today is supported by hydraulics and eventually the hoses are going to need replacing. Mobile HoseFixers offer an emergency breakdown service as well as general maintenance to consumers.” “We offer a cost effective, on-time service that results in repeat business to our operators. Our products are very high quality with an extremely low warranty rate and we also advise our customers how they can save more money when they call Mobile HoseFixers.” Don says that new franchisees could have industry experience from almost any field as full training is provided. “When you commit to Mobile HoseFixers you attend two weeks training which not only covers product knowledge, it also covers skills including identifying thread patterns, adjusting and setting crimpers, identifying hose types, silver soldering, Workplace Health & Safety, hydraulic safety, sales skills and tips and hints on finding ways to get customers’ machines going again.” Once franchisees begin operating their own business, they are considered an important member of the Mobile HoseFixer’s ‘family’ and are provided with on-going support, assistance and mentoring. “Of course the franchise system offers ongoing support. This support can be from other HoseFixers, the Service Centre and the franchisor. Assistance is given to new operators to develop an initial call cycle and call plan to ensure that they quickly develop a regular customer base. Any customer who gives regular work to a HoseFixer is designated as belonging to that person and any calls received by the Service Centre for work from that customer is directed back through that HoseFixer.” Don says that franchisees enjoy the benefits of being part of the ‘team’. “Being part of a team allows you to be able to enjoy the team spirit and also being able to offer a customer another option to retain their work when you are already on another job. A collaboration between HoseFixers is encouraged because it makes everyone stronger.” “We work with you combining great customer service, competitive prices, and great products and services to blow the competition away.” 109 FRANCHISOR PROFILE – MOBILE HOSE FIXERS Shaun Blank, Franchisee, Gold Coast QLD Shaun Blank has run the Gold Coast franchise of Mobile HoseFixers for the past two years. The former truck driver said owning a franchise business gives you ‘the best of both worlds’. “You work you own hours and are fairly independent but you still get the back-up from the franchise when required. For example sometimes when you get really busy, head office will help you out so you can still look after your clients. If you get over-loaded there is back-up and also there is access to a bigger product range. Shane said that even though he had virtually no previous experience with hydraulics or hoses, the initial and ongoing training provided by Mobile HoseFixers meant he was confident and capable to start running his own business. “After the two-week’s training – both on-site and theory, I felt fully confident and ready to start running the business,” he said. Paul Fowler, Franchisee, Botany NSW Paul Fowler of Botany NSW bought his Mobile HoseFixers franchise in March 2010. He said the main reason he chose Mobile HoseFixers was because of the business integrity of the company. The Mobile HoseFixers franchise system “It seemed more about personal service and relationships and less about buying a business with free give-aways.” As franchisor MHF Systems Pty Ltd constantly reviews the franchise system to ensure they stay ahead of their competition. Paul should know because he actually worked in the same industry for 15 years before buying the franchise. His background was in territory and regional management, business development and also selling franchises. MobileHoseFixers has a franchise system that earns more money for the franchisee and has the best equipped mobile workshops in the business. “It made the transition to franchise owner easy as I was already trained and qualified and have actually been a trainer in the past. “But I still get plenty of mentoring from the directors which has been needed at times and appreciated,” Paul said. 110 “The best thing about owning a Mobile HoseFixers franchise is that the product works and is reliable. It’s also a well-known brand in my area and the team works well together.” With the MHF system: • you keep more of your money from your labour • you make commission on all your product sales • you own the customers, mobile workshop, equipment and stock • you get full training to help you become a great Mobile HoseFixer • you get coaching on how to build a great business • you DO NOT pay 40 – 50 per cent of your labour earnings back to the franchisor. Varied locations and investment options: • existing franchise opportunities on established territories with customers waiting • new ‘start-up’ franchise opportunities across Australia • start-up costs vary but we do not want you to invest more than you can afford so if you are interested then talk to us about how we can help you own your business while you earn. v For further information about owning a Mobile HoseFixers franchise contact Don Shaw on 1300 654 782 or email [email protected] for more information. Some areas only have limited opportunities. www.mobilehosefixers.com. O wning a La Porchetta franchise means more than owning a business. It means youâ€™re part of Australiaâ€™s fastest growing independently owned Italian restaurant chain. With over 19 years experience in franchising and around 80 locations internationally, La Porchetta leads the way as Australiaâ€™s favourite value-for-money Italian cuisine restaurant. Join Australiaâ€™s most successful tile group as a franchisee. Eat, Live, Love... Italian Own a slice of La Porchetta A franchise with the r right ingredients }0dbcaP[XP]^f]TSR^\_P]h }" hTPabTg_TaXT]RTX]8cP[XP] restaurants. }0dbcaP[XPzb[PaVTbcUd[[h[XRT]bTS restaurant franchise. }8]SXeXSdP[cTaaXc^aXTb }2^\_aTWT]bXeTcaPX]X]Vbd__^ac for all new franchisees. }>]V^X]VcaPX]X]V^_TaPcX^]b and marketing support. }?a^eT]bhbcT\bP]S\P]dP[b }H^dRP]]^fP[b^RW^^bTcWT La Porchetta Pronto business model which is an exciting new concept in take-away pizza and pasta outlets. New and existing territories available For more information visit www.tile.com.au/franchise BMD BAD1325C We think... Ĺ–Victoria Ĺ–New South Wales Ĺ–Queensland Ĺ–Tasmania Ĺ–Western Australia Ĺ–Australian Capital Territory Ĺ–New Zealand To learn more about owning a La Porchetta franchise contact: La Porchetta (Support Office) via our online franchising enquiry form at : www.laporchetta.com.au, email: [email protected] or call: 03 9460 6700. This is general information only and details are correct as of 15 May 2009. La Porchetta Distributors Pty Ltd reserves the right to change features and requirements of a franchise as stated here. Contact La Porchetta Support Office to read latest Franchise Agreement. Business Franchise Australia is the biggest & the best franchising magazine in the country! But we want to know what YOU think of US! 2^_haXVWcÂŽ! (?P]cP[T^8]eTbc\T]cb? ; P]S5P]S0=P]XP? ; 0[[aXVWcbaTbTaeTS Get yourself a FREE copy of BUSINESS FRANCHISE Australia magazine by taking our 2 minute reader survey. Simply visit www.businessfranchiseaustralia.com.au go to the â€˜online surveyâ€™ link, complete the survey and we will send you a copy of our informative and inspiring publication. If youâ€™re in the market for a franchise, make BUSINESS FRANCHISE Australia your first investment. fr anchise e xpo 2010 Franchising & Business Opportunities Expo T he informative Franchise & Business Opportunities Expo 2010 series attracted record visitor numbers across Australia, bringing people who had both the passion and the means to invest in the franchising sector. Following on from this yearâ€™s success, the Franchising & Business Opportunities Expos are set to return in 2011. The series will kick off in Sydney on 1â€“3 April, and will then move on to Perth, Melbourne and Brisbane. The Expos will continue to attract a diverse audience, with the unifying objective of hoping to become successful business owners. Visitors who are keen to buy a franchise can obtain professional legal and financial advice at the Franchising Advice Centre. A franchise banking specialist will be onsite to explain the process of securing finance, and specialist lawyers are available to help visitors understand their legal obligations and the 112 terms and conditions associated with signing contracts. understanding of the franchise industry and the businesses they are interested in. For visitors new to the industry, the Expos will include the highly popular Franchising Boot Camp, designed to give a complete overview of franchising in a power-packed and practical session. The Franchising Boot Camp aims to provide essential knowledge to those visitors who are in the early stages of their franchising journey. This session will include an open discussion between the audience and a panel of franchisees, to provide visitors with relevant experiences and a practical perspective. As the largest and longest running exhibition series in the franchising industry, the Franchising & Business Opportunities Expos are a valued addition to the annual industry calendar. This year promises to be another big year for exhibitors at the Expos, with new opportunities for visitor interaction and access to a highly motivated and investment ready audience. v Following on from the Franchising Boot Camp, the Franchising Networking Lounge sessions each day will give visitors further insight into their franchising decision through meeting with franchisees in a friendly networking session. These networking discussions will give a more intimate Next yearâ€™s show dates are: Sydney 1-3 April 2011 ~ BIlJ.A BONG Professional Services Listings DONALDSON WALSH LAWYERS Kings Chambers, 320 King William Street, Adelaide SA 5000 P +61 8 8410 2555 F +61 8 84102322 Contact Alan Branch E [email protected] www.donaldsonwalsh.com.au WINNER Supplier of the Year MYOB Excellence in Franchising Awards 2009 For straight-talking, forward-thinking support at every stage of the franchising process, our highly experienced, award-winning team is at your service. Wisewould Mahony Lawyers THIS AD SPACE COULD BE YOURS! CALL 03 9787 8077 AND BOOK NOW TO APPEAR IN THE NEXT ISSUE the magazine for franchisees Franchise BUSINESS 419-425 Collins Street, Melbourne VIC 3000 P 03 9629 8333 F 03 9629 4035 Contact Robert Toth E [email protected] www.wisewouldmahony.com.au Lawyers in love….with Franchising 25 Years of Specialised Franchise Industry Knowledge Member Franchise Council of Australia (FCA), International Franchise Lawyers Association (IFLA), Franchise Association of New Zealand (FANZ) & US Commercial Service. FIXED COST FEES to Franchisors & Franchisees based on scope of works. No hourly rate surprises! Services Provided • Legal and consulting advice to Franchisors & Franchisees • Code compliance requirements • Dispute resolution – mediation – strategies & solutions AU S TR A LI A Professional services listings are a great way to promote your business for more information call 03 9787 8077 • Sale/Purchase of Franchise Systems • Employment Law and Workplace Relations Specialists • Master Franchising • International Franchising • Business Law Specialists Call or email for a complimentary brochure for Franchisors & Franchisees (+61 3 9787 8077 from outside australia) and speak to one of our sales executives. www.businessfranchiseaustralia.com.au FRANCHISE LISTINGS FRANCHISE New franchise ROAST GRILL & CARVERY BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY Chadstone Shopping Centre, Level 2, Borders Tower, 1341 Dandenong Road, Chadstone VIC 3148 Ph: 03 9564-3444 Fax: 03 9568 3752 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bdcaus.com ALLSAFE ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS Head office – 56 Pickering Street, Enoggera QLD 4051 Ph: 07 3855 8733 Fax: 07 3354 1196 Mobile: 0428 255 723 Email: [email protected] Website: www.franchise.all-safe.com.au OUTLETS ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS 9 ANYTIME FITNESS AUSTRALIA Ground floor, 71 Longueville Rd, Lane Cove, NSW 2066 Phone: 1300 766 202 Fax: 02 9415 5399 Email: [email protected] Website: www.anytimefitness.com.au HEALTH AND FITNESS APPLIANCE TAGGING SERVICES 80 Patterson Road, Bentleigh VIC 3204 Ph: 1300 287 669 Fax: 03 9557 4854 Email: [email protected] Website: www.appliancetaggingservices.com.au B & S MOBILE SHARPENING SERVICES Melbourne, VIC Ph: 03 9703 1135 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bssharp.com.au BAKERS DELIGHT Level 1, 293 Camberwell Road, Camberwell VIC 3124 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bakersdelight.com.au ASSOC MEMBER 30% or $150K Part of Investment $150,000 $22,000 $200,000 - $300,000 BOB JANE CORPORATION PTY LTD 471 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207 Phone: 03 9091 0777 Fax: 03 9091 0735 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bobjane.com.au BODY & HEALTH SOLUTIONS Shop 176, Watergarden’s Shopping Centre, 399 Melton Hwy, Taylor’s Lakes 3038 Ph: 03 9703 1135 Fax: 03 9703 1141 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bodyandhealthsolutions.com.au BUCKING BULL 15 Garden City Office Park, 2404 Logan Road, Eight Mile Plains QLD 4113 Ph: 07 3423 0555 Fax: 07 3423 0600 Email: [email protected] Website: www.buckingbull.net changingplaces REAL ESTATE Head Office: 294 Kings Way, South Melbourne VIC Ph: 1300 130 998 Fax: 03 9686 8881 Email: [email protected] Website: www.changing places.com.au DUSTER DOLLIES PO Box 16, Forestville NSW 2087 Ph: 02 9905 9973 Fax: 02 9907 2647 Email: [email protected] Website: www.dusterdollies.com.au ECO PEST CONTROL Unit 1, 813 South Road, Clarence Gardens SA 5039 Ph: 08 8354 0470 Fax: 08 8354 0570 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ecopestcontrol.com.au ELLA BACHÉ 2 Lambs Road, Artarmon NSW 2064 Ph: 02 9432 5090 Fax: 02 9439 6267 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ellabache.com.au ESSENTIAL BEAUTY 10 Chapel Street Norwood SA 5067 Ph: 08 8362 6777 Fax: (08) 8362 7588 Email: [email protected] Website: www.essentialbeauty.com.au SKIN CARE, BEAUTY INDUSTRY Franchise Council of Australia / Australian Tile Council 150 Franchise Council Nationally of Australia (FCA) BEAUTY SALON SERVICES FCA, Property Council of Australia, Green Council of Australia FROM $12,500 + GST $12,500 + GST NANOTEK (BY ECOWASH MOBILE) Unit 23, 5B Curtis Road, Mulgrave NSW Ph: 1800 626 683 Fax: 02 8572 9457 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nanotek.co MOBILE CAR CLEANING & DETAILING 50 In Australia (140 globally) FCA, Smart Approved Watermark $37,400 (exc GST) $45,000 (exc GST) NATRAD 40 Overseas Drive Noble Park VIC 3174 Ph: 03 9795 1255 Fax: 03 9795 0807 Email: [email protected] Website: www.natrad.com.au AUTOMOTIVE RADIATORS AND AIR CONDITIONING 80 $10,000 Conversion of existing business $30,000 – New site or purchase varies ‘YES’ OPTUS SHOP 1 Lyonpark Road, Macquarie Park NSW 2113 Ph: (02) 8082 9271 Email: [email protected] Website: www.optus.com.au/owfranchise TELECOMMUNICATIONS RETAIL PROVIDER N/A $9,000.00 RYCO 247 19 Whitehall Street, Footscray VIC 3011 Ph: 03 9680 8000 Fax: 03 9680 8001 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ryco.com.au HYDRAULIC MOBILE CONNECTOR SPECIALISTS FCA – Franchise Council of Australia POA POA $200,000 LENARDS PO Box 5630 West End QLD 4101 Phone: 1800 068 111 Fax: 07 3100 7888 Email: [email protected] www.lenards.com.au FRESH & VALUE-ADDED CHICKEN PRODUCTS 200 stores MAN WHAT A FUSS 17 McKillop Street, Melbourne 3000 Ph: 07 5520 4166 Fax: 07 5520 4177 Email: [email protected] Website: www.manwhatafuss.com MEN’S SALON AND SPA MASTERCARE FRANCHISING PO Box 340, Lane Cove NSW 2066 Ph: 1300 663 843 Fax: 02 9429 6299 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mastercare.com.au OZZYKLEEN AUSTRALIA Unit 10, 103 Glenwood Drive, Thornton NSW 2322 Ph: 03 9703 1135 Fax: 03 9703 1141 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ozzykleen.com.au PACK & SEND Unit 6, 43 Heathcote Road, Moorebank NSW 2170 Ph: 02 9822 5622 Fax: 02 9822 5677 Email: [email protected] Website: www.packsend.com.au POOLWERX 5 Moorak Street, Taringa QLD 4068 Ph: 1800 245 447 Fax: 07 3217 8900 Email: [email protected] Website: www.poolwerx.com PRICE ATTACK 12 Thompson Street, Bowen Hills QLD 4006 Phone: 1300 854 484 Fax: 07 3216 1717 Email: [email protected] Website: www.priceattack.com.au PURE & NATURAL Level 5, 492 St Kilda Road, Melbourne VIC 3004 Ph: 03 9856 4460 Fax: 03 9856 4401 Email: [email protected] Website: www.purenat.com ASSOC MEMBER SCHNITZ Level 1, 9 Robinlee Avenue, Burwood East VIC 3151 Phone: 0410 649 808 Fax: 1300 854 534 Email: [email protected] Website: www.schnitz.com.au PAN-COOKED SCHNITZEL RESTRAUNTS FCA 50k + gst ($25K re-invested in advertising) SHERPA GROUP Suite 906/185 Elizabeth St, Sydney, NSW, 2000 Ph: 02 9267 6277 Fax: 08 8121 1835 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sherpagroup.com.au FRANCHISING, LICENSING, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANCY Variety available STEEL BUILDINGS SALES AND INSTALLATION 29 Member of the Franchise Council of Australia $35,000 including 8 machines $25,000 $45,000 $45K $250K+ Food Court $375K+ Dine-in Cafe SHINGLE INN CAFÉ PO Box 7067 East Brisbane QLD 4169 Ph: 0431 649 450 Fax: 07 3891 9188 Email: [email protected] Website: www.shingleinn.com SLEEPY’S PO Box 7252, Hemmant QLD 4174 Ph: 07 3895 4100 Fax: 07 3395 6096 Email:[email protected] Website: www.sleepys.com.au SNAP-ON TOOLS (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD 80 Holbeche Road Arndell Park NSW 2148 Ph: 1800 762 766 Fax: 02 9837 9199 Email: [email protected] Website: www.snaponfranchise.com.au SNOOZE SLEEP WELL PTY LTD 21a Shierlaw Avenue, Canterbury VIC 3126 Ph: 03 9830 4166 Fax: 03 9888 6328 Email: [email protected] Website: www.snooze.com.au THE Shed Company Level 1, Evandale Place, 142 Bundall Rd, Bundall QLD 4217 Ph: 07 5574 3666 Fax: 07 5574 3222 Email: [email protected] Website: www.theshedcompany.com.au TRIOS FOOD GROUP Level 1, Suite 1, 902 Mt Alexander Road, Essendon VIC 3040 Ph: 03 9370 5833 Fax: 03 9326 0543 Email: [email protected] Website: www.trios.com.au AUSTRALIA’S LEADING WRAP 14 in Aust. + 10 International FRANCHISE UNITED PETROLEUM FRANCHISE PTY LTD 200 Hoddle Street, Abbotsford VIC 3067 Ph: 03 9413 1680 Fax: 03 9413 1401 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unitedpetroleum.com.au PETROL AND CONVENIENCE RETAILER $145,000 $400,000 WET-SEAL PO Box 481, Coffs Harbour NSW 2450 Ph - AUS: 1800 025 081 NZ: 0800 436 000 Fax: +61 2 6650 8699 Email: [email protected] Website: www.wet-seal.net SUPPLY & INSTALLATION OF WATERPROOFING & UNDERFLOOR HEATING SYSTEMS 55 Franchises across Australia and New Zealand FCA, FANZ, HIA, MBA $43K + GST $43K + GST XPRESSO DELIGHT 5023 Emerald islands Drive, Carrara QLD 4211 Ph: 0414669101 Fax: 07 5579 9362 Email: [email protected] Website: wwww.xpressodelight.com.au TRANSPLANT CAFÉ EXPERIENCE INTO WORKPLACE 147 $22,500 $69,400 YONG REAL ESTATE 18/223 Calam Road, Sunnybank Hills QLD 4109 Ph: 07 3373 9877 Fax: 07 3373 9889 Email: [email protected] Website: www.yong.com.au REAL ESTATE SALES, MANAGEMENT, INVESTMENT & DEVELOPMENT 13 ALLSAFE Be part of the fastest growing industry on the planet. Z -AI,Safe Energy Efficient Products with the installation of such gives the impression of a ‘one stop’ energy efficiency shop. Its on everyone’s lips… people want to know how they can save on energy costs and also reduce their impact on the environment. AllSafe stores become energy efficiency professionals when it comes to making the home more energy efficient. We are looking for franchisees who wish to be part of a secure and rapidly growing group of likeminded business owners. The Franchise system has been developed with the help of DC Strategy and are now making this future proof opportunity available Australia wide. AllSafe Energy Efficient products believe that its concept of offering people expert advice, product options to suit both price and personal choice along For Franchisee information contact David Jordan on (07) 3855 8733 or 0428 ALLSAFE (255 723) or visit www.all-safe.com.au and click the Franchise link. anytime fitness business model, strong branding and local experienced and passionate entrepreneurs. They can run multiple clubs remotely and require low labour, providing them with more free time and a balanced lifestyle. The security system allows for worry-free management even during non-staffed hours. Anytime Fitness is a 24-hour fitness club franchise with 1,300 clubs worldwide, including 40 in Australia (with 140 territories sold) and four in NZ (with 15 territories sold). Anytime Fitness was introduced into Australia and NZ in 2008 by siblings Justin McDonell and Jacinta McDonell Jiminez who have grown their franchise to an annual turnover exceeding $3.3M in 2009/10 with plans to open 350 clubs within the next five years. Franchisees have access to an internationally-proven The monthly franchise fees are low and fixed allowing franchisees to benefit from their own business’ growth. Anytime Fitness Australia: www.anytimefitness.com.au or 1300 766 202Anytime Fitness NZ: www.anytimefitness.co.nz or (03) 341 0163 APPLIANCE TAGGING SERVICES Looking for a franchise with on-going repeat business, large territories and access to an existing client base to get you started? With over 10 years experience, ATS are Australiawide specialists in Electrical Testing and Tagging in accordance with AS/NZS 3760:2003. Providing expert technical, admin, business and sales support, access to our National client base and comprehensive on and off-site training, ATS are committed to helping its franchisees grow profitable and successful businesses. B&S 118 ing Bakers Delight was established in 1980 as a single bakery on Glenferrie Road in the Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn. An Australian owned company, Bakers Delight boasts over 700 bakeries employing more than 15,00 people, serving over 2 million customers per week throughout Australia, New Zealand and Canada. No prior electrical experience is required, just a passion for safety and a commitment to growing your business. With low entry fees, minimal franchisee administration, and average returns between $1,000 and $2,000 per week an ATS franchise may be just the opportunity for you. For further information please contact Kim Davies, Franchise Development Manager on 1300 287 669 or visit www.appliancetaggingservices.com.au vastly improve their lifestyle as well as take control of their financial future. We will show you how to build and maintain an excellent business model with high profit and returns. We also provide full training and guidance as well as on-going support with our proven business model. Our business has been designed to offer unmatched business potential and professional services. The rewards of running your own business with our support can be exceptional. For further information call 03 9703 1135 or visit www.bssharp.com.au Bakers Delight is expected to reach $600M in 2010/2011 and holds a healthy 13.1 per cent of the Australian bread market (Roy Morgan Single Source data June 2010). The fresh bread market in Australia is currently worth AUD $2.74 billion. For more information visit www.bakersdelight.com.au or call AUS: 1300 309 759 / NZ: 0800 225 388 A-Z FRANCHISE DIRECTORY bartercard Bartercard Franchisees are granted the rights to operate a territory within one of Australia’s most successful and internationally appraised business-to-business franchise operations. Franchisees receive the tools and training required to run a successful Bartercard Franchise and have access to every Bartercard innovation and service. Bartercard surpasses the competition in offering Franchisees a range of income streams. Revenue streams include: • New membership fees • Members’ transaction fees: Franchisees enjoy revenues whenever members transact within the trade exchange, including online transactions 24 hours, 365 days per year • Capital growth: A successful Franchisee has the potential to grow their business organically through private investment As a Bartercard Franchisee, by following the Bartercard Australia systems and procedures along with ongoing support, you will have the opportunity to build a successful business. For more information contact the Franchising Department on 1300 BARTER (1300 227 837) BATTERY WORLD AUSTRALIA Australia’s leading battery retailer Battery World is offering qualified individuals a unique retail opportunity with a great growth potential. Battery World stores carry batteries for everything from mobile phones and laptops to vehicles and boats. With over 80 stores throughout Australia we are the largest and most comprehensive retail franchise network focused on the battery category. If you want to invest your time and money in a powerful franchise, Battery World offers a unique opportunity to tap into an ever-growing market. A select number of franchises are currently available throughout Australia for motivated individuals with strong communication skills and a background in customer service. For further information about Battery World visit www.batteryworld.com.au BEAUMONT TILES We value our staff and we believe in a fair go for all. Beaumont Tiles are Australia’s favourite place for tiles and bathroomware! We have around 80 stores in SA, Queensland, Victoria and New South Wales. 40 are company owned and managed (we call them corporate) and the others are franchised. There is no, ‘us’ and ‘them’ at Beaumonts because whatever we do is for the benefit of all. We all share the same systems, product, price structure, infrastructure and marketing. We also happen to think that ceramic tiles are pretty cool. We are definitely not an ‘average’, ‘corporate’, ‘franchised’ business. We are proudly unique in what we do and how we do it. This doesn’t mean that we do weird things. It simply means that we have held firmly to certain principles. We are still family owned and managed. We believe in honesty and integrity. For the full story contact Trevor Dixon [email protected] or ph 0418 239 875 www.tile.com.au Bob Jane T-Marts Bob Jane T-Marts is Australia’s largest independent tyre retailer with a national network of franchised and company owned stores. Bob Jane T-Marts sell a range of tyres for passenger vehicles, 4WDs, performance and commercial vehicles as well as an extensive range of wheels and reliable batteries. We also perform associated wheel and tyre services utilising industry leading technology. Every Bob Jane T-Marts store is run by a franchise owner or manager who possess the sound business skills, enthusiasm, drive and ambition to provide excellence in customer service. Staff are selected for their attitude, integrity, and experience - and quickly become recognised as the tyre experts in their local community. With over 130 stores nationwide, Bob Jane T-Marts has served the motorists of Australia for over 45 years. Customers acknowledge Bob Jane T-Marts as the most trusted name for tyres, wheels and batteries. For more information see www.bobjane.com.au Body and Health Solutions If you are passionate about weight loss, health and wellbeing then ‘Body and Health Solutions’ is offering a fantastic opportunity to have your own business. Body and Health Solutions is a very unique wellbeing Franchise. 3 different business models are available. Model 1, for the individual who would like the option of working from home with the flexibility of a home based business. Model 2 for the professional who would like to have a shop base, but would like to minimize their investment and, Model 3 for the entrepreneurial spirit who would prefer the benefits of working in a more corporate environment Body and Health Solutions was born out of a wish to help people achieve maximum weight loss and health. We have an extremely supportive team to help you grow your business. A training system that is implemented by qualified professionals of the highest standards and a range of products that are exclusively produced, for the Body and Health Solutions Franchise’s. If you care about people, are extremely motivated, and would like to be part of our National expansion please contact us on (03)97031135 or go to www.bodyandhealthsolutions.com.au body and health o l u t ions 119 A-Z FRANCHISE DIRECTORY BUCKING BULL A stunning, money making business that’s in great demand. Bucking Bull is a cut above other food franchises. The franchise model provides franchise owners with a first class business run on best practise principles – no exception. Franchise owners and staff are trained in every aspect of the business from day one, then coached and supported continuously as the business grows ith breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack menus, the W hugely popular product range entices customers all day. IlIMSI'.GIIILL S tores are located where customers pass by all day in the busy foodcourts of major shopping centres. Business Development Company BUSINESS OEVELOPMENT COMPANY One Company OrIe Solution The Business Development Company is a specialist in recruitment, selection and business sales offering a wide range of premium services nationally to franchisors, franchisees, retailers and business owners. BDC represent a wide range of quality and trusted brands providing a large selection of franchise choices nationwide enabling them to present you with comprehensive information on a variety of flexible business models at various locations. Their qualified Franchise Business Managers are able to spend quality CAFE2U Cafe2U is Australia’s No. 1 and most successful mobile café system. With over 150 franchises worldwide the business is rapidly growing due to a simple and proven business model. Cafe2U franchises now have access to the unique “Acceleration Package” that fast-tracks franchisees three months ahead. This includes an experienced Franchise Development Manager to launch the business alongside the new franchisee in their own exclusive territory. Cafe2U builds a customer run Carmen Steffens Carmen Steffens is one of the world’s fastest-growing brands in the fashion industry. Carmen Steffens’ high quality, handcrafted products deliver a level of exclusivity, beauty and unique Brazilian style which can be found in no other brand. Carmen Steffens Founded in 1993, Carmen Steffens has 167 stores across 11 countries worldwide offering a captivating retail experience to discriminating customers, who are style conscious, brand savvy and enjoy being noticed. Carmen Steffens’ successful business model is tested COMMERCIAL FOOD MACHINERY “Your Success Is Our Business” 120 Established in 1994, Commercial Food Machinery VIC Pty Ltd is Australia’s leading supplier of commercial catering equipment to the hospitality industry. CFM is a one-stop-shop that supplies a vast array of products including cooking equipment, refrigeration, stainless steel, cutlery, crockery and table top accessories. CFM prides itself in supplying the world’s leading brands and also offers tailored custom made solutions for all needs. Our huge two level showroom offers a wide selection for restaurants, food chains and cafes. Strong branding, stylish marketing material and ongoing coaching provides franchise owners with the tools to grow their business Bucking Bull is on the rampage across Australia and is seeking enthusiastic franchise owners for new stores Call 07 3423 0555 or visit us at www.buckingbull.net time talking to you about the type of business that is compatible with your work / life balance and ambitions. BDC represent some of Australia’s best brands including Bakers Delight, Nanotek by Ecowash, Hudsons Coffee, Mortgage Choice, Cookie Man, Baskin Robbins, Starshots Glamour Photography, Telstra T-Life, Pure Protect Mobile Hygiene, Sportsco, Healthy Habbits and MBE Business Service Centres. For further information on BDC services or any of these franchise opportunities contact Jeff on 1300 534 470 or 03 8562 7777 or www.bdcaus.com that delivers a minimum of $500.00 a day before the Franchisee operates solo. The business is HACCP certified and offers a unique van fitout, with strong marketing support. If you are passionate about coffee and enjoy working with people, a Cafe2U franchise provides you the perfect system to create your own business. A café without the hassles of staff or rent provides you the freedom to enjoy the lifestyle you deserve. Contact Alan Biddle - General Manager Sales 1300 Cafe2U (1300 223 328) www.cafe2u.com.au and proven. Before initiating any commercial activity, the franchisee receives technical, operational and sales training including development of a business plan and a specific spreadsheet of investment for your city and a real location opportunity: The franchise fee depends on the location and the necessary changes it needs to adapt it into Carmen Steffens standards. For further information about owning a Carmen Steffens franchise in Australia contact Fernando de Geus on 0411 720 253 or email [email protected]. At CFM, we ensure that customers receive unsurpassed pre and after sales service. We pride ourselves in the fact that not only we distribute quality catering equipment, but also manufacture and import. In the years that have passed, we have developed a clear understanding of our customers needs and apply our extensive product knowledge for the efficient design of cooking, preparation, and front display areas. Contact Scott Giannuzzi on 03 9543 1611 or email [email protected] www.cfmvic.com.au crackmasters CRACKMASTERS are the masters in pavement maintenance offering a variety of innovative services including asphalt and concrete repairs, colour non-slip resurfacing, non-slip treatment for timber decking, driveways, car parks, roads, paths, trip hazard removal, and rejuvenating tennis / sports courts. Our outstanding reputation is based on customer satisfaction and the deliverance of the high quality products and services that we have on offer. CRACKMASTERS is now offering a ground-floor and CREPE AFFAIR mobile crepe & coffee catering An all Australian mobile franchise that ticks all the boxes – part time, easy to learn, unique process, well supported, great ROI, low entry price, grow at your own pace. Crepe Affair is a NEW franchise but benefits from 10 years of continuous product development, operational and franchise experience. If you’re good with people, enjoy working with food (no commercial experience required) and are looking at a way to supplement your income or create a part innovative opportunity. Becoming a CRACKMASTERS franchisee will provide you with multiple opportunities including, outdoors lifestyle, work / life balance (flexible hours), a financially simple business with strong cash flow, cost effective techniques and simple technologies providing a huge competitive edge, and a strong and effective support network. For more information about owning a CRACKMASTERS franchise, contact Jason Cobb on 03 5222 8227 or [email protected]. time business this could be for you. With an investment of just $29,500 we’ll get you started and you can decide how far you take it. Crepe Affair offers a crepe, pancake and coffee service – both in the home for parties and elsewhere for functions of all types and sizes. Its simple, its effective, its unique. phone: 1300 Crepes (1300 273737) visit: www.crepeaffair.com.au email: [email protected] Cupa Nutz Cupa Nutz is a unique Vending Business Opportunity undergoing rapid expansion across Australia. Offering the added protection of Exclusive Licenced Territories and zero on-going Franchise Fees this is a highly attractive Vending Business offering, with a proven and successful track record. Factor in the expected lucrative vending margins this is a very profitable business, proving highly popular both in Australia and New Zealand. Becoming a Territory owner ensures you benefit from the company’s rapid expansion, reaping the capital gain as the brand rolls out across the country. Fantastic value for the customer, serving hot roasted, salted nuts in a bar, pub, club environment and also the workplace. Who doesn’t love this healthy snack alternative. Contact our Nationwide Sales Manager : Colin Crawford, mob : 0425 838 800 or email : [email protected] Web : www.cupanutz.com.au Document Management Solutions This is the perfect business, well that’s what we think and you probably will too after hearing the finer details of running a records management facility. If you’re interested in a business that will still keep growing regardless of the economic climate, then you’ll want to take a closer look at the unique opportunity that’s just become available at Document Management Solutions. With refined procedures the latest marketing strategies and turn key operation your very own facility could be up and running within just a few weeks. document I management For further information please contact Richard Harris on 0418 769939 or email [email protected] solutions .. the work suitable to their family needs. The Duster Dollies is a booking agency for domestic cleaning. It requires the franchisee to be an organiser and an administrator. Sub-contract cleaners do the cleaning and pay the Agency an on going fee for every hour they work. It is a home based business with low overheads run between Monday and Friday only. We have contractors who have worked through The Duster Dollies since 1997. In an industry as transient as domestic cleaning long term contractors are rare. The Duster Dollies is a family oriented organisation that cares for their franchisees, and contractors as well as their customers. Several of our franchisees have young school children and find the flexible hours of For further information about The Duster Dollies franchised cleaning agencies ring Julie on 1300 550 715 or check us out at www.dusterdollies.com.au. Cleaning is not a dirty word – it’s the new way to secure your financial future. """•...'.·~. •,or, .~."T... •: DUS·~T::ECR-"-=D·O~O:L-:L~I::C ES-·! -'It '" ...... (fj . ,i 1/(1 yNI ... """"" Eco Pest Control offers an extensive range of services designed to have maximum impact on the target pest species and minimal impact on you, your family and the environment. Our innovative products are designed to have no adverse health effects, particularly when children, pets, and conditions such as asthma are involved. Our award-winning business is well positioned to take advantage of ever-growing consumer demand for environmentally friendly alternatives. This, coupled with our emphasis on outstanding customer service, makes Eco Pest Control a highly attractive new opportunity in the franchise sector. The franchisee will be allocated a generous territory that will accommodate up to six vans and two office staff to deliver our unique combination of products and services. For more information please contact Gavin Hutton, Franchise Manager, on 08 8354 0470 or [email protected] Ella Baché Ella Baché was established in 1954 and is the oldest family owned skincare company in Australia with over 150 salons nationally. Our company’s mission is that “Ella Baché will inspire you to be the best that you can be.” We pride ourselves on being the “Skincare Experts” and attribute our success to our people, knowledge and understanding of tailored skincare Solutions. We are committed to providing support through in training, business planning, marketing, sales initiatives, salon designs and investing in our brand. Our franchise model is unique, with no royalties and no marketing fees. An attractive business opportunity is now available to existing salon owners. Join the Ella Baché network of loyal and profitable salons and enjoy the success and support of a premium established brand. Please contact Manal Haydar for more information. E: [email protected] P: (02) 9432 5090 www.ellabache.com.au ESSENTIAL BEAUTY Ii essential beauty An Essential Beauty franchise offers you the opportunity to own a successful and profitable business with a lifestyle that others envy. By using our proven formula for the establishment and day-to-day operation of your salon, and participating in our proven marketing programs, you can expect to succeed in your business. Our role is to train you, show you how to do it and then provide ongoing support to ensure that the business works efficiently and profitably. Training is not only encouraged, but essential. Ezyaccounts training and other ongoing support. Participate in a market with 43% growth in 2009 and 2million potential customers for cloud business solutions and services. Uncapped earnings $60,000 to $200,000+ with residual income. Two investment levels $15,000 and $30,000. Regional Franchisor Service Franchise As a service franchisee you’ll be able to grow your own business under the EzyAccounts brand. You will receive support from the central national organisation, as well as from your local regional director, assisting you with all aspects of your business from client acquisition, to e For more details on this opportunity email us at [email protected] or contact Tony Maiello on 0416 147 765. Yours in good health! The team at Essential Beauty As a regional master franchisor you’ll manage and provide support to the service franchises in your region. You’ll also play a very active role in the local management and market development of EzyAccounts. This option is only available for the right candidate, but is a very rewarding business opportunity. With some very exciting earning potentials. For further information, visit www.ezyaccounts.com, email [email protected] or call on 0410 465 884. fancy fillings ,o"dw",""." ! Fancy Fillings began in 1983, is Australian owned and has stores located throughout Australia. We are continuing to expand nationally and are seeking like minded people to share our passion for great customer service. There’s no better time to join this leading retail brand as a business partner as we continue to experience strong growth in new store openings. We offer a successful system selling gourmet sandwiches and fillings, juices, smoothies, roasts, 122 Essential Beauty is established in all states of Australia and is looking for enthusiastic franchisees to participate in their proven system. wraps, focaccias, chips and salads. Along with this comes the ongoing comprehensive training, support, and marketing developed over 25 years. Your success is paramount to our success! If you are keen to own your own successful business, with the support of an industry leading brand, then don’t hesitate to submit an expression of interest today by visiting our website at www.fancyfillings.com.au. FASTWAY COURIERS For a fantastic income and lifestyle opportunity, you simply shouldn’t pass up the Fastway to becoming your own boss. Fastway Couriers was established in New Zealand in 1983 and is the world’s largest courier franchise, successfully operating in nine countries and the winner of over 40 franchising and industry awards including ‘Overall Franchise System of the Year’ four times in Australia and New Zealand. Our multi-award winning Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses The Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses franchise model delivers a tried & trusted approach to one of the world’s oldest & most loved food options – the Bakery, delivering award winning cakes & savouries. Established in Melbourne in 1901, the business has grown via a stable recipe for success. Till this day the company remains 100% Australian family owned & operated maintaining its core values & traditions. The Franchise concept is based on simplicity whereby the daily morning delivery of freshly baked product GRACE WEBSTER RECRUITMENT Run your own recruitment business. company now has over 1,600 franchisees and a turnover of $458 million per annum. Our Courier Franchisees offer a cost effective, reliable timetable based local, shorthaul and national courier service throughout Australia. Exclusive territories are currently available in most states of Australia and many of these come with a substantial income guarantee to get you earning a decent living from day one. For more information visit our website at www.fastway.com.au or phone 1300 FASTWAY. presents a straightforward business solution, so the operator can concentrate on an equally important ingredient `serving the customer’. Ferguson Plarre is a 7 day a week business fixed on commercial viability & support, brand & image awareness, amazing taste & quality. The focus is to deliver an exceptional business opportunity to the franchisee whilst providing a consistent & enjoyable experience to the customer. For franchising enquires visit our website at http://www.fergusonplarre.com.au/Franchising.html or contact Anthony Ferguson 0412 424 695 • Utilise industry-standard CRM software to keep you in control of your clients, candidates and referral sources. Whether you’re an experienced recruitment professional or an expert in your particular industry with a great network, operating your own Grace Webster Recruitment franchise enables you to receive a much greater share of commissions compared to regular recruitment companies. • Build a business you can eventually sell, cashing in on your contacts and relationships. • Enjoy impressive back-office administrative support; including invoicing, bills and payroll. • Benefit from professional marketing and media buyingpower with reduced advertising costs. To find out more, visit our website at www.gracewebster.com.au/info or phone the Director, Mark Wylie, on 08 83331544 or email [email protected]. GRoutpro • Multiple Income Streams GroutPro is New Zealand’s largest and most successful tile and grout franchise and we’re coming to Australia. The NZ franchise earned $664,599.11 PROFIT in its first year and we are looking for just 4 master Franchises to duplicate this success. • Exclusive Range of GroutPro Branded products Tile & grout restoration is perhaps the fastest growing sector of the home improvement market today and GroutPro are at the forefront of that growth. With Grace Webster, support services are provided on a user-pays basis. You get to choose the level of support you need to build your business. • Estimated First Year Profits of $350,000 + per master franchise • Fantastic High Percentage Recurring Revenue • Only 4 available QLD/NT, VIC/TAS, NSW/ACT, SA/WA • Master Prices from $195,000 - $375,000, individual territory franchises just $25,000 • Proven & Hugely Successful Business Model For futher information see www.groutpro.com.au or call Lia Barnes at The Franchise Shop National: 1300 139 557 Phone: (03) 9729 9534 HAIRHOUSE WAREHOUSE services has proven highly successful. The Hairhouse Warehouse concept was first developed in 1992 at Knox City Shopping Centre, Melbourne. Over the past 18 years Hairhouse Warehouse has grown to over 120 stores Australia wide and has been listed for the last 5 years in BRW as one of the fastest growing hair & beauty franchises in Australia. Hairhouse Warehouse is embarking on an aggressive The combination of the largest range of hair & beauty products along with professional salons and beauty email [email protected], or For our Australian Master franchisees we offer:- grace webster GroutPrdi tile & grout restoration ~ expansion plan to lead the industry in product, store locations and services. Hairhouse Warehouse plans to grow its chain nationally. For franchise enquiries please contact James on 0407 533 177, visit our website www.hairhousewarehouse.com.au 123 i-FRANCHISE YOU f- ranchfse-You i-Franchise-You is offering its unique Franchise Consultancy at an introductory price of $30,000+gst for all States. This is, we believe unique in the franchising industry. It offers the opportunity to get involved in the billion dollar franchise industry for a very low entry cost. All training is provided as well as clients to get you started, we at i-Franchise-You offer a full service to our clients, all Documentation, Websites, SEO, Site Selection, Advertising, Marketing, Potential Franchisee selection, and much, much, more. Our i-Franchise-You franchisees, can expect to make between $100k-$200k a year with the potential to earn a lot more and all for a low $30k+gst. As we like to say, ”it doesn’t get much better than that” We have been in the business for quite some time and are now looking to expand our business throughout Australia and New Zealand. www.ifranchiseyou.com.au/for-sale.html in.cube8r gallery in.cube8r gallery was designed as a platform for emerging and new artists and designers to trial their handmade ideas and product against the general public without paying any commission on their sales. 100% of the purchase price goes back to the artist. This concept is unique, we are the only business like it under the FCA Artists working in any medium can lease out display space and glass cubicles at a small weekly cost on a 3 month term creating a vibrant and eclectic mix of quality handcrafted products which deliver a level of exclusivity, beauty and unique style that cannot be found in no other brand, shop or gallery. Each in.cube8r can house up to 100 participants. The returns are awesome! This successful business model is tested and proven. Before initiating any commercial activity, the franchisee receives technical, operational and sales training to make them feel confident as their own boss in business for themselves, but not by themselves. Over the short 3 year period in which in.cube8r has operated, we have gained a worldwide following, just google in.cube8r! We are the one-stop-shop for all gift, accessory and selfembellishments …no commission means great value :: incube8r.com.au JANI-KING There’s one franchise that’s literally guaranteed to have you cleaning up in no time: It’s Jani-King Commercial Cleaning which has once again ranked in the “Top 10” of Entrepreneur Magazine’s influential “Franchise 500.” Jani-King has consistently been ranked “the World’s #1 Commercial Cleaning Franchise” by Entrepreneur for over 23 years. &~ Jim's Comp.uter SerVIces So clean-up with a Jani-King Franchise today. Contact us on 07 3878 5677 or email cleanup@janiking. com.au for your FREE copy of our Jani-King Franchisee Presentation on CD-Rom. And it’s easy to see why when for just $13,700 ex GST you can become a Jani-King Franchisee that’s backed by professional training, uniforms, systems and support. www.janiking.com.au JIM’S COMPUTER SERVICES We don’t succeed unless our customers succeed. Jim’s Computer Services is a Division of the Jim’s Group of Companies, specialising in providing a full range of services for business owners, home office workers, and home computer users. Franchisees can select the specific products and services that they would like to provide, not forgetting that you will have access to other Franchisees who can assist you to branch out into the other services. Advantages to being involved in the Jim’s Computer Services Franchise system Include: • Reduced Travel • Pricing • The Jim’s Name • Training • Regional Rights • Work Guarantee System Our goal is to work with our customers to implement solutions that enhance the efficiency and profitability of their business, and improve their every day lives. JUMPING J-JAYS CASTLES & SLIDES Jumping J-Jays are offering more than ever to there customers with the introduction of a bunch of new themes. This means that Jumping J-Jays are presenting more opportunities to their franchisees. Existing Franchises now available from $35,000 including 20 themes this indicates higher return on investment, with more sales. Our Burleigh Heads franchisee says “My turnover went from $34,000 to $164,000 P/A in just over 18 months” Cameron and Janet Walker achieved this great result 124 Already more than 1,300 Jani-King Franchisees are cleaning-up across Australia and New Zealand with guaranteed customer contracts ranging from $1,000 to $20,000 per month based on the franchise plan you acquire. Franchise opportunities are currently available Australia wide. Contact 131-546 to discuss your plans, email [email protected] or for further information go to: www.jimscomputerservices.com by Cameron stepping back from his full time job to work their franchise 3-4 days a week, Now he only works 1 day a week at his old job. Janet kept on her full time employment to maintain that level of income while they build up their business. Add to this our turnover Guarantee of at least $60,000 in your first year. At this level you have a break even point of 3 deliveries a week. 80% of our current franchisees deliver 8 or more every week. Contact www.partycastles.com.au or 1300 227 853 JUST CUTS Don’t just buy yourself a Job! Discover how you can easily run a “Genuine Business System”. to own multiple sites. Just Cuts™ do over 65,000 Style Cuts™ a week! Did You Know? Most of our Just Cuts™ Franchise Owners are not Hairdressers. Plus, the average Franchise Owner goes on to own multiple stores. Why? Because proven systems, support and training means your hairdressers become the technicians and easily run the business for you. Just Cuts™ offer a No appointment necessary, quality style cut and at an affordable price. At Just Cuts™ Franchise Owners have been free to grow KOALAKRANE Koalakrane is a system in which franchisees operate their own amusement crane machines on businesses in their exclusive territory. Franchisees are supported with prize supply, business development and technical support by the franchisor. Koalakrane has a focus on using popular sporting brands as prizes such as NRL, AFL as well as the latest move releases and cartoon toys. Contact us today to find out how. Join the largest Hairdressing Franchise in the Southern Hemisphere. justcuts' Contact: Chiree Craig 1800 334 498 Website: www.justcuts.com Koalakrane is a part time business with very flexible hours and is ideal for a person of any age, with no experience required. The two main roles are to look after machines and to source new locations as required. TM There are 3 investment categories depending on the size of your hometown $32 500, $65 000 or $97 500. All enquiries to Rick Garrity on 0427 888 635 or www.koalakrane.com.au LA PORCHETTA Eat, Live, Love… Italian Every La Porchetta restaurant uses only the best quality ingredients to make our famous pizza and pasta, as well as our great range of meat, poultry and seafood dishes for cook it-yourself, at home prices. La Porchetta’s full-range menu has something to suit everyone’s taste - and their budget. Owning a La Porchetta franchise means more than owning a business - it means you’re part of Australia’s fastest growing, independently owned Italian restaurant franchise. With over 25 years’ experience and approximately 80 locations located in Australia, New Zealand and Indonesia, La Porchetta leads the way as Australia’s favourite value-for-money Italian restaurant. La Porchetta has tried and tested systems in place including fully comprehensive training, manuals and on-going field support. For franchising enquiries, visit www.laporchetta.com and fill out a franchising enquiry form or email [email protected] lenard’s outstanding Franchise Owner support. Lenard’s has a world class franchise support system with dedicated consultants, an innovative and comprehensive handson training curriculum, a program of continual product development and improvement, and an industryleading Marketing team. Owning your own Lenard’s franchise is a unique business opportunity. Lenard’s was established in Brisbane in 1987 when Master Butcher Lenard Poulter identified a gap in the market for value-added chicken products. Today, Lenard’s is a multi-award winning company, considered to be one of Australia’s leading fresh food retailers and a pioneer in the kitchen-ready market. From humble beginnings, Lenard’s has grown to employ more than 3,000 staff across more than 195 stores nationally. At Lenard’s, our team is dedicated to providing MAN, WHAT A FUSS! Men now have their own….. exclusive Salon and Spa for men catering specifically for every area of the ever growing body & soul male market. So why Fuss?  We have a Unique Market Position in a Growing Male Market.  We have Experienced Franchise Systems.  We put People Before profit, Because “We care”! La Porchetta Eat Lil't! LO l't! - ItaUan Irs WHArs FOR DINNER For further information on opportunities with Lenard’s, contact Chris Booth on 0434 600 470 or at info@lenards. com.au. To find your local Lenard’s store, visit www. lenards.com.au The sad news is we have a limited number of Territories available. For all franchise enquiries please contact : Kate Allen Franchise Manager, M: 0417 007 560 P: 07 5520 4166 Email: [email protected]: Man What a Fuss salon & spa 17 McKillop Street , Melbourne 3000. w: www.manwhatafuss.com d MAN, WHAT A FUSS! $AWN ~ MASTERCARE FRANCHISING ~astercare Work for yourself, not by yourself! Becoming a franchisee is the first serious step on your journey towards being your own boss and controlling your future. Mastercare is a national cleaning contractor with more than 30 years’ experience. We are committed to ensuring our franchisees work for themselves, not by themselves. Benefits include: • A well-known and trusted brand • An affordable financial investment • Access to a healthy and growing national client base • Excellent ongoing training and support, and • The opportunity to tailor your business to your lifestyle. We also have a team of passionate Sales & Marketing professionals whose sole mission is to identify and create new business opportunities. Our franchisees don’t have to knock on doors to grow their business, and they do not have to cold-call. Ever. Not unless they want to, of course! For more information, call us today on 1300 663 843 or visit www.mastercare.com.au NANDO’S ..No»do's rflf ~""'Pf:la.PEllc:IoIdI.t ......... The Nando’s brand stands out from the crowd. It has a fun, irreverent personality with advertising campaigns and public relations efforts that push the boundaries and engage consumers that are headline-grabbing and cut through the clutter. Nando’s has over 230 restaurants in Australia and is in over 25 countries around the world. www.ftlndos.COTn.lII For more information, please call us on 03 9385 0777, email [email protected] or visit our website at www.nandos.com.au NANOTEK – by ecowash mobile on the street or even on the showroom floor. Nanotek is the evolution of ecowash mobile, the global leader in mobile car cleaning and a multi-award winning international franchise operation with over 140 mobile units servicing all states of Australia, the Middle East, Europe, Central America and the USA. A complete range of services ensures a broad client base ranging from individual car owners, through to car dealers and corporate fleets. NATRAD Natrad has an iconic name within the motor repair industry, widely known as Australia’s most recognised and trusted radiator and air conditioning specialist group. Radiators & Auto Air ConditionIng Natrad has a proud history which dates back over 80 years and is supported and owned by Australia’s premier radiator manufacturer. Our product and service are synonymous with exceptional quality, in fact our radiators are responsible for cooling many of the V8 Supercar Teams! The market leader in radiator and automotive air conditioning OzzyKleen Australia . . -" ~ If you like variety and want to be on the move meeting different people as well as have a regular clientele, then OzzyKleen has an exciting opportunity for you to join one of the most profitable franchising systems in the industry. We are extremely diverse in our services, we do everything from carpet cleaning, office cleaning, move out cleans, move in cleans, builder cleans, domestic cleans, large industry cleans, rubbish removal, upholstery cleaning and protection and lots, lots, more. 126 The Nando’s team works with you to establish your restaurant. Franchisees receive training that covers HR, operations, administration and marketing and ongoing guidance on growing their business. Our experience and knowledge has lead to our successful expansion and we continue to grow with new With an exclusive product range based on liquid polymer nano-technology, the entire Nanotek car cleaning process is eco-friendly and totally waterless which means that a Nanotek treatment can be done anywhere – in a car park, . IIINatrad. restaurants opening every month. Building on the global success of ecowash mobile, Nanotek offers it’s Australian franchisees pricing, technologies, alliances, experience, expertise and systems beyond the reach of purely domestic franchise systems. For franchise enquiries visit www.nanotek.co call 1800 nanotek (626 683) or email [email protected]. sales and repairs, we professionally service retail, trade and large industrial customers throughout our 80 repair centres nationwide, backed by a 3year Warranty. Natrad is currently looking for interested individuals from outside the industry as well as existing automotive workshops looking to convert and further develop their business. If you love cars, and want to become part of Natrad’s powerful branding, quality products, strong support and low entry costs … “Nip into Natrad”! Natrad National Office: 03 9795 1255 Haydn Roberts, National Recruitment Manager: 08 8243 9860 “Life is never boring” with an almost inexhaustible cash flow, this business leaves the rest way behind. The cleaning business is certainly interesting as you never know what the next job is going be or who you might meet. We have made the business multifaceted so you will have a steady income continuously. If one area of cleaning goes quiet you will still have income from the other services. For franchise enquiries call (03) 9703 1135 or email [email protected] PACK & SEND PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Franchisor of the Year 2007 and the FLA International Franchisor of the Year 2008 Runner-Up. Pack & Send is an Australian success story that was established in 1993. Our team of 100 franchisees enjoy a limitless marketplace and create ‘raving fans’ by offering our customers a powerful range of ‘No Limits’ solutions to their packaging and freight problems. With our systems, supplier network and experience our franchisees are able to achieve the unbelievable with ease. Everyone is a potential customer of Pack & Send from Householders to tourists, small business right up to large corporations. By creating our own niche market we are able to sustain some of the highest margins in our industry and have a dominant market position. Our franchisees are experiencing strong growth year on year propelled by rapidly expanding market segments such as e-commerce and particularly eBay. Our international expansion plans came to fruition in late 2008 with the opening of Pack & Send stores in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. FRANCHISOR OF THE YEAR 2007 For more information call (02) 9822 5622. Or visit our comprehensive website at www.packsend.com.au POOLWERX Twice named Australian Franchisor of the Year (‘Services’ and ‘Outright’ categories), PoolWerx has a strong history of innovation both in franchising and its own business sector – the swimming pool and spa aftermarket – in which it is also multi-awarded. PoolWerx is especially well known for its creation of the world’s first structured ‘Career Path in Franchising’ enabling franchisees the opportunity to start affordably and build multi-million dollar business empires: retail hubs anchoring satellite stores and fleets of service units. PRICE ATTACK As the authority in hair for over 24 years, Price Attack offers franchisees the best opportunity to become a successful part of one of the most dynamic and exciting industries in Australia. When it comes to hair, Price Attack is a one-stop shop, providing customers with a full-service Matrix salon and the biggest range of professional haircare products. As a Price Attack franchisee you will reap the rewards of our strong brand name recognition and receive support in every aspect of your business. You have access to a professional office of highly competent Other innovations include a layer of regional master franchisees whose sole duty is to help franchisees drive profitability, achievement of Registered Training Organisation status (providing franchisees with internationally recognised qualifications), automatic professional indemnity insurance, royalties that reduce as turnover rises and multiple forums for franchisee interaction. PoolWerx For a confidential discussion about your future with PoolWerx contact Dean Atkins on 0421 003 552 or email on [email protected]. support group trained to offer personalised store assistance, local area marketing consultation, complimentary inhouse design, PR assistance and much, much more. Enjoy comprehensive training (initial and ongoing), in-store support from state managers, thrive off national advertising campaigns, and get the industry edge from a highly successful loyalty program. If you want the best industry product deals and exclusive discounts, become part of Price Attack - one of the most respected names in franchising. Call Barry Jarred for more information on (07) 3216 1616 or email [email protected] priceattack Pure + Natural In 1982 the first pure + natural store opened in Melbourne’s CBD. Since then we have grown to currently 33 stores across Australia serving great tasting, nutritious food to health conscious consumers. Joining pure + natural allows access to over 25 years of brand history as well as the expertise of professional Marketing, Operations and Administrative personnel provided by the Franchisor to support you on your journey. We pride ourselves on supplying natural healthy choices in fresh, tasty food that is catering to an ever increasing market as our customers become more aware of the benefits of healthy eating. If you are passionate about providing healthy food combined with outstanding customer service then go to www.purenat.com to complete an application form. Real Estate Investar partners the opportunity to create substantial income by providing them with a highly profitable technology platform they can use to build an online investors tools and resources business by establishing a network of property industry resellers (affiliates) who promote our products to their clients all over the country. Real Estate Investar is a pioneer in creating and developing online tools that simplify property investment. This online technology has been specifically designed to empower property investors by enabling them to search, analyse, value, and track real estate investments using technology and information that was once only available to agents and valuers. We are giving experienced, passionate sales If you are passionate about B2B sales and want to make our business your business go to www.realestateinvestar.com.au/franchise and download an information pack. pure:+: natural w_o . , ,~../ RED ROOSTER red rooster. Red Rooster is an Australian owned icon brand. The Red Rooster franchise mission is “Be in business for yourself, but not by yourself”. Red Rooster supports each franchisee with proven commercial, promotional and operating systems, all designed to minimise risk and maximise potential for success. Specifically, you will get: • An Australian Icon brand • Proven systems and comprehensive operating manuals • Assistance in finding a location, negotiating contracts and lease arrangements • Full structured training programs • Planning assistance for the opening and operating of your store • A full suite of merchandising and point-of-sale material Red Rooster is Australia’s most successful Australian owned Quick Service Restaurant chain. Its success has been built on great tasting, high quality, freshly prepared food, delivered using proven systems. Email: [email protected] Phone: 03 9582 8716 RP VENDING SYSTEMS RP Vending is Australia’s largest and longest established vending machine supplier and manufacturer. RP Vending invented compact vending in Australia by introducing the first compact snack and drink vending equipment over a decade ago. There are now well over 40,000 machines located throughout Australia and New Zealand, serviced by over 1,000 independent owner operators. Our operators are all supported by RP Vending’s complete “Business Start Up System” creating a truly profitable business, resulting in a fantastic lifestyle opportunity. Our long established wholesale partners Smiths, Cadburys, Schweppes, Coke, Nestle etc. offer a truly unique retailing opportunity that is highly profitable from day one with 100% plus profits and advertised nationally for FREE! Over 2 million people per day have access and enjoy convenience from an RP Vending machine providing profits for our national team of independent vending machines owners. RP Vending offers comprehensive training and ongoing support to all our operators. For further information call 1800 066 112 or visit www.rpvending.com.au Ryco RYCO Hydraulics is one of the largest hydraulic hose and fittings manufacturers in Australasia. The RYCO Trade Mark has been established in the industrial market for over sixty years and is a trusted name for quality products and service. RYCO HOSE Pty Ltd, trading as RYCO 24•7 is a member of the Franchising Code Council Limited, which administers the Franchising Code of Practice. The RYCO 24•7 Mobile Connector Specialists franchises was established over twenty years ago and is a successful channel to market for the RYCO group. Target markets for RYCO 24•7 “product and services” being emergency breakdown and installation of hose and fittings to a large range of industries. Training is provided and conducted at RYCO’s design centre in Melbourne, or at the RYCO 24•7 Mobile Connector Specialists designated Service Centre. RYCO’s training packages meet a Nationally Recognised Standard and cover all aspects of the identification of hydraulic hose and fittings. Schnitz Schnitz is a fast casual food franchise unlike any other. It is the first pan-cooked Schnitzel Franchise in Australia and holds a unique position in the food retail marketplace. We combine great tasting schnitzels with healthy fillings, Saladz and our award-winning Chipz. Schnitz has very strong customer appeal as consumers are shifting towards healthier and more convenient food alternatives. We provide restaurant-quality food at take-away prices, forming the foundation of a stable, growth-driven business. The management team behind Schnitz is an Australian family that has been involved in hospitality since 1974. They are professional, reliable, honest, hard-working and understand the importance a strong brand and culture can bring to a business. Schnitz is expanding throughout Melbourne and is looking for energetic, hard-working and passionate franchisees to join our family. Our determination and commitment to success sets us apart from our competitors. Please visit www.schnitz.com.au or email [email protected] for more information. SHERPA GROUP 128 LOOKING FOR AN INNOVATIVE AND REFRESHING BUSINESS THAT HAS RECENTLY ENTERED THE FRANCHISE ARENA? THEN READ ON! With Sherpa Group at your side, we will work with you and assist you to achieve remarkable results within all your business facets. Sherpa’s are highly regarded as elite mountaineers and experts in their local terrain. We liken this journey to purchasing a franchise business and work with you by providing you with relevant expertise, inspiration, support, and guidance in the same spirit that a Sherpa would give a climber. You can enter the market as an entrepreneur by starting with SOME OF THE NEWEST, UNIQUE AND INNOVATIVE BUSINESSES AVAILABLE IN THE FRANCHISING SECTOR. We represent many of the new, fresh and exciting brands entering the franchising sector. Ask us about The Fairies, Destination for Men, Eco Pest Control, Super Shower Seal and ZEN Home Energy Systems. Excited about one of these businesses? Please contact Vicki Prout on 0439 803 078 for more information. www.sherpagroup.com.au SHINGLE INN CAFÉS …a new benchmark in Australia’s café culture With an established brand and 70 plus years of successful retailing behind us, Shingle Inn is offering passionate business achievers an opportunity to own a Shingle Inn café. Luxurious high-back chairs and warm rich colours together with our signature range of decadent cakes, superior quality coffee, delicious gourmet sandwiches and emphasis on exceptional customer service has helped us establish a renowned boutique café brand, providing a proven business system to kick-start your success. Join our Shingle Inn ‘family’ and embrace the culture and tradition that has been part of the quintessential Shingle Inn café experience since 1936. SHINGLE INN DEC .... DENT· DELICIOUS' DESERVED For further information visit www.shingleinn.com or contact Patrick Mulcahy on 0431 649 450 or [email protected] Sleepy’s Sleepy’s offers the opportunity for you to work for yourself, driving your own business and realising the rewards. We are looking for franchisees who wish to be part of a secure, stable and growing group, and who have the determination to succeed. Sleepy’s Mattress Experts are great people, with great skills who are dedicated to helping customers make the mattress buying process as easy as possible. Our extensive initial and on-going training can turn YOU into a Sleepy’s Mattress Expert. We currently have 38 stores nationally and plan to have 60 stores by the end of 2012. If you would like further details on the possibilities of being part of this very low cost operation, please contact Jenny Bertram. ISleep.l:'sl THE MATTRESS EXPERTS Phone: 07 3895 4100 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sleepys.com.au A-Z listing Small Business Energy Assessments Small Business Energy Assessments is a home based service that provides energy management advice and carbon footprint calculations for small business. Potential small business energy assessors are trained in using carbon management software and thermal imaging equipment. Reporting templates and reporting tools are also provided. This is an opportunity to join the green revolution and be your own boss. We are looking for highly motivated individuals to expand this service on a national basis. Business experience, a good service ethic and a passion for the environment are essential. For more information visit our website at: o www.sustainabledirections.com.au Contact: Tony Innes Phone: 08 8260 8211 Email: [email protected] Price range: < $10,000 SNAP fitness • Financing options available In today’s uncertain economy, professionals and small investors from all walks of life are saying “enough!” and partnering with Snap Fitness, the fastest-growing franchisor of compact, state-of-the-art, 24/7 fitness centers in the world. Discover the freedom, flexibility and fulfillment that comes with owning the leading alternative to traditional “big box” health clubs; and a value-driven concept that’s right for the times. Easy to own • Affordable investment Easy to manage SNAP-ON TOOLS messy commercial leases. Franchisor support includes regular meetings with your Field Group and assistance from your Sales Development Manager, detailed customer data provided at startup, a franchisorsupported Trade Card program for your customers and centrally managed warranty and repair department. While there are currently more than 150 Snap-on franchisees operational in Australia and NZ, market potential is such that the franchise opportunity remains ground floor. Being your own boss is great but there’s more to it. Become a Snap-on franchisee and love your work! www.snaponfranchise.com.au Phone: 1800 762 766 Snap-on Tools are a status symbol with a designer pedigree and a heritage spanning nearly a century. Since 1920, Snap-on’s range has grown to encompass over 16,000 different products, from the smallest tool to entire workshop fit-outs, sold by over 5000 franchisees worldwide. And the Snap-on franchise is as good as its product, with incredible franchisor support, a business model that’s been proven for decades, 60% ANZ start-up finance, exclusive territories, extensive training and no Small Business Energy Assessments • Complete Turn Key Operation • Many franchisees are absentee or semi-absentee owners Easy to market • Ready-to-go, proven sales & marketing support Contact Catherine McGill, Franchise Sales Manager +61 435 841 811, email: [email protected] Small Busine is a home ba energy mana carbon footp business. Potential sm assessors ar managemen imaging equi templates an provided. This is an op revolution an ~ Snooze Sleep Well Pty Ltd is the leading bedding retailer ze '" sleep well Snooze franchises have been pioneering new standards of service, expertise and range since 1974. As a new franchisee, you join a team which provides the best in bedding retail and a network of more than 70 stores spanning Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria, with plans for further growth. SOLOMONS FLOORING Why Solomons could be the key to your future? ~ • Our brand is a national icon. SOLOMONS FLOORING "'---" • Our advertising and promotion is professional, consistent and effective. Suzie Wilks, Australian bestknown lifestyle TV presenter has joined Solomons Flooring as the face of our brand. • Our franchisees have a proven resale value Snooze offers its franchise partners a solid platform from which to start their business, keeps them up to date with bedding and retail trends and supports their businesses, allowing them to maximise their potential as a Snooze franchise store. So why not become part of a business that is passionate about finding sleep solutions? For further information on becoming a franchise partner, go to www.snooze.com.au or contact Alistair Browne at [email protected]. • Our franchisees are not committed to large stock holdings • Solomons low cost entry gets you off to a good start If you are seeking a future, where owning your own business, being in control of your own destiny and long-term profitability are important to you, then a Solomons franchise needs to be seriously considered. For genuine enquiries please contact Grant Miles on 0402 543 811 or email [email protected] Southern Cross Chauffeur Drive Clean and Simple – One man business! 3. Flexible working hours: Simply run your own car and look after your clients, the booking and accounting chores are handled for you. We work with you. Whether you’re “Early to Bed” or a Southern Cross is a Melbourne only business and franchisees also enjoy the following benefits: You can also hire a driver to keep your car on the road and your life in balance. 1. Regular, on-going work: New franchisees are cash-flow positive from day one. 4. On the road from $25,000 2. A proven business format: We still have clients and franchise owners who started with us in 1997. John Kapnias on 0419 341 319 / 03-9371 2601 or SPRAY PAVE AUSTRALIA Pty Ltd Earn up to $3,000 p/w. That’s right, up to $150,000 per year! Our service decorates concrete, both interior and exterior for safety, appearance and property gain. Customers are domestic, commercial and Government. Talk to many existing operators about their new life. We are not a franchise, so you have the freedom to choose when, where and how you want to work! • Only $9,500 deposit plus Easy Payment Plan (EPP). STAIN BUSTERS Our clearly articulated point of difference is the DIFFERENCE! By standing out from the crowd our Franchisees get more work than they can handle by themselves! Our three levels of success: 1: You clean carpets and provide our many other services. You learn the business and lay your foundations with our guidance. 2: You have too much work. You need help. When you get 2 or more Contractors you do less doing and more managing. 130 “Night Owl”, the extent of your availability is very flexible. To find out more contact our Franchising Director [email protected] • Guaranteed work available, choose from 3 levels. • Guaranteed customer leads, via SMS & E-mail. • Complete head office training plus follow-up on your site. • Customers contract and interest free finance. • Lifelong support from 8 H/Office team members. Established in 1991, Australia’s largest network just keeps growing larger each year. Phone for a FREE information pack: FREE CALL 1800 688 888 Website: www.spraypave.com 3: Your business is very profitable and functions without your direct input. Your manager has a wage, you receive the profits. We have a proven marketing system, superior cleaning system, exclusive products, great training and ongoing technical support. This is not a job in the cleaning industry. It’s your opportunity to build a highly profitable multi van business. For more information Ph 13000STAINS (78246) and speak to John McEwan. www.stainbusters.com.au STUFFLERS With clothes, hearts and special carry carts - Stufflers is the next party phenomenon. The franchise is best suited to a stay at home mum that has 2 days available midweek to work on our unique local marketing programs. Stufflers. You also receive the following: an exclusive franchise territory of 30,000 kids under the age of 10 years, marketing launch valued at $6,000 and training valued at $1,000. Our opening launch price of $42,000 is substantially lower than the $500,000 needed to open a retail store of a similar business. Stufflers creates its own lines of stuffed bears, animals and clothing direct from the Stufflers warehouse (we call it a bearhouse) in China. Our exclusive machines, designs and marketing means greater profits for this 2-day-a-week home-based business. As part of your $35,000 franchise fee, you will receive 8 mobile Fluffenstuff machines that are custom built by For more information visit www.stufflers.com or email [email protected]. This exciting new franchise is just being launched in Australia. Building on the successful growth of shopping centre bear making stores, Stufflers is all about making stuffed animals at kids’ parties and events using the Stufflers unique mobile machine system. THE Shed Company Secure your financial future with a shed sales and installation Franchise with THE Shed Company. them a net capital profit in excess of $400,000, after paying Enjoy an excellent income and pay no service fees while you operate the Franchise, PLUS make a substantial capital profit when you come to sell. Named as one of the top eight franchising companies in CASE STUDY: A married couple established a THE Shed Company Franchise in September 2007. After enjoying a six-figure income for two years, they needed to relocate interstate for family reasons and to sell the Franchise. the initial Franchise fee plus all the set-up costs. Australia in both 2007 and again in 2009 by the Financial Review’s Smart Investor magazine, THE Shed Company has become one of Australia’s fastest growing and most successful franchise groups. Contact David May 0419 630 055 or visit our Website Three weeks later, the Franchise was sold for $495,000 giving www.theshedcompany.com.au for more information THEOBROMA CHOCOLATE LOUNGE An Australian owned business with stores across Australia and an international presence in New Zealand & Malaysia. Theobroma Chocolate Lounge is a “Total Chocolate Concept” retail lounge offering consumers a wide variety of chocolates, hot & cold chocolate beverages, chocolate desserts and other chocolate related products. Our wide range of hand made and Belgian styled chocolate products are made to suit every taste, mood and occasion. The concept was developed in response to the spiraling demand for high quality chocolates and chocolate beverages as an alternative to just coffee. Trios wraps At Trios Wraps we have always been about delivering freshly grilled wraps that boast of flavour profiles from across the globe and taste absolutely incredible! Based on extensive mapping of the consumer purchase path, we have just completed our rebranding project (from interiors down to the basics of packaging) – and have consequently incorporated a deeper, earthier color palette and an array of finishes that we feel can be aptly described as ‘grunge chic’. Our Chocolate Lounges are designed to drive sales by attracting customers and in presenting products in their most attractive manner. The environment compliments our products and glorifies the experience. We provide full training, development and ongoing support along with local area marketing assistance. For franchise enquiries email headoffice@chocolatelounge. com.au or contact Andrew Dannaoui on 0413 307 769. branding and appealing to Gen X and Gen Y, we have also redeveloped our retail footprint which has been adapted to 3 formats – namely Café Style, Food Court, and Kiosk, with equal emphasis being given to space planning for each – ensuring ease in developing a Trios Wraps Franchise near you! To find out how you can be a Trios Wraps Franchisee and enjoy success of this growing brand contact Tony Maddock at Franchise Selection on 0400 017 882 or visit www.trioswraps.com Being on the forefront of trend – in terms of design and • 50% Accredited Finance • FCA MEMBER UNITED PETROLEUM committed to continually developing our brand to ensure great value for money and service, and we’re now seeking ambitious and equally committed franchisees to help us write the next chapter in the United Petroleum success story. A proudly Australian-owned company, United Petroleum is innovative, rapidly growing and highly successful. In just 18 years we’ve established over 240+ United sites around Australia and continuing to open new sites every year. We invest heavily in training, research, marketing, new products and services development including exclusive United brand products, and in a highly effective retail promotional program designed to help every service station boost its sales. We’re passionately If you’ve dreamed about owning your own business but want the security and expertise of a first class franchise group right behind you, then please contact our Franchise Co-ordinator Joanne Stewart on (03) 9413 1680 or download an Expression of Interest Form on www.unitedpetroleum.com.au Vendor Finance Available / FCA Member • TRIOS~ wrapS " 'nifed 131 A-Z FRANCHISE DIRECTORY WET-SEAL Your waterproofing & underfloor heating experts Wet-seal Waterproofing and Underfloor Heating provides leading products with over 25 years of proven dependability. With a profitable work from home opportunity, all you need is a suitable vehicle. All Wet-seal Franchisees are fully trained at our custom built training facilities and with our TAFE accredited course you can achieve a nationally recognised Trade Certificate III in Waterproofing. Wet-seal undertake all invoicing for you, providing you less paperwork and more time to deliver the best waterproofing & underfloor heating in the industry. xpresso delight Invest in an Xpresso Delight franchise and seize the opportunity to profit from one of the fastest growing markets on the planet. As the number of coffee drinkers has boomed, the market has exploded! The demand for gourmet coffee in the workplace is very poorly met. Each day, thousands of workers trek to the nearest café to pay as much as $4.00 for their coffees. (fa\) ~~ yong You will also be provided with comprehensive start up and regular on-going training, full support from our operations, technical, sales, marketing and IT departments. Ask us about some of our large prime new areas available NOW! Contact Scott Young on 1800 025 081 in Australia or 0800 436 000 in New Zealand, alternatively email [email protected] to find out how you can become a part of this waterproofing and underfloor heating industry leader. Further information is also available on our Franchisee Recruitment website www.wet-seal.net walk six steps and get a perfect cup of gourmet coffee in a mere 25 seconds. This is the premise of Xpresso Delight- transplanting the café into the heart of the workplace at a fraction of the price that people pay in a cafe. This is a huge market waiting to be tapped. Why would these people repeat this daily trek if they could just Xpresso Delight is a simple one-day a week business with no employees no ongoing sales minimal stock holding. Your next step is to give is going onto our website and make an enquiry at www.xpressodelight.com.au YONG REAL ESTATE potentially employing over 300,000 people. Yong is not just a real estate agency, but a complete real estate company incorporating real estate marketing, management, investment and development, arguably the only franchise of its kind in the world. If you are interested in real estate and helping people as well as helping yourself, then a YONG franchise might be just what you are looking for. YONG’s vision and philosophy is, like Toyota, to make YONG the largest real estate network in the world, • No upfront fee • No legals • Small ongoing fee • 1st generation business coaching • And the confidence to offer performance improvement guaranteed. For further information on franchise opportunities and how you can be a part of YONG’s international network, please contact YONG on (07) 3373 9877 or Email: [email protected] Website: www.yong.com.au Visit our new look website for the latest in franchise information, expert advice from industry leaders and the ALL NEW Franchise Finder www.businessfranchiseaustralia.com.au 132 6DSLHQW1LWUR612 ' 5($0%,* +HUHÅ’VDEXVLQHVVSODQWRKHOS\RXVOHHSZHOO %\FKRRVLQJWRLQYHVWLQD6QRR]HIUDQFKLVH\RXÅ’UHQRWMXVWEX\LQJLQWRRQHRI $XVWUDOLDÅ’VOHDGLQJEHGUHWDLOHUV \RXÅ’UHEX\LQJLQWRDFRPSDQ\ZKRVHSKLORVRSK\ LVWROHDGWKHPDUNHWLQLQQRYDWLYHVOHHSVROXWLRQV 6QRR]HRIIHUV\RX Å™7KHORQJHVWHVWDEOLVKHGIUDQFKLVHEXVLQHVVPRGHO Å™$XQLTXHVHOOLQJSURFHVV Å™([FOXVLYHEUDQGV Å™b,QQRYDWLYHSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQW Å™b(IIHFWLYHQDWLRQDOPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJLHV Å™'HGLFDWHGÆ‚HOGVXSSRUWDQGWUDLQLQJ ,I\RXUGUHDPLVWRUXQDÆƒRXULVKLQJEXVLQHVVWKHQD6QRR]HIUDQFKLVHFRXOG EHIRU\RX6QRR]HKDVEHHQRSHUDWLQJVXFFHVVIXOO\VLQFH DQGZLWKWKH H[SHULHQFHZHÅ’YHJDLQHGZHÅ’UHDEOHWRSURYLGHDOORIRXUIUDQFKLVHHVZLWKDVROLG SODWIRUPWRVWDUWD6QRR]HEXVLQHVVDQGWKHSURSHULQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGRQJRLQJ RSHUDWLRQDOVXSSRUWWRKHOSPD[LPLVHWKHLUVWRUHÅ’VSRWHQWLDODQGJURZWK 7RÆ‚QGRXWPRUHDERXWEHFRPLQJD6QRR]H)UDQFKLVH2SHUDWRU FDOO$OLVWDLU%URZQHRQ VQRR]HFRPDX 612)UDQFKLVLQJ0DJD]LQH)3&> [@LQGG 30 Australia’s best mobile franchises for parents made by you Stufﬂers™ - Made by You Jumping J-Jays® This exciting new franchise is just being launched in Australia. Building on the successful growth of shopping centre bear making stores, Stufﬂers is all about making stuffed animals at kids’ parties and events using the Stufﬂers unique mobile machine system. With clothes, hearts and special carry carts - Stufﬂers is the next party phenomenon. Best suited to a stay at home mum that has 2 days per week available. Jumping J-Jays started in 1997 and has quickly become the world’s largest inﬂatable amusement company. Twice the winner of FCA’s Franchise of the Year, the business allows you to invest only 3 days per week into the business. With franchises starting from only $35,000, now is the perfect time to Jump into your own business. $70,000 turnover guarantee in your first year. Email: [email protected] Phone: 1800 STUFFLERS (1800 788 335) Web: www.stufflers.com Be the first to secure an exclusive region! Email: [email protected] Phone: 1300 CASTLE (1300 227 853) Web: www.partycastles.com.au &IND#HINA3UPPLIERS Dear Franchisor, My name is John Newton and I have been a franchisor for 10 years and have been supplying our franchisees from China for 5 years. I’d like to help you cut your costs and improve your supply by helping you buy direct out of China. What I can offer you: * * * * * Production management team No Middle Man. You go DIRECT Established factory connections Made to your speciﬁcations Experience in locating suppliers Examples of Savings ITEM	fifty seven
Name the long-standing much-respected British, European and Commonwealth Heavyweight Boxing Champion who died in 2011, age 76?	Issue 208 by East Cork Journal - issuu issuu €1. 95 Issue No. 208 THOSE who try to cheat 'the system' will have 600 inspectors on their case, in a bid to save the exchequer over €600 million in 2012. Minister for Social Protection, Joan Burton, has revealed that there will be a clampdown on those who abuse the social welfare system, as investigators will take to the streets to interview those who falsely claim. There will be higher penalties for people caught working in the black economy, more interagency co-operation and a new photographic card are among the measures being introduced to catch frauds. Approximately 1.4 million people receive a range of social welfare payments each week, including 600,000 families getting child benefit. The country’s social welfare bill is €21bn, As unemployment reached peak levels, investigators which accounts for 40% of Government ex- were moved to processing claims, but will now be back doing their original jobs: investigating the penditure. claimants. Ms. Burton said no decision had been taken on whether or not payments would be slashed in In 2010, more than 200 serious fraud cases were referred to the courts. the upcoming Budget. Fun on the farm in Rostellan Paws for thought at Aghada Show Youghal gets further funding A Saturday to savour in Midleton vAlue PACk 2 Sirloin SteAkS 3 ChiCken filletS 3 Pork ChoPS 1lb MinCe beef 6 SteAk burgerS €20 free PePPer CreAM SAuCe Mill roAd, Midleton 021 4613542 www.crowleyscraftbutchers.com Rory and Audrey say ‘Howdy!’ LAST Saturday, the public of East Cork turned out in force - as did the wind - for the now annual, and eagerly anticipated, Midleton Food & Drink Festival. This year, those present could choose from - amongst other goodies - homemade cupcakes, relishes, jams, pizzas, kebabs, goats' cheese, burgers, chocolate fountains and more. Youghal rnli rescue father & son Starting at 10am, Midleton was awash with street performers too - as The Tree Lady 'branched out' on stilts, face painters created tigers, butterflies and spidermen, and a marionette band, located near AIB kept the crowds entertained. THE Youghal RNLI Lifeboat was launched on Sunday, September 11th at 2pm to a report of a small dinghy that was attempting to row to a moored boat off the Ferry Point, with two casualties on board. When the festival drew to a close, all who attended headed home happy - and definitely not hungry! It was being swept up the Youghal harbour by strong winds and the filling tide and was unable to return to with its two causalities, a father and son shore. who were both wearing life jackets, safely The Youghal Lifeboat, under the helm of David Slattery to shore. along with crew members Martin Morris and Ray Kelly, The weather was blowing a force 4 south was quickly on the scene and towed the vessel, along easterly wind. 5 3 9 1 5 1 2 5 8 4 6 7 2 " Winter CoAl ProMotion noW on # Aghada Show is a breeze Page 17 + Food for thought at Midleton’s Food Festival Pages 27 - 46 Get your weekly sports fix of soccer, GAA and all those in between Page 50 Test your brain power and win cinema tickets Page 51 Fancy a night at the flicks? Page 52 Why not try your hand at a new dish? Page 53 Are you up to date with the latest fashions? Page 54 & 55 Your weekly event guide for the East Cork area or visit us at www.eastcorkjournal.ie Eastt Cork Journal contacts Becky Grice - Editor email: [email protected] Sarah Byrne - Page Layout Designer email: [email protected] Rory Burke - Advertising Sales Manager Mobile: (086) 8073842 email: [email protected] Siobhan Power - Classified Advertising & Photographic Bookings email: [email protected] Denise FitzGerald - Photojournalist Mobile: (087) 8128262 email: [email protected] Declan Barron - Photojournalist Mobile: (087) 9126566 email: [email protected] Accounts Department email: [email protected] All of the above can be contacted at our office Tel. (021) 4638022 Fax. (021) 4638927 First Floor, Watersedge, Riverside Way, Midleton, Co. Cork (NEXT TO MCDONALD’S) Youghal Town Council receives Sports Funding Deputy Stanton CORK East Fine Gael TD, David Stanton has welcomed the Government’s decision to allocate €12,709 sports funding to Youghal Town Council. This funding is one of a number of location authority projects across the country which is being grant aided with the purpose of boosting participation in sport. ‘I understand that the €12,709 allocated to Youghal Town Council, under this new targeted measure for local sports facilities, will go to Slí na Sláinte Walking Route in Youghal. The funding allocation was announced by Minister of State for Tourism and Sport, Michael Ring who recently visited Youghal town at my request. ‘Youghal Town Council has also very recently been allocated a large grant of €400,000 for the development of Youghal Leisure Centre. ‘I hope that this additional funding for Slí na Sláinte Walking Route will provide a further boost to tourism and sport in Youghal,’ the Deputy concluded. CONSTITUENCY OFFICE: 29 St Mary’s Road, Midleton OPEN: 10AM - 1PM, 2PM - 4.30PM (MONDAY-FRIDAY) for advice or assistance Tel: 021 4632867, Fax: 021 4621133 Email: [email protected] Please visit my website www.stanton.ie Catalyst Women in Business networking event in Cobh: Financial Management for Growing Your Business A GOOD financial management system is essential for the day to day running of a business, and also to make sound decisions about growing the enterprise. Gone are the days when receipts could be kept in a shoebox and given to the accountant at the end of the year. For small businesses, especially, cash is king and in order to succeed the business owner must be aware of the financial state of the business. The next Catalyst Women in Business networking event in Cobh will look at financial management for growing your business. With one of our courses we can cater for the absolute beginner or take an experienced user to the next level The speaker at the event will be Mary Power who is a Partner at WestboroPartners in Cork City since 2006. A graduate of UCC, Mary qualified as an Accountant (ACA) with Chartered Accountants Ireland in 1999, and joined WestboroPartners in 2000. More recently, Mary completed the Diploma in Forensic Accounting with Chartered Accountants Ireland. Mary is a highly experienced business advisor, working with clients on a range of accountancy services including taxation, financial management, audits, accounting and financial reporting. As well as accountancy services, Mary is specialised and qualified in the area of Forensic Accounting, and regularly works with clients on legal issues, both personal in the case of family law or loss of earnings, as well as professional in the area of commercial disputes. Mary has also developed a specialisation in the field of franchises, and has worked with both master franchisers and franchisees on many occasions. This event is part of the SECAD Catalyst project which provides opportunities for women to build connections with other business women and aspiring entrepreneurs throughout South & East Cork. The Catalyst Project in Cobh was established in association with Cobh & Harbour Chamber. The event also provides an opportunity to publicise your business so bring your business cards, flyers and brochures. This event will take place on Wednesday, September 21st in Sirius Arts Centre, Cobh at 6.30pm. We look forward to meeting you and we would be delighted if you would let other women in business know about the event and encourage them to attend. For further details and to book a place, please contact the Chamber on 021 4813612 or email: [email protected] 4x6 €5 10x8 €10 A4 €20 LIKE A PICTURE? Contact us with the page number and location and we will call or text you when it’s ready for collection, or fill in the form on our website, at www.eastcorkjournal.ie Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 3 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Ballinacurra’s Tracey wins €38,800 on Winning Streak THE second show of the National Lottery’s Winning Streak TV Gameshow for this season, presented by Kathryn Thomas and Marty Whelan, took place in RTÉ Studios last Saturday. Five players from Cork, Dublin (3) and Derry won prizes to the value of €229,000. The biggest winner on the night was Stephen Driscoll from Dublin who won prizes to the value of €62,800. Tracey Cahill from Ballinacurra scooped an enviable €38,800, and had purchased her Scratch Card at Costcutter, Main Street, Midleton. Tracey, who is married to Ian, with three sons, is a housewife and stays at home looking after her family. Tracey purchased the Scratch Card herself and admits that it was in the envelope for a few weeks until she got around to posting it. Before this, she did not see herself as being a lucky person when it came to winning prizes, but she is very lucky when it comes to her family and home. As her husband and boys are so into GAA, Tracey is also a supporter now. She even played ‘Gaelic for Mothers’ until recently. A godchild of hers presented her with a little teddy as a lucky charm last week and she brought it on the show with her, dressed, of course, in the green and white colours of Ballinacurra. Putting a new kitchen into her home is a priority for Tracey. She had just ordered one, but put a stop to that before the show, as she hoped she would be able to order a better model. Judging by that welcome €38k, we’re thinking Tracey should get a kitchen that even Gordon Ramsey would be proud of! Tracey Cahill from Ballinacurra won €38,800 on last Saturday’s National Lottery Winning Streak TV game show held in RTE. She was presented with her prize byMarty Whelan, game show host; Eddie Banville, Head of Marketing, The National Lottery and Kathryn Thomas, game show host. (Photo: Justin Mac Innes /Mac Innes Photography) Wyley McGrath Opticians Ltd. OPENING HOURS MONDAY - SATURDAY 9.30am - 5.30pm MIDLETON 7 Connolly Street, Midleton, Co. Cork CONTACT LENSES BIG FIT DAY SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 17TH 9.30AM - 5PM 021 4613048 FREE Contact Lenses Fitting FREE Trial Contact Lenses 50% OFF Sun Specs 20% OFF Spec Frames ONE DAY ONLY - DON’T MISS OUT IANS 30% OFF WOOD VENET 20% OFF ROMANS 20% OFF VERTICALS S 25% OFF ALL ROLLER LINDS B D E T A E L P F F O % 0 5 UP TO Call into our showroom for great customer service and feast your eyes on all the types of blinds at unbelievable value Phone: 021 4639052 \| Fax: 021 4639052 Email: [email protected] Web: www.acmeblinds.com The Rock, Main Street, Midleton, Co. Cork Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 4 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Core values: An apple a day at Hurley’s SuperValu, Midleton SuperValu to sell €2 MiLLiON worth of irish apples SUPERVALU has announced projected sales of €2 million worth of Irish apples in the coming season. First in season Irish apples will be supplied by David Keane of Cappoquinn Estate, Co. Waterford and P. McCann & Sons, Portadown, Co. Armagh. SuperValu’s commitment to Irish based growers and producers resulted in combined Irish retail sales of €1 billion of fresh Irish food in 2010. This commitment to investing in local produce guarantees top quality, fresh Irish fruit and vegetables for consumers SuperValu’s longstanding loyalty to local Irish producers and communities means that, currently, 65% of the fruit and vegetables purchased by SuperValu and its retail partners are Irish. The remaining 35% is made up of fruit and vegetables either not available, or out-of-season in Ireland. This commitment to secure supply locally has ensured consumer trust in the SuperValu fresh fruit and vegetable offering. Commenting on the announcement, Martin Kelleher, Managing Director, SuperValu, said, ‘At SuperValu, we are fully committed to supporting local Irish producers and growers. SuperValu’s commitment to investing in local produce guarantees top quality, fresh Irish fruit and vegetables for consumers and resulted in combined Irish retail sales of €1 billion of fresh Irish food in 2010. Given the choice, Irish consumers prefer to buy Irish produce and we are delighted to be in a position to deliver top class Irish fruit and veg at good value prices.’ During 2010, Musgrave, owner of the SuperValu brand, made a significant contribution to the Irish economy and Irish suppliers, with 75% of all products purchased on behalf of all its retail partners, either produced or manufactured in Ireland. This represents total purchases from Irish suppliers in excess of €2.6 billion at retail level, serving to both create and protect Irish jobs and livelihoods, and also sustain the Irish community. Bulb time in Ladysbridge IT’S bulb time in the garden once again and the Ladysbridge and District Flower and Garden Club will meet on Monday, September 19th at 8pm sharp in the Garryvoe Hotel. Guest Speaker, Octavia Tulloch from Heritage Bulbs, Glasnevin, will tell us ‘How to get the best use from bulbs and seeds.’ There will also be bulbs for sale. New members and guests always welcome. Open Night at the Midleton Community Forum in recognition of volunteers who help in your community DID you know that International Volunteer Week is happening at the end of September this year? And are you aware of how much they are doing for you in your community? For those that want to know more about what services are available to them at the Community Forum we have decided to host an Open Night on Friday, September 30th from 7.30pm to 9.30pm. We would be delighted to see you there and talk to you about the services we offer, or about services you may want to offer (there are always opportunities for those wishing to join us in a voluntary capacity – even if it’s only an hour a week.) So this event is for people on both sides of the Volunteering spectrum! There should be something there for everyone. But you won’t know unless you come on the night. All are welcome. Check in to this spot next week for more information about this event and about the services already available at or through Midleton Community Forum WEEKLY DISAPPOINTING when things don’t go the way you expected. However, there are some things on this planet that we have no control over and we must accept as one of the lessons of life. But remember there are many things on their way that will compensate more than enough. By the end of this week you appear to be smiling from ear to ear over someone special. Just make sure you are within their line of view. Make their day. A HARMLESS little white lie may come back to haunt you, so honesty is the best policy this week. Try a little understanding for someone who tried and just seemed to make matters worse. It wasn’t their intention. The goals you were striving to reach may seem out of reach at the moment, but they are just on hold. Other things are taking priority and you will need to deal with them first and then move on. IT'S TIME to start a new chapter in your life. You may have been feeling a bit stuffy and trapped lately. That’s life's way of saying open yourself to change. If we didn’t embrace it life would be so boring and mundane and it should be anything but that. You have many hidden talents that will only emerge when you try new things. So this week, look around you.There’s a whole part of your life yet undiscovered. IF OLD wounds need to be healed someone has to make the first move. Be the bigger person and make contact. Once that’s out of the way you are free to deal with the other obstacles in your life.This should bring you a great deal of satisfaction, as you see a clear path opening up to allow you to try new things. An off the cuff request by an acquaintance, may have more meaning than you thought. Dig a little deeper if you dare. LEADING the way is in your nature, but maybe you should check they don’t have other plans first. It will be a lot easier in the long run.There may be times this week when you think everything is going wrong but maybe, if you relax a little, you’ll find they will run smoother and you will be less stressed. You don’t need to be ten yards ahead of the team this week, because you put on one hell of a show without it. LET sleeping dogs be this week. It really won’t take an awful lot to stir up a storm with someone. The problem is you need to be on top form, and peace and tranquillity should be your motto this week.They can wait a little longer if they are looking for the best of you. Virgos are going to glow this week and they will attract attention from all around. There’s one special pair of eyes that are delighted to see you around. IT’S difficult to balance things this week, and that really upsets the Libras. Being the scales of the zodiac it’s in your nature to have balance as, to have balance is to have harmony. No problem though, you are a good problem-solver as long as it’s someone else’s problem, and that will be your duty this week. Think carefully before you give advice as, once it’s received, it will be acted upon because they trust you. ONCE you start the ball rolling everything else will fall into place. There is a positive note in the air this week and it follows you everywhere. This may mean having to cheer up a lot of glum people along the way, just don’t get dragged into their self-made gloom. You have happier things to be attending to, like yourself. You have to be looking your best for a secret admirer, who will be glued to you. THIS should be a chill out week for you. But true to form you seem to get yourself involved in yet another project. Well it’s very much in your nature to be always on the go and doing something. Just be careful, your energy levels are not everlasting and you will need to rest. After all for the single Sagittarians, there is a special someone coming into your life this weekend who wants to see you at your best. WITH a slow start to the week it may appear endless for the first few days. But there’s plenty to keep you busy once you stay focused. Others may try to off load their stress in your direction, but don’t be fooled.They aren’t looking for help, more like someone to take the whole job on. A friendly smile in your direction carries a lot more heat than it betrays. All you have to do is look your dazzling best. DID you ever get the feeling you need to shake all the dust off and start again? Well this is one of those weeks. Don’t dwell on past failures, go out and make new achievements. It’s almost as if nothing can stand in your way, and you won’t let it. Others may try diverting your attention to problems but it’s only because you’re being so strong it scares them. Don’t be afraid to smile in the direction of someone special. They’re waiting for you. TRY to look on the bright side when things don’t go according to plan this week. There is normally a very good reason why they didn’t. Others might not be able to see your side of an argument at the moment, but in time the truth will shine through and you will be proven right. The last thing you need is to be wasting time arguing. You need to look your best now, as someone very special is watching. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal 5 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 6 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Killeagh community UCC launches the help schools abroad Irish Institute for Japanese Studies DENISE FITZGERALD REPORTS 1st prize winner, Janice Buckley, receiving her prize of a weekend in Trabolgan from Eileen Wallace, organiser JOHN DALY and Eileen Wallace of Killeagh have been very busy in recent times, organising a massive and very successful fundraising event which took place in The Old Thatch, Killeagh. A giant raffle was also held, with a total of fifteen valuable prizes to be won. The fundraiser was organised to help raise funds for a school in Varadero, Cuba, and also to help St. Fergal’s National School Killeagh. John and Eileen told the East Cork Journal that they hope the event will help forge a link between both schools, which would be for the mutual benefit of the pupils, staff and the wider community. John is currently in contact with the Cuban Ambassador, to make all the necessary arrangements to establish the links between the schools and finalise details for the dual contact. Both he and Eileen are delighted with the success of the fundraiser and the monies which were raised, thanks in no small part to the great generosity and support of the people of Killeagh and surrounding areas. Fundraisers are many, all of them worthy, and with the current economic climate it is not always easy to raise funds. Without sponsors, donations, and the ongoing generosity of the people, most would not be successful. In the East Cork area, and Killeagh in particular, the support of the parish is never wanting for good causes and John and Eileen wish to thank most sincerely all those who generously gave prizes for the raffle, kind donations from Caoimhin De Bhailis, Kevin Hegary, the Old Thatch and those who supported them on the day. Your support made the efforts well worth doing. Below are the results of the raffle: The sponsors included Trabolgan Holiday Centre; Iryna Harty, Artist; Hamlets Restaurant, Glanmire; Killeagh Parents Association; Kilkenny Design Centre, Shanagarry; Tasty Bite, Killeagh; Stephen Pierce Pottery; Happy Garden Chinese Restaurant; Tom Kell, Butcher, Killaghy; Helen Kennedy, Kennedy’s Bar and Finbarr Wallace. The lucky winner of the first prize, which was a voucher for a weekend break in Trabolgan Centre, was Janice Buckley and 2nd prize, an original framed Watercolour by Iryna Harty, was won by Helen Kennedy. UNIVERSITY College Cork (UCC) has announced the establishment of the Irish Institute for Japanese Studies (IIJS). The Institute represents the first of its kind in Ireland, and will stand alongside the Institutes of Chinese and of Korean Studies in the School of Asian Studies in UCC. The aim of the Institute is to develop research and teaching for the relatively new discipline of Japanese Studies in Ireland, especially in the arts and humanities and social sciences, to create a network with other scholars in Europe who do research on Japan, and to enhance mutual understanding between the peo- ples of Japan and Ireland through cultural events such as presentations of Japanese film, music, theatre, and other arts. Professor Graham Parkes, Director of IIJS explains, ‘Even though Japanese language is a school Leaving Certificate subject in Ireland, Japanese Studies has not, traditionally been a major presence at the university level. ese society and culture, as well as history and religions. The development of the Institute will encourage further progress in this area,’ he said. ‘We are also establishing institutional partnerships with universities in Japan in order to facilitate exchanges of students,’ he added. The increasing interest among young people in Japanese popular culture (in manga and anime especially), combined with some acquaintance with the language, provides an opportunity to engage university students in the study of other aspects of Japan- DISCOUNT FRIDAYS KNOCKGRIFFIN, MIDLETON 021 4632411 30% OFF TREES & SHRUBS UNTIL THE END OF SEPTEMBER Huge reductions in our gift shop Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal FEATURE Ceolta Sí: To Enshchede and back EMILY BRESLIN WRITES EARLIER this year, Ceolta Sí, the senior section of Youghal Comhaltas, received yet another invitation to perform abroad and we were delighted to accept the opportunity to perform alongside a Dutch traditional group on their home soil, this time in Enschede, Holland. The wheels were set in motion, and on August 25th twenty eight musicians and dancers arrived in Cork Airport. It may have been half past four in the morning, but that did nothing to dampen the enthusiasm! We touched down in Amsterdam at nine, Dutch time, and were whisked onto a bus to meet the members of de Krekkel and our host families. De Krekkel is a Dutch traditional dance group based in the city of Enschede, and it was this group who had invited us to perform alongside them in the annual Music and Folklore Festival. We performed again on Friday, this time to a larger crowd in De Posten, again alongside de Krekkel group. We spent an extremely enjoyable few hours exploring the famous German market in Enschede city centre before leaving for our third performance. That night we were taught some of the Dutch dances by de Krekkel, and in turn we introduced them to Irish dancing with numbers such as the Siege of Ennis two hand jigs, Shoe the Donkey etc. Sunday, the premier day of the festival dawned at last, but before we could begin preparing we all met up for brunch with a German dance group “Trachtengruppe Lindhors” who’d arrived for the festival. Our visit had being building up to this final performance in the beautiful Prismare Theatre. The theatre was built in the centre of the area, where a horrendous explosion disaster occurred in a fireworks factory back in 2000, which razed a large area of the city to the ground. We were honoured to perform in a place which had such meaning for the local people. We were the final group to perform on the day, after the Plus Singers of Enschede, the German Lindhorst group and de Krekkel Group themselves, which meant we saw the full showcase of local talent and traditions. At last we were called. The performance was a resounding success, and the audience called for an encore which we were delighted to give them! The atmosphere was fantastic, and the evening definitely finished off on a high note (if you’ll excuse the pun!). Early Monday morning we said our final round of goodbyes to de Krekkel, and headed off to Amsterdam for what looked to be an amazing day. It rained on us most of the time, but being Irish we’re veterans of bad weather so it didn’t come as a surprise! We ploughed on regardless and had great craic as we were guided around on a canal tour and a trip to the famous Dam Square by a former native of that beautiful city. The whole experience was a fabulous addition to Ceolta Sí’s credentials, and I know none of us will ever forget the trip to Enschede and the friends we made there. We were instantly made to feel at home, and that afternoon we were taken to the Town Hall for a reception with the Mayor where, upon request, we performed a few sets of tunes before we were given a tour of the Hall. On the Friday, the first of our performances began at Het Landhuis, a hotel where we saw de Krekkel perform for the first time. The group have a very rich culture and history which they were delighted to share with us during our trip. The Dutch dances all have stories upon which the dances are based, which was very interesting to see. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 8 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Bitesize News YOUGHAL Compiled by Denise FitzGerald 087 812 8262 / [email protected] SUNDAY and Bank Holiday Rota Sunday, September 18th Youghal Pharmacy Open from 12noon to 1pm. (Walsh’s Pharmacy closed) Sunday, September 25th Walsh’s Pharmacy Open from 12noon to 1pm. (Youghal Pharmacy closed) Sunday, October 2nd Youghal Pharmacy Open from 12noon to 1pm. (Walsh’s Pharmacy closed). Visit website www.youghalpharmacy.com Youghal Pharmacy hours Local Garda Transferred Garda Barry Storran has been stationed in the town of Youghal for the past three years. He has become a friend to many during those years, and respected by all for the manner in which he undertook his duties. Garda Storran has now been transferred to the Limerick area and his colleagues and friends have organised a ‘Farewell Do’ which will be held in Bertie Dempsey’s Bar on Monday next, September 19th. All his friends are invited along to wish him success and happiness in his new posting. Youghal Chernobyl Aid Ireland Host Family Appeal We have been bringing children from Belarus to Ireland for a holiday every summer for the past fourteen years. It has been scientifically proven that a month away from the contamination in Belarus extends the lifespan of the children. Could you share your home with a child next summer? We are lucky enough to live in a very beautiful place. We have clean air and access to good, fresh food. The children we bring have none of that. They live in orphanages or with foster carers and all of them live in poverty. It is a privilege (and a lot of fun) to spend time with ‘our’ children. There are no qualifications needed, and it won’t cost you much more than an extra place at the table. You will have all the support you need. Will you think about it? We really need you. If you are interested in learning more, please contact anyone in the group you may know, or telephone any of the people listed below. We will tell you more and invite you to our next meeting. We need to get the required paperwork done (Garda clearance, references etc.,) before Christmas, so please get in touch as soon as possible. Thank you. Caroline O’Brien 024 93661/087 7411139: Margaret Murphy 024 92738/086 3657074: Tony Quirke 087 6187632: Clodagh Madden 024 90001. Happy Birthday, Richard! Saturday next, September 17th is a very special day for Richard Whyte of Prospect Farm as he will be celebrating his birthday on that day. Happy Birthday wishes are sent from all his friends, the staff of St Raphael’s and all the members of CRY local radio. Have a great day, Richard. Adult Education in Youghal The Autumn 2011 Adult Education programme for Pobalscoil na Tríonóide is now available for viewing on www.trionoide.ie. The courses are held on Monday and Thursday nights over a period of ten weeks, commencing Monday, September 26th. Office enrolments are now being taken. Flying Carpets The launch of the photographic exhibition ‘Last Days. The End of Carpets at Youghal’ will take place in the Mall Arts Centre, Youghal on Friday, September 23rd at 7pm, in accordance with Cork Culture Night. This photo exhibition is steeped in the history of Carpet production in Youghal. Tremendous pride was taken in the producing of these high quality carpets and this exhibition honours the skill and workmanship involved in this process. The striking photographs of this exhibition encapsulates the immense impact of the imminent closure of the factory. The exhibition was previously displayed in May 2007 and was compiled by Marcella Reardon and Derek Speirs, who witnessed and documented the final days of the factory’s operation in December, 2006. This launch marks the homecoming of the exhibition, as the collection is returning to Youghal on a permanent basis. There are over 30 photographs within the collection - some which are 6ft x 6ft in size! The official launch of the exhibition takes place at 7pm in the Mall Arts Centre on Friday 23rd September. Una Whyte, the talented concert Harpist and Vocalist will perform a recital at the opening of the exhibition. Previous factory workers as well as those involved in compiling the exhibition will be present to mark the homecoming of the collection. The production of carpets in Youghal began in 1954 with just four employees. At the height of its operations, nearly 800 staff were employed in Youghal alone and 3,600 in the entire company. The industry was paramount to the development and progression of the surrounding communities – not just Youghal, but East Cork itself and South West Waterford. The exhibition will run for a week, and is free of charge for all to view in the Mall Arts Centre. It is open on the following days: Friday, September 23rd: 3pm – 10pm Sunday, September 25th: 3pm – 6pm Monday, 26th - Friday, September 30th: 9am to 4pm daily For more information please see www.themallartscentre.com or contact Joyce on 083-3606507. Classes have resumed this week for Groups, and classes proper will resume on October 1st next. Register by calling or texting 087 7934504. Let the music start…. New Season commences for Comhaltas The Annual collection for AWARE will take place on Thursday and Friday next, Thursday, September 15th and Friday, September 16th. If you have an hour to spare and would like to help, it would be greatly appreciated. Please call Teresa Millea on 024 20729 or 085 734 4113 if you can help. AWARE offers support to those who suffer from depression. Buy a Daisy and help this worthy cause. Be AWARE Youghal ICA bid goodbye to a treasured member JULIA Gracey-Cox, Bree Power, Marie Gleeson, Mary Walsh, Julia Gracey-Cox, Kitty Flavin, Kay Donnelly, Mary McCarthy, Mary Lynch and Therese Foley met at Greenbarn for a very enjoyable lunch on Monday, September 5th last. All members of the local ICA Guild, they were sad that one of their members, Julia, will soon be heading back to England. Julia arrived in Youghal four years ago, having purchased a home in the town. She immediately became involved in many local groups, including the ICA. She is gifted in too many ways to mention, but painting must be high on the list as she won a Cup in the ICA for a wonderful painting of woodland creatures. She also demonstrated her cre- ativity in Flower Arranging, Crochet, Knitting and Embroidery. The local ICA members will miss her, not only for her many talents but also for her pleasant presence among them, and her The Youghal Hospice Annual Coffee Morning and Cake Sale will take place on tomorrow, Thursday September 15th, at Cumann na Daoine, League of the Cross, Catherine Street, Youghal from 10.00 a.m. until 2.00 p.m. Please note the new venue, as it was normally held at Youghal Community Hospital. The Youghal Hospice thank you all sincerely for your generous and continued support, which is greatly appreciated. Coffee Morning and Cake Sale If you are unable to come along to Cumann na Daoine on Thursday, then The Red Store, North Main Street, Youghal is the place to be on Friday, September 16th from 10am to 12noon where more delicious coffee and cakes will be available. And of course, there is nothing whatsoever to stop you coming along to both! Good coffee, goodies and chat. All for the local Youghal Hospice. More Coffee and Cake A Hand Reflexology for Home Use course will commence on Monday, September 26th at Cumann Na Daoine, Catherine Street, Youghal. The course will run each Monday from 11am to 1pm for a period of six weeks. This course is FREE if you are unemployed or retired. Contact Stacey for further information on 021 4613432. Free course to start soon in Youghal The RNLI Helvick Lifeboat Station are hosting an Open Day on Sunday, September 25th, from noon to 5pm, where you can see the local lifeboat the RNLB Alice and Charles. There will also be an opportunity to meet the crew and view the special equipment used by these brave men and women who are always ready, every day of the year, to answer the call to save life at sea. There will also be a vintage run in aid of the Helvick Lifeboat on the same day, leaving the RNLI Lifeboat Station at 1pm and arriving back at 3pm. People of all ages are invited to come along. If you’d like more information, then please ring 058 46314. Open Day at Helvick To help you cope An 8 week course to help people cope with life in difficult times will begin on Tuesday, October 4th at Cumann Na Daoine, Catherine Street, Youghal. The course content includes: Stress management; Assertive Communication; happy and outgoing personality. Although sad to see her go, the ICA members wish her a happy and rewarding life back in England with her daughter. Kay Donnelly (Hon. President) How to manage your feelings; Relaxation Techniques This course is FREE if you are unemployed or retired. For further information contact Stacey on 021 461 3432. Community Alert Youghal AGM The Annual General Meeting of Community Alert Youghal will take place on Wednesday, October 5th at 7.45pm in the Bridge Room at the Walter Raleigh Hotel. The usual monthly meetings take place on the first Tuesday of every month, but due to the Fashion Show which will be held in the hotel on Tuesday, October 4th, the AGM has been moved to Wednesday 5th instead. Events at Cumann na Daoine Wednesday, September 14th 10am - 1pm SECAD Youghal Opportunity Morning; 2pm - 3pm Walking Group; 3pm to 5pm Women’s Group; 6.45pm - 8pm Evening Walking Group; 7.30pm to 9pm Care & Repair; 7.30pm to 9pm Disability Group; 7.30pm - 9pm GROW ( Community Mental Health Group) Thursday, September 15th 10am - 1pm Hospice Coffee Morning; 11am - 1pm Men’s Drop-In; 8am - 9.45pm Bingo; 7.30pm to 9.30pm Music Group Friday, September 16th 2pm – 4pm Indoor Bowls Monday, September 19th 4pm - 5pm St. Vincent de Paul Tuesday, September 20th 5.4pm5 - 7.30pm Weight Watchers Taekwon-Do at Youghal Community Centre Relieve stress, be creative, improve health, meet new people, have fun. Mondays- beginners 6-12years from 4pm to 5pm: Advanced 6-12 years from 5pm to 6pm: Adult beginner 13+ from 6pm to 7pm. Thursday - Little Ninjas, 4-6 years from 3.30pm to 4.30pm: Beginners 7-12 years 4.30pm to 5.30pm: Adult beginners 13+ 5.30pm to 6.30pm. Contact Mark on 086 8220107. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 9 Wednesday, September 14th. 2011 - The East Cork Journal The Ecclesiastical Review A Short Biography of Padre Pio Padre Pio of Pietrelcina - September 23rd PADRE Pio (Francesco Forgione) was born to Giuseppa and Grazio Forgione, in the small farming town of Pietrelcina, Italy on May 25, 1887. Although the Forgiones were poor in material goods, they were certainly rich in their faith life and in the love of God. Even as a young boy, Francesco had already shown signs of extraordinary gifts of grace. At the age of five, he dedicated his life to God. From his early childhood, he showed a remarkable recollection of spirit and a love for the religious life. His mother described him as a quiet child who, from his earliest years, loved to go to church and to pray. As a young boy, he was able to see and communicate with, not only his Guardian Angel, but also with Jesus and the Virgin Mary. In his simplicity, Francesco assumed everyone had the same experiences. Once a woman who noticed his spiritual demeanour asked him, “When did you consecrate your life to God? Was it at your first Holy Communion?” and he answered, “Always, daughter, always.” When Francesco was fifteen years old, he was admitted to the novitiate of the Capuchin Order of the Friars Minor in Morcone, Italy. He was admired by his fellow-students as well as by his Superiors for his exemplary behaviour and his deep piety. On August 10, 1910, at the age of twenty-three, Padre Pio was ordained to the priesthood. The celebration of the Holy Mass was, for Padre Pio, the centre of his spirituality. Due to the long pauses of contemplative silence into which he entered at various parts of the Holy Sacrifice, his Mass could sometimes last several hours. The parish priest in Pietrelcina called Padre Pio’s Mass, “an incomprehensible mystery.” When asked to shorten his Mass, Padre Pio replied, “God knows that I want to say Mass just like any other priest, but I cannot do it.” As the years passed, pilgrims began to come to him by the thousands, from every corner of the world, drawn by the spiritual riches which flowed so freely from his extraordinary ministry. Padre Pio is understood, above all else, as a man of prayer. Before he was thirty years old he had already reached the summit of the spiritual life known as the “unitive way” of transforming union with God. He prayed almost continuously. His prayers were usually very simple. He loved to pray the Rosary and recommended it to others. To someone who asked him what legacy he wished to leave to his spiritual children, his brief reply was, “My child, the Rosary.” He had a special mission to the souls in Purgatory and encouraged everyone to pray for them. He used to say, “We must empty Purgatory with our prayers.” Padre Pio suffered from poor health his entire life, once saying that his health had been declining from the time he was nine years old. After his ordination to the priesthood, he remained in his hometown of Pietrelcina and was separated from his religious community for more than five years due to his precarious health. Although the cause of his prolonged and debilitating illnesses remained a mystery to his doctors, Padre Pio did not become discouraged. He offered all of his bodily sufferings to God as a sacrifice, for the conversion of souls. He experienced many spiritual sufferings as well. “I am fully convinced that my illness is due to a special permission of God,” he said. Shortly after his ordination, he wrote a letter to his spiritual director, Father Benedetto Nardella, in which he asked permission to offer his life as a victim for sinners. The marks of the stigmata, the wounds of Christ, appeared on Padre Pio’s body, on Friday, September 20, 1918, while he was praying before a crucifix and making his thanksgiving after Mass. He was thirty-one years old and became the first stigmatized priest in the history of the Church. With resignation and serenity, he bore the painful wounds in his hands, feet, and side for fifty years. In addition, God end o w e d Padre Pio with many extraordinary spiritual gifts a n d charisms including the gift of healing, bilocation, prophecy, miracles, discernment of spirits, the ability to abstain beyond man’s natural powers from both sleep and nourishment, the ability to read hearts, the gift of tongues (the ability to speak and understand languages that he had never studied), the gift of conversions, the grace to see angelic beings in form, and the fragrance which emanated from his wounds and which frequently announced his invisible presence. When a friend once questioned him about these charisms, Padre Pio said, “You know, they are a mystery to me, too.” His day began at 2.30am when he would rise to begin his prayers and to make his preparation for Mass. He was able to carry on a busy apostolate with only a few hours of sleep each night and an amount of food that was so small (300-400 calories a day) that his fellow priests stated that it was not enough food even to keep a small child alive. Between Mass and confessions, his workday lasted 19 hours. He very rarely left the monastery and never took even a day’s vacation from his gruelling schedule in 51 years. He never read a newspaper or listened to the radio. He cautioned his spiritual children against watching television. Padre Pio Cell In his monastery in San Giovanni Rotondo, he lived the Franciscan spirit of poverty with detachment from self, from possessions, and from comforts. He always had a great love for the virtue of chastity, and his behaviour was modest in all situations and with all people. In his lifetime, Padre Pio reconciled thousands of men and women back to their faith. The Prayer Groups established by Padre Pio have now spread throughout the world. He gave a new spirit to hospitals by founding one which he called “The Home for the Relief of Suffering.” He saw the image of Christ in the poor, the suffering, and the sick and gave himself particularly to them. He once said, “Bring God to all those who are sick. This will help them more than any other remedy.” Serene and well prepared, he surrendered to Sister Death on September 23, 1968 at the age of eightyone. He died as he had lived, with his Rosary in his hands. His last words were Gesú, Maria – Jesus, Mary - which he repeated over and over until he breathed his last. He had often declared, “After my death I will do more. My real mission will begin after my death.” In one of the largest liturgies in the Vatican’s history, Pope John Paul II canonized Padre Pio on June 16, 2002. During his homily, Pope John Paul recalled how, in 1947, as a young priest he journeyed from Poland to make his confession to Padre Pio. “Prayer and charity–this is the most concrete synthesis of Padre Pio’s teaching,” the Pope said. Drawing approximately eight million pilgrims each year, San Giovanni Rotondo, where St. Pio lived and is now buried, is second only to the shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico in its number of annual visitors. East Cork Ecclesiastical Events Parish of Youghal Day retreat with the Fraternity of Mary Immaculate Queen, Holy Family Church, Youghal, Saturday September 17th. 11.00am Rosary. 11.30am, talk by Fr. Nigel Woollen, “ Heaven & earth are full of his glory”. 12.30pm lunch ( bring packed lunch/ tea , coffee provided ) followed by Adoration & closing with Mass at 3.30pm. All welcome. The website if you need further information about the community iswww.maryimmaculatequeen.com Welcome into the Church those who were baptised into the Parish: July: Lauren Emma O’Connell, Amy Joanna Murray, Harry James Dineen, Aimee Teresa Elizabeth Fitzgerald-Poyntz, Kulie Sierra Sullivan, Lottie Lee Terry, Evelyn Jane Purdy, Lydia Nisha Keane, James Anthony Cronin, Katie Louise WhitforthKing, Alfia Marie Grace Quinn, Lily Eve Kelly, libby Dempsey, Jack Michael Healy, Magen Helen Carey. August: Sean Francis Dillon, Julia Stephen O’Leary, Adam Paul O’Driscoll, Veronica Mary Barrett, Jonah Caimhin Tuar Ceatha Howley, Jenny Muria Sheridan, Joseph Kyle Kenny Norris, Caoimhe Williams, Evan John Connolly, Aaron Jerome White, Darragh McNamara Hyde, Danni Maria Doyle, Lexie Grace Lyons. Enrolment for the Sacraments of First Holy Communion and Confirmation Parents whose children are in second and sixth classes in the following Catholic Primary Schools – Gaelscoil Choráin, Clonpriest, Bunscoil Mhuire – will receive information in October regarding the enrolment of children for the Sacraments, the dates of the ceremonies and the Parish Preparation programme. All parents who wish to have their child receive the Sacraments are invited to commit themselves to celebrate the Sunday Mass and participate in the Catholic community. If parents have children in other schools, or in other classes, and wish to have their children enrolled for these Sacraments, they will need to contact one of the Priests of the parish before the end of September. Anam Cara has been established in Cork for the past 3 years and is currently in the process of setting up a second support group in Ballincollig, County Cork to help support parents and families after the death of their child. To launch this group, Anam Cara will be facilitating a Professional Bereavement Talk on Wednesday 21st September in the Leslie Suite at the Oriel House Hotel, Ballincollig, Co Cork. From 7.30pm to 9.30pm. Guest speaker for the evening is Peter Hanlon who will give his talk on ‘A Parents Grief and Loss’ All Anam Cara services are offered free of charge to parents. As we need to confirm numbers for room set up, we would appreciate if you could RSVP to [email protected] before the Tuesday 20th September 2011, or call 01 4045378. Anam Cara Bereavement Talk Parish of Midleton and Ballintotas Midleton and District Lourdes Invalid Fund. A Thanksgiving Mass will be celebrated in St. Peter’s Church, Dungourney on Friday, September 23rd next at 7.30pm. Everybody welcome. St Joseph’s Young Priests Society The Monthly meeting will take place in the Edmond Rice Centre, Rosary Place on tonight, Wednesday September 14th after 10am Mass. If you require further information on the work carried out by the Society, feel free to come along to our meeting. No commitment required. All meetings are short in duration. For information on Pre-Marriage Courses – full day on specific Saturdays cost €90 per couple. Also, counselling to achieve/postpone pregnancy. Contact Naomi, 119 Patrick Street, Monday to Friday from 9.30am to 1pm. Naomi Billings Ireland Anybody willing to host the October Stations might please contact the Priest of their area, or Father Goold. The Town Stations will begin in the Holy Rosary Church on Monday, October 3rd. October Stations Parish of Carrigtwohill St Pio national Pilgrimage to Knock Shrine Coach leaving the Courthouse, Midleton at 7am on Sunday, September 18th. Names to Mamie or Mary on 4632937 or 087 6328113. Fare €22 to be paid before Thursday, September 15th. St Colman’s Parish Centre, Cobh. Old Testament Historical books, Joshua and Judges. On Fridays from 8pm to 9pm. October 14th and 28th, November 11th and 25th, December 9th. Course Leader Fr. John McCarthy CC. Please bring your own Bible. Bible Study Sunday, September 18th Blessing of babies and young children at 5pm. Refreshments afterwards in the Chapel of St Aloysius College. Entrance beside the Sacred Heart Altar. Parish Diary A Dominican Centre for Theological Studies. Study of theology for non degree and degree course. For further information please contact [email protected], telephone 01 4048124 or write to The Priory Institute, Tallaght Village, Dublin 24. The Priory Institute If you wish to contribute to this page, please contact Denise on 087 8128262 or email [email protected] Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 10 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal An Appreciation OLIVE ROCHE Fr. Murphy Place, Midleton, RIP OLIVE was called to her eternal reward in the early hours of Thursday, September 1st, and died as she lived, in the presence of her beloved family. Olive left behind a trail of happy memories to her family and all who knew her. She was a kind, caring and pleasant lady and the vast attendance at her obsequies each day was testament to the esteem in which she was held in her adopted community. Requiem Mass for Olive was concelebrated by Fr. Michéal O’Lionsigh and Monsignor Eamonn Goold, and music and hymns by the IMP Choir and Deborah Desmond accompanied by Betty Moloney. At the beginning of Mass, the IMP Choir sang ‘Abide With Me’, and Olive’s granddaughters, Sarah and Megan recited the first and second readings with the response The Lord is my Shepherd sung by Deborah Desmond. In his Homily Fr. O’Lionsigh said that Olive loved nature, her garden was full of colour, plants, flowers and sunflowers in abundance. She went through a painful experience on the untimely death of her beautiful daughter Marguerite and despite this she continued to live life to the full surrounded by her husband and family who now, in turn, cared so lovingly for Olive. She loved beautiful things and was always ready to travel. Her family faced the reality of death with dignity, blessed by her courage, and her memory will live on. Jesus says that death is a new beginning and unless the grain of wheat dies it will not bring forth new life. Prayers of the Faithful were read by Olive’s friend Helen, her sister Laura, daughter Jovanna, niece Tracey and Anne Marie Hennessy. The Offertory gifts were presented by her brother, Thomas and daughter-in-law Theresa, and the Communion Hymns were sung by Deborah Desmond and the IMP Choir and a solo of Ave Maria was sung by Deborah also. Olive’s son, James in his Eulogy welcomed everybody and said that his mother was a lady with a huge heart and was well known for her kindness to others. He quoted a local shopkeeper who said, ‘ Another great character of the town gone’. As a mother, grandmother, wife, mother-inlaw, aunt, sister and sister-inlaw, she could relate to all ages. Her grandchildren Sarah and Megan and daughter Czarina regarded her as their best friend. Olive will be remembered for her colourful dress sense and her love of gardening and her great gift to revive plants. She was also noted for her creations of wedding bouquets. Olive loved the craic, dancing with her friends and singing at the GAA Pavilion. Olive shared very special moments with her grandchildren and when Jovanna came into her life, we had such happy times. When we went to Euro Disney she spent her time in the small, small world and another day when we went to Paris she got her handbag stuck on a metro door. On behalf of the family I wish to extend thanks to the staff of Marymount Hospice, the South Infirmary Hospital, the Daffodil Foundation, especially Catherine on the last days of Mam’s life. Thanks to Anthony and Hyde’s Funeral Directors for their kindness and to Fr. Michéal O’Lionsigh for his support to us. Thanks to the IMP Choir and to Deborah Desmond for the beautiful music and singing. A special thanks to Mammy’s family for their support over the past few weeks, especially her brother Thomas and his wife Mary. Last, but by no means least, thanks to her loyal friend Helen, for her love to Mammy over the years. James finished with a quote by Paulo – The Warriors of Light. ‘The Man who defends his friends is never overwhelmed by the storms of life. He is strong enough to come through difficulties and carry on’. The choir than sang Let it be Lord, and Deborah sang ‘May the Road Rise to Meet You’ and Olive’s Swan Song, One Day at a Time. The Choirs’ final hymn was Going Home. To Olive’s husband, Gerard, son James, daughters Czarina, Jovanna, and Mario, sisters, brother, their families, relatives and a wide circle of friends, especially Helen, we extend heartfelt sympathy on the loss of their beloved Olive. She has now joined her loving daughter Marguerite, her parents and many friends in their heavenly home where stories of happier times in Midleton and Cloyne will be told, and rest assured songs will be sung. May Olive’s kindly loving soul rest in peace. - K.W. and friends. An Appreciation TOM POMPHRETT Youghal, RIP (31.10.1942 – 27.7.2011) THE town of Youghal lost one of its hugely popular and much loved characters on July 27th last, with the untimely death of Tom ‘Midge’ Pomphrett. He was a beloved husband to Angela, adored father to Nessa, Shane, Aoife and Aideen, father in law to Mike Browne, grandfather to Caoimhe, Blanaid and Donnacha, cousin and friend to many. Tom ‘Midge’ grew up on the North Main Street – the only child of Phil and Peggy Pomphrett. He worked with his father, Phil, and took over the family business, Midleton Steel Works, where three generations of Pomphrett men worked together, when he trained his son, Shane. He was well known in the motor trade industry in the greater Cork area and beyond. He was an avid and loyal Youghal GAA supporter from the early years, with Billy Swayne and the Brown Street gang. He played hurling with gusto, for a ‘small fella’, and there are many legendary stories back in the day involving ‘date of birth’ mix ups and controversial jersey sponsorships for the “town leagues” where he played for the Centre. Tom, along with his wife Angela, was a regular fixture at matches where he was a vocal supporter and, of course, loved the post match banter afterwards. Tom could always be found surrounded by people – a big smile on his face, having the craic, and giving a great spin and opinion on the match – a pint of Murphy’s in hand. He travelled the country supporting Cork Hurlers –driving the great Cork senior team way Looking ahead with Youghal Concerned Citizens The energetic and very active committee of Youghal Concerned Citizens (YCC) continue to put their heads together, coming up with novelty ways in which to highlight their town and bring an awareness of what Youghal has to offer, writes Denise FitzGerald. The Youghal Gold Label Seafood Pie competition, which was a huge success, results this week in the chefs of the town meeting to ensure all are using the same recipe and techniques to ensure the quality and consistency of the winning Seafood Pie. A recent visit to the town by food critiques, who sampled the pie wishing to check it out for themselves, resulted in very happy smiles and praise. For those wishing to cook the pie at home, Youghal Bay Seafood in Foxhole have put together a competitively priced package which includes all the various fish and seafood used in the pie. Meeting and greeting the buses has proved very successful this summer, and increases have been seen on a number of fronts: Bus Tours: The numbers of buses stopping has increased, resulting in an increase in the number of visitors coming up into the town. Other plans are currently being put in place for the Meet and Greet initiative, including changing the stop point for tour buses to Raheen Road. This would facilitate visitors who can take the heritage walk through the Town Walls, on to Main Street, and rejoin the coach at Market Quay. The next festival planned is 'Yaughaloween Spooktacular' which will be held from October 28th to 31st inclusive. As is now expected from this exciting group, a great family programme is planned over the weekend including Treasure Hunt, Headless Horsemen, Halloween games, Fancy Dress Parades, Storytelling and Pumpkin Carving, and The East Cork Journal will print details of the full programme of events and times nearer the dates. Festivals: back in the 60’s - Willie Walsh, Seanie O’Leary, Pat Hegarty, Christy Ring etc. He once cycled to Thurles to a Munster final as a boy, and in later years he never missed a Munster final or an All Ireland in Croke Park. He was one of the founder members of Claycastle Pitch and Putt club, and was a committee member who was a great encouragement to younger players. Every Sunday morning, he arrived on time (!) for a four ball which was played with his uncle, Dick Duhig, Michael Landers, Dave Hankard and the late Noel O Driscoll. Many a funny story came out of those Sunday mornings. In recent years Tom bought a beautiful Wolseley car, which he proudly displayed with the Youghal Vintage club on St Patrick’s Day Parade and Queen of the Sea Festival. It is hoped that shop keepers and bar/restaurant staff will get involved by wearing fancy dress for the weekend. A 'Charles Dickens Christmas in Youghal' Ideas are being formed and put together for this Christmas novelty and further details will again be published when arrangements have been completed. YCC would be delighted If the Youghal locals would tell their relatives and friends, living outside of the town, all about what Tom made friends wherever he went, and lived his life to the full. He was the last to leave a party, and only too willing to sing a heartfelt rendition of ‘The Banks’. He was so proud of his family, who are left with the legacy of his kindness, positivity and a wealth of hilarious stories and fond memories of a cherished husband and father. Tom Pomphrett loved his home town of Youghal. He was an ordinary man, but the many hundreds of people who came to his funeral and paid him the highest of respects , put him on par with that of a sporting hero. For Tom ‘Midge’ just went about his life with a smile on his face, always looking on the bright side ,having a laugh, telling a great story and being a great friend . One of Youghal’s great characters is gone but never forgotten. Month’s Mind Mass will be celebrated at The Holy Family Church, Youghal on Saturday next, September 17th at 7.30pm - Nessa Browne is being organised. This should ensure some great craic and sport in the months ahead. Citizens Award It is planned to organise a ‘Citizen of the Year’ award, and nomination boxes will be placed in various shops to give people the opportunity to vote for their choice. Next meeting Youghal Concerned Citizens' next Public Meeting which will be held on Thursday, October 6th in the Red Store. You will be very welcome. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 11 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Save up to €5,275 East Cork blood donors to be on 2011 Reg Cars honoured weekend at Cavanaghs at THE Munster Regional Centre of the Irish Blood Transfusion Service will hold a Donor Awards Ceremony in the Rochestown Park Hotel this Sunday, September 18th at 6pm. 23 Donors will be honoured for having given 100 donations. 155 Donors will be honoured for having given 50 donations. Special Guests at the event will be Jack and Kyle O’Connor - aged 9 & 11 - from Co Kerry, who both benefitted from Blood Transfusions in their very early years. East Cork donors who will be honoured include: John Flannery, Fahydorgan, Carrigtwohill Martin McDermott, 63 Castle View, Carrigtwohill Therese Cahill, Lisanley, Cloyne Kevin Galvin, Monavarnogue, Killeagh Stephen Fegan, Moondharrig, St. Marys Terrace, Midleton Stephen O’Brien, 25 The Park, Midleton Gerard Shortiss, 9 Rock Grove, Midleton Leonard Slye, 13 Cois Cuain, Whitegate Joseph Cunningham, 7 Blackwater Heights, Youghal Catherine Curtin, Windmill Hill, Youghal Eileen Ring, Ballymadog, Youghal Michael Roche, Ferrypoint, Kinsalebeg, Youghal Kevin Cooney, 26 Roselawn, Ballinacurra will also receive a presentation for 100 donations. 50 Donations East Cork native, John Condon, examines the range of 2011 Registered Used cars arriving into stock at Cavanaghs of Charleville SEPTEMBER is an exciting savings of over €5,000. So, for which are greatly discounted time for car buyers at Cavanaghs those buyers that weren’t fortu- against the list price new. There of Charleville as it’s the time of nate enough to avail of scrap- is €3.085 off Fiesta, €4,745 off year when their fleet of 3 month page, or held-off on upgrading Focus, €3,195 off C-Max and old 2011 Reg stock returns, fol- earlier in the year, this probably €5,275 off Mondeo. We expect lowing a short summer hire pro- represents the last big chance to a very healthy uptake from the gramme. And this year get some real value in the car buying public, as we know that Cavanaghs is claiming to have market before the 2012 season there are still significant numbers of buyers out there that better value than ever before. swings around. have been keeping an eye on the Over 100 Ford and Hyundai 2011 Reg cars are being deliv- East Cork local, John Condon, market over the last few months ered this week to the Charleville Sales Executive at Cavanaghs waiting for the right time to buy.’ dealership in immaculate condi- had this to say, ‘This is without tion, ready to hit the forecourt doubt, our best ever selection of John is equally bullish about the for the weekend. All of these returning Ford stock with over Hyundai range on offer for the cars come with low mileage and 40 Focus, 10 Fiesta, 10 Mondeo forthcoming sale, ‘Anyone who are on sale for thousands of and 5 C-Max coming back to has been following the Hyundai euros less than the list price – our dealership. All of these cars story knows this is our strongest some, such as the Mondeo, with are low tax, low emission diesels ever line-up of cars, including the i20, i30, i30 Wagon and bestselling ix35 which will all be available for thousands less than the list price new. Again, all of these cars fall within Tax Band A, coming in at just €104 motor tax per year, with a choice of economical diesel and lowemission petrol engines. On top of that, the biggest selling point IT WAS a very happy day for a lucky couple from Cork who colis the industry-leading 5 year unlected their €250,000 Lotto Plus 2 top prize in National Lottery limited mileage manufacturer’s offices last week. They won this great prize in the draw on warranty that comes with each Wednesday, August 31st, 2011. The pair, who wish to keep their car. That’s 5 years of worry-free win private, bought their lucky €16 multi draw ticket in Nolan’s motoring!’ shop, 80 Barrack Street, Cork. John Bourke, Cluanog, Gortnamucky, Carrigtwohill Lucky Cork couple win €250,000 'We’re absolutely thrilled,' smiled the happy husband. 'I checked the ticket on the ticket scanner in my local shop on Thursday morning. When I was told to contact the National Lottery, I couldn’t believe it.' The regular Lotto player continued with a smile, 'I have been playing Lotto for years; it’s great to finally win big.' Plans for the win include 'paying off a few debts including the mortgage, buying a new car and taking a holiday.' Cavanaghs expects strong demand for these cars so is encouraging prospective buyers to call early for choice of colours, and to avoid disappointment. John Condon can be contacted on 063 30300 or 087 2660184. See www.cavanaghs.com for more details. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 12 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Out & about at the Aghada Show 2011 LAST Sunday, in what can only be described as blustery conditions, the Aghada Show took place, on Aghada NS's grounds. As usual, there were plenty of competitions to enter, with prizes handed out for the best floral arrangement, fresh fruit & veg., artwork, crafts and the immensely popular Dog Show, where Emer and Ringo scooped the prize of 'Dog the judges would most like to take home.' Daniel O'Hanlon, Peter Cashman, Cian O'Driscoll, Daniel Creedon and James Cashman Flower Power with Sorcha Phelan, Alexis Ahern, Julie Moynihan and Niamh O'Shea Phil, Carmel and Eddie examine the exhibits Getting one of their five-a-day: Betty Cashman and MĂĄirĂn Creedon 021 4638022 There was live music, food stalls, a raffle and plenty more to enjoy as the people of Aghada and the surrounding area braved the wind for an afternoon of fun. Kayleigh & Daniel Kelly with Aleisha Higgins All photos available to buy Colm Leahy & Bob O'Brien Eileen O'Driscoll with Margaret and LarO'Brien and Elizabeth Moynihan Margaret O'Brien, Best in the Knitting Section receives her prize Breda Morrissey, Best in the Flower Arranging section with from Breda Morrissey. (Pictures on this row: Barry Moran) Nora Savage, Overall Winner in the Show Tara and Sandra O'Shea Catherine Ryan presents Darragh Ryan with the Christine Hegarty Trophy for best Juvenile Exibitor at the show Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 13 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal €5k for learners who log on CPA Ireland Facebook competition offers Cork students the chance to win €5,000 towards their studies ASPIRING Cork accountants who are considering studying to become a CPA can now win €5000 towards their studies by entering the competition on the Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Facebook page. ants, and the Institute’s qualification enjoys international recognition,’ Shaw added. A CPA qualification offers students unique flexibility to study at their own pace, and allows students choose how and when they move through the qualification. Suzanne Shaw, Business Development Director with the CPA explains, ‘This is an opportunity for a life changing career move, whether fresh out of college, unemployed and looking to enter a new profession, or simply seeking to up-skill an existing qualification. Unlike other professional bodies, when studying for a CPA qualification a student can choose how many exams they would like to take at a time, and when they want to take them, so that every student progresses at their own pace. ‘With so many facing financial pressures, the CPA are doing our bit to help potential CPA’s realise their dream of a career in accountancy.’ To enter the competition simply ‘like’ the CPA Ireland Facebook page and follow the instructions to win. ‘There are no safe houses in a storm, but accountancy is one of the more reliable professions in terms of employment and there are still plenty of opportunities out there for qualified graduates, both at home and around the world. The CPA designation is the most commonly used designation worldwide for professional account- To find out more about the Institute of Certified Public Accounts visit www.studycpa.ie or visit the CPA Ireland Facebook page http://www.facebook.com/cpaireland All the Technical Crew from Revlon and the Colomor Group would like to congratulate Veleinda Whelan of Veleinda’s Hair Studio, and the Class of 2011, on their Graduation from the Colomer Group Technical Academy located in JunaBerry Hair Salon in Dublin, where they successfully completed an intensive Colour Specialist Degree. Having been awarded a worldwide recognised Certificate now allows them to work as Field Colour Technicians. LEFT: Emma Nolan (Revlon Technical Manager, Ireland) and Veleinda Whelan on their Graduation Day, May 2011 In recognition of Revlon’s highest Technical Standards in Training and Colour products in Veleinda’s Hair Studio, we would like to wish Veleinda all the very best for the future. New professional colour consultation service in Midleton THE season which brings with it all those beautiful autumnal colours, the rich warm chestnut, mahogany, burgundy and gold blonde, has arrived. That’s something to put everyone in this season’s warm mood, and there’s no better place to come for your professional colour consultation than Veleinda’s Hair Studio. As of May this year, Veleinda and the Colour Specialist Degree class of 2011 graduated from the Colomer Group Technical Academy located in JunaBerry Hair Salon in Dublin city centre, having been awarded a worldwide recognised Certificate which now allows Veleinda to work as a professional field colour technician. Veleinda’s Hair Studio recognises the dynamic pace at which colour trends and techniques are changing in the industry and are dedicated to maintaining the very latest world renowned techniques, fashion trends and ever evolving colour products brought to you by a world leader in the field - ‘Revlon.’ This new colour consultation service is available to all clients of Veleinda’s Hair Studio and is included in all colour services for the same fantastic prices. So, if you want professional, up to the minute styles in colour fashion, call to Veleinda’s Hair Studio now. Veleinda’s Hair Studio consistently providing the most competitive rates, and supporting the government’s reduced VAT rate. Veleinda’s Hair Studio Unit 4, Ballyannon Court, Coolbawn, Midleton, Co. Cork 021 4621699 O P EN I N G H O U R S Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thuursday Th Friday Closed 9.30am-5.30pm 9.30am-5.30pm 9.30am-5.30pm 9.30am-5.30pm (later by appointment) 9am-5pm Ring for an appointment or just call in for your professional colour consultation withVeleinda Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 14 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal A dogâ€™s life at the Aghada Show 2011 Bridget Wall and Maeve Culligan Ciara, Greg and Conor Simpson Ray, 6 year oldAbigail and Catherine Donnelly with Huggles and Max Emer Aherne and Ringo - the dog the judges - including Susan Roberts voted they would most like to take home - although Emer wouldn't let them! The O'Leary's with their canine companion, Joe The kids brave the windy weather conditions at the Aghada Show Doireann Conway and Bella All photos available to buy Edel Harte with Dash, Aileen Stafford-Steele with Amber, Jim Harte and Una Harte with Bubbles Eimear Boyle with Phoebe & Oscar Sheila Haran, Geraldine Shanahan, Eileen Haran and Ria and Simone Kett with Molly 021 4638022 Dave, Mary, Niall and James McGowan with Shauna Murphy and Balto BELOW: Tasha Daly, Olivia O'Callaghan and 8 week old puppy Patch Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 15 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Chef Factor returns Darina and Rachel Allen are ready for ‘a slice’ of the action! of it Cully and Darina get ready for the Chef Factor 2011! DARINA and Rachel Allen are delighted with the return of awardwinning Irish food producers, Cully & Sully’s online contest Chef Factor 2011! The success of last year’s Chef Factor saw well over 100,000 people registering their votes on cheffactor.ie and its return has been widely tipped as one of the hottest events in food to watch out for this year. The success of last year’s Chef Factor saw well over 100,000 people registering their votes on cheffactor.ie and its return has been widely tipped as one of the hottest events in food to watch out for this year. Members of the public are invited to enter Chef Factor on Cheffactor.ie to be in with a chance of winning a place on January’s coveted 12 week Ballymaloe cookery course including accommodation, together worth over €12,000. The top prize can be redeemed in either 2012 or 2013 and will include two weeks with Colum O’Sullivan (Sully) and Cullen Allen (Cully) to learn the ways of the food business. Colum O’ Sullivan (Sully) remarks, ‘We believe its success is down to the fact that people understand that Chef Factor is for anybody who wants to learn how to cook and develop their own career in food. You don’t need to be a good cook to enter, as the prize is professional training in one of the world’s leading cookery schools. We are simply looking for someone who really wants to win this once in a lifetime opportunity. You can enter anything you like-from your favorite sandwich to a risotto, from steak to a cake! It’s also important to remember that Chef Factor is not all about online votes, because while four finalists will be determined by public vote, two wildcards will be handpicked by Cully and I to go through, irrespective of votes, and all finalists will be on an equal footing at the final. Everybody stands a great chance of winning.’ Entrants are accepted from September 5th, 2011 and the winner is expected to be chosen in Ballymaloe on Saturday, November 26th. To enter Chef Factor, participants must upload a simple photo of their dish with the words ‘Cully & Sully’ somewhere in the image and submit this to cheffactor.ie along with a brief explanation of the dish and the reason why they deserve to win. Entering is open from September 5th. Rachel Allen says, ‘The response to Chef Factor last year showed that so many great people have a real desire to learn how to cook and to begin their own culinary careers. As my own career began in Ballymaloe Cookery School, I know that this is truly a remarkable opportunity and I’m delighted to lend my support to Cully & Sully.’ Last year’s Chef Factor winner, Christine Crowley from Waterford remarks, ‘The opportunity to enter Chef Factor came along at a very uncertain time in my life, and now I’m operating my own tearooms in Co. Wexford. It’s going fantastic and it would never have happened without Cully & Sully’s Chef Factor.’ For more details, visit cheffactor.ie Call 021 4224343 or email [email protected] Duﬀy’s Circus comes to Midleton Yes, the mighty show is in town! IT’S the big circus, the show you have been waiting for: Tom Duffy Circus Ireland’s Premier Circus with an all-new international programme for 2011 and will be in Market Green, Midleton, on Monday and Tuesday, September 19th and 20th. Puyang, The Nanle Troupe with a dazzling display of distinctive Chinese arts never seen before. Duffy’s Circus will be spectacular for children and adults, and a great day out for all the family with a great line-up of stars and wonderful animals to enjoy. Duffy’s Circus has tigers, llamas, horses, zebra, dogs, ponies, alpacas and more, so don’t forget to visit Duffy’s Zoo after the performance and see the ten month old lion cubs. This super circus has a massive big top with excellent seating, and will light up the Market Green area, and the large transport will fill the venue. The Nanle Troupe will amaze you with a display that has to be seen to be believed. Also, outstanding horse riding displays that all ages will love, plus club juggling, hoop diving, trapeze, trampoline somersaulting and many more top acts. Just look at the line-up of acts to thrill you. For the first time in Ireland, and from the Chinese Imperial Circus of If you are in the area, go and see the big build up of the circus all day on Monday, and you will want to go to see the show that evening at 7.30pm. Massive crowds have seen the circus all over Ireland and Duffy’s Circus can still claim to be the greatest show on earth. Tuesday, September 20th at 4.30pm and 7.30pm. Show times Booking office open on site or you can book on line at www.duffyscircus.com Monday, September 19th at 7.30pm. Info line 01 4407588 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 16 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal FREE ORTHODONTIC CONSULTATIONS MARY STOKES BDS NUI MFD RCSI Msc Ulond MOrth RCS Eng Dermot Cotter Orthodontic Practice, 1, Friar Street, Youghal, Co. Cork DR Mary Stokes has returned to Dermot Cotter’s practice at Friar St., Youghal following the birth of her first baby. She has just completed her second year in Youghal and, to mark the occasion, she will be doing free orthodontic consultations for the months of October and November, which will be available for everyone. Dr. Stokes is a registered specialist with the Orthodontic Society of Ireland. She graduated with a first class honours dental degree in dentistry from U.C.C. in 2002 and worked for a number of years in general practice and oral surgery before undertaking a threeyear specialist training programme in orthodontics in London. Dr. Stokes provides orthodontic treatment to both adults and children using the most advanced and up-to-date techniques available for straightening teeth. Until recently, the vast majority of people who had their teeth straightened were children and teenagers, but now many adults are having treatment. This is probably because modern braces allow patients to be treated in a far shorter time period, and the need for removing teeth is much less frequent than in the past. The practice is located at 1, Friar Street, Youghal. For further information please telephone 024 92777, or visit www.youghaldentist.ie A Presidential congratulations to new Bachelors of Commerce! Shanagarry and Ladybridge locals conferred at UCC CONGRATULATIONS to Amy Hartnett, Shanagarry and Ciara O’ Flynn, Ladysbridge, seen at the President’s Door after both were conferred with a Bachelor of Commerce Degree at the 2011 Conferrings at UCC. East Cork snippets Fancy a cuppa at the Dungourney NS coﬀee morning? St. Mary’s High School, Midleton’s Bachelor-ettes THE 5th and 6th class pupils of St. Peter's National School, Dungourney will be holding a Coffee Morning in aid of Marymount Hospice on September 15th from 10am to 12.30pm in the school. Please come and support this event for Marymount Hospice on the day. Ballycotton Bridge Club results 24/8/11: 1st Frances Ahern / Bridie O'Connor; 2nd John & Mary Fitzpatrick; 3rd Breda Murphy / Eilish Slattery; 4th Mary Fitzgerald / Phil O'Lomasney 31/8/11: 1st Betty Hanley / Colette Long; 2nd Yvonne Treacy / Fances Motherway; 3rd Betty Murray / John Whelehan; 4th George & Kate Cuffe 7/9/11: 1st Betty Hanley / Collette Long; 2nd Marga Bailey / Greta Cuddigan; 3rd Eileen Donovan / Grace Murphy; 4th Michael & Sylvia Daley. Annual Marymount Hospice coﬀee morning in Shanagarry The Annual Marymount Hospice Coffee morning will be held in The Goalpost Bar, Shanagarry on Friday, September 23rd from 10am to 12.30pm. We will also hold a raffle that morning. Please come and join us for a coffee, some delicious cakes and a chat and raise some funds for this very worthy cause on our 11th year of hosting this fundraiser. If you would like to help in any way please contact Carrie on 086 3750113. Fermoy whist drive Results for Sunday, September 11th: Best overall score: Kay Clifford Winning ladies: Margaret Forde, Marie Roche, Margaret O'Flynn, Phyllis Power, Rita Leamy, Peg Cahill, Maureen Hales and Joan McHugh Winning gents: Gerard Donovan, David Morrison, M. Hurley, Frank Roche, Noel Hales, B. Finucane, Stephen Hales & Jim Ryall Raffle: Gerard Donovan, Phyllis Power and Eileen Enright Whist Drive every Sunday night at 8.30pm sharp in Fermoy Bridge Club, Mill Road (adjacent to Atkins). All welcome. It’s herb time in Carrigtwohill Carrigtwohill Flower & Garden Club presents Susan Turner, who will speak on the topic of 'herbs' on Monday, September 19th at 8pm at Ballyseedy Garden Centre. Susan will be joined by Ballymaloe chef, Scott, on how to cook with herbs. CONGRATULATIONS to past pupils of St Mary’s High School, Midleton who graduated on September 9th: Sinead Cronin, with a Bachelor of Law & French and Amanda O’Sullivan, who graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Business Information Systems. MIDLETON FOOT CLINIC Putting you and your feet first... With you every step of the way For all your routine Podiatry treatments including chiropody, diabetes care, verruca treatments, fungal infections, sweaty feet, allergy testing, orthotics/insoles OrtHOtiC aSSeSSMent and Fitting SpeCiaL OFFer FOr SepteMBer €375 €275 Also House calls by appointment For an appointment ring 021 4621044 Robert Sullivan BSc. (Hons)., Dip.Pod.Med., PGC. Pod Sur., Cert. L.A., FSSCh, FIChPA, M.Inst.Ch.P. Dept. of Health Approved. Health Professions Council Registered Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal PHOTOS 17 A SATURDAY TO SAVOUR Midleton Food & Drink Festival 2011 LAST Saturday, the public of East Cork turned out in force - as did the wind for the now annual, and eagerly anticipated, Midleton Food & Drink Festival. This year, those present could choose from - amongst other goodies - homemade cupcakes, relishes, jams, pizzas, kebabs, goats’ cheese, burgers, chocolate fountains and more. Starting at 10am, Midleton was awash with street performers too - as The Tree Lady ‘branched out’ on stilts, face painters created tigers, butterflies and spidermen, and a marionette band, located near AIB, kept the crowds entertained. The Jameson Cocktail Competition showed off a few new Tom Cruises, while for the first time ever, patrons could decorate their very own cupcake in The Cupcake Challenge, sponsored by Harrington’s of Youghal. Meanwhile, the Children’s Food Themed Colouring Competition proved incredibly popular with Sophie Byrne (5), Liadan Subtil (7) and Andrew Murphy (4), all receiving prizes from Eddie Leahy of Leahy’s Open Farm (photo courtesy of Colette Barry). Lynda and Ruth Deane load up on some delicious Ardsallagh Goats’ Cheese - as Lynda tries not to drop any! The festival drew to a close, with all who attended heading home happy - and definitely not hungry! Rebekah Burke and Andrea Collins handed out complimentary shopping bags on the day to encourage people to ‘think green’ Tomás, Bridget and Sinead Condon 021 4638022 ‘Howdy, pardner’: Woody, aka Rory Queally withAudrey Burkley Anthony and Marian O’Shea, Arcade Midleton. Anthony had been toiling hard at the Arcade’s stall since early that morning and was granted a quick reprieve to pick up a chicken burger from Annie’s Roasts All photos available to buy Taking a quick breather before continuing shopping! Dressing to impress - and they did! Patsy Doyle, Gillian Mullaney and Frances Doyle Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 18 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Cupcakes, contortionists & cocktails at Midleton Food & Drink Festival 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Gillian, Callum and Gavin McIlreavy ‘Say (goats’) cheese!’ Aoife Kearns and Siobhán Murphy, Ardsallagh Goat Farm The Midleton Food & Drink Festival was a piece of cake for Andrea and Doreen Walsh Megan Sweeney and Ashling Coakley Ray Love and Kathleen Elliott James O’Halloran, Garda Rachel McGrath and Mike Sheppard try to ‘blend in’ Stephen Kelleher gets his pick of the lollies from Count John McCormack Little ladies that lunch: Roisín, Aisling, Cara and Siobhán Brendan and Gillian Browne with Willow 1 year old Harry Richards plays ‘Peekaboo’ Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal PHOTOS Having their cake and eating it at Midleton Food & Drink Festival 2011 Mary andAoife get one of their five-a-day (with added chocolate) - at the Chocolate Fountain Hannah and Mairéad Wales 3 year old Lorna Richards from Churchtown South, mid-face-paint! 6 month old Jack wasn’t fazed by the festival! He’s pictured with Peggy, Kerry and Catherine Pat Burke, Pat Quinlan and Rita O’Keeffe in fine form BarbaraA. Bruen turns over a new leaf with The Tree Lady INSET: Kathleen Mallon & Maura Milton (wo)man the charity tombola 021 4638022 Ben Walsh, fresh from Tae-Kwon-Do, in his white suit, gets a lolly. Mum, Lisa, may have had to get the Daz out later... INSET: Amy Connolly and Megan Buckley All photos available to buy 3 year old Kim from Cobh with Teresa Foley Keeping Midleton Tidy is ‘A Piece of Cake’ for the cupcake sellers and members of Midleton Tidy Towns Association! Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 20 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal N S ATURALLY PEAKING with John Whelan-Curtin Top London chefs visit East Cork food producers Eating and tweeting THE Midleton Food & Drink Festival had more to offer than simple deliciousness last weekend. This year the attractions included Vincent Cashman, the Birdman of East Cork, and five of his feathered friends from Phoenix Bird Solutions. As much as Vincent clearly enjoys his work with these magnificent animals, they must surely match his enthusiasm in helping him control pesky pigeons and crows. Farmer, Billy Nicholson seen with chefs Henry Harris, Phil Campbell and Henry Brosni during their recent visit to his farm in Crosshaven (Photo: Howard Crowdy, Provision) The display last Saturday was a beautiful selection of birds of prey that included both familiar and exotic hunting birds. None of the birds were enjoying the windy conditions of the day, though none were less happy than the little barn owl who just buried his face and chest in the grass to try and escape the elements. A GROUP of seven influential London chefs, who all use and promote Irish beef in their restaurants, travelled to Cork with Bord Bia last week to experience, first-hand, top quality Irish farms and food. Amongst the birds on offer was a beautiful Harris’s Hawk. The Harris’s Hawk is an exceptional bird of prey which is not native in the wild in Ireland. This large bird has become the most popular choice for falconers around the world, with the exception of Asia. The reason for the Harris’s Hawk becoming the bird of choice is simple: the Harris’s Hawk is the only known bird of prey to hunt in a pack. These wolves of the skies hunt cooperatively in groups of up to six and share their catches with the group. As Vincent explained, the falconer is considered to be a member of the pack when hunting with Harris’s Hawks, and their social nature makes them excellent at communicating with, and understanding, the instructions of humans. The trip aimed to highlight Irish beef production, specifically sustainability, and the initiatives our farmers are taking in this area. The two day itinerary also included visits to Ardsallagh Goat Farm, Carrigtwohill; Frank Hederman’s Belvelly Smoke House, Cobh; Ballymaloe Cookery School, Shanagarry and the English Market, Cork city centre. Ballycroneen NS students paint a pretty picture OR THREE! When used for hunting these majestic animals cannot be expected to simply relinquish a hard earned catch to their master. Again, Vincent explained that when the birds make a catch, like a rabbit, they still have a lot of skinning and cutting to do before they can eat. The birds will, however, trade their catch for a small piece of ready-to-eat meat. The art of falconry is an ancient one, possibly dating back for more than 3,000 years. It’s not new for Ireland either, having been a practice here for at least 800 years. Irish Goshawks, in fact, have been considered to be amongst the best in the world. Vincent Cashman and Pheonix Bird Solutions not only offer services to control wild birds, where they’re not wanted, but also offer falconry courses and opportunities for schools to introduce children to these amazing animals. Falconry represents an ancient part of our connection with the wild, and seeing it alive and well in Ireland is certainly not something to take for granted. From top: a Barn Owl; Harris Hawk; Peregrine Falcon; Saker Falcon and (left) a White Faced Scops Owl MAYA Buckley, Juliette Fogarty and Timmy Twohig from Ballycroneen NS were winners in the Art competition at the Ballinrostig Vintage Fair. Well done also to Maire McGovern who took First Place in the Senior Art competition, and who has now gone on to secondary school. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 21 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Bitesize News ESB Electric Ireland Positive Ageing Week SEPTEMBER 23RD TO OCTOBER 2ND A REMINDER to those travelling to Killarney for the overnight stay on September 27th and 28th that the train will leave Midleton Train Station on Tuesday at 8.15am and Carrigtwohill at 8.30am. MIDLETON Compiled by Kathleen Woulfe Midleton & District Active Retirement Association Wednesday, September 14th: Swimming available at the Midleton Park Hotel, Leisure Centre & Spa, from 11.30am to 12.30pm. Thursday, September 15th: Pitch & Putt available at Corkbeg from 2.30pm. Friday, September 16th: Whist at the Edmond Rice Centre at 2.30pm. Monday, September 19th: Indoor Bowling at the GAA Pavilion from 2pm to 4pm. Tuesday, September 20th: 45 Drive at the Edmond Rice Centre at 2.30pm. Feile an tSamhraidh prizewinners concert As part of the Night of Culture on September 23rd, Feile an tSamhraidh will host a Prizewinners Concert in St. John the Baptist Church, Church Lane, Midleton at 8pm. Many of the prize winners from last May will be performing. All welcome to attend. 12.30pm, with lunch starting at 1pm. speaker on the day will be Darina Allen. Guest Daytime Further Education Courses Enrolments are currently being taken for the following daytime further education courses, Business Studies, Multimedia and Web Design, Childcare and Community Care, which will be held in St. Colman’s Community College, Midleton for the forthcoming school year. Midleton Conradh na Gaeilge Is ar ais again, fortnightly informal chat as gaeilge or gaeilge/bearla if you’re stuck, will be held every second Monday night from 7.30pm to 8.30pm in the Edmund Rice Centre, next to the CBS and St. Mary’s High School. Bí linn. Eolas, Edmond on 086 8323267. New IHF Midleton ICA Midleton ICA resumes after the summer recess today, Wednesday, September 14th in the Edmond Rice Centre at 8pm. The first meeting of the new season is an open meeting with a demonstration on cake decorating at 9pm, and everyone is welcome. The Scribbling Lawyers The Scribbling Lawyers will be at Midleton Library on Friday, October 7th at 11am. The lawyers are former Judge Michael Patwell and former Senior Counsel Jim O’Leary, both of whom have published volumes of poetry. For further details, www.scribblinglawyers.com Ladies Lunch in aid of Cystic Fibrosis heart attack warning Don’t die of embarrassment, call 999 Heart attack symptoms can be diverse including chest pain, pain in the neck, arm, back or jaw, breathlessness, sweating, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Don’t die of embarrassment, is the hard-hitting message from the Irish Heart Foundation urging Irish men not to delay in calling 999 for emergency treatment if they think they are having a heart attack. Westlife’s Nicky Byrne and his family, whose father Nikki Byrne senior died of a heart attack in 2009 aged just 60 years, are backing the new initiative, which was due to appear on Irish TV screens on August 21st. Every year in Ireland about 6,300 people suffer a heart attack, but it is estimated that only half of these cases will present to hospital by ambulance. We all know someone who has had a heart attack and the symptoms are not always what you think, so if one more life can be saved through this campaign it will be worth it. The above will be held in Garryvoe Hotel on Wednesday, September 21st, with a fashion show and entertainment at a cost of €50. Reception at With supplementary support from sponsors AstraZeneca, the Irish Heart Foundation aims to drive behaviour change, particularly among the 50% of patients who do not call 999 at the first sign of a heart attack. In addition, to mark Heart Month this September, the charity is launching a new booklet called ‘A man’s guide to heart health’, supported A few added attractions for the week’s events are a gramaphone recital , no name club event and the official opening will be held at Midleton Library on Saturday, September 24th at 11.30am. An exhibition of GAA memorabilia, including artefacts relating to Christy Ring’s hurling career, presented by Denis O’Sullivan (pictured), on Saturday, Sep- by the HSE, with positive steps to prevent a heart attack. Figures from the Central Statistics Office, 2008, show that 83% of premature deaths from heart attack under the age of 65 occur in men, which is equal to five men dying prematurely every week, or a total of 274 premature male deaths annually. The latest campaign is a national alert to men about the urgent nature of heart attack symptoms and the need to call 999 immediately. Dr. Angie Brown, Medical Director of the Irish Heart Foundation and consultant cardiologist said that a heart attack is a serious medical emergency and every minute lost or delayed in getting treatment increases damage to the heart muscle and may even result in death. The weakest link in providing effective treatment for heart attack is patient delay in seeking care. Too often the signs are ignored until it is too late, or delays occur by going first to the GP, calling a family member or friend or driving yourself to hospital, which is extremely dangerous. Our message is simple – don’t die of embarrassment, pick up the phone and dial 999 immediately. The good news is that when caught on time, there are good treatments available for heart attack. Survival rates can be improved by as much as 50% if patients access treatment within one hour of symptom onset. Heart and stroke helpline 1890 432 787 If you are worried about heart attack or stroke problems, talk to an Irish Heart Foundation nurse in confidence, Monday to Friday, 10am to 5pm. Free copies of the booklet are available on request by calling 1850 364 364. For more information see www.irishheart.ie Coffee morning in Douglas A Coffee Morning in aid of the Irish Motor Neurone Disease Association at Douglas ICA Hall, Church Street, Douglas will take place this Saturday, September 17th from 10.30am to 12.30pm. €5 entrance fee, which includes a raffle ticket for a hamper. All welcome. Get well soon Get well wishes to Dr. Muriel Mulcahy. Glad to hear that Nancy Parker is in good form in Youghal Hospital and Anne Prendergast in Midleton Community Hospital. East Cork Wheelchair association A meeting of the above was held at the Midleton Park Hotel on Wednesday last, presided by Chairperson, Helen O’Neill. At the onset Helen welcomed everyone back after the summer recess and tember 24th from 10.30am to 4.30pm. extended get well wishes to Vice-Chairman Larry Keating. Sympathy was extended to Helen on the death of her friend and relative Olive Roche and also to Olive’s husband Gerard and family, with sympathy also extended to the Crotty family, Youghal, and the Meade family, Cobh on their recent bereavements. Ar dheis liamh Dia go raibh a h-anam. Secretary Stuart Griffin gave details of the National Consultative meting to be held in Tipperary Town, if any members wish to attend. Maura Hogan said that due to the collection for Somalia, our Church Gate collection was cancelled, so Kathleen was asked to get an alternative date if possible. Treasurer, Simon Coady gave a detailed Financial Statement as always, and Kathleen Woulfe extended sincere thanks to Tom Houlihan for obliging them once again, and Mike Cotter was very grateful. An outing to the greyhound track is arranged for members on Friday next and is much looked forward to. Chairperson, Helen spoke of a computer course to be held in Youghal, weekly for two hours, and said that the teacher is excellent. Treasurer, Simon Coady said that a Christmas party will be held in the Two Mile Inn on Tuesday. December 13th, with further details to follow from Eileen Lehane. Secretary Stuart Griffin is to write to the Town Council to thank them for including the IWA for sponsorship. There was a discussion about the Mass for deceased members, which will be held in Midleton this year in late November at the Midleton Park Hotel. There will be full details at the next meeting, which will be held at the Midleton Park Hotel on Monday, November 7th at 8pm. Happy B irthday! Birthday greetings to Nell Sargent, Pat White, Patsy Taft, Maureen Forrest, Tim O’Sullivan, Bernie Barton and her son Philip, Tim O’Sullivan, Maureen Harrison, Aoife Murray, Kathleen O’Riordan, Cameron Rose, Sandra Buckley, Con O’Halloran, my nieces Teresa and Helen. K.W. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 22 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Fun on the farm in Rostellan ON Sunday, September 4th, there was certainly Fun on the Farm at Morrissey's Farm, Rostellan, in aid of Enable Ireland and the Parkinson's Association of Ireland. A unique fundraising event, the day saw a huge marquee erected, with plenty of food stalls inside, live music, and tables for those who'd purchased refreshments to sit and enjoy them! TV screens showed the All-Ireland Final (Kilkenny and Tipperary fans were welcome on the day, as long as they didn't harp on about being in the final too much!), while outside those present could enjoy the trampolines, hay stacks, races and farm animals on show (including some fairly skittish sheep!) Luckily, the gods smiled on this fundraiser, as the skies cleared for the afternoon and all present put their hands in their pockets for two great causes. 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Down from Glounthaune were Fiona O'Neill, Abbie O'Flynn, Clodagh McNamara and Sinead Monahan Katie Power and Kevin Morrissey were kept busy at the cake stall Braving the wind at the Fun on the Farm Day were Ollie & Sheila O'Regan with 2-year-olds, Aidan and Seรกn The boys on the hay bales keep it real Billy Morrissey, Fun on the Farm Day organiser with volunteer Barbara A. Bruen Evelyn Gilbert and Frances Cotter. (We'd better have been close with those jelly beans, Evelyn!) Dรกire, Mary and Caoimhe Collins from Castlemary Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal PHOTOS Farms, fun & finals in Rostellan Emily Trindle, Feá McCoy and Anna Trindle with, front, Grace Trindle 3 year old Jana and Eva Williams, Rostellan Dr. Doolittle: Ella Lewis 021 4638022 All photos available to buy On tea and coffee duty were Catherine McGrath, Helen Beecher and Anna O'Riordan Mairead and Nora O'Driscoll with Breda Morrissey No 'cabin fever' for this young tractor enthusiast Máirín Creedon, Breda Morrissey and Doreen Higgins, Rostellan. INSET: The tramploinists! Mary Morrissey with Aimee O'Brien, who's almost 2 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 24 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal In The Driving SeaT Our regular motoring guide Hyundai reveals first image Revision of the Driver Theory Test to be introduced in October 2011 of new-generation i30 HYUNDAI has revealed the first photo of the newgeneration i30, ahead of the car’s world premiere at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show, showing an exciting new look for the company’s best-selling Csegment hatchback. The New i30 was designed and engineered at the Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Centre in Rüsselsheim, Germany. Allan Rushforth, Senior Vice President and COO of Hyundai Motor Europe, commented, ‘The car has been designed to take on the leading vehicles in the C-segment and join the all-new i40 as a quality benchmark for Hyundai. Our ultimate customer care package, Five Year Triple Care, will be a valuable point of differentiation for the new-generation i30 in its highly competitive class.’ The New Hyundai i30 will launch in Ireland in early 2012. Hyundai is the only manufacturer on the Irish market to offer a full manufacturer backed 5 year unlimited mileage warranty across the entire product range. THE Driver Theory Test Service has announced that the Driver Theory test for Car, Motor Cycle, Bus and Truck categories has been updated and will take effect from Monday, October 24th. All candidates taking a test after this date will be required to sit the updated test. Most of the 1,500 questions in the theory test bank have been updated revised or replaced. The revisions include new questions and graphics as well as amended versions of existing questions. The format of the test based on multiple choice questions, will remain unchanged, and candidates will still be required to answer correctly 35 out of 40 questions in order to obtain a pass certificate. Candidates at the end of their exam will, regardless of passing or failing, also be provided, based on their performance, with a list of the categories recommended for further study e.g. Road Signs, Markings and Traffic Regulations, Alert Driving and Consideration for Road Users etc. All of these correspond to the categories listed in the Training Material in order to facilitate revision or help improve overall skills. Any member of the public with queries regarding the theory test bank and revised material should contact (1890 606 106) or log on to www.theorytest.ie New versions of the supporting learning materials (The Official Driver Theory Test - Book & CD Fifth Editions) are currently being prepared and will be widely available from all good bookshops across the country, from late September. These will include a new clearer layout and design, together with detailed explanations of the correct answers to questions. The CD, in particular, will continue to provide ‘Practice Tests’ which simulate the real exam experience and allow candidates to gauge their learning progress. The new training aids will provide a more effective learning experience for candidates, as they prepare for the theory test and their long term driving career. The Road Safety Authority is making these changes to the driver theory test and its associated learning materials, to ensure that learner drivers are better prepared to embark on their on-road training. Once you have passed your theory test you should select an RSA Approved Driving Instructor (ADI) who will aid you in completing your driving theory syllabus and your driving test. You will find details of ADI’s in your area on www.rsa.ie. The fee for the theory test will remain unchanged at €40.60 The Driver Theory Test was introduced in June 2001 and since that time a total of 1.5M candidates have been tested. First electric car completes Cannonball Run EUROPA BUSINESS PARK, MIDLETON NOW OPEN 021 4630333 THE first electric car to enter a Cannonball Run anywhere in the world has completed the 900km tour around Ireland. ESB ecars, a sponsor of the event, powered the all electric Nissan LEAF car by plugging into charge points along the route including Monasterevin, Kilkenny, Dungarvan, Galway, Limerick and Athlone. Overnight charging took place in Cork and Westport. The 3 day tour, passing through 14 counties, demonstrates that driving an electric car around Ireland is possible by using the charging infrastructure which is already in place. The Cannonball Run, in aid of Barretstown, has raised more that €235,000 over the past 2 years to help rebuild the lives of children suffering from cancer. More than 150 supercars took part, and an estimated 100,000 spectators lined the streets. Also, ESB ecars and Topaz have officially launched a fast and standard charge point in Topaz Athlone as part of the ESB nationwide infrastructure rollout. The launch took place on the final day of the Cannonball Run, where the electric car stopped in Topaz Athlone to fast charge for the final time before reaching the finish line in Kilkenny. Athlone is a pivotal location for fast charging, as it enables electric car motorists to travel east-west and north-south. Cannonball supercars were also on display at the event. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 25 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal East Cork Travel Church Lane, Midleton 021 4633233 www.eastcorktravel.ie www.discovertravel.ie In Search of Iguassu - Buenos Aires to Rio Was €1299 Now €1105 PER PERSON (Land only) 17 Day Adventure Tour Departs: October 5th 2011 ~ Add flights from Dublin for just €1275 pp ~ TRIP Style: YOLO (18-39’s) * Service Level: Basic * Physical Demand: 3 Kick off your adventure in vibrant Buenos Aires then pass colonial towns and thermal baths into the interior and marvel at the majesty of Iguassu Falls. Finishing in Rio, you’re free to explore the carnival atmosphere. Highlights: Sampling the food, wine and culture of Buenos Aires, discovering Uruguay’s charm, marvelling at Iguassu Falls, sipping on a caipirinhas on the beach, wandering colonial Paraty, revelling in Rio. Price Includes: Highlights: Buenos Aires, Colonia/Montevideo, Salto, Iguassu Falls, Paraty, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro Entrance and visit to both the Argentine and Brazilian sides of Iguassu Falls * Accommodation: Simple hotels (14 nights), Overnight buses (2 nights). Note: Accommodation can be quite basic/multi-share at times, particularly during the months December-March. Meals: No meals included. Transport: Public bus, Mini-van, Taxis, Ferry, Walking. Prices are per person based on 2 sharing. Age Restriction: Between 18 and 39 years. Price is land only and does not include international air. Air price of €1275 is based on October 5th departure LANZAROTE Date 06 Nov 06 Nov 06 Nov 06 Nov 13 Nov 13 Nov 13 Nov 20 Nov 20 Nov 20 Nov 27 Nov 27 Nov 27 Nov 27 Nov Accommodation Neptuno Riu Olivina Resort Timanfaya Palace Natura Palace Coronas Playa Riu Paraiso Timanfaya Palace Neptuno Riu Olivina Natura Palace Coronas Playa Riu Olivina Timanfaya Palace Natura Palace 29th/30th October 4 SEA PEARL HOTEL Adults 2/3 €499pps Family 2+1 €1427 Family 2+2 €1996 Family 2+3 €2425 Family 2+4 €2854 Board BB All Inclusive Half Board Half Board Half Board All Inclusive Half Board BB All Inclusive Half Board Half Board All Inclusive Half Board Half Board PP €739 €859 €799 €799 €729 €879 €799 €719 €809 €789 €699 €769 €779 €749 4* PALMIN HOTEL Adults 2/3 €559pps Family 2+1 €1547 Family 2+2 €2236 Family 2+3 €2665 VISIT US ON TWITTER & FACEBOOK Half Board prices from Day & Night time entertainment. Wellness Centre. Family suites €339 + €3 per person available that will hold families of 55S and over get Breakfast and 2+2 & 2+3 & 2+4. Evening Meal all for the price of B&B Prices include flights, taxes, accommodation including breakfast, transfers & 20kg baggage allowance. Flights Ex Dublin and for 7 nights. September 7 night specials Date 17 Sep 18 Sep 18 Sep 18 Sep 22 Sep 22 Sep 25 Sep Destination Majorca Costa Del Sol Costa Del Sol Lanzarote Portugal Majorca Turkey Ex. Cork Accommodation Holiday Centre Bali Castle Beach Morana Club Praia da Rocha Sun Beach Pine Club Apartments FA NTASTIC OVER 55’s OFFER TURKEY 2 Share €339 €399 €399 €539 €385 €379 €365 4 Share €304 €273 €357 €344 - Famiy 2+2 €1176 €1092 €1288 €1216 - JUST €339 + TAX €3! Popular ‘Turkish BBQ Night’ with entertainment included in the price. All others travelling with a 55 or over, but are younger, pay €339 + Tax €3 and can upgrade for just €70 a week to get the Evening Meal. “Turkish BBQ Night” with entertainment included in the price. Evening Meal is a 3 course Table d’hôte menu with a selection of Starters, Main Courses and Desserts. Upgrades are payable directly to the hotel Limited number of seats on selected departures dates. Terms and conditions apply Sick of Irish Summers? - PLAN AHEAD We can take you from this... to this... BOOK now for Summer 2012 and avail of : And when you book with East Cork Travel you have the option of paying a little each week * Low Deposits * Free Child Places * Free Grandparents Places * Single Parents Specials * Group Discounts No large final payment to pay out just before you go Discover Egypt in 7 Nights! 4* Cairo Aswan & Nile Cruise €570 pp INCLUDES flights to Cairo * 1 night 4* Oasis Hotel Cairo B&B / 1 overnight sleeper train Cairo to Aswan DB&B / 3 nights 4* Presidential Nile Cruise Full Board / 1 night overnight sleeper train Luxor to Cairo DB&B * 1 night 4* Oasis Hotel Cairo B&B * Transfers and sightseeing tours * Valid for travel in Nov’11 * Taxes extra €309 per person * Visa can be purchased on arrival €15 per person * Christmas Markets in Copenhagen FLY return for 2 nights to the Magical Christmas Markets in theWorld Famous Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, staying at wonderfully located 4* First Vesterbro Hotel 7 nights 5* Katathani Phuket Beach Resort BB 2 nights 5* Chatrium Suites, Bangkok BB Only €365pp PLUS FREE Entrance to the Tivoli Gardens & breakfast included! Only €1199 per person! plus taxes of €400 p.p. at present (subject to change) Many Congratulations to our very own Lisa on the special occasion of her marriage to Alan in Lanzarote last week! Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 26 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal The Waterford Way With Declan Barron Tidy Towns success for Lismore LISMORE picked up the award for Ireland’s Tidiest Small Town as well as the county accolade, with Stradbally second and Dungarvan third in Waterford. It was another great success for Lismore, who are now among the contenders for the overall award which went to Killarney this year. The Tidy Towns Awards are recognition of the selfless work done by many committees all around the country, with Lismore receiving the Gold Medal for Waterford and a sizeable cheque as well. In their reports, however, the adjucators, some of whom are first time visitors to the areas where they mark, seem to contradict themselves as in the case of Ardmore. They upped the its mark by 15 points from 2010, yet deducted 8 points in the wildlife category where they went up by 8 points in 2010, which seems ridiculous in the extreme. The winning towns also received two visits while, in the case of Ard- Tallow Horse Fair gives town a welcome boost WHILE supporters of Kilkenny and Tipperary were celebrating after the All Ireland hurling final, in Tallow county Waterford, celebrations of another kind were taking place as the Brideview town celebrated the 101st horse fair. Hundreds of visitors gave the local economy a much needed boost as the Annual event was hailed as the best yet. Knockanore Ploughing on September 17th THE annual Knockanore Ploughing match will take place from 12noon on September 17th with all the usual classes. Prizes will be presented at the Shamrock Inn later in the evening with music and plenty of fun to end the day. Beauty Classes in Kinsalebeg AN 8 week Beauty Course being run by the Waterford VEC in Kinsalebeg in mid September is now open for booking. The course will incorporate Introductory Skin Care, Manicure/ Pedicure, Make Up application and General Grooming. For more information contact Joan at 024-94594 to reserve your spot. Third time lucky for Waterford Ladies more, it received just one visit in July so if you were not ready or did not have flags flying you lost marks. All in all, however, West Waterford continues to lead the way with the judges very happy with the continued improvements taking place year on year. Vintage Run for Helvick RNLI IF at first you don’t succeed try, try and try again is an old saying. Well, for Waterford Camogie girls it proved to be true as the Deise girls won the junior All Ireland for the very first time, after defeat at the final hurdle in the previous two years. This time round it was close too, as Waterford had just one point to spare over Down with Lismore girl, Ruth Geoghan scoring one of the goals that put Waterford on the way to victory. Well done to the girls on a great win. Waterford SHC Pairings complete THIS weekend will be a big one in the Waterford senior hurling championship as Tallow meet Lismore at 4pm in the first of the quarter finals at Fraher Field on Saturday afternoon, followed by the meeting of Ballyduff Upper and Mount Sion at 5.30pm. At Walsh Park De La Salle will face Passage at 3.30pm preceded by the relegation matches between Stradbally and Roanmore. The final pairing on Sunday night in Fraher field will see Fourmilewater take on Ballygunner and, barring draws, the semi final pairings should be known on Sunday night with Lismore, Ballyduff, De La Salle and Ballygunner tipped to advance to the final four. In the Intermediate hurling Western championship, Ardmore will face Tourin and Cappoquin will meet Brickey Rangers on Saturday also, with the venues to be announced later in the week. THE Helvick RNLI Lifeboat station is hosting an open day on Sunday September 25th from 12 noon to 5pm where the local boat, the Alice & Charles, will be on view. Crew members will be there to show people around and to show them the equipment that is used to save lives. In association with open day the local vintage car, tractor and bike owners club will be hosting a vintage run in aid of the lifeboat funds, on the same day. The run will start at 1pm from the Lifeboat station and will continue towards the Marine bar on the N25 going towards Coolrua and returning via John Paul’s at around 3pm. Information on entry etc can be got from D Walsh on 058-46314, Mobile 086-1225818 or E O’Donnell at 087-6737238. Clubs with news or sporting events IT IS not easy to keep track of everything that is going on in the West Waterford locality, so if you are a group, club or organisation and you wish to get your notes in to me then please feel free to send them to [email protected] marked West Waterford Notes or call me on 087-9126566 as I will be happy to assist you in any way in 2011 - and beyond! Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 A sporting chance Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal SPORT MAIN EVENTS ALL IRELAND SENIOR & MINOR FOOTBALL CHAMPIONSHIP FINALS RUGBY WORLD CUP, HORSE RACING, GREYHOUNDS, SOCCER ALL IRELAND SENIOR FOOTBALL FINAL 70 MINUTES WIN OUTRIGHT 8/11 KERRY 8/13 KERRY 11/8 DUBLIN 6/5 DUBLIN 8/1 DRAW ALL IRELAND MINOR FOOTBALL FINAL 60 MINUTES WIN OUTRIGHT 2/7 DUBLIN 1/4 DUBLIN 3/1 TIPPERARY 5/2 TIPPERARY 9/1 DRAW DUB DOUBLE 9/5 Dublin to win Senior Football & Minor Football 2012 All Ireland Hurling Champ. - Cork 12/1 Midleton TaeKwon-Do club takes on the banks! AT a recent Youth Week promotion held in Bank of Ireland, the Midleton Taekwondo club was invited to put on a demonstration of what they can do. Four willing volunteers put on a show that both entertained and, sometimes frightened, the spectators and customers inside the bank. They started off with a team show of traditional forms, showing the control and strength of their movements in perfect style and unison. This was followed with stretching and slow motion kicking to impress, as well as loosen up their muscles, getting ready for the faster, harder techniques. A show of fierce and furious kicking against pads and air shields then took place, showing the strength, fitness and focus that all these young martial artists have. This was followed by an even greater show of controlled destruction, where the students broke through sheets of wood and breaker boards made of plastic, letting everyone know how highly trained the fighters are. The demo went on for only a short time, but a great time was had by all. All four students were European Champions, but they are four of a great number of skilled and dedicated martial artists within the Midleton Taekwondo club, including other European Champions, National Champions, and their instructor, James Dwyer, who is the current ITF Middle Weight World Champion. To find out more about martial arts or the midleton taekwondo club, please check out www.mi- dletontkd.com, www.tkdninjas.com, or www.tkdi.ie Midleton RFC’s double reason to celebrate! Liam O’Donovan, President, Highfield RFC makes a presentation to Paul McCarthy, President of Midleton RFC to mark the appointment of Midleton man, Denis Kelleher as President of the Munster Branch IRFU The Midleton Rugby team celebrating their win over Highfield in the senior cup with team coaches, Dave O’Brien and Dave Lee, Team Manager, Michael Daly and Secretary, Joe Murphy. (Photos: Niall Cooney) Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Kartmania.ie Rally Sprint Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal All systems are go in Rathcormac The Week In Sport with Declan Barron Will Kerry prevail Premier League or can Dublin looks set for triumph in the Manchester Following two more impressive wins for ManAll Ireland chester United and Manchester City it does look as if it will be a two horse race in the Premiership this Football Final? season. Other contenders such as Liverpool, Arse- CAN Kerry keep the Sam Maguire Cup in Munster for another season, or can Dublin lower the Kingdom colours in Sunday’s All Ireland football final? Defeats in hurling for the minor and U21 sides leave Dublin still without a title this season, so they will be looking to the footballers for success on the double as the minor side face Tipperary in the curtain raiser. This by no means is a forgone conclusion as Tipperary with Liam McGrath, Michael Quinlivan and Ian Fahey in their side will make a bold bid for victory. Clashmore man, Brian O’Keeffe in the Subaru is one of the favourites for this Sunday’s Rally Sprint ENTRIES are streaming in for the upcoming Kartmania.ie Rally Sprint, promoted by the Imokilly Motor Club (IMC), which will be held on Sunday, September 18th. The event will take place at the Corrin Event Centre in Rathcormac. With more than a week to go the club has over 50 entries, and the phones are hot with competitors enquiring about the event. Early entries include top IMC club member, Brian O Keeffe in the Subaru. Brian, winner of the last two Cork City rally sprints, may find the tighter confines of the mart a tougher challenge. However, he will be one to watch when the times are made up. Other quick escorts include Davy Armstrong and Fergus O’Meara. The sound of a Metro 6R4 is always a joy to the motor enthusiast and Damien Brown brings his example. Mike Deane brings the drift car (Nissan Silvia) so expect sideways stuff here. After a superb 8th in the Killarney Rallysprint, Owen Murphy brings the twin cam for another wild spin. Here he will be challenged by the local twin cam drivers Allen Treacy, James Cunningham and William Walsh. Also keep an eye out for Youghal man, Jason Ryan who is always very quick in the Civic. The club is extending the closing date for entries, and would An Bol-Chumann East Cork region RESULTS Gerry Greene received a walk-over in the Christy Coleman Cup. Jerry O’Driscoll received a walk-over in the Paddy Hennessy Cup. Graham Fleming defeated Tony Murphy in the Christy Coleman Cup. FIXTURES Sunday, September 18th in Cobh: Paddy Hennessy Cup at 11.30am: Michael Daly or Peter Fitzgerald vs. Eddie O’Driscoll At 12.30pm: Tommy Sexton or John Hogan vs. James Hurley In Clashmore at 3pm: Christy Coleman Cup - Vinnie O’Rourke vs. Tadgh O’Driscoll Paddy Hennessy Cup at 4pm: Gerard O’Driscoll or John Spriggs vs. Paddy Hurton. like to say to all competitors who may be travelling long distances that secure parking is available on the Saturday night at the event site. The action is set to start at 11am on Sunday and there is a minimum of 3 timed runs. The club has provided spectator parking in a field beside the Mart, and there is absolutely no spectator parking allowed on the main road outside the venue. The club has been notified by the local Gardai that any cars parked directly outside the venue will be towed. No excuses. (You have been warned!) Further information on www.imokillymotorclub.com Midleton Boys Basketball Team seeking new 12 - 15 year old members PLACES are available on the basketball team for boys from 12 to 15 years. Training on Tuesdays 7-8pm and Thursdays 8pm - 9pm. Coach: Colin O’Sullivan (Ex Neptune National League). Training takes place at Midleton Community Centre. €50 per term - all welcome) In the senior decider Kerry will hope to silence Hill 16 early on and make Dublin play catch up. Pat Gilroy’s Dublin side has grown in stature this season, and they are in this final on merit. Kerry looks to have had the easier passage to the decider but in Croke Park, Kerry come alive and will be a match for all comers. It promises to be a great match and one that I am really looking forward to. I think Kerry might just have the better forward division, but it would come as no surprise should Dublin triumph. nal and Tottenham, already have a lot of ground to make up, and unless they come up with some big results in the head to head fixtures it does look as if it will be a two horse race. Chelsea, of course, are also in the hunt but at present the Manchester clubs look to be locked in a battle for supremacy with holders, United, in the driving seat at present. Corkbeg pitch & putt Junior camogie title for Deise Waterford made it third time lucky on Camogie final day in Croke Park by winning the All Ireland Junior title on Sunday. Patricia Jackman, Karen Kelly and Ruth Geoghan were superb for the Deise girls, who saw Nicola Morrissey collect the cup after Waterford had made it third time lucky after losing the previous two finals. ‘Tie Me Kangaroo Down’ is the question for Declan Kidney After struggling to victory over Eddie O’Sullivan’s American Eagles on Saturday Ireland, will have to improve immeasurably if they are to lower the colours of Australia this coming weekend in the Rugby World Cup. Ireland was far from impressive in their opening game, so they will go into Saturday’s match as complete underdogs. Declan Kidney’s side will have to tie down the Aussie wingers early on, as they are like Kangaroos if they start to run at you. It is a tough ask for Ireland, but failure to win will leave them with a much tougher task going forward, so I expect a big showing from Ireland as Australia have easily accounted for Italy in their opening fixture. Many of the fancied sides have been made to work harder than expected in their opening fixtures, but already New Zealand, Australia, France and South Africa look to be the sides to beat so, if Ireland wants to be at the business end of proceedings, they must win on Saturday. THERE were two competitions played last week. Scores were excellent on Wednesday, with Sean Busteed and Brendan Cronin producing a brilliant round to win the first nett. Colm O’Shaughnessy and Pat Lordan won the gross. John Ahern and Joe Carlile finished up in second nett spot. Last Sunday morning the wind made things difficult, but this did not deter Pat Lordan and Eddie O’Brien from putting in a good performance to win the first nett with 39.5. The Gross prize was won by Colm O’Shaughnessy and Mick Fenton with 47. Second nett went to Joe Carlile and Joe Wall with 41.5. Fixtures Best of luck to Tom Barry who takes part in the National Seniors Final in Drogheda on Sunday. There will be a competition on Wednesday at 2.30 pm and Sunday morning at 10.30 am. The Friday evening competitions are over for this season. Dates for your Diary The J.H.Crowley Cup takes place on Sunday, September 25th. The Turkey competitions will commence on Sunday, October 2nd. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Weekend action THIS weekend saw the last of the Sean Kelly Series held in Cork. The Rebel Tour took off from CIT on Sat morning on a scenic route of West Cork, taking in 150km and finishing back where it started. Over twenty cyclists from the club took part in this event, and 6 took part in the 80 km Rebel Challenge as well & by all accounts Donal Bernie was the first man home on the day. Well done to all who took part in this last event of the year and, indeed, in the many events over this season ! Also in action this weekend was Tim O’Mahony who again figured in the top ten in the Edge Sports Blackwater Triathlon in Fermoy as well as Shirley Garde who finished 47th Lady on her first outing. Well done to both. Upcoming events Next Saturday sees the official end to the club touring season, and thus the end of season Charity Cycle and BBQ. The start time is 1.30pm and the route is approximately 65 kilometres. There will be one stop in Watergrasshill. Water will be provided for the event. Also present will be a lead car and a broom wagon. All club members are requested to make a special effort to attend this event and the associated draw East Cork darts mix it up SPORT 29 EAST Cork Darts have now gone mixed, so any new team that would like to join must be made up of two men and two women. Teams can contact Ann McGann on 086 3365165 or Liz on 0862614343. Finbarr Collins getting ready in Galway afterward, and all the proceeds on the day are going to The Cope Foundation. The Annual General Meeting of the Club will be held in Tosh Cahill’s Bar, Cloyne on the 13th October at 8 p.m. All members have been notified and sent detail of same by email. Anyone who has not received these details can view them on Teamer! Anyone who has any questions/inquiries or otherwise do not hesitate to contact Club Secretary - Tadgh O’Brien at 0872475875 Events for next weekend: Saturday, September 17th - Little Bo Peep Triathlon - Kenmare - for details see Tri Ireland website. The league will start on Thursday, September 22nd, so come along and play a game of darts and have fun. Everyone is welcome - a team can start with two ladies and two men. Don’t be shy - let’s play darts. WWEC Schoolboys fixtures 15/9: U11 League: Cappoquin vs. Valley Rangers, 6pm, M. Reddy U14 League: Cappoquin vs. Valley Rangers, 7.30pm, M. Reddy 17/9: U12 LEAGUE Clashmore vs. Cappoquin, 11am, M. Reddy Ardmore vs. Brideview, 11am K. Griffin Castlebridge vs. Ballybridge, 11am, A. Higgins U16 LEAGUE Clashmore vs. Cappoquin, 12.30pm, M. Reddy Ardmore vs. Brideview, 12.30pm, K. Griffin Kilworth vs. Ballybridge, 11.am, D. Fogarty Ballymac vs. Castlebridge, 11am, M. Curran. Hoop dreams Youghal secured for Glanmire Golf Club Basketball Club Ladies 7/9 - Open 3ball Champagne Scramble 1st Dympna Quill (16) Rosemary Mathews (27) Una Cotter (33) 75pts 2nd Carol O’Riordan (21) Ann O’Shea (27) East Cork, Catherine Kearney (26) 75pts 3rd Fidelma O’Connell (18) Anne Cronin (19) Marian Feely (24) 73pts 4th Phil Byrne (15) Kay Curtin (21) Mary O’Regan (26) 73pts Fixtures: Course) - Emer Casey Foundation Gents 6/9 & 8/9: Open 3ball 1st Padraig Quinlivan (8) P.J. Quinlivan (15) Roisin Quinlivan (32) Clonmel 60pts 2nd Frank Galvin (21) Michael Coleman (22) Tom O’Connell (18) 58pts 9/9 - 11/9: Open 3 Ball Presentation of prizes on 25/9 at 7pm 1st Stephen Hennessy (12) Donie Mc Carthy (12) John Lismore golf club 21/9: 3 Person Team Event (Old ALAN O’Sullivan of AOS Security (on right) will sponsor the Glanmire Basketball Club Under 18 and Under 20 squads for the coming season and is pictured with coaches, Ernesto Mazzone, Jodi Furlong, Niamh Dwyer and some team members. (Photo: Mike English) CLUB RESULTS 9/9 - 11/9: Open 18 Hole Club Development 3 Person Team Classic. O’Donoghue (16) 73pts 2nd Tom Kenneally (12) Kevin Kenneally (13) Tadhg Foley (20) 69pts 3rd Tony O’Connor (11) Jim Ryan (14) Nick Hannon (15) 69pts Fixtures: Tuesday & Thursday: Open 3ball 16/9 - 18/9: Open Singles 19/9 & 20/9: GUI Munster Veterans Amateur Open Championships 8.30am - 12.30pm Members please note: EGM on 16/9 at at 8pm in the Clubhouse. 1st Patricia Lonergan, Gerty Murphy, Marie Condon 58 Pts L9 2nd Martin O’Driscoll, Shane Bennett, Ann Bennett 58 Pts L5 3rd Paddy O’Leary, Donal O’Leary, Dermot O’Leary 58 Pts L9 4th Pa Morrissey, Martin O’Driscoll, Christy Hanrahan 58 Pts CLUB FIXTURES 17/9: Kelleher’s Super Valu Open Qualifier Final 17/9 & 18/9: 18 Hole Singles Stableford, Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Youghal cycling club 30 SPORT 2011 AN POST Rebel Cork Tour A LARGE group from Youghal CC headed to CIT in Cork last weekend for our final Sportive of the year. Six men lined up for the 150km route with a further 4 lining out for the 90km route. The route headed out of the city through Bishopstown and the Bandon Road roundabout, along the N71 road into West Cork through Halfway, right toward Crossbarry on the R589 on to Bandon, bypassing the town and proceeding on the R586 through Enniskean and Ballineen and on to Dunmanway toward Clonakilty. From there we continued on the R600 through Timoleague, Kilbrittan and Ballinspittle along the coast of Garretstown and the Old Head, before coming back in through scenic Kinsale. The route then joined back up on the N71 at Halfway and headed back for the City via the Viaduct, and onto Bandon Road roundabout, where the cyclists were directed toward the finishing point at CIT. We had a great spin at this event last year and again enjoyed the parcours this year, which covered 150km. Windy conditions made it tough at the front, but the Builder wouldn’t know anything about that as he was hiding down the back for most of the spin. J.B., you would want to have a little chat with him!! As predicted, Tobin tried in vain to burn us all- will he ever learn? We were very disappointed with Mr. Fonda as he can’t seem to find his camera at the moment, none more so than Kenneally as it has been some time since his shorts & saddle has appeared in a club photograph !. Marky, you need to stop showing off with this cycling up every climb with just your left leg, it won’t get you far ! Ride of the day went to Kieran McCarthy, who completed his first big event with very little training in the legs. I’d say those legs were fairly stiff on the Sunday. Hats off to Liz Hatch who made a very special appearance on the day and kept this scribe smiling while Mark was wincing ! Good day out lads,in very good company. Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Ballyhoura Mountain Bike Trails 2011 Moby Dick’s last Sunday morning for their usual weekly run. The 10 cyclists covered a not so sheltered route around East Cork taking in Ballymacoda, Ladysbridge, Ballinacurra and Midleton for the coffee stop. From there they rolled well with the tail wind back to Castlemartyr, through Killeagh and back to Youghal via the smooth new road for 13.15pm, with a challenging 60km loop completed. Club Monthly Meeting Our September Club Monthly Meeting took place last Wednesday, the 7th, at the Holy Family Church, Youghal at 8.00pm. Numerous items were discussed, most notably our recent Vee Challenge and the upcoming ‘My Sister Zoe Appeal’ charity cycle. The biggest item for discussion was about this year’s winter training. Sunday spins will revert to our 9am start time from October 2nd, when it is planned to have two separate groups riding out at different levels to cater for as many cyclists as possible. The pace and distance of the spins will also be brought back accordingly. The 10am group will continue as nor- mal, but note that one of the 9am groups could be used by those wishing to improve, as a good stepping stone up to the other 9am group. The date of the Club AGM has also been fixed to take place at our next monthly meeting on October 5th. All members are asked to bring their membership fee to the AGM to facilitate the registration process, which can take some time. MY LITTLE SISTER ZOE APPEAL Youghal Cycling Club will undertake a 175km fundraising cycle this Saturday, September 17th in aid of an 18 month old little girl with a rare cancer condition. The journey will leave the Market Square at 9 am and visit Tallow, Fermoy, Mallow, Blarney, Ballincollig, Bishopstown, Cork City and Midleton before returning to Youghal. Collectors will be out on the route at all the towns and villages along the way so we would ask kindly to give what you can for this very worthy cause. Donations can also be made through sponsorship cards with which club members are currently collecting, collection boxes on the day, or through the following Ulster Bank account: A/c no: 10880255; sort code: 986070 International. Details: IBAN: IE47ULSB98607010880255; IBAN BIC: ULSBIE2D. Visit www.mysisterzoe.com. For further information or contact Tony Walsh 086 2506425. Blackwater Triathlon 2011 Congrats to young Chris Mintern, who has continued his winning streak this season by taking overall honours at the Blackwater Triathon, beating some of the top Irish Triathletes in the process. Watch this space as Chris, hopefully, has a great future ahead of himself. A group from the club is planning to head to Ballyhoura in Co. Limerick on either Saturday 24th or Sunday 25th September next for a bit of recreational cycling on the trails over Ballyhoura Woods & Mountain. For all those looking for something a bit different and to get the adrenal pumping, a spin on the Mountain Bike at Ballyhoura will do it for you! Keep an eye on the Club Facebook page for further details. Wedding Bells on a bicycle Club Fly-half Tom Curran, aka Flyer, will be tying the knot next week and everyone in the club would like to extend best wishes to Tom and Triona on their big day. Don’t forget the date of the winter training Tom, no excuses, honeymoon or not ! Club Website Information about the club, cycling in the area and cycling in general, can be viewed at our club website. It has to be seen by all at www.youghalcyclingclub.com Team Youghal makes history Weekly Club Spin – 11/9 The 10am group gathered at Team Youghal line up on the start line with race director, Alan Heary TEAM Youghal made history in Navan, Co. Meath last week when they started the Race Around Ireland for the third successive year. Christy McCarthy from Team Youghal left the starting line in Market Square, Navan, at 05:15pm, after playing the National Anthem on the bagpipes for the opening of the race, and then headed North for his first stint in the toughest cycling endurance test in Europe. Despite a weather warning for the tail end of hurricane Katia, in force for Ireland over the coming Brian Hehir passing through Co. Meath during day one of Team Youghal’s participation in The Race Around Ireland, 2011. (Photos: John Hennessy) days, Team Youghal will have to have a cyclist in the saddle at all times. The Team are looking to improve their time of 88 hours 18 minutes from last year, during which they also encountered bad weather on the first night of the race when they were cycling through Northern Ireland. Ten weeks ago Team Youghal were in America where they competed in the toughest cycling endurance race in the World, The Race Across America, cycling over 3,000 miles across the United States Of America. This year Team Youghal are competing in the 1,350 mile race for two local charities, Youghal Hospice and Youghal Meals On Wheels. Race Director, Alan Heary with Lorraine Lewis, head of RAI admin, at the start of Team Youghal’s participation in The Race Around Ireland, 2011 Anton McCabe, Mayor of Navan, giving Christy McCarthy a few words of encouragement at the start To follow the progress of Team Youghal keep an eye on their website ; www.teamyoughal.com Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal SPORT 31 Kinsale defeat Youghal on a very wet night in Páirc Uí Rinn Cork County Intermediate Football Championship Quarter Final Replay DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FERMOY 0-11 YOUGHAL 0-09 THE chance of a Youghal County double was ended at Páirc Uí Rinn on a rain sodden night last Friday, when Kinsale progressed through to the semi final of the Evening Echo Intermediate Football Championship with a two point win in the end. Kinsale had the lead after just one minute when Lyndon Kiely pointed from play, but Youghal responded well with a score from Paul Kelly from play two minutes later. Both sides were evenly matched throughout the first half and on the 7th minute Paul Moylan gave Youghal the lead. Ken Dempsey then added another score a minute later with a well taken score from play. Derry O’Callaghan got one back for Kinsale on the 10th minute, and Youghal were then in trouble, with young Ring sent off after a tackle where he clearly lost his footing in the challenge. It was a yellow card, definitely, but a red card was a bit harsh to say the least. Youghal, in conditions which were diabolical for any sport, had to make up a lot of ground. Kinsale were picking holes in the Youghal side in and around the middle of the park, and Niall McCarthy levelled in the 17th minute to make it 0-03 each. Barry Gray then gave Kinsale the lead on the 18th minute, but Moylan was there to put over a close range free a minute later to level matters for the fourth time. Mark Coughlan gave Kinsale the lead again in the 20th minute of play and his team mate, Gearóid Finn, added another score to leave two points between the sides. Paul Moylan narrowed the deficit with two minutes of the first half remaining, but if anything Youghal were going better than Kinsale at this stage and didn’t want to hear the half time whistle. But it was blown, and Youghal trailed Kinsale by the narrowest of margins at the short whistle 0-5 to 0-4. ball that resembled a bar of soap at times. Like the first half, Kinsale were quickly out of the blocks with a score from O’Callaghan, but again the Youghal lads showed some great heart and Nigel Roche put over a great score from play. Roche was on target again for Youghal seconds later with another beautiful score from play, and all of a sudden the sides were level again. Ken Dempsey, a real leader in the team, then fired Youghal into the lead with a superb score from the left wing and the Youghal tails were up. Kinsale played their way back into the game after withstanding a ten minute stranglehold by Youghal, and Edward Finn levelled with a great score from play. Kinsale’s second half substitute, Donal Murphy, put one over from the left to give Kinsale the lead again, which was followed up by a Finn point off the right boot. Kinsale led by a goal with just two minutes remaining when Coughlan pointed, but Youghal did get one score back through Conor Spillane from FR. O’NEILL’S Main sponsor: Audit Diagnostics County Premier II Minor Hurling Championship semi-final Fr. O’Neill’s 2-9 Sliabh Rua 0-8 FR. O’NEILL’S reached their second County final in a week when their minor hurlers defeated a fancied Sliabh Rua side in the semi-final of the County Premier II Minor hurling championship. This game was played in deplorable conditions, certainly not suited to hurling, on a solid Carrigtwohill surface where the weather affected the teams ability of boith teams to play any kind of decent hurling. Killian McCarthy from Sliabh Rua opened the scoring with a point inside the second minute, while Joe Millerick responded with a pointed 65 a minute later. Paudie McMahon added a second O’Neill’s point as Liam O’Driscoll got on the scoreboard It is hard to believe, but the conditions got even worse in the second half and the football suffered as both sides tried to cope with a with a pointed free. Niall Crowley kept Sliabh Rua in contention when he hit a long ball over the bar for their second score of the game. O’Neill’s opening goal came midway play late on. To be honest, Kinsale deserved the win on overall play, but Youghal may have lost it a small bit on the tactical side of the game as Kinsale were also reduced to 14 men with ten min- through the opening half when Rob Cullinane flicked a long ball from O’Driscoll into the net. This was a brilliant goal and set the foundation for O’Neill’s victory, as they were never led from this point on. Crowley responded with a point and centre utes still left on the clock. The sending off left Youghal having to work really hard for 50 minutes in horrific conditions, but in the finish it is Kinsale that will progress to a semi final meeting with Kildorrey, who accounted back, T. J. Murphy, also added a point from a long range free to let it 1-3 to 0-4 entering the last five minutes of the half. Liam O’Driscoll added two frees while Sliabh Rua’s, Kieran Kiely, pulled one back. Liam and Robert combined again for O’Neill’s second goal, a near for Eire Óg on Saturday night. Youghal will now concentrate on the Premier Intermediate hurling asa they bid to join Carrigtwohill on finals day, if they can defeat Newcestown this Saturday. carbon copy of the first, on the stroke of half time to let them in the comfortable position of 2-5 to 0-5 at the short whistle. The weather did not improve in the second half, even though the fare served up was entertaining while not spectacular. Scores were difficult to come by in this half, as both sets of players tired, such were the conditions. Kiely pulled one back for the Carrigdhoun men but O’Driscoll added two points in succession for O’Neill’s. Liam added two more to kill off the Sliabh Rua challenge, and the sizeable crowd breathed a sigh of relief when the referee blew the final whistle. TEAM: Eoin O’Neill, Adrian Kenneally, William Lane, Darren McCarthy, Ken Hegarty, Tony Motherway, Mark o’ Keeffe, Joe Millerick, Donough O’Flynn, Darren Sexton, Liam O’Driscoll, Shane Lee, Paudie McMahon, Rob. Cullinane, David O’Driscoll. REF: Joe Larkin (Douglas) Fixtures: 17/9 at Aghavine; Fr. O’Neill’s vs. Ballyheigue IH Challenge, 5pm 18/9 at Páirc Uí Rinn: Fr. O’Neill’s vs. Bishopstown or Valley Rovers, County Premier II Minor Hurling Championship Final, 6.15pm. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 32 SPORT Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Bandon weather the storm to end hopes of St. Catherine’s BANDON 1-11 ST. CATHERINE’S 1-5 BANDON will provide the opposition for Fr. O’Neill’s in the Intermediate hurling county final, after coming from behind to see off the challenge of St. Catherine’s in atrocious conditions at Pairc Ui Rinn on Saturday afternoon. A goal ushered home by Alan Johnson after good work from Ronal Crowley proved to be the crucial score as it propelled the winners into a six point advantage and they held their lead to the end. Torrential rain greeted the sides in the opening quarter, with Bandon assisted by the elements taking an early four point lead as James McCarthy, Niall O’Rourke and Ronan Crowley with two, found the range. It took a fine save from James McSweeney to preserve their advantage as St. Catherine’s came close to goaling, while Padraig Cotter saw two long range free’s go wide. Roy Payne extended the Bandon lead as the rain subsided and the wind dropped slightly, allowing ST Catherine’s to come forward. Shane Cotter got them off the mark in the 25th minute and Daniel Mangan quickly added another, but Bandon swiftly replied with points from McCarthy and Crowley restoring their five point advantage. In injury time points from Kieran Morrison and a huge free from Daniel Mangan, left St. Catherine’s just three points in arrears, and all still to play for as they trailed by 0-7 to 0-4 at the interval. second attack they struck for a goal from Shane Kearney who connected with a long Padraig Cotter delivery and when P Roche shot the Ballynoe side ahead it looked as if they would push on. It was not to be however and that Roche point proved to be their final contribution on the scoreboard as Bandon drew level through Jason Hickey. The outstanding Ronan Crowley then shot Bandon into the lead and points from Jason Hickey and Crowley saw them restore their half time advantage at the end of the third quarter. Conditions were not as bad now but St. Catherine’s still found it hard to make and impression on the Bandon rearguard, and their task became an uphill one, as the fleet footed Ronan Crowley broke free to shoot across goal. His shot was ushered home by sub Alan Johnson and that they say was that. St. Catherine’s now needed goals with Shane Kearney being blocked and Padraig Cotter having a 20 metre free saved. This was as close as they would come and while Bandon did not score for the final ten minutes, they had enough done in the previous 50 to weather the St. Catherine’s storm, and comfortably secure their final berth, where Fr. O’Neil’s will provide the opposition on October 9th. For St. Catherine’s their failure to get scores when playing with the breeze proved their undoing and they will now have to wait for next season to have another go. In the conditions neither side could be faulted for effort but in truth it was really difficult to play hurling and Bandon’s use of the elements in the opening half LISGOOLD On the resumption St. Catherine’s wasted no time and in their Championship Previews NEXT Sunday, September 18th, at Ballinacurra sees our Junior Footballers in action in Championship fare against Carrigtwohill. Throw in is scheduled for 5.30pm but, following Carrig’s win in The Páirc on Sunday, watch for late changes to venue, time etc locally. If the game goes ahead, we wish Timmy Mulcahy’s charges the best as they battle for a place in the decider on the following Sunday. Hopefully our boys, powered by Ciaran and John Cronin, as well as John McCarthy and Brian Clifford, will raise their games collectively to lead the way to victory. On Tuesday evening the ‘C’ Championship Hurling takes centre stage, with a throw in at Rostellan scheduled for 7.30 pm against Castlemartyr. So loads happening this week, as well as last, both on and off the field... Junior Football League Div III Lisgoold 2-13 Carrigtwohill 2-09 A horrible Monday night, weather wise, witnessed the clash of neighbours, both wearing blue and gold, where weather conditions dictated the encounter, and saw the match boil down to the veritable ‘game of two halves’. Facing the elements, we trailed by 2-06 to 003 at the short whistle. Some proved crucial to their win, as defending took a lot out of St. Catherine’s. BANDON: R Crowley 0-5, A Johnson 1-0, J McCarthy and J Hickey o-2 each, R Payne and N O’Rourke 0-1 each. astute positional switches at the interval saw our home side dominate thereafter to run out deserved victors. Terrific performances by Noel Connery, John Cashman ( with a sublime 0-06 from play), Killian Kingston and Cathal Cashman saw the deepening darkness envelop the players as we ran time out successfully. John Paul O’Brien, whose first touch after introduction as a substitute was a blistering rocket into the top corner, and Kevin O’Shea, who deftly lobbed the opposing ‘keeper for a peach, both raised the green flags which were to prove decisive at the conclusion. Minor Football County Championship Quarter Final Lisgoold 3-8 Shamrocks 2-10 Unfortunately, no details of this game are to hand at time of DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM PAIRC UÍ RINN Shane Kearney gets the better of James O’Donovan. (Photo: Denis O’Flynn) ST. CATHERINE’S: S Kearney 1-0, D Mangan 0-2, S Cotter, K Morrison and P Roche 0-1 each. BANDON: J McSweeney, P Crowley, J Burke, J O’Donovan, E O’Donovan, D Crowley, K Hurley, C Dullea, J Harrington, M Sugrue, N O’Rourke, J printing, so watch for report next week. Under 12 Hurling Lios gCúl 2-13 Bride Rovers 3-10 A cracking game in Páirc Lios gCúl on Wednesday was not spoiled by the oncoming rain and darkness, as two very even sides played out a deserved draw. Our visitors dominated the early exchanges and, having capitalised on some lackluster defending in the opening period,deserved their 3-07 to 0-06 interval advantage. A series of astute half time positional switches by the team management ( hard to understand how JBM overlooked these lads for his backroom team! ) saw the home side slowly rein in the lead Hickey, J McCarthy, R Payne and R Crowley. Subs used D Lucey and A Johnson. ST. CATHERINE’S: I O’Connell, C Hegarty, R Clancy, E Kenneally, P O’Neill, P Cotter, L O’Connor, S Cot- to secure a worthy share of the spoils. Two goal hero Liam Chandler and Liam O’Shea shared the scoring spoils, while Cian Healy shored up the central defensive berth where Sean Whelan and Jason Hegarty were both equally impressive. Underage in Midleton We took the short journey to Midleton to play the home side on Saturday morning, and played two very evenly matched eleven a side games, where everybody got to experience a lot of game time. Our thanks to a very accommodating host Club who afforded our sides the privilige of playing on the beautifully prepared pitch that would, a few short hours later, feature the cracking East Cork Blue Riband Junior A Championship Final. ter, S Fitzgerald, M Mulcahy, S Kearney, B Mulcahy, D Mangan, K Morrison and P Roche. Subs used W Walsh, N O’Brien, S O’Brien and K Dinneen. REFEREE: Peter Downey, Inniscarra. Well done to all involved. And finally... Our congratulations to our neighbours, Carrigtwohill on achieving a final slot in ‘The Little All Ireland’ and a shot at becoming Cork Senior County Champions after a riveting encounter over Midleton, in a game where two excellent sides battled to a standstill... Also to Lisgoold’s John Cronin, who starred for CIT in the other Semi, and will now grace The Páirc on the first Sunday in October on County Final Day... So,a decisions to be made, support our neighbour... or our neighbours... ? Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal SPORT 33 All square in Clonmult thriller East Cork Junior A Hurling Final: Dungourney 0-11 Carrig na bhFearr 1-8 WEATHER conditions dictated that this would be a low scoring affair, but that did not take from a splendid final whichwas a credit to both clubs and their mentors. Referee, Gerry O’Connell also played his part allowing both teams advantage at times, and while neither profited by way of scores, the play was constantly moving. Both defences showed great composure, especially in the closing stages when any foul might have produced the winner. DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM MIDLETON There were no complaints from the fans, and both teams were also glad of a second chance. Neither side will have much time to prepare as the replay goes ahead on tonight, Wednesday in Carrigtwohill with a 7.30pm throw in time. I said in my preview last week that I thought Dungourney might win, and while they did not play as well as I expected, they still remain my fancy to come out on top. Referee, Gerry O’Connell added to his growing reputation with a fine showing that was helped in no small way by the positive attitude of both clubs. In the end perhaps a draw was the right result, as both sides could easily have won. Dungourney missed a few goal chances and saw two 65’s come back off the post, while Carrig na bhFearr shot eleven wides over the hour in comparison to just seven for Dungourney. Shane Casey, who opened the scoring for Dungourney, also had the final point to bring this game to a replay on tonight, Wednesday, September 14th, in Carrigtwohill, with Dinny O’Leary taking charge this time round. The sides went point for point in the early stages as Martin Hickey and Aidan Hegarty, along with Paul O’Keeffe for Carrig, shot points from play. Kevin Kelleher from a 65 and Martin Wall added points for Dungourney, who also saw Kevin Hegarty bring off a fine save to deny John O’Sullivan a goal. At the other end Conor Hegarty in the Carrig goal was also called into action, as a strong run by James McCarthy set up Shane Hegarty, but namesake Conor managed to save and clear the danger. After such a fine opening, things edged slightly in favour of Carrignavar as Timmy Geaney and tain kept his nerve to slot over the equaliser. Neither side could add to the tally as time ran out for them, and so the 2011 East Cork Final ended in a draw. The Midleton venue was also in superb condition, and all in all a tremendous East Cork Junior A Hurling Final, with the second instalment to look forward to tonight in Carrigtwohill. The rough and tumble of an East Cork Final... Martin Hickey, along with Noel Mullins, drove them forward with John O’Sullivan cancelling out an effort from Kevin Kelleher as the sides were level for a 4th time. Carrig then struck for the only green flag of the game as a long delivery from Martin Hickey was finished to the net by Aaron Dorgan, to open up a three point gap. While Dungourney were shaken they responded well with a point Dee O’Driscoll stops James McCarthy. (Photos: Denis O’Flynn) from Kenneth Kelleher, and with Shane Casey now operating as a third midfielder, Dungourney got back in the game. Shane Casey got a point from play and while Paul O’Keeffe had a fine Carrignavar point, the final score of the half went to John O’Neill for Dungourney, who trailed by 1-5 to 0-7 at the interval. his second point for Dungourney, it was O’Sullivan who was to be the main man for Carrig as twice more he found the target to leave Carrig in front by 1-8 to 09 going into the final ten minutes. Both sides had used their bench, and the impressive Kevin Rohan pointed to bring Dun- gourney to within a point of Carrig going into the final five minutes. Dungourney was now on top and forced two 65’s, both of which came back off the post. Fittingly it was third time lucky as the ball was worked to Shane Casey, and the Dungourney cap- CARRIGNAVAR: A Dorgan 1-0, J O’Sullivan 0-4, P O’Keeffe 0-2, M Hickey and A Hegarty 0-1 each. DUNGOURNEY: S Casey 0-4, Kevin Kelleher and M Wall 0-2 each, K Kelleher, K Rohan and J O’Neill 0-1 each. CARRIGNAVAR: C Hegarty, T Sheehan, D O’Driscoll, D Coleman, M Hickey, R Mullins, T Geaney, A Hegarty, N Mullins, P O’Keeffe, S Horgan, C Burns, A Dorgan, P Murphy and J O’Sullivan. Subs used R Spillane, C O’Reilly, P Geaney and B Hegarty. DUNGOURNEY: K Hegarty, B Hegarty, M Hegarty, E Ahearn, J Griffin, J Casey, P Kelleher, M Wall, N Motherway, Kenneth Kelleher, Kevin Kelleher, J O’Neill, J McCarthy, S Casey and S Hegarty. Subs used F Hegarty and K Rohan. REFEREE: Gerry O’Connell, Lisgoold. On the resumption John O’Sullivan extended the Carrig advantage, and while Martin Wall had Colm O’Reilly clears Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 AGHADA 34 SPORT OUR minor hurlers are the only hurling team left standing in the championship after the Junior B team lost to Erin’s Own last Saturday evening. We held our own for the opening half with the score standing at six points each. The second half was a different affair as Erin’s Own rattled in the goals. Final score: Aghada 0-10 Erin’s Own 4-14 TEAM: John O’Brien, Willie O’Shea, Eoin Cotter, Richie Condon, Liam Morressy, Paudie Wall, Aidan O’Connell, Alan Walsh, Tin Hartnett, Alan Creedon, David Rice, John Wall, Finbarr Day, Anthony Connolly. Subs used James O’Leary, Raymond Savage, Ryan O’Keeffe, Brian Condon. Fixtures 15/9: Fé 14 Premier 1 Peil League 1 St. Finbarr’s vs. Aghada, 6.15pm, away 15/9: U14 Girls East Cork Championship: Aghada vs. Midleton, 6.30pm in Midleton 16/9: Fé 16 Premier 2 Peil League: Killeagh/Ita’s vs. Aghada, 6.15pm, away 17/9: SF team take part in the annual Kilmacud 7’s tournament 18/9: Fé 14 Premier 1 Peil League 1: Aghada vs. St. Michael’s, 12 noon, home 21/9: IHL Aghada vs. Valley Rovers in Rostellan 24/9: Possible fixtures MHC County semi-final vs. Bantry Blues 24/9: Fé 14 Football Championship P1: Aghada vs. Ballincollig, 4pm, home 27/9: Fé 15 Premier 1 Football League: St. Finbarr’s vs. Aghada, 7pm, away 1/10: Fé 13 Hurling Championship P2: Aghada vs. Blarney Any of these fixtures could change do look up the website for up to the minute news www.aghadagaa.com Castlemartyr Castlemartyr GAA Golf Day at Castlemartyr Golf Club CASTLEMARTYR GAA Club is holding a golf day at Castlemartyr Golf Club on Thursday, September 22nd. It will be a singles stableford competition, open to ladies and gents, as well as non-GUI members. Entry on the day will be only €25pp. For timesheet enquires please phone Damien Roche on 087-3365101. Junior A Football Championship Our Junior footballers recommence their football campaign against Carraig na bhFearr next Saturday in Castlelyons at 5pm. Annual club fundraising first draw 2011results: €1,000 Trudy Abernethy €500 Brian Lawton €400 Paula O’Neill €300 Rose Hayes €100 Sean & Dorothy Walsh €100 Diane Abernethy €100 Liam Ronayne €100 Riona Smiddy €100 Ger Murnane €100 Paddy & Betty Power. East Cork GAA final replay THE East Cork Oil East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship Replay between Carraig na bhFearr and Dungourney will take place tonight, Wednesday, September 14th at 7.30pm in Carrigtwohill. Referee, Denis O’Leary (Watergrasshill). Extra time will be played in the event of a draw. Admission prices for the replay will be reduced to €5 (adults) and €3 (concessions). Aghada juvenile Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal East Cork GAA fixtures SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 17TH: Michael O’Connor Motor Factors Junior A Football Championship: Castlemartyr vs. Carraig na bhFearr at Castlelyons, 5pm, Quarter-Final ET SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 18TH: Michael O’Connor Motor Factors Junior A Football Championship: Lisgoold vs. Carrigtwohill at Ballinacurra, 5.30pm Semi-Final. RESULTS Junior A Hurling Championship: Carraig na bhFearr 1-8 Dungourney 0-11 Final Junior B Hurling Championship: Aghada 0-10 Erin’s Own 4-14 Round 2 ET Cloyne 1-5 Cobh 0-15 Round 2 ET Sarsfields 4-18 Killeagh 1-9 Round 2 ET Garryvoe Hotel JFL Div 3: Lisgoold 2-13 Carrigtwohill 2-9 Round 1 JHL Division 2: Youghal 1-17 St. Ita’s 5-13 Round 4 JHL Div 3 Sec 1: Killeagh 1-5 Aghada 1-9 Round 4 Russell Rovers 3-6 Cloyne 1-9 Round 4. YOUGHAL CAMOGIE Minors vs. Banteer ON Sunday last, September 11th, the minors took on Banteer on a very wild evening, weatherwise. The team made the two hour journey to North Cork with only one thing on their minds. The game started off well with Shannen Bulman sending a very fine point over the bar from play. Midfield, Niamh Quill could be found everywhere on the night and was an inspiration to her team mates on how the game of camogie should be played. An inspiring effort from centre back, Chloe Daly kept the opposition from getting on the ball. Youghal played with the wind in the first half. A huge amount of ball was given to the full forward line and Ellie Budds was on hand to put the ball in the back of the net, a task which she has made her own in the last year. Ellie always seems to be in the right place when opportunities arise for her. The Youghal side had it tough in the first half keeping the centre half line at bay, but great play from the backs resulted in only one point from the Banteer side. At half time the score line read 1-5 to 0-1 to Youghal. A pep talk from the side line gave the girls the encouragement they needed, and they went in to the second half with confidence. The second half was well fought, and a great stop from Amy Hennessy in goal kept the Banteer side from going ahead. The Youghal side never left their guard down, and battled on to tally 3 more points from play from full forward, Shannen Bulman Joyce. The girls came up trumps when the final whistle blew, coming home with a victory on a score line of 1-8 to 1-6. TEAM: Amy Hennessey, Nora Sheehan, Shannon Watson, Gemma O’Brien, Chaela Dalton, Chloe Daly, Aishling Siochru, Niamh Quill, Leah Broderick, Alannah Finn, Roisin O’Keeffe (C), Ellie Budds, Shannen Bulman Joyce, Aishling O’Brien. The girls now progress to the next round of the Minor Championship with dates of next game to be confirmed. Youghal vs. Na Piarsaigh Junior B Semi Final: 2-7 to 3-5 Na Piarsaigh progressed to the final where they beat Sliabh Rua by a goal. Well done to Na Piarsaigh who lifted the Junior B title. U14 Hurling Championship: Aghada 1-3 St. Finbarr’s 3-11 TEAM; Colin O’Reilly, Jordan Tynan, Cian Savage, Matthew Kidney, Paul Daly, Aaron Butler, Edward Leahy, Mark Healy, John Looney (1-2), Jack McDonnell, Cein O’Driscoll, Kevin O’Hanlon, Daniel Creedon (0-1), Charlie Terry, Jack Farmer, Ciaran O’Shea, Luke O’Connell, Kalen O’Donoghue, Aaron Berry, Matthew Leahy, Declan Foley. U14 Football Championship: Aghada 2-4 Eire Óg 0-7 TEAM: Colin O’Reilly, Aaron Butler, Mark Healy, Edward Leahy, Aaron Berry Tadgh Gilroy, Jack McDonnell, Paul Daly, Cein O’Driscoll, Kevin O’Hanlon, John Looney (0-2), Cian Savage (0-1), Jack Farmer (0-1), Charlie Terry (2-0), Kalen O’Donoghue, Jordan Tynan, Luke O’Connell, Ciaran O’Shea, Matthew Kidney, Matthew Leahy, James Gilroy and Stephen Daly. U16 Football challenge game: Aghada 3-10 Fermoy 2-6 TEAM: Michael Leahy, James Cashman, Shane Dorney, Cormac Phelan, Andrew Murphy (1-1), Jake O’Donoghue, Shane Crowley, Conor O’Driscoll (0-3), Sean O’Leary (0-2), Aaron Stafford (1-1), Shane Bennett (1-0), Matthew Stafford, Mark Wall, Jordan Ryan (0-1), Stephen Murphy, (0-2), Brian Rice, Ronan Counihan, Peter Cashman, Cein Savage, Tadgh Gilroy. U10 Hurling League Game No. 3: Aghada 6-1 Midleton 1-3 Aghada started the game with some early scores which set us up for a very satisfying TEAM performance that saw Aghada use all 21 players during the course of the match with Midleton. Without exception every Aghada player put in a great effort, and we were justly rewarded with our third win out of three games in the league. Aghada were up against a hard working Midleton side, but on the day Midleton could not find any way past a very solid Aghada defence. Full credit is due to all players on the day who displayed great skill and spirit. Aghada will play Carrigtwohill next in our final league game. Scorers: Diarmuid Phelan 2-1, Jamie O’Hanlon 2-0, Aidan Slye 10, Ivan Mertz 1-0. Aghada vs. Mitchelstown Aghada played Mitchelstwon under tens in a league match in Mitchelstown and headed back along the M8 with a hard won, 1 point victory. Best for Aghada on the day were Craig Healy, Jamie O’Hanlon (who helped himself to a number of great scores) and Rory O’Connell whose long range shooting was excellent. Shay Keane was great at the back with some very good block downs, and Mary Leahy showed great skill up front linking up well with her fellow forwards. Aghada vs. Glenville and Fermoy Missing 3 or 4 regulars, Aghada Under Ten Footballers still managed to field 25 players on September 6th in two league matches against Fermoy and Glenville, two very strong footballing teams. We split the 25 players into two teams of 12, and one team played Glenville and the other played Fermoy. It was a very tall order for our lads to be competitive in these games, but to their credit our lads did themselves proud with a very hardworking and never say die performance. In the end we lost both games, but every player got a taste of the action for the full 50 minutes. In the Fermoy game, Diarmuid Phelan returned from his travels to put in a very good performance, and Daniel Gilroy was solid in goals. Ivan Merez and Rory O’Connell were also stars on the evening. Over at the game against Glenville, Sean Horgan who has improved so much during the year got a fantastic point, the highlight of the night. Also Ciaran O’Driscoll was a colossus at the back fielding balls over his head, tackling in a very skilful fashion and clearing from the danger zone well. In goals Tomás Busteed was a safe pair of hands, and Jack Norris also played great in midfield. Looking forward to next year, we are looking for people to get involved as mentors for under 10 football. Whether you are a parent, family member or a club member we need your help. You may have a son or daughter involved in this year’s team, or you may have no children involved but are a club member who would like to help in the mentoring of a team. If interested please call Dave on 085 807 0107. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Youghal ladies football club Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Official club launch night ON the 1st year anniversary of the Gaelic4Girls Programme, which has led to the establishment of 5 underage teams (U14, U13, U12, U10 & U8), a Junior and a Gaelic4Mothers team, we are officially launching our Club on Sunday, September 18th from 6pm – 7pm. We’d appreciate your support by coming along yourself and bringing all players to Club Aras for light refreshments. Also, please have the girls kitted out in either their Red T-Shirts or Club colours, for team & group photos taken by the local press. Hoping to see you all for the launch. Team updates 2011 has been an extremely successful year since officially becoming an affiliated Club, far exceeding our initial expectations. Our Gaelic4Mothers have played during half time in the National Football League Finals held in Parnell Park, and in the recent Munster Club Blitz. Our Junior team continue to master their skills and are continuing to improve. Our U12s made history by winning the East Cork League Shield in a thrilling contest with Midleton. Our U14s represented the Club & town in the Féile, gaining fantastic plaudits from all visiting Clubs over the weekend. A group of 25 girls represented the Club in a National Blitz Day held on the hallowed Croke Park turf, a day from which memories will last forever for all involved. Our U10s & U8s took part in a blitz in Ballyphehane last Saturday, with the U8s winning their final and the U10s drawing in the final. The girls really enjoyed themselves. Next Saturday these groups also head to Passage where approx 40 teams will take part. Congratulations to our U14s who qualified for the East Cork Final after a thrilling win over Cloyne in Copperalley on Sunday, on a scoreline of 3-0 to 0-5, in difficult blustery conditions. They now play near neighbours, Inch Rovers in the final. Our U12s have drawn Cloyne in the championship. Parents, your presence at all matches is very much appreciated by all mentors and by the girls themselves. Training for all our underage teams continues each Saturday morning at 10.30am, and any girl wishing to take up Gaelic Football can either come up to Club Aras on Saturday or contact Cormac Galvin on 0870508474 for details. County Board Tickets The sale of the Cork Ladies County Board tickets is one of the important sources of Club fund raising for the year. Can all players please return all tickets (sold or not) to your manager before September 17th. Ladies Night Our Chairperson, Catriona Hill and the social committee are busy looking at organising fund raising initiatives. The first of these is a 'Ladies Hair & Beauty Night' on Saturday, October 1st in Club Aras at 8pm. Tickets, priced €5, are available from this weekend. This should be a great night for all. Please support. Membership Please ensure that all players have paid their membership. Forms can be collected from coaches or in the office. Cash for clobber in Lisgoold LISGOOLD GAA’s Program Development Fundraising Committee are holding the much shought after 'CASH FOR CLOBBER' on Wednesday, September 21st in Lisgoold GAA Pitch from 7 - 8pm. Please note your bags can be dropped only during this time. If you are interested and not aware of how it works, you fill any black bag with old unwanted but CLEAN clothes, shoes, bags, belts, curtains, duvet & pillow cases (no quilts or pillows) and for every bag you donate, the fundraising committee receive €4.00. Please support this event as we raised €920.00 earlier this year in the same way. Many thanks to everyone who has donated to either buying a brick, cash for clobber or the standing order, of which we have over 100 families signed up. SPORT 35 Inch are Rebel Óg miles recent results ahead Central Premier 1 Minor Football Championship: Douglas 0-9 Nemo Rangers 1-5 Bishopstown 2-4, Ballincollig 2-10 Central Premier 1 Minor Hurling Championship: St. Finbarr’s 0-12 Castlelyons 0-15 Blackrock 3-12, Carrigaline 0-8, Semi-Final Central Premier 2 Minor Hurling Championship: Sliabh Rua 0-8 Fr. O’Neill’s 2-9 Central Fé 18 Premier 1 Hurling League (2): Shandrum 3-7 Charleville 5-16 Central Fé 16 Hurling Championship P1: Blackrock 2-11 Sarsfield 0-10 Douglas 0-8 Mallow 3-13 Central Fé 16 Premier 1 Peil League: Mallow 1-9 Ballincollig 2-12 Central Fé 16 Premier 2 Peil League Roinn 3: Erin’s Own 1-7 Youghal 3-10 Kiltha Óg 1-10 Aghada 1-10 Central Fé 16 Premier 1 Hurling League: Glen Rovers 0-2 Shandrum 0-1 Carrigtwohill 0-1 Shandrum 0-2 Central Fé 16 Premier 2 Hurling League (3): Valley Rovers - Inniscarra -, conceded by Valley Rovers Central Fé 15 Premier 1 Peil League: Nemo Rangers 1-7 Carrigaline 1-9 Central Fé 15 Premier 1 Hurling League (1): Glen Rovers - St. Finbarr’s -, not played Bishopstown 0-1 Na Piarsaigh 0-2 St. Finbarr’s 6-13, Douglas 1-8 Central Fé 15 Premier 2 Hurling League: Nemo Rangers 0-5 Carrigaline 8-10 Central Fe 14 Hurling Championship P1: Blackrock 5-19 Ballincollig 0-4 Carrigaline 0-1 Fr. O’Neill’s 0-2 Duhallow 1-5 Na Piarsaigh 4-11 Central Fe 14 Hurling Championship P2: Sliabh Rua 0-2 Russell Rovers 0-1 Central Fe 14 Premier 2 Peil League: St. Nicholas 2-8 Inniscarra 3-13 Central Fe 13 Premier 1 Peil League: Ballincollig 2-8 Douglas 1-6 Na Piarsaigh 0-1 Douglas 0-2 Central Fé 12 Premier Hurling League 2: Douglas 1 4-6 Bishopstown 14-1 Douglas 2 5-6 Bishopstown 20-1 Douglas 1 4-4 Bishopstown 20-4 Douglas 2 5-5 Bishopstown 10-1 St. Finbarr’s 1 2-5 Blackrock 12-5 St. Finbarr’s 2 1-5 Blackrock 24-3 St. Finbarr’s 1 5-2 Blackrock 25-4 St. Finbarr’s 2 0-3 Blackrock 13-3 Central Fé 11 Premier Hurling League 2: St. Finbarr’s 1 0-1 Blackrock 10-2 St. Finbarr’s 2 0-1 Blackrock 20-2. Inch Rovers 3 - 17 Mourneyabbey 1 - 6 WILLIE O’NEILL REPORTS INCH Rovers were in the Evening Echo Senior Championship Final, played in Fermoy on Monday, September 5th. Inch got off to a great start with Jessica O’Shea getting a goal thirty seconds after the start, followed by a goal by Jillian Horan. Mourneyabbey made a few changes, but it was Inch that got the scores from Sarah Harrington, and Amy O’ Shea got a goal and a point. This left the score at half time at Inch Rovers 3 - 7 to 0 - 4. Inch started the second half with a few great points and Mourneyabbey got 2 points, followed by a goal by their sub, Ciara O’Sullivan. Then Inch played some wonderful football, with centerfields and full backs in full control. I must mention Aoife Walsh, as she played a stormer of a game in her first match for Inch Rovers. Then Jill Horan was brought down in the square by the goalkeeper, but Amy O’Shea put it over the bar. Inch lined out without the wonderful Mary O’Connor. Noel O’Connor and his selectors must be well pleased with the performance. Scorers were Amy O’Shea 1 - 7, Jessica O’Shea 1 - 5, Jill Horan 1 - 3, Sarah Harrington 0 - 1 and Claire Keohane 0 - 1. Subs were Finola Neville, Kate Harrington, Kate Murphy and Úna Fitzgerald. The best of luck to Amy O’Shea, who is captain of the Cork Ladies Footballers, and also the rest of the Inch Rovers players in Croke Park in the All-Ireland Final on September 25th. We hope that the All-Ireland Cup will be back in Inch on Monday, September 26th. TG4 All Ireland Ladies Finals and Aisling McGing Memorial Championship Final Please note that all three TG4 All Ireland Ladies Finals on Sunday, September 25th, will be shown live on TG4. 17/9: Aisling McGing Memorial Championship Final - Cork vs. Dublin, Nenagh, 2pm, (M. Farrelly) 25/9: TG4 All Ireland Junior Championship Final 2011: New York vs. Wicklow, Croke Park, 12 noon, (Y. Duffy) TG4 All Ireland Intermediate Championship Final 2011: Cavan vs. Westmeath, Croke Park, 2pm, (G. Corrigan) TG4 All Ireland Senior Championship Final 2011: Cork vs. Monaghan, Croke Park, 4pm (J. Niland). CLOYNE GAA LOTTO NUMBERS drawn were 2, 5, 8 and 16. Bonus 13. No winner. Match 3 and Bonus: No winner. Match 3s who each receive €50: Mick Murphy c/o Seamus O’Brien, David Barry c/o Harty’s Bar and Mary Hallahan, Castlemary. Next week’s jackpot is €5,900. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 83,000 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal East Cork JAHC Final kids had a Cúl summer... RELIEF, I think that was the most common reaction among Dungourney supporters when referee, Jer O’Connell, blew the final whistle to signal the end of a nail-biting East Cork Final. What a final ten minutes, though, when our lads came back from a perilous position, two points down to a good Carraig na bhFearr side, to draw level with two minutes to go and force us all to a replay in Carrigtwohill on Wednesday night at 7.30 pm. Vhi GAA Cúl Camps National Ambassador and Cork footballer, Ciaran Sheehan, with Ian and Adam McAweeney, age 9 and 7 respectively. (Photo: Stephen McCarthy / Sportsfile) AS the football and hurling championships come to their exciting conclusions, September sees the wrapping up of Ireland’s largest summer camp activity the 2011 Vhi GAA Cúl Camps. This year the Vhi GAA Cúl Camps continued to be a popular choice for primary school children, with over 83,000 children taking part around the country and in GAA units in Britain, North America and New York. Football and hurling heroes visited camps across their respective counties, passing on the skills and training techniques, with Bernard Brogan, Michael Murphy, Anthony Daly and Eoin Kelly just some of the 35 Vhi GAA Cúl Camps Ambassadors on hand to give tips, skills and training advice to the young players attending the camps. Cúl Camps Ambassador and Cork Senior Footballer, Ciaran Sheehan said ‘The Vhi GAA Cúl Camps are hugely popular in Cork and this Summer I had an opportunity to see why. Visiting them, it is clear the coaching is high quality, the atmosphere is fun and the enthusiasm is infectious! It’s great to get out and meet the children who one day could be playing for Cork’ This has been the sixth year of the Vhi GAA Cúl Camps and Vhi Healthcare Director of Marketing and Business Development, Declan Moran commented ‘Vhi Healthcare is extremely proud to be involved in this initiative as part of our commitment to the promotion of healthy living at community level, and ensuring that children live healthy and active lives. Our habits and attitudes to health and fitness are established in our youth; therefore activities such as the Vhi GAA Cúl Camps are crucial to helping promote positive attitudes amongst children nation-wide.’ Jimmy O’ Dwyer, Vhi GAA Cúl Camp Coordinator added, ‘The decision to lower the age of participation to six years old was also successful, as the love for sport and fun and making friends starts at a very early age, and encouraging this can only be a good thing. Jimmy went on to thank all the county coordinators and coaches who helped to deliver such an exciting project.’ In total 2011 saw 1060 Vhi GAA Cúl Camps taking place across the country, with coaching and mentoring provided by hundreds of GAA coaches, players and volunteers. Championship programme update SEPTEMBER 17TH At Páirc Uí Rinn, Premier IHC Semi Final: Newcestown vs. Youghal, 6pm (C. Lyons) At Páirc Uí Rinn, Premier IHC Semi Final: Courcey Rovers vs. Kilbrittain, 7.45pm (G. O’Connell) At Riverstown or Brinny, IFC Semi Final: If Kinsale vs. Kildorrery/Eire Óg, 4pm (J. Dorgan) At Donoughmore, Premier IFC Quarter Final: Macroom vs. Clyda Rovers/Mallow, 5pm (Michael Collins) At Blarney, Premier IFC Relegation Play-Off: Carrigaline vs. Grenagh, 3.30pm (Denis O’Leary) At Dunmanway, JAFC Quarter Final: Avondhu vs. Beara, 4pm At Coachford, JAHC Quarter Final: St. Oliver Plunkett’s vs. Kilbrin, 2.30pm At Venue Open, JAHC Quarter Final: Avondhu vs. Carrigdhoun, 4pm At Venue Open, Fé 21 AHC Quarter Final: Seandún vs. Muskerry, 4pm, TBC At Venue Open, Fé 21 BHC Quarter Final: Avondhu vs. Carrrigdhoun, 4pm SEPTEMBER 24TH At Páirc Uí Rinn, SFC Semi-Final: Avondhu vs. UCC, 6.15pm At Páirc UI Rinn, SFC Semi-Final: Castlehaven vs. Carbery Rangers / Newcestown, 8pm At Brinny, JAFC Quarter Final: Courcey Rovers vs. Donoughmore, 4pm (Martin Collins) At Venue Open, JAFC Quarter Final: Seandún vs. Carbery, 4pm At Ballyanley, JAHC Quarter Final: Seandún vs. Cloughduv, 4 pm At Cill na Martra/Donoughmore, Premier IFC Semi Final: Macroom/Clyda Rovers/Mallow vs. Beal Athan Ghaorthaidh, 4pm (Alt. 1/10) At Castlelyons, or Riverstown, IFC Semi-Final: If Youghal vs. Kildorrery/Eire Óg, 5 pm (J. Dorgan) (Alt. 1/10) At Cloughduv, Fé 21 AHC Quarter Final: Kilbrittain vs. Duhallow, 4 pm (P. Downey) At Venue Open, Fé 21 BHC Quarter Final: Seandún vs. Muskerry, TBC SEPTEMBER 27TH At Venue Open, JAFC Quarter Final: Imokilly vs. Duhallow, 8pm OCTOBER 1ST At Venue Open, Fé 21 AHC Quarter Final: Avondhu vs. Carrigdhoun, 4pm. It started well for us with Shane Casey putting us ahead after a minute with a point. Two points from Carrignavar got them the lead before Kevin Kelleher levelled with a point . Kevin pointed again from a 65 on 10 minutes, and when Martin Wall pointed after 12 minutes we were going well. We had good goalscoring chances but could not find that last bit of penetration needed to hoist the green flag. Another point from Kevin Kelleher and two from Carrig put us level, before Carrig goaled on the 20th minute to really rain on our parade. Thankfully, Dungourney rallied well and points from Kenneth Kelleher, Shane Casey and John O’Neill kept us ticking over, with just a point from Carrig in reply to take us to half-time just a point behind, Carrig na bhFearr 1-05 Dungourney 0-07. According to the ‘experts’ on the bank everybody felt that, even though we weren’t playing as well as we could, with the wind at our backs in the second half we would be able to drive on and finally get on top around the pitch. As the teams trooped back onto the pitch after the break, though, I think we all knew that it was going to be a battle, and so it transpired. The second half started with a missed free for us before Carrig pointed to go two ahead. Not to be outdone, Martin Wall pointed before Carrig pointed again after six minutes to restore their lead. Shane Casey pointed again after eight, before Carrig got their last point of the match after eleven minutes. At this stage Frank Hegarty replaced Brendan, but no matter what our lads tried they were coming up short against a resolute Carrig defence. Now, though, came the change that seemed to revive us. Kevin Rohan replaced John O’Neill and his driving runs seemed to lift the team and the crowd. A point from Kevin Rohan on 24 minutes put us within touching distance of parity, before Shane Casey pointed the leveller on twenty eight to huge applause, Carraig were short with a 65 at the death, and Dungourney were on the attack again when the final whistle sounded. FINAL SCORE: Dungourney 0-11 Carraig na bhFear 1-08 TEAM: Kevin Hegarty, Eoghan Ahern, Mark Hegarty, Brendan Hegarty, Jack Griffin, James Leahy, Paul Kellehe, Niall Motherway, Martin Wall, Ken Kelleher, Kevin Kelleher, John O’Neill, James McCarthy, Shane Casey and Shane Hegarty. Subs used: Frank Hegarty for Brendan Hegarty, Kevin Rohan for John O’Neill. The replay is on Wednesday night at 7.30pm in Carrigtwohill. Be there - it will be a cracker. Lotto results from September 5th: Jackpot €1,650. No winner. Numbers drawn were 5, 10 and 24. Lucky dip winners: John Ronayne €35 David Harris €25 Dan Ahern €15 Next week’s jackpot will be €1,800. Fixtures: East Cork JAHC Final Replay: Dungourney vs. Carraig na bhFear in Carrigtwohill on Wednesday, September 14th at 7.30pm. Junior C Hurling Championship: Dungourney vs. Midleton in Lisgoold on Friday, September 16th at 6.30pm. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal SPORT 37 Carrigtwohill book county final spot with spirited showing against Midleton CARRIGTWOHILL 1-10 MIDLETON 0-10 A COURAGEOUS display from Carrigtwohill saw them see off the challenge of Midleton in the second of the Cork senior hurling semi finals played at Páirc Uí Chaoimh on Sunday afternoon. It was a magnificent display of courage from a Carrig side that struggled in the opening stages, but when the need was greatest, Carrig hung in there and found reserves of energy to repel a Midleton challenge that may have prevailed, had the Magpies had a little more composure. DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM PAIRC UI CHAOIMH In my preview last week I said that Carrigtwohill were here on merit and they stood a great chance of reaching the final. While I opted for a Midleton victory, I said that Carrigtwohill had the personnel to prove me wrong and, fair play to them, they did just that with a storming second half defensive display that saw Midleton flounder. It had started all so differently as a confident Midleton side took the game to Carrig with Luke O’Farrell and Kieran Mulcahy landing early points. Niall McCarthy, who was to be hugely influential throughout, had the opening point for Carrigtwohill, who were being outplayed early on with Midleton stretching further ahead with points from Conor Lehane and a Sean Hennessy free. Gradually Carrig, aided by the strong breeze, began to win some good possession with Colm O’Connell, Liam O’Sullivan and Noel Furlong, driving them on. Points followed through Tomás Hogan, Daniel O’Mahony and Mick Fitzgerald and by the 22nd minute the sides were level with Pat White and Niall McCarthy trading points. Carrig had shot a few wides and, given the strength of the wind, The Carrigtwohill management team storm the pitch. (Photos: Denis O’Flynn) Midleton would have been happy enough with Declan and Aidan Ryan doing well in defence, as Niall McCarthy edged Carrig in front for the first time in this contest. McCarthy was leading by example at one end while Noel Furlong was doing likewise at the other, as Carrig’s belief in their ability began to grow. The switch of McCarthy to full forward paid dividends, and while Conor Lehane brought the sides level for a second time, it Niall McCarthy scores Carrigtwohill’s first point was Carrig that were to finish the half strongly with McCarthy adding his 4th point. This was quickly followed by a magnificent goal from Mick Fitzgerald after a great run from Rob White, who set up Niall McCarthy, who then offloaded to Fitzgerald who blasted to the roof of the net. This goal was a huge shot in the arm for Carrigtwohill and while Sean Hennessy did point a late free for Midleton it was Carrigtwohill, who bounded into the dressing-room leading by 1-7 to 0-7. Given the strength of the breeze, the Carrig lead looked far from safe as Midleton again came storming from the blocks, but failed to find the range with some poor finishing. In contrast Mick Fitzgerald slotted another free for a high tackle on Niall McCarthy who was popping up all over the place. You can teach a lot of things, but courage is something that must come from inside, and Carrig had courage in abundance as they grew in stature, with every player putting their shoulder to the wheel. Rob White and Niall McCarthy added further points from play, as Midleton continued to waste good chances with poor shooting. Midleton shot five wides on the trot and then had a 20 metre free saved, before Seamus Farrell got only their second point of the half to leave them four points adrift going into the closing five minutes. men were everywhere getting a block or tackle in, and while Padraig O’Shea did slot a superb point, it still left Midleton needing a goal to force a replay. Carrigtwohill, by now, had a thou shalt not pass mentality and Midleton could find no way through as Pat O’Sullivan, Ronan Power and Michael O’Riordan shut up shop in front of a confident William McCarthy. Noel Furlong continued to excel and with Niall McCarthy, Stephen Kidney and Rob White funnelling back to help their defence, there was no way that Mi- dleton was going to raise a green flag. When referee, Diarmuid Kirwan, sounded the final whistle it was greeted with delight as Carrigtwohill had reached the senior decider for the 3rd time in their history. They will be bidding to win their second title on October 2nd, with their first title coming in 1918. For Midleton, it was so near and yet so far as they failed to strike home the scores in the second half when they were on top. Midleton, who are a young side, lacked composure in the heat of battle but they should gain some measure of compensation when they re-group for a shot at the county U21A hurling title. Time is on their side at senior level, so their time will hopefully come again. You learn harsh lessons in defeat, but if applied properly they will stand to you going forward. Carrigtwohill have learned from past mistakes, and James O’Connor and company have them tuned in and fully focussed, with the defence in particular giving away very little frees. They have one final test to come, and it will be quite an examination as the students of CIT will be another tough nut to crack. You must be in it to win it, and Carrigtwohill are just one hour away from victory. CARRIGTWOHILL: M Fitzgerald 12, N McCarthy 0-5, T Hogan, R White and D O’Mahony 0-1 each. MIDLETON; C Lehane 0-3, S Hennessy 0-2, P O’Shea, K Mulcahy, S O’Farrell, L O’Farrell and P White 0-1 each. CARRIGTWOHILL: W McCarthy, R Power, P O’Sullivan, M O’Riordan, S Flannery, N Furlong, M Foley, D O’Mahony, C O’Connell, L O’Sullivan, N McCarthy, S Kidney, R White, M Fitzgerald and T Hogan. Subs used C Cronin and B Lordan. MIDLETON: B Behan, P O’Mahony, D Ryan, F O’Mahony, J Nagle, A Ryan, P O’Shea, S O’Farrell, C Walsh, S Hennessy, K Mulcahy, P White, C Lehane, L O’Farrell and P Haughney. Subs used S Moore, P O’Keeffe and J Keane. REFEREE: Diarmuid Kirwan, Eire Óg. The Carrig belief that they could triumph was now growing in stature, as Midleton lost their composure being hassled and hurried into mistakes. Midleton tried all they knew but Carrig Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 38 SPORT Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal CIT set for final examination with victory over Newtownshandrum CIT 3-15 Newtownshandrum 1-7 NEW kids on the block, CIT, set up a first county final experience with a very impressive victory over Newtownshandrum, in the first of the county senior hurling semi finals, at wind swept Páirc Uí Chaoimh on Sunday afternoon. By the time referee, Cathal McAllister had called time, the students had become the masters, with a flawless display against the firmer champions, who had no answer to the power, pace and finishing of the students. DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM PÁIRC UÍ CHAOIMH The groundwork for the victory was done with an impressive first half that saw CIT take the lead through Lorcain McLoughlin in the opening minute, and further embellish the game with a smashing goal from Simon O’Brien. Further points from a Tommy Quaid free and a McLoughlin 65 had the students 1-3 ahead before Newtown opened their account in the 20th minute with a Michael Bowles point. Newtown, with the assistance of the breeze, was making no impression on a student rearguard that had Ross Cashman, Eoin Dillon and Brian O’Sullivan in top form. In attack, the students also sparkled with David Drake, Michael O’Sullivan and Colm Casey winning a lot of ball. While Cathal Naughton and Jerry O’Connor did manage points for Newtown, it was CIT that struck for a great second goal as Simon O’Brien set up Tommy Quaid, and the Limerick man made no mistake as he shot to the net. Two late points from a heretofore subdued Ryan Clif- ford kept Newtown in the hunt, but CIT had the final say with another fine point from David Drake to lead by 2-4 to 0-5 at the interval. On the resumption CIT continued to boss the game with Lorcain McLoughlin, Aidan Walsh and John Cronin winning a lot of possession that was quickly turned into scores by an eager forward division. Jamie Coughlan from a free, and a goal from Ryan Clifford on the 42nd minute, followed by a point from Michael Bowles still left Newtown trailing by 1-7 to 2-8, but the former champions could get no closer as the students completely took over in the final quarter. CIT added another goal and six points to run out convincing win- ners and earn a first final appearance for the College. For Newtown it was the end of another campaign, with a seventh semi final appearance in the last decade, that has yielded three county titles. Players such as Ben and Jerry O’Connor have been great ambassadors for their club and county, but on Sunday they just did not have the legs of an eager college side, who must CLOYNE lose chance in football championship CLOYNE 0-8 CASTLETOWNBERE 1-9 CLOYNE will look back on this contest on Saturday night in Dunmanway as one that got away. The East Cork side turned in an admirable first half display to frustrate a Castletownbere side playing with the strong wind, and when they turned around just one point in arrears it looked as if they were in with a great chance of reaching the Intermediate football county final. In that first half James Nyhan dropped to midfield and with Brian McCarthy, Eoin O’Sullivan and Mickey Walsh working their socks off, the Cloyne men kept pace with their West Cork opponents with points from DECLAN BARRON REPORTS Paudi, Paul and Colm O’Sullivan, to leave them trailing by 03 to 0-4 at the interval. Killian Cronin was a big loss for Cloyne from the midfield sector, with Andrew O’Sullivan doing trojan work for the winners in the second half. Cloyne had drawn level in the 38th minute but they found it hard to push on as scoring proved difficult for both sides. Andrew O’Sullivan, who scored four points for the winners, put Castletownbere in front again as Cloyne still trailed going into the final quarter. sit their final exam on October 2nd, where they will face a Carrigtwohill side that overcame Midleton in the other semi final. CIT: S O’Brien 2-0, T Quaid 1-4, L McLoughlin 0-5, D Drake 0-4, J Cronin and C Casey 0-1 each. NEWTOWNSHANDRUM: 1-2, M Bowles 0-2, C Naughton, J O’Connor and J Coughlan 0-1 each. CIT: K Roche, B Withers, R Cashman, J O’Callaghan, J Cronin, E Dillon, B The crucial score came just ten minutes from the finish as a through ball from David Fenton found Liam Hanley and, despite a brave effort from goalkeeper, Chris Smith, the ball ended up in the net. That goal was enough to win the game and while Kevin O’Lomasney almost got a goal for Cloyne, his effort was smothered by JP Sheehan in the Castletownbere goal. Cloyne continued to battle, as only they can, but some heroic defending kept the Castletownbere goal intact and at the final whistle it was the Beara men who progressed to the county final. It was hard luck on a Cloyne side that had put themselves in a winning position at half time, but they were unable to use the (Photos: Denis O’Flynn) O’Sullivan, N Kelly, L McLoughlin, D Drake, C Casey, A Walsh, S O’Brien, M O’Sullivan and T Quaid. Subs used P Butler and J Sheehan. NEWTOWNSHANDRUM: W Biggane, G O’Mahony, B Mulcahy, D Gleeson, J Herlihy, P Mulcahy, P Noonan, B O’Connor, PJ Copse, JP King, J O’Connor, C Naughton, M Bowles, R Clifford and J Coughlan. Subs used, R Fallon, J O’Connor, E O’Connor, M Ryan and D Stack. REFEREE: Cathal McAllister, Aghada. elements and push on for victory. Castletownbere will now meet either Kildorrery or Kinsale in the final. CLOYNE: P O’Sullivan 0-3, Paul O’Sullivan 0-2, D O’Sullivan, C O’Sullivan and J Nyhan 0-1 each. CASTLETOWNBERE: A O’Sullivan 0-4, L Hanley 1-0, D Fenton 0-3, T Collins and D Murphy 0-1 each. CLOYNE: C smith, J Cotter, D O’Sullivan, B McCarthy, G Fleming, E O’Sullivan, D Jermyn, K O’Lomasney, M Walsh, C O’Lomasney, Paudi O’Sullivan, Paul O’Sullivan, C O’Sullivan, D O’Sullivan and J Nyhan. Sub used B Fleming. CASTLETOWNBERE: JP Sheehan, E Wiseman, P Deane, D Wiseman, D O’Sullivan, A O’Sullivan, S McCarthy, B O’Regan, D Fenton, L Harrington, Dean Murphy, T Collins, David Murphy, A O’Regan and L Hanley. Sub used A Harrington. REFEREE: Pat O’Leary, Kilmurray. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal PHOTOS 39 Cool kids at Youghal Cúl Camp DENISE FITZGERALD REPORTS CÚL Camps are always a great success, not only for the children taking part, but also for the trainers, mentors, coaches and helpers who seem to enjoy the few days as much as the children. Youghal’s Cúl Camp was extra special when Uachtarain and local Youghal man, Christy Cooney, arrived at Club Áras to meet and greet each every participant personally, give them some very good advice, and wish them every success when they play for the Rebels. The weather was superb, the pitches in excellent condition, and the children highly excited and showing off their skills to the many mammies who came along to help out with the enormous number of children who were taking part. All in all, a great experience for everyone. President, Christy Cooney with the U6 Girls with mentors, trainers and helpers The U6 Boys in their signed jerseys with President, Christy Cooney, Catherine Allen, Martina Galvin, Ollie Dempsey, Lynn O’Connell, Cormac Galvin and John Bulman The U9 Boys with President, Christy Cooney, Siobhán Downing and Darragh O’Connell. Josh Varian, one of the boys told The East Cork Journal that the best thing he learned during the Cúl Camp was how to ‘fake’. “You fake one way”, he said, “and then go the other way”..... Time for a breather for Lynn O’Connell and Martina Galvin, with the U6s who are in a hurry to get back to the action The U7 Boys with President, Christy Cooney, Shannen Joyce, Mikaela Dalton, Andrew Curtin and Finula Wood The U10 Girls with President, Christy Cooney, John O’Sullivan (with baby Ben), Bill McGrath, James O’Mahony The U11 Boys with President, Christy Cooney, coaches and helpers 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 40 SPORT Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Championship Previews with Declan Barron Youghal look to reach Premier Intermediate Hurling Final Saturday, September 17th in Páirc Uí Rinn at 6pm YOUGHAL VS. NEWCESTOWN YOUGHAL will look to book their county final spot in this year’s Premier Intermediate Hurling championship when they face Newcestown on Saturday evening in Páirc Uí Rinn. Courcey Rovers and Kilbrittain will also meet in the second semi final at 7.30pm. Youghal and Newcestown were both defeated in football last weekend, so neither side will have any advantage in terms of preparation. Both teams have been in impressive form to date, with Youghal’s victory over Tracton showing that they have the talent to make it through. Youghal will look for big performances from Brendan Ring, Leigh Desmond, Bill Cooper, Brendan Sullivan and Conor Spillane and if they can hold the likes of Carach Keane, Tadgh Twomey, Hugh Curran and Dan Twomey, then Youghal can come out on top. East Cork Junior A Football Championship resumes Saturday, September 17th CASTLEMARTYR VS. CARRIGNAVAR This quarter final goes ahead in Castlelyons on Saturday evening at 5pm. For Carrignavar it will be a third championship game in eight days having played the East Cork final and replay on Wednesday night, so it will be hard for them to focus on the football. They have fine players in Shane Horgan, Colm O’Reilly, Paul O’Keeffe and Paul Cashman, yet I fancy Castlemartyr to come through in this one. Brian Lawton, Eddie Clifford, Barra and Briain O’Tuama, along with Brian Smiddy, are all good footballers and with more time to prepare they should come out on top. The winner here will face Glenbower Rovers in the semi final. in Castlelyons at 5pm Sunday, September 18th in Ballinacurra at 5.30pm The first of the semi finals goes ahead on Sunday evening in Ballinacurra where cock a hoop, Carrigtwohill, will be hoping to come out op top against Lisgoold. Thanks for your support! Courcey Rovers will be the fancy in the other semi final, but Kilbrittain will be no pushover. This is a hard one to call as Carrig will certainly be focussing on the senior hurling final, yet will not want to go out of the football without a fight. Brendan Horgan, Tomás Hogan, Noel Furlong and Daniel Mahony are all fine footballers, as well as hurlers and will make a bold bid for victory here. Lisgoold have just the one code to focus on, so they will be giving this game their full attention and if John Cronin, Noel Connery, Conor Walsh, Maurice O’Connell and Eoin Riordan are on form then Lisgoold could just come out on top. If Carrig want to win then they, too, could prevail but I expect the hurling to be their focus, so Lisgoold can progress to the final. East Cork Junior Hurling Final Replay in Carrigtwohill Tonight, Wednesday, at 7.30pm On tonight, Wednesday, Carrig na bhFear and Dungourney will renew rivalry in Carrigtwohill at 7.30pm and another close contest is in prospect. Last Saturday Dungourney had to come from behind to draw, and this time around they might just make it. Dungourney were my choice in the drawn game and I cannot desert them now although it will come as no surprise should Carrignavar come out on top. I think there is more improvement in the Dungourney young players, as they were nervous on Sunday, so for that reason they are again given the nod to come out on top tonight. Baile na Corra The Steven Devlin Cup THE Juvenile Club held the annual Steven Devlin Memorial Tournament at the club grounds recently, where Lisgoold were the visitors to challenge the home side. Over one hundred children ranging in age from five to twelve turned out for the event. The U6s played out a thrilling draw in which players from both sides impressed. Ballinacurra emerged victorious in the U8 tournament to win the Steven Devlin Shield, while in the U11 tournament a talented Lisgoold side were impressive in their victory over the home side to win The Steven Devlin Cup. The Devlin family were on hand to present medals to all children who took part on the day. The Devlin family are great supporters of the club and, indeed, Darragh was heavily involved with the juvenile club before his job took him to pastures new. It was fantastic to see the victorious teams celebrating their respective wins. A big thanks from the Juvenile Club to all the Devlin family in ensuring that a great day was had by all. The Club would also like to thank Lisgoold for travelling in such large numbers to add to the occasion. The Juvenile Club will be entering an U13 football team in an upcoming Autumn/Winter blitz. At the moment Ballyphehane will host the first blitz on the first weekend of October. The U8s will also be in action in the coming weeks, with matches due to take place in Gleann na Laoi and Ringaskiddy. Details will be sent to all parents by text. Fashion Show Extravaganza The Fashion Show and Auction Night Extravaganza on October 22nd at East Cork Golf Club is now only six short weeks away, with tickets selling like hotcakes at the moment. I’m reliably informed by the organising committee that a great night is guaranteed. All models are in place to model all the latest trends from a host of local fashion shops. We might even have a local sport star or two dropping in. MC, Fanta, has also promised that there will be a surprise or two on the night. We can only guess what that will be! EAST Cork turned out in force last weekend to support all the local teams and, even though there were some wins, some losses and one very-important draw, they kept smiling come what may! 021 4638022 All photos available to buy The last few tickets can be purchased for €15 each from any member of the committee. To avoid disappointment please buy early as tickets are limited. Junior Hurling Our hurlers will take on Watergrasshill in the East Cork Junior B Hurling Championship at Castlelyons on Wednesday evening at 7.30pm. As this is the hurlers last chance for silverware this year, your support would be greatly appreciated. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Fr. O’Neill’s camogie Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal SPORT 41 WE have new County Champions in the parish this week! Our U14B girls had a fantastic match last Sunday vs. Aghabullogue and won with a score of 3-4 to 32. Having overcome the challenges of Cloughduv in the quarterfinal, and Ballincollig in the semi-final, it was a confident Fr. O’Neill’s U14 team who travelled to Ballinlough on Sunday last (September 4th) to take on Aghabullogue in the County Final. Playing against a strong wind in the first half we got the perfect start when our captain, Keelagh Cullinan0,e opened the scoring with a point from a well taken 45 inside the first three minutes of the game. However, at this stage Aghabollugue got into the game and by the seventeenth minute of the game had gone a goal ahead, having scored a goal and a point without reply. This would have been more except for some brave defensive work by our backline and midfielders. Special mention in the first half must go to Lauren O’Donoghue, Aishling Bernard, Caoimhe Sexton, Dara O’Sullivan, Rebecca Walsh and Sarah O’Sullivan for their defensive efforts. We finally managed to launch some attacks of our own and were rewarded with an excellent point by Rachel Dunne, following good work by Sarah O’Sullivan and Niamh Bernard. Aghabullogue responded with another point to restore their advantage, but with half-time Killeagh / Ita’s juvenile Fé 12 Iomáint OUR Under 12 hurlers participated in the prestigious invitational Colman Dillon Tournament hosted by Erin’s Own at a windswept Páirc Uí Chonaill in Caherlag on Saturday last. Eight teams were involved, four from Cork (Erin’s Own, Blarney, Carrigtwohill and Killeagh-Ita’s), along with Dicksboro of Kilkenny, Kilmacud Crokes of Dublin, Kilmallock of Limerick and Causeway of Kerry. Our boys played the hosts, Erin’s Own in their first game and we had a sluggish start, as Erin’s Own beat us on a scoreline of 2-6 to 0-1. Unfortunately, Richie Long sustained an arm injury which necessitated his removal to VHI Swift Care (thanks to Phyllis and Linda – our quick response medical crew!) and weakened our team. tinued to attack and were unlucky, at times, not to increase their lead due mainly to our keeper, Aishling, and our back line. However, with a couple of minutes remaining Keelagh brought the ball up the field and when the ball broke in the Aghabollogue square, Ciara O’Neill was on hand to score what proved to be the winning goal. Aghabollogue did have a couple of more attacks, but we managed to hold out, and when the referee blew the final whistle, we were two points ahead. looming, Rachel Dunne finished to the net to leave the teams level at half-time: Fr. O’Neill’s 1-2; Aghabollogue 1-2. Turning around to play with the wind in the second half, we were quite confident that we would be able to repel the Aghabullogue challenge. Things seemed to be For the second game we played Kilmacud Crokes, who outhurled us with the aid of a strong wind in the first half. However, we battled back bravely in the second-half with Jamie Landers, Sean Walsh and Shane Kearney, now playing outfield, to the fore. However, we couldn’t close the gap and Kilmacud held on to win by nine points. In our final game we played Causeway, who had previously beaten the hosts by one point. This was our best performance, although the wind did tend to make it a game of two halves once again. Daniel Hickey at full-back was very dominant, while Keane Kelly-Budds and Fionn McDonnell did very well around the middle of the field. However, Causeway held on to win by 1-5 to 1-2, thereby qualifying for the Shield Final, while Kilmacud topped our group and went on to play Carrigtwohill in the final. Well done to all our boys, and many thanks to Erin’s Own for fantastic organisation and a fine spread of food as well. Perhaps the chips and sausages before our final game slowed us down in the final five minutes going our way when Keelagh scored an excellent point from play within two minutes of the restart. When the same player added a goal, shortly afterwards, after a speculative shot from out the field deceived the Aghabullogue goalkeeper, it looked like we were going to take control of the game. We extended our lead when we needed to push on for victory. Best wishes to Richie, who was diagnosed with a fractured arm, and will be out of action for a few weeks. PANEL: Shane Kearney, Darragh Geary, Jamie Clifford, Dylan Hogan, Alec Fitzgerald, Fionn McDonnell, Daniel Hickey, Richie Long, Barry Motherway, Keane Kelly-Budds, Padraig Leahy, Jamie Landers, Adrian Galvin, Sean Walsh, Olan Hennessy, Andrew Foley, Mark O’Callaghan, James Kent, Jack Wyse. Off to Páírc Uí Chaoimh! Our Under 10 players are off to Páirc Uí Chaoimh this week for a hurling blitz – the finals of the U-10 Coiste na nÓg Summer Hurling League. Our younger players from 2002 play on Monday evening against Whites Cross, Glen Rovers and Carrigtwohill, while our 2001 ten-yearolds travel to the Park on Tuesday to play in a group with Carrignavar, Watergrasshill and Carrigtwohill. Good luck boys – we hope ye get used to the sod in Páirc Uí Chaoimh as we want to see ye playing there many times in years to come. to five points with another point from Keelagh in the 14th minute. Aghabullogue shattered any illusions we had of an easy victory when they responded with a goal. By the nineteenth minute of the second half, they had regained the lead when they scored another goal. In the last ten minutes Aghabollogue con- There followed great scenes of jubilation on the pitch, with both players and supporters joining in. Rebecca Walsh was presented with the “Player of the Match” award, before Keelagh was presented with the County Cup. This was a well merited victory for a bunch of players who started training way back in February. Having won the U14 C title last year, it was a big step up this year for the team, and to win the “B” title this year is a wonderful achievement for the players, selectors and the club. The future of the Club seems to be in safe hands. The team returned to Aghavine for further victory celebrations. FR. O’NEILL’S TEAM: Aishling Bernard, Sarah Lee, Sinead Broderick, Lauren O’Donoghue, Nicole Harrington, Caoimhe Sexton, Dara O’Sullivan, Sarah O’Sullivan, Rebecca Walsh, Niamh Bernard, Emily O’Keeffe, Keelagh Cullinane (Capt.), Rachel Dunne, Ciara O’Neill and Rachel Millerick. Subs: A.Millerick for R. Millerick, M. Steele for N. Bernard, C. O’Keeffe for E. O’Keeffe Thank you to everyone who travelled to support the team. It was great to see such a big crowd. The team went off to play Naomh Fionbarra’s, Dublin, on Sunday as part of a twinning programme and carried on to watch the Camoige All-Ireland in Croke Park. Our minor team was also away at they weekend. They were in Cellbridge as part of a Joan O’Flynn invitational tournament being run by Cellbridge camogie club. Teams from Dublin, Kildare and Meath were also attending. These girls also attended the camogie All-Ireland. Our Intermediate team are in the County Semi-final vs Aghabullogue, on September 17th, but no time or venue yet. Check out the camogie page on the new Fr O’Neill’s website for match reports and fixtures and photos from our County final. Cobh junior hurlers win Cobh 0-15 Cloyne 1-04 COBH’S junior team had a rare championship win on Thursday last when they overcame Cloyne. In the true traditions of B-grade hurling, Cobh fielded a team which mixed the experience of Brendan Kearney and Pat Looney, who both played in this grade back in the 1980’s, with the youth of U18 players Darragh O’Keeffe and Mark Ronan. Cobh were always on top in this game with scores coming from Dave McCarthy, Brendan Meaney, Darren Tallon, Martin Coffey and Trevor Byrne, who made a re-appear- ance in the Cobh jersey while back from the US for a short stay. Well done to all involved, and best of luck in the next round. Street Leagues time again The annual, Cobh Credit Union sponsored, hurling street leagues will be starting off on the first weekend of October. As with last year we have three sectionsU12, U9 and U7 (pictured above). The U12 games will be played under lights on Friday nights, and the U9 and U7 games will go ahead on Sunday mornings. Boys & Girls, beginners or experienced players, interested in taking part are asked to fill out an application form and return it before Monday, September 19th. Forms are available from team coaches or in the schools. Dancing in Cobh GAAMusic for September: Shay O’Callaghan (17th) Dermot Lyons (24th). Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 42 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal W.W.E.C. INCH LOSE AT HOME TO PINEWOOD IN OPENING LEAGUE GAME, WHILE BRIDEVIEW HAVE IMPRESSIVE WIN OVER CLASHMORE LISMORE ANNOUNCE THEIR RETURN WITH DOUBLE FIGURES, AS ACCRINGTON RECORD VICTORY AT HOME New club, Kinsalebeg Celtic, made their first division debut on Sunday but suffered a heavy defeat to Lismore in their first home match LAST weekend saw the League commence with games in both divisions, and plenty of goals and shocks to kick start the opening series of games. For many the big shock came in Sexton Park when Pinewood defeated the champions, Inch, while Cappoquin defeated Blackwater at Ballinameela, and Brideview set their stall on winning back the League title with a comprehensive victory against Clashmore. Lismore, the oldest club in the league, returned after a year’s absence to record a big win over Kinsalebeg Celtic Kilworth won the North Cork local derby in Castlelyons. In the first division, Lismore announced their return to league football with a vengeance, scoring ten times against a luckless Kinsalebeg and former golden boot winner, Eddie Pollard, helping himself to five goals in the process. Accrington, relegated from the premier last season, started life in the lower division with a home victory, while elsewhere there were wins for Railway and Brideview, with a cracking game in Conna with eight goals shared. Inch 0 Pinewood 3 The champions, playing the first game in defence of their title, fell to the newly promoted Pinewood, playing their first game back in the premier. This, to us, was a shock as we expected Inch to win with home advantage, but we must be honest, Pinewood have played very well in the Bolger Cup, reaching the final of the competition, while Inch failed to win a game in the group stage. Sunday afternoon saw Pinewood attack from the off and, as in the cup final in May between those two teams, Keith Guiry was once again tormentor in chief for the Ballymac’ team. Keith played as a striker and the Pinewood midfielders kept playing the ball over the home defence, with Guiry running riot with the possession presented to him. However, Pinewood had only a goal to show at the break thanks to Keith Guiry. When the same player doubled the score early in the second half the game, as a contest, was over as Inch were chasing the game. When Ger Peters added a third goal, the points were on their way to Bally- Tbe Lismore and Kinsalebeg Celtic team captains with match referee, Paul Griffin macarbry. Overall a very good win for Pinewood, while Inch have a lot to do for their visit this week to Brideview. Brideview 4 Clashmore 0 Newly promoted Clashmore played their first game in the premier with a visit to Tallow to play one of the league favourites, Brideview, and came up against a home team intent on winning the title this season. However, for the opening 30 minutes both sides were evenly matched until Brideview hit a purple patch before the break, in which they scored three times. William Henley scored twice, and William Curley had the home side in a comfortable lead at half time. The second half saw Clashmore chasing the game, and a three goal deficit which in Tallow was always going to be difficult. Brideview added a fourth through Michael Curley to give the home side a comfortable victory, as they head into a local derby at the weekend against the league champions, Inch. For Clashmore they will have learned from this, their first premier game, and will look for better fortune at home on Sunday to Mogeely. Castlebridge 1 Kilworth 2 In our preview we felt Castlebridge may be the better team having played Bolger Cup games, while Kilworth were playing their first competitive game of the season. But we were proved wrong as the visitors were the better team on the day and deserved their victory. A Joe Aherne goal midway through the opening half gave the visitors a half time lead, and when the evergreen Tommy Seymour hit a screamer to the net early in the second half Kilworth were on their way to all three points. In the final few minutes Ronan Fenton pulled a goal back for the home team, but it was a goal too late and Kilworth get off to the start they were hoping for. Castlebridge now head to Sallypark this coming Sunday to play in the FAI Junior Cup, and Kilworth have Blackwater as visitors to Pound Lane. Blackwater 0 Cappoquin 3 In our preview we felt this local derby could end in a draw, as Cappoquin had a torrid time in the Bolger Cup and Blackwater playing their first competitive game. How wrong we were, as a very young Cappoquin team proved much too strong for the home side, and this considering that the visitors had to field without their twin centre halfs Corey Roche and Eddie Walsh. Cappoquin led at the break by two goals to nil, with the first goal an own goal, while the second goal was scored by Daithi Wilkinson. In the second half Blackwater pushed forward in search of the goal that would bring them back into the game, but Cappoquin’s defence held firm and they were able to add to their half time score when Sean Daly found the net, and this score was enough to see Cappoquin play out the game and collect all three points. Blackwater will be disappointed with this result, while Cappoquin are delighted to come away with three points. Inch B 2 Railway Ath 3 This was the first game in the league when both sides met at Sexton Park on Friday evening, and a good entertaining game it turned out to be. Liam O’Hanlon and Ryan Duggan for the visitors, and Ian Chill for the home, were the scorers in the opening half with Railway in the lead. In the second half a Richie Cunningham goal had the sides level but Railway scored the winner through Duggan to give the Cappoquin side all three points. Inch played well, but found Martin Reddy in Shay Given form with a string of brilliant saves, to deny the home side a share of the points. A good start for Railway as they head to Cashel to play in the FAI Junior Cup this coming Sunday. Accrington 2 Ballybridge 1 Fresh from their Bolger Cup ex- ploits, much was expected from Ballybridge at Pike Road on Sunday morning, especially as Accrington were playing their first competitive game of the season, in fact their first game since relegation last May from the premier. After a scoreless opening 45 minutes, Accrington took the lead when Colm O’Keefe scored from a free kick. The same player added a second, also from a free kick, to give the home team a comfortable lead with 15 minutes remaining. Ballybridge pulled a goal back through James Furlong, but it was too late and Accrington got the start they wanted in the 1st division. Ballybridge will be disappointed not to have come away with at least a point, but they must now prepare for the visit of Clashmore next Sunday. Kinsalebeg 1 Lismore 10 Out of football for a season, Lismore returned to League football last Sunday morning at Fitzgerald Park, and what a return it was, scoring ten times with Eddie Pollard hitting the net on five occasions. On a fantastic pitch that was ideally suited to fast running wingers, Lismore scored after 10 minutes when Houlihan and Pollard combined for the latter to score, and 5 minutes later the same player added a second from an Alan Landers cross. Colin Houlihan scored from a Fenton cross before the home side pulled a goal back when Shane Smiddy scored. Michael Walsh scored from a corner to leave the visitors leading at half time by 4 goals to 1 goal. The 2nd half saw Pollard score three times for a total of five goals, with Kevin O’Donoghue two goals and John Fenton one goal to complete the goals tally. Lismore will be glad to have their first game played, but know there will be stronger challenges ahead in the coming months. Kinsalebeg, while conceding so many goals in their games, can look forward as their players will have learned from playing against experienced players at this level. Indeed, the goal against tally is not a fair reflection on the play of Kinsalebeg, and in Smiddy they have a top class striker. Valley Rangers 4 Glen View 4 What a cracker in Conna on Sunday morning with eight goals shared between the sides and a draw a fair result. The visitors opened the scoring when Ronan Beard scored. However, before half time Valley had taken control with goals from Tony Harpur, Seamus Noonan and a converted penalty by Kieran Cotter to give Valley a comfortable lead at the break. Early in the second half Kevin Power pulled a goal back, but Alan O’Mahony restored the two goal cushion for the home team. Power scored again to cut the deficit to the minimum and then, in the last few minutes, Ivan Cliffe scored the fourth and equaliser for the Melleray side. A good game and a draw a fair result on the day. Clashmore B 2 Brideview B 5 The A teams from both clubs played each other on Friday CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal SPORT 11.30am, M. Reddy Clashmore vs. Mogeely, 11.30am, D. Coleman Cappoquin vs. Valley Rangers, 11.30am, J. O’Riordan CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE night, and on Sunday morning Brideview B completed a club double over the Clashmore club. Neither side was at full strength but Brideview had goals from Dave McInerney, Mick Linehan and Tomás McGrath to a John Prendergast penalty for the home team. In the second half McInerney and Kevin Curley scored for the visitors, while Peter Fitzgerald scored for Clashmore. This was a good victory for the Brideview club as they hope for promotion this season, while Clashmore will be disappointed to lose at home. RESULTS MARI MINA PHARMACY PREMIER Brideview 4 Clashmore 0 Blackwater 0 Cappoquin 3 Inch 0 Pinewood 3 Castlebridge 1 Kilworth 2 LISMORE HOUSE HOTEL 1st DIV Inch B 2 Railway Ath 3 Kinsalebeg 1 Lismore 10 Clashmore B 2 Brideview 5 Accrington 2 Ballybridge 1 Valley Rangers 4 Glen View 4 PREVIEWS This week we see the start of the Umbro FAI Junior Cup with Castlebridge and Railway travelling away in the opening round of the Blue Riband of Junior Football in Ireland to North and South Tipperary. We wish both clubs the very best and, hopefully, will have their names in the next round of the competition. There are league games in both divisions also, and some interesting ties there as well. The U19 League is kicking off this Saturday also, and results must be phoned in to the League PRO as normal. Sallypark vs. Castlebridge Castlebridge make the journey to North Tipperary on Sunday afternoon for this Umbro FAI Junior Cup tie against Sallypark. Sallypark is a small rural club on the main road between Thurles and Nenagh, and last season won the North Tipperary League 1st division and promoted to the Premier Division this season. They have played four games to date, winning one, drawing one and losing two. Castlebridge, on the other hand, are in the final of the Bolger Plate after a successful Bolger Cup run, losing the semi final to Brideview. Last Sunday Castlebridge lost at home to Kilworth and will have to be at their best on Sunday afternoon next for this cup game in Tipperary. A few seasons ago they had a great run in the cup and we all hope they can pull out all the stops on Sunday next and 43 LISMORE HOUSE HOTEL 1st DIV Ballybridge vs. Clashmore B, 11.30am, P. Griffin Lismore vs. Valley Rangers B, 11.30am, S. Forde Kinsalebeg vs. Glen View, 11.30am, S. Drislane Youghal vs. Kilworth B, 2pm, M. Curran DELEGATE MEETING Match action at Fitzgerald Park, home of Kinsalebeg Celtic go into the draw for the next round. Cashel Town vs. Railway Ath Railway makes the trip over the Knockmealdown to Cashel on Sunday afternoon to play Cashel Town in the Umbro FAI Junior Cup. Cashel Town play in the TS&DL Premier league and have played four games to date, winning and losing a game and drawing two games. They lost to St Michael’s in the John Delaney Cup a few weeks back. Railway had a very good win last week away to Inch and, while a young team, we expect them to give a good account of themselves on Sunday afternoon. Cashel, with home advantage, will start favourites, but we believe Railway may prove that tag wrong. Inch vs. Brideview The top two in the league last season have already clashed this season in the Bolger Cup, with Brideview coming out on top. Twice last season they met in the league and on both occasions Brideview won, and yet Inch went on to win the league. Brideview have made their intent known at the start of the season, to win the League title in this, their 40th anniversary. Last week Inch lost at home to Pinewood, while Brideview had a comprehensive win at home to Clashmore. Inch cannot afford to lose again this weekend, as points lost early in the season are difficult to pick up as the season progresses. Much will depend on the team selections for this game, but if the game is as good as any of the two last season, then we are in for a cracker. Inch are hurting following their loss last week, and know they must pick themselves up if they are to beat Brideview. The Tallow side will look for a win, but a point in Sexton Park, in only their second league game, will be better than a loss. We think this could be a draw. Kilworth vs. Blackwater Kilworth had a good win last week in Castlelyons, while Blackwater, surprisingly to this scribe were defeated at home to Cappoquin. At Pound Lane Kilworth are always difficult to beat and we cannot see Blackwater getting any points from this game. We know Gus and Co will be disappointed to see us make them favourites, as our predictions are not going to plan and any occasion in which we have Kilworth as underdogs, they make a point of proving us wrong. Sorry Gus, Kilworth to win. Clashmore vs. Mogeely Mogeely had no game last weekend due to a bereavement, while Clashmore conceded four goals in Tallow against Brideview. Both teams know that points are needed early in the season, other wise teams will be playing catch up. Clashmore will have to get something from this game, while Mogeely will settle for a point away from home. It is a game that could easily end in a share of the points. Cappoquin vs. Valley Rangers Valley Rangers travel to a Cappoquin side that surprised many last week with their away victory against Blackwater. Cappoquin fielded a very young side on the day, and they will carry this confidence into Sunday’s game. Valley had no game last weekend, but we have installed them as one of our teams to lift the title at the end of May. Shane Kearney is back as manager, and with three players signed in the summer from Mogeely, Valley are laying down a marker to the other nine teams in the division before they kick a ball. While we appreciate Cappoquin’s success last week, we do not think they will be strong enough for this Valley side. Valley Rangers to take all three points. Brideview B vs. Accrington Both teams won their opening league games last weekend, Brideview winning easily in Clashmore and Accrington defeating Ballybridge in Fermoy. Accrington will want to get back to the premier at the first attempt, and last week’s victory will help their confidence on the road back. Brideview have been knocking on the promotion door for the past two seasons, and this season would be a wonderful season to achieve the lift to the top division. However, much will depend on the team selections for the weekend and we think Accrington will be happy with a share of the points. Ballybridge vs. Clashmore B Last weekend saw both teams lose their opening league games and this Sunday at Fr O’Neill’s Community Field, the two teams will try to start to get their league campaign off to a winning start. Clashmore lost at home to Brideview, while Ballybridge lost away to Accrington. Neither side can afford to lose points again this Sunday, and we think with home advantage, Ballybridge will come out on top. Lismore vs. Valley Rangers Lismore play their first league game at the Castle Farm Ground in twelve months when they line out against Valley Rangers on Sunday morning. Last Sunday, Lismore had a comprehensive 10 goal victory away against Kinsalebeg. This was an important game for them to get them back playing league football again, but the opposition on Sunday next will be much stronger than last week. Valley played out an eight goal thrilling draw with Glen View in Conna, and will be confident of taking at least a point home on Sunday. With such a good start, Lismore will want maximum points and we think that may get them with home advantage. Kinsalebeg vs. Glen View Glen View travel for the second consecutive week when they visit Fitzgerald Park to play newcomers, Kinsalebeg. Last week the Melleray side fought back to force a draw with Valley Rangers in Conna, and will hope to take all three points on Sunday. Kinsalebeg are a young team and are still only finding their way in league football. All new teams can take nearly a season to become accustomed to playing football every weekend and Kinsalebeg, with a fantastic pitch and facilities, will be a force in League football come the end of the season. We think they will make Glen View fight hard for the points. Glen View to win. Youghal Utd vs. Kilworth B We are unable to give a prediction on this game as the WWEC League are waiting approval from the Munster Football Association for permission to allow Youghal Utd participate in the league. Permission will, hopefully, be received this Thursday night, and if so, the game will take place at Ardrath Park with a 2pm kick off. FIXTURES 17/9: MARI MINA PHARMACY PREMIER Inch vs. Brideview, 5.30pm, D. Coleman LISMORE HOUSE HOTEL 1st DIVISION Brideview B vs. Accrington, 5.30pm, D. O’Sullivan U19 LEAGUE Kilworth vs. Brideview, 2.30pm, S. Forde Railway Ath vs. Cappoquin, 2.30pm, D. Fogarty 18/9: UMBRO’FAI JUNIOR CUP Sallypark vs. Castlebridge, 2pm Cashel Town vs. Railway Ath, 3pm MARI MINA PHARMACY PREMIER Kilworth vs. Blackwater, The September Delegate Meeting was held last Monday night at Lismore House Hotel with Paddy Tobin, League Chairman, presiding. There was a full attendance of clubs present. Maurice Hartnett, chairman of the WWEC Referees Branch, addressed the meeting informing them of the new agreement signed by the FAI and ISRS, which came into effect the first weekend in September. Noel Hegarty, Hon Fixture Secretary, distributed a wonderfully informative fixture list covering the entire season, and this will be of immense help to all clubs as they plan their season. The clubs were informed that Joe O’Riordan is managing the Oscar Traynor Inter League team this season, with the first game against the Carlow League taking place at the end of September. Martin Reddy is to manage the Youth Inter League team and the draw for this competition has not yet taken place. The next Delegate Meeting of the WWEC will be held on Monday, October 3rd at Lismore House Hotel commencing at 8.30pm. SYMPATHY Sincere sympathy, through our notes, to League Hon Secretary Paddy Pollard on the death of his uncle John Geoghegan, which sad event occurred in the USA last week. Ar Dheis Dé ar a anam. CUP GAMES IN TURNER’S CROSS This Friday night Cork City plays St. Patrick’s Athletic in the quarter-final of the FAI Ford Cup at Turner’s Cross The game is televised live on RTE2. On Saturday, September 24th, Cork City play Derry City in the final of the EA Sports Cup with a kick off time of 6pm. This game is televised live on Setanta. On Thursday, September 22nd, Ireland’s senior women play France in a European Women’s qualifier at Turner’s Cross with a 7.45pm kick off. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 44 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Corkbeg AFC Junior AUL 2A top corner. The drama wasn’t finished yet. Hibs had one final attack in injury time, and a thumping header from their centre back crashed back off the Corkbeg post. It would have been incredibly harsh on Corkbeg had they conceded at this stage and a point was a good reward for a good second half performance. TEAM: P. O’Reilly, C. Kelly, D. O’Driscoll, D. Keegan, S. Quirke, K. O’Mahoney, A. Cotter, C. Horgan, F. Wenham, R. Forde, D. O’Donoghue. Subs: D. Roche for Horgan (70 mins), A. O’Donoghue, K. Jordan Underage Teams Dermot Twomey of Cloyne Pharmacy presents Corkbeg striker, Fred Wenham with a fully-stocked medical bag CORKBEG drew 2-2 with Hibernians on a blustery Sunday morning in Whitegate. Corkbeg were very lethargic in the 1st half and found themselves 2-0 down after only 15 minutes. Both goals were scored from close range and could have been prevented. The game should have been over after 30 minutes, as Hibs spurned a number of good opportunities to kill the game & they were made pay for these misses before half time. Corkbeg’s Chris Kelly smashed in a rebound after the Hibs goalkeeper had saved well from Ronan Forde’s free kick. Both Forde and Aidan Cotter went close again before the interval. The second half was a much more even affair, as the Beg started to awaken from their first half slumber. There wasn’t too much goalmouth action at either end, with Hibs certainly enjoying the lions share of possession, but not doing a lot with it. Corkbeg substitute, Dylan Roche brought the game to life again with a 30 yard drive that smacked against the Hibs bar, with the goalkeeper well beaten. Hibs started to threaten again on the break and Damien O’Driscoll made a great goal-line block to keep the Beg within touching distance. But as the game wound down to a finish, Hibs got a bit nervous and retreated. With only 3 minutes remaining Darrian O’Donoghue knocked on a long through ball and Ronan Forde rifled a spectacular equaliser high into the far YOUGHAL UNITED AFC Ardrath Park Report: Anthony Horgan, PRO Munster Senior league Division 2 Temple United 1 Youghal United 1 SECOND week in September and you could have mistaken the weather to be some time in December with the high winds and lashing rain. This was a pure scrap under the conditions, but still Youghal could have come away with all 3 points. They managed to secure one point, which isn’t the end of the world, as Temple is always a tough place to go and they will for sure take points off many a team up there this season. Teddy Cunningham scored Youghal’s goal, and it’s good to see Teddy back after his travels. Onwards and upwards! Senior Keane cup Mayfield 1 Youghal United 0 Youghal United 4 Ballincollig 0 Youghal were unlucky not to get at least a draw from the Mayfield game after playing very well away against a premier division outfit. Later in the week they continued the positive motion and destroyed Ballincollig, who were no match for the seasiders. Under 19’s Youghal United 3 Ringmahon Rangers 1 Youghal United are again competing in the under 19 premier league after a few years absence. The lads are managed by Martin Coen and Christoph Colin, and they have gotten their season off to an unbelievable start with a home win against one of the title favourites, Ringmahon Rangers. The boys played their first game under lights in front of a big crowd and the atmosphere was very good. The home side raced into a 2-0 lead, both coming from danger man Bobby Donoughue. His first came from a great low cross by Dale Donoughue, and he was put through for his second after some fine play by Callum Phelan. Half time Youghal led 2-0. Ringmahon were always going to come at the home side, and they got their rewards on 70 minutes pulling a goal back. David Cash- Big win for the U13s at the weekend. They beat Evergreen 9-2 in Cork. Man of the Match was Alan Hogan who scored 6 of Corkbeg’s goals. Niall Hill, Conor Maloney & Ryan Forde got the other goals. Good performances from Conor Maloney & Conor O’Callaghan. Another big win for the U11 team. They won 9-0 v Avondale. Rob Fletcher grabbed a hat trick, Diarmuid Phelan got two and there were further goals by Jack Norris, Oche, Dylan Buckley and Darragh Ryan. Well done lads, keep it up! Corkbeg AFC would like to thank Dermot Twomey and the Cloyne Pharmacy for their sponsorship of Corkbeg’s Medical Bag. Dermot’s support for the club has been invaluable to the club for the past few seasons, and we are grateful for his continued contribution. man in the Youghal goal pulled off a number of saves to keep the score line 2-1 heading into the final period of the game. However, Youghal stuck to their guns and got their third when Yves Sehoge who fought his way into the penalty area, was clearly pulled down – the referee pointed to the spot and up stepped Bobby to hit his hattrick. This was a great team performance and here is hoping for more of the same throughout the season under lights at Ardrath Park. Well done to all involved…. Under 17’s Sponsor: Crowley’s Mace Blarney 1 Youghal United 4 The lads played their second game of the season away to Blarney and again came away with maximum points. They led 2-0 at half time with Jake O Power and Aidan O Neill providing the goals. Second half went more like the first with Cian Daly and Colin Keenaghan scoring the goals. Blarney got a consolation goal late on, but Youghal proved too strong and ran out convincing winners in the end. Best for Youghal – Colin Keenaghan, Ronan O Sullivan & Graham O’Mahony. AOH Cup: Carrigt wohill B 0 St. John Bosco’s 2 Carrigtwohill B had their first defeat of the season on Sunday morning in the AOH Cup encounter against local rivals, St. John Bosco‘s. Carrig were lucky to make 11 with 8 players out, and had two late subs turn up, so hardly ideal preparations for the home team. The wind played a big part and Carrig used it to their advantage in the first half with the better of the play and should of taken advantage at some stage. It was the visitors who took the lead against the run of play, with the Carrig back line getting caught in possession, and the Bosco’s forward going through to slot the ball into the bottom corner to take a one nil lead into the break. The second half continued where the first half had finished, with both teams going for it, and the home team battled hard for the equalizer. They came closest through forward Brian Barry. Along ball was played over the the defenders, Brian ran through but unfortunately scoffed his shot after some pressure from Under 12’s Glounthaune 3 Youghal United 7 Our under 12 team, under the watchful eye of John “Scobie” Heaphy , Maurice Kenneally & Thomas O’ Regan got their season off to a flyer. Their opening game of the season in division 3 was away to Glounthaune, and the lads came away with a very impressive 7-2 win. Youghal led by 4-0 at the interval and were comfortable throughout the first half. The home side scored early in the second half, but any fears of a come back were put to bed when the Youghal lads settled things, cruising to an emphatic victory. Scorers for Youghal: Liam Moylan Ansbro x2 , Jake O’Brien x3 , Casper Blink & James Varion one each. Best for Youghal was Adam Hennessy. Well done lads. Keep up the good work! Club notes Santa Ponza or Bust! Don’t forget the amazing Santa Ponza or bust show that’s being held at the Walter Raleigh Hotel on September 30th at 8.30pm. Visit the site www.santaponza.ie or www.youghalonline.ie for reviews. This is a must see show! Tickets €15 each which can be the Bosco’s defender, and it went wide of the post. The match threatened to boil over with both teams fully committed, and there were some minor scuffles with Brendan Cronin and Richie Mannix getting booked for the home team and Bosco’s number 8 also booked for his part in it. Bosco’s guaranteed the points 5 minutes from the end through a penalty, when Darren Sylvester was adjudged to have brought down the Bosco player in the box. Bosco’s centre half took the penalty and put the ball past stand-in keeper and the home team man of the match, Cormac Carroll. It finished 0-2 to St. John Bosco’s. Ballyseedy man of the match: Cormac Carroll. STARTING LINEUP: C. Caroll, A. Walsh, N. Murphy (R. Dunphy) ,K. O’Shea, K. O’Keeffe, D. Sylvester, J. Broderick, S. Deady (K. Cody), R. Mannix, B. Barry, B. Cronin. Premier A: Carrigt wohill A 0 Kanturk 3 A disappointing start to the league campaign away to Kanturk. Despite missing about 6 purchased at Cree’s Card Shop or by contacting Paudie Sheehan on 087-9450004 or Emmett Perry on 087-2835286. Match results! Notice to all managers – After each game this season could you text or e-mail your result to Anthony Horgan on 086-6013685 or [email protected] so we can publish scores or match reports of same. Some managers are already doing so and I thank them - it’s early in the season so let’s hope all managers will comply once they are up and running. The club will be pushing to get all results into the paper this season. The Club Soccer Academy started back training last week. Membership for the year is €30. The following are the training times: Kids born in 2002 - Wednesday 4pm to 5pm. Also 5pm to 6pm Kids born in 2005 –Sunday 10am to 11am Kids born in 2004 - Sunday 11am to 12am Kids born in 2003 - Sunday 12am to 1pm All are welcome. Academy! For those kids trying it out for the first time, they can train for the first couple of weeks to decide. After that, membership is payable. players Carrig put in a decent performance and were unlucky to lose the game 3-0. Playing against a strong wind in the 1st half they defended well and played the better football to create a number of good chances, but the finishing was wayward and the score remained 0-0 at half time. In the second half Carrig again played the better football but failed to take their chances, and conceded 3 soft goals including a soft penalty, to lose 3-0. We will be hoping for better away to Blackstone next Saturday. Ballyseedy Man of The Match: Alan Stapleton. Fixtures 17/9: 3pm, Premier A, Blackstone Rovers vs. Carrigtwohill Utd, Monard, T. Murphy 17/9: 3pm, AUL 3A Cork Road Celtic vs. Carrigtwohill, St. Colman’s College, Fermoy, P. O’Reilly www.carrigtwohillunited.com The club has organised a lovely new kit for all kids which is excellent value at only €30. The kit includes jersey, socks and shorts. The kit can be tried for size at Sports And Leisure, and orders can be made there. Names and numbers on the back of the jersey will cost extra. New Academy Kit All Weather Pitch Youghal United’s all weather pitch is available to rent from €25 per hour and there are some mid-week times available to any group or club wishing to avail of the facility. The contact number is 083-3835844. Training Times All teams have now had their training times allocated for the coming season. Please adhere to these times. Training has now stopped on the pitches as competitive matches have commenced. No exceptions. Note! Two new caretakers have commenced work with the club looking after our all-weather pitch. Mandatory €2 is required as a contribution towards the mortgage payments on the all weather pitch. facebook/YoughalUnited Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Midleton Football Club Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal SPORT Main Sponsor: Wallis’ Bar Under 13 Div 1: Temple Utd 3 Midleton 1 MIDLETON had another tough day against a strong Temple side. They started off well and had most of the ball in the first 10 minutes. At that stage it looked like Midleton could come away with something from this game. They had a couple of breaks - one with Andrew Nestor breaking down the left hand side right down to the by-line and crossing it in for Ciaran Newlands, who was running in at the back post. www.midletonfc.com U15 Div 2 League: MSL Junior 1st Division Greenwood 1 Midleton 2 As the second half got underway, Midleton made a few changes. They brought on Alan Horgan for Cahill Gunning and Ryan Dunleavy, and moved Eoin Mitchell up front from defence. They and took off O’Meara just to try and mix it a bit with their defence with Mitchell being the biggest lad in the team. They also put Mathew Lamb back to centre defence to tighten up at the back, and Sean O’Leary into the middle. The game had only gone 1 minute and Midleton were putting Temple under pressure, with Mitchell winning a lot of ball in the air. Then, 5 minutes into the game, the ball Midleton had been looking for all day broke through the defence, and no better man to run onto it than Wilson. He connected with it off the ground and into the back of the net 2-1. Wilson, last season’s top scorer, gets his first goal of the season. This should have been the changing point for Midleton, and they had two chances after this, but to no avail. Temple went on to score a third and, really, the last 15 minutes was all Temple, who were putting on the pressure. Midleton goalkeeper, Conor O’Farrell had a really busy second half. Midleton were beaten by a stronger team, but we still lost goals through erroe which we had been talking about before the match, and working on at training. Mistakes that are easy to rectify, and as soon as the players can start taking these points into the game with them, the better. There was one difference and that was their number six. In the second half, there was time when we stopped him, when the lads did what was asked of them, but there were still moments when they didn’t keep their concentration and that is when the mistakes happen. The lads never gave up at any point and they have the football, but sometimes we are looking for that bit of luck that goes with it, Man of the Match for Midleton was Cormac Higgins. He fought for every ball and it must be said the referee had an outstanding game - something we don’t see too often at this standard. MICKY Deasy scored a hat-trick as Midleton produced a rampant display against St. Mary’s to head towards the top of the league. Midleton travelled to St. Mary’s Park for their league opener on Sunday last. On a blustery morning, both teams made valiant efforts in the early exchanges to come to terms with the adverse weather conditions. The away team settled faster, however, and it didn’t take long for Midleton to start threatening through Thomas O’Leary and Johnny Barrett. After fifteen minutes, Midleton were ahead. Micky Deasy latched onto the second of two decent saves by the Mary’s keeper, after a sequence of long-range efforts from Cormac Aherne. He slid into it and it just went wide hitting the side netting. Not long after that Temple came forward and their number 6 (who was a really big lad and heads above all the Midleton boys) was by far the man of the match and was, without doubt, the difference between the two teams. He got the ball just outside the box, took it to the side of one player, saw a gap and took the shot. 12 minutes gone and Temple where one up. Midleton were still in the game. They were plugging away with the midfield lads trying to get balls through the middle up to Evan O’Meara and Adam Wilson. This wasn’t working as the boys at the back for Temple were well able to win most of the balls coming through. As the game went on, Temple were starting to win control in the middle of the park and 22 minutes into the game they broke forward out to the right side. Midleton failed to clear the ball and it broke to their number six again, who beat two or three Midleton players right into the penalty area and took a shot, leaving it at 2-0 to Temple. Bad defending again from Midleton with too many players ball watching. St. Mary’s 0 Midleton 3 Goal scorer Conor Fitzgerald and Garan Manley who played very well in the U15 Div 2 League match FIRST away game of the season and, after a strong second half performance, we ran out winners in the end. Playing against the strong wind in the first half we struggled to settle and after 10 minutes Greenwood took the lead when we failed to cut out a long ball. Chances were limited for both sides as defences were on top, but after 28mins Seanaidh Smyth was unlucky when his shot hit the post following a corner. Half time score 1-0 to Greenwood. Playing with the wind in the second half saw us put in a much better display. With skipper, Kyle McCarthy switched back to midfield, and Seanaidh and Garan Manley to the fore we took the game to Greenwood. The equaliser arrived on 46 minutes after a mazy run by Garan, and Conor Fitzgerald hit a fine strike to level the game. With subs, Jack Enright and Russ Cummins adding purpose to our game, our passing game began to flow and on 60 minutes Conor added our second of the game to give us the lead. We could have added a third with a little more luck in front of goal, but for the last five minutes Greenwood poured forward looking for the equaliser. With Cormac Beausang and Ryan Denny standing firm to the challenge, ably assisted by Aaron Butler and two fine saves by Joe Wyer in goal we secured the victory. A good win, again with an all round team performance from 1 to 15. All four subs played their part, the back five all played well, giving very little away. Seanaidh and Kyle both had great games at the heart of the midfield, assisted by Garan who had a storming 20mins after half time, and Conor was on hand to finish off the chances. MOM award this week again very difficult, so it will have to be shared between Seanaidh, Garan and Kyle. The rest of the first half continued in a similar fashion, with Midleton keeping the Mary’s team pressed in their own half more often than not. Midleton captain Derek Deehan, signalling that there is hope for all footballers with ambitions to play well into their early 40s, gave a master class in link up play with his midfield. Mark Duggan also went agonisingly close just before half time, when his strike from a headed knock down by Duncan McCarthy was tipped onto the post by Mary’s centre half. A shaky start to the second half for Midleton resulted in a greater amount of possession for the home team. However, any advances towards the Midleton goal were confidently dealt with by the central defensive trio of Thomas Hoolahan, Graham O’Neill and Stuart Costigan. Fifteen minutes into the second half, Midleton got a deserved second goal. Johnny Barrett broke down the right hand side, squared the ball for Micky Deasy, and he finished with aplomb. With about twenty minutes left to play, the Midleton management team made a number of changes. Both Stephen O’Brien and Jason Murphy were introduced, to great effect, on the flanks. A few minutes later, O’Brien was directly involved in Midleton’s third goal. Coleman Cody broke from midfield into the opposition box and delicately chipped the ball to the far post. Although O’Brien rose to head it, he was bundled over before making contact resulting in a penalty for the away side. Micky Deasy seized the ball and struck effectively from the spot to grab his hat-trick. The game finished soon after, the away side leaving with a clean sheet, three goals, and all three points. Midleton F.C. host Avondale Utd. at Knockgriffin Park on Sunday, September 18th. Kick off at 10.45 am. U13 Division 5: Midleton A 2 Richmond 0 ON paper, this is a Midleton team with the players to succeed at this level, strikers with an eye for goal, classy and hardworking midfielders, and some robust defenders. In this game they proved far too strong for Richmond, although a strong wind spoiled the game for the spectators. Midleton won with two goals either side of the break, the first from a great run and finish down the left by Chigozie Iganabousi, and the second a clinical finish from the right hand side of the goal by Daire Daly (eventually returned from holiday!). Adam Morris captained the game and led a strong defensive effort that saw Richmond have their first good chance in the last minute. Andrew Ryan had a comfortable game and made a couple of good saves, as Midleton tired in the second half. There was excellent midfield play at times from Alex Marij, Michael Curtin, Dylan FinnHannon and Chigozie, who combined well when the wind allowed. Ryan Higgins and Daire Daly joined them in the second half, and both provided a threat and good defensive cover. The strike force worked hard all day but the wind made life difficult for them with the ball almost impossible to read. Shane Veillard proved the pick of these and his speed, coupled to an appetite to win the ball, was a constant threat. A good day’s work and something to build on. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 46 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Main sponsor: Wallis’ Bar U16s Midleton 5 strand Utd 3 Kalum Deady, Israil Matiki, Dylan Shaw, James Carroll, Kevin Rohan all scored for Midleton against Strand Utd. OUR first win of the season at home to a good Strand team. Our new signing, Dylan Shaw, scored his first goal for the club when the ball broke from a corner. A second goal also came from a corner when James Carroll scored his first goal. Strand then got an easy goal when we made a mistake at the back. Kalum scored our third with a brilliant shot from outside the box. Strand again pushed, and again got an easy goal from a bad clearance. Our fourth came from Kevin Rohan who got the ball from some brilliant passing from Killian Browne. Strand again pushed and pushed and got their third. Isreal Matiki got a brilliant goal from a great run from midfield. Well done, lads. Some great defending from Cian Greene who cleared the ball off the line and James Carroll at left back. Mark and Kalum put in some great work in midfield. Under 13s Div 1 Midleton 4 everton 1 www.midletonfc.com Football Academy set to kick oﬀ again Midleton U12 premier league Midleton 3 Douglas Hall 1 MIDLETON took on Douglas Hall in Knockgriffin in what can only be described as far from ideal conditions. Midleton won the toss and decided to play against a very strong wind in the first half. Midleton started very strongly in the first 10 minutes and they soon had their first real chance when the referee awarded them a free kick OUR Football Academy for boys and girls kicks off this weekend at just outside the Douglas Hall area. Alan Horgan took the free and riKnockgriffin Park. The girls will play on Saturday afternoon and the fled the ball to the back of the Douglas Hall net with a sweet strike. boys on Sunday mornings. Once again there will be a massive turn out Midleton had a well deserved lead. again this year for the new season, says PRO Pa Coakley. Times and age groups: Midleton Football Academy sponsored y Hurley’s SuperValu, Midleton There is no academy held on Bank Holiday weekends Weekly script €3 Starting on Saturday, September 17th 3pm to 4pm for girls born 2000 – 2005 Starting on Sunday, September 18th 9.30am to 10.30am for boys born 2005 and 2006 10.30am to 11.30am for boys born 2004 11.30am to 12.30am for boys born 2003 12.30am to 1.30am for boys born 2002 Players will only be selected for summer league teams from their year of birth. Check midletonfc.com for club details. Membership includes insurance. Parents are needed to run the academy as organisers, gate helpers, club shop helpers or coaches. Players must wear shin guards and should always bring a drink, water is perfect, to training. No boots are allowed on the all weather pitches. Douglas Hall hit back straight away with a good break down the right, resulting in a corner. Douglas, aided by the wind, swept a ball in at the near post where their forward turned quickly to strike the ball into the back of the Midleton net. Midleton continued to be the stronger team in the first half, with great runs down the right wing by Shane O’Riordan, while our backline and midfield were now in total control as the rain started to fall. Referee called time on the first half with the score at 1-1. Midleton made two changes before the second half started, replacing Charlie Whalley with Dale Holland & Sean Morrissey with Owen O‘Neill. Midleton again started the second half strongly with great efforts from Alan Horgan, Tommy O’Connell & Shane O’Riordan. The wind that had been a big factor in the first half had died down. The Douglas keeper was kept busy, but was also in great form pulling off some great saves. Midleton were to get their second goal when Shane O’Riordan again broke down the right wing, cutting into the box and firing a rocket into the bottom left hand corner. Midleton had learned from the first half and were not going to give up the lead again. Douglas Hall came back strongly, but the Midleton defence stood strong with Cian Murray, David Ryan & Mark Daly keeping the Douglas forwards quiet. Ciaran Evans made a great save from Douglas Hall, who were now reduced to shooting from long range. Our club presently has a Senior adult team; U15 boys; U16 girls; Junior adult team; U14 boys; U14 girls; U19 boys; U13 boys; U12 girls; U17 boys; U12 boys; U16 boys and U11 boys, competing in local and Midleton were soon raiding down the left wing again with Dale Holnational competitions and it is hoped that when a child finishes in the land which resulted in a corner. Alan Horgan crossed the ball into Academy, he or she will continue to join these teams. the box where Dale Holland headed in at the far post. Midleton were now in total control, with Alan Horgan going close with a chip over the advancing Douglas keeper that just bounced wide. The referee blew the final whistle on what can be described as a complete team performance. It was a day for the players to stand up and be counted, and Midleton were not found short. Congratulations to the lads on Results for Thursday, September 8th for a jackpot of €6,000. The num- a well deserved win. bers drawn were 10, 20, 22 and 23. There was no winner. Bonus draw of €1,000. The numbers drawn were 3, 12, 26 and 27. There was no winner. MIDLETON went into the game knowing that they needed to come out of this with three points having lost their last two games, and that is exactly what they did. Right from the start they had control of the game. They commanded the midfield, with Sean O’Leary, Mike Kelly and Andrew Nestor out on the left side making some great runs down the line, sending in some fine crosses for the forwards to run onto. It wasn’t long before Midleton had their first chance with a free kick outside the box. Nestor took the free kick, and a good strike it was. It walloped off the crossbar (unlucky), but it wasn’t Lucky dip winners were Mairéad Ryan (Adrian), Patrick Ahern (N. Barrett), Tommy Grimes (M. Kirby), Iris Ring (Pa), J.C. (D. Hickey), that long before Midleton got their first goal. Pat Crowley (P. Knowles), Mary O’Keeffe (N. Barrett), Philip Walsh It came 13 minutes into the game with a ball that broke from the (M. Walsh), Teresa Hayes (Bawney) and Pat O’Neill (O’Neill’s). midfield out to the left side. The cross came in and Adam Wilson The next lotto draw will take place at the Club House, Knockgriffin was there to put it into the back of the net. Wilson looked a lot Park, on Thursday, September 15th for a jackpot of €6,250. sharper all through the game, and that can only be good news for Midleton. the back of the net, leaving the score at 2-0 to Midleton. The celebrations didn’t last long, as a couple of minutes later Everton As the game went on it was really all Midleton in the first half. Everpulled one back to make it 2-1 as the Midleton defence, for the first ton didn’t really threaten Midleton at all, and that was down to the time in this match, got caught out. Midleton got back into it straight defence. They had a fantastic first half, very solid at the back, away and 5 minutes later Midleton were awarded a penalty. Lamb Matthew Lamb in particular. stepped up to take it and sent it low into the keeper’s right side, leaving the score at 3-1 to Midleton. Midleton had still a lot of work to do, As the second half got underway, Midleton were playing against the as they were playing against the wind. Everton were not giving up, but wind. They really had to keep tight at the back as they could not afevery one of the lads at the back gave it their all. Eoin Mitchell worked ford to let Everton back into this game but, saying that, it was still his socks off, as did Cormac Higgins and Alan Horgan. Newlands was Midleton who were taking the game to Everton. running all day, tracking back every time. Midleton pushed forward at every opportunity looking for that fourth There were moments when Midleton were going forward. Their goal to put the game to bed and, 5 minutes from the end, their hard passing movement was first class as O’Leary put some lovely balls work paid off with Nestor putting his name to the scoresheet, being at out the right to Ciaran Newlands, who was sending them through to the right place at the right time: 4-1to Midleton. Evan O’Meara or Wilson, but still they couldn’t get that second goal. Midleton deserved their first win of the season and the players gave their all. Adam Wilson looked good, and Andrew Nestor played well as That was until 9 mins into the second half. O’Leary charged fordid Sean O’Leary and Mike Kelly. The whole team as a unit were fanward from the midfield, put the ball through to Wilson in the box, tastic, but Man of the Match goes to Matthew Lamb who never stopped who then passed it to O’Meara, and all he had to do was stick it into and was solid all through the game. MAgpie lotto U13 girls OUR Girls U13 did themselves proud on Sunday, September 11th in Buttevant. They travelled to the Munster 7 a-side Umbro Blitz not really knowing what to expect, as it was the first time the club had taken part in this tournament. We played Aisling Annacotty in our first game, and came out on the right side of a 2-1 result. This gave the girls a great boost and they went on to defeat Shannonside 9-0 in the next game. This resulted in the last game against Wilton being a winner takes all game, as they had also won both their games. They put in a spirited performance and could have won the game with a little luck. The game ended in a draw, and we then waited to see how they would separate the two teams. The decision went to goal difference and we qualified by just one goal to go on to the All Ireland Finals in Dublin on Sunday, October 2nd. Goals on the day came from Lauren Linehan, Courtney Liston and Kate Desmond. All the girls played well on the day and I’m sure they are all looking forward to their big day out in Dublin next month. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 ANNIVERSARIES Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Sinclair - 6th Anniversary In loving memory of Chris, who passed away on September 17th 2005. No special day is needed, For us to think of you, You are always in our thoughts, No matter what we do. Sadly missed and always remembered by your loving wife Mary and family. DEATH NOTICES CROWLEY: Anthony, of Cloyne, on Wednesday, September 7th. RIP. Requiem Mass on Friday last in St. Colman’s Church, Cloyne, followed by burial afterwards in the adjoining cemetery. DWYER: Oliver (Ollie), of Cobh, on Tuesday, September 6th. RIP. Requeim Mass on Friday last in St. Colman’s Cathedral, Cobh, followed by burial afterwards in St. Colman’s Cemetery. HAYES: Tim, of Cobh, on Thursday, September 8th. RIP. Requiem Mass on Saturday last in St. Colman’s Cathedral, Cobh, followed by cremation afterwards at The Island Crematorium, Ringaskiddy. KEOGH: Patrick Jnr. (Pat), of Midleton, on Saturday, September 10th. RIP. Requiem Mass yesterday, Tuesday, in the Church of the Most Holy Rosary, Midleton, followed by burial afterwards in the adjoining cemetery. DALY: Michael, of Midleton, on Thursday, September 7th. RIP. Requiem Mass on Sunday last in the Church of the Most Holy Rosary, Midleton, followed by burial afterwards in the adjoining cemetery. MURPHY, (née McSweeney): Josephine, of Rathcormac, on Saturday, September 10th. RIP. Requiem Mass on Monday last, in the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Rathcormac, followed by burial afterwards in the local cemetery. MAGUIRE: Redmond (Reddy), of Shanagarry, on Monday, September 12th. RIP. Removal today, Wednesday, at 7.30pm to Our Lady Immaculate Church, Shanagarry. Funeral time to be confirmed. Family flowers only. Donations, in lieu, if desired, to Coronary Care unit, Cork University Hospital, Cork. McNAMARA: John, of Cork and Youghal, on Wednesday, September 7th. RIP. Cremation Service at The Island Crematorium, Ringaskiddy on Saturday last. Hickey - 30th Anniversary In loving memory of our dear Dad, Michael Joseph Hickey, late of Carrigogna, Midleton, Co. Cork, whose 30th anniversary occurs on September 12th. RIP Masses offered. Don’t remember me with sadness, Don’t remember me with tears, Remember all the laughter, We shared throughout the years, Do the things we did before, The same in every way, Just whisper a little prayer for me, In the dawn of every day, I know how much ye miss me, I see the pain inside your hearts, But I am not so far away, We’re really not apart, Think of me as present, Don’t think of me as past, I send you each a special gift, From my Heavenly home above, I send you each a memory of my undying love, Forget your worries and your troubles, They’re mine forever more, I’ll watch and care and love ye, From Heaven’s open door, And when life’s road gets rough and rocky, And you’re down and need a crutch, Remember I’m right beside ye, Just an inch too short to touch. Love and miss you Dad from Mary and Jack, Ellen and John, Michael and Helen, Joe and Lorraine and your great-granddaughter Mia. A kiss from all of us x x x x x x x x x TENDER NOTICE ST. MARY’S NATIONAL SCHOOL COBH Invitation for inclusion on tender list to Building Contractors St. Mary’s National School Cobh are intending to issue a tender for minor building works to be carried out in the existing school premises in two phases. The first phase will be carried out commencing 29th October 2011. Building Contractors are expected to provide a minimum of the following acceptable information: Details and value of building works carried out in the last four years and related references. Details of current employees, equipment and financial economic standing. Current tax clearance certificate, copy of current public and employer’s liability insurances, copy of current Company Registration Office details of the company if applicable, safety statement and details of project supervisor construction stage ( PSCS ) appointments. Building Contractors are invited to apply for inclusion on the tender list which will be prepared following assessment of the minimum details listed above, by applying in writing by no later than 23rd September 2011 to the address below: Mr. Donal Kelleher, Kelleher & Associates Ltd. Roxboro. Midleton. Co. Cork. Tel : 021 4 634364. CLASSIFIEDS CORK COUNTY COUNCIL. We Isaac and Rachel Allen wish to apply for permission to carry out the followings works at Ballynamona, Shanagarry, Co. Cork. (a) construction of a single storey apartment with link corridor for use as ancillary accommodation to existing dwelling. (b) ground floor extensions to front, rear and side elevations of existing dwelling. (c) first floor extension to rear elevation of existing dwelling. (d) construction of double garage. (e) decommission of existing septic tank and installation of wastewater treatment unit and associated works. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the Planning Authority during its public opening hours and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the Authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Authority of the application. YOUGHAL TOWN COUNCIL I, W H Baker intend to apply for permission for construction of a single storey extension to existing dwelling, a new first floor balcony, modification of existing balconies & alterations to existing fenestration. Permission is also sought for proposed alterations to existing car parking deck including the erection of new entrance gates, alterations to existing boundary walls & all associated site works at ‘Harbour View’, Lighthouse Road & Golf Links Road, Knockaverry, Youghal. The Planning Application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the Planning Authority, The Mall House, Youghal, Co. Cork during its public opening hours - 9:00a.m.4:30p.m.Monday to Friday, excluding Public Holidays. A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the planning authority within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application, on payment of a fee of €20. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL Harrington O' Flynn Ltd. Consulting Engineers, Tel: 021-4636760 intend to apply on behalf of Lower Aghada Pier Development Group for permission to install a pontoon adjacent to the existing pier and associated works at Lower Aghada, Aghada, Co. Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork during its public opening hours. A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the planning authority within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application, on the payment of a fee of €20. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL Fiona and Mark Healy intend to apply to Cork County Council for permission to make amendments to dwelling under construction to increase height of side dormer annex to full two storey height to match roof, add masonry stonework to bay window and extend length of porch at No. 12 Chestnut Crescent, Carrigtwohill, Co.Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork, during its public opening hours. A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the Planning Authority on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Authority of the application and such submissions or observations will be considered by the planning authority in making a decision on the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL Harrington O'Flynn Ltd. Consulting Engineers,Tel: 021-4636760 intend to apply on behalf of Ken Murphy for outine permission for the construction of a 'park and ride' facility,incorporating: new entrance, car parking spaces, terminal building and associated site works at Dunkettle, Glanmire, Co. Cork. This application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the planning authority during its public opening hours and that a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within a period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL I, David Williams is applying for planning permission for retention of a septic tank and a driveway and construction of a domestic garage to a dwelling at Garranes, Carrigtohill, County Cork The planning application may be inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the planning authority at the County Hall during its public opening hours, and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the authority on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL P.A. Cashman on behalf of John & Siobhan Cashman seek permission to construct extension to the side of their bungalow at Loughaderry, Castlemartyr, Co. Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the Planning Authority during its public opening hours and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the Authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Authority of the application. 47 Famous Gardening Expert, Dermot O'Neill to speak at Fota's Autumn Gardening Seminar FOR all Garden lovers, Fota House is the place to be on Saturday, September 24th when Ireland's best-loved gardening expert, Dermot O'Neill, will present a Seminar entitled 'Dermot's Secret Garden'. Dermot presents magically. He is an exciting and dynamic public speaker with great charisma, and charms audiences everywhere with his passion and insights into what makes gardening a joy. His exciting and colourful style brings pleasure to a wide-reaching audience. With over 25 years experience in broadcasting and lecturing, Dermot's programmes combine his proven knowledge of gardening with a fun and accessible presenting style. Recently, Dermot has completed a series on RTE1 called 'Dermot's Secret Garden'. This programme chronicled the creation of his walled garden, Clondeglass, in Co. Laois and has been so successful that RTE has commissioned a second programme. "Dermot's Secret Garden" will be the main theme of this illustrated seminar and he will be joined by Brian Cross, whose famous Garden, "Lakemount" is open to the public in Glanmire. In addition to their main theme, both presenters will co-host a module entitled "Plant Combinations for Autumn Colour". After lunch (optional), there will be a question and answer session with Dermot and Brian, who will then bring participants on a tour of the newly restored glass houses in the walled garden. Alternatively, a complimentary guided walk through the gardens will be conducted by OPW Head Gardener, David O'Regan. Rare Plants will also be on sale from Deelish Garden Centre - Bill Chase, The Potting Shed - Gerry Harford and Mount Venus NurseryOliver Schurmann. Date: Saturday, September 24th Venue: Fota House Tickets: €50 (or€60 with lunch included) Time:9am - 4pm As places will be limited, booking is essential. To book, please contact Fota House, Tel: 021 4815543 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 48CLASSIFIEDS TILING SERVICE TILING AND WOOD FLOORING SERVICES Carried out to the highest standards Very competitive rates All East Cork covered No job too big or small Contact John today on 087 7995877 EXTRA SUBJECTS AVAILABLE FOR LEAVING CERT! Extra subjEcts availablE For lEaving cErt. ACCOUNTING AG SCIENCE BUSINESS ECONOMICS GEOGRAPHY Bookings now being taken East cork college, Midleton 021 4638794 or 085 2880693 ATTENTION! LEAKING ROOFS Can be sealed instantly for €10 a square metre Torch-on felt a speciality Slating, tiling, re-roofing Lead valleys and chimneys renewed * OLD SLATES RESTORED AS NEW WITH AQUA SEAL ESTIMATES FREE Unbeatable prices assured All work is fully guaranteed by registered contractors Contact Ger O’Connor anytime on 087 1438830 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Planning notices FROM €60 East Cork Journal 021 4638022 For: Midleton Town Council, Youghal Town Council & Cork County Council (restrictions apply on Cork Co. Co.) LEAVING CERT. C.Spa Thai Massage BIOLOGY GRINDS LEAVING CERT BIOLOGY And JUNIOR CERT SCIENCE GRINDS Housecalls and Groups happily catered for Call soon as places are limited Just call 0863961191 MON. TO SAT. 11AM TO 8PM No.12 New Cork Road, MIDLETON Relieves muscle fatigue and pain Improves flexibility Aids injury recovery Increases the flow of oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues Contact 086 3337223 021 4639480 GRINDS * GRINDS Grinds Available Leaving/Junior Cert All subjects and levels MidlEton PrEcast ltd. SUPERVISED AFTER-SCHOOL AND SATURDAY STUDY tel. 021 4631877 Bookings now being taken East Cork College, Midleton 021 4638794 or 085 2880693 SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPIST Available for evening & weekend PRIVATE THERAPY SESSIONS for paediatric clients Enquiries to: Margaret O’Donovan B.Sc., B.Sc., MIASLT 086-6050378 Paving slabs 18" x 18" 33% oFF only €2 each! 6 diﬀerent designs BUILDING & CARPENTRY DECLAN O’CALLAGHAN Building & Carpentry Services, Killeagh * New builds* * Renovations * * Carpentry * * Property maintenance * and more 1st for quality services Call Declan on 087 6140180 for a free quote or advice Reg. and fully insured CHARITY SHOP The Light Engineering Works T r e as ur e ro o m Charity shop We have a wide range of good quality books, clothes, shoes, bags and lots more for you to browse through at your ease. SUPPORTING MARYMOUNT HOSPICE AND CHERNOBYL CHILDREN’S PROJECT. open mon-saT 10am – 4 pm river sTreeT, Cloyne (over Centra) DRILLING, MILLING TURNING THREADS WELDING, BRAZING SOLDERING Any household item or other items repaired Light work only Contact 087 9557112 MUSIC AT THE TWO MILE INN THE TWO MILE INN MIDLETON MUSIC DIARY Saturday, September 17th: Tony Roberts Saturday, September 24th: DJ Owen Saturday, October 29th: Art Supple Contact 021 4613605 YOUR ADVERT HERE FROM €10 PER WEEK Call 021 4638022 PROPERTY TO LET / FOR SALE Fully furnished, 1 bedroom apartment to let, off MAIN STREET, MIDLETON. €500 per month. Tel. 086 7234173. New two bedroomed fully furnished house to let in WHITEGATE. €145 per week. Contact 021 4293411 or 087 9524113. Fully furnished, 2 bedroom apartment to let, gas central heating, off MAIN STREET, MIDLETON. €550 per month. Tel. 086 7234173. CHILDMINDER REQUIRED RECRUITMENT Part time childminder required to mind children in our own home. Housework required. Cloyne area. Contact 083 3303313 or 087 6895689. Patsy and Mary Keane. WANTED Experienced Audio Typist C.V. to: Brennan & Foy Ltd., Castlemartyr or email: [email protected] Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal CLASSIFIEDS Your One Stop Shop For East Cork Services DOMESTIC APPLIANCE REPAIRS Noel Ahearn Telephone 021 - 4668312 086 - 2449146 DOMESTIC APPLIANCES [email protected] * Cookers * Fridges Tumble dryers * Washing machines Vacuum cleaners * Dishwashers Fast efficient service throughout LANDSCAPING SERVICES Gardening, decking, hedge cutting, planting new lawns, grass cutting. Contact 086 3462093 HANDYMAN PROFESSIONAL HANDYMAN Roof repairs: Slates, tiles Velux Windows fitted Flat roofs, torch on felt No job Small Plumbing jobs too big Tiling of walls or small and floors All types of doors & locks replaced Plastering interior & exterior Patios, Paths & Driveways Attic & Wall Insulation Attic Stairs Power Washing of Fascia & Soffit Gutter Cleaning & Repair General Property Maintenance These are just some of the services we offer If you don’t see something on our list, give us a call on 086 3336190 Qualified tradesmen Fully insured SEWING CREATIVE SEWING 46 Main Street, Midleton Tel: 021 4632029 Over Ballycotton Seafood Ladies & Gents Alterations and Repairs Jeans take up only €5.00 No job to big or small Bridal & Debs Alterations Curtains made, re-lined & taken up OPENING HOURS Mon / Fri 10am to 5pm Wed /Sat 10am to 1pm Lunch 12.30am to 1.30pm SEE US ON FACEBOOK (RITA COTTER) CLEANERS dineCo Cleaning All Eco Cleaning (products supplied also) Fascia and Soﬃt Power washing Window cleaning Carpet cleaning House cleaning Oﬃce and commercial Deep cleaning eco products sold Contact WATER SOFTENERS LIMESCALE CAUSES EXPENSIVE PROBLEMS Bartley Water Softeners Water Softeners (limescale removal) ph Correction (acid water) * Carbon filters (taste & odour removal) * UV Sterilisers (bacteria removal) all work guaranteed free survey without obligation call TONY on 087 2847612 / 025 37900 VEHICLE UPHOLSTERY Top quality seat repairs for cars Tractors, trucks, motorbike etc. Contact MELANIE VARLEY VEHICLE UPHOLSTERY Dunmoon Cross, Tallow, Co. Waterford. B A RNA B RO W H O US E Mobile car valeting service We come to you at home or at work GET YOUR CAR BACK TO SHOWROOM CONDITION Contact 086 0655959 TAILOR PEADAR’S ABOVE GEMINI, 95 MAIN STREET, MIDLETON TAILORING AND ALTERATIONS SUITS, DRESSES, SKIRTS, TROUSERS, JEANS, CURTAINS, LEATHERS, SUEDES NO JOB TOO BIG OR TOO SMALL MONDAY TO FRIDAY 10AM - 5PM SOME STURDAYS 10AM TO 2PM TEL 021 4634592 R E DU C E D P R I CE S AT 3 Course Sunday lunch €18 Substantial reductions on our wedding packages www.barnabrowhouse.ie [email protected] 021-4652 534 QUALIFIED ENGLISH TEACHER Qualified English Teacher available tO WOrk WitH SPeCiAl neeDS StuDentS Primary and secondary Junior and leaving cert grinds available Contact 086 8241052 021 4613109 FRENCH GRINDS NATIVE FRENCH SPEAKER QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED TEACHER offers French Grinds to Junior Cert/ Leaving Cert students Groups or one to one 021 4652774 087 7577509 window Cleaning Also power washing FASCiA & SOFFit HOuSeS * GutterS PAtHS & DriveWAyS Contact 086 0655959 Just €20 per week for your ad here Call us on 021 4638022 for special oﬀers on 3, 6 & 12 month campaigns Your One Stop Shop For East Cork Services Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 44 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal 50 The Puzzler WIN 2TICKETS FOR... All Mixed Up TEL. (021) 4630066 WITH OUR 3 7 24 Congratulations to last week’s winner: MARY-ANNE O’BRIEN, DUNGARVAN ACROSS 1. Party decoration (8) 5. Colossal (4) 7. Hatha, Hindu discipline (4) 8. Lewd (8) 9. Crazy, Osmond’s song (6) 12. Turn to stone (7) 15. Simplest (7) 19. Able, Dutch explorer (6) 21. Large glass (8) 22. Skin complaint (4) 23. Climb (4) 24. Ancient Indian language (8) DOWN 1.Reaping tool (6) 2. Lee, TV comedian (5) 3. Electricity supply (5) 4. Decrease (6) 5. Winner (6) 6. Bad tempered (6) 10. Sea close to Antarctica (4) 11. One of the Great Lakes (4) 12. Place (3) 13. Brass instrument (4) 14. Mosque leader (4) 15. Rubber (6) 16. Revenue (6) 17. Playground apparatus (6) 18. Turn upside down (6) 19. Italian city (5) 20. Light meal (5) ANSWERS TO LAST WEEK’S CROSSWORD: ACROSS: 1.Bastille 5. Talc 7. Fork 8.Krakatoa 9.Lomond 12.Set sail 15.Granted 19.Tablet 21.Hamilton 22.Sill 23.Ruin 24.Dynamite. DOWN: 1. Baffle 2. Tokyo 3. Liked 4.Elapse 5.Thames 6. Chapel 10. Myna 11. Nest 12. Sid 13. Tina 14. Axel 15. Gather 16. Notion 17. Edited 18. Attlee 19. Tenon 20. Besom. Name: ______________________________ Address: ____________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Tel (mobile):______________________________ Home:_______________________________ Entries to East Cork Journal, 1st Floor, Watersedge, Riverside Way, Midleton T I Test your concentration with this word ladder S A N D DIFFICULT B E A N Five Minutes - Five Questions 1. Which motor company won the contract in May 2011 to provide the next generation of New York's yellow taxis? 2. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually in which European city? 3. What is the (usually somewhat aspirational) meaning of Latin term Ad Astra, often used in slogans and marketing? 4. Which is the hottest planet in our solar system? 5. Heinz Baked Beans are branded with the ironically misleading byline of "(how many) Varieties"? Answer to last week’s Medium 2 ANSWERS TO WORDGAMES: 1. TIGHTKNIT 2. BAND BEND BEAD ANSWERS: 1. Nissan 2. Oslo 3. To the stars 4. Venus 5. 57 1 Find the 9 letter word hidden in this word wheel Answer to last week’s Difficult Tea-Break Crossword SUDOKU Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 51 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal The Big Screen Is the grass really greener? DVD SEPT. 16TH-22ND Midleton Corner I DON’T KNOW HOW SHE DOES IT (12A) Market Green 021 4630066 2.00 4.30 6.45 9.15PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM THE CHANGE UP (16) 1.30 4.00 6.30 9.00PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM 30 MINUTES OR LESS (15A) 2.00 4.30 9.15PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM Search for The Fountain of Youth FRIENDS WITH BENEFITS (16) 6.30 9.00PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM JANE EYRE (12A) 6.30PM SPY KIDS: ALL THE TIME IN THE WORLD (PG) 2.00 4.30PM PLUS SAT & SUN @ 11.30AM BEST friends since childhood, Mitch (Ryan Reynolds) and Dave (Jason Bateman) have drifted apart in recent years. Mitch has remained a single, sometimes employed man-child who has avoided responsibility and can’t finish anything he starts, from jobs to relationships. But he has lots of superficial fun. Dave has a beautiful wife, Jamie (Leslie Mann), kids who adore him and a well paid job at a prestigious law firm. During a night on the town together, they wish they could swap lives and thanks to the mysteries of a stone fountain, they wake up with their wish fulfilled. That’s when their troubles begin, as their new lives in each other’s bodies unravel and force them to face up to what they really want. It’s a well tried formula, but The Change Up feels fresh, in this upbeat body-switch movie in which a workaholic lawyer and his dope-smoking best friend find themselves literally in each other’s shoes. We all connect to the notion that the grass is always greener on the other side, and we understand why this switch seems so appealing to both Mitch and Dave. When the body switch occurs - as Dave and Mitch are relieving themselves in a fountain after a boozy night watching the game - our appetite has been whetted for the hilarity to come. At the same moment, they genuinely wish they could swap lives - a wish they quickly regret. Needless to say things work out for the best, but along the way there are surprises, a swag of laughs, some cringes and home truths are splattered high and low. Guaranteed laughs for a feel-good, and raunchy, change-up. THE INBETWEENERS MOVIE (16) 6.45 9.15PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM THE SMURFS (GEN) 1.45 4.15PM PLUS SAT & SUN @ 11.30AM CARS 2 (GEN) SAT & SUN @ 11.30AM HORRID HENRY (GEN) SAT & SUN @ 11.30AM GateCinemasAppnowavailableintheAppStoreFREE Book online at www.corkcinemas.com BENEFITTING from the decision to begin anew after the existing trilogy is a good idea. Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a darker, more soulful entry with some fun set pieces. While two of the main stars of the first three films have opted not to return (Keira Knightley and Orlando Bloom), many of our favourite (and least favourite) characters continue to fly their Jolly Rogers and weave tall tales of treasure hunting, drinking and more. After the success of the first film, Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) was brought to the forefront of the films becoming, instead of a supporting, flavour character, an integral part of the stories and a driving force for many of the films’ problems. This time around, Sparrow, seeking the legendary Fountain of Youth, discovers another group using his name as a temptation for would-be sailors to fill the crew of a ship also heading out in search of this rumoured treasure. After an impressive sword fight, we are introduced to PenÈlope Cruz as Angelica, one of Jack’s myriad ex-lovers who has teamed with the dreaded Blackbeard (Ian McShane) as his daughter. For their parts, McShane and Cruz are quite fitting with McShane the obvious standout in the film. Other noted returns include the ever-despicable Captain Barbossa, played with scenery-chewing delight by Geoffrey Rush and first mate Gibbs (Kevin McNally). A worthy follow up, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is entertaining where it needs to be, leaden where you anticipate it to be, and filled with so much spectacle that it’s hard to find the words to describe it all. 52 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal Fo o d fo r t h o u g h t Sponsored by Well & Good, Broderick Street, Midleton Tel. (021) 4633499 Get cracking! Breakfast Muffins SUPPORTING HEART HEALTH A LOW carb diet has been well proven to support heart health, even to reverse the progression of disease in cardiac patients, and of course the worst carbs of all are refined ones found in white flour and pasta, sugars and processed foods. This would be akin to the low-GL diet, valuable for many aspects of health, particularly levelling insulin levels and for weight reduction. All muscles thrive with exercise, including the heart. Co-enzyme Q-10 is the number one heart nutrient. It is essential to all important body functions, and vital for producing muscular energy. Deficiency can cause heart failure. It has been proved in many studies to prevent heart attacks and strokes by lowering the chances of cholesterol blocking arteries, reducing blood pressure, improving circulation and rejuvenating heart cells. Co Q-10 production reduces with age, and its production in the liver is blocked by statins which, put simply, isn’t a good idea! Therefore anyone on statins is well-advised to supplement with Co Q-10. Muscle pain and weakness are a common problem for patients taking statins, and may be an indication that body tissues are actually breaking down and causing kidney damage. NOW that children are back at school they need a breakfast that is packed with nutrients to sustain them during the day, and one that is quick and easy to eat. This, combined with healthy snacks and a nutritious lunch, will help ensure that children will have a better chance to do well at school. For breakfast ideas to boost brain power and information about nutrition research visit www.eggs.ie. Eggs are one of the most nutrient-dense foods available, and they are ideal as part of breakfast because they are quick and easy to prepare and eat. Medical research has found they are an excellent source of Choline which is essential for healthy brain development and function, and that eating eggs for breakfast keeps children and adults feeling fuller for longer. This helps them to stay more alert and cuts down on the need for snacks that are high in sugar. An Irish study carried out by a number of Irish universities (IUNA) in 2007 found that egg consumption here is particularly low, in children and teenagers, with just over 40% eating eggs. Egg intake in general in Ireland is low and males consume more eggs than women. The report found that young teenage girls have the lowest consumption rates for eggs, and this group could particularly benefit from including more eggs in their diets. ‘Eggs can be cooked and served in minutes and they are ideal for a nutritious breakfast,’ said Teresa Brophy, Ireland Market Manager at Bord Bia. ‘However, research carried out for Bord Bia this year by Behaviour and Attitudes shows that, while older people have eggs on a regular basis, many younger families are not introducing their children to eggs. Eggs are great value for money and consumers should look for the Bord Bia Quality Mark on packs and check out www.eggs.ie or www.bordbia.ie for recipes, cooking tips and nutrition information.’ Home-made muffins are great for breakfast. You can vary this recipe by replacing the marmalade with ingredients of your choice, such as berries. Savoury muffins are also great for breakfast, and ideal for the school lunchbox too. INGREDIENTS 75g butter 225g plain flour 1 tbsp baking powder ¼ teasp. bread soda Pinch of salt 100g stone-ground wholemeal flour 120ml milk 5 tablesp. natural yoghurt 2 eggs, beaten Finely grated rind of 1 orange 100g marmalade METHOD 1. The trick to fluffy muffins is to fold the wet and dry ingredients together as briefly as possible until just combined; don’t worry if the mixture still looks a little lumpy. 2. Preheat the oven to Gas Mark 4, 180ºC (350ºF). 3. Line a muffin tin with deep paper cases. 4. Melt the butter in a small pan or in the microwave. 5. Remove from the heat.Sift the plain flour, baking powder, bread soda and salt into a bowl. Stir in the wholemeal flour. 6. Beat the milk, yoghurt, eggs, warm melted butter and orange rind in a jug. Make a well in the dried ingredients and stir in with the marmalade until only just mixed. 7. Spoon the mixture equally into the paper cases and bake for 20-25 minutes until well risen and golden brown. Dr John Briffa states that, while most cholesterol lowering statins lower your cholesterol numbers, they don’t necessarily make us any healthier, probably because they are vital for so many body functions. Plus, a Dutch study found that men on statins with chronically low cholesterol levels showed a consistently higher risk of being depressed, because cholesterol affects the metabolism of serotonin, a moodregulating hormone. Garlic helps to thin the blood without aspirin’s side effects, supports artery health and lowers cholesterol. Minerals zinc and selenium boost garlic’s action and work as antioxidants. Hawthorn Berries modulate and support heart action. Turmeric, a member of the ginger family, helps eliminate excess cholesterol and improves the HDL/LDL ratio. A high fibre diet, like turmeric, helps prevent cholesterol passing from the bowel to the rest of the body. Psyllium and linseeds work well, as does oat bran, salad, broccoli, apples, kidney beans etc. Niacin, vitamin B3, reduces triglycerides and LDL levels. Red Rice Yeast Extract works similarly to statins but safely. Magnesium is vital for healthy muscle function. Fish Oils and Krill lower triglycerides, increase HDL levels, reduce blood pressure and keep arteries supple. Krill also contains the powerful antioxidant, astaxanthin. Lecithin Granules prevent the build up of fats in the walls of your heart, arteries and brain by breaking down the fatty deposits. Well & Good HEALTHY HEARTS Broderick Street, Midleton * Tel. / Fax. (021) 4633499 KRILL Oil, with its high antioxidant content and easy absorption, alongside Omega-3 from fish and Lecithin Granules, are the most popular anti-cholesterol supplements. If urgent action is called for, Niacin or Red Rice Yeast Extract can be added to the mix, along with Hawthorn and Magnesium. Well and Good stocks a variety of Co Q-10 brands, a well-advised supplement for anyone on statins, and strongly indicated for overall heart health. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 53 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal FASHION FOCUS GET READY FOR AN AUTUMN OF HIGH CLASS FASHIONS AT HIGH STREET PRICES AT ARCADE MIDLETON BOUTIQUE BRANDS, HIGH STREET LABELS, KIDS FASHIONS & INTERIORS AUTUMN DAYS ARRIVE AT ARCADE MIDLETON colour plays a powerful role this season at Arcade midleton, with warm and positive rich colours such as mustard, rust, teal and red €5 €10 And €15 rAils new seAson - sAme GreAt prices! ALMOST OVER! enjoy a warming cuppa! bAG only €44.99 boots only €39.99 Sunday 2pm - 6pm Monday - Wednesday 9am - 7pm Thuursday & Friday 9am - 8pm Th Saturday 9am - 6pm AS the weather gets a little chillier, why not pop upstairs at Arcade Midleton to the XPresso Cafe and enjoy a warming cup of coffee or a delicious Sukí Tea - tea as it should be. Savour a delicious, freshly-made sandwich or scone, or try a fancy cupcake for dessert. Whatever you choose, at Arcade's XPresso Cafe you're guaranteed a warming, welcoming time. sponsored by: arcade Pushing prices down 94 Main Street, Midleton Open 7 Days a Week – Customer Car Park on Riverside Way Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 54 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal THE PLACE TO BE sponsored by Inferno Mobile DJ & Disco Mobile: 086 732 5684 email: [email protected] Diva Delights in Youghal for HOPE Foundation DENISE FITZGERALD REPORTS A DIVA is a woman who is extremely talented. The term is Italian, taken from the Latin, Diva, which means “goddess” or “divine one.” Aileen Smiddy may not quite be a Diva as described above, but she is a determined Youghal lady who wants very much to do something for the underprivileged, especially in India. Daughter of Pat and Cait Smiddy, Greencloyne, Aileen attended the Presentation Convent until the age of eleven when she moved to Ring College and then on to The Presentation Convent Dungarvan. Like many others in the mid 80’s she emigrated to London where she completed her general nurse training. While there, a chance meeting with a pharmacist colleague set Aileen thinking about going to India. His description of the squalor and abject poverty, but also the vibrancy and generosity of the people he met, struck a chord with Aileen who, at the time, was moving back to Youghal and unable to join the medical team who were then heading to Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). Back in Youghal, Aileen spent the next twenty years working in various hospitals and centres including St Raphael’s, St Joseph’s in Dungarvan, and now in Cois Abhann. Over the years, hearing from friends about their work in Romania, Ethiopia and India, her dreams of going to Kolkata were renewed but, as Aileen told The East Cork Journal, the time was just not right. Around that time, East Cork’s Maureen Forrest was in the process of establishing The Hope Foundation and Aileen was delighted to get involved through some of their fundraising events. However, her desire to travel to Kolkata as a volunteer was even stronger than before and, with encouragement from Hope, Aileen made up her mind to go. Decision taken, Aileen has wasted no time in organising her trip and stressed to The East Trish Hickey, Jackie Healy & Ber O Mahony with Aileen Smiddy Cork Journal that she is paying for her own flights and other costs, with every cent which has been raised through fundraising going directly to the Hope Foundation. Fundraising efforts have been ongoing since May of this year and to date a total of €3,927 has been raised. This amount resulted from a Coffee Morning (€413), a Table Quiz (€460) and a Bag pack at Tesco Youghal (€969). Private donations, car boot sales, the sale of Butler’s Chocolate bars throughout Youghal and a Yoga night organised and led by Teresa Parker on Youghal beach, account for the remainder of funds raised so far. With a target of €5,000 to bring with her to the people of Kolkata, Aileen has organised her fundraising Diva Night which will be held tomorrow, Thursday, September 15th which promises to be a real treat for the ladies! The Diva night will be held in the GAA Club in Youghal and, along with being a fundraiser, will be an opportunity for the girls to get some great bargains without the hassle of shopping. The idea is that you bring with you three items of clothing in good condition, unlimited bags, belts and costume jewellery, and make a donation swap! A Beauty Therapist will be offering cut price eyebrow waxing and tinting, and a Style Consultant will be delighted to offer ex- pert advice. Doors open at 8:30 pm. €10 entry fee. You will receive a complimentary glass of wine, and Indian snacks. Aileen told The East Cork Journal that she has been overwhelmed by the support she has received from people attending her fundraising events, and from local business people who have generously donated prizes for raffles and given their premises free of charge to host the events. “My family and friends”, Aileen enthused, “have been fantastic to me, giving their support and en- H couragement and helping me in whatever way they could, giving of their time and talents”. “I am so grateful to them all”, she continued, “and it has made me realise how lucky I am to have such wonderful people in my life”. Give HOPE your support by going along to the GAA pavilion, Youghal tomorrow night. Have some fun, enjoy your evening and help Youghal’s Diva, Aileen Smiddy, to help the underprivileged street people of Kolkota. Carrigtwohill based artist presents ‘Trace’ CLARE based artist, Judy O’Sullivan grew up in Carrigtwohill and is a graduate of Crawford College of Art and UCC. She has exhibited regularly in solo and selected group exhibitions over the last ten years, including Tallaght Community Arts Centre, Dublin; Cork Art Trail; Beara Arts Festival; Iontas at Sligo Art Gallery; Glór Centre, Ennis, Co Clare; Clare Co Council Offices; Wicklow Co. Council Offices. Her work was shown in An Bhoireann, the international exhibition 2006 at Galerie Pomie, Baladou, France. Dress Drawings 2009, which included a large wall drawing and media installation, was selected to show at the Courthouse Gallery and Studios, Co Clare. This is her third exhibition at the Courtyard Gallery, which will be officially opened by Clare Hennessy, Director of the Cork Printmakers, on Saturday, September 17th at 2.30pm. All welcome. In her new work Judy O’Sullivan is experimenting with drawing processes, extending boundaries through photography and print. She focuses on familiar surroundings, a chair, a window, a shadow on a wall, something the cat brings in, footprints in mud, the patterns in hedgerows. These are the marks of everyday life, often unnoticed, to which we give little attention. A central aspect in the making of the work was exploring the Japanese idea, ‘mono no aware’, literally ‘the pathos of things’, the awareness of their impermanence and transience and wistfulness at their passing. ‘The work grew from my reflections on different aspects of my mother’s life. I tried to make use of her gift for always seeing wonder in the small, the ordinary and everyday. She kept for me things other people might have thrown out, knowing I might find magic in an old piece of lace or fabric, a feather or things that held memories. Making a drawing holds onto the momentary experience, freezing the moment. The drawing holds our reflections and feelings, making something concrete of the encounter with the object,’ Judy concludes. As well as private collections her work is in the collection of Clare County Council. arty’s Bar & Restaurant CLOYNE open 7 days a week 021 4652401 www.hartysrestaurantcloyne.com [email protected] HARTY’S CLOYNE - SPONSORS OF CLOYNE MINOR HURLING & FOOTBALL THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 15TH FROM 9.30PM TRADITIONAL IRISH MUSIC SESSION Culchie Festival 2011. Final taking place on S aturday Night 1st October. Well done to Willie Smiddy & Julie Crea mer who qualified l ast Thursday night (Heat 1). This Friday 16th September: The Thatched Inn, Ladysbridge, Heat 2 of Culchie Competition. Book Club - Book for the Month ‘ to kill a mocking bird’ by harper lee Next Meeting: monday, september 26th at 8.30pm. new members welcome. complimentary finger food Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 55 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal E N T E R TA I N M E N T G U I D E ! Inferno You pick the venue, we create the atmosphere! * 21sts, 18th - any birthday! * Weddings & Civil Partnerships * Any club discos Mobile DJ & Disco Celebrating History in Youghal DENISE FITZGERALD REPORTS THE 9th Annual Conference, Youghal Celebrates History will be held in The Mall Arts Centre, Youghal over September 24th and 25th next. The theme for this year’s conference will be “Politics and Culture in the 19th Century” which will provide a fascinating insight into this wonderful aspect of Irish heritage. A group of high quality speakers will approach this topic from very different perspectives, and field trips and activities will be included as part of the programme. A programme of events to suit everyone has been compiled. Explosive Substances, Politics and Culture in 19th Century Ireland is the intriguing title with some ‘Good Behaviour ‘ thrown in ! The quest for Land Reform and Home Rule in the 19th century helped to shape the Ireland in which we live today. Famous quotes at the time such as ‘ The land of Ireland for the people of Ireland ‘ and ‘ Keep a firm grip on your homesteads ‘ spring to mind, and have a particular irony in our present economic circumstances. Our Laser Lights, LEDs, Moonﬂower Lights, Smoke Machine and Sound Rig will transform any venue into the coolest place to party! MIDLETON Where a smile & a warm welcome await... EARLY OPENING 9AM MON - SAT lating Field Trip has also been organised, guaranteed to be of interest to all. Boat trips may also be arranged for those who may be interested. Special deal for the Over 55s!!! Booking details : web: www.youghalcelebrateshis- Other fascinating talks will include ‘Going to War in the name of God’, ‘ Burning down the House… the Big House Novel‘, The Land War In East Cork and the Role of the Journals at the time ‘ and many more. A stimu- tory.com Address: Youghal Celebrates History, St. Mary’s College, Emmet Place, Youghal, Co.Cork. Telephone : 0879666554 Email : [email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected] Time Is A Thief so don’t let this rock band pass you by! LOCAL Rock Band, Time Is A Thief host a matinee of music in Wallis’ Bar, Sunday, September 25th in conjunction with Midleton Rock School. The band are the latest export of East Cork currently causing a storm in the local and national rock scene, dubbed by Hot Press as “U2 at their most furious with touches of Nine Inch Nails and Biffy Clyro” Overwhelmed by the response they received at the recent Rock School class associated with Midleton Youth Centre, Time Is A Thief decided to organise this showcase of local bands in an effort to promote more home grown talent, and give them a platform from which to launch themselves in the music industry. The day begins with an all-ages show at 2:00pm featuring some of the towns finest up and coming rock/metal bands including Paradox, Unspoken Silence and McFla, followed by an over 18’s show that evening at 9:30pm with Time Is A Thief. The day promises to show off the exceptional quality of musicians this town has to offer. All-Ages Show – 2pm-5pm C.C. €5 TEAS, COFFEES, HOMEMADE SCONES ETC. Thursday, September 15th: THE SIRENS Saturday, September 17th: OPEN FOR THE MATCH AT 9AM AUSTRALIA VS. IRELAND Sunday, September 18th: UV5 Arthur’s Day 17.59 SOMETHING SIMPLE Thursday, September 22nd: Sunday, September 25th: Night Show (Over 18’s) – 9:30pm-11pm Free Entry Youghal Badminton Club News Wallis’ BAR TIME IS A THIEF TRAD SESSIONS Tuesdays, 9.30pm THE new season at Youghal Badminton Club will commence on Monday next, September 19th at 8pm in Youghal GAA Hall, Magniers Hil. New members – both beginners or experienced, are very welcome. Badminton will then continue every Monday night at 8pm and the cost is €5. Looking forward to seeing all the old and, hopefully, many new members. MID-WEEK OPEN MIC with JAMES MCGRATH Wednesdays, 9.30pm IN-HOUSE MUSIC Every Fri & Sat, 9.30pm - close Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 56 Wednesday, September 14th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal hey, Jude NEWLY commissioned naval officer, Jude O’Driscoll from Cobh, is pictured during the commissioning ceremony of the 49th Naval Service Cadet Class at the Naval Base in Haulbowline. The eight Cadets are graduating from the Officer Training School of the Naval College following 21 months of intensive training which included navigation, seamanship, weapons training, leadership, communications, marine engineering and naval warfare. (Photo: Daragh Mc Sweeney, Provision) CarrigTWohill large Chicken only €4 Tel: 021 4882411 Buy 4pk Quarter Pounders (frozen) for €2.99 and get a Free Bag oF Frozen ChiPs! Kitkat 6pk €1 Wagon Wheels 6pk €1 Cadburys Fingers €1 All 24 pk cans of 7Up, Coca Cola, Pepsi still only €10 Comfort 5l only €5.49 Daz 90 wash only €13 Fairy 90 wash only €18 Chicken Fillets 10 pk only €8.99 Price Fall for Autumn! More For 4 on all Wine... Aptamil and SMA large tubs 10% Pampers Simply Dry BoX nappies DisCounT with every four bottles bought in a single purchase only €9 All 10kg Roosters and Queens potatoes still only €3.99 only €10	i don't know
What is the collective name for a flock of geese in flight, especially in V-formation?	Group Names Discussion from BIRDCHAT Bruce Helmboldt starts the thread Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 08:02:47 -0700 (PDT) From: "Helmboldt, Bruce" < .DLA.MIL> Subject: group names I know that a group of crows is called a "murder of crows", and a group of skylarks (found in Vancouver, BC, and on San Juan Island, WA) is called an "exaltation of skylarks". Does the term "gaggle of geese" apply to wild geese or just domesticated barnyard geese? What's the term for a group of swans? Does anybody else have any group names I can add to my collection of worthless bird trivia? Thanks. 0> Bruce Helmboldt 206-889-7357 _/_)_ .dla.mil / Duvall, WA Stephan L. Moss adds a few suggestions. Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 09:15:10 -0700 From: "Dr. Stephan L. Moss" < .EDU> Subject: Re: group names Comments: To: "Helmboldt, Bruce" < .DLA.MIL> May I suggest two sets of responses, those that are 'real' and the ones that are humorous? Real: a Kettle of Hawks (Where does this one come from?) a Gaggle of Geese less real: a Cawldron of crows a Gulp of Swallows ! ! Dr. Stephan L. Moss .edu ! ! Administrative Computing Pomona College ! Claremont, CA 91711 ! (909) 607-1734 Terry Ross cites Lipton. Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 15:13:34 -0400 From: Terry Ross < .LIB.MD.US> Subject: Re: "Group Names" James Lipton's "An Exaltation of Larks" is devoted to these collective nouns, many of which orignated as hunters' terms and have been in the language for centuries. Here's a gleaning from his book: A covey of partridges A murder of crows A rafter of turkeys A brood of hens A fall of woodcocks A dule of doves A wedge of swans A party of jays A company of parrots A colony of penguins A cover of coots A sord of mallards A dissimulation of birds A peep of chickens A pitying of turtledoves A paddling of ducks [on the water] A siege of herons A charm of finches A skein of geese [in flight] a tidings of magpies A cast of hawks A deceit of lapwings An ostentation of peacocks A bouquet of pheasants A congregation of plovers An unkindness of ravens A building of rooks A host of sparrows A descent of woodpeckers A mustering of storks A flight of swallows A watch of nightingales A murmuration of starlings A spring of teal A parliament of owls An exaltation of larks ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Terry Ross Visit the BALTIMORE BIRD CLUB Baltimore MD http://www.bcpl.lib.md.us/~tross/baltbird.html ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pete Janzen considers "kettles". Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 15:46:45 -0400 From: Pete Janzen < > Subject: Group names I think the term "kettle of hawks" probably derives from the visual effect of migrating buteos, especially Swainson's Hawks. Swainson's form large flocks that slowly spin as a group, and often stack up vertically, as well as spreading out horizontally. These formations were apparently much commoner in the past, when populations were larger. I've only really seen this once, as a severe cold front moved through in early October, and we saw a group of about 250 Swainson's. Many other raptors were migrating that day as well. Another interesting trivia fact about these "kettles" is the seperation of the much commoner light phase hawks from dark phase individuals. A very knowledgeable birder from western Ks., present during this event, told us to watch as the kettle passed over, and we would see a few dark Swainson's trailing the flock. Sure enough, after the big group was past, 4 dark phase birds came slowly circling, about a mile behind the rest. Pete Janzen, Wichita, Ks Macklin Smith replies to Ross. Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 17:56:36 -0400 From: Macklin Smith < > Subject: Re: "Group Names" Comments: To: Terry Ross < .LIB.MD.US> Although many of the collective nouns for birds and other creatures have a certain charm, and although some of them are indeed quite old (a covey of partridges, a flock of birds), the codification of these nouns in "An Exaltation of Larks" is somewhat misleading. Some are what might be called "natural words"--words old enough to have lost their stamp of origin in metaphor or the specifics of hunting or husbandry. But most are coinages of a rather fanciful, witty, and often literary sort; and aren't particularly old in the long scheme of things. "A murder of crows," for example, is neither common parlance nor old; nor is "an exaltation of larks" or "a murmuration of starlings"--both of which have all the marks of 18th-c. salon wit (though they could date from Renaissance courtly ostentation as well). If we consider lists like these, we see some relatively authentic (i.e., part of the common language) words, but we mostly see poeticisms. Syntactically, a lot of these simply take a verb and wrench it into a nonce noun ("a paddling of ducks")--I mean, no one except a would-be landed gentryperson would speak like this! More legitimately part of the common language are usages like "a brood of hens" (common, ref. to husbandry) and "a rafter of turkeys" (less common, but ditto); and some based on older metaphors ("a skein of geese"). Anyone can coin some of the more fanciful "collective nouns." A few years ago there was a contest designed to expand the list, and I entered--forgive me my silliness, don't flame me!--"a schizophrenia of Hawk-Owls," "a cell of Red Phalaropes," and "a trepidation of Yellow Warblers," and more. It was fun to dream these up, but that doesn't make them words!!!!!! Macklin Smith University of Michigan Billie Jo Johnstone stands up for group names. Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 22:24:09 -0400 (EDT) From: "Billie Jo T. Johnstone" > Subject: Re: "Group Names" --- Macklin Smith wrote: "a paddling of ducks"--I mean, no one except a would-be landed gentryperson would speak like this! --- end of quoted material --- It sounds wonderful. And I liked "a fall of woodcock" as well. I guess I must ache to be landed gentry. Oh well. Billie Jo Johnstone Lebanon, NH	Skein
How many petals do buttercup and columbine flowers commonly have?	Group Names Discussion from BIRDCHAT Bruce Helmboldt starts the thread Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 08:02:47 -0700 (PDT) From: "Helmboldt, Bruce" < .DLA.MIL> Subject: group names I know that a group of crows is called a "murder of crows", and a group of skylarks (found in Vancouver, BC, and on San Juan Island, WA) is called an "exaltation of skylarks". Does the term "gaggle of geese" apply to wild geese or just domesticated barnyard geese? What's the term for a group of swans? Does anybody else have any group names I can add to my collection of worthless bird trivia? Thanks. 0> Bruce Helmboldt 206-889-7357 _/_)_ .dla.mil / Duvall, WA Stephan L. Moss adds a few suggestions. Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 09:15:10 -0700 From: "Dr. Stephan L. Moss" < .EDU> Subject: Re: group names Comments: To: "Helmboldt, Bruce" < .DLA.MIL> May I suggest two sets of responses, those that are 'real' and the ones that are humorous? Real: a Kettle of Hawks (Where does this one come from?) a Gaggle of Geese less real: a Cawldron of crows a Gulp of Swallows ! ! Dr. Stephan L. Moss .edu ! ! Administrative Computing Pomona College ! Claremont, CA 91711 ! (909) 607-1734 Terry Ross cites Lipton. Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 15:13:34 -0400 From: Terry Ross < .LIB.MD.US> Subject: Re: "Group Names" James Lipton's "An Exaltation of Larks" is devoted to these collective nouns, many of which orignated as hunters' terms and have been in the language for centuries. Here's a gleaning from his book: A covey of partridges A murder of crows A rafter of turkeys A brood of hens A fall of woodcocks A dule of doves A wedge of swans A party of jays A company of parrots A colony of penguins A cover of coots A sord of mallards A dissimulation of birds A peep of chickens A pitying of turtledoves A paddling of ducks [on the water] A siege of herons A charm of finches A skein of geese [in flight] a tidings of magpies A cast of hawks A deceit of lapwings An ostentation of peacocks A bouquet of pheasants A congregation of plovers An unkindness of ravens A building of rooks A host of sparrows A descent of woodpeckers A mustering of storks A flight of swallows A watch of nightingales A murmuration of starlings A spring of teal A parliament of owls An exaltation of larks ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Terry Ross Visit the BALTIMORE BIRD CLUB Baltimore MD http://www.bcpl.lib.md.us/~tross/baltbird.html ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pete Janzen considers "kettles". Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 15:46:45 -0400 From: Pete Janzen < > Subject: Group names I think the term "kettle of hawks" probably derives from the visual effect of migrating buteos, especially Swainson's Hawks. Swainson's form large flocks that slowly spin as a group, and often stack up vertically, as well as spreading out horizontally. These formations were apparently much commoner in the past, when populations were larger. I've only really seen this once, as a severe cold front moved through in early October, and we saw a group of about 250 Swainson's. Many other raptors were migrating that day as well. Another interesting trivia fact about these "kettles" is the seperation of the much commoner light phase hawks from dark phase individuals. A very knowledgeable birder from western Ks., present during this event, told us to watch as the kettle passed over, and we would see a few dark Swainson's trailing the flock. Sure enough, after the big group was past, 4 dark phase birds came slowly circling, about a mile behind the rest. Pete Janzen, Wichita, Ks Macklin Smith replies to Ross. Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 17:56:36 -0400 From: Macklin Smith < > Subject: Re: "Group Names" Comments: To: Terry Ross < .LIB.MD.US> Although many of the collective nouns for birds and other creatures have a certain charm, and although some of them are indeed quite old (a covey of partridges, a flock of birds), the codification of these nouns in "An Exaltation of Larks" is somewhat misleading. Some are what might be called "natural words"--words old enough to have lost their stamp of origin in metaphor or the specifics of hunting or husbandry. But most are coinages of a rather fanciful, witty, and often literary sort; and aren't particularly old in the long scheme of things. "A murder of crows," for example, is neither common parlance nor old; nor is "an exaltation of larks" or "a murmuration of starlings"--both of which have all the marks of 18th-c. salon wit (though they could date from Renaissance courtly ostentation as well). If we consider lists like these, we see some relatively authentic (i.e., part of the common language) words, but we mostly see poeticisms. Syntactically, a lot of these simply take a verb and wrench it into a nonce noun ("a paddling of ducks")--I mean, no one except a would-be landed gentryperson would speak like this! More legitimately part of the common language are usages like "a brood of hens" (common, ref. to husbandry) and "a rafter of turkeys" (less common, but ditto); and some based on older metaphors ("a skein of geese"). Anyone can coin some of the more fanciful "collective nouns." A few years ago there was a contest designed to expand the list, and I entered--forgive me my silliness, don't flame me!--"a schizophrenia of Hawk-Owls," "a cell of Red Phalaropes," and "a trepidation of Yellow Warblers," and more. It was fun to dream these up, but that doesn't make them words!!!!!! Macklin Smith University of Michigan Billie Jo Johnstone stands up for group names. Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 22:24:09 -0400 (EDT) From: "Billie Jo T. Johnstone" > Subject: Re: "Group Names" --- Macklin Smith wrote: "a paddling of ducks"--I mean, no one except a would-be landed gentryperson would speak like this! --- end of quoted material --- It sounds wonderful. And I liked "a fall of woodcock" as well. I guess I must ache to be landed gentry. Oh well. Billie Jo Johnstone Lebanon, NH	i don't know
As at 2011 what car corporation owns the Rolls Royce and Mini marques?	Rolls-Royce car sales hit new record - BBC News Rolls-Royce car sales hit new record 9 January 2012 Media captionRolls-Royce chief Torsten Muller-Otvos says 2012 should deliver another record Rolls-Royce Motor Cars has reported record sales for 2011, having sold 3,538 cars. Sales at the BMW-owned luxury marque grew by 31% from the previous year, although the growth rate was weaker than in 2010 when sales jumped by 150%. Rolls-Royce's £165,000 Ghost model, which is smaller and less ostentatious than the £235,000 Phantom models, has been the main driving force for sales. Rolls chief Torsten Muller-Otvos said 2011 had been an "outstanding year". Parent company BMW Group also recorded record sales for its BMW, Mini and Rolls-Royce marques after sales rose 14.2% last year to 1,668,982 vehicles. Rolls-Royce's strong performance last year was more than matched by rival ultra-luxury car company Bentley, which sold 7,003 cars during 2011, marking a 37% rise that returned it to pre-recession levels. Further expansion Rolls-Royce said last year's sales were the highest in the marque's 107-year history, beating the previous record set in 1978 when 3,347 Rolls-Royce models were sold. Analysis By Jorn MadslienBusiness reporter, BBC News Rolls-Royce has seen sales more than treble since 2009, largely because it has been able to attract new customers who would not traditionally buy its cars. The Ghost model, an ultra-luxurious alternative to parent company BMW's 7 Series flagship, has proved popular with younger customers as well as with women. As such, the carmaker has adjusted to a new reality in which more people become very wealthy at a younger age and women are becoming increasingly prominent in the world of business. Rolls-Royce has also responded to customers' desire for subtlety, given the prevailing downbeat economic mood. Chief executive Torsten Muller-Otvos says he has seen a "shift from bling to substance". Driving the electric Rolls-Royce At the time, the Bentley and Rolls-Royce marques were both parts of the same company. The two brands went separate ways a decade ago, when the German automotive giant Volkswagen Group took over the Crewe factory in Cheshire, where Bentleys are still being produced. BMW acquired the right to use the Rolls-Royce brand and built a brand new factory on the edge of the Earl of March's Goodwood estate in West Sussex where it started manufacturing new models. That factory has been expanded in line with a broadening of the model line-up, which currently includes four Phantom models and one Ghost model. The expansion is set to continue as the product range is developed further, Mr Muller-Otvos said. Industry insiders predict that a convertible Ghost could hit the road in a couple of years. Global markets The market for Rolls-Royce models grew particularly fast in Germany and Russia, where sales more than doubled last year. Sales in the Asia Pacific region rose 47%. In the UK they were up 30%, while in the Middle East they rose 23%. Image caption The Ghost has helped to lift Rolls-Royce sales from about 1,000 cars in 2009 The US and Chinese markets are the most important ones for the company, though it has not released detailed figures about how many cars it sold in individual markets. Looking ahead, the carmaker will further develop its global network of dealerships, and will enter new markets in South America, Mr Muller-Otvos said. "We will see another record year for Rolls-Royce in 2012," said Mr Muller-Otvos.	BMW
Which is the only letter in the English alphabet never (as at 2011) to appear in the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements?	New England’s independent source for sales and service of European automobiles. WAXOYL RUSTPROOFING J E Robison Service is New England’s leading independent source for Audi, BMW, Bentley, Jaguar, Mercedes-Benz, MINI Cooper, Porsche, Land Rover, and Rolls-Royce sales, service, repair and restoration. If you are looking for world-class car care from people who really love fine motor vehicles we are the place to be! Do you drive something more exotic? We love the British classics; Triumph, MG, TVR, Aston Martin, Lotus, Morris, and all the others. We’re also experts on the Italian marques; Ferrari, Lamborghini, and Maserati. Look to us for regular maintenance or total renovation. We’re proud to be a four star Bosch Car Service center . Our factory trained technicians are backed up with the latest diagnostic tools and the technical might of Robert Bosch, the principal systems supplier to every European carmaker. Thinking about a new car? Read about our unique CustomFind™ Program , where we’ll find the car of your dreams. Look over the cars for sale in our virtual lot. We’re in the heart of Western Massachusetts just a few miles from the intersection of I-90 and I-91 in Springfield. We’re half an hour from Hartford and 90 minutes from Boston or Albany.	i don't know
What is the gamekeeper's name in D H Lawrence's 1928 novel Lady Chatterley's Lover?	SparkNotes: Lady Chatterley's Lover: Summary Lady Chatterley's Lover Context Characters Lady Chatterley's Lover begins by introducing Connie Reid, the female protagonist of the novel. She was raised as a cultured bohemian of the upper-middle class, and was introduced to love affairs--intellectual and sexual liaisons--as a teenager. In 1917, at 23, she marries Clifford Chatterley, the scion of an aristocratic line. After a month's honeymoon, he is sent to war, and returns paralyzed from the waist down, impotent. After the war, Clifford becomes a successful writer, and many intellectuals flock to the Chatterley mansion, Wragby. Connie feels isolated; the vaunted intellectuals prove empty and bloodless, and she resorts to a brief and dissatisfying affair with a visiting playwright, Michaelis. Connie longs for real human contact, and falls into despair, as all men seem scared of true feelings and true passion. There is a growing distance between Connie and Clifford, who has retreated into the meaningless pursuit of success in his writing and in his obsession with coal-mining, and towards whom Connie feels a deep physical aversion. A nurse, Mrs. Bolton, is hired to take care of the handicapped Clifford so that Connie can be more independent, and Clifford falls into a deep dependence on the nurse, his manhood fading into an infantile reliance. Into the void of Connie's life comes Oliver Mellors, the gamekeeper on Clifford's estate, newly returned from serving in the army. Mellors is aloof and derisive, and yet Connie feels curiously drawn to him by his innate nobility and grace, his purposeful isolation, his undercurrents of natural sensuality. After several chance meetings in which Mellors keeps her at arm's length, reminding her of the class distance between them, they meet by chance at a hut in the forest, where they have sex. This happens on several occasions, but still Connie feels a distance between them, remaining profoundly separate from him despite their physical closeness. One day, Connie and Mellors meet by coincidence in the woods, and they have sex on the forest floor. This time, they experience simultaneous orgasms. This is a revelatory and profoundly moving experience for Connie; she begins to adore Mellors, feeling that they have connected on some deep sensual level. She is proud to believe that she is pregnant with Mellors' child: he is a real, "living" man, as opposed to the emotionally-dead intellectuals and the dehumanized industrial workers. They grow progressively closer, connecting on a primordial physical level, as woman and man rather than as two minds or intellects. Connie goes away to Venice for a vacation. While she is gone, Mellors' old wife returns, causing a scandal. Connie returns to find that Mellors has been fired as a result of the negative rumors spread about him by his resentful wife, against whom he has initiated divorce proceedings. Connie admits to Clifford that she is pregnant with Mellors' baby, but Clifford refuses to give her a divorce. The novel ends with Mellors working on a farm, waiting for his divorce, and Connie living with her sister, also waiting: the hope exists that, in the end, they will be together.	Mellors
What large media corporation suffered a serious hacking attack on its popular gaming and entertainment websites in May 2011, compromising personal details of over 100 million users?	1000+ images about D.H. Lawrence on Pinterest \| Sons, Famous literary characters and Sean o'pry Mellors (Sean Bean) in the TV adaptation of Lady Chatterley's Lover. Chopping wood, caring for fluffy chicks, hauling coal - nothing diminishes Mellors' self respect and by 'eck he knows what to do with a lady in the woodlands. See More	i don't know

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